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+from a gender perspective paulgaard points out that the labour markets of the fishing villages have been highly gendersegregated in terms of the existence of male jobs and female jobs however the new business opportunities have led to the male population of the peripheral areas now working in the service industry in former female jobs that boys and girls are doing the same jobs indicates change because traditional boundaries between women and mens work are being crossed but the fact that young people are still working represents continuity with the past paulgaard when paulgaard refers to continuity with traditions she refers to the expectations of young adults to participate in adult culture thus these fishing villages traditionally have no actual youth culture as described earlier paulgaard concludes that in some of norways peripheral areas school is still foreign a time waster stealing time from young adults who should instead spend their time on what is considered to be real work,5
+the average figure also masks large differences across regions in kazakhstan the number of annual contacts ranges from in astana to in mangystau and some parts of the population are likely to have very limited access to primary care in addition poor coverage of outpatient prescription medicines limits both the effectiveness and appeal of care at phc level,3
+the israel oceanographic and limnological research station monitors the quantity and quality of water along the coastline of the mediterranean sea the nature and parks authority npa monitors water quality in rivers on behalf of the moep mekorot and local authorities monitor drinking water quality under the supervision of the ministry of health the ministry of health monitors effluent quality prior to its use in the agricultural sector,6
+previous chapters have discussed ways to make food systems more supportive of food security and better nutrition nutritionsensitive food systems can give consumers better options but ultimately it is consumers who choose what they eat what consumers choose to eat influences their own nutritional outcomes and sends signals back through the food system to retailers processors and producers that shape both what is produced and how sustainably it is produced,2
+prescription rates appear to be higher where labour force participation is lower there is also a possible relationship between drug use and disability this may arise after the definition of disability was extended to include chronic conditions krueger found that around onefifth of the nonparticipating prime age males were also regularly taking opioid painkillers,8
+by contrast the share of workingage households with a working man remained relatively stable at over time in most countries panel a germany nevertheless witnessed a significant decline by about percentage points in men s employment participation among households during this period a households with a male worker panel in spain for instance in only of households had a woman working fulltime fullyear compared to in the year prior to the crisis dutch women are now working more weeks per year though not more hours per week,5
+parents pay a maximum fee for kindergarten only between and of total costs in depending on whether the kindergarten is public or private counties are responsible for upper secondary education which they finance through taxes and block grants costs in this sector vary considerably from one region to another additional state subsidies and provisions are given to avoid regional disparities private kindergartens of all kindergartens are also financed by the state through the block grants to municipalities,4
+for those individuals outofpocket expenses average of average annual income in rural areas even with the new insurance system for most of the decade to the number of visits to township medical centres hospitals had been falling while in urban areas a similar institution did not exist the two new insurancebased schemes were accompanied by a strategy to orient people to existing township centres and to create new urban community health centres at the level of the neighbourhood committee,3
+in the present case lcoe were calculated including a carbon price of usd per tonne of co the advantage of nuclear energy in this context is that its average cost remains very stable in the light of changes in the fuel or in the carbon price in particular it is protected against fuel price changes by the low proportion of fuel costs in the total lifetime costs of nuclear power generation overnight costs include construction and contingency costs but exclude idc,7
+it builds on the nine years of basic education six years of primary school and three years of junior secondary school students entering senior secondary school can attend either a more academically oriented school or vocational school this applies in both the islamic and nonislamic systems formal senior secondary education comprises general education sekolah menengah atas or sma vocational education sekolah menengah kejuruan or smk islamic senior secondary schools madrasah aliyah or ma and islamic vocational education madrasah aliyah kejuruan or mak this chapter concentrates largely on the provision of academic senior secondary education while chapter considers the vocational side work is under way to develop community colleges and alternative routes to further and higher education,4
+in the last decade and particularly since the number of discharges per capita has tended to decrease and is now in line with the oecd average mentioned previously for example rural dwellers represent of the population but only of hospital attendances in the absence of additional information it not possible to determine whether or not this difference signals disparities in access for rural populations and if so whether the drivers are geographic cultural or infrastructural no data appear to be collected on access to care from the patient perspective which would aid in understanding the nature of and remedies for barriers to access overall it is not possible to determine with the available data whether patient income or socioeconomic characteristics play a role in reaching the hospital gates or being admitted uneven access probably also stems from the inability of facilities across regions to provide the same services,3
+to respond to these new challenges psv has been encouraged to develop strong links with business and enterprises to cover remote areas and to cater for less affluent students it analyses the impact of the dual sector universities in australia short cycle higher education in scotland three subsectors of norway s tertiary education and the emerging nonuniversity higher education in italy as well as the vocational education and training in spain it discusses the issues of transition participation and collaboration of different types ofpostsecondary education and analysis the impact of policy changes,4
+at the same time highly unequal countries like south africa and brazil have relatively stable proportions of the population that believe incomes should be made more equal the shift in preferences towards redistribution in the brics shown in figure is in line with similar findings for oecd countries oecd forthcoming only in a few oecd countries has no change been found since the late s of course the view that incomes should be made more or less equal says little about the preferred method for achieving such a change how these attitudes towards inequality translate into concrete government policy such as tax and transfer schemes or public service provision is an important part of the social contract in every country,10
+thusfor example the stigma attached to welfare recipients or the poor increases their disadvantage similarly dignity and recognition wrongs can cause disadvantage undervaluing women s work is a recognition wrong that directly causes socioeconomic disadvantage hence the right to equal pay for work of equal value is an important synthesis of the first two dimensions of the right to equality redressing disadvantage and addressing stigma and stereotyping this step has been taken by both the cescr and the cedaw committee reporting guidelines para cescr ecuador op,5
+in bandung city of total revenue in is expected to come in the form of transfers from the national government a common problem with such automatic transfers is the way they are calculated the general allocation fund is partly allocated based on the registered population in the local governments and does not take into account unregistered population which is high in the city of bandung,11
+it deals with educational outcomes for these groups and analyses the main programmes targeted at them the chapter places particular emphasis on areas of priority for chile such as effective ways to use extra resources for disadvantaged students the monitoring of the learning outcomes of specific student groups and reflecting indigenous cultures in the chilean education system the chapter also reviews strategies for rural education and the provision and funding of special needs education first it describes educational outcomes for these groups of students second it considers the main programmes targeted to specific groups and analyses their strengths and challenges finally the chapter provides some specific policy recommendations,4
+groundwater has been discussed in the context of pricing and financing oecd a and b energy oecd b risk management oecd e and broader perspectives covering climate change oecd d and a groundwater is also featured in the reviews of water reforms at the country level eg fuentes oecd b all these reports include sections subsections paragraphs or illustrations that relate to groundwater but they do not convey policy conclusions specifically geared towards the managers of specific types of groundwater especially in the context of agriculture first a consistent observation is that groundwater is generally understudied and there is a need for more indepth assessment of groundwater stocks use and management practices,6
+some of these interlinkages and synergies are fundamental to facets of building climate change resilience and reducing inequalities the interlinkages between climate change and other dimensions of development are also well reflected in other goals if the frequency and intensity of climate hazards increase it will be harder for countries to end poverty and hunger achieve food security improve nutrition promote sustainable agriculture and ensure healthy lives goals,13
+those in the informal sector are often hit hardest by external shocks lacking effective social protection coverage they rely on the flexibility of shifting between different if lowpaid tasks when adversity strikes they are more isolated with less access to networks and relationships of support they can also be disadvantaged when it comes to emergency relief,1
+foster capacitybuilding at all levels of government this implies combining investment in physical water and sanitation hard infrastructure with the provision of soft infrastructure which is essentially the institutions upon which water outcomes rely the development of skills technical expertise and knowledge and the availability of staff and time are preconditions for effective governance of water policy,6
+at federal level the national water commission conagua is the main body in charge of water planning financing and strategic setting there is no overarching framework for the provision of water services which according to the constitution is the responsibility of municipalities with varying levels of capacity and resources the national water law has gradually transferred water resource responsibilities to river basin organisations which operate as conagua implementing agencies while some progress has been achieved in better managing interdependencies across stakeholders and creating an overarching framework for water resources management much remains to be done to overcome the scattered regulatory framework for water services irrigation units typically operate without a legal identity and are not organised to voice their concerns,6
+pursuant to the judgement individuals licensed to possess and consume cannabis under the marihuana for medical purposes regulations may now possess cannabis derivatives for their own personal use in addition to or instead of dried cannabis herb also in june health canada announced amendments to the narcotic control regulations and the marihuana for medical purposes regulations to further strengthen public health and safety the new measures respond to requests from medical licensing bodies for increased information on how doctors are authorizing cannabis use,3
+in addition to rising sea levels and global temperatures extreme weather events are becoming more common and natural habitats such as coral reefs are declining these changes affect people everywhere but disproportionately harm the poorest and the most vulnerable concerted action is urgently needed to stem climate change and strengthen resilience to pervasive and everincreasing climaterelated hazards,13
+in contrast when electricity firms are controlled by investment funds rather than forming part of transnational companies there is less opportunity for operational synergies and knowledge transfers within the enterprise if the presence of investment funds in the sector were to expand it could produce a business model in which ownership of the assets by the investment funds is separated from their management in the hands of the electricity firms in a system similar to that operated by some hotel groups in that year it purchased of edenor one of the leading energy distributors in argentina later it increased its interests in this country with other transmission and generating companies,7
+the implicit tax penalty for married women should also be removed as the federal council is currently considering more flexibility in working arrangements could further alleviate women s cost of reconciling work and family life for instance facilitating flexitime annualised hours jobsharing parttime and telework options for both women and men and creating paternity andor consecutive takeitorleaveit parental leave could facilitate transition in and out of the labour market,5
+there are many unqualified teachers in schools as it is difficult to hire qualified teachers one indication of the recognition of the important role of teachers in this context is alberta s inclusion of additional questions in the oecd teaching and learning international survey pertaining to teachers and school leaders understanding of issues related to indigenous cultures history and working with indigenous students as well as on relevant professional development the holistic approach of indigenous peoples stresses how much these contribute to the overall wellbeing of children as well as everyone else in addition to factors such as material advantage and disadvantage the trauma suffered by indigenous peoples including through the residential school system is still acutely felt by many indeed we were told that the symptoms of trauma may be increasing rather than diminishing with the passage of time exacerbated through intergenerational relationships against this bigger picture specific surveys of particular provinces and territories and comparing indigenous and nonindigenous young people can be better understood freeman king and pickett,4
+in other words factors that might make a child more prone to experiencing deprivation in a single domain might not make that child more liable to being cumulatively deprived and vice versa living in a less densely populated area for example has little impact on children s risks of domain deprivation with the exception of germany and even predicts a lower probability of deprivation in the environment domain nevertheless a child living in an intermediate or thinly populated area in either france or the uk faces higher odds of experiencing cumulative deprivation,1
+female genital mutilation is sometimes a precursor to child marriage as it is associated with a woman s coming of age female genital mutilation may also result in a variety of reproductive health issues including maternal and infant mortality and obstetric fistula prenatal sex selection and sex selective abortions are forms of discrimination against women and are symptomatic of the devalued status of women in society in addition over the past years numerous provisions in international legal and policy frameworks have called for legal measures to address harmful practices,5
+the programme relied on strategic integration of all relevant agencies involved in delivering mental health services for this group and identifying childrens needs in the school context in addition to training teachers this programme also consisted of social and emotional learning programmes parents and community were also involved in the learning and social aspects of the initiative,3
+although a wide range of public health initiatives are in place their impact is rarely evaluated furthermore a recent who evaluation against essential public health functions found weaknesses mechanisms for perfonnance and accountability particularly at subnational level and training of the public health workforce a good example of this is the comision de enlace salud industriay comercio coesainco the commission for liaison between health industry and commerce established in this brings together the ministries of health economics external trade and the presidency and a number of national trade and industry bodies including those representing the pharmaceutical sector,3
+only ldcs have even limited oilrefining capacity the output of which is overwhelmed by that of the other manufacturing sectors similarly available national accounts and employment data typically group together energyrelated utilities electricity and gas and water supply with no further breakdown in households where both women and men are engaged in wood collection the gender distribution of time savings may also differ significantly from that of time allocation even if women spend more time than men collecting wood a greater share of the time savings may accrue to men this should be achieved through both centralized and decentralized energy technologies and systems combining the three general models of grid extension minigrid access and offgrid access agecc,7
+the conclusion is that the evolution of the two components of the greenhouse gas intensity measure should be separately identifiable the ratio itself could give an indication about the greening of production and about structural economic shifts but not necessarily about the greening of growth a decline in the emission intensity of production gives no indication of whether such a reduction has been achieved through genuine efficiency improvements or changes in the energy mix or by substituting away from energyintensive production through purchases of carbonintensive intermediate products abroad among a number of other explanations,7
+these are comprehensive and contemporary in their thinking and approaches and align the country with international agreements and the eu approximation process they set the country on the right path towards sustainable development the challenge facing the government now is to complete the highpriority strategic actions set forth and in partnership with public enterprises public institutions the private sector and the public to apply the products of those actions in daytoday administration its overall goal is to increase the contribution of the forestry sector to the national economy and rural development through sustainable forest management reliance on renewable resources protection of the local and global environment and the delivery of products and services for improving the quality of life of all citizens,15
+of mammals four species are extinct at the national level and five species are critically endangered lynx leopard striped hyena red deer and wild goat of the two species of tur west caucasian tur capra caucasica and east caucasian tur capra cylindricomis the west caucasian tur has the smallest population size and is found in only a few areas of georgia among ungulates the rarest species is the wild goat capra aegagrus found only in tusheti protected areas with an estimated population size of,15
+more males than females suffer and die from diarrhoea in every region except southeast asia absence or inadequate provision of public toilets for women reflects and reinforces womens exclusion from public power and public spaces more generally yet many millions of people in the world lack even the most rudimentary means of obtaining safe water while billions do not have sanitation facilities that are protected from outside contamination un un unwomen who and unicef water and sanitation access demand provision priority health organization and policy are gendered even if this is manifested in different ways in different places the gendered dimensions of the water sanitation and hygiene wash sector are increasingly reflected in public policy agendas but concrete results have been partial and uneven water was generally thought of as a physical resource whose provision was determined for the most part by the hydrological cycle and physical infrastructure,6
+drawing on the subset of aft data within the crs the oecd data show that for all donors and for all developing countries flows classified under tra the final and barely visible column on the right are negligible compared with the other three categories particularly those destined for building productive capacity or economic infrastructure as shown in table the negligible share of measured tra in relation to total aft flows is present across all major country classifications irrespective of the year chosen in the crs database for tra flows do not equal more than per cent of the value of total aft flows when countries are disaggregated by geographic area income group or status as an sve,10
+so the implications of moving to neutral policies free trade will vary within and between food exporters and food importers this approach subsumes the combined effects of policies and transaction costs in impeding price transmission data from the fao global information and early warning system show that recent food price increases have had heterogeneous impacts sharma,2
+according to eclac estimates between and poverty and extreme poverty both fell considerably in the region the poverty rate from to and the extreme poverty rate from to with the steepest fall occurring in the first half of that period however in and again in both rates rose representing a setback that was especially severe in the case of extreme poverty in turn the extreme poverty rate will likely remain at the same level as in which would push up the numbers living in this situation by around million a range of procedures and assumptions are adopted for these measurements which gives them the specificity necessary for use in the national context but limits their comparability between countries,1
+following their concerns that physicians across the japanese health system were not able to identify signs of psychological distress which could help reduce suicide the japanese medical association reports that they began sharing information and guidance on depression with all doctors first in and then again in at present only indicators on the rate of seclusion and restraint and involuntary admission are collected by providers and at a prefectural level systematically collected information on the mental health care system is limited to structural indicators facilities staff numbers bed numbers,3
+the benefits of this are reduced infrastructure costs the potential for less car use for commuting if people live near where they work and preserving land for agriculture and nature to maintain support for the plan s objectives the two core communes may have to compensate these losing communes which of course reduces the benefits of the strategy moreover the spatial strategy seems to assume that new employers will be w illing to settle for a higher cost and more complex to develop browmfield sites in nantes or saintnazaire over greenfield sites in a rural commune,11
+on average women do the greatest share of unremunerated housework and childcare in korea japan mexico portugal turkey and italy where women undertake more than threequarters of all unpaid work women in turkey and mexico spend the most time per day on unpaid work in absolute values at over six hours per day on average compared with under two hours for men oecd gender data portal the gaps are typically even larger in developing countries oecd a where inadequate access to timesaving infrastructure eg water piped into the home and technology eg washing machines increases the total time required for unpaid work,5
+many poor producers are unable to access government support programmes because they lack the necessary capital to contribute the required investment costs supporting the organisation of irrigation units and increasing investments in these structures would allow members to jointly apply for government resources and facilitate monitoring functions the lerma river with a length of kilometres is originated in mexico s central high plateau at an altitude beyond metres above sea level and ends in lake chapala the largest tropical lake in the country between and the lerma chapala river basin council in its search for a solution to the depletion and contamination of lake chapala entered into a negotiation process to reach a new water allocation agreement,6
+while voluntary donations have a strong tradition in israel higher education institutions or the authorities did not seem to welldeveloped mechanisms to support it recognising that the investment in the infrastructure of fundraising can generate real rates of return some oecd countries for example the united kingdom have sought to stimulate this activity by matched funding schemes see box the matched funding scheme began in august for a three year period funding was available to match eligible gifts raised by english higher education institutions and directly funded further education colleges,4
+this ranges from in malaysia to in singapore in korea and up to in china though it is notable that other security including equity may be required by some guarantee providers in china which will affect the effective riskreward ratio it is also noteworthy that the tenor of these loans when provided by commercial banks is relatively short commonly year in china otherwise generally years or less compared with the approach taken by dedicated funds such as mdv in malaysia over years with up to months repayment holiday measures to broaden the availability of skilled valuers are apparent in several markets though the japan patent office has taken a more direct approach by directing the provision of the valuation reports itself albeit provided by private sector companies,8
+the bay provides significant economic and recreational benefits to the water catchment s population estimated to exceed usd billion annually us environmental protection agency a while total pollution levels have declined since most of the bay s waters are degraded and are incapable of fully supporting fishing crabbing or recreational activities algal blooms fed by nutrient pollution block sunlight from reaching underwater bay grasses and lead to low oxygen levels in the water,6
+meanwhile in some countries the predominance of the growth effect in each period was different in honduras and mexico the role played by the growth effect remained the same in both periods while in guatemala and uruguay its influence was greater between and than in between and variations in the gini coefficient correlated closely with the share of the distribution effect in reducing poverty see figure,1
+over the past approximately years however there has also been increasing interest in the role it can play in supporting learning often called formative assessment or assessment for learning this chapter presents a brief overview of how the concept of formative assessment has developed in recent years in particular how the central idea has expanded from an original focus on feedback to a wider perspective on classroom practice it presents evidence on the impact of formative assessment on learning and discusses definitional issues,4
+the forests and owl are especially remarkable in terms of vegetation diversity the biodiversity of turkmenistan is not only rich but also unique due to the country s geographical position and relief and the specific evolution of its flora and fauna the higher plants are currently represented by species of which are tree species and are shrubs the red data book lists plant species including species of trees and bushes chapter plants differ in their resource significance range of useful features and possibilities for practical use,15
+the shift cannot be left to individual actors it requires government support through a broad package of policy tools this chapter explores the role of government in supporting the transition towards sustainable lifestyles considers what is required for encouraging sustainable behaviour and details policy options such as choice editing advertising promoting sustainable products and increasing product information while the industrialised countries have plateaued in their population growth established at high levels of consumption emerging economies starting from a low consumption base are on the rise both in terms of numbers and in aspiration to join the ranks of consumerism being broadcast across western tv channels,12
+the discriminatory practices of financial institutions such as the requirement that men should sign women s documents must be eliminated but formal financial institutions need to do more than merely lower the entry barriers to female microowners they must improve their performance in funding the growth of femaleowned businesses,5
+for example it is anticipated that these countries will experience serious damage due to floods and droughts however even developed countries cannot always avoid more violent physical events such as torrential rainfall or severe drought on a previously unimaginable scale hurricane katrina in is representative of an event of such a largescale impact it destroyed protective levees and seriously damaged the city of new orleans,13
+countries with indigenous people should achieve infant and under mortality levels among their indigenous people that are the same as those of the general population by countries with intermediate mortality levels should aim to achieve an infant mortality rate below deaths per and an under mortality rate below deaths per births by all countries should aim to achieve an infant mortality rate below per live births and an under mortality rate below per countries that achieve these levels earlier should strive to lower them further,3
+in that context the forthcoming initiative by the korean government to accelerate the renewal of water supply and sanitation infrastructure can contribute to the further deployment of kswm at local level efforts to minimise nonrevenue water will resonate with users priorities and concerns when water tariffs better reflect the full cost of supplying water including the cost of investing in and operating and maintaining the water supply infrastructure the environmental and opportunity costs of abstracting water and preventing other uses for industry the environment or else similarly a municipality or utility will only be able to finance kswm when water savings compensate investment and operating costs that is when revenues from water tariffs tend to reflect full water supply costs this explains why the diffusion of swm in korea is directly related to issues discussed in chapter and to other issues related to tariffs for water supply and sanitation services an issue not covered in this report,6
+aging infrastructure and a lack of government management capacity are leading to insufficient and inconsistent water deliveries sometimes stalling industrial activity both public and private actors have begun to recognize that solving global water challenges is not a solitary endeavour this process has resulted in notable water savings and pollution reduction mitigating environmental and social impacts and often reducing water and related costs ie energy chemicals to the business an industrial facility s exposure to risk thus depends on the ability of public water policy and management to deliver water services to address waterrelated risks over the long term to create effective allocation regimes and to develop and enforce water quality regulations,6
+this technology bank for the ldcs was officially established on december through the adoption of the un general assembly resolution a l in addition itus membership recognized the importance of icts for ldcs by adopting specific targets for the ldcs in its connect agenda itu target on inclusiveness includes specific targets on household access to icts internet use and affordability in the ldcs most have been primarily based on basic lowbandwidth mobile cellular technologies,9
+however this tax credit is due to expire in wemau a estimates that up to onefifth of the state s power generation capacity could decide to exit the market rather than invest in the necessary upgrades potentially driving up the price of coal by and offering opportunities for renewable energy sources it saves approximately tons of co per year and replaces annually over eight million private vehicle trips in the city of calgary,7
+the regions with wider gender gaps in primary enrolment are not necessarily the ones with the strongest gender focus in aid to education country groupings are defined in the annex iia meanwhile only of the aid to primary education targeted gender equality in subsaharan africa where except for some countries in southern africa primary school enrolment had some of the highest levels of gender disparity see chapter there is therefore scope for dac members to increase the gender equality focus of their aid to primary education in subsaharan africa,5
+a research and innovation framework was developed by late and innovation became part of the department s strategic plan the focus has been on equity excellence and sustainability identifying and upscaling innovation as well as establishing systemwide directions for innovation the focus was primarily on improvement in literacy and numeracy initially subsequently extended to other areas of the curriculum,4
+investments in education help to reduce the intergenerational transmission of poverty although the share of the people who are educated varies greatly among the asia pacific ldcs for both women and men the poorest are less likely to be educated the gender gap is also considerable the differences in educational attainment between the ultra poor and the subjacent poor are large with the poorest the least educated,1
+the focus on rice has spurred the use of policies that are targeted towards achieving selfsufficiency in at least rice or across a number of staple products the interest in rice by governments in the region is driven by its importance to both consumers and producers high rates of rice consumption and the dominance of the sector in overall production chapter mean that rice and its price are critical for incomes for producers and consumption all households,2
+this chapter provides the reader with a broad overview of the chilean social and economic context as well as the main features of the chilean education system the report also evaluates student learning outcomes in the country a final section provides a snapshot of the context in which this report was prepared,4
+in germany of families practice such a reducedfulltimeplusparttime model the male breadwinner model is the most widely practiced by couples in most southern european countries with the exception of portugal where both partners usually work over hours per week the combination is also widespread in norway france finland denmark and belgium,5
+alternative basic education abe facilities offer three years with an alternative curriculum as a substitute for the four years that is the regular primary first cycle the secondary level consists of two cycles of two years each and those who complete ten years of schooling may either enter the second cycle to prepare for higher education or enter tvet institutions to be trained for productive employment see figure,4
+this round island route rir links nature culture recreational sites communities and parks thereby enabling nmt such as cycling skating and jogging to facilitate cycling or to take the place of bicycle lanes new routes are wider than normal park connectors six metres instead of four metres with amenities such as shelters toilets lookout points seating areas information kiosks bicycle parking lots and selfhelp bicycle repair facilities at various nodes in hyderabad launched india s first electric airport taxi service with charging stations at the airport in singapore chinese automobile giant byd teamed up with the government of singapore to launch a fleet of green taxis,11
+globally the tcpl values remain stable for most of the oecd countries however in some countries the trend is decreasing in korea the total capacity increased considerably at the end of the s because of its considerable nuclear programme but the high economic growth rate led to considerable electricity consumption resulting in an important decrease of tcpl in the electricity generated by nuclear is only slightly sensitive to the variations of the price of uranium contrary to energy sources burning fossil fuel,7
+develop a strategy to raise education quality in small primary schools steps should be taken to consolidate or close small schools when others nearby can provide better quality the mep should ensure that the remaining small remote schools receive adequate appropriate educational materials as well as support in establishing links with other schools to share resources break isolation and exchange good practices,4
+the second wave of entrants starting from was composed of giant consumer electronic firms attracted by generous tax incentives soon to be followed by leaders in the disk drive and computer segments rasiah apart from protection the state was instrumental in providing subsidies for acquiring foreign technologies eg for the national car project proton and its engine and gearbox technologies from mitsubishi it renewed and strengthened the financial incentives to exportoriented firms and complemented these with specific stimuli for higher valueadded activities such as tax allowances on firms training and rd expenditures unido,9
+it will also be necessary to strengthen the capacities to negotiate commonly agreed objectives through building upon singlegroup interests more broadly policy systems as a whole will require systemic changes to enable the more coherent and more flexible design of integrated policies for climate resilience with participation from all relevant stakeholders for many developing countries these changes will not be possible without global partnerships despite overall convergence in average per capita income across countries withincountry inequalities are on the rise this important trend along with others such as globalization and technological change demographic dynamics rapid urbanization and climate change itself will exert additional pressures leading towards increasing inequalities both among and within countries moreover if investment in green technologies is inadequate if population growth continues to be high if investment in human capital is low and if current socioeconomic inequalities remain then income poverty and inequality are likely to increase in the future under scenarios where current unmitigated emissions are high,13
+but contribution credits have become particularly important after the introduction of defined contribution systems that strengthen the link between contributions and benefits anna d addio estimates what would happen if these credits did not exist in a number of oecd and eu countries and finds that mothers replacement rates would decrease by to percentage points on average with between and years of career interruption d addio positive effects especially for women in the lowest income groups have also been found in estimations for chile fajnzylber i anotherstudyfocused onthe united states finds that contribution credits and minimum benefits favour women in the poorest social strata while divorce benefits are mostly oriented to women in the highest income groups herd,5
+in particular these support schemes keep renewable energies to different degrees isolated from market signals this section of the study reviews this interaction ie how the different types of support schemes efficiently transfer economic and market signals in a liberalised market framework in europe for example the capandtrade emissions trading system of the european union the eu ets cohabits with different national renewable support policies,7
+a wide range of species are fanned including fish crustaceans and molluscs bivalves and aquatic plants seaweed in oecd countries produced about million tonnes including aquatic plants of which diadromous fish eg salmon contributed followed by molluscs aquatic plants marine fishes freshwater fishes and crustaceans source fisheries and aquaculture information and statistics service fao table the oecdfao agriculture outlook expects world fisheries production to expand to a total of million tonnes by which includes million tonnes of fish for reduction to meal and oil of which million tonnes will come from aquaculture these projections seem to be rather conservative compared to the increases that have taken place over the past two decades,14
+projects aimed at reducing travel distances and thus increasing residential and employment density accompanied by adequate mobility planning and transit supply can be effective in decreasing the demand for transport as well as stimulating modal split toward less polluting modes a number of empirical mainly economic studies confirm the positive effect of denser urban form on reducing travel distance per capita eg boamet and sarmiento bento et al as mentioned in the first section buildingrelated energy use accounts for approximately of overall domestic energy demand taking into account the building s life cycle construction operation and demolition,11
+actuarial projections allow predicting the likely evolution of the population and therefore the future number of individuals included in each cell of the model future health expenditure is determined by multiplying the average costs by the projected number of individuals included in each cell more advanced cohortbased models take into account trends in disabilities as well as factors influencing epidemiologic trends such as individual behaviour and exposure to risks factors eg smoking obesity hypertension and cholesterol,3
+the same is true for other cash transfer programmes around the world arnold samson et al many of those in extreme poverty however were not able to benefit from these reforms because of low levels of schooling nutrition and health in order to break this poverty cycle the oportunidades programme was created in under the name progressa,1
+covering of the electricity supply of the united states with offshore wind would thus cost an astonishing additional outlay of usd billion per year table reports the total cost of electricity supply on a usdmwh basis for all scenarios analysed two additional tables in appendix b report the cost increase per unit of renewable production and the total cost of electricity supply on an absolute basis tables b and b respectively however introducing large shares of renewable energy with low variable cost has also significant impacts on the optimal structure of the electricity generating mix on resulting electricity prices and on the profitability of existing dispatchable power plants which make up the pecuniary externalities referred to in chapter,7
+experts know from previous research that there are children who are at risk of not making a successful transition to school and the gap between these children and their peers increases progressively australia s national early childhood development strategy investing in the early years australian government a also recognises the need to build a solid evidence base as one of its six reform priority areas the results from the aedi are now providing a wealth of information which is being used to influence early childhood initiatives at the community state and national levels as well as inform early childhood policy development,4
+strategic planning and a longterm vision are required to build the foundation for a flexible scalable and adaptable electricity system emerging economies and developing countries have the opportunity to build up a modern electricity system that meets future requirements but the pathway for these countries will be different from the one followed in the past this is due to evolving technical financial political social and environmental conditions that are yielding new opportunities and challenges to simply achieving access to reliable and affordable electricity,7
+female economic activities were critically examined and new light was shed on existing conceptions of traditional housework oxford university press an edited version of ihe chapter is available al wwwrcirutgerseducwglglobalcenlercharlotteunhandbookpdf targets were also set for the improvement of womens access to economic social and cultural rights including improvements in health reproductive services and sanitation the women in development approach is embodied in article of the convention which focuses on rural women and calls on states to ensure that women participate in and benefit from rural development and also that they participate in the elaboration and implementation of development planning at all levels participation is an important component of the right to development as discussed below,5
+in the armenian part of the subbasin the river is exposed to background contamination as a result of hydrochemical processes the increased concentrations of heavy metals vanadium v mn cu fe already exceed the macs for the fish in the upper part of the subbasin the concentrations of for example zinc zn fe and sulphate decrease from upstream to the monitoring station just upstream from the border of armenia and azerbaijan indicating reduced potential for transboundary impact,6
+the special rapporteur explained that these incidents are not isolated but represent the ultimate act experienced in a continuum of violence by women living under conditions of genderbased discrimination the special rapporteur added that a holistic approach to preventing genderrelated killings must be emphasized in all the measures taken by states to investigate and sanction violence in particular in designing implementing and evaluating legislation and policies in addition the special rapporteur on torture and other cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment argues for the torture protection framework to be applied in a genderinclusive manner with a view to strengthening the protection of women from torture according to the special rapporteur state obligations under the convention against torture clearly extend to the private sphere as well in addition to violations committed by public officials ahrc,5
+and it will most likely entail a series of deliberate and explicit steps incrementally induced over time diluting harmful social norms may require to borrow from an old persian saying death by a thousand cuts ie small or incremental changes being made across multiple fronts none of which is seen as socially damaging by itself but which over time leads to the demise of the harmful social norm and its replacement with social norms that enhance women s and girls opportunities not distract from them these actions illustrated in chapter will need to be carried out across a broad range of social economic and political arenas where women s rights are being limited,5
+some measures to address climate variability may not be labelled as such agrawala et al in particular more decentralised and autonomous efforts are likely to be underreported gingrich et al the sectoral scope of projects seems to align well with the relative vulnerability of the sectors and the preference of the austrian government for noregrets options that would be important elements of natural hazard management even without climate change,13
+there is strong leadership from within and outside the unece managing to impose hard policy measures it will act as the main mechanism involving developing countries in the achievement of common goals the world sees relatively low economic growth and only a modest increase in conventional energy demand growth,7
+up to of the total subsidy will be allocated to research and technology development capacity building and inter alia the financing of pilot studies and complementary projects under the rural electrification scheme table shows the cost norms defined by the ministry of power for village electrification in line with current practice under the rggvy the mnre also offers a capital subsidy for bpl household connections,7
+the multiple overlapping deprivation analysis for the european union eumoda compares the material wellbeing of children across the eu member states using data from the child material deprivation module of the european union statistics on income and living conditions eusilc embedded in the multidimensional poverty measurement literature eumoda applies internationally accepted standards for the construction of indicators and dimensions of child wellbeing the analysis ranges from indicator and dimension headcounts overlaps between several dimensions decomposition of the adjusted multidimensional deprivation headcounts to overlaps between monetary poverty and multidimensional deprivation this technical note describes the eumoda methodology in detail,1
+it is home to a variety of economic sectors with strong export performance both in manufacturing the automobile industry food industry information and communication technologies or ict and aerospace and services particularly financial and professional services and it is the headquarters for by far the largest number of large companies in canada it houses a range of renowned universities and research institutes and it attracts around of the immigrants who arrive in the country every year the toronto region also has an enviable reputation for quality of life and has positioned itself as canada s main economic centre thanks to demographic and economic growth since the s s,11
+incomesupport programmes in the form of unemployment benefits social assistance family benefits or housing allowances have played an important macroeconomic role as automatic stabilisers during the recent crisis many oecd countries face high and often growing needs for social policies at times of shrinking fiscal space which restrict the capacity for an effective response in the early phases of the global financial and economic crisis social spending which accounts for about half of total public outlays in oecd countries increased moreover large fiscal stimulus packages were put in place in many countries often including greater resources for social measures but in many oecd countries a shift in the fiscal stance is now taking place to tackle unprecedented deficits and debttogdp ratios social spending is part of many fiscal consolidation plans and pressure on social spending is set to increase further,8
+the use of gender statistics can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the gender dimensions of poverty which in turn can significantly change priorities in policy and programme interventions klugman gender statistics can address multiple dimensions of poverty and inequality including genderbased asset inequality intrahousehold allocation of resources time poverty or vulnerability to external shocks understanding the gendered nature of poverty will significantly improve both the equity and efficiency of poverty reduction strategies klugman gender statistics have an important role in developing and monitoring policies on the reduction of violence against women,5
+nitrogen application rates had increased dramatically over past decades so that a surplus in excess of that needed by crops or grassland was transported into freshwater systems application rates in the subregion are now widely declining in response to the legal framework summarised above but the time taken for pollutants to move through the hydrological cycle means that in some areas concentrations in receiving waters may still be rising even when the source itself is diminishing where trend data exists this suggests that nitrate concentrations declined between and in of rivers,6
+a representative list of gris open to global cooperation and of interest to new partners will be created a report from the group on the coordination of gris is expected a progress report was presented in among such infrastructures ocean and sea floor observatories including oceanography fleets of research vessels and polar research facilities both for the arctic and antarctic were specifically mentioned as examples in the broad categories of research infrastructures of global relevance following on from the publication of the report on road mapping of large infrastructures and the report on establishing large international research infrastructures issues and options the oecd global science forum gsf published a report on international distributed research infrastructures idris in this report can serve as a reference document that may be used when new initiatives to share infrastructure are being prepared it identifies challenges options and solutions when it comes to setting up new initiatives in which distributed infrastructures have to be integrated for better research,14
+it can be questioned however whether the most talented students of the country attend these schools as disadvantaged students have more limited access to extracurricular classes to prepare for admission moreover the proportion of topperforming students in international assessments remains very small while a large number are falling behind their peers in other countries the most rapidly improving education systems in pisa show that improvements at the top and bottom of the performance scale can go hand in hand,4
+however kimball et al the choice of instruments and sources of information also depends on the type of appraisal aspects and criteria that an appraisal scheme focuses on eg traits compliance competences and outcomes while in most countries appraisal is based on the interaction between evaluators and school leaders eg through interviews meetings and school visits a few countries complement the information gathered this way with further more outcomesoriented data such as leadership portfolios stakeholder surveys and information on student achievement depending on the policy framework for appraisal and the overall allocation of responsibilities evaluators and school leaders themselves hold greater or lesser autonomy in determining the tools to collect information,4
+in spite of the fact that there are more female than male pensioners the total income of female pensioners is lower than that of men asub in womens average pension was euro per month as compared with euro for men asub a more detailed review of the pay gap measured on the basis of different principles and parameters may be found in the asub report,5
+article on cooperative approaches article on finance and article on capacity building further relevant provisions are contained in decision cp the purpose of the transparency framework for mitigation is to provide a clear understanding of climate change mitigation action to track progress towards ndcs and to inform the global stocktake,13
+however the national climate change efforts to which parties to the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc have committed themselves in the form of nationally determined contributions ndcs are largely insufficient and only cover one third of the greenhouse gas emissions reductions necessary to reach this temperature goal unep there is still a significant gap between emission levels and a leastcost c pathway amounting to gtc e or even as much as i gtc e taking only unconditional ndcs into account unep global greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise albeit at a slower rate and even though the parties must increase the goals of their ndcs overtime it is unlikely that the emissions reductions thus achieved will be sufficient unep,13
+china has pushed ahead with large infrastructure projects while providing tax breaks and other relief measures for firms and consumers which resulted in a wider fiscal deficit of about per cent of gdp in with a view to supporting the building of a moderately prosperous sodety in all respects the budget emphasized spending on education science and technology health care poverty alleviation social security and employment china although the countrys general government debt is relatively low there are concerns about local government debt and contingent liabilities which are being addressed with a revised fiscal law the overall fiscal stance is expected to remain expansionary in the near term to stabilize the economy and to invest in social and infrastructure sectors,8
+often numbers are derived from other processes eg costed low carbon development strategies yet it is difficult to ascertain whether the numbers were derived from a detailed cost analysis or based on broader extrapolations in general the methodological challenges associated with the economic assessment of mitigation and adaptation seem to be widely underestimated a robust estimation of finance needs requires deep understanding and analysis of the specific policy and market context in particular on barriers to the implementation of climate compatible alternative technologies or processes and the elaboration of corresponding and sound investment plans,13
+the characteristics of the markets for health insurance and health care make the expansion of health care challenging these characteristics determine the tradeoffs between various objectives and overall goals in the health sector and constitute health economics as a separate field of applied economics the authors of this issue of the nordic economic policy review have been invited to deal with some of the main challenges in the financing and organisation of health care in a nordic setting,3
+it is bad if it generates undue transaction costs and does not respond to placebased needs oecd in addition a range of oecd committees and subsidiary bodies carried out extensive consultation including the environment policy committee and its working party on biodiversity water and ecosystems the public governance committee and its working party of senior public integrity officials the development assistance committee the committee on investment and the committee on agriculture broader principles of good governance apply to the water sector and water governance outcomes can also be contingent on progress in other domains of the water policy framework,6
+next employment and welfare officers develop an individual action plan for the client through a joint interview the client is registered for work at the pes office and is referred to vacancies once his or her job preparation is completed the employment support programme for welfare recipients cont,8
+the aquaculture industry contributes about nzd million of this value seafood exports have consistently ranked as new zealand s fourth or fifth largest export earner but dropped to eighth in important inshore and shellfish species include spiny rock lobster paua and snapper new zealand s most valuable capture fishery species on a weight and export value basis is hoki,14
+in addition to the excessive concentration of property the poor functioning and resulting segmentation of labour markets bring about and reinforce the inequality of opportunities and outcomes so typical of latin america the increased labourmarket flexibility promoted in most countries under the development model adopted in the s failed to lead to faster growth in labour demand rather it introduced job insecurity for a high proportion of workers moreover in conjunction with the increasing instability of employment social benefits tended to be linked to employment contracts thus the relatively unproductive and uncompetitive informal sector persisted and many workers moved towards ownaccount work characterized by low income levels lack of regulation and exclusion from social protection systems in particular from social security and health care,10
+une telle decomposition par categorie uicn netait jusqu a present pas disponible conjugue a dautres informations sur les aires protegees ce nouvel indicateur permet de mieux comprendre l ampleur et la direction des efforts de conservation deployes par les pays par exemple certains pays ont etabli des aires protegees sur une part relativement importante de leur domaine maritime tandis que d autres doivent encore se doter de reseaux d aires protegees dignes de ce nom en revanche il ne repond pas a certaines questions importantes et utiles pour faction politique a savoir dans quelle mesure les aires protegees preservent la biodiversite nationale ou mondiale ou de determiner si leur gestion ou leur mise en oeuvre est efficace,15
+similarly language development starts at the middle level increases to the high level at around ages slightly decreases towards age and will continue to decrease towards the middle and low levels from then on numeracy starts with the low level increases rapidly from ages gradually decreases but will be maintained at the high level from age figure and oecd b children who are already falling behind in the first few years of their childhood face greater obstacles to catch up and succeed at school and beyond naudeau et al participation in early childhood education is crucial,4
+paris organization for economic cooperation and development marriage motherhood and masculinity in the global economy reconfigurations of personal and economic life ids working paper no brighton institute of development studies drivers of female labor force participation during indias economic boom iza discussion papers institute for the study of labor iza,5
+regions contribute to the budget at different levels and it is necessary to equalise their budget income in kazakhstan the disparities in regional development are the basis of the unequal revenue position of local budgets and thus determine the essential role of interbudget relations such as subsidies and earmark transfers transfers to sngs thus include funds from the equalisation of oblasts tax revenues to reduce disparities on the whole general nonearmarked budget transfers are based on a complex system of formulas that tries to capture the difference in the cost of providing public services in each oblast district or city,11
+aquaculture can cause local eutrophication of rivers fjords or coastal waters the ministry of fisheries and coastal affairs mofi has developed a strategy to address these issues mofi a compared to the total number of fish farmed the number of escapes is particularly high for cod and to a lesser extent for trout,14
+utilisation of food through adequate diet clean water sanitation and health care to reach a state of nutritional wellbeing where all i isa ion physiological needs are met this brings out the importance of nonfood inputs in food security they should not risk losing access to food as a consequence of sudden shocks eg an economic or climatic crisis or cyclical events eg seasonal food insecurity,2
+strategies and good practices of states and social partners in europe belgium http igvmiefllbelgiumbenlbinaries gender pay gaptcm pdf a comment on international development agency experiences in the south international feminist journal of politics vol gender mainstreaming women s movements and the canadian federal state atlantis volume gender and mainstreaming,5
+it notes the inadequacy of the treatment given to this subject over the years by the different schools of economics before going on to set out just why this dimension is essential to an understanding of system functioning it also deals with the conceptual methodological and economic policy implications of incorporating this dimension of analysis and with its relevance to the effort to carry forward an agenda that addresses the economic dimensions of gender inequity in order that everyone might understand it the world has been represented in stylized and simplified forms capitalist societies are thus understood as a system of relationships between households firms and the state,5
+it also encourages opportunities of new innovation and technologies new business models and investment strategies remodelling of the existing housing stock this demographic change is occurring in both the rural and urban united states providing appropriate health and social care services to low and middleincome seniors in rural areas is particularly difficult most senior households in rural areas are in scattered singlefamily homes rather than communal settings transport to and from health and social care services such as hospitals senior centres or meal programmes is a key challenge given the lower housing density and service coverage,11
+promoting such a system from generation to delivery to the end users requires longterm investment in largescale projects it also involves risks and uncertainty and therefore requires detailed planning markard but its provision dramatically increases both economic productivity and quality of life in rural areas access to affordable energy can boost farm productivity because of its uses in pumping water for irrigation mechanization agricultural processing and postharvest storage developing a domestic eneigy industry has multiple benefits because of jobs created in system maintenance and repairs billing and administration and power plant operation and distribution in addition to backward linkages and new domestic markets unctad positive feedback effects are created as energy provision supports transportation and information and communication technologies icts which in turn assist in eneigy generation and distribution the design of transportation systems shapes social transformations and how populations and businesses settle and interact nce atack et al,9
+this work is legally assigned to the state ministry for sustainable development together with verifying the consistency of local ecological zoning programmes that are reviewed by the state ministry and its federal counterpart ministry for the environment and natural resources semarnat however the responsibility for licences or binding permits is that of the issuing of authority that controls such a programme ie the state government for regional programmes and municipalities for municipal programmes at this level of spatial planning growing areas or territorial reserves to be used in the future are defined,11
+in germany and portugal the relationship between drought severity and damage to crop production is linear in france the united kingdom ireland denmaik austria hungary and romania damages to crop increase at a decelerating pace as drought severity increases interestingly historical data show that crop production in finland and norway actually increases with drought severity the dynamic of water risks determines the potential irreversibility of their impacts and the possible responses from the sector,6
+science parks tended to fall from favour and became a less prominent policy tool although still maintaining their own networks and policy support community parks were oriented towards large firms seeking to establish research facilities near a university environment in the hope that firms would develop research contracts with universities in the case of stanford the land was owned by the university,9
+the teacher teams also offered opportunities for teachers to reflect and talk about their teaching practice even if some of the interviewed teachers admitted that much meeting time was used for administrative discussions these teacher teams were often in charge of school development in general and supported the school leader in implementing policy changes one school leader explained the importance of giving teachers good explanations of why the school needed to work on afl before explaining how he had used policy documents and research articles as evidence for why this was important he emphasized the importance of treating teachers with respect since they are highly educated and will not do something just because the minister has introduced a new programme overall the school leaders described practices that emphasized participation sharing responsibility and cooperation these structures can be seen as signs of successful implementation strategies and some of the schools visited were able to build a sustainable environment for afl practice through these networks,4
+for instance the coefficient of in model in table a means that the difference of loppt in the mip indicator say between belgium and the czech republic in is associated with greater odds of a child being poor in all else being equal using the coefficients from the model figure a in the annex shows a steady decrease in the predicted probability of a child being poor across the range of values of the mip indicator thus children in countries with more generous minimum income protection schemes are less likely to be poor during the crisis but the generosity of social assistance could be picking up the effect of the overall size of the welfare state when social spending is entered in the model the mip effect becomes smaller and less precisely estimated remaining significant only in and model table a,1
+table illustrates some of the different ways in which government and students share the costs at secondary level fees are subject to government guidelines in public sector most programmes although upper secondary in terms of isced level are outside the school sector the oecd international survey of vet systems oecd paris,4
+the latter offers separate products for water and sanitation through the safe water and rural environmental sanitation program swresp in the amount of loans for swresp was usd million this initiative supported by usaid environmental services program is to be scaled up countrywide with a target of connections by,6
+nearly of employed youth were in lowpaid work compared to on average for the country a high percentage of people among the elderly are still working while only receive a pension reflecting the nascent status of the pension system there have been significant improvements in narrowing gender gaps at all levels of education and in providing health treatment and health insurance coverage however as in most countries in the world women in viet nam earn substantially less than men,10
+these real and perceived risks generally result in financing that is more costly than that which is available to more traditional generation sources as the ipcc points out to operate effectively markets rely on timely appropriate and truthful information but energy markets are far from perfect and this is especially true of markets in technological and structural transition such as the re market thus as a result of insufficient information underlying project risk can tend to be overrated and transaction costs can increase as compared to conventional fossil fuel technologies often the viability of a specific investment is dependent upon a particular policy regime remaining in place and this is a major risk that equity and debt banks investors will need to evaluate before deciding on the financing parameters for the project,7
+however we lack knowledge of the more specific distribution of carbon stocks with various environmental properties or in relation to forest types hence there are currently limited opportunities of relating the distribution of forest biodiversity to carbon stocks via specific variation in forest environmental properties the relevant data should exist in national forest inventories and could be related to relevant environmental properties but as far as we know such analyses are mostly lacking and only rather coarse relationships can be described at the nordic level cf chapters and,15
+these studies examined the increasing participation levels of asian women in business ownership an interesting finding of the researches in the united kingdom dhaliwal and ram and jones is that asian women are not strongly represented in selfemployment because there is a tendency for some women entrepreneurs to be invisible and their existence unacknowledged these hidden women dhaliwal say it is their husband father or brother who run the business and they are masking the extent of their role even if they are playing a pivotal role in the management of the business,5
+at the class or school level however weaker or disadvantaged students are often intentionally grouped and placed in smaller classes so that they receive more individual attention at the school level therefore the observed relationship between class size and student achievement is often positive suggesting that students in larger classes perform better than students in smaller classes at higher levels of aggregation the relationship between student achievement and class size is further confounded by the socioeconomic intake of individual schools or by factors relating to the learning culture in different countries therefore to interpret the indicators it is important to fully understand the relationships between them,4
+for the case studies national definitions of smallholder will be considered these definitions emphasise income sources and the ability of farm households to transition either into commercially successful farm operations or out of farming altogether sometimes the definition includes a minimum share of farm labour that is contributed by the farmer s family fao,2
+the existence or creation of linkages between policy areas would provide a coherent institutional architecture and enhance water policy efficiency it would also ensure that investment plans better reflect basin priorities and that public expenditures across sectors are better aligned with water policy objectives the potential for policy coherence at the watershed level could be improved through the systematic involvement of river basin organisations and councils this is an area that needs to be further exploited in particular the agenda foresees the creation of a ministry of land use planning for a longterm landuse planning strategy a national observatory of sustainable land use planning and a national development planning institute to ensure the longterm harmonisation among different sectoral and territorial development policies in mexico such tools would help move from traditional ad hoc bilateral discussions between conagua and other agencies conafor sedesol sagarpa etc the current institutional setup for dealing with climate change issues might serve as an example to mobilise key institutions of the federal public administration towards policy coherence see box,6
+a tailored approach may be required as basins are faced with specific challenges and are endowed with distinctive capacities building on institutions such as conago imta and aneas there is ample room to collect review and benchmark success stories innovative mechanisms or institutional organisations in support of effective decision making and better water policies at all levels this is concrete implementation of the commitments related to human rights anticorruption and democratic governance mentioned in the pact,6
+in this sense our analysis is best described as the initial or early impacts of the crisis on children with this caveat our results indicate a strong relationship between country exposure to the crisis and child outcomes with those hardest hit showing the largest increases in child poverty some downward trends in wellbeing are observed for all countries not just those most exposed to the crisis this is especially true for young people s labour market outcomes,1
+nonfunded courses with unregulated and much higher fees have grown in number although they still account for only a relatively small share of tertiary education between and the percentage increase in student numbers at all levels was well above the oecd average figure panel a and the share of students enrolled in all levels of education in relation to the total population is very high compared with most oecd countries figure panel b,4
+data refer to the workingage population see annex a for details on the data sources several country patterns emerge suggesting different challenges to address for policies norway germany austria the united states and ireland combine high sticky ceilings at the top of the income distribution with average levels of mobility at the bottom compared to other countries,10
+all policies and plans that the israeli water authority or any other ministry proposes must be presented to the water authority council forum for approval before they can be passed the efficiency of the water authority council is contingent upon two criteria creating equal representation of all interested groups and ensuring that effective and timely decisionmaking is their priority this unifies the responsibility for decisionmaking on national water and wastewater management and has substantially improved the efficiency and timing of decisionmaking,6
+it has therefore been suggested that cultivating alternative sources of transport financing should be a priority the periods on the xaxis correspond to the seven year economic development plans which were first launched in and terminated in however more recently the share of its total public investment devoted to transport infrastructure decreased from to between and railways and especially highspeed railways have also gradually surfaced back as an alternative response to carcentred development and to the side effects of the latter such as congestion and environmental degradation the highspeed korea train express ktx first inaugurated in handled of total rail traffic in,11
+these unsustainable patterns add to poverty and inequality today especially for the third of the worlds population directly dependent on natural resources for their wellbeing and create deep threats for future generations unmubig sachs and fatheuer the causes and underlying drivers of unsustainability and of gender inequality are deeply interlocked both are produced by development models that support particular types of underregulated marketled growth and the persistence of unequal power relations between women and men wichterich,5
+it would not have happened had the same government in power for over four decades not taken a total approach on the longterm consequences of its economic and environmental policies this shift has occurred in response to rising labour costs as well as government policies to encourage c reduction since the government has continued its efforts to curb c emissions,7
+countryspecific variables are also included however so that individual effects can be detected this effect remains and grows stronger over the medium term since the lagged feminization variable for one period has an effect equivalent to on the growth rate this is considered to be a robust result given the stability of both the coefficient and the standard error in all three specifications this provides a partial confirmation of the hypothesis that in the presence of a preexisting gap in labour force participation womens entry into the workforce can help fuel growth or a recovery if an economy is in a recession or when its existing capacity is being underutilized,5
+in addition the cumulative gap between the level of finance needed and finance actually delivered is growing buchner and others p the present study is not intended to provide a comprehensive overview but instead report on key figures to provide a broad view of the current situation despite still lagging far below the levels needed to limit warming to two degrees celsius climate finance flows have increased when compared to the level of billion in climate finance flows were directed almost equally to developed oecd and developing nonoecd countries with each group receiving billion and billion respectively buchner and others northsouth flows accounted for billion in buchner and others developing countries invested billion in developed countries and billion in southsouth cooperation buchner and others,13
+there are also a number of other reasons including supply and demand mismatch in the labour market restrictive social norms rigid labour market conditions and structural changes in the economythat push women away from work the percentage of these people among those in the labour force is defined as the unemployment rate the overall unemployment rate remained static at per cent in both and and marginally declined to per cent during primarily because of a reduction in the lfprs of both women and men in the age group,5
+such numbers differ from international estimations such as those of the asian development bank estimating that of the population live below the poverty line of usd ppp per day asian development bank thermal power accounted for of total installed capacity with mw hydropower for with mw nuclear power for with mw and renewable energies for with mw central electricity authority a a smaller share of generating capacity is covered by independent power producers ipp and industrial autoproducers which according to the mop operate of all indias capacity table,7
+disparities in regards to entrepreneurship also persist with only per cent of small and mediumsized enterprises smes run by women wbc a throughout all sectors of the uk economy women s economic activity remains hindered and their potential untapped evidence demonstrates that the economy would greatly benefit by increasing gender equality throughout the workplace,5
+emergency services need to provide care even if annual quotas for specific services are already filled for example so the number of such cases can provide some indication of whether quotas are appropriately set the origin and ultimate destination of patients can also provide an indication of whether capacity in various levels of care is adequate both in terms of access and quality of care in there were practicing doctors per population close to the oecd average of and a slight increase from when there were practicing doctors per population in latvia,3
+just as the feminist movements slogan the personal is political drew attention to the fact that domestic issues require public policies advances in the region show that now it is essential to develop and implement public policies on the redistribution of time and work to foster gender equality and sustainable development eclac a significant measures have been taken to address each of these commitments especially over the past years developing timeuse measurement tools quantifying unpaid domestic work and unpaid care work and promoting satellite accounts that allow the value of this type of work to be included in national accounts timeuse data analyses have been very useful in the development of public policies targeting the recognition and redistribution of unpaid work which represent one of the main determining factors of inequality between men and women in the region even more so when other determinants of time distribution are taken into account such as a persons place of residence ethnicity race and age from an intersectional perspective,5
+this cadastre would help differentiate forest land from agricultural or other land uses for example protecting these forests against illegal logging and enforcement of other regulations is problematic when ownership boundaries are not clearly marked due to a constant effort of research and classification varying numbers of species by taxonomic group and their status have been reported analyses of biodiversity richness for individual countries within the european continent rank the former yugoslav republic of macedonia at the very top of the list of countries considered to be european hotspots forest communities dominate with more than per cent of the land cover followed by grass communities lake and river vegetation communities while swamp communities and temporal communities occupy the smallest areas,15
+indeed women remain disproportionally responsible for unpaid care work with major potential to improve public accessible and affordable child andor elderly care oecd i although women from diverse backgrounds are often at the losing end of structural gender inequality the cultural norms and stereotypes are simultaneously creating problems for men and boys in addition new challenges arise while presenting real opportunities for change digitalisation disruptive technologies and big data generate additional risks to expand the scale of persisting inequalities and create new forms of divides,5
+however these child poverty data are available for fewer countries and for a shorter period of time than those based on the conventional floating poverty line for most countries the anchored poverty rates are available from year onwards for most countries these data on trends in the anchored poverty rate have been available since or a year later but some countries canada france and the united kingdom have longer data series variations in anchored poverty rates are more heterogeneous across countries and for many countries larger than for the relative poverty rate figure,1
+the focus of this group was on people suffering from mental health disorders with substance abuse comorbidity while dementia intellectual disability and substance abuse alone were excluded from the scope of the analysis with million euros of funding the commission was given three years to initiate and support project development at all levels medical treatment service improvement housing projects legislative and organisational improvements and to propose measures needed in order to permanently raise the standard of mental health services special attention was paid to improving the coordination between mental health and social services,3
+numerous grant schemes have been directed to basic research and commercialisation of rd but in a relatively piecemeal way competition between the malaysian states to attract research institutions and higher education campuses is intense the scarcity of land in penang and the high cost of it act as a barrier to investment according to the ncer blueprint a number of industrial estates and technology parks remain underutilised or unutilised overreliance on the techpush model is making knowledge transfer more difficult a penang science council driven by industry has been created to ensure that penang can implement its strategy,4
+the arctic regions of the united states alaska and canada northern canada have the highest levels of persistent organic pollutants pops on earth the toxic healththreatening substances are transported over long distances by rivers oceans and air currents from warmer parts of the world to the colder polar regions they also accumulate in the fatty tissue of seals and whales which traditionally play a key role in arctic indigenous peoples diet and can be passed directly to infants through maternal breast milk causing disruption of the hormone and immune systems and affecting postnatal growth disease patterns among american indians and alaska natives are strongly associated with the adverse consequences of poverty limited access to health services and cultural dislocation inadequate education high rates of unemployment discrimination and cultural differences all contribute to unhealthy lifestyles and disparities in access to health care for many indigenous peoples,3
+for example service integration in the netherlands helped to bring down deaths from substance abuse the experience of the netherlands also gives some insights into treatment approaches for heroin use including opioid and methadone treatment use box areas of focus are addiction to nicotine alcohol drugs and sedatives and tranquilisers,3
+the issue of low noise vehicles ie electrichybrid cars needs to be investigated further not least as the use of electric scooters or electric vehicles for mobility impaired persons increases it has to be decided how to adapt infrastructure so that these vehicles can be used under conditions of appropriate safety both for the users if they have to share space with cars and for pedestrians andor bicyclists when they have to share the space with them the international databases that contain crash data of several european countries do usually not include data on fatalities per means of transport per agegroup,11
+as specified in the general education law school providers have the right to establish and implement an educational project proyecto educativo institucional pei and to establish plans and programmes for their schools with the involvement of the school community see chapter schools are therefore typically responsible for decisions directly related to the implementation of the school project such as class size within the regulated minimum and maximum size student grouping support for students with learning difficulties school leadership arrangements and the use of school facilities in addition school providers may delegate further tasks and responsibilities to schools while retaining the final overall responsibility for the operation of their schools for example schools may make suggestions for staffing decisions but the school provider will take the final decision,4
+it provides a profile of upper secondary school teachers focusing on demographic characteristics and of the schools in which these teachers work with particular emphasis on school background information the composition of students at the school and human and material resources the chapter also examines classroom characteristics including class size and the composition of students and concludes by taking a look at the profile of upper secondary school principals and of school leadership it is of note however that in each of the participating countries and economies at least of the teachers are men,4
+activities under the convention are supported by the unece secretariat in particular the parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that transboundary waters are used in a reasonable and equitable way to prevent control and reduce pollution to ensure that transboundary waters are used with the aim of ecologically sound and rational water management and to ensure conservation and where necessary restoration of ecosystems helsinki convention cont,6
+furthermore the students in grades and have a mandatory project assignment that gives the students the opportunity to complete and present an interdisciplinary project the project assignment is assessed in a written statement based on content the working process and the presentation of the final work the assessment of the project assignment can be indicated in the leaving certificate,4
+given the evidence that many students in costa rica start school w ith weak foundation skills especially basic reading skills the country might also consider bringing forward the primary assessment to an earlier grade or adding an additional assessment in the early years of primary school gaining a better understanding of where and how students are starting to fall behind would enable the development of more effective supports to teachers and schools recognising the importance of consolidating basic skills in the early grades for later learning many oecd countries have introduced a national assessment in the second eg france italy third eg germany sweden or fourth grade eg chile korea of primary school oecd one essential improvement at any grade in costa rica is better information on the equity of outcomes,4
+she cleans homes for income and wishes she had taken her own schooling more seriously so that she could have pursued her dream of becoming a cook maybe opening a small rescaurant i have had to accept so much like living in other people s houses doing all the work and constant humiliation i hope my son will learn and become somebody and live much better than i have,5
+in the nursing education launched a campaign in iceland which had only little effect and educations in pedagogy have not been successful in attracting male students either gislason blames the unsuccessful attempts to change the educational choices of icelandic men on the fact that prior to the economic crisis in iceland had no considerable unemployment some jobs such as those within health care are now considered to be more secure and less vulnerable to cyclical fluctuations gislason therefore believes that the crisis might be instrumental in breaking with the traditional gender segregation of the icelandic labour market the icelandic labour market is also characterised by unequal pay and this is related to place icelandic women are paid less than icelandic men and this applies to married women in particular according to figures from centre for gender equality see also rafnsdottir and omarsdottir,5
+this could suggest that the high level of points attributed to gps for mental health services successfully rendered encourages patient selection and the deliberate exclusion of more difficult cases from the data concerns have also been expressed that gps are directing attention away from activity not rewarded by the qof and as such care delivery quality is declining in some areas cashin et al the recommendation by the primary care qof indicator advisory committee on behalf of nice was that these indicators be withdrawn and that a consideration process for new indicators was considered at present these indicators remained in the qof framework for although the points value of all of the indicators was reduced,3
+throughout the paper more equity is to be interpreted as less inequality in income distribution and does not imply any judgement about the intrinsic value of a more equal distribution in this paper inequality is examined from a static perspective while ultimately a comprehensive assessment would need covering inequality in lifecycle perspective as well as dynamic inequality hence intragenerational mobility as well as intergenerational mobility such analysis is beyond the scope of this study not least reflecting major data limitations,10
+the review of the evidence covers different types of hazards in different geographical areas although it pays particular attention to the experiences associated with hurricane katrina in the united states of america flooding in bangladesh and severe water loss and desertification in the sahel region of africa the chapter concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of addressing the root causes of inequalities for adaptation and building resilience to climate hazards relatively less attention was paid to the implications of that physical impact for the lives livelihoods of the people who are most vulnerable and most affected to quote skoufias ed,13
+the pipeline project is intended to establish interconnecting arrangements of electricity and natural gas in asean to ensure greater security and sustainability of energy supply in the region while connecting existing and planned pipelines and regasification terminals minimizing the environmental impact this work is led by the asean council on petroleum which is comprised of the head of the national oil company in each member country the partnership focuses on regional economic cooperation and institutional capacitybuilding with the aim to promote development of energy resources including hydropower facilitate energy trade in the region develop renewable and alternative energy resources and promote energy efficiency and conservation,7
+income inequality and relative poverty among the total population remained broadly unchanged between the mid s and late s contrasting with the rising trends in much of the oecd figure alternative distributional indicators over the period confirm these findings for greece table social outcomes are proxied by both distributional income and poverty measures and nondistributional indicators including labour market and health indicators measures the extent to which income distribution among individuals or households deviates from a perfectly equal distribution oecd a,10
+in only in the dominican republic ecuador guatemala peru and trinidad and tobago was social spending below of gdp a number of countries had been allocating more than of gdp to social spending since the early s chile costa rica and the plurinational state of bolivia are now part of this group see figure as a ratio of gdp el salvador increased the macroeconomic priority of public social spending by more than from of gdp to of gdp colombia the dominican republic ecuador guatemala nicaragua and paraguay more than doubled their macroeconomic effort between and,1
+it also reflects the new development phase which the ict sector has now entered one in which public and private stakeholders in the ict sector are laying the foundations for smart societies the impact of the ict sector on economic and societal development continues to expand as companies from adjacent sectors and industries including the automotive healthcare insurance banking and public sectors develop products and services that rely on lot infrastructure leaving virtually no areas of our economies and societies untouched industry analysts estimate that lot revenues will generate usd trillion in revenues globally by compared to usd billion in gsma d this revenue opportunity is expected to be fuelled over the next three years by investments of around usd billion in it consulting and systems integration services to build and implement lot solutions idc,9
+on the other hand it is important to note that any economy will only be able to reap the full benefits of ict if access to energy is secured and that energy consumption triggered by ict may pose a challenge in particular to decoupling energy consumption and economic growth for instance business incentives can be based on additional revenue sources that can be tapped into by collaboration such as offering power supply to people in remote areas or developing new products and services eg in smart city environments incentives created by policy frameworks include infrastructure mapping initiatives as well as relevant directives such as the cost reduction directive in the european union,7
+the following policy priorities were identified to improve the effectiveness of resource use in the slovak school system the schools have acquired relatively great autonomy all of them now have an elected school board with relatively strong jurisdictions they are protected from too strong a local control through the funding system which limits the redistributing power of their founders they take responsibility for human resource management and they are also encouraged to adapt the national curriculum to their own specific educational context through school education programmes at the same time the national ministry maintains strong regulatory powers the move towards extended local and institutional autonomy has been paralleled with the creation and strengthening of accountability frameworks the emerging national system of standardised student achievement measurement and the state schools inspectorate are key elements of the latter in addition the slovak republic has an information system which allows the monitoring of many local and institutional level processes such as student performance funding and human resource management and creates opportunities to assess the impact of national policies and development interventions,4
+to provide context regarding developments in the agricultural market in other parts of the world and to analyse potential food security issues the results for four regions that represent lowincome countries and are particularly vulnerable to food insecurity are also presented they are subsaharan africa middle east and north africa mena south asia and southeast asia several modelling groups with different crop agricultural and economic specifications participate in agmip to compare their results,2
+it is clear that in terms of fisheries rebuilding the ecosystem approach requires policy makers to take into account of the impacts of fishing on ecosystems the impacts of ecosystems on fishing and the interactions between fish and other species in the ecosystem in particular fisheries rebuilding has been the subject of several major international commitments on developing sustainable fisheries and it is universally recognized as necessary for protecting biodiversity and the health of oceans as well being important from an economic and social perspective for many coastal communities as such while it is universally recognized that rebuilding and maintaining robust fisheries are desired there are other factors considered in the management process in addition to the science advice to that end political commitments have been made through a series of hard binding and soft laws non binding,14
+the second order involves regular large people big mediumsized and small rural communities townships villages and homesteads these efforts have resulted in the formation of more than agrotowns based on the selection of and funding support for existing more or less economically viable central settlements of rural councils and homesteads of agricultural organizations each agrotown enjoys amenities characteristic of an urban settlement including clubs a library an art school for children internet cafes entertainment centres upper secondary and vocational schools preuniversity training centres and primary education schools intensive public investment in these settlements in the period has helped to address some critical problems and develop important social and business processes and infrastructure this involves a hierarchy of spatial territorial plans developed at national oblast and local levels in accordance with the main directions of the state urban development policy for and environmental requirements,11
+for example a divorce may affect her housing if a couple has children the mother will in principle be able to live with them in the home for the time of the custody under tunisia s personal status code the father grants the residence of the custodial mother if the woman has no children or is not the custodian however she may have to return to her parents home if she does not have sufficient financial means to pay for her own housing,5
+in a number of countries women s access to financial services and resources is further hampered by general limitations to the formal financial infrastructure and in some cases legal and institutional barriers oecd b most of the women who joined sewa experienced improvements in earnings marketing and working conditions for some women starting their own business is out of necessity as job opportunities are scarce gem,5
+the details on how to enhance ambition of ndcs and review commitments is however subject to continued political contestation in other words after more than years of contentious international negotiations on climate change the paris agreement is not the final destination but merely the start of a long process for the world to address climate change pertinent questions are why has international cooperation to address climate change been so difficult,13
+coverage however is far from universal in only slightly more than half of employees registered urban residents and only and of unofficial rural and urban employees had cover a total coverage rate of just over of the urban working population excluding those engaged in agriculture this scheme together with the rural system covered just a quarter of health care expenses in outpatient costs are met through the individual s medical saving account,3
+the standards were set up by the australian commission on safety and quality in health care acsqhc to drive care of a uniformly high quality across the country they are applied to all hospitals private and public across all states covering ten priority areas including quality governance hospitalacquired infection medication safety and clinical handover see box for further detail there has been broad agreement from stakeholders that the new standards are a positive move forward promoting greater clinical involvement and more directly addressing specific quality issues than other standards,3
+more precisely on the basis of the answers to the country questionnaire the situation in this country can be described in detail indeed universities have a high degree of autonomy universities are encouraged to do their best to align their goal setting in research and development work as well as in curricula with national policies prior to the ministry of education had specially allocated funds that universities could use for professional development ict courses,4
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law as mentioned in the competition section opening the electricity market to independent power provision can be very helpful in promoting private investment in clean electricity generation keeping the energy market competitive and ensuring that the needs of endusers are met also requires careful regulation and oversight of the sector both by a competition authority and a sectorspecific regulator,7
+those values have been used for the and scenarios without adjustment the values for france have been drawn from the green net study which reports the findings from a study performed in verseille according to this study the french transmission grid could cope with gw of wind power with only minor investments,7
+as part of the program giz cooperated with adelphi to launch the climate expert website to make available tools and instruments to build adaptation capacity in the private sector giz in asia for example micro small and mediumsized enterprises make up of all enterprises and employ of the workforce asian development bank at a very broad level development cooperation providers use targeted approaches to address two main barriers faced by smes limited access to finance and a lack of awareness of costs and benefits of addressing environmental issues,13
+it represents around per cent of total employment in ldcs and is therefore very important for these countries international labour office table provides a detailed summary of vulnerable employment and workingpoor dynamics in the ldcs for the period each of these indicators has improved since but from a relatively weak base especially in african and asian ldcs,8
+fairness suggests that finance be mobilized in proportion to responsibilities and capabilities the basis for this is the rio principles of sustainable development and the un framework convention on climate change especially the principles of equity and of commonbutdifferentiated responsibilities and capabilities a third basis for action is the rio principle that environmental costs be internalized and economic instruments used to make the polluteruser bear the ecological costs,13
+people live longer although large disparities by gender and socioeconomic group remain the belgian health system performs well in saving the lives of people requiring acute care one of the main challenges is to strengthen prevention and primary care to achieve further gains in population health and reduce health inequalities,3
+similarly the rapid increase in minimum wages in indonesia during the s where the statutory minimum wage doubled in real terms between and had sizeable negative effects on manufacturing employment reducing employment growth at plant level by an estimated harrison and scorse but such large changes in minimum wages are the exception rather than the rule evidence arising especially from latin america shows that increases in minimum wages raise rather than depress wages in the informal sector in brazil this is known as the efeito faro or lighthouse effect,10
+until recently however the issue had received relatively little attention and few countries have developed systematic policies to address it another option is to provide migrant women with access to entrepreneurship it is a particularly effective pathway into the labour market it affords the opportunity of engaging in gainful activity that is more flexible and easier to combine with childcare and other commitments and where cultural barriers are less of an obstacle than regular employment,5
+the impacts of degraded environment on health have been increasingly recognized and their reduction stated as a major goal of the environmental protection policy programmes and regulations monitoring of the quality of the main environmental media and infectious disease surveillance has been advanced professional capacity for public and environmental health has been strengthened with advanced methods for health surveillance and risk assessment,3
+unique data collection form aggregated data a stay of more than hours is considered as a serious injury and less is considered a minor injury however since the ansv is working with the national health ministry to link hospital records and the orange form data this linking project was started as a pilot in two of the most populated provinces of argentina in order to collect data based on mais,3
+parties are obliged to establish early warning systems apply and exchange best available technology and mutually assist each other finally parties shall make information about the environmental status of transboundary waters expected scenarios and water quality objectives available to the public proper implementation of the convention thus provides a good basis for the execution of these subregional instruments including work on adaptation see boxes and on the rhine and the danube activities regarding adaptation to climate change have started with an assessment of the state of knowledge on climate change and its expected impact on the water regime in the rhine published in however as long ago as in the s important measures were being taken regarding flood risk management increasing the basin s adaptive capacity to respond to future expected climate changes in the context of the implementation of the flood action plan the flood damage risk defined as the product of damage potential and the probability of flooding per year has been assessed,6
+a core group of five donors the european union eu institutions japan korea the united kingdom uk and the world bank group provided approximately twothirds of total concessional financing over the period various methodological difficulties arise in estimating donor support for ict connectivity and ecommerce indeed the oecd crs categories only offer a partial reflection of the elements discussed in the world trade organizations wto ecommerce work programme,9
+for example the enhanced transparency framework will be facilitative nonintrusive nonpunitive respectful of national sovereignty avoid undue burden for parties and both build on and enhance the transparency arrangements under the unfccc decision cp contains further guiding principles that are to be taken into account such as the need to provide flexibility to those developing country parties that need it in the light of their capacities ensure that parties maintain at least the frequency and quality of their current reporting avoid duplication and facilitate improved reporting and transparency over time section highlights the main changes between the existing provisions and the enhanced transparency framework for mitigation and support proposed in the paris agreement as well as lessons learned from existing experience under the unfccc,13
+in this regard it should be kept in mind that land use planning policies aiming at rather compact cities are those which would enable and result in a highoccupancy public transport service in this context establishment of effective and efficient urban transport system requires that the necessary infrastructure including for the various public transport modes be built so that it is reasonably resistant to the effects of extreme weather events caused by climate change resilient means that negative consequences of an extreme weather event can be easily restored compartmentalizing is about making compartments so that an infrastructure failure can be limited to a certain area,11
+moving from committed minimum wage policies to a much fairer distribution of productivity gains and profits should be a point of departure we shall see but no doubt this is what politics and social straggles will be all about in the years to come the ability to cope with adverse shocks is compromised by the lack of formal social protection and vulnerabilities are compounded when individuals working informally face harassment by public authorities,1
+with the focus of these goals to leave no one behind addressing environmental concerns must consider inequality and exclusion between men and women the social dimensions of sustainable development the socially constructed differences between men and women are an important dimension of inequality and exclusion and must be tackled to achieve the sdgs more than percent of undernourished or chronically hungry people in the world live in the asiapacific region in rural and urban areas seasonal variability which pushes up the price of staples forces households to spend more of their income on food,5
+as discussed above in relation to biogeographical regions the nordic countries are nested social ecological systems the nordic assessment should raise awareness of shared environmental issues and contribute to the better articulation of policy across the entire region furthermore this regional assessment will be relevant to the european unions ongoing efforts to map and assess the state of ecosystems and their services in national territory maes which is of importance for the nordic eu countries,15
+the limited recourse to such services may negatively impact firm development and expansion efforts to improve the provision of business development services are hampered by the large number of businesses operating in the informal economy female business owners in the informal economy only have limited access to formal support providers such as womens enterprise centres womens business resource centres and business incubators in addition fewer than of mena adults are exposed to entrepreneurship content in the education system and fewer than after formal education idrc the implication is that the low percentage of mena women who are starting businesses relative to the average in gem economies are doing it without the benefit of entrepreneurship training information and professional advice that would increase their knowhow,5
+however the value of the transfer as a share of total household consumption remains very low in beneficiary households belonging to the poorest quintile the mb accounts for just per cent of total consumption representing the inadequacy of the benefit value it is no surprise therefore that the poverty reduction impact of the mb is limited low coverage and low transfer values limit the effectiveness of the benefit coverage is extremely low and more than per cent of the poorest are excluded from the targeted mb,1
+these two highlevel documents provide a lens through which to understand but not necessarily to fully assess the complexity of intergovernmental relations in the gauteng cityregion for which primary research is necessary these policies stem from the admission that despite gains in access to public services and quality of life additional reforms are required to optimise performance quality and service standards have not always improved despite massive increases in successive budgets,11
+furthermore some of the strongest growth has been in regions with low recharge rates as shown in figure burke and villholth in oecd surface water occupies two third of irrigated areas oecd a watershed responses to reduced precipitation including rain and snowfall and higher temperatures are typically amplified due to vegetation interception and transmission loss arnell,6
+this is largely due to firstly the fact that social protection in the pacific is relatively a new field of government activity wb a secondly the formal social security system offers low coverage and the vast majority of informal sector employment is not covered under any social security measures thirdly most of pics are witnessing slow economic growth and have low social protection spending finally since family community and the traditional support systems still remain stronger although declining governments rely heavily upon them for social welfare services,1
+globalisation has increased the global supply of lowskilled labour affecting wages and employment prospects of workers with low qualifications at the same time more intense international competition for highskilled workers has pushed up top incomes advances in information and communication technology ict are also favouring highskilled workers whose task cannot be easily automated and thereby increasing inequality kierzenkowski and koske some studies suggested technological change is a more powerful driver of inequality than globalisation imf oecd a,10
+the quota limits the amount of fish a person can bring out of norway to kg plus one trophy fish there are no exports limits on fish caught by tourists on these trips as long as the catch is being written off the fishermen s quota and the tourists has a contract note showing this when crossing the norwegian boarder as the catch must be written off the fishers quota the fishing is sure to be within sustainable bounds,14
+size of facility gives a sense of levels of employment not simply rates of employment per mw it found that nuclear power is more labourintensive than all other forms of electricity generation and has higher education requirements than renewable electricity generators regarding educational requirements in electricity generation there is little discussion of this outside the nuclear power sector where the discussion is prompted by nearterm retirements of nuclear sector employees and the necessity of training staff for nuclear new build,7
+the minister for fisheries receives advice from the marine research institute mri and consequently issues total allowable catch tac for individual stocks for the fishing year which runs from september to august the following year the size of each vessels annual catch quota for each stock is its share in the stock multiplied by the tac of that stock both the permanent quotashares and the annual catch quotas are transferable in part or total subject to certain restrictions,14
+achieving women s economic empowerment requires sound public policies a holistic approach and longterm commitment and genderspecific perspectives must be integrated at the design stage of policy and programming women must have more equitable access to assets and services infrastructure programmes should be designed to benefit the poor both men and women and employment opportunities must be improved while increasing recognition of women s vast unpaid work innovative approaches and partnerships include increased dialogue among development actors improved coordination amongst donors and support for women organising at the national and global level,5
+the main measurement instrument the adult mental health benchmarking toolkit presents performance indicators in a scorecard format combining structural process and outcome indicators mildtomoderate disorders such as depression and anxiety are typically understood not to require highly specialised treatments delivered by psychiatrists or in inpatient settings in the vast majority of cases rather they require strong primary and community care even though primary care is overwhelmingly the first point of call for individuals experiencing mental distress pcps do not always have the right skills and treatment options to effectively respond to need,3
+it thus holds implications for public investment in waterrelated infrastructure user fees in the water sector and other environmentally sensitive goods and services can underpin fiscal consolidation by managing and containing demand oecd b other sources of public finance are also being contemplated eg property taxes which can help ensure that those who generate future liabilities eg property developers bear some of the related costs see chapter the financing section,6
+these can allow for timely tracking of deployment of clean energy infrastructure they can also help the government track the success rate of clean energy projects which can guide future support to clean energy technologies as well as strengthen the business case for presentation to national banks finally much as for generation deployment expansion of the network will need to be monitored and evaluated over time to guarantee that the grid is able to accommodate an increasing share of clean electricity generation,7
+the heforshe champions are finding different and creative ways to break the cycle of harm they are not just highlighting the problem and challenging attitudes they are also exploring how established processes and structures can be adapted to reduce violence and to bring more women to the table when it comes to the peace and security agenda the international community has recognized that women s participation is vital to achieving and sustaining peace,5
+indeed when asked whether youth are asked whether they have access to the money needed to start a business youth in tunisia are much less likely to respond in the affirmative than youth in oecd countries figure and ilo and oneq estimate that approximately half of selfemployed youth used their own savings to set up a business and a further relied on their families to address this obstacle aneti awards up to tnd to each entrepreneur as long as they provide proof of the necessary competencies training or experience and dedicate themselves fulltime to their project in addition to these grants loans have been available a timed el intilak seed funding since to complete the financing required in order to obtain a small enterprise loan from the bts these a timed el intilak loans are interestfree and need to be repaid over a period of five years,8
+further effort should be focused on addressing inequalities in access to health care services between regions as well as between cities and rural areas taking into account the country s geography and low population density in health care delivery planning networks of facilities at all levels should be reorganised in a manner compatible with and supportive of the new service delivery models and aligned with population trends and access patterns for this exercise a starting point could be the service delivery master plans developed in recent years,3
+plastic debris can pose a risk to the marine environment by causing physical damage in marine organisms via ingestion or entanglement and also due to potential toxic effects caused by inherent plastic constituents and complex mixture of external contaminants adsorbed onto plastic derraik rochman etal marine litter is now recognized by a wide range of stakeholders as an environmental issue and is included in for instance the eu marine strategy framework directive msfd ec as one of the eleven qualitative descriptors which describe what the environment should look like to achieve or maintain good environmental status ges in the marine environment by european commission however it has also been recognized that as of today there is only a limited amount of information about the regional differences in sources levels composition fate and impact of marine litter in the marine environment,14
+in addition to the national reform programme for to implement the lisbon strategy the government has set out the strategy for increasing the innovativeness of the economy in the years the main vehicle for implementing this strategy is the op ie which is part of the national cohesion strategy as outlined in chapter the op hc also supports human capital projects to foster innovation promoting proinnovation attitudes building capacity of clusters and innovation support entities providing innovationrelated information this is to be achieved by the implementation of strategic areas falling under five axes i human resources for the modern economy ii research for the economy iii intellectual property for innovation iv capital for innovation and u infrastructure for innovation,8
+women continue to suffer from unequal treatment and condescending attitudes women politicians do not yet enjoy the decisionmaking power of their male counterparts in iraq for example no women took part in negotiations to reach a compromise government after the parliamentary elections of and the ministry of women s affairs is only a state s cabinet with no allocated budget the judgement was followed on june that year by three similar rulings for the benefit of other students the judgements prevented the university from refusing to accept women students to certain departments based solely on the universitys admission policy,5
+these conditional urban developments do not include landuse zones but must provide their own infrastructure and basic services serplac santiago nd the primary exception to restrictions on building outside of the urban boundary is found in article of the general law of urban development and construction ley general de urbanismo y construction which allows certain land uses outside urban boundaries including social housing services infrastructure and industrial uses for example the current system of zoning has been seen as an obstacle for new development and zones tend to become obsolete more quickly than prs are renewed peterman others have indicated that the zoning system limits opportunities to redevelop underutilised areas within urban boundaries for new types of uses such as multifamily housing trivelli the pressure to develop beyond the urban boundary has contributed to the rise of conditional urban developments in the santiago metropolitan region which may undermine citywide urban development strategies trivelli,11
+the strategy was then submitted with full stakeholder acceptance to the department of water affairs for the minister s approval following this approval implementation started in at the catchment scale mostly through the work of five subcatchment management fora which are currently the main platforms for stakeholder engagement each falls under the mandate of a specific community officer who is also responsible for public awareness eg in schools and community groups,6
+even in oecd countries regarded as having strong primary care such as the united kingdom australia and new zealand a large proportion of doctors continue to work as solopractitioners the average primary care clinic in israel is staffed by the equivalent of general practitioners nurses practice assistants and most have a practice manager in recent years the united kingdom australia france and switzerland have changed financing or provided additional payments to general practitioners to try and prioritise such services and had limited success in driving systemwide change,3
+it considers level in reading and mathematics to be the minimum level of proficiency required for students to participate fully in the knowledgebased society see definitions section in estonia finland and japan at least of students attain level or above in both reading and mathematics while fewer than of students do so in brazil colombia and costa rica however pisa also consistently shows that high performance and greater equity are not mutually exclusive figure indeed being able to improve the performance of all students regardless of background is necessary for countries to become highperformers and to achieve the sdg targets,4
+other russian regions have introduced a separate investment fund for renovating the electricity network this might also be a possibility for the agglomeration to tackle the challenge of lacking funds however it will not help in addressing the fundamental shortcomings of the system streamlining the system and creating incentives for private investments should be complementary measures for this it would be necessary to simplify ownership structures ensure transparency in the distribution system clearly attribute responsibilities for maintenance and create a level playing field for private investors beyond concessions since there has been a strong focus on developing road infrastructure this period has also witnessed the breakup and partial privatisation of the previously monolithic public transport system,11
+private climate finance is expected to play an important role both in the context of the usd bn climate finance commitment as well as more broadly whilst also presenting an opportunity for the private sector and investors thus the key requirement is to strike the right balance between investors appetite for risk and reward effectively mobilising private investments to finance climatefriendly andor climate resilient activities therefore requires establishing enabling environments and domestic investment conditions that incentivise and align investment opportunities with the need for climate finance,13
+the first pathway operates primarily through householdlevel mechanisms evolving from a pure income effect of cash into the household regardless of who is the primary recipient which reduces povertyrelated stress and improves emotional wellbeing alternatively if ct funds are used for expenditures not intended to benefit all household members for example to purchase alcohol or tobacco cash could create new sources of marital conflict finally cash or complementary interventions could if appropriately targeted increase woman s bargaining power strengthening her selfworth and potentially increasing her perceived value to the household similar to the conflict pathway this pathway may have mixed effects depending on how men respond to potential shifts in resources or power dynamics on the one hand some men may feel threatened in situations where their wives are empowered which can lead to backlash and increased ipv as men attempt to reassert control and their identity as the household provider or dominant decision maker,5
+crustacean output rose up in volume and in value mainly because of an increase in prawn harvests in the latter the overall decline was due mainly to a decrease in catches of the regions more important species notably tuna in the azores and black swordfish in madeira at the national level annual average prices at auctions were also found to be slightly higher in than in the previous year up,14
+in some cases horizontal interdepartmental bodies enjoy a legal status in equality acts or regulation but such coordination mechanisms can still suffer from ambiguous mandates johan focal points within sectoralline ministries charged with integrating and coordinating gender mainstreaming initiatives for example may face institutional marginalisation a lack of authority and insufficient technical expertise ibid to support the implementation of this wholeofgovernment process the law created an interdepartmental coordination group for the federal government this group s members are representatives of administrations and ministers offices and its secretariat is the institute for the equality of women and men,5
+although at the global level households headed by men and those headed women are almost equally likely to be multidimensionally poor percent of manheaded households and percent of womanheaded households are multidimensionally poor there is considerable variation across countries and regions because the mpi is calculated at the household level rather than at the individual level complementary research may be needed to clarify the relationship between gender and poverty an average of percent of the population in countries in conflict for which the mpi is calculated lives in multidimensional poverty and another percent live in nearpoverty an average of percent of people in these countries live in severe multidimensional poverty,1
+finally i will also survey available evidence on policies that have affected the gender balance in educational attainment in the next section i document the trends in gender gaps in educational attainment i will mostly focus on industrialized countries and put particular emphasis on the comparison of nordic countries and the united states which is the country that has traditionally led trends in educational attainment,5
+c emission would rise by if the generation mix of the scenario is applied these increases are disproportionately modest compared to the number of people benefiting iea b these power outages are often from loadshedding a frequent practice to compensate generation deficiencies by partly cutting off some load to users table confirms that power outages are more frequent in nonoecd countries and damage economic outputs the economic impact stresses that any investment to strengthen the electricity system and increase the amount of electricity for productive use enhances company incomes thus the affordability of electric services also increases and assures the financial viability of the service ageec,7
+this effort gained new momentum and inspiration in when governments gathered in cairo for the international conference on population and development and forged a plan for sustainable development grounded in individual rights and choices and the achievement of sexual and reproductive health for all that plan embodied in a programme of action not only reenergized the global reproductive rights movement but also positioned unfpa as the movements custodian,5
+the suggestion was made that the lowincome net food importing countries who particularly need to benefit from the rebalanced trade rules stand to lose from the removal of the status quo on farm protection in response mr bhattacharya insisted on the need to protect vulnerable consumers from price shocks but also reminded the audience not to underestimate the potential response in lowincome countries he called for stepping up the dialogue in the agriculture committee,2
+more than billion people live in countries experiencing high water stress the agriculture sector is by far the largest user of freshwater accounting for nearly per cent of global water withdrawals saving just a fraction of this would significantly alleviate water stress in other sectors particularly in arid countries where agriculture can consume as much as per cent of available water resources it would also strengthen economic development instead of constraining growth agricultural water savings can come in many forms such as increasing productivity of food crops more crop per drop improving water management practices and technologies implementing sustainable agricultural practices growing fewer waterintensive crops in waterscarce regions reducing food loss and waste and importing food grown from waterrich countries,6
+many of the indicators that norway is collecting at present are though useful primarily process indicators or measures of service capacity for example registration of diagnoses or staffing numbers with other existing indicators for example inpatient suicides readmission rates or waiting times for access to services norway is making steps towards being able to assess quality of mental health care however the fact that psychiatric patients are often very vulnerable and in a large proportion of instances held involuntarily makes measuring performance and quality of care vital and more complex pincus et al,3
+this lack of common definition represents a major challenge in establishing a mrv framework of climate finance because there is no agreed basis for measurement or methodology for tracking climate finance flows following corfeemorlot et al consistent with the terms of the cancun agreements these may be either international public or private financing flows and thus may be either concessional public or nonconcessional flows where the latter concerns private as well as some forms of public finance flows,13
+the protocol also provides that a widow has the right to an equitable share in the inheritance ofthe property of her husband and that women and men have the right to inherit in equitable shares their parents properties art among other provisions they state that the african states are obliged to ensure equitable and nondiscriminatory access acquisition ownership inheritance and control of land and housing especially by women this includes the obligation to take measures to modify or prohibit harmful social cultural or other practices that prevent women and other members of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups from enjoying their rightto property particularly in relation to housing and land para no one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of international law,5
+furthermore the content could be enriched by including more practical guidance teachers attend a mandatory oneweek training programme every three years organized by the minsk city and oblast institutes for education development the elements of ee and esd are integrated into the training programme model curricula have been prepared for teachers training and inservice training to improve teachers skills and competencies in the areas of esd innovative technologies in the education process energy and resource efficiency and healthy lifestyle,4
+teachers create greater connections to the broader community and to elders and make explicit how what is being leamt influences the self the family the community and the land teachers are activators while students become active in the design implementation and measurement of learning experiences partnerships enjoy high partner equity transparency mutual benefit and accountability,4
+international donors increased their involvement in waste management during the last few years and this resulted in improvements in management of obsolete pesticides and expired chemicals but management of municipal and manufacturing waste is developing slowly and old practices remain this development reduced generated amounts of waste and in some sectors also decreased the amount of waste previously accumulated the development of modem waste management infrastructure is still in the initial phase,12
+for example among european countries the proportion of mothers in fulltime work varies from in the netherlands to in slovenia in addition to countryspecific factors such as public child care support box there are also individual and familyspecific reasons why women choose to work full or parttime changes in labour markets have been powerful factors in growing female labour force participation in oecd countries particularly the development of the services sector and the expansion of parttime work which have enabled a greater proportion of women to work and keep working after they start to have children,5
+local authorities could develop some legal framework to support the purok system and unlock some resources for its functioning rapid and uncontrolled uibanisation resulted in a range of environmental issues in the city by the mid s including solid waste pollution due to unsorted garbage and open waste disposal the city also suffered from lack of clean water supply and wastewater treatment system and periodic floods creating critical health hazards such as dengue fever and diarrhoea the creation of a waste bank and composting houses in the city were two important measures taken by the municipality but raising public awareness was the keystone of the programme,11
+however the prevalence of underweight children aged months increased from per cent in to per cent in in low birth weight was more common in rural areas particularly the western region at per cent than in urban areas per cent in ulaanbaatar a first list of banned and limited use toxic and hazardous chemicals was approved by the government in,3
+this situation is further complicated by the very low collection rate of water user charges which for household ranges between per cent and per cent of the bill sent by the water utility with a nationwide average of per cent chapter the responsibility of monitoring of the drinking water quality is under the food safety veterinary and plant protection department under the ministry of agriculture which organizes tenders for analysis of the drinking water quality for accredited laboratories in case of emergency situation results are reported to the municipalities and in case of health risks to the public centre for diseases of the ministry of health labour and social protection mhlsp and even to the cabinet of ministers when necessary,6
+quality reports should be based on data available from a national data warehouse more on this below and refer to a number of indicators such as the number of teachers with teaching competencies in the subjects they teach results regarding academic performance and wellbeing in relation to the indicators set in the folkeskole reform average marks correlated for socioeconomic background transition rates to upper secondary education and inclusion rates for students with special educational needs for monitoring purposes the quality reports can however disclose information whether the municipality or individual schools meet their performance targets and how performance develops over time the six municipalities visited by the oecd review team all reported having procedures in place to ensure the quality control of their schools this typically involves annual meetings with school leaders to discuss student results based on national and municipal assessments and surveys of students andor school staff,4
+since the adoption of the rio marker system the information on support to the environment including climate desertification and biodiversity has incrementally improved a revised definition of the climate markers and a guidance table to improve scoring have been included in the revised converged statistical reporting directives of the oecd oecd c overall the new transparency framework for climate finance and the commitment to greater transparency of financing for sustainable development un a un b will play an important role in enabling countries to hold each other to account and in enabling citizens and communities around the world to hold their governments to account,13
+at the other end of the scale of people working in the hospitality sector have completed some form of tertiary qualification compared to in the economy as a whole figure table a annex accommodation and food senices activities isic rev the ilo and unwto recently noted that a significant proportion of service positions around are supervisory or skilled occupations at managerial professional or technical levels,8
+larger countries on the other hand can shift away from specialization in primary commodities through import substitution the use of labourintensive techniques and domestic inputs should figure prominently among the requirements outlined in these policies there is considerable room for diversity in its application reflecting differences in each country s resource endowments size geographical location production structure and export structure distribution of rents is thus crucial,8
+against the backdrop of a longstanding lack of official sources of reliable information on illicit drug production trafficking and abuse among countries in the region there have been several media and anecdotal reports regarding the widespread abuse of counterfeit captagon tablets containing amphetamine among all parties engaged in armed violence in the syrian arab republic significantly for the first time in six years the afghanistan opium survey for which the executive summary is available notes that there has been a decrease in the estimated total area under illicit opium poppy cultivation in afghanistan which in totalled hectares ha that represents a decrease compared with when cultivation reached record levels at ha,3
+building on the success of the ppcdam the government launched a similar programme to control deforestation in the cerrado biome in addition to strict monitoring and enforcement further reducing deforestation will increasingly require making sustainable agriculture and forest management more attractive than illegal logging and land grabbing and ensuring that sustainable practices provide a viable income source for traditional communities cepal et al concessions still cover less than of the eligible forest area mainly because of red tape high transaction costs lack of infrastructure and land tenure conflicts many rural communities do not have the knowledge or means to adopt sustainable forest practices or to compete in concession processes much of the international finance is used through extrabudgetary funds including the innovative amazon fund established in and managed by the bndes in coordination with the mma the fund invests in deforestation prevention and sustainable forest use thereby contributing to reducing ghg emissions,15
+the article concludes that further studies are required and that assistance mechanisms are required for women who do not receive financial assistance from their migrant husbands the article also finds that migrants sexual and reproductive behaviour is characterized by limited access to information about risks and also requires thorough study scholars have consistently shown that gender influences who will go to a new location and who will stay behind massey curran pittin monsutti cohen and others resurreccion and ha thi van khanh ni laoire,5
+in both houses of legislature this figure reached in the interparliamentary union recorded zero female parliamentarians for several countries including djibouti jordan kuwait and the united arab emirates uae with the highest levels of women as political representatives found in tunisia with women and iraq with interparliamentary union by each of the countries mentioned above that did not have any women in parliament in had increased these numbers djibouti increased the representation of women in its legislative branch to jordan s female legislative representation grew to women the united arab emirates now has women woman serve as legislators in kuwait,5
+between and informality rates for women have fluctuated between a quarterly low of and a high of while men s rates have stayed in the range of to among informal workers employers and wage workers tend to be better off while ownaccount workers and domestic workers fare worse in terms of wages job security and social protection mexican women are far more likely to work in the second category than the first while of male workers aged in mexico report never having paid any social security contributions in their productive lives the figure is among women oecd estimates of enigh,5
+the police authority of gyeonggi province took the initiative to set up a safety committee together with the education community provincial education board citizen associations and the media the objective of this collaborative structure is to promote road safety control byanalysing the areas where there is a high concentration of accidents upgrading infrastructure province and regional office of construction management educating citizens and raising awareness the committee was elected after a debate that brought together around experts and representatives from the civil society,11
+as water is a local resource with strong territorial characteristics the explanation for subnational actor involvement lies mainly in theories related to local public goods and the need for decentralised mechanisms to achieve optimal allocation but in practice the implementation of such an optimal water allocation scheme varies widely across countries and rarely involves a full delegation of responsibility to lower levels of government water management is generally a shared responsibility across levels of government,6
+in australia belgium france the netherlands italy mexico spain and portugal they assume a wide array of responsibilities with the common objective of harmonising water policies at basin level this situation was a result of sporadic water shortages in specific areas and substantial regional disparities in water resources especially between the coastal areas where demand is high and the hinterland the water resources prospective and management scheme sourse launched in is an ambitious eur project to build by a strategic vision and operational framework across levels of government including the state and the rhonemediterraneecorse water agency and to define the terms for effective water governance at the regional level it develops a model of public governance of water for equitable sharing of water by taking into account the economic demographic and environmental evolution of the territory,6
+the moe and the lp regularly report to the forest resource assessment programme of the food and agriculture organization of the united nations fao as well as the unecefaoforest europe report on the state of europe s forests the moe and the lp hosted a workshop in september as poland s contribution to the unecefao action plan on forests in a green economy the moe is an active participant in the united nations forum on forests held every two years at un headquarters in new york,15
+due to benefit ceilings net replacement rates are lower for individuals with aboveaverage earnings see oecd a for full details across the oecd there is significant variation in the level of support provided under the lower tier of income assistance due to benefit ceilings net replacement rates are lower for individuals with aboveaverage eamings see oecd a for full details in some countries social assistance benefits are meant to prevent extreme hardship while it is intended to minimise social exclusions elsewhere adema,10
+in programme accreditation regulations were revised to include criteria on academic and discipline relevance kantardjiev and haakstad section of the regulations requires higher education institutions to describe the relevance of each programme for working life andor continued studies by outlining the skills developed in the programme and how those skills align with the labour market nord university the assessment of the labour market relevance of programmes is often informed through dialogue with employers but there are concerns about the robustness and validity of this consultation process kantardjiev and haakstad programmes now must be professionally updated and clearly relevant to further studies andor work life norwegian ministry of education and research b,4
+for example national accounts statistics that incorporate a gender perspective take into account both women s and men s contribution to all social and economic areas including unpaid work the word sex refers to biological differences between women and men biological differences are fixed and unchangeable and do not vary across cultures or over time gender meanwhile refers to sociallyconstructed differences in the attributes and opportunities associated with being female or male and to social interactions and relationships between women and men,5
+setting a high r is tantamount to setting equally distributed income at the income of the poorest individuals in the sample thus increases in lower incomes are given relatively more weight in producing social welfare than increases in high incomes setting x to around corresponds to setting yc approximately equal to the median of the distribution,8
+drawing on data from advanced economies it shows what the relative child poverty rate would be if governments did not intervene with taxes and transfers light blue bar it then compares this with the actual relative child poverty rate after all taxes are deducted and benefits paid blue barthe difference may be seen as one measure of the efforts and effectiveness of different governments in reducing relative child poverty but some of the children and young people most at risk of poverty do not live in households they live in institutions in childrens homes in temporary accommodations in hostels or hospitals in prisons in houses for refugees or asylum seekers in mobile homes or on the streets it is also possible that some of the most atrisk children may be not represented in household surveys because they live in remote areas or in families and communities whose presence may be illegal and unregistered open society foundations budapest a century later and from a different ideological perspective karl marx found himself in agreement our needs and enjoyments spring from society we measure them therefore by society and not by the objects of their satisfaction,1
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law this section explores some of the most promising areas of intervention such as strengthening participation and the quality of provision in early childhood education and care eceq enhancing performance at the end of compulsory education by supporting students from low socioeconomic backgrounds fostering gender equality supporting students of immigrant background and tackling dropout in secondary education since young children are able to learn much more than previously assumed education and support provided during the early years may compensate at least partly for deficiencies in stimulation at home or barriers such as language most oecd countries have therefore made an effort to increase enrolment rates before the age of,4
+to end cultures of impunity comprehensive reporting systems need to be created to document abuses of women s rights and support female and civilian survivors of the war in seeking justice chapter following on the suggestions made in the previous section this needs to include special training for law enforcement agencies which play an important role in enforcing women s rights at the community level chapters and promoting public debates and media literacy about scrs and and subsequent resolutions and about national responses to these important programmes in postconflict societies is an essential step in raising awareness about and advocating for participatory roles of women in postconflict reconstruction particularly girls and women should be publicly recognized and encouraged and most importantly not discouraged this recommendation can be advanced by offering women opportunities to debate and analyse the language of scrs such as in order to relate them to the specific conflicts in which they are caught chapter,5
+the most important need if not for this generation then for the next would therefore appear to be investment in the education and skills that would enable households to command higher wages at the same time welldefined property rights especially with respect to land are important for farmers to be able to cash in their assets and exit the sector on favourable terms however rural policies are not fundamentally agricultural policies nor vice versa,2
+particularly large differences between boys and girls expectations for their future are observed in some countries in finland for example boys at are more than four times as likely as girls at to expect a career as an engineer scientist or architect these findings indicate that the career paths of boys and girls are already starting to diverge before the age of and well before important career choices are actually made,5
+in fact early childhood education has been found to be one of the strongest determinants of a childs readiness for school in both highincome and lowincome countries participation in organized learning one year before the official entry age for primary school has risen steadily over the past years at the global level the participation rate in early childhood education was per cent in up from per cent in however considerable disparities were found among countries with rates ranging from per cent to nearly per cent,4
+moreover a increase in the share of agriculture in value added is associated with an increase of in so concentration in contrast to other pollutants the degree of fragmentation of an urban area does not appear to affect so concentration this might be due to the fact that so is mainly produced by energy generation processes rather than by road transportation in particular this study presents evidence that urban fragmentation is correlated with higher concentrations of no and pm when controlling for economic factors and climate conditions moreover the results suggest that densely populated urban areas are associated with higher so concentrations,11
+authorities also adjusted remunerations by negotiating that costs that do not increase directly with travel would not be paid if operators travelled extra the value threshold over which vehicles are no longer eligible for the subsidy is mxn usd in the federal district mxn usd in the state of mexico and mxn usd in hidalgo this planning instrument takes different names depending on the country in many contexts the word plan is substituted by programme its contents will therefore have to be adjusted to include all the elements in line with best practice in developing transport master plans see box,11
+the lack of robust evidence of the patient safety measurement in primary and ambulatory care settings can partly be explained by the fragmented nature of this setting described in the introduction in fact survey responses suggest that the fragmented nature of primary and ambulatory care systems and lack of overall system governance are the most important barrier to implementing safety measurement and interventions see chapter this means infonnation can rarely be linked these technical barriers may prohibit capturing accurately the full picture of the frequency and magnitude of patient harm occurring along the patient pathway,3
+the search found pes schemes were in operation with under development annex of these schemes were focused on forest biodiversity were watershedrelated and were water quality trading programmes many pes programmes are located in latin america but there are also numerous schemes in europe and north america particularly in forestbiodiversity programmes it is unlikely that the literature review has identified all the pes schemes which are in use in the unece region,15
+abstractable volumes have to be redefined after a few years to consider the latest available scientific data water management plans are redefined every six years these uses also require a minimum flow this unit is convened by the prefect the local state representative and involves stakeholders it is mandated to suspend prevailing entitlements and to allocate water according to a set list of priority uses as defined in the decrees,6
+the responsibility is of course entirely mine even if zero is defined as not quite zero for example the world bank is proposing it should be defined as of the population in the case of income poverty kim ravallion global public goods are qualities that potentially affect anyone anywhere such as a stable climate or freedom from infectious disease this joint civil societyun consultation coled by unicef and un women with support from the governments of denmark and ghana is an open and inclusive conversation for civil society academia governments and the un to discuss what the post development agenda should look like,1
+then a bayesian model averaging method is employed to select the empirical model which best identifies the determinants of the concentration of different pollutants for each pollutant the influence of economic sector composition population density and factors related to internal urban composition and road transport are tested the study does not consider factors of pollution that occur outside urban areas such as intercity transport or activities in rural areas,11
+when caring for older relatives women may have to reduce their incomeearning work or forego promotions and training opportunities even so those with intense care needs may still not receive sufficient care it explores the contours and tensions of family caregiving and the implications these have for womens enjoyment of rights including the right to give and receive care the first part of the chapter looks at gender and other inequalities in the provision of unpaid care and domestic work within families and how these arrangements are impacted by deeply entrenched social norms socioeconomic and demographic factors and public policies,5
+on the other hand this approach cannot reflect local conditions and leaves communities in different locations to face a range of challenges such as limits of water availability difficulties accessing the resource level of equipment or infrastructure level of economic development etc to be effective water charges need to be responsive to these differences subnational authorities are best placed to understand local needs and to engage relevant interlocutors,6
+as an alternative a number of water districts in the high plains region of the united states have introduced regulations based on historicallyirrigated areas eg nebraska ne dnr and tpnrd for example the national water initiative in australia an agreement that all states have signed governs groundwater law in general the initiative requires a move towards economic water management and as a result a number of incentivebased groundwater policies have been implemented,6
+in terms of infrastructure development the department of wastewater and storm water treatment for the paris metropolitan area syndicat interdepartemental pour i assainissement de i agglomeration parisienne siaap has put in place a strategy based on demographic changes and the expansion of dampproofing urban surfaces this includes investment in new infrastructure watersheds and tunnels to store million m meanwhile integrated strategic planning has also been set up,11
+the variation is found to be very similar if one uses the a day poverty line for the countries with mass poverty to the right on the head count poverty incidence scale the narrow confidence band indicates that poverty elasticity is fully specified by the initial level of poverty or the initial level of income growth appears to be all that matters if the focus of analysis is absolute mass poverty on the other hand once one leaves the realm of mass poverty even though absolute poverty remains the main focus of analysis the confidence band widens rapidly indicating the distributional element taking increasing significance in the change in poverty,1
+during the academic year he collaborated as an international consultant in the oecd programme on imhe he specialises in education policy including centralisation and decentralisation processes school reforms school leadership schoolbased management and higher education policy his recent books are academia in a changing environment higher education policy in israel the pendulum syndrome centralisation and decentralisation of education in england and wales and schoolbased management an international perspective coedited with friedman,4
+in per cent of households with children under and almost per cent of unemployed mothers with children under were receiving an allowance unicef b less than two per cent of families received social aid of all recipients of any social allowance per cent belong to the poorest per cent of the population tahlil for the poorest ten per cent the different social allowances contribute between one fourth and one third to the total household income,1
+a large number of traditional players have already developed their own regulatory systems and wellestablished schemes for maritime safety pollution prevention etc but as emerging ocean industries have grown in importance and have spread across the globe the challenge has become how to integrate them into existing regulatory structures for indeed there is no agency for ocean issues,14
+central to success in this area in ontario was the signing of a fouryear collective bargaining agreement with the four major teachers unions in reaching the accord the ministry was able to negotiate items that were consistent with both its educational strategy and the unions interests thus providing a basis for pushing forward the education agenda while creating a sustained period of labour peace that allowed for continued focus on educational improvement that was facilitated because union agreements could be reached at the provincial level which may be more challenging in the context of the united states with the more decentralised nature of unionmanagemenl decision making for example the united stales has directed new federal funding for teacher preparation towards more clinical programmes such as teacher residency programmes in which teacher candidates learn to teach in schools under the guidance of experienced teachers while taking classes outside of leaching hours,4
+the following sections explore the global landscape and international development interventions in more depth section highlights data on gender equality and inequality section explores the normative underpinnings that pledge protection of women s rights and gender equality globally section describes the major international development approaches to addressing these challenges in the past decade from women in development to gender and development to gender mainstreaming as set out in the beijing platform for action section highlights the post environment covering the mdgs the emerging aid effectiveness frameworks and the politics of gender in international development nearly half of the world s population billion people lives in poverty on less than a day,5
+the government may thus consider granting them regional significance in the near future the data available is limited population and employment data at the municipal level are available only for the last census years and population data on fuas only for and any analysis using fuas will thus clearly mention it,11
+all other data is from cepalstat database unless otherwise indicated women have high labour force participation rates and their work is concentrated in the agricultural sector even more so than mens almost all of this work is informal with women participating in production most often as smallholders causal wage workers or contributing family workers unrisd o,5
+the indc is intrinsically linked to the countrys ambitious renewable energy strategy that envisages a massive expansion of its hydropower sources as well as an increase in the share of geothermal wind and solar in the national energy matrix the adaptation section of ethiopias indc highlights the importance to a diversify the energy mix and b develop a strong and climate resilient hydropower sector in order to respond to the challenges related to renewable energy in a context of increasing water scarcity goe a additional private investment is primarily needed to meet the nonhydro renewable energy targets and to spur relevant innovation for hydroelectric adaptation currently a number of key barriers inhibits the private sector from developing its full potential these barriers include an insufficient and slowly evolving policy framework for renewables and a lack of detailed roadmaps and strategies on the institutional side as well as prevailing high risk perceptions a lack of capital and a lack of local experts and entrepreneurs on the financial and economic side,13
+studies using occupational class or education level instead of income as socioeconomic indicator find qualitatively similar results though differences in life expectancy are significantly smaller palosuo et al the teroka project aims to develop a knowledge base and tools to promote the attainment of the objective of the health public health programme for reducing health inequalities an analysis of the recent hospital reform in norway in andresen and gronlie eds,3
+in real terms prices are expected to decline from the record high of the aquaculture to coarse grains price ratio is expected to be cyclical over and to eventually stabilise slightly lower than the historical average the price ratio between aquaculture and fishmeal will remain relatively stable since the feed demand for fishmeal from aquaculture and livestock sectors is growing faster than supply an increase in the fishmeal to oilseed meal price ratio is expected the popularity of the omega fatty acids in human diets and the growth in aquaculture production have both contributed to a rise in the fish oil to oilseed price ratio since which is expected to be maintained over the medium term,14
+it also reviews financing for green growth and how the country faces climate changerelated challenges to do this it must catalyse investment and innovation which will underpin sustained growth and give rise to new economic opportunities oecd investment for green growth includes among other things investment in infrastructure such as renewable energy energy efficiency water purification and distribution systems transport and housing the preservation of natural resources and waste management oecd,13
+to achieve this indicators that focus on environmentrelated productivity or its inverse intensity should be used such indicators include those that monitor the productivity of natural resources and materials used in agricultural production box monitoring natural resource and environmental productivity for agriculture is important because of the sector s significant role in using natural resources making the productivity of soil and water resources of utmost importance it should ideally encompass all natural resources and ecosystem inputs that are used as factors of production in the economy,12
+as employment rates increased similarly for wives of top and bottom earners the reduction in inequality resulting from higher female employment has been fairly strong it is worth noting however that a gender gap remains in terms of wages despite having narrowed by around percentage points since the introduction of the equal pay act in the gender gap in median hourly earnings for a fulltime job is still at ons differently from years ago when the wage gap was already visible at entry in the labour market nowadays it fluctuates around equality up to the age of then opens up and levels off around the age of,10
+for example the direct annual medical cost in the united states for a male diagnosed with diabetes but with no complications was found to be usd however these costs escalated when the disease advanced and complications set in annual costs rose by between and for patients with coronary heart disease congestive heart failure hemiplegia and amputation,3
+while a sectoral approach to fsn policy and strategy is necessary it is not a sufficient condition to impact rural livelihoods and reduce inequalities between rural and urban areas across rural areas or across individuals in addition to the availability dimension there is a need to address the issues of access to food both economic and physical the nutritional quality of food utilisation and the stability of both the availability and access dimensions in the long run other causes of food insecurity are generally attributed to low incomes unemployment health education nutrition status natural resource degradation and weak political commitment which exacerbate vulnerability to risk as noted by the fao fighting rural poverty and food insecurity will require resilient and diversified rural economies that offer employment and income opportunities helping small farmers improve farm productivity can help but in most contexts it is not enough to lift all rural poor out of poverty fao,2
+all forms of migration labour student forced etc regulations that enable family reunification are needed based on human rights equality and nondiscrimination so that migrant women can live family lives of their choosing genderresponsive implementation of commitments will require recognizing the multiple roles women have in public and family life the diversity of families in which women live and the full range of womens rights,5
+bringing the prevalence of the problem to public notice is itself a step towards countering such abuse and empowering girls it should be noted that sexual violence is also perpetrated against boys to date however limited data are available on violence against boys or on the differential experience of girls and boys,5
+box figure presents a schematic assessment of the main technologies for utilityscale electricity generation the contrast with developed countries is still sharper there only per cent of generation and capacity are combustible fuelbased as much faster deployment of nuclear and nonhydro renewables has led to a more diversified generation mix,7
+still this significant increase in public spending for the water sector has not solved all the challenges for instance properly operating and maintaining water infrastructures is less costly than rebuilding them due to decay once the community can no longer access the service furthermore closing unlicensed wells is usually more effective than mitigating the consequences of illegal water use and technification of irrigation systems is also costly but fails to contribute to water policy objectives if the water saved is used to irrigate additional surfaces,6
+these concerns have subsequently heightened with the social tensions unrest and food riots that have broken out in several countries unfortunately the food crisis is still far from over as prices have been rising once again since johnston and bargawi the poor remain especially vulnerable as the food and agriculture organization fao has warned repeatedly,2
+according to the ge measure of inequality in south african inequality between racial groups stood at almost of its maximum possible level while maintaining the same underlying population structure and distribution of income by this figure had fallen to about and the measure stood at in the change in the racial dynamics of inequality was thus most significant in the period between the democratic transition and while the changes between and were more muted,10
+a government subsidy of up to of eligible costs from is available for preparing a farm energy plan the revision of the programme started in january following the introduction of the eufinanced rural development programme for the period from to the final evaluation report was published in october it was found that the goal had been overly optimistic with only farms joining the programme on the other hand the report found the participated farms found the programme and its services very useful,7
+for instance beckerblease and sohl isj show that women seek angel financing at rates substantially lower than that of men but have an equal probability of receiving investment conditional on searching for funding differences in aspirations may also play a role women are more likely to be associated with less capitalintensive businesses and less aggressive growth efforts kanze et al evidence from the united states seems to suggest that this cannot be the entire explanation indeed the representation of women in mba programmes as well as advanced science and engineering degrees has been substantially higher than their representation in the entrepreneurial sectors for the past two decades furthermore the underrepresentation of women as venturebacked entrepreneurs is not met by a similar underrepresentation in other highlycompensated professional fields such as medicine or law nor in jobs with similar humancapital profiles such as investment banking or consulting,5
+given that the negative externalities of longterm unemployment are likely to be particularly acute for youth youthspecific measures should be an important part of an employment strategy in south africa significant institutional capacity aimed at assisting work seekers in finding employment is already in place and this provides a good starting point for additional efforts there are many public labour centres providing services related to the unemployment insurance fund the compensation fund inspection and enforcement services and employment skills development services,8
+this argument is supported in the report by a number of case studies that illustrate that although macroeconomic policy reforms have had positive effects on agriculture in some parts of africa the overall impact of the reforms has been slower and less dramatic than could have been expected the main reason for the reforms restricted impact is that the constraints to achieving sustainable agricultural productivity and increasing yields lie both on and off the farm hence in many cases transportation trade and macroeconomic policies have stronger effects on farmer and trader incentives than do agricultural sector policies a point that underscores the need for better policy coordination across ministries strategies should therefore focus on transforming the weak points along the food system as a whole and avoid too narrow a focus on farming,2
+the interest on the enterprises loan was subsidised by the commercial bank this special loan supported the promotion of the smallscale wind turbine industry and offgrid wind power but today centrally planned rural electrification programmes using decentralised renewable energy applications are entirely financed either by the central government or through a costsharing scheme which features a financial contribution by the respective provincial government,7
+a new website nhs performs aims to improve the accessibility frequency and range of information on hospital performance this is discussed further in section the indicators have still to be tested in practice and it is anticipated that they will be refined over time each integration authority is required to publish an annual performance report including infonnation about the indicators supported by local measures and contextualising data to provide a broader picture of local performance,3
+international guidelines on standards are available through the recently established iso energy management systems and are also available through iso environmental management systems which includes suggestions for continuous improvement in energy efficiency developed countries with energy management system standards include australia canada denmark germany ireland republic of korea the netherlands sweden the united kingdom and the united states regional standards have also been established such as the european energy management standard en introduced in,7
+the publication was prepared by rory keane and margarete jacob within the oecd secretariat it examines how to support the creation of security and justice institutions that are representative accountable rightsrespecting and responsive to the specific security and justice needs of women men boys and girls however in many countries ssr policies and programming currently fail to involve both women and men in decisionmaking processes and do not adequately address gender dynamics in understanding issues such as domestic violence or small arms violence,5
+this aquifer is shared by france and switzerland and a joint agreement for its management and protection was first signed in other jointly agreed transboundary aquifers include for example those shared by belgium and the netherlands belgium and france austria and hungary austria and slovenia and spain and portugal for instance on the basis of hydrogeological knowledge ecological criteria and the presence of natura sites groundwater bodies in the scheldt river basin were identified as being in close connection with surface water however even for the wellestablished river basin commissions addressing transboundary groundwaters is a new challenge,6
+in june the incubator spaces were fully occupied by incubating enterprises enterprises can stay in the incubator for from to months its vision is to become a national reference for promoting a new generation of businesswomen capable of generating wealth and employment women wishing to enter the incubator must complete an application form which is presented to an evaluation committee consisting of members of the ewba board partner organisations such as the sfd financial institutions and independent entrepreneurs once the evaluation committee has made its initial selection based on a review of the applications it conducts interviews with the women entrepreneurs before making their final decision,5
+this provides nuclear energy with enormous resilience against any changes in the global carbon regime which may be considered a new form of geopolitical supply risk of course in the absence of widespread penetration of electric cars the substitutability of oil with nuclear power is limited it is also difficult to displace gas and to a lesser extent coal in peakload generation due to their operational flexibility,7
+the role of national authorities eg national authorities designated andor accredited for climate action and leadership is important to engage the private sector while norfund has been a forerunner in major re investments in a number of developing countries it is questionable how investments in cleaner gas technologies could be aligned with the well below c degree pathway the ndf high score on criteria well below c target is based on the importance given in project screening criteria for identifying approaches and technologies that are aligned with lowcarbon development and the importance given for upscaling and replicability,13
+electrification of schools however is facing problems largely stemming from lack of information about the number of schools and their electrification status some municipalities fail to report the number of schools in their area or fail to provide accurate information on whether the schools are electrified or not it is clear that this poses a major constraint for the entities in charge of the electrification of the asyet unelectrified schools,7
+higher levels of governance at regional national and international scales then take on a more facilitative role in conflict resolution and cooperative engagement across borders public sector funding and prioritization of water management will also be essential if the impending crises are to be met and ameliorated even the most contested crossborder relationships show efforts to forge agreements to routinize shared water governance issues,6
+in response the government initiated six major programmes for water quality restoration including the establishment of wastewater treatment plans and the firstever nationwide comprehensive measure for clean water provision adb the new ministry expanded its capacities with increased financial support and functions transferred from the molit then called the ministry of construction and transport in waterrelated legislations were developed in a piecemeal fashion in years more than acts were enacted and revised by different ministries according to transitions in water policy table in the enactment of the river act last amended in laid the foundations for water resources policy and governance by setting a national framework for river management see details on the objectives and scope in box,6
+section of this introductory chapter discusses what patient safety and patient harm mean when applied to primary and ambulatory care this reflection is necessary because safety and harm are traditionally approached in the context of acute care owing to the fundamental differences between acute services and primaryambulatory care the definitions and concepts need to be refined for the purpose here chapter examines the occurrence frequency and severity of safety lapses in primary and ambulatory care it explores different avenues for capturing patient harm in primary and ambulatory care settings shedding light on shortcomings of methodologies knowledge gaps and the main causes of harm at the margin the cost of preventing every last case of harm would approach and eventually exceed the costs of failure principally because in a system with finite resources beneficial activity would need to be diverted or stopped altogether in order to remove all risk see section,3
+it is highly unlikely that sdg target c will be achieved within the bmeframe of in pracbce it is virtually impossible to experience the internet effecbvely via a g connecbon only of the worlds populabon lives within access of a g signal and only of people have access to a g connecbon thus the majority of the connected world remains underconnected most of them in developing countries,9
+agricultural use of surface water declined by over in the same period largely because the irrigated area was halved following the privatisation of some irrigation projects other factors included lack of investment in irrigation infrastructure and relatively high water prices chapter the process was launched in when responsibility for water management was moved from the ministry of agriculture to the moe then the introduction of the water act in harmonised slovak water legislation with the eu water framework directive and introduced the river basin approach,6
+countries reported the lack of the will and commitment to implement the decisions in some ministries thus hindering the gender units a limited number of qualified staff capacity and skills in gender mainstreaming as well as inadequate budget allocations with the university reformation act universities also started to create equality units nearly equality units have been formed in different public universities in addition the women s institute organised a summer course in august to evaluate progress on gender equality at the university level presence of women and men in educational centres control and governing organs introduction of new subjects with a gender perspective creation of specific postgraduate courses etc on july based on a request from the mowa decision no,5
+education is about developing adaptive expertise the ability to apply learned knowledge and skills flexibly and creatively in different situations effective education lays the cognitive and behavioural foundations and motivations for further learning throughout life as actively inquiring rather than passively accepting citizens nevertheless a welleducated population and workforce strengthens the resilience of a nation in adverse conditions and its readiness to advance in more prosperous conditions,4
+it should be noted that this requires the presence of at least one social transfer that performs well it also requires a political strategy to protect the reforms against protests from those middle and higher income groups that are losing their benefit entitlements the poorer the local community the less local funds are available for social transfers,1
+the steepest falls occurred in bolivia brazil over three percentage points per year followed by the bolivarian republic of venezuela honduras and paraguay with annual reductions of more than two percentage points these indicators provide a more complete view of poverty conditions by taking account not only of the percentage of people who are poor but also measuring the shortfall between the average income of the poor and the poverty line and how those incomes are distributed among the poor in the case of the second index the years considered in each country coincide with those reported in table in other words in addition to having reduced the proportion of the population with incomes below the poverty line the average income of the poor also increased and the dispersion of their incomes narrowed,1
+for a number of reasons however adaptation has received less attention than mitigation in the discussions centred around climate change and it is only recently that efforts directed towards adaptation are being incorporated in the global policy agenda first as adaptation is a public good private provision will typically remain below socially desirable levels unless the public sector intervenes second adaptation is difficult to address as it requires actions along the economic social and environmental dimensions of development which depend on the specific context of each country finally there are no clear metrics for assessing adaptation impacts that is unlike mitigation for which there is a clearly defined metric namely tons of greenhouse gas emissions assessing adaptation efforts requires a larger number of indicators closely related to wider development efforts,13
+together the morrill act the hatch act and the smithlever act established the three legs of the us agricultural innovation system education research and extension the bankheadjones act provided increased federal funding to land grant colleges based on formulas based on states populations the act also required that such federal funds must be matched by state governments the matching requirement encouraged farmers to get more involved in their state land grant programs and lobby their state legislators to support them,2
+eligibility is categorical and independent of household income until the system had different categories of beneficiaries and types of different benefits and subsidies most of which were paid inkind for example as a direct transfer to utility companies in thousand beneficiaries received a categorical state benefit csb costing more than kgs million gassmann b,1
+the impact could be large in collaboration with other companies ibm develops and adheres to the coalition s code of conduct of which one concern is industrial energy efficiency it has announced that by collaborating with suppliers it would make its most energyintensive products percent more energy efficient in three years,7
+women make important and growing contributions to food production processing marketing and retailing and other parts of the food system within the household women traditionally bear the primary responsibility for preparing meals and caring for children and other family members although men are assuming more responsibilities for these roles in many societies gender differences in the rights resources and responsibilities particularly resources necessary for achieving food and nutrition security for and within the household and responsibilities for food provisioning and caretaking often impede the achievement of household food and nutrition security,2
+the weps provide guidance to businesses on how to empower women in the workplace marketplace and community principle in particular calls for the implementation of enterprise development supply chain and marketing practices that empower women governments are often the single largest purchaser of products and services in their countries,5
+supervisors are intended to visit and supervise the functioning of schools provide advice to schools and the authority and perform diverse administrative and pedagogic tasks however administrative tasks take up most of their time only former school directors are eligible for the post of supervisor atp appointments are given only to former teachers applications are assessed and posts allocated in each state by the comisidn nacional mixta de escalaf n composed of the secretarfa de educacidn publica sep and representatives of the national union of education workers sindicato nacional de trabajadores de la educacidn or snte this mechanism is however influenced by union and political criteria efforts are currently under way to change this process and make it more transparent,4
+in nearly every country and region of the world progress in different areas has been made towards achieving gender equality and women s empowerment yet this progress has been uneven and the gains remain fragile almost nowhere are women s rights given the priority they deserve at the same time scr signifies a landmark in the recognition of women s contribution to the maintenance of peace and security and acknowledges their specific needs and concerns in armed conflict and its aftermath the resolution acknowledges that women are not merely victims but also have agency and are involved in active peacebuilding mainly through informal grassroots diplomacy in conflict zones among the initiatives that have been developed are four further security council resolutions on sexual violence in conflict and there has been a concerted effort to develop action plans at national regional and subregional levels to accelerate the implementation of scr,5
+while efficacy measures the effect of a therapeutic agent under controlled conditions and settings effectiveness measures a treatment s effect under less controlled conditions in real world health settings measuring efficacy is much easier in patients with a single disease therefore it is very common for people with multiple chronic conditions to be excluded from randomised clinical trials,3
+while it gives a good overall sense of income distribution it doesn t show us how many people are lacking even basic resources for that reason inequality measures are usually supplemented with measurements of poverty a pensioner living in a house valued at might be considered wealthy but if her pension brings in just a week most would consider her as having a low income this is why it s important to understand the difference between income and wealth,10
+the government s objective is again gradually to charge industry for the cost of supplying water by the ultimate goal is to treat almost of wastewater to a level enabling its unrestricted use in irrigation ie without risk of overnutrification to soil and water sources in of effluents complied with national standards from new standards require effluent quality to comply with parameters including chloride concentrations,6
+this cost may be in economic eg building new or replacing old water infrastructure social eg closing water allocations to cap demand andor environmental terms eg deterioration of freshwater systems to reduce the risk of water shortage depending on the existing level of water security incremental improvements may in some cases be disproportionally costly by identifying the level of acceptability of risks a riskbased approach fosters targeted and proportional policy responses and thus cost effectiveness,6
+this is a relatively new conservation measure and several councils are watching the outcome of this plot project closely in addition there are many projects on implementing new water policies in different programmes especially in the field of synergy between water and spatial planning these projects are part of research programmes but are executed by consortia in which ministry provinces municipalities and the private sector are working together on new practices in korea public facilities and public residential complexes are encouraged and some municipalities voluntary recycle rainwater by using rainwater management facilities on the one hand the basin perspective makes it easier to integrate physical environmental social and economic influences on water resources on the other hand the decentralisation of water governance has increased the number of relevant administrative boundaries and organisations,6
+it will enable the international community to monitor all resources supporting the sdgs beyond oda including private resources that are mobilised through official means it will also track international support for development enablers and global challenges currently lacking in global development finance statistics the task force was a response to the commitment made in aaaa to hold open inclusive and transparent discussions on the modernization of the oda measurement and on the proposed measure of total official support for sustainable development,9
+these policies will need to be synchronised and implemented in parallel with the initiatives of the council for human capital these drivers also called framework conditions are largely endogenous to the region and include agglomeration effects sectoral specialisation human capital accessibility and infrastructure innovation and institutional factors to strengthen its regional economy morelos will need to leverage its diverse set of assets and comparative advantages by adopting a territorial comprehensive approach to different challenges,11
+of course it is not guaranteed that every organisation which deals with at least two different issues addresses the complexities of metropolitan area governance in a meaningful way nevertheless the distinction between organisations that focus on one issue and organisations that focus on many issues is an operationally useful and objective way to identify organisations that work across individual policy fields the national government reintroduced municipalities as the basic building block of subnational government in as part of the process of restoring democratically elected governments municipalities were given significant responsibility for local administration and planning with each municipality having independence from oversight by other municipalities,11
+it then provides an overview of oecd s framework for financing water resources management and uses this as a basis to analyse existing financing arrangements for water management in the netherlands and identify opportunities to improve financial sustainability assessing total water management costs is not a trivial task because of the many different parties involved in water management see chapter which have specific functions responsibilities budgets and ways of financing their expenses this includes eur million of costs for wastewater treatment by the regional water authorities and eur of costs for collection and discharge of rainwater and wastewater by municipalities it also includes eur of expenditure by drinking water companies which in part consists of costs related to the purification of poor quality water,6
+germany s ria procedures call for identification and assessment of a series of impacts including impacts on gender equality to combat the lack of adequate technical expertise on gia a challenge for governments in many contexts sweden deploys flying experts who are seconded temporarily by various ministries and departments to aid w ith gias horsburgh there is no legal requirement for an equality impact assessment but the obligation of due regard necessitates attention to the potential impact on equality of policies and practices in this case the equality and human rights commission assumes responsibility for assessing compliance with the equality duties ibid in other settings including japan hungary new zealand and canada gia are expected to be included in broader social impact assessments,5
+political legal and economic institutions will determine the limits and effectiveness of each stakeholder in achieving its objectives these factors are then illustrated in the context of the fisheries sector from a general perspective in order to provide a framework for the country case studies the political economy literature also highlights the problems of sustaining policy reform in the face of pressure from social actors to reverse some or all of the policy changes once they have been implemented,14
+international tensions often result in environmental priorities being severely neglected a telling illustration is the plight of the south china sea with political attention distracted by competing claims of sovereignty and construction work on vulnerable reefs scant attention is paid to the serious deterioration of the marine ecosystem and the potential consequences for the food security of millions of people the economist,14
+leadership in particular a key factor in school effectiveness does not seem to figure strongly in evaluation frameworks the smarter schools national partnership school leadership development strategies project being undertaken by aitsl aims to develop a national approach to enhance school leadership capacity typically a school review is followed by the formulation of recommendations for improvement which the school is supposed to implement following the preparation of an improvement plan however the review team formed the view that the degree of followup by school review authorities was variable including within an educational jurisdiction depending on the capacity of regional networks,4
+currently there are ongoing debates about penalising those using informal ways of discouraging women to vote eg threats loud speaker announcements ncsw a the presence of an active women s network within parliament reflects a transformation in the broader political culture although there is still a lot to be accomplished for instance wpc secretary syed shamoon said the caucus is a watershed,5
+the costs associated with the continued loss of biodiversity are likely to be very significant but their impacts in terms of lost welfare are not reflected in market prices note that the number of people lacking access to safe water is higher than the number lacking access to basic water supply other more episodic pollution cases involve aluminium causing neurodegenerative diseases and lead endemic diseases of the nervous system,6
+buyers especially large retailers and commercial brand owners have embraced them commitments to source only fish and seafood certified as sustainable are increasingly included in their procurement strategies and wider corporate social responsibility policies as a marketbased mechanism designed to improve fisheries management ecolabels and the certification process sitting behind them raise a number of issues and challenges from broad policy questions as to how they interface with governments responsibilities to manage natural resources to technical questions as how to define and develop standards related to sustainability to detailed questions related on how to evaluate whether various existing certification and ecolabelling schemes are credible and robust,14
+critics worry that projects that make significant improvements to nonmotorised trips compare poorly with those that cut travel time on motorised transport this is due to the conventional approach to cba that relies on travel time savings as a proxy for most of the benefits associated with transport investment this traditional focus on travel time savings often leads to prioritisation of schemes that are misaligned with increased sustainable mobility goals,11
+similarly other more sophisticated versions are available for surfacewater groundwater interactions such as partially penetrating wells or streambed clogging eg hunt hunt the lagrange multiplier a may then be interpreted as the effective present value entitlement price if the marginal damage of the externality is equivalent for all firms this outcome can be induced with marketable entitlements that are traded on a onetoone basis where marginal abatement costs of all firms will equal marginal damage multiplied by a kuwayama and brozovid palazzo and brozovic,6
+in the period the rise in employment contributed to earnings growth but less so than the change in the remuneration of those employed colombia honduras peru and uruguay are exceptions as employment among poor households increased in the recent period see figure the percentage of the population analysed is the same in both periods and corresponds to the poverty rate in,1
+they also tend to perform better in cognitive and linguistic assessments when staffchild ratios are higher furthermore academic development seems to be enhanced by higher staffchild ratios although there are not many recent studies that have investigated this topic huntsman sylva et al a limitation of the research mentioned above is that most findings are almost exclusively correlational and there have been very few experimental studies huntsman an experimental study carried out by chetty et al,4
+the topic of the report is enabling the st century learner eleaming action plan for schools for the years it means that we need to reinforce the it infrastmcture in order to develop a coherent strategy to make it educational contents available and to offer ict training and certification for teachers this project aims to generalise ict skills training and certification and to promote the use of ict in teaching and management p,4
+but there are many challenges ahead sufficient and regular data are currently only available for of the genderspecific indicators unless gender is mainstreamed into national statistical strategies and prioritized in regular data collection processes gender data scarcity and gaps will persist without highlevel commitment and political independence statistical systems will be unable to play their critical role in the followup and review process,5
+at nchems he specialises in state coordination and governance of higher education and advising state governments on longterm strategies to improve the effectiveness of their education systems and linking education to the state s future economic competitiveness and quality of life prior to joining nchems in he was a senior staff member for years at the education commission of the states ecs one of the principal sources of policy advice on education reform for state governments on the international level he has served as examiner for organisation for economic cooperation and development oecd reviews of education policy in the dominican republic egypt estonia ireland korea latvia lithuania the russian federation and turkey he is currently a consultant to the world bank on governance of technicalengineering in india,4
+once the kimberleypilbara region and outlier was excluded the variation fell to fold some explanations for this may include higher rates of osteoporosis and obesity in the region and that aboriginal and torres strait islander australians are more likely than others to fracture their hip acsqhc and aihw there was over a fold difference between the highest rate admissions per in outer regional murrumbidgee and the lowest rate admissions per population in metropolitan inner west sydney however the authors noted that murrumbidgee was an outlier in the results removal reduced the difference to fold,3
+the related costs and benefits need to be carefully assessed ex ante establishing a more level playing field for private participation in electricity markets will also require that ipps be guaranteed equal treatment and that competition authorities and sector regulators possess the appropriate resources and independence to effectively enforce regulation most developing and emerging countries still have substantial state ownership in their power sectors,7
+economic growth rising per capita output of material goods and services has the potential to make all citizens better off materially and to generate resources that can be used to achieve social goals and ensure that growth is maintained over the long term policy makers seek to improve the performance and longterm growth potential of economies taking into account countryspecific needs and circumstances including their level of development and institutional capacities because progress is measured essentially at the level of an average individual emphasis is placed on supplyside instruments or policy actions that lead to increases in per capita output of goods and services over the longer term employment prospects job satisfaction health outcomes and educational opportunities matter for people s wellbeing and are heavily conditioned by their socioeconomic status the most disadvantaged often live shorter lives and find it difficult to break away from a vicious circle of educational underachievement low skills and poor employment prospects,10
+jt conun j qual patient saf the global burden of diagnostic errors in primary care still conventional data sources such as medical record reviews and reported harmful events produce mounting evidence of the importance and frequency of diagnostic errors across several types of conditions studies of multiple consultations in the presentation of cancer provide a powerful predictor of speed of receiving a timely and correct diagnosis one in five patients presenting red flag symptoms and who recently were diagnosed with cancer had three or more consultations with primary care doctors being referred to relevant specialists although the majority of those patients had cancers that are considered particularly difficult to diagnose it does reflect an avoidable delay lyratzopoulos et al,3
+damage and losses caused by the flood amounted to around million the projectbased technology needs assessment for climate change mitigation and adaptation for montenegro national strategy and action plan tna gives an indication of costs for priority measures of adaptation for the sectors most relevant health sector million water sector million agriculture sector million coastal area million and forestry sector million first results show that climate change would bring mainly negative economic impacts for the near future up to and strongly negative impacts for the end of the century due to lack of data results are of restricted informational value as the authors emphasize themselves,13
+seventy per cent of purchased rights were given to the park and to small productive farmers who focussed on higher value activities like vine and vegetables this mechanism triggered a shift in groundwater use and agricultural activities away from cereals encouraged vines to be accounted for and led to increased incentives for the enforcement of water rights still the public cost of the program estimated at m eur for has been high and the program did not address the incentive structure of farmers pumping groundwater,6
+excess mortality from schizophrenia increased by from to oecd a less than of the swedish population develop bipolar disorder bipolar disorders are also found to be slightly more prevalent among women eliasson jonsson cullberg excess mortality from bipolar disorder in sweden increased by from to while of patients with bipolar are readmitted to the same hospital within days of release oecd a the prevalence rate of mental disorders also varies highly between age group gender and educational attainment which is shown in figure below,3
+section reviews these policies housing policy in oecd countries comprises a wide and complex mix of programmes direct provision still exists in many countries but support is decreasing and shifting to other types of providers changes in the sources of financing of social rental housing providers coupled with changes in the socioeconomic profile of their tenants pose new challenges to social housing providers and policy makers,11
+it is the first year since that no stocks managed solely by the australian government have been classified as subject to overfishing the statement is the first step in fulfilling the australian government s commitment to work with industry to develop a national aquaculture strategy parties to the agreement focused on developing foundation documents including rules of procedure and financial regulations to help ensure the longterm conservation and sustainable use of nonhighly migratory fish stocks in the high seas of the southern indian ocean,14
+given the rise in chronic diseases like diabetes an approach stressing prevention to address changing risk factors for health will be a key to helping reduce relatively more expensive hospital admissions in the future ideally patients should have a trusted advisor to help them navigate through the complex number of available services the purpose of gatekeeping is to strengthen the relationship between primary care providers and patients thereby enhancing patients agency in selecting the most appropriate form of care,3
+moreover visitors are only liable to apply environmentally friendly behaviourtothe extent they find it convenient and they do often settle with more symbolic choices such as the reuse of towels and choosing ecological food products marion and reid weaver as pointed out in tyrvainen et al and people are also less likely to engage in sustainability practices if they believe that their contribution makes no difference lindenberg and steg,12
+it includes health services consumed at the family home and in other individual or collective residences where the individual is located on a permanent basis eg prisons convents boarding schools health care received by persons residing in a health care facility eg a residential longterm care facility is to be considered as inpatient care greater detail within a class does not necessarily imply more detailed reporting but rather greater clarity about the content of the aggregates as with other classifications the greater the detail presented the less uncertainty there is while classifying and the more comparable the results additional benefits can be found when breakdowns of the hc classes are compatible with those in other available classifications the division into general and specialised health services for inpatient and outpatient care should be compatible as far as possible with the cofog un,3
+some of these functions can be temporary and performed at the request of the school leader school management has the autonomy to distribute specific temporary functions to teachers within the school in other countries such learning support staff typically assist teachers in their instruction provide support for students and contribute to the overall learningrelated activities of schools the most common learning support staff in kazakhstan is laboratory assistants for subjects such as physics chemistry biology and computer science,4
+in the first step four out of five dimensions attract significant coefficient the son bias dimension was insignificant it is worthy to note that both subindices have a significant and negative effect on the extent of female migration meaning that high levels of discriminatory social norms in the family and in the public space reduce not only the probability to have female migration but also the size of those women who get to migrate,5
+such flexibility means that not all of a plant s value necessarily becomes stranded if regulatory or economic conditions change however in general at least some part of the asset value may nevertheless be at risk however the political economy of stranded capital is complex whilst all energy companies know that there will be an eventual need to deviate from the businessasusual path the timescales for changing the emissions pathway especially within a given country or regulatory regime is quite uncertain,7
+to assist in this undertaking ohchr developed guidelines for national plans of action for human rights education i programme of action para starting from the recognition of the states current situation a national action plan against racial discrimination constitutes a comprehensive programme of activities aimed at progressively bringing about improvements in the promotion of racial equality,10
+yet as shown in the previous chapters gender gaps still exist namely in employment unpaid work violence and access to decisionmaking positions a fundamental piece of the puzzle is establishing a system than can deliver mexico s commitments to gender equality in addition to building a gender perspective into the policy process chapter mexico s capacity to overcome gender gaps depends on the quality of the institutional framework for designing and most importantly implementing gendersensitive policies this chapter seeks to complement chapter on gender mainstreaming and to single out the key elements of effective governance for gender equality,5
+poorquality health services in some cases drive persistently high child mortality which contributes to the tendency to have more children to make up for those lost during birth or through illness and malnutrition and even where laws permit unmarried women or adolescents to access contraception judgmental service providers may refuse to dispense it a subordinate status for many women still means not knowing or fully understanding their rights or how to claim them,5
+recent reforms in italy and in particular the recently created national agency for regional healthcare agenas are instructive here health system managers whether at national state or institutional level are rarely able to point to projects that have used data to identify areas of excellence or weakness or that have been used as a basis for quality improvement work infrequent comparison and benchmarking of results is a linked problem since even simple things such as waiting times are not measured consistently across mexico s subsystems,3
+while it is rational that countries focus on the development of intranational systems first national or port single windows these systems including related laws and regulations should be designed with crossborder exchange of electronic data and documents in mind in fact as the cost of developing a crossborder enabled system is not expected to be significantly higher than that of a paperless trade system designed for intranational exchange of data and documents less developed countries with no legacy systems may take the opportunity to leapfrog from manual systems to worldleading paperless systems innovations such as blockchain and distributed ledger technology dlt as well as progress in machine learning and artificial intelligence al and the development of the internet of things lot have enormous potential in making international supply chains more transparent and efficient,9
+during the last few years major increases in total fishery production have been driven by aquaculture major increases are occurring in freshwater spedes which dominate production with mariculture representing about of the total prospects for aquaculture are good with production expected to grow to above the average level for by driven by increasing domestic demand and by national policies which support the sustainable growth of the sector main challenges for further expansion are linked to environmental issues and potential impacts of aquaculture on biodiversity and ecosystem services efforts to enhance the collaboration between the ministry of fisheries and aquaculture and the ministry of environment to address the sustainability of the sector are underway,2
+however for a landbased permit system the aggregate pumping resulting after transfers will be subject to uncertainty this may be acceptable if the expected variation in marginal externality is much larger than the expected variation in water application rates young however there is still a need to monitor and enforce limits on irrigated area for such systems to succeed,6
+although data are somewhat outdated due to lack of regular national monitoring in the country japan is in the best countries for fiveyear survival estimate for cervical and breast cancer in the s with regards to colorectal cancer japan has attained fiveyear survival estimate over for both men and women in the early s which is above the oecd average of for men and for women in the late s a striking feature of the japanese hospital sector is the high inhospital case fatality rates for acute myocardial infarction ami although japanese are less likely to die of ischemic heart disease compared to people in other oecd countries they are more likely to die once admitted into hospital for ami than patients in other oecd countries,3
+this perception nonetheless represents a small improvement as compared with when the proportion was in terms of absolute and relative inequality indicators this indicator suggests that most people think in relative terms as they perceive an improvement in distribution in keeping with the decrease in relative inequality in terms of perceptions by socioeconomic tercile or by education level no clear patterns of association emerged,10
+in the financial year a total of usd million was transferred to fisheries sector from the uk government which is a decrease compared with the gfts in panel c total number of registered vessels and total tonnage of the fleet also decreased respectively by and since responsibility for fisheries in the united kingdom lies with the secretary of state for environment food and rural affairs scottish ministers minister of the welsh assembly government and northern ireland executive ministers the principal powers governing the regulation of fisheries are set out in the sea fish conservation acts and the sea fisheries act the fishery limits act the fisheries act the sea fisheries shellfish act and the fisheries act,14
+however the roles of the public and private sectors in research funding are less clearly defined than they were before the biotechnology area and governments and their agencies now have a much more direct role in applied medical scientific research stevens et al recent studies have looked into the relevance and impact of public and private research investment families usa malinowski zycher and concluded that in general terms both public and private stakeholders play a significant complementary role in the delivery of innovative therapies these rewards materialize from innovations which are largely generated through fundamental research projects at universities and other public research institutions,3
+growth in forest biomass exceeding drain due to harvesting and natural mortality explains this removal however between and the danish forests were a carbon source releasing between and million tonnes of co each year during that period the age distribution became skewed towards mature forests which were eventually harvested and the cleared land was regenerated with saplings danish cee this resulted in negative net increment in forest biomass and thus turned the danish forests as a net source of carbon,15
+in contrast given men s stability in terms of employment rates the impact of male employment at the household level was neutral overall annex a figure a for instance in the nordic countries the total share of social transfers represents close to of household income in sweden while in australia and the united states it constitutes and respectively the respective contributions of earnings and other income sources to overall inequality can be estimated see oecd and it is interesting to consider the extent to which the contributions of genderspecific income components can be estimated,5
+evidence from a number of countries converges in that sense showing that the worstoff have higher rates of alcoholrelated problems and mortality than the betteroff najman et al hemstrom harrison and gardiner even for the same level of drinking makela and paljarvi grittner et al hence the gradient of inequities in alcohol related harm is not consistently in line with the gradient of inequalities in alcohol use lastly alcohol consumption may have larger societal impacts in addition to its health outcomes,3
+in finland for example most of the variance in performance observed is within schools rather than between them which indicates that schools have similar achievement levels and do not select students by academic ability differences in the socioeconomic background of schools account for a small proportion of the alreadysmall performance differences between schools which suggest that there is little segregation along socioeconomic lines non oecd member economies are included for comparison,4
+the environmental impact includes landslides on deforested slopes which damage thousands of homes over the past years however small woodburning stoves have become ubiquitous as many georgians without access to natural gas or pressed for cash have turned to the forests to heat their homes worldwide practice demonstrates that all oil and gas industry activities have environmental effects geological and geophysical surveys drilling and production activities accidental oil spills decommissioning of installations gas and oil transportation and gas and oil processing,7
+mapping the flow of finance to water security investments can identify the ultimate sources of capital the level of investment and who are the different players at different stages as well as the different channels and vehicles to access investment in water security eg green bonds the study will also identify the sources of available finance in each country to develop an assessment of financing capacity this work could be extended to a broader range of countries it is a wellrecognised barrier to scaling up private sector investment across infrastructure sectors,6
+a look beyond the averages shows the reality of the employed population with a double working shift consisting of two types of work paid and unpaid in all countries women have a heavier total workload and while they are overrepresented in the unpaid work category they are underrepresented in the paid work category the overburden of unpaid work lessens womens participation in decisionmaking and progress in their professional careers and employment opportunities which in turn reduces their income and prospects for access to social security which is still directly linked to formal wage employment,5
+as shown in the previous chapter the sums involved can be considerable reaching up to of plantlevel investment costs for new power generation investments in particular for offshore wind which suffers from the high costs of network connection nevertheless the issue can be handled from an institutional point of view with existing regulatory frameworks building on the more technical previous chapters this chapter looks at the adequacy of current arrangements and the necessary future evolutions in the electricity sectors of oecd countries to optimise the provision of flexibility services in the face of high volatility of load and large amounts of variable renewables,7
+hoioeuer completion rates in lower and upper secondary education remain unsatisfactory while repetition rates are very high in international comparison levels of student achievement have decreased in recent years but remain above the regional average finally students and schools socioeconomic status have a strong impact on student performance it also includes a detailed description of the uruguayan school system including its governance,4
+this is particularly true for reporting of climate finance mobilised by developed countries understanding of mitigation targets for nonannex i countries as well as for collective mitigation goals however filling other gaps will require methodological improvements improved data collection and increased domestic capacity for mrv for example several proposed indcs include an adaptation component many indcs are contingent on the level of support received and some developing countries have put forward economywide mitigation contributions,13
+it is a moral imperative it is about fairness and equity and includes many political social and cultural dimensions with a special chapter on gender issues this volume of society at a glance asiapacific illustrates the progress that many economies in the asiapacific region have made towards gender equality in education and shows that girls outperform boys in some areas of education but these gains have not yet fully spilled over to the labour market women are most likely to work under vulnerable employment conditions earn less than men are less likely to make it to the top of the career ladder and continue to bear the brunt of unpaid housework economic development in the asiapacific is also related to the ongoing gains in educational attainment perhaps nowhere as dramatic as in korea where the population is now among the highest educated in the world,5
+their average scores in all three key subject areas in the programme for international student assessment pisa fare relatively well compared with other oecd countries figure the progress in international reading literacy study pirls and the trends in international mathematics and science study timss confirm that slovenian pupils compare favourably against their peers in the participating countries with slightly higher achievement in science than in reading and mathematics trends in average science mathematics and literacy scores of fourth and eighthgrade students have been rather favourable as well with scores on timss and pirls assessments particularly in science and mathematics improving substantially,4
+it draws on a set of indicators of both the technical and financial performance of water utilities it discusses the specific challenges in rural areas given that coverage rates tend to be much lower with selfprovision rather than piped networks being an important form of supply it elaborates on the consequences of inadequate service quality on health and the environment overall wss performance has tended to continue to decline although there are substantial differences from one country to the next andor within some countries especially between rural and urban areas and small cities versus large cities in such cases lack of maintenance means that further deterioration is likely unless significant reforms and investments are carried out,6
+in fact health status is consistently ranked as one of the most valued aspects in people s lives together with having a job in surveys conducted in oecd countries health status also has instrumental value because it enhances people s opportunities to participate in education and training programmes and in the labour market as well as to have good social relationships at the societal level countries with better overall health outcomes also display higher average income and wealth higher employment rates higher rates of participation in political activities higher social network support and higher overall life satisfaction,3
+the oecd review regarding water quality and wastewater explains why greece has experienced severe delays in implementing the eu urban wastewater directive and wastewater management the report highly recommends improvement of the wastewater management in compliance with the eu urban waste water directive reduction of water pollution by dangerous substances and illegal discharges of wastewater as well as better allocation to make sure water flows to uses with the highest value for more information see chapter and recommendations from oecd workshop on improving the information base to better guide water resource management decision making zaragoza spain may wwwoecdorgwaterworkshop,6
+in response to the low rate of collection by municipalities the caem the water commission for the state of mexico introduced a chargeback system in which transfers to municipalities are reduced if they do not collect their fees a lack of coverage with individual water meters results in a significant percentage of households paying fixed fees for their water in the valle de mexico metropolitan area only of households are metered,11
+to this end electricity exports continued to increase steadily over the last five years and a notable increase of per cent took place in nevertheless actual electricity exports reached million kwh in representing only per cent of the projected electricity export potential outlined in the programme this may indicate that the methodology used for the forecasting of electricity export was rather optimistic and not fully aligned with the present realities of tajikistan s export potential a new ministry of energy and water resources was established on the basis of the former ministry of energy and industry and former ministry of land reclamation and water resources,7
+moreover the study showed a statistically significant decrease in time dedicated to paid work of per cent on average in the case of men and per cent in the case of women espejo as quoted by eclac they should explicitly recognize the role that women play as caregivers without reinforcing patterns of discrimination or negative stereotypes art this is problematic as the failure to understand intrafamily allocation processes may result in the nonadoption of beneficial policies in policies having unintended consequences and in the loss of policy handle,5
+for instance the european progress microfinance facility programme implemented in lithuania addresses the barriers women microentrepreneurs face in accessing financial services this is particularly the case of inclusive innovation policies that foster entrepreneurship among disadvantaged or underrepresented groups such as competitive start fund for female entrepreneurs in ireland as well as those that promote the development of innovative solutions for regional challenges such as the prototypes of social innovation programme in chile some of these new activities may serve the needs of more disadvantaged or excluded groups or geographical areas that were previously underserved thus improving the wellbeing of these populations oecd f,9
+the trademark guarantees that the products meet the quality standards set in the national and eu food safety regulations do not contain genetically modified organisms and artificial colouring agents at least of the ingredients used must originate from the eu region currently only one latvian company involved in aquaculture uses this label there are several more food quality schemes similar to the green spoon recognised by consumers in latvia even though only a small number of fisheries producers use them the application concerns camikavas negi wild river lampreys lampetra jluviatilis caught in the river gauja in camikava municipality between august and february,14
+the kis cover aspects of full and parttime undergraduate courses including student satisfaction employment and earnings outcomessalary data learning and teaching activities assessment methods tuition fees and student finance accommodation and professional accreditation the data are regularly updated www moreover higher education institutions publish their employability statements,4
+international agreements and conventions the workers with family responsibilities convention no persons with a job employed persons defined according to the resolution of the th icls in see glossary plus persons with a job in which they have worked previously and to which they have a guarantee to return to following the end of the leave the age interval for this indicator should be the working parents eg persons aged years,8
+with the overall movement towards more liberalized finance and trade among the higher income sieos after the afc however and the increasingly competitive marketplace for global exports this counter is less determinative on balance then we put sieos in the profitled growth category primarily because of their global orientation there is not quite a feminization of responsibility and obligation because of the persistence of traditional family structures and consequent contributions from men and extended family given the emphasis of many families on investments in children higher incomes for women should be associated with more human capacities production at least in terms of quality,5
+le papier discute ensuite les choix methodologiques et les indicateurs proposes dans le cadre de mesure en en soulignant les possibles limites enfin le papier presente un portrait statistique de la qualite de i emploi entre pays ocde et non ocde mais aussi par groupes sociodemographiques relationship between job quality and job quantity in oecd and non oecd countries at a time where the world economy is yet to fully recover from the financial crisis job creation remains a primary concern for policy makers in many countries,8
+more remains to be done to decrease waiting times for outpatient hospital appointments in other areas and the government is committed to building a new outpatient block to provide increased capacity to cater for the demand an ongoing exercise to improve internal efficiency in the management of outpatient services is also under way with a view to reducing waiting times other factors stretching health system capacity include increased immigration from workers and pensioners tourists using the health system and changing population risk behaviours,3
+the law highlights the need for all aspects of such internal evaluation systems to be transparent overall there is little documentation about the teacher evaluation processes designed and implemented at the school level the draft law was submitted to parliament in march and is currently undergoing discussions as the teacher advances in the career structure he or she has access to positions with greater responsibilities within schools,4
+after rising slightly until female participation has declined thereafter in most income categories but most strikingly among the lower income groups in rural areas income quintiles refer to the monthly per capita consumption expenditure of households more than half of women work as selfemployed for definitions see annex of which most are unpaid helpers the large rise in female participation until and the drop thereafter was among the unpaid selfemployed group unpaid helpers can be agricultural workers within a family shop assistants or street vendors figure,5
+most of the western states have started general stream adjudication for their important river basins a water rights priority determines who has the better water right in periods of drought when streamflows are low or when supplies are reduced from failure to maintain infrastructure adjudications are necessary to provide legal clarity for all those who have water right claims when a court of law confirms a water right that right becomes enforceable against other water users and can be protected from impairment by illegal users,6
+shortterm funding can create a gap between expectations and the ability to deliver and prevent longerterm processes of empowerment within communities box the project provided usd million to over local development councils created to manage their community s development needs however tight deadlines to disburse project funds and bureaucratic rules meant that the councils were not able to develop into robust participatory structures and were reduced to acting as transmission mechanisms for bankcontrolled funds given the large variation in the characteristics between and within different fragile states it is essential that donors and programme managers conduct a thorough and finegrained analysis of the particular local or national context where they intend to implement a programme,1
+this in contrast to other policy approaches shown in table which are generally applied regionally or nationally for example in negotiating cas with farmers water supply utilities might feel at a disadvantage especially if they are under pressure to comply with water quality regulatory standards also participation is voluntary and usually the ca is limited in its duration,6
+dropout also fell by per centage points more than in schools that were not part of the programme dropout rates during the programme have been much lower than the national average over per cent of brac school graduates move into the formal system nath these disadvantages were reflected in the limited impact of school fee abolition on enrolment on one estimate only one in six kenyan disabled children were attending school after the abolition of fees mulama,4
+for example although the share for cataract surgeiy performed as ambulatory cases is slightly below the eu average ambulatory tonsillectomy care is among the lowest in europe in particular the setting of classifications and standards for accurate description of hospital services were until recently consistently met with opposition from medical doctors consequently implementation of proposed reforms including the introduction of casebased drg payments lags behind,3
+there may also be distinct benefits in terms of accessing hard to reach or disadvantaged communities where the burden of health risk might also be greater with the advent of complex health care interventions including complex drug regimens and a rise in the prevalence of multimorbidity patients are now more likely than before to receive multiple health care interventions across different providers at different times to ensure patient safety and effectiveness it is vital that care is properly coordinated over time,3
+two widely used forms of stratification are grade repetition and early tracking while the decision to retain a student al a given grade or to place a student in a less academicallyoriented programme is made primarily on the basis of performance research suggests that students background characteristics can also play a role in the likelihood that students are sorted into different grades and programmes agasisti and cordero forthcoming van de werfhorsl and mijs volume ii provides a more indepth examination of the association between student performance and schoollevel resources learning environments and stratification policies and practices and of how they reflect the level of equity in a system,4
+in its general recommendation no the committee also noted that states should prohibit polygamous marriages as they contravene a womans right to equality with men and can have serious emotional and financial consequences for her and her dependants womens campaigns for participation in the public and political arena date back to the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and continue today,5
+studies carried out in cambodia ghana madagascar and thailand have found that labourintensive techniques led to two to five times more employment creation than alternative techniques devereux and salomon in the case of senegal an estimated times more jobs were created thanks to the adoption of labourintensive techniques than with conventional techniques majeres obviously the efficiency of adopting this approach rather than conventional capitalintensive approaches will depend on the nature of the assets being created,8
+all in all compared to her equivalent a century earlier the average woman in the s could expect to live nearly twice as long marry almost six years later and be literate thanks to years of education attainment his level of education more than doubled from years in the s just shy of functional literacy to years in the s these measures give an idea of how the institutionallegislative environment is biased against women and thus of women s legal standing historically the three panels presented in figure show gendered inheritance practices for immovables in from the murdock data and from the world bank inheritance systems where daughters receive equal shares can be observed in some european countries brazil likely because of the tradition of female inheritance in portugal and in a handful of countries in southern africa and southeast asia by the s substantial changes have taken place,5
+research on performancebased pay for teachers is difficult and has produced mixed results pointing to similar difficulties for the case of school leaders see chapter using appraisal for salary decisions may also have negative effects on the school climate teamwork and collaboration among staff and a school leader s internal motivation pashiardis and brauckman pont et al if appraisal informs pay decisions a sound appraisal system must be in place which includes clear performance criteria reliable indicators competent and trained evaluators and due attention to the particular contexts in which school leaders work pont et al,4
+this information could potentially add strength to their voices in the policymaking process the paper also attempts to quantify different dimensions of the contribution of the urban poor to the urban economy the planning commission in india defines the number and proportion of population living below the poverty line based on the recommendations of a taskforce on the projection of minimum needs and effective consumption demands this taskforce defines the poverty line as the cost of obtaining an all india consumption basket that meets the following caloric norms calories per person per day in the urban areas and calories in the rural areas,1
+unlike previous agreements the new regulations do not stipulate the amount of time to be used for different purposes such as teaching and preparation decisions about the use of teachers time and place of work now rest with the school leadership and teachers are expected to work differently in systems teaching time is contractually specified,4
+with huge increases in the price of energy during the late s the budget for the fertiliser subsidy programme increased significantly from to expenditure on fertiliser subsidies represented of total budgetary support for agriculture in pupufe rganik granular pog pupufe organife catr poc,2
+where a bilateral investment treaty bit or multilateral treaties such as the world trade organization wto trade rules or the north american free trade agreement nafta protect foreign investors from expropriations they may seek claims in response to climaterelated law and policy although this has not yet happened with respect to domestic climate laws it has occurred with respect to other environmental laws despite the exemptions for environmental policy in most trade agreements including the general agreement on tariffs and trade of gatt article xx these rules limit the ability of states to impose regulations of an internationally traded good on the basis of the process and production method ppm used to manufacture such good this issue has already seen a challenge directly bearing on a countrys ability to implement their ndcs,13
+the main objective of valuebased cost sharing is to reduce the purchase of health care with a lowcost effectiveness they argue that to reap efficiency gains it is important to increase the consistency of policy settings within a system while no system is superior to another the cost of assessing the value of health care services and operating valuebased cost sharing is however high and several countries have thus abandoned valuebased policies,3
+the deprivation levels are firstly analysed for each dimension separately followed by counting the number of deprivations experienced by each child the multiple deprivation analysis shows the intensity of poverty and the distribution of deprivations among children describes how the different sectoral deprivations overlap and analyses the multidimensional deprivation incidence and severity in particular multidimensional deprivation ratios are used for comparing deprivation levels across the selected countries,1
+many pilot programmes and experimentations at local and state levels eg voluntary schemes for farmers to give up subsidies could be shared and replicated mexico has significantly increased waterrelated public expenditures and the level of waterrelated investment to ensure that future expenditures are welltargeted and costeffective it is necessary to ensure that initiatives are well coordinated between departments and levels of government that other potential sources of financing are being accessed including revenues from waterrelated services and that incentives are correctly set for efficient water uses the oecd has identified a number of regulatory functions that need to be properly designed and allocated to increase social inclusion and boost local development in mexico while there are several ways of discharging these functions across actors and places improving the regulatory framework will be essential for the sustainable provision of water services to the population this report highlights a number of levers that a new administration may wish to consider when setting up a cohesive and costeffective water policy framework in mexico,6
+the sector plays a prominent role in the economy of particularly finland and sweden the total biomass stock is expected to grow and the net annual increment is expected to remain positive in coming decades as well forest management practices such as fertilizing thinning in an optimised way lengthening rotation are clearly having a positive effect on the growth of biomass and carbon sinks in forests however collecting harvesting residues for bioenergy use may have negative effects on growth and carbon stock of forests,15
+environmental enforcement and compliance promotion are examined along with the promotion of public participation in environmental decision making and the extension of access to information and justice the second half of the chapter examines the slovak republics progress in managing air water waste and nature protection and biodiversity slovakia should be commended for broadly achieving this difficult objective on time,6
+an online process to complete all the steps for starting a business is being developed under the better regulations programme at the same time there is a need to reduce the number of steps and procedures which is the focus of preparation work in as noted in chapter poland has one of the most restrictive regulations affecting entrepreneurship among oecd countries the valueadded tax vat exemption level only applies to enterprises with turnover of less than pln which is low compared to international standards and requires excessive compliance time compared to other eu countries,8
+according to barcelo this observed decline in natural water availability is consistent with projections according to which climatic change causes rainfall to diminish in the mediterranean region and in spain especially markedly so rainfall is projected to fall by a further between and in southern river basins these are already today identified as those being most strongly at risk of overuse of scarce resources moreover these trends will be reinforced by the effects of higher temperatures on evapotranspiration,6
+tax differentiation usually takes the form of a broadly revenueneutral package of tax changes with increases in some tax rates and reductions in others so the overall effect on revenue is rather small a charge is levied when the product is sold and then fully or partly refunded when the good or its container are returned after use such arrangements can be mandatory or instituted on an entirely voluntary basis by producers themselves where the recovery of items is sufficiently valuable eg reusable printer cartridges,12
+in some cases pv modules have been page vvelded to the basic structure so as to create additional hindrances for potential thieves by comparison privately owned local systems are under better control especially solar home systems smallscale wind turbines and picohydropower stations and are therefore less subject to theft and vandalism as a consequence the gap in service supply between urban and rural areas has been growing,7
+in the united states for example developers are offered a number of incentives to build mixedincome housing including lowinterest financing tools density bonuses tax abatement programmes rehabilitation assistance fasttracking of plan reviews and permits and reduced or waived fees emerging and middleincome families living in these units receive an extra subsidy bonus one of the first projects to be developed through this programme san alberto casas viejas has been set in the outskirts of puente alto a municipality with among the highest concentrations of social housing in the santiago metropolitan region,11
+this remains however a necessity in order to respond to increasingly demanding consumers who travel more and with higher expectations box one of the rts business development programs is kurbits the aim of kurbits is to coach small businesses in the tourism and hospitality industry and support them in order to further professionalise and increase their profitability,8
+the first is the amount spent perpoorhousehold on housing benefits which shares a moderate and negative association with changes in the relative child poverty rate all else equal this makes sense given that housing benefits are often tightly targeted at lowincome households the second is the spending on social assistance benefits which is also a benefit for a disadvantaged population with no labour market income,1
+in most cases however there are many competing demands government agencies and staff tend to deal with those considered the highest priority unfortunately gender equality initiatives are often ranked as a lower priority while gender equality has been enshrined in many of the countries international commitments this report highlights that a gender equality gap persists in domestic laws and policies across the region,5
+the light water used as coolant and moderator boils directly in the core the steam produced is separated and dried in the upper part of the pressure vessel and then directly transferred to the turbine the steam is then condensed reheated and reinjected into the bottom part of the core unlike in pwrs in bwrs the control rods are inserted from the bottom of the core,7
+indeed improving women s access to adequate training and information is vital to increase womens participation in the labour force in quality jobs and in entrepreneurial activity for women already in the labour force and for those who have a fledgling enterprise improved access to ongoing entrepreneurship and business management training services would accelerate women s startup and business growth potential a number of institutions such as womens enterprise centres and business incubators for women have been established in mena economies to overcome this gap but few studies have identified their impact key success factors and potential for replication overall there is a need for more wide scale targeted efforts to identify gaps and conduct targeted measures to improve support provision to women entrepreneurs,5
+female illiteracy remains a policy issue primarily for egypt iraq mauritania morocco and yemen world bank as for higher education young women tend to outnumber their male peers in almost all mena countries ibid as in many oecd countries female students in the mena region concentrate more on educational sciences the humanities and the arts,5
+in canada transfers appear to have offset the loss of market income induced by the deterioration in the employment situation of sole parents therefore an important challenge for redistribution policies is to ensure that the entire population of poor children is covered by benefits and for this that eligibility criteria are adapted to the changing composition of poor families to assess the scope of policies that would successfully promote the employment of poor parents the next section presents some simulations of the expected effects on the child poverty rate under different employment growth scenarios,1
+at the same time the share of mothers under the age of has declined from per cent to only per cent this small share of very young mothers combined with the reduced sample size in the year period before the survey results in a larger standard error in estimation ii rendering the estimated coefficient for the effect of being born to a younger mother statistically insignificant in view of this trend we also conclude that the change in the behavioural patterns away from very young motherhood is likely to have contributed to the observed decrease in jordan s infant and child mortality as the sample size decreases drastically for estimation iii the smoking variable maintains its sign but loses significance owing to large standard errors,3
+a large share of the school leadership profession in chile is considerably older than in other countries but also has more years of experience according to the oecd teaching and learning international survey talis of lower secondary school principals in chile are at least years old compared to a talis average of on average chilean lower secondary school principals are years old also older than the average across countries participating in talis years see table oecd,4
+using of median income as an indicator of the cost of meeting social needs the relative poverty rate is higher than the absolute poverty rate in six countries in the region they are argentina brazil chile costa rica panama and uruguay in these countries in particular but also regionwide falling absolute poverty rates will make it increasingly useful to take account of these needs in order to identify the economically disadvantaged population,1
+many women members are dependent on their husbands due to their lack of knowledge and experience fear of sexual and physical violence corruption economic dependency and domestic responsibilities are other factors that prevent women members of local governments in both bangladesh and india from participating effectively female union parishad members have been able to resolve family disputes and many have also participated in shalish with some of them presiding over the sessions,5
+a large part of this shift is being driven by public policy of the individual countries acting unilaterally poverty eradication objectives thus pose a challenge to achieving an adequate level of international coherence in food and energy policies a mistake of some of the earlier overarching development approaches was to overgeneralize and suggest what was almost a common set of policies for all countries leaving little room for variation and customization,1
+it reviews the institutional factors related to access to finance for women and the broader elements of enterprise support the wide range of financial services required by smes and individuals is covered given that noncredit products are an important entry point into the formal financial sector time and time again the discussion about women has centred on social issues as a result statistics about the scale of women s presence in the economy have been poorly documented and underreported creating a chasm of opportunity to be crossed with targeted products and services,5
+this implies that although more energy is being consumed directly and indirectly per person in the region this is being used as that populations income gdp increases faster than their energy footprint figure shows that lesser reductions have occurred across the asiapacific industrialized countries and the rest of the world evidently asiapacific developing countries reduced their territorial energy intensity by while the intensity of their energy footprint declined by between and the residents and governments of the developing nations either consume less or consume less energyintensive goods and services than they produce,12
+in other cases discrepancies may be due to different lca databases being utilized or arise as a result of different assumptions being made regarding material types such as steel alloys in the face of uncertainty of the exact types of materials used in each component this creates uncertainty which we illustrate here using a simple calculation exercise in one study burger and bauer ferrous metal content in the kw onshore wind turbine excluding the foundation consists of per cent cast iron per cent lowalloy steel and per cent highalloy chromium steel while in a second study martinez et al,7
+all higher education institutions in the galilee with the exceptions of carmel academic college and nazareth academic institution are budget institutions meaning that they receive budget allocations from the planning and budget committee pbc colleges for teacher education are not under the responsibility of the pbc but the ministry of education direct allocations to the colleges are divided into three main categories i block grant allocations ii earmarked allocations and iii matching allocations,4
+in most other countries though shares are similar while in denmark and poland topperforming girls are significantly more likely than their male peers to set their sights on a science career twice as many boys on average expect to work as engineers scientists or architects when it comes to a career in ict for example the gap widens to of boys and only of girls figure,5
+and since the undp was a pioneer in launching and reporting the global mpi and in supporting national and regional mpis many countries are using the mpi to measure progress towards sdg and as a governance tool disaggregated analysis helps to achieve a crucial sdg aspiration ensuring no one is left behind,1
+the ministry is now planning to become more involved through the eu funded implementation of clinical practice guidelines in the care covered by public health insurance project which has started in late most czech guidelines are still disease and a system of internal auditing of quality and the system of monitoring of patient safety is made mandatory by law but it remains relatively unenforced it is not clear to what extend such audit results in real improvement processes at patient care level,3
+in one example from samoa the ministry of natural resources and the environment monre has produced a weekly column for the local newspaper intended to help foster environmental awareness and engagement among young people for its part unesco has done quite a bit of work in the area of media capacity development with programmes focused on a range of sustainable development issues such as climate change hivaids and the mdgs while different countries and cultures may vary in their preferences for social media the importance and prevalence of online activities is increasing steadily a number of csos from the ten focus countries have some online presence including facebook pages and twitter accounts but in most cases there appears to be little activity on these sites,13
+in march the committee and the digital economy promotion agency convened to launch an event smart city thailand takeoff which marked the country s first open call for smart city proposals with the definition of the application process and qualifying criteria as well as the announcement of a new city data platform for smart city implementation with an expected launch date by the end of the year smart city thailand office the event also established the committee s new targets for the upcoming years the development of total smart city plans in extending to by moreover it was announced that the digital economy promotion agency under the supervision of the national smart city committee has initiated the establishment of a national smart city thailand office in bangkok digital economy promotion agency with this budget highspeed internet services with at least wifi hotspots are planned in areas in phuket,11
+the future of agricultural risks will therefore depend on the way agricultural systems and more broadly economies and policies develop given the focus on national and regional markets transregional trade contributes relatively less to the spread of pests and diseases the lack of international cooperation in strategies to combat these biological threats however raises pest and disease risks from within the regions,2
+in a public questionnaire on cardiovascular risk factors in directed to adults in costa rica above years of age it was found that of the population had hypertension and presented high cholesterol levels ministry of health a furthermore it was found that of the costa rican population above years of age had low or none engagement in physical activity obesity levels in costa rica were in which is higher than the average of among oecd countries in oecd,3
+for example the current spawning stock biomass of southern bluefin tuna is only of the unfished level single species management only focuses on sustainability ignoring habitat quality biodiversity and socioeconomic factors ecosystembased fisheries management has been a common theme in fishery policy and management discussions worldwide nmfs fao garcia et al the north pacific marine science organization pices has addressed this issue and established a working group in that focuses on ecosystembased management science and its application in north pacific countries,14
+hotdeck imputation uses data from countries with similar characteristics such as gni per capita and geographic location europe the cis and the americas have much higher internet usage rates overall than the african arab states and asiapacific regions in the case of developed countries moreover it is worth noting that higher bandwidth available to users lower broadband access costs in relation to gni pc,9
+also birdsall and londono claimed that given asset inequality income inequality does not improve growth outcomes see world bank p on the other hand dollar and kraay originally published in famously suggested that growth is on average distributionneutral growthenhancing policies and institutions tend to benefit the poor and everyone else in society equipropordonately p for a similar claim see ravallion and chen consequently attempts to shift the income distribution are largely a diversion and conventional policies private property rights stability and openness p lead to optimal outcomes both for the rich and for the poor although dollar and kraay s and raos arguments depart from very different ends of the policy spectrum they suggest that significant shifts in distribution must be pursued deliberately through public policy and that a more equal distribution of income does not necessarily impair growth performance,1
+warming has been the most intense and trends in the winter months greater increase in winter than in summer temperature increase in finland is expected to be about times higher than the global average temperature rise increase in annual precipitation of to in the period as compared to,13
+public government school systems did not begin until considerably later than this first primary schools then expanding into the secondary level around the s australian universities were first established in the middle of the nineteenth century while early childhood education apart from services offered by community kindergartens and private providers is a relatively recent enhancement to australian education offerings in year the final year of secondary school studies are usually directed towards attaining a state or territorybased governmentendorsed certificate that is recognised by all australian universities and vocational education and training institutions and by international universities,4
+in order to better understand these gaps and the differences between countries further analysis should be conducted in the light of the specific characteristics of the labour markets of the region and how they are regulated the significant socioeconomic differences between domestic woikers and other care workers reflect the existence of a dual model of labour regulation and protection in the regioa the low profile of domestic employment on the policy agenda and in labour regulations in latin america is an indicator of entrenched patterns of discrimination against women and the undervaluation of what is traditionally regarded as women s work and caring for others the flows of female migrants performing care work heighten the lack of protection and discrimination in the sector caring is a task for women and serving one for poor women,5
+the concept of stability can therefore refer to both the availability and access dimensions of food security text from fao briefing note food security there are other individuals and households that suffer a transitory or temporary decline in their access to adequate food this temporary or transitory disruption can be due to shocks that affect income assets or infrastructure and it has been denominated transitory food insecurity by the world bank the use of this term highlights the different nature of the stability dimension of food security the risk of transitory lack of access to food is due to potential shocks affecting individuals who normally have adequate access to food,2
+in in reaction to the kyoto protocol the eu introduced nonmandatory targets for the re share of total energy consumption for member states in the european commission issued the green paper a european strategy for sustainable competitive and secure energy this asked member states to implement a european energy policy built on three core objectives sustainability to actively combat climate change by promoting renewable energy sources and energy efficiency ii competitiveness to improve die efficiency of the european energy grid by creating a truly competitive internal energy market and iii security of supply to better coordinate the eu s supply of and demand for energy widiin an international context,7
+the government of the united kingdom and wbc have addressed women s economic participation through a multilayered approach to systemic and structural causes that need to be taken into account to increase gender equity in the workforce the lack of flexible working arrangements inadequate childcare provision and barriers to career breaks for parental leave or other reasons hinder the advancement of women along the leadership pipeline all of which contribute to discriminatory practice and bias for example new legislation on shared parental leave and flexible working hours aim to institutionalise resources for employees to be able to accommodate career and family responsibilities wbc a,5
+continuous urban areas enhance connectivity reduce travel needs and car dependency and facilitate the use of nonmotorised transport modes such as biking and walking in addition to environmental improvements continuous urban areas may induce energy savings reduce maintenance costs for energy and transport systems improve the quality of life through local services and jobs and allow efficient infrastructure investments oecd overall the findings of the study suggest that instruments aiming at increasing continuity and reducing population density are worth considering in the policy mix used to avoid further air quality degradation by the expansion of urban areas in europe,11
+since nuclear energy has the lowest marginal and the highest capital costs among large conventional generating technologies nuclear power plants should be operated at nominal power as much as possible in order to maximise the energy produced and recuperate the large investment costs for an electrical utility with a diversified portfolio of generating plants it is thus economically more attractive to require some flexibility from a coal a gasfuelled or a hydroelectrical power plant than from a nuclear unit however in some countries the share of nuclear energy in the electricity mix has become so important that the utilities have had to implement or improve the manoeuvring capabilities of the nuclear plants this is the case of france of nuclear electricity production as well as belgium and the slovak republic both more than of nuclear electricity production,7
+apart from the weak incentives for land transfer through land market the prohibition to sublease land makes short and mediumterm adjustments in land use outside the land market difficult petrick et al the low mobility of agricultural land is an important impediment to reallocating agricultural land to more efficient users the number of active operations that emerged from the former collective farms increased from under in to in of which were units which maintained their collective organisation in various legal forms called agricultural enterprises average size just over hectares and newly emerged individual farms average size of hectares the remaining state farms were experimental stations,2
+infrastructure relating to the building stock and urban layouts are so longlived that the decarbonisation issue is not usually considered as a stranded asset problem but rather a question of how to retrofit improvements as complete replacements for these items are hardly feasible over reasonable timescales but within these categories are areas where manufacturers face real dilemmas energy distribution systems such as gas pipelines could be at risk as well as choices over transportation energy systems,7
+according to sharipova and de soto chapter the tajikistan case demonstrates that the gendered cultural and religious patriarchal traditions suppressed during the soviet era have enjoyed a resurgence and had negative effects for women it is also clear that the rhetoric may change without much institutional change being felt on the ground for example especially in the aftermath of highprofile mass crimes human rights are likely to be universally emphasized and appropriate legal and regulatory frameworks established,5
+even seemingly genderneutral policy decisions can have effects whether intentional or not on women s chances of become equal participants in society they may make it more difficult for them to find employment secure an education start a business meet the needs of their family or ensure their human rights for example a workplace regulation that permits both parents to take leave to care for a sick child is more likely to affect women as primary caregivers see chapter israel for example reports that several gias showed how sports for men and boys enjoyed greater subsidies than sports for women and girls at national and local level swirski such analysis can be conducted during the design stage of a law or regulation ex ante andor during evaluations of the impacts of implemented laws regulations and programmes ex post,5
+astana s master plan until is composed of different sections housing transport utilities and health care but there is no crosscutting analysis of the main urban priorities of the city and how each sector is going to help achieve them the city akimats do not have the authority resources and expertise for longterm strategic urban transport planning their role is limited to identifying the main routes for public transport construction of additional highways and minor adaptations of the existing public transport network to accommodate emerging popular passenger routes,11
+however the national collaboration for mental health nsph is a notable and influential actor in the field of mental health care in sweden although it does not directly develop national policy its aim is to promote the development of improved psychiatric treatment via the enabling of relevant authorities to benefit from the experiences and empowerment advocated through user participation from patients users and relations nsph they also work to support patient voices improve accessibility develop mental illness prevention spread information and influence public opinion provide support and resources to interested organisations and cooperate with authorities and other mental health organisations on a national level,3
+considering the oecd area as a whole there was a fourquarter lag between the time when the oecd unemployment rate began to rise and the time when the relative incidence of longterm unemployment ie the share of all unemployed that have been jobless for a year or longer began to rise however this lag varied considerably from country to country and is probably affected by both national labour market institutions and practices and the nature of the recessionary shock figure provides information on how the incidence of longterm unemployment changed between the th quarters of and for the workingage population and groups defined by gender age and educational level,10
+renewable energy also offers options for energy access through decentralized applications ongrid and offgrid renewable energy markets arc expanding as private sector participation increases renewable energy technologies are also becoming more affordable and investment in renewable energy has rapidly increased to the point that when large hydropower investment in terms of dollars and capacity supersedes conventional energy frankfurt schoolunep centrefranfurt school of finance and management new economic sectors have been developed while jobs arc being created in the manufacturing distributing installing operating and servicing renewable energy,7
+the household composition also plays a major role in determining whether a family is poor or not and how family composition and family living arrangements are taken into account in the estimation of poverty rates can make a significant difference in poverty appraisal box for the sake of simplicity the standard approach collects information on income at household level and it is then attributed to each member using an equivalence scale assuming that all individual and collective resources of household members are pooled together the equivalence scale is assumed to reflect the relative needs of the household members including children and the economies of scale generated by members sharing resources,1
+however within this group of other countries the growth in thailand s exports to the european union india and the united states has been robust exports of thai electrical machinery to other countries as a collective has been fairly subdued at a time when exports to china are contracting yet there appears to be budding momentum in export growth of these goods to japan and the philippines similar to thailand s exports of vegetables the adjustment speed of exports to other countries is slower than the adjustment of exports to china nonetheless at the countrylevel data show a marked uptick in exports to italy and lao pdr and to a certain extent to australia and the united states growth in viet nam s exports of computers and electronics to other partners as a group has gained momentum since late helping to offset the weakness in exports to china albeit the average growth from september to may is still weaker than the average growth in the prior eight months key markets providing the boost include italy russia and panama,11
+its total population based on tl data that lives within a tenminute walking distance from a bus stop is compared to in daejeon secondranked and within a tenminute walking distance from a train station on average compared with in busan secondranked most areas in seoul have a balanced level of accessibility to bus stops and train stations which is quite unique compared with other tl regions in korea a comprehensive public transport network composed of subway lines intracity bus routes and village bus routes serves seoul s autonomous districts gu seoul a,11
+although infant mortality and under mortality rates have fallen substantially in recent decades they have plateaued since as a result of the worsening socioeconomic environment and stresses on the health care system however the palestinian family health survey indicated that immunization coverage was high at around percent during the war in gaza between december and january also known as operation cast lead israeli forces damaged primary health clinics ambulances and of gaza s hospitals despite the blockade the health facilities were repaired within a year of the conflicts end relative to other conflictridden zones in the region the number of physicians is favourable in palestine in there were physicians per population in the west bank and in gaza box between and million somalis have died since either as a direct result of armed clashes or because of famine caused or exacerbated by the conflict this is equivalent to percent of somalias population in the mid s millions have been injured and affected by disabilities sexual violence and disease,3
+the effort to engage communities at the stage of policy implementation will benefit from the presence of existing social networks which can be effectively mobilized to disseminate information for example health messages frumkin and mcmichael and to improve monitoring of results sharing of information derived from climate impact assessments can be a means of influencing action and strengthening systemic resilience see chap the growth corridor integrates several stakeholders the private sector government and civil society within a common platform in order to achieve the multiple objectives of increasing agricultural productivity improving food security and protecting local livelihoods and ecosystems united nations p,13
+by comparing the relative importance in ghg emissions of these countries the abatement share of this solution is higher for poland and lower for ukraine as there are no cost figures for the target countries of this study this has been estimated as the closest proxy value for that in addition ppp adjustment was made by using imfs data,7
+the members of the fiji national team who were trained in december kamal krishnan gounder principal economic planning officer ministry of economy epeli waqavonovono economic planning officer economic services ministry of economy susana p valemei director water and sewerage janesh sami lecturer fiji national university and pita tagicakirewa malaysia high commission of the republic of fiji this wouldallowforthe implementation of water catchment management programmes for the protection of freshwater resources as well as the education and awareness of programmes on sustainable management and use of those resources simultaneously the legislative framework sdg would allow for the identification of new water sources sdg and installation of standardized treatment systems sdg for water renewability,6
+yet several countries do highlight the broader importance of promoting such a role for the private sector for example through encouragement of publicprivate partnerships only few countries further specify private sector activities or the amount of private sector investment to be leveraged using numbers from lndcs as proxies for individual or aggregated support needs is therefore impractical and not covered in this section rather than serving as a basis for calculating costs per country or sector this section provides a general overview of the type of financial information included in lndcs key issues in their analysis as well as a broader direction of travel for the mobilization of international support for successful lndc implementation,13
+a study of developing countries suggests that declines in gdp are likely to lead to significantly higher average infant mortality rates among girls than boys baird and others the current crisis is expected to have a more negative impact on womens unemployment rates relative to men s in most regions of the world particularly in latin america and the caribbean ilo a the crisis will jeopardize developing countries progress towards the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals including the millennium development goals,5
+the english mental health care system which operates predominantly under the national health service but also under public health england and alongside government local authorities is made up of primary and specialist care secondary care and tertiary care and social care comprehensive mental health care is also likely to include some input from social care services both services funded and run by public health england and local social services run by local authorities governmentfunded and staterun mental health care services are sometimes supplemented by voluntary services and by private services paid for by the nhs especially for medium and low security care see section section ii,3
+designating million ha for rice production exclusively is unlikely to be the best policy approach in a country exporting large quantities of rice if the main objective is food security there are more effective means of achieving it indeed diversification to achieve lower risk is a measure that adds to food security and is a separate and commendable objective of the government the restrictions on crop choice work against diversification,2
+while technology could allow many other individuals or firms to generate data doing so is not straightforward the evidence presented in this report suggests that better inmarket support can improve the survival rate of exporters in destination markets support to new exporters is also found to significantly increase the number of national exporters in targeted markets,9
+failure to make the nature of these risks clear can result in overinvestment in waterdependent enterprises and calls for compensation when entitlements need to be reduced in order to avoid compromising water quality and other environmental outcomes for instance it is critical to avoid any shortage in water availability for cooling nuclear power plants as the consequences are unacceptably high however farmers growing low value annual crops may be willing to forego water use during times of scarcity especially if they can recover greater value from trading their water entitlements to higher value uses than they can by using the water various water users also have different capacities to manage the risk of freshwater shortage by improving efficiency relying on alternative water sources or adjusting the timing of their water use,6
+it also reproduces inequalities in peoples capacity to exercise citizenship and in access to social networks and the full exercise of rights but most importantly education is an end in itself and should be valued in its own right for its quality and for the enjoyment learning can bring however differences between countries remain sharp the average number of years of education in the adult population ranges from in argentina to in guatemala the information available for the caribbean countries indicates that they tend to be in an intermediate situation relative to latin america where average years of education are concerned the adult population averages years of education in belize in grenada and in trinidad andtobago respectively and in guyana the highest value,10
+consumption and production patterns that are more sustainable than is currently the case would result in a reduction in adverse environmental impacts and contribute towards poverty eradication without undermining the basis of human development through opportunities such as creation of new markets green and decent jobs and more efficient management of natural resources over the past several decades economic development has enabled millions of people to get out of poverty however corresponding increases in the consumption of resources have led to an increase in pollution and waste which has harmed the environment and eroded ecosystems,12
+thus who total recorded and unrecorded estimates may significantly differ from oecd figures in younger people some data show increasing trends in alcohol consumption in particular in low and middle income countries who regarding european countries the espad study shows small decreases from through to in the proportion of students who consume alcohol and it finds increases of heavy episodic drinking from to with some sign of downturn in hibell etal,3
+as the tossd framework is to be agreed by mid inputs from the international community can contribute to ensuring that tossd is defined in a way that if desired is helpful to tracking progress on climate finance commitments the main changes relating to reporting of climate finance are that this reporting is to cover support mobilised as well as provided it is now mandatory for all developed countries not just annex ii countries to report on support and that other countries providing support are also encouraged to report on this information the paris agreement also indicates that developed countries are to biennially communicate indicative information as available on climate finance to be provided box the estimation of projected financial support for a specific area can be challenging particularly for countries with annual budget cycles,13
+this highlights the importance of informing households of the environmental implications of excessive and wasteful water consumption in this case the environmental norms of the respondents are important explanations for the investment in watersaving equipment above all what matters the most for investment is home ownership and water charging on a volumetric basis attention is also paid to the role of ecolabelling in this case,6
+for growth to become more inclusive the gap between the cost of labour and productivity for some groups needs to be reduced transitions from education to work should be facilitated incentives to take a job ought to be strengthened and the nonemployed need to be protected against the risk of falling into unemployment or inactivity traps this calls for lowering minimum wages relative to the average wage for groups at risk of becoming unemployed improving vocational education and training and extending the coverage of the unemployment insurance while strengthening obligations for the unemployed to address labour market duality risks the gap in job protection between temporary and permanent contracts needs to be reduced,8
+however it is difficult to accurately calculate innovation expenditures since these types of costs are not specified in firms financial accounts moreover countries do not collect systematic information on the sources of funding for innovation expenditures the dac statistical system on development activities is also not designed to capture innovation expenditures while many development activities can include innovative approaches including the use of innovative financing mechanisms it does not necessarily mean that the activities supports innovation but rather represent innovation in the delivery of development assistance it is also difficult to determine the outcomes from capacitybuilding exercises in particular whether the training leads to innovation in products processes or methods,9
+in general donor funding for mpas is part of a wider portfolio of finance and tends to support establishment costs training and other forms of capacity building it also aims to put frameworks in place so that mpas can become financially selfsufficient such support however is often shortterm and can be vulnerable to changes in donor priorities carrdirick and klug,14
+for example ill health of students themselves or of other family members is an obvious reason for absence the need to attend significant events such as funerals may affect some groups of students more than others for students in remote areas medical or other appointments in the nearest urban centre can result in an absence of several days,4
+moreover female employment in the informal sector is characterised by a predominance of unpaid care work and a vulnerable job status however the lack of genderdisaggregated data makes it difficult to evaluate and monitor female entrepreneurship in the mena region this drops to during the early stage of the business life course and the decrease continues to just of established businesses the proportion is far lower than in other emerging and developed economies while tea gender gaps barely exist in other emerging economies eg indonesia malaysia or brazil the gap is significant in the six countries under review figure,5
+they have examined universities and tertiary education institution s contribution to human capital and skills development technology transfer and business innovation social cultural and environmental development and regional capacity building the review process has facilitated partnership building in cities and regions by drawing together tertiary education institutions and public and private agencies to identify strategic goals and work together towards them it complements the reviews that have taken place in the strategically and economically important usmexico crossborder region such as those of the nuevo leon the paso del norte region and most recently southern arizona right next to the state of sonora,4
+in order to facilitate genderequal parliaments many legislatures are taking steps to introduce a range of measures to facilitate worklife balance for parliamentarians particularly those with family andor care obligations there remains clear scope to enhance the framework and implementation of these initiatives table provides a summary of the type of worklife balance measures that have been adopted by different parliaments across the oecd,5
+the reforms began with a reduction in gasoline and diesel subsidies to manage the impacts of reforms fuels that place a disproportionate burden on the poorest were originally excluded the reduction in subsidies to fossil fuels has been coupled with a commitment to increasing the role of renewable energy particularly solar energy,7
+the government s vision states that by everyone will live longer healthier lives at home or in a homely setting it sets out as significant challenges scotland s public health record changing demography and the economic environment the document cites as a key challenge an anticipated rise in the proportion of people aged and over in scotland in the next ten years this rise is likely to be accompanied by more chronic disease and growing numbers of older people with complex needs such as dementia it estimates over the next years demography alone could increase expenditure on health and social care by over the vision reiterates die ambition of integrated health and social care and a focus on prevention and selfmanagement,3
+promotion of seafood products in domestic and export markets is largely the responsibility of seafood producers currently most commercial fisheries in new zealand are represented by a cso improved engagement of csos has allowed for greater integration of stakeholder views in the management of new zealand s fisheries resource,14
+previously named the institute of public health its organizational structure and strategy were expanded to form the national centre for public health in in line with the extended structure while keeping its leading role in public health research the national centre for public health is responsible for a broad range of public health programme implementation and health promotion activities at the national level the centre s work focuses on the following sectors among others environment occupational health and research venom toxicity studies nutrition research and health promotion and behavioural research family doctors at the soum level send the indicator values to the aimag health department which sends the information to the centre for health development on the first day of each month,3
+technologyenhanced learning allows modeplace time and pace of learning opportunities to be varied and oer enables the simple adaptability of educational resources as shown by the cases presented in this chapter the discussion section highlights how for oer as with other educational resources the interaction between people information and instruments must be considered to achieve successful outcomes for this reason the concept of inclusive or universal design that aims to match learners abilities with their opportunity far learning is presented,4
+however establishing a formal health technology assessment system would help determine which pharmaceuticals should be covered several of these challenges have been present since the very inception of the system in the early s however there is no overarching political vision that political parties across the spectrum and different stakeholders in the health system can subscribe to,3
+students were expected to acquire a basic body of knowledge and then specialise in a field of their choice and pursue a professional career in that area to achieve this aim it was considered sufficient for teachers to transmit accumulated knowledge and for students to memorise it this approach worked when jobs were also compartmentalised specialised and stable allowing most people to find a job for life or at least stay in the same field the landscape has changed dramatically in recent years putting huge pressure on education systems to adapt to a rapidly evolving ecosystem,4
+we will consider each of these factors in turn with respect to literacy see figure norway and sweden are close to the nordic average with finnish adults scoring above the average while the mean scores of estonian and danish adults are below the nordic average regarding numeracy figure denmark norway and sweden all perform at the level of the nordic average while finland scores slightly above it and estonia below it for both literacy and numeracy the differences between countries mainly concern the proportion of adults with very high skills levels and the proportion of people with veiy low skills level and below however is very similar across countries ranging from in literacy and in numeracy,4
+this problem is particularly marked in the case of stis identification and management of which is chiefly organised around the lowcost route of syndromic management which eschews expensive diagnostics in favour of broadbased treatment of symptomatic cases as a result there is little incentive for diagnostic technology manufacturers to invest in south africa and little translation of genomic research findings into clinical practice in addition respondents proposed that international collaboration could also play a valuable educative role it was suggested that the insecure funding situation for genomic research and implementation can be attributed to a lack of awareness among public health agencies and policy makers who are inclined to perceive genomics as a basic research field and hence of limited significance for public health,3
+such integrated curriculum is believed to contribute to highquality ece and improved social behaviour table bennett sirajblatchford as an example sweden is considered to have highquality ece in part because its curriculum contents place the same value on social and cognitive learning sheridan et al in some countries the implementation of a mixed model curriculum has been found to be less effective than pure academic or comprehensive approaches,4
+the comparison between multidimensional deprivation for children and countries gdp per capita has shown a moderate correlation indicating some ability to predict child deprivation on the basis of a countrys economic activity in addition there has been a modest to absent correlation between deprivation and the various monetary poverty measures emphasising that the two concepts of poverty identify partly different groups of people and that the two measures of poverty should therefore be used complementary to each other especially regarding child poverty counting and multidimensional poverty measurements journal of public economics no,1
+both africa and asia each accounted for nearly of the mobilized amounts followed by america and europe one key finding from available data supported also by experiences from the clean development mechanism cdm is that of private climate finance originates from the same country in which it is spent which is true for of all climate finance buchner etal the decision by oecd dac members to expand the scope of statistical monitoring through a new framework provisionally entitled as total official support for sustainable development tossd can support also the tracking of private climate finance,13
+the united kingdom s demonstration test catchments dtc project is a new initiative of the department of environment food and rural affairs defra to provide a research platform from which a number of integrated ways of managing agricultural diffuse source pollution at the river catchment level can be developed france also has launched a major research initiative by the ministries of agriculture and environment conducted through the institut national de la recherche agronomique inra to support the national ecophyto plan that plans to achieve a reduction in pesticide use by nearly threequarters of the uk land surface is in agricultural production and the influence of farming on water and the ecosystems it supports is significant table,6
+rivers for which there is insufficient scientific information or have a rod catch of less than ten salmon remain closed a scheme of rehabilitation of rivers was introduced with priority given to rivers which were below the conservation limit in areas of sac s funded through the introduction of a salmon conservation component on all angling and commercial licence sales this increase would roughly equate to the reduction in exploitation as a result of the closure of the mixed stock fishery in and many of these indices were down with some significant drops despite the continued closure of the mixed stock fishery at sea,14
+the market for cryptographic technologies is still relatively young and is continually evolving to address known challenges new algorithms consensus mechanisms and methods for sharing data or validating transactions are likely to emerge as dlt matures significant challenges also arise regarding the lack of data transparency in current governing systems and the need to involve private and public institutions as well as end consumers in the infrastructure value chain transparent and clear processes can serve to gain the trust of investors,9
+consequently this change in behaviour caused a counterintuitive increase in the gini coefficient by around percentage point ministry of economic affairs and the interior a in a lifecycle perspective the reform unambiguously raises tax payments for higher income groups and thus it should reduce income inequality according to crosscountry estimates in causa et al this reflects reformdriven increases in older worker employment rates which benefit household incomes across the distribution with the exception of rich households that are found to be unaffected,10
+this framework would promote stronger linkages between urban periurban and rural areas by a linking sectorial policies b connecting national regional and local governments and policies c strengthening urban periurban and rural links through integrated territorial development and d increasing subnational governments resources in order to achieve a full access of basic services at the local level this is also fundamental to the attainment of many other sdg targets see figure one example of a nup and how it involves partners from civil society local and international is below,11
+in contrast countries where child poverty is low have rates that are significantly lower than the poverty rates of the population in general at percentage points the increase between and was largest in slovak republic an increase of more than two percentage points over the same period was observed in france germany greece hungary italy lithuania luxembourg and sweden figure panel a on the contrary a fall in the child poverty rate coincided with the rise in median income which has been particularly strong in chile especially since in greece the increase in the relative child poverty rate was accompanied by a significant fall in median income and thus the poverty line figure panel b this suggests that not only the proportion of children experiencing poverty increased but also that the standard of living of poor families declined as further explained in the next subsection,1
+this is an important research problem since changes in the prices of goods and services will affect the material wellbeing produced by any given level of income we can therefore consider indicators such as rates of employment unemployment and labor force participation as indirect measures of regional residents command over goods and services while economic participation indicators are broadly accepted they do have a number of limitations when applied to the arctic context,1
+on successful completion of high school education students can enrol into different institutions of higher education this depends on the individual performance of students and different entry requirements for admission of students into different courses a number of public institutions exist these include the lesotho college of education lce the national university of lesotho nul and lerotholi polytechnic lp and the newly founded university limkokwing on october,4
+onthejob training should therefore be part and parcel of firms efforts to upgrade their workers skills for countries that cannot rely on domestic structures to ensure appropriate skill formation special economic zones sez where different trade and incentive regimes are established may provide appropriate support for onthejob skills in particular unido thus policies dedicated to the establishment of such zones can complement the path towards the productive use of new technologies,9
+the current plan requirements introduced in include specific regional targets and several targets are also defined through the fee schedule health japan sets a target to prevent disease associated with adult life habits compliance to guidelines is voluntary and the impact of guideline developments on quality is not clear this is because there is a lack of comprehensive and actionable indicators to support quality improvement,3
+international and nongovernmental organizations and governments should consider adopting more refined indicators of unmet need such as the proportion of demand satisfied which shows the share of total demand for contraceptives that is being fulfilled taken together contraceptive use and unmet need only define the total level of demand for family planning measuring demand satisfied serves as a proxy for whether a persons stated desires regarding contraception are being fulfilled and is a more sensitive measure of the extent to which individuals communities and health systems support people s right to use family planning,5
+this will prepare for the world water forum to be held in marseilles in march a largescale celebration of this partnership which has mobilised all water stakeholders in the territory for more than two years the issue of a perfect size in water management has been a longstanding topic of debate over economic and public finance the key question is whether an optimal size can be identified that would allow both optimal conditions for efficient water resources management and effective service delivery,6
+in case of a price policy say a carbon tax c reductions driven by the re policy could possibly add to the c reductions driven by the carbon tax depending on the strength of each in case of a hybrid policy such as an ets with a price floor a reduction of the carbon price resulting from the re policy could possibly lead to additional c emission reductions inasmuch the carbon price were to fall below the level of the price floor technological paths might very much depend on initial conditions as such technologies having small shortterm advantages may lockin the technical basis of a society into technological choices that may have lesser longterm advantages than technologies that are lockedout,7
+policy makers should be prepared to act in anticipation of unusual conditions or conditions that are normal but require decisionmaking to avoid harm finally even best plans and implementation efforts are beneficial but cannot be expected to prove infallible or necessarily successful the fishery management system in the northeast pacific is recognized as meeting most of the best management practices and promoting an ecosystembased approach to management witherell and witherell et al,14
+federal policies federal housing finance in particular have facilitated the development of higher quality houses yet have often failed to contribute to the development of better cities reforms to infonavit s practices thus form the basis upon which a more competitive sustainable housing and urban development model can be built first like many latin american countries mexico has a long history of informal or irregular housing development and a large share of the housing stock continues to be selfbuilt lacking legal titles or constructed outside the formal development process nearly onequarter of urban households live in informal settlements,11
+initially targeted on children up to years of age living in families in poverty the child support grant was gradually extended to children below age living in poverty the expansion of social assistance to children in poverty highlights a new focus on addressing poverty and inequality through strengthening human development the main conclusions point to the significant role of landmark political change in generating an expansion of antipoverty programmes,1
+the aim of the model is to provide illustrative results that show how structural diversity among developing countries and systemic differences between developed and developing countries can affect the welfare and distributional outcomes of alternative agricultural policy interventions models are constructed for six countries for which the riga data referred to above are available two in africa ghana and malawi two in asia bangladesh and viet nam and two in latin america guatemala and nicaragua this is because market price support for food crops harms net buyers of food often the poorest farm and nonfarm landless households although the proportion of net buyers varies significantly across countries support for cash crops does not have this drawback however cash crops are often but not always grown by farmers with relatively high incomes so support seldom reaches the incomes of the poorest,2
+these were essentially twodimensional plans aiming at dynamic representations of urban growth and change while in fact they were more frequently static master plans explicitly required professionals and the citizenry alike to fit their aspirations and their desired physical forms into the patterns they set out the plan was the context,11
+very extensive river fioodplains temporary hooded grasslands and lens provide a number of services such as water storage groundwater replenishment and support for livestock farming and biodiversity the transboundary lakes ohrid and dojran are also of great socioeconomic and cultural importance along the adriatic and aegean seas an important number of coastal lagoons saltpans and river delta wetlands exist in albania croatia greece montenegro and slovenia,6
+this unit would be charged with leading development of a coordinated strategy for delivering the improvements targeted and ensuring the resources made available by government for implementing agreed measures are sufficient to achieve the results expected western australias office of road safety provides a good example of this kind of lead agency for road safety the office was reorganised and renamed the road safety commission in july this highlights the need for urgent and significant action using the holistic safe system approach to effectively manage speeds and infrastructure improvements to protect pedestrians and cyclists particularly in locations where there is high crash risk the importance of enforcement is clearly understood and given priority in korea but in many cases it seems that the intensity of enforcement effort and resources allocated to enforcement do not reach the critical level needed to realise the full potential of measures adopted in particular it is strongly recommended to make seatbelt wearing compulsory in rear seats on the whole road network not only on motorways as is currently the case the lack of regulation and enforcement of professional in particular selfemployed drivers hours of service needs urgent attention,11
+as for the previous group of countries the official poverty estimates coincide in the direction of variation although in general they report larger poverty reductions in ecuador panama the plurinational state of bolivia and uruguay the eclac figures aim to reflect the situation in the region in the most comparable manner possible while the national figures seek to best capture the realities of each country this leads to normal methodological differences in the many decisions that are made in the process of building poverty lines the way the goods in staple food and nonfood baskets are selected the prices used to allocate value to these goods or the deflators used to update poverty lines among many other factors as well as in the definition of household income the treatment of nonresponses or the inclusion of imputed rent for the use of owneroccupied dwellings,1
+this is however only an expert estimate based on the number of vehicles delivering waste to disposal sites so the reliability of these data is low estimates for msw generation for the country as a whole are shown in table the strong increase in msw generation in recent years is most likely due to improved monitoring of vehicles delivering waste to the balakhani disposal site than to an actual rise in msw however there are agents who buy waste paper plastic and metals from individuals,12
+essential elements for such a planning instrument have been identified according to international good practice box transparency and predictability in development control mechanisms will increase the credibility of the city master plan and help to promote private investment under the plan viet nam has a unique land ownership system with landuse rights lurs box and development control in urban areas is based on zoning effective enforcement is another urgent challenge see chapter,11
+this note provides a forecast on how the fish and world trade regimes will look like five years after the implementation of sdgs in three main trends are likely to affect the supply and demand of fish and fish products in the trade realm these trends point to a selective and incremental incorporation of marine live and fish conservation measures in the multilateral trading system and regional trade agreements in particular,14
+more indepth analysis can also help track the delivery of disbursed international climate finance to endusers eg industry households and subnational governments within a country such analysis can look into which domestic institutions stakeholders national funding entities and financial institutions are involved in the processes the provisions of the paris agreement and decision cp encourage but do not require the reporting of information on support received by developing countries,13
+essentialist approaches differ in concluding whether women should be involved in leadership for either conflict or peacebuilding while some essentialists glorify what they see as the qualities of women others laud the essential qualities of men these theories rarely lead to an embracing of the diversity among and between men and women while not denying the biological differences between men and women the field of sociology places much more emphasis on how the environment shapes men and women in the process of socialization human beings are not born as men or women,5
+conversely the percentage of adolescents who were overweight or obese in was just under the eu average compared with but it has increased by more than since on a more positive note a higher percentage of adolescents and adults in croatia report doing regular physical activity figure health inequalities have been addressed in several national health policy documents but few specific measures have been implemented so far the chif contracts with health care providers for the provision of services and plays a key role in defining which health services are covered by the publicly financed system it also oversees performance standards and pricesetting for services is responsible for the payment of sick leave compensation maternity benefits and other allowances and is the main provider of complementary voluntary health insurance vhi covering user charges termed supplemental insurance in croatia,3
+adult participation in lifelong learning strongly depends on educational attainment and age despite a slight increase in recent years the participation of older workers in adult programmes is modest inhibiting their employment prospects oecd b adults with low educational attainment individuals whose highest attained degree is primary or below show considerably less interest in adult learning activities the difference between highly educated individuals and individuals with low educational attainment in adult education participation is the highest in the eu imad,4
+the provincial secretariat of agriculture water management and forestry of vojvodina province and the jvp vode vojvodine have water management responsibilities in the territory of vojvodina province the new law on waters harmonized with eu legislation was passed in the water section is an organizational body of the ministry comprising the following departments the department of slate administration in the water section the department of water policy and the department of river basin management and flood protection the ministry of environment manages two stateowned enterprises the slovak water management enterprise and the water management construction enterprise as well as two governmentsubsidized organizations the water research institute bratislava and the slovak hydrometeorological institute,6
+it covers topics such as general company information productsservices certification etc the it industry barometer can help to monitor and evaluate the sector as well as provide statistical information for research and economic planning purposes the it industry barometer has already been applied by software associations in some developing and transition economies such as el salvador guatemala honduras and the former yugoslav republic of macedonia as the agency responsible for ict sector measurement within the partnership on measuring ict for development unctad intends to explore this possibility with relevant stakeholders in the coming year in order to facilitate new startup firms in this industry as well as the upgrading and growth of software smes governments can seek to ensure a competitive general business environment promote upgrading through quality certification improve access to finance and establish software or technology parks,9
+in the arab region unisdr has continued to promote the making cities resilient campaign to support urban areas to become more resilient to disasters almost cities and municipalities in the arab region have joined the campaign per cent of all cities worldwide in latin america and the caribbean the european union is a vital partner for disaster risk reduction initiatives,11
+communication europe the world s no jobs wages and inequality the role of nonstandard work defining measuring and assessing job quality and its links to labour market performance and wellbeing global dialogue forum on new developments and challenges in the hospitality and tourism sector final report of the discussion geneva november,8
+exposure to alcohol marketing increases the likelihood of drinking initiation and adolescent s alcohol use anderson et al evidence from germany italy the netherlands and poland shows that a higher exposure to online alcohol marketing increases the odds of heavy episodic drinking in adolescents de bruijn existing aggregate sources and estimates of alcohol consumption provide the most reliable information to determine broad national trends and draw country profiles of alcohol consumption,3
+new zealand is currently involved in negotiating ftas with asean and australia aanzfta the gulf cooperation council gcc and malaysia negotiations are expected to be launched with the republic of korea early in the development and implementation of fisheries plans is directed at improving the opportunities for those who utilize fisheries resources to contribute to and participate in the management of the resource improvements have been made to the qms and the majority of stocks with sustainability and management concerns will be introduced into the qms over time,14
+the opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of itf or oecd member countries the work for this report was carried out in the context of the decarbonising transport initiative of the international transport forum the author thanks the participants of the itf decarbonising passenger transport workshop as well as weishiuen ng jari kauppila and michael kloth for their comments,11
+sources of energy like geothermal tidal power hydrogen nuclear fusion and so forth will require a more visionary approach and even greater scientific and technological advancement these advances in turn will require substantial investment which at present is not forthcoming from public and private sources on a large enough scale only by ensuring a reliable affordable supply of energy will it be possible to chart a stable course for economic recovery and growth addressing energy insecurity and transforming the global energy system must therefore constitute a major priority for any longterm programme of economic and climate stabilization in advanced countries such a course will simultaneously address the climate challenge,7
+by comparison the number of teachers in primary lower secondary and upper secondary education represented about of the labour force across oecd countries in this means that in general the share of students expecting a teaching career is larger than the share of workingage people who are teaching today at least at this early stage of career orientation concerns about the lack of candidates for a career in teaching are therefore exaggerated in fact teaching enjoys a clear advantage over other occupations that yearolds may not even know exist all yearold students have had some contact with teachers and have at least an approximate idea of what they do and of their working conditions,4
+the indonesian kerosenetolpg conversion programme has been successful in moving million households away from hazardous kerosene to lpg for cooking in just five years at the centre of this success has been the leadership of the government crosssector cooperation resultsbased financing box and appropriate technical assistance lessons from this programme suggest that awareness among potential users about the importance of clean cooking together with the setting of a price that is affordable to users are critical to the successful implementation of the programme,7
+a scoping mission took place to stockholm on april which included meetings with officials from the ministry of education and research the national agency for education and representatives from teacher training institutions municipalities independent schools unions of teachers and principals as well as researchers annex a each section describes current relevant policies analyses the situation and provides sweden with promising examples from peerleamer countries at various policy levels the classroom the school or university in some instances the municipality the region and the system this is meant to emphasise the shared responsibility across all levels of the education system in integrating immigrant and refugee students finally policy pointers are provided to guide sweden on how best to respond to the current integration challenges in these four areas,4
+recorded exports of maize in represented only of production it has been part of food trade in the region since the early th century the first flows towards the south of the country then nigeria went handinhand with the organisation of assembly markets pobe dogbo and ouegbo igue besides nigeria surplus maize was also exported to ghana beginning in the s,2
+there through integration of locally generated community based information coproduction of urban planning strategies and social engagement in public sector interventions the programme achieved a dramatic decrease in crime by improving access to public spaces enhancing lighting and visibility setting up social and business centres along walkways pedestrian traffic community surveillance and social cohesion increased playtime in africa creates places for children to convene in a safe outdoor environment to play learn and create the initiative combines best practices from around the world and integrates them into local conditions to develop a strategy for childfocused places,11
+with regard to qualifications the question of the crossborder validity of learning certificates for students has now been covered in some depth in the literature and policy recommendations made most relevantly in the iiep publication certification counts kirk however crossborder portability of teachers qualifications is not included in that study although it notes that similar issues apply similarly although field guides and minimum standards for education in emergencies address the question of curriculum and whether the host country or source country curriculum should be followed for students there are no agreed international standards for teacher training curriculum content or on related professional standards however these do not cover noncommonwealth countries as noted above there are currently a number of commonwealth countries sheltering refugees from noncommonwealth countries nor do they take into account the special circumstances of education in emergencies where teachers may arrive without their certificates having left home precipitously,4
+preventive interventions also cover individuals at specific risk and those who have either no symptoms of the disease or early signs and symptoms where early case detection will assist in reducing the potential damage by enabling a more successful intervention take the examples of breast and prostate cancer where age and sex affect the risk certain lifestyle choices increase the risks as smoking does for lung cancer when the symptoms correspond to an acute condition a remission or cure hcl is sought and expected many conditions cannot however be completely cured and lead to chronic conditions with some degree of functional decline treatment then involves recurring contacts for control as well as the patient s personal involvement in monitoring and controlling symptoms and treatment curative care is the most frequent reason why people initially contact the health system however based on the specific needs of each consumer the services received typically include a basket of components that mixes preventive and rehabilitative as well as curative care,3
+but achieving substantive equality in health also requires improvements in the quality of services as well as broader attitudinal and institutional change to address stereotyping stigma and violence headon the section therefore goes on to examines how the delivery of health care can be transformed to enable all women and girls to have access to services to address their specific health needs and to give them greater voice in the health system each of these mechanisms has different implications for access to health services for equity and for protection from the financial consequences of illness in many countries those living in poverty incur higher opps than other groups of the population because they are more often affected by sickness,5
+this requires both topdown and bottomup approaches so that new standards are defined at the systemic level training is offered by education institutions skilled teachers can mentor others and teachers can learn from each other investigate in collaboration with others and exchange good practices this makes the teaching profession more attractive but also much more demanding many education systems still struggle to raise the status of the teaching career so that teaching can be considered a profession viewed as having the same value as medicine law or engineering guerriero,4
+currently there are few indicators that measure how well care coordination is being undertaken without adequate biomedical research on how best to treat a person with multiple chronic conditions it will be difficult to create evidencebased quality metrics as noted earlier it is difficult to develop practice guidelines or quality metrics for people with multiple chronic conditions,3
+for child care teachers the government set a higher level by increasing the required credits from to credits ie to courses at a college level and furthermore strengthened the training programme with a third level qualification ie one year of training after high school graduation requiring a total of hours including four weeks of field practicum from march child care practice will take place only at accredited facilities with a minimum of children it also consulted with the child care sector educational organisations and the adult education sector to design the concept for a childminding academy,4
+some countries have governmentmandated quotas for the number of women on boards on the basis that this is the only way of increasing participation others have judged that the quota system is not appropriate and that initiatives of some other type are required examples of such initiatives include a requirement for listed firms to publish a board diversity policy the creation of processes for recruiting women with managerial skills increased training education and mentoring for women and advertising and promotion of these positions deloitte,5
+there were around boats in a fishery that could sustain a fifth of that number it decided to control the fishing effort in effect keeping the same number of boats but making them less efficient by reducing the number of days at sea and changing the type of gear they could use finally in a federal judge ordered the government to drastically reduce fishing,14
+gender gaps in unpaid work are narrowing in developed countries but they remain starker than those in marketbased work virtually everywhere stigma and even violence are often used to enforce stereotypes and social norms about appropriate female and male behaviour as girls and women have entered schools workplaces public transport and marketplaces in greater numbers they are frequently subject to unwelcome scrutiny harassment and even assault violence is also used as a way to punish nonconformity with dominant gender stereotypes for example in relation to sexual orientation see box however the implementation of these legal provisions is rarely supported by adequate investments in services in capacity building of service providers and in the public campaigns needed to effectively prevent violence against women,5
+however the understanding of sustainability will require revisiting the interpretation of lower mobility in view of the requirements of sustainable development and sustainable transport empowerment of women will have to come through enhanced accessibility to various opportunities without dependence on motorized mobility adverse effects are in the form of poor air quality risk of traffic crashes lack of activity leading to obesity and other life style related diseases least adverse effects on users and nonusers is possible when majority city residents have to travel short distances thus reducing the exposure to air pollution as well risk from traffic crashes,11
+for instance to harness waterrelated knowledge policy makers can set up water information systems whereas solving conflicts over water resources allocation requires the active involvement of those affected to identify the appropriate tradeoffs and build consensus indeed of participants surveyed concurred that existing mechanisms for stakeholder engagement are sufficient opinions converged that these tools have been successful to foster inclusive decision making both formally by making stakeholder engagement more systematic and informally by providing channels for stakeholders to contribute freely this result shows that all tools are in place or at hand it is then more a question of making them effective and outcomeoriented in practice than developing new instruments figure,6
+these reforms had a significant impact on the overall subsidy level but left some of the most significant subsidies in place including most of the diesel subsidies subsidies to butane and petroleum fuels in the total allocation was dh billion usd billion of which dh billion usd billion was allocated to petroleum products between and the overall subsidy cost fell by around see table,7
+these gender differences exist to a large extent because women still bear the brunt of the unpaid domestic tasks such as childcare and housework because of shortagehigh costs of childcare facilities and because of familyunfriendly work conditions oecd a world bank b table shows differences in the availability affordability and quality of childcare services across regions of the world economist intelligence unit moreover gender differences in the labour market can have longerterm consequences affecting women s and men s ability to save for both short and longterm needs as mentioned in the previous chapter and may especially impact women s outcomes in retirement box highlights the experience of new zealand in addressing women s lower outcomes in retirement,5
+established under the climate change act the scheme covers emissions by firms and public bodies not already subject to the eu system or substantially covered by other agreements it comprises reporting requirements and a carbon levy the crc ees is complemented by several other policies to promote energy efficiency in residential buildings,13
+the lack of evidencebased policy making is a result of both the lack of analytical capacities in sector ministries and the lack of relevant data limited coverage together with limited funding seriously hampers the poverty reduction impact nevertheless it should not be forgotten that the situation would be even worse for the most vulnerable households if these transfers did not exist,1
+however buying urban and periurban property housing land lots and flats is an attractive investment for those who work abroad flat sales in chisinau are growing annually this means that there is a growing demand for housing in the capital and in the immediate vicinities however the land is not yet used intensively chisinau like most moldovan cities still has a lot of available land in developed blocks and some abandoned land lots this nonintensive urban land use situation currently provides an opportunity for replacing upgrading and developing the physical infrastructure eg utilities transport which is needed due to the growing demand for housing with new constructions and land acquisition progressing there is a need to have adequate spatial development plans in place,11
+the overarching objective is nevertheless to reduce energy and water demand in tourism in order to achieve this a programme of certification and best practice will be developed two studies of ghg emissions in the tourism sector and the potential to participate in carbon markets will be carried out and strategies to increase the use of renewable energy in accommodation will be developed moreover a working group with the national commission for the efficient use of energy has been established to encourage the reduction of energy demand in the tourism sector,13
+imagine the interruption of the activity of a steel producer due to a blackout if blackouts happened regularly the steel producer will have a backup system whose cost is passed on through the price mechanism if no other issues were involved this would be the solution in other words the security of supply risk would be internalised and there would be no need for policy action,7
+girls today outperform boys in some areas of education and are less likely to drop out of school but the glass is still only half full women continue to earn less than men are less likely to make it to the top of the career ladder and are more likely to spend their final years in poverty making the most of the talent pool ensures that men and women have an equal chance to contribute both at home and in the workplace thereby enhancing their wellbeing and that of society greater educational equality does not guarantee equality in the workplace however if high childcare costs mean that it is not economically worthwhile for women to work fulltime if workplace culture penalises women for interrupting their careers to have children and if women continue to bear the burden of unpaid household chores childcare and looking after ageing parents it will be difficult for them to realise their full potential in paid work in developing countries if discriminatory social norms favour early marriage and limit women s access to credit girls significant gains in educational attainment may not lead to increased formal employment and entrepreneurship,5
+the energy supply is apparently still keeping up with increasing energy demand the current capacity in in hai phong was about million kwh whereas the actual demand is around million kwh the surplus can be sold commercially demand however is expected to increase by,11
+in particular those that show the impact of policies in cities at advanced stages of the ageing process will become useful information for cities in the early stages of ageing one such example is the eu ageing report european commission a which includes a set of indicators that illustrate expenditure projections for a large older population covering pensions healthcare longterm care education and unemployment internationally applicable indicators that help assess the social sustainability of cities and their urban form are particularly important,11
+subnational governments often understand local specificities better than national governments they can also better engage their constituents which fosters inclusiveness with a clear understanding of who should do what different actors can work together and reduce inefficiencies and misaligned policies,11
+the smart housing policy offers an incentivebased approach to encourage developers to build affordable housing that also meets elevated construction standards and is located near transit it provides for fee waivers as well as faster review and inspection times for developers building qualifying housing projects it can also provide additional density or floorarea ratio to encourage provision of affordable housing and other community benefits such as parking open space and streetscapes,11
+since its collateral registry came online in ghana has registered loans totaling approximately billion moreover it explicitly states that the elimination of gender discrimination in laws customs and practices related to land and property is a guiding principle of land management while considerable progress has been made there is still however a significant gender gap when it comes to ownership and control of land,5
+but labour taxation was especially high on lowwage workers with a tax wedge about six percentage points above the oecd average for minimum wage earners figure panel b this depends on a number of factors namely i the presence of a net wage floor ie a binding minimum wage ii the extent to which workers value social protection or public services provided by taxes iii the relative bargaining power of employers and employees and iv the relative generosity of possible replacement revenues oecd i the effects of labour taxes on labour demand are thus likely to be particularly large at low wage levels,8
+however even in the absence of formal and rigorous assessments of reform evidence of positive developments or disappointment are still available the cases of israel alberta canada new mexico united states and south africa illustrate positive mixed or disappointing results while the shortage of water remains the key issue in the water sector and the need to manage the reservoirs between dry and wet seasons and years is the top priority for those responsible for the water sector authorities have been given enhanced tools to cope with the challenge,6
+if staff experience their working conditions as more pleasant this will result in more caring and stimulating behaviour huntsman burchinal et al the quality of the classroom environment is found to improve with every additional adult in the room when practitioners work together in a classroom this provides opportunities for supervision consultation and discussing work challenges goelman et al,4
+promotion is automatic within the same cycle of primary education but progression from one cycle to the next is contingent upon meeting the curricular aims for that particular cycle a pupil may repeat a year but only once in the primary level pupils who continue to the next cycle but who are negatively assessed in one or more areas must receive appropriate support to help them catch up likewise special attention is paid to the early detection of learning difficulties and to the prevention of school failure at an early age an official academic certificate is not awarded at the end of primary education but it is awarded at the end of the basic education which includes primary and lower secondary education in lower secondary education assessment is continuous ie integrated into the leaching and learning process and separate for each subject,4
+it declined slightly thereafter as migration for employment picked up particularly within the european union and again more recently as large inflows of refugee and asylum seekers arrived the gender composition of migrant stocks has been affected only very marginally however as once again the migration categories in which women account for the highest shares are those most likely to be a permanent movement while men are often perceived as the principal immigrants the firstcomers who arrived as workers students or refugees women account for most of the spouses who either accompany or join the principal migrants later a pattern sometimes referred to as that of trailing wives cooke family migration trends may thus be associated chiefly with women even though family migrants also include minoraged children whose gender distribution is balanced,5
+this proportion is particularly high in belgium france luxembourg portugal and spain where it affects over of students in these countries repetition has been one of the main tools to respond to individual weak performance and preserve an even level of attainment within each classroom a study based on pisa data found that in about half of the countries examined students socioeconomic status is related to the likelihood of repeating a grade even after accounting for student academic performance monseur and lafontaine in fact data from pisa revealed among oecd countries of the variation in the likelihood of a student repeating a primary grade is observed at the student level at the school level and at the system level coos et al teachers widely support grade repetition as they can see the immediate gains in going over the same curriculum a second time jimerson anderson and whipple,4
+it thus permits identifying gainers and losers of policy reforms the advantage of the simulation is that it can hold everything else constant unemployment levels marketincome inequality household composition etc for instance it can show whether families at the bottom middle and top of the income distribution are now better or worse off than they would have been with unchanged policies this leads to automatic changes in redistribution mechanisms if no policy action is taken oecd b,10
+due to the nascent status of the technology legal frameworks and specific laws are yet to be designed and enacted as a consequence of the physically distributed nature of blockchain networks sometimes across national borders the applicable laws and regulations differ for each node west due to the immutable nature of decentralised registries and the capability to transfer value by virtue of digital transactions approved by a consensus algorithm many open questions remain in areas like service level and performance liability intellectual property data privacy and compliance,9
+this suggests that disadvantaged children from these countries are less likely to obtain the skills necessary for today s technologyrich and versatile labour markets and improve their socioeconomic status considering that acquiring labour marketrelevant skills and obtaining wellrecognised educational qualifications have become major determinants of labour market outcomes the lack of equity in education in these countries is worrisome in over of yearolds from the most disadvantaged backgrounds in belgium france hungary iceland japan and the netherlands reported having more than a year of preprimary education experience table and annex table a in chapter,4
+structural reforms are needed to boost labour demand with the eitc at least partly offsetting any negative impact on individual income the asymmetry in epl between temporary and permanent contracts needs to be reduced reforms of the education system need to continue to ease the transition from education to employment and to raise the productivity of new entrants,8
+the assessments of the individual transboundary surfitce and groundwaters in this subregion can be found in the chapters and of section iv drainage basins of the black sea and of the mediterranean sea the assessment of transboundary waters in see also contains assessment of a number of selected ramsar sites besides the assessed ramsar sites there arc important transboundary wetland areas elsewhere in see eg the delta of maritsaevrosmeri river a part of it is also a ramsar site as well as important humanmade wetlands such as reservoir lakes and fish farming ponds along the drava mura and smaller rivers in see,6
+the situation might improve once a minimum intake of renewable electricity is determined by the nea more in the policies and standards section by integrating advanced information technologies into the power system smart grids enable operators to better manage generation transmission and storage in ways that more effectively respond to system fluctuations in demand in turn smart grids help in load shifting while maintaining the reliability and stability of the power system the most innovative aspect of smart grids is that through the installation of smart meters they allow consumers to participate in demand response,7
+in agriculture technologies that enhance the labour productivity of rural women such as better farm tools water provision modern energy services and household food preparation can free their time for other activities for example a study from india demonstrated that women who used a groundnut decorticator were able to process around times more groundnuts and used significantly less physical effort than those doing so by hand similarly a new hand tool designed for making ridges for vegetable crops allowed women to double the number of rows finished in one hour singh puna ji gite and agarwal such innovations in technology may open up opportunities for women to earn higher incomes or to use their time and increased income for added attention to the family,2
+the discrepancy between the deprivation rates for younger and older children depends on the deprivation levels of the agespecific dimensions ie nutrition and health for the first agegroup and information and education for the second this ratio ranges between and with zero showing no deprivation according to the cutoff chosen and one showing that everyone included in the analysis is deprived in all the dimensions analysed in the thirty countries of subsaharan africa the adjusted multidimensional deprivation ratio is when using a threshold of two deprivations ie children are multidimensionally deprived if they suffer from two to five deprivations,1
+the concession aimed to improve the services and operating performance of the existing municipal water utility especially to poor areas that have little access to potable water and poor sanitary conditions by reducing the amount of water that is unaccounted for increasing cash collection and increasing service coverage by overall the municipality expected to increase coverage to and for water and sewage services respectively by the complaint raised the following social and environmental concerns repeated cuts of residential water to the poor lack of service provision to poorer neighbourhoods lack of wastewater treatment noncompliance with the concession contract resulting in infringements of miga s safeguard policies,6
+the ppa also commissioned kema international in to undertake a study to quantify the power system energy losses in southern pacific utilities which included all the commonwealth pacific small states except vanuatu ppa and kema following on from the recently completed pacific appliance labelling and standards programme which aimed to increase the importation and sale of more energy efficient appliances the pacific efficient lighting strategy pels is being implemented to assist in the pacific s transition to high efficiency and environmentally sound lighting by the projected electricity savings are over gigawatt hours with associated fuel import savings of about million litres and emission savings of metric ton equivalent carbon dioxide,7
+since italy has provided tax relief for energy efficiency improvements to existing buildings including the installation of doubleglazed windows thermal insulation highefficiency boilers and the installation of solar panels in building owners submitted tax credit applications as the programme was originally expected to be terminated in the number of applications in exceeded the previous year by around,7
+the current state of water bodies has adverse effects on the environment poor water quality reduced stream flows drying up of wetlands adds costs to the provision of water services as water has to be treated before it can be used and threatens the economic viability of farming currently of the population has access to drinking water services and has sanitation coverage considering the current coverage and future population growth projections in the next years mexico will need to provide an additional million inhabitants with drinking water services and million with sanitation services,6
+an mta that covers the entire commuting area can coordinate among jurisdictions at all territorial levels and reduce negative consequences of urban sprawl fatal crashes between road users remain a common occurrence on city streets whilst they have almost been eliminated in rail or air transport a growing number of local governments are embracing vision zero a vision of no one being killed or seriously injured in urban traffic to rectify this in support of such ambitious targets this report investigates key road safety questions in the context of selected cities in europe and beyond,11
+this process enabled the simple comparison of immigrant students relative to their native peers across the ten indicators figure below provides a graphic overview of the relative performance of the two groups of students and more importantly highlights the areas where gaps between the two groups are most significant the mean values for immigrant students are converted as the relative values of,4
+to safeguard women s rights traditional leaders and decision makers should receive training about women s rights and their responsibilities to uphold these rights in kenya for example local traditional authorities have been made aware ofthe contributions women make to their communities in one community elders in posimoru drafted a new local constitution known as a katiba that protects women s property rights,5
+for young people the decisions they make about what and where to study both within and following periods of compulsory education have become both more important and more difficult to make the purpose of career guidance is to enable young people to make what are good education and career decisions for them now and in their future as well in the absence of reliable and trustworthy information and support which good career guidance should provide such decisions become more difficult with personal and social costs often displayed in skills mismatches and unsatisfactory employment prospects over recent years the significance of career guidance services has grown rapid economic and educational change has led to schooltowork transitions which are now longer and more complex,4
+this approach from wiggins and keats was based on major case studies with thousands of smallholder participants across africa the aim is to see the extent to which policy instruments align with major smallholders constraints in order to carry out this exercise a questionnaire was sent to the five participant countries asking questions regarding national definition of smallscale agriculture main constraints for accessing markets identified by governments policies aiming at solving those banders among others it is important to note that not all questions were fully addressed by the countries particularly the ones related to how effective the policies have been or which proportion of the programmes is being directed towards smallholders national definition of smallscale agriculture,2
+this move has taken place against the background of increasing use of ocean resources and space and the appearance of climate change impacts there are a number of often conflicting uses which call for a more holistic approach to oceans management while ecosystem management often emphasises biodiversity integrated oceans management focuses more on how different users of the ocean ecosystem interact the ocean provides inputs and services for numerous activities such as the following,14
+according to estimates for cofinancing represented of the total budget in privatesubsidised schools paredes et al the recently approved inclusion law ley de inclusion eliminates shared funding in privatesubsidised schools the implementation of the law will be gradual and schools will be compensated financially through a new grant see also chapter,4
+it has a weak capacity to speak with one voice and present strong evidence to the two respective national governments other than claiming that what is good for a given part of its territory is ultimately good for the country the closest western scandinavia has gotten to a form of politically integrated governance body was the scandinavian arena dsa a crossborder political cooperation body which also initiated the million city project and served as a steering group for the project discussed earlier although the million city project allowed for a substantial amount of innovative thinking and data mining it never managed to put together a full coherent costbenefit analysis covering the entire highspeed coastal rail corridor it was advocating for chapter,11
+in norway a review of community mental health services found that gps generally are regarded as competent involved and accessible partners by the community mental health workers slettebak et al this is a good base on which norway should build however given that gps will likely remain at the forefront of diagnosing and treating mildtomoderate disorders there is an ongoing need to assure a high quality of care for mental disorders the availability of training for cbt and reimbursements for gps delivering cbt is an interesting development,3
+in this paper the two indicators are used side by side it is expected that the effect of the crisis is more visible for monetary poverty than for material deprivation because the former is more sensitive to variations in the income stream whelan layte mattre low income adjusted for household size and composition is thus measured with reference to the average person in the society however the relative poverty indicator is less useful during the crisis when the living standards of the whole population may be changing,1
+with the exception of the city of puebla which has just updated its urban plan most municipal plans in the state of puebla are years old in tlaxcala only of the stale s municipalities have updated or are conducting an update of their municipal plans even recent planning documents may be based on outdated or only partial data,11
+zgi is a recentered influence function on the quantile of interest of the distribution of disposable equivalised income the group differences in the predictors are weighted by the coefficients of families characteristics in to determine the endowments effect the so called explained component in other words this latter measures the expected change in income quantiles if those families had mid s predictor levels by contrast the second term estimates the portion of the evolution of income that is due to changes in the association between poverty and household characteristics applied to predictor levels and it measures the income difference resulting from variations in the returns that family and work characteristics from one period to the other differences which are mainly due to changes in the distribution of market income and in the structure of social transfers,1
+in total adults responded visitors those who had visited a parks canadaadministered national park in the last three years nonvisitors those who had never visited a parks canadaadministered national park a survey conducted in revealed that of brazilians did not know what a protected area was only of those who had knowledge of protected areas believed that their purpose was recreation and tourism mma,15
+some firms might be more sensitive to some types of barriers than to others one is commonly known as the rebound effect an example is the driver who replaces a car with a more fuelefficient model only to take advantage of its cheaper running costs to drive further and more often rebound effects have long been neglected but their consequences could be profound,7
+a premise of this report therefore is that gender equality should not be addressed at the periphery but rather as a central policy concern unless public policies services legislation and resources benefit all citizens women as well as men good governance cannot be fully achieved oecd this report therefore encourages governments across the region to analyse their policies and services through a gender lens to ensure that they reach out and respond to the specific needs of women and men,5
+if childcare eats up one wage so that there is little or no financial gain in going out to work parents most often mothers are less likely to seek a job but how people manage life at home also plays a big part in the equation many systems still implicitly regard childrearing as a mother s responsibility everywhere women are doing more unpaid work than men regardless of whether they have fulltime jobs or not,5
+there is no national legislation corresponding to the good samaritan law principle in sweden the provisions states that prepacked foods labeled with best before date or use by date and which are not repacked due to for example damages on the wrapping must not be relabeled with a later date if prepacked foods labeled with best before date or use by date is treated in a way that extends its life it is allowed to relabel with a later date if the foodstuff is deep frozen this must be done before the foodstuff is transferred to a premise that sells the foodstuff directly to consumers,2
+the wgssf agreed however that a wide range of fishing activities fell within these length and gear parameters including some activity with very high fishing effort gfcm it was therefore concluded that a more refined characterization of ssf was needed in the mediterranean and the black sea box in certain countries there is still a need for complete and uptodate fleet registers for the smallscale subsector furthermore in many cases ssf may lack dedicated infrastructure and catches are landed at numerous remote landings sites along the coast including informal sites such as beaches hindering regular data collection and record keeping,14
+this chapter assesses undp s contribution to results in gewe in the four focus areas and seeks to answer the following evaluation question has undp contributed to development results in gender equality and womens empowerment taken together the results produced by the two frameworks helped create a more comprehensive perspective on the quality of gender results their level of effectiveness and the type of change to which undp contributed the team experimented with this approach to establish meaningful aggregatelevel trends of undp s contributions to gewe results they reflect the fact that working towards gewe requires more than simply targeting women or men or ensuring that a certain number of women benefit from a programme the frameworks aim at making visible the quality and content issues that are too often absent in accountability and reporting systems and also to capture the level of effectiveness of gender results as well as the type of gender change,5
+income poverty has fallen slightly in the aggregate but it persists at acute levels for the african and coloured racial groups poverty in urban areas has increased there have been continual improvements in nonmonetary wellbeing for example access to piped water electricity and formal housing over the entire postapartheid period up to,10
+in oyster preliminary work on the exposure of the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas to microplastics indicated effects on reproduction sussarellu et al green crabs carcinus maenas were observed to ingest microplastics under control conditions farrell and nelson watts et al such intake was observed through contaminated food mussels artificially contaminated with microplastics thereby suggesting the possibility of microplastic trophic transfer,14
+this is enshrined in the concept of integrated water resources management iwrm its intent is to promote the coordinated development and management of water land and related resources in order to maximise economic and social welfare equitably without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems integrated water management involves institutions and their efficacy kjaer,6
+green jobs and renewable energy low carbon high employment wwwiloorg greenjobsprogramme counting the cost of energy subsidies poor numbers how we are misled by african development statistics and what to do about it ithaca cornell university press developing industrial clusters and supply chains to support diversification and sustainable development of exports in africa composite report,7
+the way in which the poverty gap index is calculated takes into account the difference between the mean income of the poor sector of the population and the poverty line weighted by the percentage of poor people while the poverty gap squared also takes into consideration the way in which income is distributed among the poor this indicates that in addition to the decrease in the poverty rate in those countries there was also a further improvement in the poverty gap and in income distribution among the poor the discrepancy is due basically to the fact that the price deflator used by tire institute to adjust the indigence line which reflects the variation in the prices of the specific products that make up the basic consumption basket rose less than the deflator used by eclac which reflects changes in food inflation and is therefore composed differently the discrepancy is due to minor methodological differences related to the calculation of aggregate income and the value of the lines used the dominican republic was the only countries in which the supplementary indicators pointed to a divergence from the trend in the poverty rate but this is not surprising given how small the changes were see box and figure,1
+in the case of communitybased forest governance conservation outcomes improved substantially with women s greater involvement in green governance the successful cases also relied on strong social components which supported the acceptance of environmental protection and resulted in cobenefit solutions improving both livelihoods and environmental protection the more successful examples are characterized by a combination of regulatory or enabling public policies and local ownership and participation,13
+many of these are the result of eu legislation the following section describes each major plan in turn including its major objectives and tools to realise them and monitor progress over time this includes the national provincial and municipal structural visions along with other collaborative spatial plans such as the joint regional plans of north holland utrecht flevoland gebiedsagenda and the economic agenda for the amsterdam metropolitan area following this amsterdam s landuse plans are discussed which give the greatest level of detail for specific kinds of land uses,11
+operational integration and scheduling should facilitate transfer with minimum time wasted between modes such intermodal transfer facilities ensure easy transfer between urban transport modes including active modes such as walking and cycling such intermodal transit stations need to be accessible via walkways cycle paths and parking facilities for bicycles available nearby,11
+no conveyance facilities are involved in the feather river service area and no pumping is required hence the contracting districts in that area are charged only for capital repayment and operations maintenance and rehabilitation substantial conveyance and pumping are required in delivering water to coastal and southern portions of the state irrigators would also be required to pay the operation maintenance and capital replacement costs of their local water agencies,6
+consequently current strategies centring on crop improvement in a limited set of staple crops would be unable to respond to climate change challenges while the impacts of climate change vary across crops and regions they put global food security even more at risk and heighten the danger of malnutrition in marginal regions smallholder farmers who lack the resources to adapt and respond to climate change will particularly feel these pressures,2
+while many provide for gender equality some specifically recognize women s land housing and property rights the constitution of ecuador as amended in provides that the state shall guarantee equal rights and equal opportunity to men and women in access to property and decisionmaking in the management of their common marital estate art in brazil the constitution and law of state that both women and men regardless of their marital status can be allocated property rights or concessions under the agrarian reform either individually or jointly,5
+the chapter also reviews the coherence and consistency of the teacher evaluation framework and the operation of professional development for teachers among other things it analyses the size of the teaching workforce how teachers are prepared and improve their skills while in the profession eg initial preparation professional development how teachers are recruited and distributed across individual schools how teacher resources and teaching time are allocated to students so that they optimally respond to improvement priorities eg class size teacherstudent ratios use of teachers time and how teachers are incentivised to perform at a high level eg teacher appraisal recognition and compensation this law whose gradual application starts in and whose full application is expected by establishes significant modifications to the management of the teaching workforce in chile it is planned that all teachers in all publiclysubsidised schools will gradually become part of the system for teacher professional development,4
+the same index can be applied to occupational distributions table a summarises how these components are obtained based on and population census data on the labour force lf similarly retirees are those in the labour force who were aged and above in minus those aged and above in temporary withdrawals and reentries prior to definitive retirement are implicitly netted out the change in the size of the primeage group equals the labour force aged in minus the labour force aged in finally the number of new immigrants is calculated as immigrants with duration of residence of less than five years and such immigrants are excluded from the other components to avoid double counting as can be verified from the table these four components add up to the labour force in both and,8
+and in spite of the absence of a competition law investors do not appear to complain about having to compete against wellestablished domestic incumbents a complaint heard in many other countries in the region such as the philippines oecd this is also attested by investor surveys and interviews conducted as part of this review where concerns were raised about weak public institutions and policy uncertainty cambodia is ranked th out of countries in in the world bank s doing business indicators slipping three notches from the previous edition,8
+nevertheless the japanese are far more likely than others to say that the risk of nuclear terrorist acts is high this ambivalence is one element that explains the current status quo in japan concerning nuclear energy indeed a survey in early march by gallup underlines this fact said they favoured nuclear energy as one way to meet national electricity needs thus public support for nuclear energy in the united states is strong more than six out of ten adults favour the building of new nuclear power plants,7
+this may be sssas the issue of a formal written notce a targeted support ultimately dismissal if not achieved australia australia is a federation of eight states and territories there are differences in school leader appraisal systems between states and territories and also between public government and private nongovernment schools,4
+at the same time however transport networks need to be developed in ways which minimize unacceptable adverse impacts to date the rapid urbanization of asian cities has for the most part resulted in cities that are heavily congested are poor in urban amenity suffer high levels of air pollution emit substantial amounts of c inefficiently use scarce land resources and present unequal access to opportunities for their residents in the case of road congestion the degraded amenity particularly affects and decreases the use of other lower polluting road users namely public transport cycling and walking,11
+governments might instead choose to capture the rents associated with cheap electricity sources through state taxes which could be used to promote green growth priorities and encouraging a longerterm more sustainable industry structure whilst building financial reserves to help tackle future energysector decarbonisation in this sense the dilemmas and solutions are similar to those facing oilexporting nations box the energy system comprises a consistent network of supply chains physical infrastructure user practices markets and regulatory systems kemp,7
+within countries there are also efforts underway to ensure that the people most vulnerable to climate change for example women children the elderly and the marginalised benefit from climaterelated development finance analysis conducted by the oecd dac network on gender equality gendernet as an input to cop reveals that of bilateral climate related development assistance targeted gender equality as a principal objective while targeted gender equality as a significant objective oecd f of climate related oda focused on gender equality targeted adaptation and targeted mitigation support for gender equality in climate change interventions has increased rapidly in recent years from usd billion in to usd billion in for dac members,13
+the only notable exception is south africa where the gap grows sizably upon comparing men and women within the same occupational category with respect to a comparison across all occupations within a given sector another more technical way to express the idea is to say that in those occupations the relationship between pay and working hours is not linear but convex the data may overestimate the gap if men underreport being houseworkers,5
+for instance in wineproducing countries wine is traditionally consumed with meals popular in rural areas whereas in northern european countries wine drinking is associated with modern living styles and is an element of social life popular in urban areas simpura and karlsson social norms shape drinking behaviours they determine when in what contexts and how often people drink and what levels of drinking are considered acceptable sirc men and women who are more educated or have higher socioeconomic status are more likely to be alcohol drinkers in the past months but they often differ in their propensity to engage in hazardous drinking behaviours lower educated men are more likely than those with more education to engage in hazardous and heavy episodic drinking while the opposite is true for women in most of the countries examined,3
+today there are hunting farms four more licences have been issued to fishing farms but they do not operate effectively and only some of them have approved extraction quotas it is thought that the trout has been affected the most however detailed study of this issue has not been carried out recently illegal fishing on the migration routes of species such as sturgeon together with the dams constructed along those routes is also a big problem for the survival of these species,15
+nonetheless poverty should still be seen as having two important dimensions captured by the relative and absolute lines respectively both of which matter this can lead to significant differences in the measurement phase for measures other than headcount poverty such as the poverty gap simplicity of calculation and the common use of such poverty lines in a number of countries ensure the international legitimacy of such a line,1
+in latin america and the caribbean several points on figure show a convergence between the direction of changes in gdp and in life satisfaction but there are counterintuitive situations such as satisfaction rising when per capita gdp is falling or increases in gdp while life satisfaction is declining the classification from the world values survey defines income brackets as appropriate for the realities of each country,1
+the indicator might be difficult to interpret in countries in which the reduced access to sick leave entitlements is compensated through a higher hourly pay however the following variables may be used target population wstator or disaggregation nace d isc d ftpt temp stapro the variables hwusual ystartwk and mstartwk may also be useful for identifying the entitled workers nevertheless some workers may not be entitled to paid sick leave such as temporary workers parttime workers or workers in special statuses,8
+eligibility to register is conditional on annual income from the business being less than brl around usd but above a monthly minimum wage of brl usd in one full year after it was introduced a total of million microentrepreneurs formalised via mei s online portal around of newly formalised entrepreneurs are women to encourage people to register sebrae the brazilian support service for micro and small enterprises campaigns and delivers capacitybuilding programmes often targeting women,5
+while legally every child is guaranteed an education many children are denied the opportunity because of defects of the education system and the poor socioeconomic status of the country as well as lack of parental understanding the pastoralist way of life prevents children from being educated within the countrys formal education system and the increasing marginalization of indigenous pastoralist children has been the result of the gulf between them and the children in the rest of the population who attend primary school international research on working children moreover within indigenous pastoralist communities there are many families whose members can neither read nor write however many who are nomadic follow seasonal migration patterns travelling hundreds of kilometres into neighbouring countries particularly benin ghana and togo,4
+to this end we estimate poverty elasticities relative to income and inequality specifying two dynamic econometric models estimated via the generalized method of moments gmm system developed by arellano and bond arellano and bover and blundell and bond the modelestimated results prompt the conclusion that the income growth effect on poverty reduction is smaller when the initial development level is low the same is found when the initial inequality level is high,1
+this is equivalent to all expenditure on basin management and flood protection plus one third of all expenditure on policy and regulation according to the user and polluterpays principles users of retail water services should pay for the full cost of urban bulk water supply services and wastewater treatment in mexico however they only pay about twothirds of the cost of urban bulk water supply since conagua collects mxn billion to provide services on which it spends mxn billion and only half of the cost of wastewater treatment following the share of user s contributions to the water supply and sanitation subsector,6
+it has provisions on the mediation arbitration application and acceptance of labour disputes on hearings and awards etc the law enhances protection for the lawful rights and interests of the two parties to the employment relationship through lawful procedure and guarantees that the employment contract law will be implemented effectively the labour law included some regulations on the minimum wage although they were very simple in january the enactment of the minimum wage regulations indicated the overall implementation of a minimum wage system in china s labour markets according to this regulation minimum wage standards refer to the lowest remuneration paid to employees by employers on the premise that employees provide regular work during official working hours the working hours agreed by their labour contract with employers,10
+a more in depth analysis of volume activity suggests that health spending differentials between italy and other european countries arise from differences in the delivery of nonacute health services sassi while differences in the volume of hospital services appeared limited between countries the analy sis strongly points to the fact that community long term care and preventive services are underdeveloped in italy compared to other european countries as demonstrated by figure italy had one of the lowest number of healthy life years at age in with nearly seven years free of disability for women and about eight for men compared to years for women and men on average across oecd countries,3
+as a result government investment in reforms and targeted assistance to increase access to public procurement can benefit women and their communities women lack information about government procurement guidelines regulations and procedures the relatively small size of their businesses hinders their ability to access large procurement contracts,5
+for example pressure to participate in early marriage or forced marriage is often endorsed by female heads of households who are often single mothers as a way to uphold traditional values this practice can be an important factor in restricting women s chances for completing a high level of education and developing professional skills in the labour market over the last few decades the mena region has witnessed a series of demographic and cultural changes that have levelled a substantive impact on the progress of women in the region a mixture of high fertility rates with a decreasing mortality rate have resulted in an increase in the population aged,5
+long considered the traditional domain of shipping shipbuilding fishing and since the s offshore oil and gas new activities are emerging offshore wind tidal and wave energy offshore aquaculture seabed mining marine biotechnology etc these are fastdeveloping and reshaping and diversifying the maritime economy while at the same time becoming increasingly interconnected both with one another and with traditional maritime sectors at the same time the world has witnessed a serious decline in the health of its oceans in spite of longstanding efforts by a range of international organisations regulatory regimes at global and regional level have found it difficult to adjust to these new circumstances and effectively integrate issues arising from the growing presence of emerging ocean industries,14
+this serves as a key lesson for commonwealth countries indicating that despite constitutional legislative andor electoral reforms political parties have to endorse these reforms and implement the required changes before women can actively participate in politics leadership and decisionmaking roles recognising the resistance to change in specific political architectures has resulted in the imposition of fines and rewards by legislation on political parties to ensure implementation capacity building initiatives gender awareness training programmes should be established within educational and political institutions and provided to women candidates to connect political aspirants to opportunities for leadership,5
+for example cash transfer programmes such as the universal child allowance argentina the former chile solidario chile universal basic pension el salvador and asignaciones familiaresplan equidad uruguay address the redistribution of unpaid care work from women to men it not only provides daycare facilities during training sessions for single mothers but more importantly provides free preschool programmes with flexible hours to meet the needs of working mothers despite these features however some evaluations of chile solidario have shown that the preschool enrolment rate was low per cent because of a prevailing cultural perception that children are better cared for at home that perception was cited in per cent of the voluntarily reported reasons for nonenrolment the effect is not only to empower women but also to enhance the ove ra q ua i ity of i ife of the fa m i ly,5
+however private forest owner can apply for state subsidies for harvesting of energywood from young forest stands eur m the support system is called kemerafund for sustainable forest managementscheme which is targeted to fund forest improvement operations and conservation of valuable biotopes within the same fund subsidies used to be provided to chipping of energywood but this stopped in the end of,15
+the lack of readily identifiable and realisable value in the assets created via expenditure on innovation increases the risk that such investments could become shorttermist and cyclical especially among resourceconstrained smes which are likely to be juggling many conflicting priorities a recent study shows that of sme applicants at the european patent office applied for a patent in order to facilitate securing external finance compared with of applications from large firms de rassenfosse in france smes rely more on internal funds for their rd expenditure than large enterprises according to data from bpi france,8
+as they are not detailed lessons plans the resources require and assume strong teacher agency and autonomy they are addressed to expert teachers who can design their learning environment and lessons however as was experienced in the field pedagogical resources are not sufficient for most teachers and have to be supplemented by other learning resources,4
+the regionalverband emphasises its greater closeness to municipalities and better knowledge of details claiming priority of regional over state planning a mediation committee has been created to consolidate differing views the mediation committee consists of ten members appointed in equal number by the regional assembly and the regionalverband,11
+these plans are not necessarily implemented by the gore but it is conceivable that intendentes will try to combine these centrallevel strategies with the regional development strategies developed by gore the central government s strategic regional plans lack a solid connection to the regional government s own development strategy and having been prepared for the fouryear presidential term could run into obstacles associated with the electoral cycle the responsibility for regional planning was transferred from the ministry of planning while consultative or participatory processes are often included as part of the planning cycle as in many countries the robustness of this process has been questioned by actors at various levels in chile,11
+the nonpoor population is divided into the vulnerable persons whose per capita income is above the poverty line but less than times this threshold and the nonvulnerable persons living in indigence are evenly divided between urban and rural areas nearly three of every four nonindigent poor persons live in urban areas see figure minors aged or under make up of the indigent population and of the nonindigent poor inotherwoids practically half of those living in poverty are children,1
+generally this is an elected position and it requires a high degree of backing from the individual s party women are slowly reaching for the top several countries uganda kenya malawi nigeria and zambia have had women albeit few and on the margins participate in the race for the presidency this trend is not limited to the larger parties but also occurs in smaller parties,5
+there could be closer examination of care quality for specific procedures for example open heart surgery and also for specific disciplines which are known to be vulnerable to inequities in quality and coverage for example old age psychiatry denmark s unique patient identifiers could be used most fruitfully to further understanding of care quality across population groups indeed denmark is the only nordic country for which alcohol consumption decreased between and oecd b,3
+the next level of accountability rests with the school again the level of trust that the larger community extends to its schools seems to engender a strong sense of collective responsibility for the success of every student while every comprehensive school in finland reports to a municipal authority authorities vary widely in the quality and degree of oversight that they provide they are responsible for hiring the principal typically on a six or sevenyear contract but the daytoday responsibility for managing the schools is left to the professionals as is the responsibility for assuring student progress but that is not the case because american schools at least in the cities and most suburbs get much more direction from the local district central office than is typically the case in other countries in that sense the united states may have traded one form of centralised bureaucracy for another,4
+business rd is therefore particularly relevant to such upgrading and to encouraging innovation and thus to development in developing countries by contrast firms involvement in formal innovation is mixed while firms are heavily engaged in innovation activities in some developing countries such as china the republic of korea and singapore the share of business rd to total rd expenditure in developing regions is far below the world average of per cent per cent in subsaharan africa per cent in asiapacific and per cent in latin america in united nations educational scientific and cultural organization unesco while there were researchers per millbn inhabitants in gbbally the corresponding figures for ldcs and subsaharan africa were and per million respectively a related indicator is the share of science technology engineering and mathematics stem graduates in tertiary education,9
+ecosystems marginal contribution to the final service is valued in ecosystem accounting a distinction is made between replacement cost of a particular ecosystem service and restoration cost of an ecosystem asset and its bundle of ecosystem services values can either be transferred using unit value transfer methods or more advanced functionbased transfers eg based on metaanalysis of the literature,15
+while it may have a negative effect if road density translates into shorter and more efficient transport it could also have a positive effect if it induces greater use of private vehicles resulting in more emissions consequently this transport variable could be a proxy of connectivity efficiency or alternatively capture the level of car use a second proxy for transportation intensity is road access an indicator of the connectivity of an urban area,11
+what is an effective and efficient urban transport system it is one that can satisfy the numerous and diverse requirements of the metropolitan mobility including minimizing travelling time between various locations while at the same time internalises externalities to positively affect the wellbeing and the quality of life of the citizens of that area this requires that the appropriate authorities transform the available land and financial resources both limited capital inputs into relevant transport infrastructure and networks to provide what is considered the right combination between the various motorized individual or collectivepublic and nonmotorized transport modes as well as easy transfers between them to meet the mobility demand figure,11
+the programme also provided additional funding for primary care through increasing gp contracts with nurses and allowing a second nurse to be hired by gps an advisory telephone service connecting patients to a doctor at their gp surgery was also introduced from additionally some exemptions from copayments were introduced for lowincome groups although these have since been repealed it found that overall it had a favourable impact on efficiency of health care services,3
+challenges such as the cost of fuel and poor state of roads result in delays which present a significant problem for effective treatment unless the trends change dozens of countries will miss the mark by a wide margin see figures and south asia will not achieve the neonatal target until and subsaharan africa will reach it after midcentury the average annual rate of reduction in neonatal mortality required for india to reach the target is almost double the current level,3
+finally the susenas panel consumption data were used to estimate a food demand system to be used for simulating food insecurity risks to our knowledge this is the first estimated demand system available for indonesia first section looks at indonesia s evolving food security status in a regional context while section provides more details of food production and consumption within the country for a benchmark year two main sources of data are used the production balance sheets and the food security indicators of fao and the susenas data base,2
+it has yet to be decided if indicators that identify cobenefits such as health improvements reduced local air pollution increased enterprise creation and poverty reduction are to be included gcf for example article of the convention indicates that policies and measures to deal with climate change should be costeffective unfccc more recently decision cp,13
+the ministry of health for example should better prioritise annual performance objectives for the health care insuranceprovision arm of the ccss as occurs in other health systems with similar institutional configurations oecd a c any recasting of the relationship between central government and the ccss should preserve the operational flexibility that the ccss already has two distinct aspects are critical here,3
+parents are free to choose and are guaranteed access to a school of their choice within reasonable distance from their home in principle funding follows the student which lays the foundation for potentially strong competition among schools to attract students at the same time the flemish authorities are encouraging school collaboration through the promotion and funding of collaborative partnerships school associations between schools in the same geographical area,4
+given that the russian federation plans to further reduce export taxes on energy and increase taxes on extraction the export tax unification process will remain a sensitive issue for belarus overall from to the six eap economies have all grown in real terms world bank and developed a large services sector that contributes to over half of the value added in each of the countries figure meanwhile the six countries economic performance is sensitive to fluctuations in international markets especially in the case of azerbaijan the only exporter of energy commodities in the region and regional linkages,7
+this close interrelationship makes assessment an important tool to signal and clarify the key goals that students are expected to achieve however if assessment only covers a small fraction of the valued curriculum goals then the impact of assessment on teaching and learning can be restrictive harlen danish research indicates that the national goals seem to be implemented only to a limited degree at the school level normann andersen and strpmbaek pedersen skolens rejsehold research based on case studies published in found that a trend could be observed towards a more uniform lowtrust model between the school authorities central and local and schools related to detailed standards for student achievement and a strict testing system,4
+the company lacked the necessary technical expertise to develop electronic components for their products but through the innovation voucher programme of the united kingdom the company hired the university of hertfordshire to develop the electronic locking mechanism their collaboration continued and the partner designed the actual lock and took the concept to market the lock is currently being launched to the mass market university of hertfordshire,9
+since income transfers to individual fanners by some emerging and developing countries have been increasing driven in part by rising levels of development and incomes within these countries and for some a push towards policies aimed at achieving selfsufficiency in particular agricultural products in developed countries a mix of refonns and changes in world food prices has played a role in the changes observed in the total levels of support in the eight emerging economies for which the oecd collects information on agricultural policies accounted for just under of the total measured pse oecd and emerging economies,2
+the first gives a brief overview of successive policies in adult learning in portugal in the past two decades which resulted in the creation of a range of adult learning programmes specifically three approaches are discussed the first consists of expanding supply where gaps exist in particular through programmes for the lowskilled that combine essential skills and workrelevant learning,4
+it discusses the need to develop skills in order to meet current and foreseen shortages in emerging areas as well as these institutions modes and mechanisms of engagement to promote regional development the chapter also explores the preconditions necessary for the successful promotion of local engagement in relation to these institutions it concludes with recommendations for national and subnational agencies as well as higher education institutions themselves,4
+this investment must be accompanied by policies that respond to the diversity of young people in the region failing to invest in youth can trigger substantial costs including poor labour market outcomes social discontent and crime and violence as well as poor participation in political and civil society public policies must ensure basic conditions and securities to underpin the development of youth capacities and potential socioeconomic classes are defined using the world bank classification extreme poor youth belonging to households with a daily per capita income lower than usd,8
+they should also form the basis for food security early warning mechanisms including better weather forecasting and timely notifications of impending disasters this might include member states academic and civil society institutions farmers and women s associations the mass media and bilateral and multilateral agencies,2
+the deprivation of women in terms of quality of work is three times that of men and wage rates of women are significantly lower there has also been a decline in real wages of regular informal workers since la situation relative a l emploi des femmes n a jamais ete stable le pic de i emploi survient plus tard dans la vieet done les gains possibles suite a une augmentation de salaire sont de courteduree,5
+all targets of the waste prevention and management programme are aligned to and are consistent with the national objectives for the national development plan and the national environment and resources management programme and they are all derived from the waste law indicators included in the national environment and resources management programme were developed by semarnat staff together with japanese international cooperation agency jica experts and were aimed at assessing the effects of implementation of the programme waste management targets are generally qualitative in nature although quantitative targets exist in other environmental management areas such as energy and water policies,12
+this system also uses machinelearning algorithms to predict precisely when trucks will arrive and leave pitstops and at which petrol stations drivers should refuel this system is helping to cut down travel time by more than half by eliminating the need for rest breaks which a single driver would require the main benefits come from cargo and shipment tracking because it increases operational efficiency enables realtime adjustments and makes logistics systems more secure,9
+although both kinds of benefits are frequently regulated through labour law and collective agreements they are nevertheless included under the dimension income and benefits from employment this is also justified by the fact that there might be a tradeoff between direct wages and salaries and nonwage pecuniary benefits for example in countries in which employees can choose an increased salary in lieu of entitlements to paid leave according to the ilo holidays with pay convention no the indicators currently measure both the entitlement of leave and the leave actually taken,8
+project finance newswire discussion with four project finance bankers moderated by rohit chadhry chadboume parke pp investment monitor q vol policy instrument design to reduce financing costs in renewable energy technology projects ecofys utrecht restructuring a green grid legal challenges to accommodate new renewable energy infrastructure environmental law,7
+according to data from the world bank enterprise surveys from in developing countries access to finance is the foremost barrier to firm development world bank figure these financial constraints are exacerbated for green growth and climate action in which the private sector is sometimes reluctant to invest in part to a lack of proven and readily available business models or a failure to understand the business case development cooperation can address both the demand side and offer side of the access to finance equation on the one hand it can stimulate demand for clean technologies for example by raising awareness and demonstrating the business case,13
+in the reservoirs of the dnieper cascade a decrease in mean annual cesium and strontium concentrations is observed according to the classification of water resources adopted in belarus of water in the basin is classified as relatively clean as moderately polluted as polluted and as dirty main pollutants are nutrients nitrogen compounds organic substances including phenols and heavy metals,6
+disparities of coverage across social groups and health services suggest paying greater attention to coordination between statutory and complementary insurance provision ongoing reforms to improve prevention and coordination among care providers are steps in the right direction however progress in the development of capitationbased payment schemes which can reduce the incentives to increase the number of medical acts and encourage health professionals to spend more time with their patients and performancebased payment schemes in primary care need to be stepped up to respond to the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and curb supplierinduced demand and social disparities in access to care,3
+three assumptions were used for each variable low medium and high the medium assumption refers to the central assumptions used in the model under the low assumption scenario both the estimated volume of services per treated case and health price inflation were reduced by and under the high assumption scenario both variables were assumed to be greater,3
+there are no special schools for pupils with learning difficulties so students from units are integrated in the mainstream if they can manage without help and their behaviour is not a problem an academic study in examined teachers attitudes to disabled pupils and their perceived knowledge of inclusive education the respondents were the mainstream and special education teachers in the public primary and secondary schools data from a questionnaire were analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentages the main finding was that in general teachers have positive attitudes towards inclusive education they agreed that inclusive education enhances social interaction and inclusion among the students and thus minimises negative stereotypes about special needs students,4
+however in many regions and countries economic growth has not been inclusive enough to provide employment and incomeearning opportunities for the poor for instance in developing regions children living in rural areas are almost twice as likely to be underweight than children in urban households ibid therefore economic growth should generate demand for the assets controlled by the poor food and agriculture organization of the united nations b in particular the rural poor,2
+presentations focused on the challenges of a carbonneutral industry and pointed in the direction of the greening of the industry orrain the concept is referred to in several places as a major objective of the plan but with little elaboration of what a green economy will mean for jamaica when agriculture stakeholders were consulted there was a general sense that the green economy concept was related to sustainable development in its attention to holistic development environmentallyfriendly economic processes of production and consumption and socioeconomic equity rhiney at the same time there was a widely shared scepticism that the term was just a new name for sustainable development which was the current buzzword in the international community,12
+citizens can receive important information influencing their daily decisions conversely cities can use the internet to give a voice and listen to their inhabitants through online platforms for citizen participation electronic voting online surveys and social networks active involvement may in turn may influence the decisionmaking of municipal governments and enhance the citys democratic processes for example toronto is engaging its citizens through the transformto project which invites residents and businesses to imagine the transformative changes needed to create a more prosperous healthy equitable and sustainable city city of toronto knowledge cities need to make communication fully interactive rather than just twoway to result in a winwin beneficial relationship,11
+however indicators alone will fail to provide adequate insight into and understanding of the context in which adaptation is taking place although the evaluations of adaptation projects and programmes face a number of challenges and uncertainties they can help to identify what approaches to adaptation are effective in achieving agreed objectives further they can contribute to a better understanding of the conditions required for the adaptation measures to succeed,13
+a common enforced standard has two advantages one as discussed above is the greater credibility of an international standard than of purely national codes the other is that a common standard guards against a racetothebottom in which international firms attempt to play off competing ldc governments yet to date ldcs have attracted very little foreign equity into their firms,9
+the third sector religious charitable and other nongovernmental bodies also plays an important role in providing some aspects of health and social care the national junta committee for social protection dates back to and uses income from its national lottery to fund a variety of health promotion programmes palliative care programmes drug and alcohol treatment programmes and support for disabled people and the elderly amongst other things this is particularly true of die hospital sector,3
+the complexity of the concept and need for education as well as product development are being addressed by several projects and initiatives and partly funded by the european union however as also stressed by yliviikari it is important to apply a holistic approach towards green care improving the conditions for enterprises is important but the public sector as well as the so called thirdsector ie the civic society will continue to have an important role to play in the middle ages the town of trondheim norway was the end destination of the most important pilgrim route of northern europe the sacred remains of the norwegian king olav ii haraldsson attracted pilgrims from both continental europe and northern regions to the cathedral of nidaros today still one of the main landmarks of trondheim rumanggy,8
+energy sector regulation is controlled by the public utilities commission puc however no largescale sites have yet been exploited with the planned amaila falls project remaining under review gea b the economist solar is seen to be a viable option to bring cheaper electricity to guyana s hinterland,7
+suddenly the tables are turned with country b now getting per cent of the stock and country a only per cent this may take some time to discover at any rate with a sufficient degree of certainty country b would most likely consider itself entitled to a greater catch of fish and a might be reluctant to recognize its present eroded position,14
+n concentrations are in general caused by local emissions and thus easier to control by local authorities such a sourcebased approach will also give a quick insight in the options that profit from cobenefits with other policy areas such as climateenergy noise health and trafficurban planning two key measures are reducing local coal and biomass burning to improve air quality and reduce greenhouse gases and reducing congestion to improve mobility improve air quality and reduce noise,11
+different household characteristics are important to different degrees in different countries hence living in a large family with a lone parent or in a household with low educational attainment is disadvantageous to a similar degree children living with a lone parent may be living in multigenerational households or there may be a policy to mitigate hardship for single parents thus reducing the risk for a child who lives in a lone parent household,1
+a multifaceted approach is required examples include reform of family codes to foster equality in marriage and inheritance and legislation that criminalises domestic violence however they often face challenges of visibility and authority in effectively pursuing coherent approaches to advancing gender equality across policy areas and tiers of government the responsibility of government agencies for appropriately addressing issues of gender inequality and mainstreaming gender into policies and programmes was formalised in the beijing declaration and platform for action,5
+no major changes in the respective mandates of nordic dfis are currently foreseen with the exception of ongoing discussions of potentially untying ifu finance from danish interest in all investments the nordic dfis increasingly recognize that many of their investments ie beyond the explicit area of energy investments also have the potential to contribute to adaptation by strengthening climate resilience in partner countries in various manners eg by helping to diversify and strengthen livelihoods improve access to water energy information andor finance,13
+in the case of school leaders they play dual leadership roles an external one in which their partners are school owners and an internal one in which they lead the instructional programme of their schools the internal role of school leader is treated in the section on school improvement a possible response could eventually be the consolidation of smaller municipalities as finland has already done but this is beyond the scope of this report or a rationalisation of schooling responsibilities in the current governance structure it calls for the directorate to ensure that every municipal and county education official and the school leaders of all lower secondary schools have the capacity to work together to deliver the country s agenda,4
+institutions that teach educators should also be asked to regularly revise their programmes to make them current and relevant to the schools their graduates work in as well as to ensure their programmes to reflect national education priorities at present there is no national framework that guarantees the outcomes or quality of these courses teacher educators are not required to take responsibility for the preparation of their students either practice or inservice teaching as well as induction programmes are currently serendipitous rather than the norm the proposed programmes for practice teaching and induction must be centred in pedagogy and strongly linked to highquality teacher preparation in terms of knowledge skills and professional practice,4
+the reduction of infant mortality has been slower in india the russian federation and the united states significant differences are also evident in infant mortality rates among various racial groups in the united states with africanamerican women more likely to give birth to highrisk low birthweight infants nchs data for are not available for israel and south africa other factors such as better nutrition sanitation and housing also play a role particularly in countries with developing economies there are also notable differences in life expectancy between oecd countries with similar incomes per capita such as japan and denmark,3
+it has to be noted that rape in nepal is still largely not considered as violence against women but rather as something for which women are to be blamed thus people do not want to marry a returnee who has certainly been arabi le bhyayeko already used by an arab on top of this they are also putting their efforts into advising prospective migrants on safe migration and preventing trafficking and exploitation janaki decided to migrate to escape domestic violence after she was forced into marriage when she was only years old,5
+in thailand all programmes are designed at the national level and the national level also decides on the target groups for employment policy viet nam has allocated greater powers at the regional level regional offices each serving roughly million people but has no offices at the localsubregional level in myanmar local offices at township level have no freedom to input into programme design manage budgets or define target groups but performance targets are negotiated locally and the offices have the ability to collaborate with other agencies,8
+in addition benefit values are highly locationspecific depending on the prevalence of waterrelated diseases or the condition of receiving water bodies for example and cannot be easily aggregated approximately of the global burden of disease worldwide could be prevented with improvements to water sanitation and hygiene and better water resource management worldwide the burden of waterrelated diseases falls disproportionately on developing countries and particularly on children under five with of deaths of these children attributable to inadequate access to water and sanitation,6
+these are associated with disciplines found in educational institutions such as humanities mathematics history law and science these skills are generally obtained through the education system and are transferable across situations these are specific skills needed in an occupation and may include both academic and vocational skills and knowledge of certain tools or processes,4
+baseload nuclear plants have de facto been replaced by both renewable energy as well as medium and peakload providers in all scenarios analysed however the introduction of renewable energy is accompanied by an increase of the capacity of both peak and mediumload plants in the optimal generating mix those phenomena are more pronounced at higher penetration levels for instance the introduction of a low marginal cost technology would displace baseload technology exactly on a onetoone basis,7
+similarly the use of cluster and supply chain development policies is limited and the idea of using usstyle challenge funding to encourage the attainment of specific social and technological goals hicks is not applied finally there appears to be little use of regulations or norms as ways to stimulate innovation adopting the thirdgeneration societal challenge approach discussed previously would necessitate the use of some of these demandside instruments in the context of a common programme affecting demand as well as supply leaving that possibility aside however there is clearly space to explore innovation policy opportunities on the demand side in order to complement the weight of existing activity on the supply side,9
+these models may include formal businesstoconsumer services commercial carsharing microtransit bicycle and scooter sharing peertopeer models for sharing the use of cars or that enable the sourcing of rides platformbased business models that connect passengers and drivers or goods and carriers and hybrid models that combine aspects of some or all of those approaches shaheen et al this is especially true for transport authorities that are operating or contractingprocuring services from relatively stable and established public transport operators analogue bicyclesharing systems have been around for decades but the arrival of itenabled automated bicyclesharing systems has led to massive growth,11
+current successful teachers in the ite programme recommend even more support and inservice training for former students now teachers because many graduates find it too difficult to influence unequal structures and practices relating to diversity and intercultural norms in their schools other ways to improve include creating a more diverse student body within the ite programme as most students are native finnish and advocating for ite content in mainstream teacher education at oulu university alasuutari and jokikokko i i otherwise past cohorts may hold on to different approaches and crucially new and current teachers could fail to adapt to a continuously changing environment van driel darmody and kerzil p i j continuous professional development programmes include support for student teachers in the transition to the teaching workforce as well as providing opportunities to practice and learn about new strategies to manage diversity once they are in the profession,4
+the values of the environmental and societal jobs benefits by adopting an imta design were larger than the gains in farm profitability it is however important to note that these analyses were based solely on the commercial values from the sale of biomass being of fish shellfish or seaweeds and using conservative price estimates for the cocultivated organisms based on known applications through imta some of the food nutrients and byproducts considered lost from the fed component are recaptured and converted into harvestable and healthy seafood of commercial value while biomitigation takes place partial removal of nutrients and c and supplying of oxygen,14
+dementia affects one person in aged over and one person in five over in the next years the number of people aged over will increase by and the number of people aged over will increase by in cost of illness studies the direct costs of alzheimer s disease alone exceed the combined cost of stroke cancer and heart disease there is much that can be done to improve the quality of life of older people with mental health problems and their carers,3
+yet they are typical of the incremental cost of irrigation water in regions where farmers must pump groundwater from substantial depths purchase water in market transactions or obtain surface water from the state water project demand for water has increased substantially over time with increasing development of major cities including phoenix and tucson the federally funded central arizona project was constructed in part to relieve pressure on aquifers serving those cities by delivering surface water from the colorado river in conjunction with development of the central arizona project the state passed a groundwater management act in s that requires urban areas to achieve safeyield management of aquifers by bolin et al,6
+as discussed further below in theory also the composition of the dispatchable portion of supply is likely to change as variable renewables tend to initiate a shift from highfixed cost technologies such as nuclear towards lowfixed costs technologies such as open cycle gas turbines due to the reduction in load factors depending on government policies future fuel costs and carbon pricing the final outcomes are very difficult to predict as operators will compose new leastcost configurations adapted to the new circumstances these are difficult to grasp conceptually very difficult to quantify at the current stage of debate and may not constitute welfarerelevant externalities in the sense that gridlevel or other technical externalities do however they may well constitute the impacts that are currently most acutely felt by electricity producers and may in the long run have the most profound effect on the operations and structure of electricity markets,7
+as long as all abstraction licences have a sustainable basis there is then the potential for greater trading and economic benefit from more efficient use there is also work in hand by the environment agency which is taking a more strategic approach to the longterm water demands of the agriculture sector and energy generation so as to drive a more integrated approach to resource management across the waterfoodenergy nexus the use of scenario planning and the development of a compelling case for change will ensure that legislative and regulatory changes are made in good lime to allow a transition to a more flexible and dynamic regime there is a significant future risk to the dutch economy if water is not well managed during drought periods and the impacts of salinity are not addressed in a timely manner agriculture is only one area that would benefit from an environment where water has a value and there is flexibility to allow users to respond according to their needs,6
+in addition wage gaps widened and unemployment fell indicating that opportunities for entering the workforce and for obtaining employment increased but only in the case of parttime work thus the results in terms of the feminization of the workforce are positive both for women entering the labour market and for economic growth but entry and employment conditions may not be favourable for women and widening gaps and shrinking average wages could impact growth in the short run foir a detailed explanation of the justification for using this model see martin table gives the results for the variables of interest when pooled ordinary least squares and intragroup fixed effect estimator regressions were run the other variables are given in the detailed model set out in annex a the arellanobond test for autocorrelation does not rule out the null hypothesis of the absence of this phenomenon for the second order difference equations which justifies the use of moment instruments,5
+shifts in political leadership in the late s including the victory of a socialist opposition party and the ascendance to the throne of king mohamed vi enhanced support for political liberalization and gender equality enabling womens demands to be heard womens rights advocates responded to this challenge by establishing alliances with other changeoriented forces engaging in public awareness campaigns and framing their claims in ways that appealed to islamic precepts as well as to universal human rights principles the reformed law remains faithful to islamic values and traditions while giving women significantly more rights in particular it introduces womens right to autonomous decisionmaking by abolishing the notion of male guardianship and the wifes duty of obedience establishes equal rights and responsibilities in the family and equalizes and expands womens and mens rights to initiate divorce,5
+available at p instrumentid no ilo worst form of child labour convention ilo convention no available at p instrumentid no ilo resolution concerning statistics of child labour adopted by the th icls available at ilo report iii child labour statistics th icls geneva november december,8
+the subsidy is paid for young plants sold to fruit growers with the selling price subjected to limits another component of the programme related to the fruit sector is the compensation of costs to establish and maintain mother stock plantations of perennial fruits and grapes the specialised growers of mother stock receive compensation of their production costs based on estimated costs per hectare in this case of these costs are compensated,2
+responding states included ciudad de mexico baja california sur campeche durango sinaloa hidalgo puebla colima jalisco and estado de mexico sexual harassment against women is also widespread women aged are the most vulnerable as have reported being a victim of some type of violence suggesting that high rates occur while families are rearing children,5
+the oecd development assistance committee dac defines effectiveness in the context of development cooperation as the extent to which the development intervention s objectives were achieved or are expected to be achieved oecd a however there is no common set of widely accepted criteria against which effectiveness can be measured and upon which to form an understanding of what constitutes as effective international climate finance ellis caruso and ockenden brown et al reaching a common view is inherently difficult due to the number of providers and range of channels operating across the climate and development finance communities the diversity of recipient countries each with different needs priorities and development agendas and an increasing selection of instruments used to mobilise climate finance eg grants loans export credits and guarantees,13
+the section also discusses the methodological and data challenges involved in trying to measure the value of digital transactions and digital trade and provides estimates culled from international organizations and national authorities as well as financial reports from a number of wellknown firms this technologydriven revolution has not yet run its course and continues to this day transforming the way business are run the way production is organized the way countries and firms trade and the way people work and communicate these three trends are moores law gilders law and the digitalization of information as explained below,9
+the crge s goal is to increase economic growth so as to leap from leastdeveloped to middleincome country status whilst at the same time reducing greenhouse gas ghg emissions and increasing climate resilience the crge has two components a green economy strategy ges which mainly addresses mitigation and was launched in and a climate resilience strategy crs which focuses on adaptation and is currently being developed with a focus on agriculture forestry and land use the content of this study concentrates on the ges and the current debate in ethiopia on its implementation together with recommendations suggested by the authors having reflected on the content of the ges and the workshop deliberations the relationship between the ges and the future crs is also touched upon,13
+this is particularly true for indirect and dynamic innovation spillovers transcending the sectors barriers similarly a reliable and competitively priced energy supply as well as gains in energy efficiency support the competitiveness of energy users both these added values are not counted in the statistics of the energy sector but in upstream and downstream sectors a list is given in table,7
+in some cases the linkage between groundwater recharge and geophysical conditions could be complicated by land use change for example in the west african semiarid belt clearing savannah for cropland modified soil properties and infiltration capacities which substantially increased groundwater recharge leblanc et al while surface water rights are often predetermined and access involves engagement with other institutions groundwater can in many cases be accessed by simply drilling a well something under direct control of the farmer both of these factors have contributed to rapid growth in groundwater withdrawals in many regions,6
+this may also force the use of still costly energy sources in particular investments in additional fossil fuel power plants will be needed to complement the intermittent energy production from res these investments will have to be supported as they may not be profitable in the long run contrary to res fossil fuel power plants do not have priority access to the electricity grid and would only sell their production at the margin when res will not be sufficient to satisfy demand,7
+in other words afl practice should be expected but without controlling too much and risking losing teachers trust and motivation it would also be useful to show teachers how the different centrally initiated programmes can support each other instead of competing with each other it might also be useful to rethink how many programmes it is efficient to have running in norway at the same time,4
+the need to involve the patient both in their care and in incident reporting resonates strongly and is consistent with the responses on measuring harm the popularity of incentives to encourage teambased care is interesting it suggests a potential move towards alternative remuneration models populationbased or bundled payments it also suggests that a breakdown in integrated care can be seen as a safety lapse therefore adding weight to avoidable hospitalisations as a safety issue section,3
+in portugal the regional health authorities and the central administration for the health system produce annual reports showing the results achieved by fhu and traditional primary health care centres invariably fhu achieve better access to care and clinical performance and higher efficiency for example recent data from show that hypertensive patients and diabetics are better controlled by usf than traditional health care centres nonetheless in portugal as in other voluntary p p schemes the influence of selfselection should not be discounted,3
+the pou reflects the level of undernourishment from the point of energy intake in calories for measuring regular food access whereas the prevalence of severe food insecurity posfi as an experiencebased measure allows for the measurement of the severity of the food insecurity condition at household and individual levels therefore in addition to the pou indicators of prevalence of moderate to severe food insecurity pomsfi are used and collected through surveys as per fies methodology according to the latest estimates in percent of the total population in the eca region has been exposed to food insecurity at a severe level posfi this prevalence in the eca region is much lower than the world average which was percent during the same period this coincides with a gradual increase in the pou figure more indepth studies will be needed to investigate the causes of the recent increase observed,2
+for example the financial element involved in forcing a daughter to marry young may loom even larger for parents who are poor poor young people have less exposure to technology through which they could get critical information extreme poverty can also drive young girls into sex work unaids,5
+these multiple constraints contribute to low agricultural productivity chapter of this report as well as limiting the dynamic potential of female ventures in rural areas and thus risk inhibiting the longterm growth and diversification potential of rural economies women have land ownership rights in all these countries and in only one democratic republic of the congo is this affected by their marital status however formal discrimination persists in inheritance rights in a number of countries women have inheritance rights as daughters or surviving spouses in cases but not in seven others bangladesh nepal senegal sudan uganda united republic of tanzania and yemen and in one other lesotho daughters do not have equal rights with sons,5
+these results were related to shifts in power and changes in norms often in relation to traditional practices an example is the establishment of villages free of female genital mutilation transformative outcomes generally emerge from a change process that has several stages moving from awareness raising to attitude change to change in behaviour and rules often accompanied by institutionalization of a new norm as described in the genderwork framework in such cases undp was one actor among many that contributed to the end result,5
+ermisch and francesconi find that less than onefifth of cohabitations survive more than five years cohabitation before marriage has also been argued to raise the risk of divorce although the increased risk is small compared to other factors such as age at first marriage berrington and diamond there is also some evidence that there is negative selection in having a child outside of marriage ermisch however goodman and greaves find that while children in the united kingdom do better on average at ages three and five if born to married parents when controls for differences in other observed characteristics are conducted these differences disappear this they suggest implies that those children whose parents married in response to financial incentives saw no gain in educational outcomes,1
+annual growth declined to a moderate percent during the period although doubledigit growth still occurred in a small number of individual countries particularly in africa from to in the united nations general assembly discussed the topic of the effects of climate change on oceans during the eighteenth un informal consultative process on oceans and the law of the sea oceans action day has been part of the official programme of the conference of parties cop to the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc since cop in at cop the presiding government of fiji not only supported this event but also launched the oceans pathway partnership to support the inclusion of oceans in the official negotiations on climate,14
+the safer city streets initiative has brought together road safety experts working in cities since its launch at the un habitat iii conference in the scope of the initiative includes data collection with the development and maintenance of a citylevel database on mobility and road safety statistics this work also benefits from the guidance and support of the itfs international traffic safety data and analysis group irtad who organised the pilot stage and established the methodological framework,11
+this approach has been widely tested in practice for example germany and japan which introduced pharmaceutical product patents in and respectively successfully used their utility model laws to protect smallscale innovation for decades the japanese utility model law which once witnessed close to some applications a year allowed japanese inventors to protect smallscale improvements of foreign inventions indeed these local innovators often surrounded the foreign invention to the point where negotiated crosslicensing became necessary utility models petty patents for which the trips agreement does not provide any binding minimum standards are usually granted for smallscale inventions that do not meet the eligibility standards under patent law especially the inventive step requirement,3
+in addition they may have a more comprehensive view of the policies that have been enacted over the long term which may be difficult to perceive at the school level despite the importance of the government s role in ensuring equitable educational opportunities and outcomes many government ministries and departments work within silos implementing fragmented policies and services and frequently revising public policies as a result of changes in govemment this can become a barrier to lifelong learning opportunities and continued support for all froy and giguere oecd b to ensure continued support from one stage in life to another policy makers local authorities and schools can collaborate on a joint strategy and action plan for achieving a common goal in a coherent manner,4
+there is an interesting technical sideargument here regarding the deoptimisation of the residual system if vres had to earn their revenue on the market rather than receive fixed remuneration the revenue they would earn would be lower than the average of all the prices during the hours of the year this is because vre production is selfcorrelated and concentrated during a limited number of hours of the year during which processes are particularly low precisely because of high vre production since this effect is precisely proportional to the variability of the vres the negative externality of system deoptimisation would in fact be directly internalised through the price system see nea a however as long as vre receive fixed fits which protect them against this effect the system deoptimisation due to overdeployment of vres from the point of view of economic efficiency continues to impose an uninternalised social cost or technical externality on the electricity system while they can impose highly unwelcome impacts on certain parties eg traditional utilities which may raise issues from a distributional or political point of view they do not as such constitute social costs and rationales for public intervention,7
+declining oil revenue and a further cut in corporate income tax rates constrained revenue collection for southeast asia total tax revenues as a share of gdp ranged between in indonesia and in thailand in while the optimum taxtogdp ratio would depend on a number of factors such as a country s preference for public goods the availability of nontax revenues and the structural characteristics of the economy by all accounts there seems to be room for increasing tax revenues in a number of countries for instance it was found in a study that indonesia s potential taxtogdp ratio is approximately percentage points higher than the actual level escap a,8
+in schools with a privileged socioeconomic intake disadvantaged students tend to do better than expected but by a smaller margin compared to other oecd countries and advantaged students tend to do better than expected within a similar margin of other oecd countries table in pisa results volume ii most of the students who perform poorly in pisa share a challenging socioeconomic background and yet some of iheir socioeconomically disadvantaged peers excel in pisa and beat the odds working against them these students show that overcoming socioeconomic barriers to achievement is possible while the prevalence of resilience is not the same across educational systems it is possible to identify substantial numbers of resilient students in practically all oecd countries,4
+the resulting picture of the strains and stresses weighing on the ocean environment provides an important context for the subsequent chapters which assess the future development of a range of key oceanbased industries it provides seafood which is the primary source of animal protein in the diets of approximately billion people mostly in developing countries and it accounts for at least of the protein eaten by of the planet s human population fao seafood products account for of total agricultural food exports and of world merchandise trade in terms of their value,14
+support groups appear to be popular with individuals with mental disorders and with their carers meyer et al approaches that blend peer support and therapeutic approaches from emental health are also beginning to emerge although individuals with mildtomoderate disorders are much less likely to selfidentify as mental health service users and therefore less likely to seek help from such groups the support offered by such groups for example informally or through an online forum can be valuable box many oecd countries have sought to expand treatments for mildtomoderate disorders using psychological behavioural therapies psychological therapies have come to be wellrecognised as an important tool for increasing treatment availability improving recovery rates offering choice and quality of treatment and closing the treatment gap for common mental disorders,3
+use of satellite remote sensing is to some degree a means of compensating for reduced in situ monitoring but still requires ground truth observations for validation the challenge is how to sustain the monitoring beyond the life of the projects for instance there is regular joint water quality monitoring between the russian federation and china and the russian federation and kazakhstan,6
+according to calculations by the ministry of health patient copayment levels calculated for reimbursable drugs only could be reduced from at present to if patients were always dispensed the cheapest generic dmg with the act on reimbursement of drugs pharmacists no longer have any financial incentives to dispense the more expensive drugs as the markups are equal within the same substance group figure shows how heterogeneous the size of phi markets is across countries,3
+therefore the use of iucn assessment criteria promises considerable added value for future editions of the red data book of turkmenistan research and monitoring staff patrol their reserves on an ad hoc basis and record observations on biodiversity based on a methodological handbook their records usually in tabular format are compiled in the annual nature chronicles of each state reserve and are also used to estimate the abundance of key species typically as individuals per km of linear survey or per unit area results are reported reguarly to the department of protection of flora and fauna,15
+in order to promote systematic development of transit centres the multimodal transit center development master plan is established every five years the plan incorporates development strategies of multimodal transit centres at national regional and local levels efforts for wider adoption of intelligent transportation systems its in the past the its were largely confined to road and car traffic management and thus opportunities to improve intersectoral synergies through these technologies have been lost the its master plan lays the groundwork for sectoral its plans as well as local its plans which altogether aim to facilitate allinclusive smart traffic management through a fiveyear national plan efforts to develop advanced traffic technologies will be made at the national level,11
+the first component of the asean integrated food security aifs framework is labelled emergencyshortage relief and focuses on stability including food assistance programmes diversification and the asean plus three asean emergency rice reserve apterr a portfolio of measures to deal with risks should include policies that are effective and efficient across different scenarios of food security threats in essence this means managing a whole set of threats in order to stabilise food security whilst at the same time not compromising efforts to improve chronic levels of food insecurity,2
+this has been acknowledged by the committees in the attention paid to women s reproductive health abortion contraception early marriage and teenage pregnancy thus it is recognized that control over their own reproduction is centra i to womens ability to participate on equal terms in society thus the reporting guidelines on article the right to life require states to provide information on birth rates and pregnancy and childbirthrelated deaths of women as well as measures taken to help women prevent unwanted pregnancies and to ensure they do not have to undergo life threatening clandestine abortions iccpr,5
+the driving force behind this increase will be a combination of rising incomes and urbanisation interlinked with the expansion of fish production and improved distribution channels however the pace of this increase will slow in particular in the second half of the outlook period when fish starts to become more expensive in comparison with meat overall per capita apparent fish food consumption will increase by pa apparent fish consumption will remain static or decreasing in japan from kg to kg in canada in selected latin american countries and in africa in particular in subsaharan africa,14
+the rpsnp has an important impact on reducing poverty while subsidies tend to benefit the betteroff overall the fiscal system is too small to facilitate significant redistribution between income groups however identifying net social protection spending ie spending which is financed through taxation rather than individual contributions or loans somewhat reduces the size of the burden,1
+however to the authors knowledge it has not been shown how this approach could be implemented at a scale commensurate with csp water is required for mirror washing steam cycle maintenance and often cooling air cooling is technologically feasible but lowers the plant efficiency and increases capital costs by roughly per cent usdoe the trend is toward more freshwaterefficient cooling technologies for csp and other thermoelectric generation,7
+over a tenyear period they closed special schools and put the resources into mainstream it recognises however that individuals are not always treated as equals and that young people with disabilities experience discrimination and disadvantage the council believes that segregated special education is a major factor causing discrimination,4
+according to various estimates in about people come to almaty city daily to work most of the migrants work in lowintensive sectors such as construction and retail trade continuous production and adaptation of technical projects that are not based on the comprehensive assessment of local needs would not bring any considerable change or help to confront urban development challenges leigh and blakely,11
+it also assesses the participation of various governmental and nongovernmental stakeholders in the design of gender equality objectives the key findings and policy recommendations of this chapter aim to provide an important basis for the development of the governments draft concept on family and gender policy for setting a rationale action plans priorities timelines objectives expected outcomes andor targets and effective policy planning across public institutions for promoting gender equality,5
+the ssps are being used alongside the rcps to analyse feedback between climate change and factors such as world population growth economic development and technological progress they are based on storylines for possible futures which present different challenges to adaptation and mitigation oneill etal sustainable development proceeds at a high pace inequalities narrow technological change is rapid and environmentally friendly including lower carbon energy sources and high productivity of land,13
+city akimats are mainly accountable for the rational use of land construction permits and the provision of land for different uses in the city however in practice landuse allocation is sometimes separated from their jurisdiction because it is also the responsibility of the territorial branches of the committee for land management under the ministry of agriculture this duplication of tasks by local government and by representatives of the central government presents many difficulties for landuse management,11
+onsite feeding on the other hand can be less expensive and may result in a stronger impact in terms of cognitive capacities of recipients but their targeting performance may be poor bundy et al evidence from cambodia see box seems to indicate that onsite feeding supports school enrolment of the youngest children while take home rations have a stronger impact on attendance school feeding in cambodia context with per cent of its population living below the poverty line cambodia is one of the poorest countries in southeast asia education in the country is characterized by low quality and a weak system of infrastructure,1
+while cannabis is the drug most abused by both men and women in terms of annual prevalence cocaine is the second most frequent drug of abuse for men whereas for women cannabis is followed closely by the misuse of tranquillizers with cocaine coming a distant third experts in south america perceive an increase in cocaine use in the region which is considered to be driven by increased abuse in brazil the rise in abuse of smokable cocaine has been receiving particular attention from national authorities with the annual prevalence of crack cocaine being estimated at per cent in,3
+the environmental conditions are predominantly caused by a specific system of exchange of waters with the ionian sea the thresholds of otranto and palagruza separating the adriatic sea from the ionian sea and deeper south adriatic from the shallower north adriatic hence there are three principal water masses in the adriatic sea the adriatic surface water the levantine intermediate water and the adriatic deep water every subbasin has its own characteristic deep water the small coastal area of bosnia and herzegovina is particularly vulnerable because of a very weak renewal of waters within neum bay no river runoff small tides northsouthdominant winds and freshwater surges,14
+while most countries have adopted broadband policies or strategies more infrastructure investments are necessary to ensure reliable connections and universal access to icts however access to icts is not enough additional efforts are needed to strengthen domestic capacity especially in digital literacy higher education and other research institutions to better exploit the full benefits of icts and set sustainable growth paths for the future access to new knowledge innovation and new technologies can catalyse efforts and contribute to faster achievement of many of the sdgs,9
+this might also arise when some benefits are difficult to capture and translate into monetary terms as illustrated by the recent experiences with costbenefit assessment carried out in the european union in support to the implementation of the wfd in a few countries only see box although the wfd relates to the broader field of water resource management these examples are relevant as they show the ways in which information on costs and benefits of water investments can feed into the policymaking process in the case of the wfd however the main areas of benefits relate to environmental benefits associated with reaching good ecological status which are particularly difficult to quantify as these are linked largely to nonuse values,6
+the regression analysis shows that labour regulations have reduced female labour force participation and that recent reforms to liberalise them have mostly benefitted male employment daymard and sorsa this can reflect the fact that the regulations remain rigid and affect negatively formal job creation dougherty with sufficient reforms more flexible labour markets are likely to benefit job creation for women as well in this context the proposed amendment to the factories bill in to relax female night work are welcome,8
+compared to a regular database approach blockchain provides transparency and security through distribution of data and validation by independent parties the technology also enables companies to control their data and decide which information is shared with which partner and competitor eg pricing terms currently shipping companies and ports are actively pursuing blockchain solutions for their logistics data in order to improve visibility and reduce fraud miller,9
+an earlier survey encuesta de satisfaction al usuario found that users ranked hospital and outpatient care as satisfactory issues of geographical distribution as well as number and speciality of physicians have been persistent challenges in costa rica and despite several work force planning initiatives ensuring adequate supply of workforce remains challenging however the incentive has been insufficient to attract doctors to more distant localities and is particularly problematic for specialists such as anaesthesiologists and ophthalmologists,3
+while the multinational corporations hire some technical personnel to work on design testing and product developments the supply of rd engineers and technicians is too small for them to expand their rd in penang although the overall stock of human capital has increased in terms of outputs from tertiary institutions there are deficiencies local graduates wait period for a job has increased and their wages have stagnated suggesting that tertiary and secondary graduates skills do not match those required by employers the contrast between the wage premiums of local graduates and those from abroad is significant and suggests a mismatch between local education programmes and labour market requirements,4
+source oecd oecd health data estimates based on the list developed by tobias and yeh in provide similar results other outcome variables as well as the efficiency indicator estimated by oecd a and the european health consumer index yield similar results see table which shows seven indicators once gdp per capita is controlled for the residuals are linearly scaled such that the mean across countries is equal to and the standard deviation to for each indicator,3
+its most important export by value is crustaceans and the united states is the largest export market the value of exports and imports rose steadily between and whereas the quantity of both exports and imports fell during the same period panel b the provision of infrastructure and unemployment insurance accounted for of the total support panel c in there were registered vessels in canada panel d,14
+the perception of risk level has generally increased ie farmers tend to estimate the same risks as more important than previously new zealand farmers distinguish risks that generate threats and those that generate opportunities with the dividing line between the two likely being the ability of the farmer to manage the risk as this ability may change in the long run their perception of risk as an opportunity or threat may also change with time,2
+the reform programme called for increased investment by the private sector but the firms in question did not always expand capacity at the expected rate and in many cases in later years there was a reduction in total investment in energy infrastructure the public enterprises which all countries have preserved to a greater or lesser extent with the single exception of chile have become a tool of energy policy that is very useful on several fronts in some countries these firms play a social role by distributing electricity in rural and remote areas that are of no interest to private investors,7
+this distinction is important when it comes to translating the impacts of links into policy therefore we summarily document the geographic scale of the various links in the tables below we illustrate this potential for transboundary effects in table as an example for example depending on how it is designed and implemented protection of coastal and marine areas could benefit or hinder access to marine resources for smallscale fishing communities,14
+the expected increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events and high flow rates caused by climate change may cause resuspension of pollutants stored in sediments it is a serious concern causing aquatic biodiversity loss in rivers lakes and wetlands hampering human use of the water eg drinking water recreation fishing swimming and it can also affect human health see below and chapter on biodiversity eutrophicating pollution originates from point sources urban wastewater systems and diffuse sources mainly runoff from agricultural land each issue is discussed below,6
+in viet nam the central highlands with their diverse ethnic minority population show the lowest cpr in the country teerawichitchainan unfpa supply and demand side barriers hampering access and use of contraceptives among disadvantaged groups are many such as costs distance to service delivery points and lack of information and knowledge as well as cultural and social values sdortino according to estimates in south and southeast asia in the period per cent of married women of reproductive age had an unmet need for contraception both for spacing and limiting births,5
+policy makers therefore need to carefully consider their own particular economic structures when considering the distributional effects of their policies however in general all policies including direct regulation will have some distributional impact which can often be regressive for example sutherland argues that appliance energy efficiency standards usually affect market choices by removing the lowend and less energyefficient units from the market comparatively wealthy consumers apparently purchase about the same appliances as they would in the absence of energy efficiency standards and hence suffer minimal losses,7
+a transformation in technology and marketing has indeed taken place in food processing and in the retail sector but there is mixed evidence of the net impacts on small fanners sometimes this rapid evolution in the agrofood industry has worked toward the inclusion of small farmers particularly as resourceproviding contracts have proliferated but often changes in the food markets have worked toward the exclusion of smallholders due to scaleconstraints related to inadequate nonland assets human and knowledge capital access to credit and geographical location,2
+in most countries governments are significant energy users and government operations present significant opportunities for efficiency improvements by procuring energy efficiency services from the private sector governments can help build capacity and critical mass within this important service sector this is a winwin option since energy use is major public sector expense,7
+concentrations of population and economic activity in urban areas are additional complicating factors among the important issues facing cities this chapter discusses the challenges related to air pollution and how to respond to them through smart city policies air pollution can damage human capital and create other nonhealth costs,11
+policies to support innovations through early research and development can be undermined by an absence of support for their demonstration to potential investors and their subsequent deployment in potential markets thus technology policies need to adopt an integrated approach stimulating both the development as well as the adoption of energy technologies rd initiatives without simultaneously incentivizing users to adopt the outcomes of innovation efforts eg promoting energy efficient building designs without strengthened building codes or ccs development without a price on carbon risk not only being ineffective but also preclude the market feedbacks and learning that are critical for continued improvements in the technologies,7
+furthermore large income disparities can hold back economic growth by weakening aggregate demand united nations the widening of income gaps between employees with differing education levels in the s and s was something of a surprise considering the expected labour supply and demand trends on the one hand the expansion of education systems increased the supply of better qualified personnel on the other it was expected that liberalizing economic reforms would benefit the sectors that mainly used more plentiful factors of production especially low and mediumskilled labour the outcome of these processes would have been to boost the wages of the low and mediumskilled workers of the multiple factors that could have contributed to this trend it was not possible to identify any single key cause it being considered that a series of interactions are likely to be responsible fishlow and parker,8
+these programmes also reveal the need to extend education and health services to those sectors of society and geographical areas which are currently deprived of them by revitalizing the public supply of some of those services and associating them with conditionalities and promoting cooperation and coordination among the public bodies involved the correct functioning of conditional transfer programmes depends on each country s achievements in terms of universalizing basic social services and also on close collaboration between programme leaders and the education healthcare and nutrition sectors it is not possible to cover all the areas of concern in this report but the main ones will be examined below achieving the goals of conditional transfer programmes requires good coordination between the ministries responsible for the various social sectors as well as close collaboration between central government and decentralized or local authorities,10
+a global environment facility project in india found that more communication was needed among private sector players steel rerolling mills domestic equipment manufacturers trade and industry associations and others for uptake of industrial energyefficiency technologies verbeken agreements were established with local institutions hosting the project training courses which could then offer the courses beyond the project s lifespan the networks helped participating south african firms identify more than million rand in energyefficiency investments with a payback of less than a year spaldingfecher,7
+such evidence has driven policy makers to design an early intervention and rethink their education spending patterns to gain value for money at the same time research emphasises that the benefits from early interventions are conditional on the level of quality of ecec that children experience starting strong iii a quality toolbox for early childhood education and care has identified five policy levers that can encourage quality in ecec having positive effects on early child development and learning,4
+and a roof that doesn t leak isn t this a much more intuitive measure and one that is more capable of winning public understanding and support but the trouble with the argument that deprivation measures real poverty whereas relative income does not is that the intuitively appealing idea on which it rests is that poverty should be measured in an absolute rather than a relative sense in other words it is relative to both time and place,1
+the result shows that the lower productivity of femaleowned enterprises is due in large part to the fact that they are smaller less capital intensive and in sectors characterised by lower average productivity enterprises owned by women tend to make lower profits around less even controlling for their size capital intensity age and sector of activity column the womenowned companies included in orbis were slightly less likely less to experience an increase in the number of their employees between and column,5
+these strategies establish the general direction that the united kingdom takes in skills development setting targets and introducing new policies and agencies to assist in achieving these targets for instance the leitch review which was tasked by british government to address the uk s longterm skill needs cast a vision for the united kingdom to become a world leader in skills by and established targets to enhance educational attainment the leitch review also recommended the creation of a commission to coordinate skill needs assessment work and skill policy more generally leading to the introduction of the uk commission of employment and skills ukces which replaced the former sector skills development agency ssda and the national employment panel oecd,4
+innovative solutions in providing trade credit are therefore essential for msmes to participate in international trade and underpin msmes ability to benefit from all the opportunities discussed previously in this chapter these include internetenabled services such as websearch or communication services digital intermediation services such as distributional services travel services or p p transactions measures that hinder crossborder data flows may therefore hinder the expansion of digital trade these include for instance local data and server requirements restrictions on payment methods or requirements to give access to commercial source code or encryption keys as a prerequisite to enter a market ciuriak and ptashkina a european parliament,9
+some of these increases may be attributable to the intensification of case finding efforts in the national cancer registry the ageing of the population and improved diagnostics ie introduction of new medical equipment knowledge and increased diagnostic tests the national breast cancer programme provides free mammography for women between and years of age every two years the response rate was low only in a programme for early detection of colorectal cancer for people aged to began in on a pilot basis in one district there are plans to expand it nationally according to ehis data more than of people in cyprus aged have never been screened for colorectal cancer,3
+the consequence was a widening of the gap between women in poor families and those in middle to highincome ones for their part women in lowerincome sectors might stay at home and care for their children participate in community arrangements to secure food and services for them or join the labour market and secure child care faur however it also seems to be important to consider the evolution of female labour force participation fertility patterns and the increasing probability that a woman will have her first baby at an older age the ideal estimation would be a double selection model covering the probability of being in the labour force and of being a mother and taking account of sample selection as well as the endogeneity of the choice to become a mother,5
+the agenda embraces key economic sectors such as energy agriculture and transport it can offer opportunities for decoupling economic growth and social development from environmental degradation thus strengthening the sustainability and resilience of a society it can further help to seize new development opportunities that can contribute to growth and poverty alleviation a coherent scp policy agenda can support a triple dividend of greater wellbeing increased competitiveness and environmental integrity csiro and iges,12
+of this total or one in six children and adolescents is living in extreme poverty understood as at least one severe deprivation the scourge of extreme poverty thus affects more than million individuals in the countries with the highest overall child poverty el salvador guatemala honduras nicaragua peru and the plurinational state of bolivia on average of children were living in poverty,1
+natural gas compressed natural gas electricity and heat production are not subject to excise tax the moldova tax code law no moldova has made significant progress in protecting the environment but it remains vulnerable to changes in climate in its energy intensity was koeusd purchasing power parity or ppp adjusted energy community which is higher than the average energy intensity of the eu countries,7
+the location of a school is one of the factors that influence the distribution of staff with different levels of experience and qualifications in the united states for example urban school districts serving disadvantaged populations face particular teacher shortages although there is great variation between districts papay et al this often results in abelowaverage share of experienced and highlytrained teachers monk m gagnon and mattingly n and curriculum areas being covered by one teacher and teachers with little subjectspecific training,4
+a new feature will be added in order to enable all transaction prices to be recorded in the cadastral database a link is also being built between the cadastral database and the taxation database in order to develop a more comprehensive and fairer taxation system with an expected improvement of property tax revenues the power to regulate the use of land usually lies in the smallest unit of government eg municipalities through building and zoning codes and local governments carry the legal responsibility for preparing urban landuse plans in contrast transport planning tends to controlled by higher levels of government eg state governments and mpos in the united states,11
+norway raised this issue during the twelfth united nations congress on crime prevention and criminal justice in salvador brazil in the report is to be finalised early furthermore as oecd has pointed out several times norway would like to focus on the link between flags of convenience and tax havens in order to achieve greater transparency relating to ownership and control of fishing vessels,14
+moreover an increase in the age of the household head decreases the chances of being financially vulnerable being married and living with the spouse is also negatively associated with the probability of financial vulnerability our results also highlight that even after controlling for traditional household and regional characteristics there is clear evidence that an increase in the size of monthly debt repayment raises household s financial vulnerability and an increase in the networth of the household decreases financial vulnerability lastly regional characteristics such as living in an urban locality do not seem to have an impact on households financial vulnerability once we take into account the net worth of the household first as far as we know this is one of the earliest studies which empirically investigates the subject of household financial vulnerability using an unsupervised machine learning technique most of the existing analyses are based on aggregate data and cross country analysis which have some significant shortcomings due to their inability to account for differences in distributions christelis et al,8
+in those below the vulnerability line had constituted per cent of the population if other households experienced poverty or vulnerability in the interim a large majority of the population lives in poverty or in its shadow after all the gap between the income that defines the extremely poor and that defining the vulnerable rs per day is approximately equivalent to the price of any of the following a ticket in a municipal car park half a litre of bottled water a bus ride or a minisized snack from a street food vendor,1
+in the plurinational state of bolivia the percentage of indigenous people is twice as high in the first quintile as in the fifth against in the countries analysed over half the indigenous population is in the first two income quintiles the exception is the plurinational state of bolivia where the indigenous population is particularly large and fairly evenly spread across quintiles a particularly striking case is ecuador where of the indigenous population is in the first quintile this is because under the first of these systems having the possibility of securing more seats parties try to include candidates from different social sectors to reach a wider electorate,10
+lack of access to housing and housing instability are often associated with social exclusion risks to the health poor educational outcomes as well as with poor access to mainstream health social work and housing services oecd a the quality of housing and its surroundings are also linked to health education and childdevelopment outcomes and to general wellbeing newman and holupka goodquality affordable housing can help the elderly remain healthy and independent facilitating the delivery of services needed,11
+in many cases these illegal structures have since gained community buyin and have been turned into official skateparks sanctioned by municipalities thus changing their temporary land uses into permanent features of the urban landscape though initially an unsanctioned experiment their uses were proven to be beneficial and were eventually accepted embracing experimentation through temporary land uses cont it provides costs estimates for different kinds of projects and access to data and maps of vacant land so that potential areas can be identified and linked up to other vacant sites,11
+development cooperation can play an important role in building trust facilitating knowledge sharing and accelerating learning from experience across countries and regions as well as the development climate change and finance communities the findings of this report provide initial insights on the preconditions enabling effective climate finance in the context of development cooperation going forward there may be a need for new considerations and additional preconditions or principles that go beyond the insights from this research in particular the increasing role of private climate finance and southsouth and triangular cooperation in scaling up climate finance to meet global needs as well as specific objectives of international climate funds may require a broader set of preconditions for effectiveness,13
+similarly the anticipated capacity of gw from renewable electricity sources wind small hydro biomass waste and solar will not meet the original target of gw it does not however present scenarios aiming for deep c reductions the policy envisages c emissions for india in to be between page gt c and gt c compared to gt in while the blue map scenario in etp iea a limits the c emission increase to gt in,7
+this paper concludes with methods for accelerating standards deployment in public and personal health yet they do not fully assure the deployments because of insufficient or mismatching requirements between ict providers and nearby users in particular this issue poses an obstacle for quick launch of ehealth services in emerging nations such countries also tend to require a service launch that is more agile than standards publication,3
+landslides and landslips are also great threats in the region the local farmers led the process themselves with support from ciatcirad at first which was then continued by cipres researchers and farmers work together to develop stronger and better food plants that are better suited and resistant to droughts pests and diseases with good plant size greater yield better quality of final product in term of taste nutritional qualities and forage for animals the work has been done with local varieties of maize beans sorghum and millet that were gathered and introduced into different agroecological conditions at different elevations,2
+energy poverty both signifies and drives overall poverty more than of the world population without electricity lives in subsaharan africa and developing asia in subsaharan africa twothirds of the population million people does not have access to electricity iea a lack of electricity is generally most prevalent in rural areas,7
+finally it can help improve quality of life in reducing transport costs both in time and money given quicker andor shorter journeys to support this the chilean government is buying some land for subsidised housing in more central locations to try to reduce segregation and improve the social mix oecd b the main subsidy for vulnerable groups ds includes a viablelocation component if the subsidised house is located close to infrastructure and public transport facilities and close to health and education services,11
+arogya world used a publicprivate partnership to fund and operationalize the programme the partners other than nokia and emory university included johnson johnson and aetna at least crore people in india live with diabetes diabetes kills lakh indians each year high blood sugar for long periods harms the body,3
+overall oecd and european commission estimate that changes in demography alone will boost public healthcare spending in poland by of gdp between and and by between and respectively the impact of demography on longterm care spending is estimated at and of gdp respectively as for the impact of income gains an average annual increase of in gdp per capita over years would result in a rise in healthcare spending of only of gdp based on an income elasticity of,3
+eveiy six months the units meet with each other to ensure coordination and a report on the work of the units is prepared annually communitybased associations the family affairs bureau under the ministry of social security equal opportunities units in ministries committees concerned with women in professional associations and trade unions all handle complaints relating to discrimination against women the ombudsman s office serves as a link between the ncw and egyptian women who have encountered any form of discrimination or unequal opportunities by identify ing through firsthand experience the actual problems facing women lebanon has a legislative commission that addresses gender equality as well as social rightschildren s rights,5
+it is not clear why the dummy variables included in earlier models to represent the organisation of the health system directly were not retained therefore there would be an expansion of morbidity over time with increasing life expectancy regression output while shown for all prior models is not shown for this last model the reasons why this final model was chosen are not discussed,3
+it brings together knowledge about waste and energy systems green consumption food security farming practices and international food markets along with practices for avoiding food waste that is hardly surprising as new more environmentally and socially benign consumption requires an understanding of available alternatives their impact along the supply chain and ideas of how the consumption system could evolve and how learning would support such evolution such interventions in the form of campaigns eg engaging celebrities or opinion leaders may contribute to drawing attention to the problems however accepting responsibilities and most importantly linking them to actions requires a set of policies that provide structure and incentives for securing more sustainable lifestyles there is a need to start changing processes based around local resources and capacities learning throughout the process,12
+pesaran and smith show that under slope heterogeneity gmm and simple least square dummy variable dynamic fixed effect estimates of the speed of convergence are usually affected by a downward heterogeneity bias accordingly arnold et al rather looked at an error correction ecm version of equation a using pooled mean group pmg estimators which allow the speed of convergence to the steady state differ across countries this is a realistic approach as both exogenous ie solow and endogenous ie uzawalucas growth models imply that the speed of convergence to the steady state differs across countries because of crosscountry heterogeneity in population growth technical change and progressiveness of the income tax moreover the approach permits to discriminate between growth theories by glancing at the estimated parameters in fact for plausible values of the parameters the solow model implies a much slower speed of convergence to the steady state than that implied by the lucas model the paper concludes that the estimated speed of convergence is compatible with endogenous growth theories as mentioned this empirical approach could not be taken in the case of present analysis due to the lack of time series variation in inequality data,10
+another way to look at the burden of oop payments for health spending is to consider this spending as a share of total household consumption as a share of total household consumption outofpocket medical spending excluding any spending on longterm care accounted on average for of the final consumption of all households in korea in this is much higher than the average across oecd countries on average and more than two times greater than across g countries oecd figure in korea the share of the costs covered by the public insurance scheme is relatively low for all health services and pharmaceuticals and even lower for dental care nearly of all outofpocket spending for health care in korea excluding longterm care is related to curative care in hospital or outside hospital about is for the purchase of pharmaceuticals and the other is for dental care,3
+agricultural processing in bangladesh accounts for a relatively large share of rnf selfemployment income per cent in contrast to the more dominant manufacturing sector which represents per cent of rnf wage employment income chart f the authors identify rurality via the domicile of the household and not the location of the job participation is defined as the receipt of any household income negative or positive by any household member from that incomegenerating activity all the charts are based on the mean of shares which is defined as the income shares calculated for each household and then the mean of the household shares of each type of income is calculated,8
+similarly another study in bangladesh finds that the emigration of men is positively associated with womens decisionmaking capacity and the education of girls in migrant families hadi moreover remittances have also been linked to increased female agency within family structures and a change in perceptions of gender roles women who receive remittances have more and better control of resources jolly and reeves economic remittances may also be used to give women better access to health care allow them to start their own business and keep girls in education for longer antman,5
+capacity building for the rapid commercialization of renewable energy in china renewable energy based chinese unelectrified region electrification beijing united nations development programme china an overview of urbanization internal migration population distribution and development in the world new york united nations population page division presentation universal service obligation in rural electrification rajiv gandhi grameen vidyutikaran yojana rggvy,7
+two additional elements are usually included in definitions of gender mainstreaming the institutionalisation of gender concerns in order to transform attitudes culture goals and procedures and gender empowerment which is aimed at promoting womens participation in decisionmaking processes as well as having their voices heard and the power to put issues on the agenda by ensuring that institutions policies and programmes respond to women and men equitably gender mainstreaming also contributes to good governance if the needs and priorities of women and men are considered at each phase of the policy cycle design implementation monitoring and evaluation achieving substantive progress on addressing remaining gender gaps is much more likely as such applying gender mainstreaming to both the existing and new laws and regulations is of critical importance to close these gaps,5
+while of groundwater is used for drinking purposes less than is used for irrigation industry thermal spa and livestock wastewater is collected and treated in the largest settlement dimitrovgrad while in rural areas septic tanks are mainly used communal waste disposal and agriculture activities may locally put groundwater quality at a risk there is a need for establishing systematic quantity and quality monitoring,6
+of the kg of synthetic cannabinoids seized in the republic of korea in kg were imported from the united states the rapid emergence of substances not yet under control the limited forensic capability to identify such substances in some countries and the different listing classification for those substances adopted by different countries in the region are factors that create considerable challenges in mitigating the risks posed by new psychoactive substances at the regional level the abuse of ketamine remains a major problem for the region although the amount of seizures has been decreasing in some countries while not under international control ketamine has been brought under national control in a number of countries in the region china democratic people s republic of korea japan malaysia myanmar philippines republic of korea singapore and thailand medical professionals in brunei darussalam and china including macao special administrative region indicated an increase in the abuse of the substance in hong kong china the annual prevalence rate of ketamine use remained higher than that of amphetaminetype stimulants,3
+however the review team came across instances where parents appear to pay out of pocket for some textbooks according to reports of some of the schools visited in regions where supposedly the coverage of free textbooks is about in rules for the preparation review and publication of textbooks teaching materials and manuals were introduced and over one thousand textbooks were deemed noncompliant with the new standards singh the formula that has been proposed is the result of a long development process which has included a piloting phase and consultations with national experts sangesfk and international ones see for example unicef its final form as piloted is the result of the own analytical effort by the ministry of education and science and its subordinated institutions and so reflects the needs and sensitivities of kazakh education leaders,4
+the electricity sector is the biggest user of fuel followed by the transport sector figure the average residential electricity tariff in was us figure artificially low tariffs due to the subsidies and lack of bill payment enforcement has resulted in a culture of very high electricity use,7
+the present study demonstrates that the urban poor of bangladesh are at a significant disadvantage in terms of access to basic public and primary health services although per cent of the slum dwellers interviewed had access to water at a reasonable distance from their homes access was quite limited in terms of the number of households per source of water in a good number of cases per cent one source was shared by households,3
+this strategy includes engaging women s rights and other gender equality advocates as well as increasing knowledge and awareness about grb within the broader population more than ever new realities impose new ways of doing things in order to design responsive policies achieve the full empowerment of every member of society and obtain strategic insight on key challenges and issues governments across the globe in oecd and nonoecd countries must work to deepen citizens engagement in policy making both men and women and involve business civil society and other stakeholders,5
+the planned consolidation in the municipal sector will provide opportunities for better coordination between larger municipalities and the national health insurance it is worrying that the increase in inputs is not reflected in an increase in the volume of health services produced however similar trends have been observed in other countries and may to some extent reflect difficulties in measuring inputs and outputs and adjusting for quality improvements in health care hardie et al,3
+thus the study seeks to identify the inadequacies of the policies and practices contributing to the lack of primary and public health services for the urban poor it draws on the findings of an empirical study conducted in four slums of the capital city of bangladesh according to projections by the united nations rapid urbanization of the asiapacific region will continue and by the majority of the region s population will live in urban areas escap para,3
+in addition from one species to the other only little of the knowledge and techniques are transferable in other words bringing a new species under human control requires major laboratory efforts and starting fresh for each species species such as trout and salmon are mature in production while some species with great potential such as the bluefin tuna and the eel have not yet seen full control of the reproduction circle,14
+children below age represent of the total population of these countries the countries included in the analysis have experienced a large population growth over the last decades and the trend is expected to continue population projections show a doubling of the african population between and predicting that of all children under will be found on the african continent by unicef on the one hand the results show the total deprivation of all children in the selected subsaharan african countries while on the other hand the findings function as a comparison of childrens deprivation levels between countries,1
+many of the recommendations made in that chapter are directly applicable to screening and preventive health care currently only health care activities are documented for reimbursement purposes extending this to include blood pressure blood sugar and other clinical measurements will allow more informative assessment of the success of secondary preventive efforts,3
+the region would also benefit from cooperation in energy planning and project analysis frameworks fora sustainable energy agenda and policymaking there arc significant opportunities to move to cleaner energy systems however the capacity to adopt new technologies often referred to as absorptive capacity as well as to develop new technologies is mainly located in a few countries adoption of new technology needs to be efficient and often this requires economies of scale,7
+if cm are initiated increases in emission levels would be more moderate figures and some of the sectors where cm could be significant and effective include transport green buildings adoption of energysaving equipment switch to natural gas and renewable energy sources and smart power plants in viet nam policies to improve the public transport system and encourage the introduction of less polluting and noisy motorcycles the main form of private transport in both major and small cities would lower urban pollution and noise,7
+possible research questions include what are the most common mixes of sources of financing for social housing providers how does the increased reliance on private debt affect the provision of social rental housing how can providers become more efficient while providing suitable accommodation for lowincome and vulnerable tenants,11
+transdermal patches are used for chronic pain whereas transmucosal dosage is used for breakthrough cancer pain based on the study findings eight strategies were found to have a high impact on preventing the diversion of prescription opioids in opioid dependence treatment programmes those measures included a supervising consumption among those patients most likely to misuse or divert while providing extended takehome medications only for patients when their dosage and social situation are stable and who accept abuse deterrent formulations and b restricting takehome formulations that could put children at risk through unintentional exposure,3
+the work of the task force focussed on the use of natural gas in transportation to facilitate and accelerate the commercialization of natural gas including renewable methane as a fuel for the road and marine sectors asociacion iberica del gas natural para la movilidad gasnam provided preliminary inputs regarding maritime use of natural gas this present report has built on those initial inputs with significant contributions by dnv gl the report summarizes findings to date on the main barriers to the use of natural gas in maritime transport to inform the group of experts on gas on appropriate approaches to their removal,7
+the results present several clear opportunities for green growth and call for urgent policy actions the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law this is further exacerbated by landuse plans and zoning ordinances of some lgus being outdated and needing revision to bridge the gap between what is planned and what is built,11
+although the variability of supply of some renewable generation creates certain challenges in operation solutions for these concerns are and can be addressed as electricity systems expand and increase in complexity increased engagement of companies with experience in largescale deployment and operation will be needed the private sector rightly looks to governments to establish policies such as alternative tariff structures that address social equity considerations associated with universal access to electricity as situations may arise in which the consumers ability to pay is a challenge this report focuses on personal transport due to its great diversity at a regional level rather than the more globally homogenous nature of freight transport,7
+washington dc world bank available at wwwworldbankorghtmlfpdesmapenergyreport ch pdf favorable tailwind initiate on china high speed buy goldwind october available at wwwe comarticlesaspxid gateid socioeconomic impacts of rural electrification in bhutan london the royal institute of international affairs and earthscan,7
+where currents flowing from the open ocean come up against narrow continental shelves nutrientrich oxygenpoor water can be brought up into coastal waters and produce hypoxic zones zones with low levels of dissolved oxygen or even dead zones zones with insufficient oxygen to support life also called anoxic zones examples of this effect are found on the western coasts of america north and south of the equator the western coast of subsaharan africa and the western coast of the indian subcontinent increases in the flow of some ocean currents may intensify this effect chaps some greenhouse gases especially chlorofluorocarbons have an impact on the ozone layer in the stratosphere,14
+there is no information available regarding the tourism sector as it is regarded as urban consumption from the water resources management standpoint the unsatisfactory sanitary and technical conditions existing in the wsss often lead to breakdowns leading to losses of per cent the water tariffs currently in place allow for only partial recovery of operation and maintenance costs of water services estimated at per cent,6
+this could be interpreted as suggesting that decisions to enter or leave the labour force tend to be more permanent under these circumstances no significant relations could be found with the other variables the difference on the lagged coefficient would imply that a percentage points increase in the share longterm unemployment could lead to a decline in participation percentage point lower in the healthiest state than in the least healthy state this could be linked to the impact of housing prices on mobility if displaced workers tend to stay where housing costs are low rather than moving to look for job opportunities in more expensive states,8
+the legislation should recognise such diversity and provide for both individual and customary rights finally a special court for agrarian conflicts could be set up as an independent institution to solve the rising number of land conflicts significant efforts have been made to accelerate licensing procedures but there remains scope for further improvement the indonesian investment coordinating board badan koordinasi penanaman modal bkpm licensing authority should be strengthened and cover sectoral licenses currently administered by other institutions,2
+first transfers from the state treasury to the state health secretary have often occurred very slowly likewise there is limited reporting of how funds are spent which leaves open the possibility that funds intended for health will in fact be used for other purposes there have been several high profile allegations of corruption and misuse of state resources there are however broad rules regarding how states can use their health funds which is important given the variations in administrative and managerial capacity across states,3
+finally when handed directly to energy supplying firms subsidies can discourage innovation technological upgrading and cost effectiveness and may even compromise the overall quality of service if perverse subsidies are not removed subsidies for rets may be needed to level the playing field and encourage their utilization however they must provide an encouragement not an end for both users and suppliers in sum subsidies must effectively reach the intended beneficiaries encourage the provision of leastcost services eg avoid covering operating costs and overall be costeffective that is achieve maximum social benefits for each unit spent barnes and halpern for instance in some rural areas the greatest challenge for farmers can be that the payment cycle for electricity connections and monthly bills does not match the income cycle once or twice a year after the harvest simply adapting the modalities of payment to the profile of agricultural users could make the difference,7
+as countries reduce extreme absolute poverty concerns of social inclusion better represented by relative poverty lines become increasingly relevant anchoring the poverty line to median welfare makes the poverty line dependent on distributional parameters beyond the mean thus allowing for poverty lines that differ across countries with the same level of income per capita the paper derives and presents relative poverty headcount ratios from publicly available grouped data for countries an examination of the trends in absolute and relative poverty in brazil china and the united states uncovers commonalities that are not apparent if the analysis focuses on national poverty lines or different concepts across countries,1
+this chapter outlines the impact of thailands switch from a contentbased curriculum to a modern standardsbased approach in and its revision in this should be better communicated to schools and education staff supported in the implementation of curriculum reform the content of each discipline or subject is traditionally described in terms of skills knowledge and attitudes more recently other elements such as crosscurriculum themes key competencies and values have been added to this simple subjectbased paradigm,4
+some data linkage of the registers including to mortality is already underway with significant potential for extension use of standardised electronic records and data linkage would also reduce the burden on primary care staff of recording duplicative data in multiple quality registers enhancing standardising and streamlining the information architecture to support improvements in health care quality and coordination including in primary care should also be a priority in addition to tackling some of the practical issues entailed leadership and a culture change in primary care will also be needed to overcome resistance to data collection by promoting the potential of benchmarking data for quality improvement and supporting patients,3
+v told the dhs child protection officer she was engaged to be married to her yearold fiance and she was going to travel overseas to meet him early and forced marriages in east afric katanga was charged with the crime against humanity of sexual slavery and rape under article g of the rome statute enslaving civilian female population of bogoro and sexual slavery and rape constituting a war crime under article e vi and article b xxii constituting a war crime in noninternational and international armed conflicts respectively,5
+with funding from unicef the fao contracted the authors to write the review the authors are grateful for the constructive and thoughtful input provided by staff from both these organizations children are particularly vulnerable million children go to school hungry one in four are stunted and nearly half of deaths of children under five are attributable to poor nutrition as concerning as these numbers are by focusing narrowly on anthropometric consequences of malnutrition rather than on child food insecurity more holistically we probably underestimate the extent to which children are negatively impacted by foodrelated hardships child food insecurity is related to hunger and malnutrition but it also includes experiences of worry stigma and shame related to food challenges,2
+a functional primary care system where a family physician serves as the coordinating hub for complex patient care ensuring that medicines and treatment regimens are properly reviewed over time will help ensure that complex care needs arising from chronic disease are catered for a good example of a community programme in korea today is the gwang myeong registration project which focuses on diabetes and hypertension management see box below this pilot project is run by the gyeonggi provincial government and involves collaboration between the ministry of health and welfare the korean centre for disease control gyeonggi provincial government gwang myeong metropolitan health centre provincial medical care institutions and pharmacies and the hypertensiondiabetes mellitus control centre,3
+campaigning and raising awareness among young men and women parents teachers and employers about genderstereotypical attitudes towards academic performances and the likely consequences of overall educational choices for employment and entrepreneurship opportunities career progression and earnings encouraging more women who have completed stem studies to pursue professional careers in these areas for example by means of career counselling adult education internships apprenticeships and targeted financial support designing taxbenefit systems so that both parents have broadly similar financial incentives to work securing availability of and access to affordable goodquality early childhood education and care as well as affordable longterm care for other dependants including for example disabled children or elderly relatives,5
+surface water markets can also be used to replace groundwater markets especially in times of scarcity during californias drought for instance some farmers bought surface water pumped from aquifers of neighbouring farmers sommer agriculture water conservation and irrigation efficiency programs often rely on fiscal instruments to redirect economic incentives towards lower intensive use of groundwater figure shows that eight of the responding countries report having subsidies for water conservation programs and nine have subsidies for irrigation efficiency,6
+obesity rates are rising particularly among children where the rate has grown by since nevertheless the share of public expenditure is high and the benefits package is broad while copayments are levied on an increasingly wide range of health benefits there are exemptions for vulnerable groups and outofpocket payments accounted for only of total health spending in equal to the eu average strengthened health system governance will be crucial to ensure financial sustainability there is a large gender gap with women living about six years longer than men years for women compared with slightly less than years for men standardised death rates from cardiovascular diseases were per population in times higher than the eu average of,3
+sanitation coverage in urban areas is almost the same as drinking water coverage urban areas have mostly combined sewage and storm water collection networks that discharge into nearby surface water bodies because of poor maintenance of wastewater sewers and small pipe dimensions leaks from these sewers often carry the risk of polluting the drinking water network in rural areas only a small proportion of the areas with piped water supply is equipped with sewer networks,6
+in the effort of improving resource efficiency the consumers are important actors the consumer is crucial in improving resource efficiency during the use phase such as printing doublesided maintaining the windows to extend their life span and upgrading their existing products instead of buying new ones therefore requirements on consumer information on resource efficiency are important requirements to include in future im in the ecodesign directive further consumer information is also an issue emphasised in the framework ecodesign directive therefore this section will shortly elaborate on three addition categories including priority resources and critical metals dematerialisation and system thinking,12
+for example residents have voluntarily been enforcing a carfree day per month on a few selected streets in the neighbourhood this raises a number of issues such as congestion the risk of road accidents a lack of parking space and potential loss in quality of life due to congestion suwon is gradually expanding its subway network to provide its citizens with alternative modes of transport,11
+the importance of longterm habitat isolation has also been shown for fungi and lichens on forest remnants in northern sweden where the newly isolated forest remnants had higher species richness for lichens but not for wooddwelling fungi compared to longisolated forest remnants berglund jonsson indicating that lichens on newly isolated forest remnants may suffer future local extinctions whereas the fungi seem to have already adapted to the recent isolation hence the landscape distribution of key habitat elements and the history of forest exploitation as well as the amounts of such habitat elements are important determinants for the longterm survival of forest biodiversity however the value of the forest for biodiversity also varies with sitespecific factors linked to climate productivity or specific terrain or substrate features,15
+farmers benefit directly they earn higher incomes and can use the extra production to enhance their own household food consumption in a second round of benefits productivity growth enables farmers to hire additional workers and buy other goods and services creating multiplier effects that can ripple throughout the economy stimulating overall economic growth and reducing poverty hayami etal growth in agriculture reduces dollaraday headcount poverty more than three times faster than growth in nonagricultural sectors christiaensen demery and kuhl for example relatively strong sustained per capita income growth of percent per year for years a total of approximately percent increase in income would reduce the prevalence of underweight among children in developing countries by only percent fladdad et al,2
+monitoring jekonomicheskoj situacii v rossii tendencii i vyzovy socialnojekonomicheskogo razvitija monitoring of the economic situation in russia tendencies and challenges of socioeconomic development social networks gender and immigrant incorporation resources and constraints american sociological review vol,5
+an example of the think aloud method used to construct survey questions on violence against women by statistics canada and the insights provided by this testing is presented in box iv ten behaviourally based questions on physical and sexual violence and ten questions designed to measure emotionally abusive and controlling behaviour were included in cognitive testing the goal of the testing was to ensure that the final questionnaire would appropriately capture a range of experiences and be comprehensive and clearly understood by respondents and that respondents would be willing to disclose sensitive information to interviewers the goal of the facetoface think aloud interviews was to assess how well the survey and its concepts reflected the lived experiences of these individuals and to ensure that the questions were appropriate for a large scale victimization survey,5
+based on the new basic plan a new farm income support payment was launched for rice farmers as a single year pilot programme in the payments are designed to bridge the gap between the actual average producer price and a reference level of nationwide production cost in this countercyclical scheme the reference producer price is set as the national average producer price of the past three years this pilot programme is expected to continue in extending this new income support payments for upland crops such as wheat barley and soybean,2
+the other is to link the national highways along the asian highway routes across turkeylran islamic republic ofpakistanlndiabangladeshmyanmar to develop a tipibm road corridor the itidkdy and tipibm corridors are integral parts of ah and tar projects and can be interlinked at various locations longitudinally covering the whole of south asia both corridors will have connecting sublinks to the major ports of chittagong kolkata mumbai karachi gwadar chabahar and bandar abbas and will connect with other corridors under development including the instc cpec and bcim,9
+international experiences show a great variety of governance models which reflect different institutional organisations local circumstances historical and cultural choices but regardless of the placebased considerations to get water charges right a number of common and overarching governance principles should be followed to set the needed framework conditions for economic instruments to deliver for water charges to deliver it is crucial to address not only the question of what to do,6
+with rising urban emissions the population around the world will be more vulnerable to the effects of climate change cities themselves will be especially prone to rising sea levels increasing migration and water and food stress without investment in urban resilience the effects of climate change will push more urban households into poverty,11
+in practice it could be defined as coverage for the whole population for a certain set of health services and goods although the nature of these goods and services varies across countries the who and the world bank have proposed options to measure and assess health care coverage in a given country and to measure progress towards universal coverage see box they suggest that two types of measures can be used to assess progress towards universal coverage financial protection can be measured by looking at the proportion of people facing very high catastrophic health expenditure defined as a percentage of household spending and by looking at the proportion of the population who fall into poverty due to health spending,3
+appropriately designed solutions should focus on solving the causes of issues such as policy risk or better designed markets on the contrary options that pick up technologies such as targeted contracts and in certain cases standards and norms carry the risk of significant indirect costs market integration over large geographical areas will bring benefits it reduces dispatching and balancing costs and facilitates the accommodation of increasing shares of variable renewables,7
+an inspiring example of such a strategy can be found in greenpoint brooklyn curran and hamilton box the plan aimed to promote mixeduse development projects increase green spaces reduce water spending and tailor public spending to specific areas of the city in need of development the plan paid particular attention to the development of open spaces and the creation of integrated connections between spaces,11
+healthrelated quality of life scores were significantly lower for respondents with ades compared with other respondents consequently productivity loss due to long term sickness and disability increased for people who had suffered ades compared to other respondents if the patients are of working age the worsened health caused by harm may prevent them from participating in the workforce resulting in lost productive life years beyond the negative impact on selfesteem and personal economic loss from reduced income the flow on effects include higher support and care needs increased welfare dependency and loss of taxation revenue,3
+among children and adolescents up to the age of the poverty rate increased by almost percentage points while poverty among those aged over fell by percentage points owing among other things to the expansion of noncontributory pension systems in the region eclac a thus the ratio between children and young people living in poverty and older people in the same situation rose from to and in the case of extreme poverty the ratio jumped from to the femininity index of poverty is calculated as the ratio between the poverty rate of women of working age years and the poverty rate of men of the same age group it is useful because it demonstrates the extent to which women are either overrepresented or underrepresented among the total population living in poverty,1
+nonetheless according to the same surveys of the population report not having any health insurance signalling a lack of awareness that is likely to translate into poor health care access poor outcomes and continued financial risk that review made detailed recommendations for improving health system performance in six areas ensuring adequate funding of the health system tackling the remaining barriers in accessing services for those not covered by social security encouraging greater efficiency of health care providers encouraging greater productivity of health care professionals promoting the quality and effectiveness of care and improving governance of the system regarding the former seguro popular has gradually expanded its package particularly for cancer and other the interventions covered by the fund for highcost diseases the national survey of health and nutrition ensanut and work by the national institute of public health suggest that sendee availability has generally improved and availability of prescribed medications in particular in rural areas the mobil medical units formerly caravanas de la salud programme implemented in appears to have had some transitory benefit,3
+it carries out onsite control and monitoring required for food security and consumer protection and performs the necessary actions in cases of epizooties and other emergency situations under its competence the fvs also cooperates with relevant authorities of other eu ms and third countries and is authorised to perform controls to ensure compliance of exporters with provisions set out by relevant third countries there are two institutions under the supervision of the meprd that are related to fisheries management the state environmental service which is responsible for surveillance control and enforcement of fishing activities and the nature conservation agency which ensures implementation of a unified nature protection policy,14
+the aim is to improve reproductive and maternal and child health end the epidemics of hivaids malaria tuberculosis and neglected tropical diseases reduce noncommunicable and environmental diseases achieve universal health coverage and ensure universal access to safe affordable and effective medicines and vaccines towards that end world leaders committed to support research and development increase health financing and strengthen the capacity of all countries to reduce and manage health risks almost all maternal deaths occur in lowresource settings and can be prevented including by expanding access to appropriate sexual and reproductive health services,3
+no single set of metrics is suitable for assessing energy security for all purposes in all situations for these country groups table outlines important factors contributing to energy insecurity of a nation region or particular group of countries energy security in this framework is defined as low vulnerability of vital energy systems the vulnerability of a system is the degree to which that system is unable to cope with selected adverse events such a framework allows review of security of vital energy systems from the perspectives of such criteria as criticality likelihood of the event and level and type of damage,7
+womens rights advocates and autonomous feminist organizations have a critical role to play here in bringing womens concerns into the policymaking process and holding decisionmakers and service providers to account innovations in electoral systems and affirmative action measures have come about both as a result of pressure from womens movements and through the influence of global declarations and resolutions womens involvement in politics can also have a positive rolemodelling effect by encouraging other women to seek public office,5
+subsidiarity entails a clear definition of responsibilities across public and private players for instance in the area of risk management systems it also concerns the regional level of action which strongly depends on the type of problem at hand for instance the environmental performance of agricultural production has local regional and global dimensions and responses in terms of policies technological or method developments need to be found at the corresponding levels,2
+in switzerland around of the entire cohort graduate through the professional education and training system through professional college qualifications and industryled federal exams fazekas and field b in sweden the numbers enrolled in higher vet programmes trebled between and while in romania enrolments in posthigh school grew from in to in ministry of education and research sweden ncdtvet romania all of the programmes mentioned here are substantial onetwoyear postsecondary vocational programmes,4
+riders noted that the service was attractive because it was less expensive than alternatives survey evidence six months into the pilot found that riders used the service instead of a car trip a bus trip or a ride service in this case uber marshall shaheen et al following on the demise of kutsuplus the closure of bridj which had been highlighted as one of the more innovative startups in the rideservice and public transport field underscores the difficulty that appenabled ondemand microbus shared ride services face at present,11
+one of the biggest obstacles immigrants face when looking for work is that their qualifications and foreign work experience may not be fully recognised in the host country as a result many immigrant workers hold jobs for which they are overqualified on average men have higher scores on the numeracy and problem solving in technologyrich environments scales than women but the gap is not large and is further reduced when other characteristics such as educational attainment and socioeconomic status are taken into account in literacy the gap in proficiency in favour of men is even narrower,4
+there may be considerable potential in asia and the pacific to use systems that enhance the visibility of resource consumption in a policy package alongside fees charges or taxation to enhance efficiency the city of new delhi for example has a system of monitoring water consumption using a mobile phone application used to enhance awareness of wasteful consumption alongside increased water rates hindustan times environmental taxes can help reduce distortions in the economy and thus bring about economic efficiencies and increased welfare,7
+firms that are either exporters or foreign owned are typically more frequent ict users basic use of ict is needed to support skills for internal management such as training cost calculation product design and enterprise administration at this level both computers and smartphones may serve as a basis,9
+the process of preparation of the second assessment included a series of subregional workshops which were important events to build capacity in the different countries and subregions and to promote transboundary dialogue and exchange this is all the more important in the transboundary context and in a region as broad as the unece one where methods for water assessment and classification differ greatly between states and not only between european union eu members and noneu countries in order to reach a common understanding about the status of shared waters the existing trends and the actions needed to improve the situation the availability of reliable and comparable information is of the utmost importance,6
+extreme events will also carry the potential to disrupt transportation flows to rural areas the patterns of demand will change and given current capacities increasing demand in the summer could strain transmission lines due to spikes in demand for electricity to power airconditioning equipment on the other hand to the extent that winters will become warmer heat energy demand can be expected to decrease,13
+customers must charge their cards with prepayment for a set amount of gas these cards are then used to open the home valves connecting to the biogas grid releasing exactly as much biogas as was prepaid in all such novel and profitable business ideas hold great potential for renewable infrastructure indeed the development trajectory of developing countries can be very different from that of the developed economies due to the possibility of leapfrogging and avoiding mistakes by learning from others experiences neighbouring or similar countries share lessons with particular effectiveness,7
+nemets analysis does not invalidate the policy prescription based on deploymentled cost reductions which is included in iea etp projections to the projections are also based on analyses of the cost reduction potentials to be mobilised in future learning phases and milestones towards competitiveness in progressively broader electricity markets see iea technology roadmaps in particular iea c resource exhaustion when good sites get more scarce or remote or if the proportion of variable sources in electric generation pushes up integration costs can slow deployment and progress along the learning curve but would not modify its slope,7
+in the absence of either such extreme scarcity payments or capacity payments producers run up against the missing money problem which means that they are unable to finance their fixed costs in practice however the capacity market option seems largely preferable to the voll option as it is far less uncertain and avoids the issue of barriers to entry any market participant for instance would need to be able to play the whole merit curve which implies a costly portfolio of means of generation and thus persistent structural underinvestment with persistent price spikes in the long run the latter would create serious doubts about the viability of liberalised electricity markets,7
+both face complex challenges where longstanding problems must be confronted alongside emerging concerns in particular peru is experiencing worsening rates of noncommunicable diseases alongside a persistently high rate of infectious disease the health system meanwhile is simultaneously grappling with how to assure basic access universal health coverage has still not been achieved for instance whilst prioritising efficiency and value for money and improving quality of care,3
+the third is to allow children under the age of to have free access to school canteens in districts where the monetary poverty rate is higher than the national average using a government subsidy covered by foreign aid equivalent to of initial gdp the final policy response scenario consists of distributing cash transfers to households with poor children the total amount of the transfer is equal to of cameroon s beforecrisis gdp and is supported by international aid moreover it leads to a sizeable fall in these two dimensions of poverty compared to their levels in the absence of the crisis,1
+the scope of such an organisation is defined by the areas of specialisation of the local heis that provide the resources and the local industrial structure although their focus is mainly on the respective territories where they are located in particular for the background work mentioned above they should be networked to multiply the opportunities of matching supply and competence needs,9
+for the rest of the deprivations no substantial differences linked to the level of multidimensional poverty were found as can be seen the contributions of the different deprivations to the adjusted headcount ratio remained fairly stable in both periods under review the most marked change was the drop of percentage points in the contribution of incomebased deprivation to total poverty in argentina between and,1
+with the introduction of fsc standards in the country the concept of high conservation value forest hcvf has been introduced based on fsc certification reports of four certified forest companies there are ha ie around per cent of total forest cover of hcvf forest in bosnia and herzegovina fao according to the annual report of the ministry of agriculture water management and forestry productive forestlands that are suitable for afforestation amount to about ha the area under the forest can be increased because a large proportion of these areas has poor production potential but could be afforested by using appropriate tree species in accordance with natural and ecological conditions,15
+segregation can also occur at the schoollevel through schools circumventing mandated school choice practices by mainly advertising to certain groups of highachieving students as well as building schools in areas that are typically homogenous and highachieving bohlmark holmlund and lindahl furthermore many researchers conclude that school choosers students or parentsguardians select schools on the basis of race ethnicity and class in addition to rational objective measures of school quality voyer ii with immigr ant parents tending to choose schools for different reasons than native parents evidence on the criteria indicates that parents from a lowerincome background prefer schools that are close to where they live allen reay and allen,4
+yet market developments indicate that blockchain technology is gradually moving towards more businessrelated use cases prominent examples of big enterprises experimenting and developing blockchain applications include microsoft goldman sachs and maersk companies are also increasingly joining consortia in order to explore the potential of dlt,9
+if the overall costs of mitigation during the next decades are considered the economic assessment might differ substantially immediate c reductions driven by the early deployment of re may cost more than other options today but will reduce the costs of mitigating climate change in the future the risk that some mitigation options may fall short should motivate policy makers to consider highercost options that effectively provide insurance against catastrophic climate change it shows that developing new renewable resources eg wind solar and others from a very narrow basis today allows learning that will unlock their dimatechange mitigation potential,7
+the region has a basin management plan piano di bacino but it is not effectively integrated with other planning instruments this is particularly urgent given the lagoon s highly polluted sediment which is at times sufficiently polluted to be designated as toxic waste under national legislation and thus subject to special removal and disposal procedures the lagoon sediment is nonetheless an important resource for morphological reconstruction eg salt marshes and littoral regeneration eg creation of parks along the coastal zone however no integrated policy governs water quality concerns stemming from dredging for navigation purposes which stirs up sediment and reintroduces it into the water column,6
+the aim of the programme would also be to study and analyse issues related both to credit and financial institution support since access to formal finance is a crucial concern they proposed the establishment of a gfcm working group on ssf in order to facilitate the implementation of the ssf guidelines as well as to promote without compromising environmental sustainability the improvement of socio economic conditions within ssf particularly through the promotion of livelihood diversification as appropriate and the endorsement of the principle of decent work as defined by the work in fishing convention cl of the international labour organization ilo the need was also highlighted to promote the development of a forum for ssf associations of northern and southern mediterranean riparian countries particularly through specific projects financed by cpcs or by other international governmental or nongovernmental entities,14
+cooperation between users and producers of statistics a dialogue should be fostered between national statistical offices and interested stakeholders including womens groups the general approach in the development of gender statistics has involved efforts to promote dialogue and understanding between statisticians and the various users of statistics policymakers representatives of nongovernmental organizations activists and researchers united nations,5
+the role of private health insurance is negligible primary care is financed largely through capitation with adjustments for age and rural location plus a smaller share of feeforservice and performancerelated payments for specific prioritised areas of care in particular chronic diseases outpatient care is financed through case payment and feeforservice for diagnostic tests while inpatient care is largely financed through casebased payment drgs,3
+these events signal the need for responses by all stakeholders which address their concerns for the most part solutions addressing these issues are not new but add greater clarity for appropriate policy responses these include greater priority for productivity growth and improving resilience to shocks implementing appropriate policies to address volatility and to mitigate its consequences finally the international community needs responsible forums in which enhanced policy development and international coordination can work to address the policy challenge of securing the sustainable growth in the global food system which will be needed to feed the world in the years to come,2
+the state welfare system was substantially reformed after the end of apartheid until then the system was mainly dominated by meanstested noncontributory oldage and disability pensions with conditions attached to the size of the benefit as well as eligibility that favoured the white population the reform aimed at changing this and twenty years later the picture has been reversed with the majority of grant beneficiaries being black africans,10
+given the disparate and differentiated impact violence has on women and different groups of women there is a need for specific measures of redress to meet their specific needs and priorities according to the special rapporteur the focus of reparations should be on fairness towards the victims of human rights violations and on repairing the damage done not only on returning the women to the circumstances they were in before they suffered the violence since the violence women experience is a continuum of structural and systemic discrimination women face in peacetime during conflict and postconflict its structural and systemic causes need to be addressed by reparations aiming to transform these conditions complex reparations schemes such as those providing a variety of benefits can better address the needs of female beneficiaries and have transformative potential both in practical material terms and in terms of boosting their selfconfidence and esteem,5
+irrigation charges are likewise very low but this is part of more general problems in this sector institutional weaknesses compounded by chronic mismanagement and underinvestment have resulted in the major degradation of irrigation and drainage infrastructure however the environmental damage is estimated according to methodologies dating back to the soviet era,6
+furthermore the size of wind energy turbines requires them to be produced closer to installation sites which provides opportunities for manufacturers in regions near windenergy installations such as the chicagoarea county region however the low price of coalgenerated electricity in the us figure will likely continue to exert pressure on wind technologies to become more costeffective a national price signal that internalises the environmental externalities associated with fossil fuels such as a capandtrade programme or a carbon tax could make renewable energy sources significantly more costcompetitive with fossil fuel sources depending on the baseline price,7
+for the selfemployed these figures amounted to ghc for nativebom workers and ghc for the foreignbom in total the gap between the average income tax per capita paid by a native and foreignbom worker amounted to ghc ghc and respectively of these go to ssnit of which are remitted to the national health insurance authority while the remaining are allocated towards the mandatory second tier occupational scheme,8
+it also poses the question to which extent the wholesale electricity market is still the relevant instrument for matching demand and supply and for coordinating investment decisions independently of social preferences for one technology over another the current trend of superposing market outcomes with different layers of policy instruments to achieve certain outcomes poses serious questions concerning the transparency and ultimately the sustainability of electricity sectors in oecd countries nuclear energy does indeed create a number of specific system effects in particular with respect to siting and to the specific requirements that it demands in terms of transmission infrastructure and grid access both issues are ultimately linked to the need to ensure continuous cooling of the reactor core nuclear power plants thus need to be located close to sufficiently large water sources that can provide continuous cooling,7
+a major challenge before the development community is to find the means through which a failing state can change into a capable one however the millennium development goals per se do not constitute a development strategy on the other hand the recent financial crisis and recession have further undercut the validity and appeal of the washington consensus and thus there is currently a vacuum so to speak in the thinking about appropriate growth and poverty reduction strategies,1
+gender gaps in financial inclusion are largest in south asia and in the middle east and north africa region klapper enabling women to build up savings in accounts registered in their name attracts more entrepreneurs conversely access constraints curtail the business growth of femaleowned microenterprises dupas and robinson show that female market vendors in rural kenya increased their daily investments by between and when they were provided with interestfree bank accounts,5
+labour resource utilisation is measured as total employment as a share of total population based on national labour force and household surveys labour productivity is measured as gdp per person employed including estimated informal employment brazil india indonesia and china age group years and over,8
+most of these fall under the category of m length vessel around stocks were classified as not overfished while stocks were classified as overfished or subject to overfishing the remaining stocks were classified as uncertain the number of stocks assessed in any given year is determined based on the importance of that stock to the current or past economic conditions of the fishery,14
+the addition of significant amount of renewable energy reduces the electrical capacity running at high load factors and increases the value of flexible production a higher proportion of conventional stations is required to operate only at times when the production from renewables is below average in those conditions plants with relatively low capital costs will be favoured over those with low operating costs first the optimal generation mix of dispatchable technologies that satisfies at the lowest cost for a given electricity demand represented by the annual load duration curve is derived the same methodology is then applied to the same electricity market after the integration of a given amount of renewable energy,7
+mental health nurses must work with psychiatrists and gps to provide services like monitoring a patient s mental state managing their medication and improving links to other health professionals and clinical service providers a minimum of two patients must be seen per session and evaluations seem to suggest that the programme has been quite succesful increased andor improved training and continuing professional development cpd and use of evidencebased guidelines in primary care have the potential to be a costeffective way to narrow some of the treatment gap for common disorders and improve quality of care in some oecd countries mental health training is included as part of their continuing professional development training,3
+moreover all persons with disabilities should have the right to access inclusive education with adequate individualised support to enable them to take part article pays special attention to the situation of children who are blind deaf and deafblind the worlds largest and smallest richest and poorest countries make up the commonwealth and are home to two billion citizens of all faiths and ethnicities over half of whom are years old or under member countries span six continents and oceans from africa to asia the americas the caribbean europe and the south pacific,4
+the difference is more pronounced for pensionage than workingage women as a result of lower labour market participation of women especially in the past and thus less pension rights and their longer life expectancy oecd a inwork poverty is especially pronounced in households with a sole worker and much less so for households with two or more workers in most countries the poverty incidence in households with children is higher than in childless ones,10
+most of these schemes are targeted at specific groups of women such as youth elderlywidows unemployed and low income women often in disadvantaged areas female entrepreneurs in microenterprises are another primary recipient category in india the selfemployed women s association sewa organises financial literacy training for female entrepreneurs a growing body of impact evaluations shows that such programmes can be successful in raising women s financial literacy and inclusion see oecd b for a full review however evidence from the oecd international network on financial education infe stocktacking exercise also shows that policy awareness about the need to address gender differences in financial literacy remains low in many countries,5
+how climate change is projected to affect the global risk of hunger over time for a range of climate change impacts and the ssp middleoftheroad socioeconomic scenario is shown in figure the declining trend in the number of undernourished with or without climate change indicates that the overall impact of climate change during the period until is smaller than that of the other drivers embedded in the socioeconomic scenario particularly income growth in the absence of climate change most regions are projected to see declining numbers of people at risk of hunger,13
+the data disseminated in these types of products can be detailed organized in large tables and often are presented as absolute values or raw data that give specialists more flexibility in doing their own analysis a gender perspective can be integrated into these products through the systematic sexdisaggregation of data and the systematic coverage of data needed to address gender issues data and other information may be compiled from more than one source and different statistical fields may be covered,5
+increasingly states and local authorities are recognizing that indigenous peoples want to and should participate in running their schools developing education policies and creating curricula however few communitybased indigenous education projects have independent resources and most require outside financial help many communitybased indigenous schools depend on foreign aid or private nonprofit funds and formal school systems have been less willing to adaptto the new education directions sought by indigenous communities,4
+i have found this syndrometo be as substantial a bottleneck to development in africa as inadequate infrastructure or bad governance and it has added an extra weight to the work of those who want to enable individuals and communities to better their circumstances this policy guidance note considers the causal relationship between empowerment and propoor growth it identifies eight domains of empowerment within three spheres the economic markets decent employment and productive assets the political political representation and collective action and the social human capabilities critical awareness and inclusion and describes what donors can do to support and strengthen empowerment in those domains suggestions for how donors should workfor optimal effect include key messages for development cooperation,1
+early retirement for labour market reasons periodic payments to older workers who retire before reaching the legalstandard retirement age due to unemployment or to job reduction caused by economic measures such as the restructuring of an industrial sector or of a business these payments normally cease when the beneficiary becomes entitled to an old age pension data to be considered to calculate the indicator are either the annual average or the total value for december of a given year especially when using administrative record data the option retained for the numerator should be consistent with data used for the denominator,8
+it is financed by the federal level by the state level and by the private sector morelos was the first state to apply for the programme a beneficiary a gazelle employing people received training paid for by prosoft and was then certified by ibm on open software technologies after months of full time courses a strong point of the programme is its high additionality,8
+indeed i would ask all wto members including developing countries whether they are entirely happy with the present trading system if the answer is no it is clear that the only way of improving upon that system is in a new round see stiglitz and charlton and references cited therein the answer to the problems of liberalisation was more liberalisation,10
+in the school year schools provided education leading to a schoolleaving examination schools provided programmes leading to an apprenticeship certificate and schools provided secondary education that does not require any certificate of completion for the same school year secondary school leavers were distributed as follows completed secondary general education completed technical education and completed secondary education programmes not requiring a schoolleaving examination special schools exist from preprimary to secondary education,4
+this is why governments need policies for propoor growth and to reach subgroups that growth does not otherwise reach furthermore since the incidence of poverty is countryspecific any propoor policy including trade policy must first identify who the poor are where they live how they earn their livelihoods and what constrains them from participating in growth the challenge for an aid agency providing aid for trade is to ensure that trade expands and generates propoor growth which is the key objective of the aid for trade initiative,1
+the issue of inequality has continued to dominate the postapartheid landscape there are two indicators of the postapartheid political economy that have attracted special attention in this regard the first is whether the evolving postapartheid economy and especially the policy efforts of the postapartheid government have been able to lower inherited inequality the second is the related question of whether the blunt racial footprint would start to fade under more subtle postapartheid socioeconomic dynamics,10
+in to assess students preparedness for this pisa carried out the worlds first international assessment of collaborative problemsolving skills defined as the capacity of students to solve problems by pooling their knowledge skills and efforts with others the same holds across countries topperforming countries in pisa such as japan korea and singapore in asia estonia and finland in europe and canada in north america also come out on top in the pisa assessment of collaborative problem solving there are countries where students do much better in collaborative problem solving than one would predict from their performance in the pisa science reading and mathematics assessments,4
+so far social dimensions of climate change have been more clearly linked to the concept of adaptation to climate change rather than to mitigating its effects adaptation is considered most effective when it offers development benefits in the relatively near term as well as reductions in vulnerability over the longer term at the more progressive and ecosocial end of the spectrum are approaches that address power relations and institutions to varying degrees what have been referred to as embedded liberalism and alterglobalization are alternative pathways to the predominant marketliberal approach chapter embedded liberalism focuses on strengthening institutions and rebuilding states regulatory capacity to correct social and environmental injustice from within the system for example via progressive taxation comprehensive social policy and business regulation,13
+there are benefits too for health professionals and policy makers as shown in the figure below another stated priority is the efficient exchange of information and cooperation between all purchasers and practitioners the information is then intended to follow the citizen through the health and social care sectors,3
+in some countries it is explicitly stated that water resources are not the subject of legal ownership either public or private indicated as na in these cases water resources in these cases may be designated as res nullius or ownerless property in legal terms key responsibilities relate to policy planning issuing water entitlements as well as monitoring and enforcement as summarised in figure slightly fewer than half of countries indicated a role for the ministry of environment in water allocation,6
+recycling alone is a single measure and cannot fulfil the overall goal of achieving sufficient services in a society while minimizing levels of environmental impact from materialresources consumption moreover as a first priority alternatives emphasizing reduction are preferable to either recycling or resource circulation the japanese junkan shakai plan launched at national and local community levels stresses communitybased recovery repair by craftsmen use of ecobags and mottainai meaning waste not in japanese embodying a simple life decoupled from material affluence and emphasizing spirituality the experience gained in establishing an international standard for the concept and application of productbased cf or businesssitebased ghg accounting may contribute to monitoring and evaluation of progress and the comparison of the extent of resource circulation and related sustainability,12
+effluent charges for surface water generate czk million per year for the state environmental fund while effluent charges for groundwater generate czk million for the municipalities the rate of cost recovery is when only operating costs are included but drops to when renewal and new investment costs are included this is partly driven by the failure to account for the full depreciation of the infrastructure assets costs for wrm amount to of the water bill,6
+agreements and arrangements vary in terms of geographic coverage covering all waters shared by contracting parties or only specific basins as well as in terms of scope examples include the joint commissions that have been set up between croatia and bosnia and herzegovina croatia and slovenia croatia and hungary croatia and montenegro serbia and romania serbia and hungary and romania and hungary the lake ohrid watershed committee was established in,6
+the reason for these difficulties is primarily the multitude of other factors that come into play over greater spatial scales and time horizons a problem particularly acute for funds whose objectives are longerterm transformational impacts for example some funds objectives are focussed on bringing down the costs of lowcarbon technologies demonstrating their technological or financial viability or introducing them into new markets eg cif a these programmes or funds focus on transforming the economics of lowcarbon technologies at different scales with a view towards transformational shifts in investment patterns from carbonintensive production and consumption to lowcarbon climateresilient investments,13
+when investigated further it was found that of these schools were not actually participants in the programme the researchers therefore suggested that some schools have started their own school development programme in afl despite not being formally involved in the initial directorate project these schools thus believed they were part of the official det programme vibe,4
+the same process is used to estimate medicaid beneficiaries with the exception that time until death is not included all other health spending grows with the change in the population in each age and sex group multiplied by gdp per capita and ecg estimates of growth in gdp per capita each year over the projection period come from cbolt in a separate macroeconomic framework cbo the projection of ecg begins with estimation of historical ecg for the three main components of health spending medicare medicaid and all other health expenditures and for overall spending on health care,3
+in some lander assessment of several subjects may still be entirely processed by teachers but the trend clearly moves away from decentralised testing school principals are the ones who issue the certificates however after completion of upper secondary education students who want to proceed with education are requested to pass the juken which is the higher education entrance exam most education systems have divided responsibilities for assessment in upper secondary education between central agencies and schools,4
+this leads to the benefits of sharing and collaboration a major promise of oer is that the creation and refinement of both learning content and the underlying pedagogical approaches can benefit from the distributed cocreation model enabled by open licenses in principle a rich developer base facilitates the creation of resources tuomi in the early s instructional designers were focusing on the development of reusable learning objects rlo which were defined as any digital resource that can be reused to support learning wiley this recognised the power of open source objectoriented programming and hoped that its use would make the production of highquality learning resources more effective and efficient,4
+this is partly because students in general programmes are more likely to continue education after they graduate from secondary school this gap is particularly large in countries where the training offered is of poor quality and is badly monitored oecd c for vet students this is the case for learning at work problemsolving and selforganising skills,4
+first that social protection be scaled up to cover a larger proportion of the population against a broader range of risks second that domestic sources finance a greater proportion of spending this latter objective reflects the fact that donor support for social protection as for ethiopia as a whole is declining relative to other sources of revenue as the country nears its goal of achieving middleincome status,1
+further despite support for agricultural modernisation and economic diversification the transformation of rural areas has proceeded slowly in many cases rural residents account for a large share of the population approximately and the wellbeing of rural residents is critical to the growth and prosperity of the country poverty is the highest in rural areas and the highest among agricultural households and as such there is a clear need for rural policies to support economic diversification and employment in order to help raise rural dwellers quality of life further poland has a polycentric settlement pattern with small and mediumsized cities dispersed throughout its territory,9
+these results suggest that asean countries need to shift their production structures towards the manufacture of greener products for the regions rapidly expanding consumer markets this could be achieved by greater use of marketbased instruments and better regulation at national and regional levels because carbon emissions transcend national boundaries through international trade flows observing trends at the regional level is critical,13
+given that much of the necessary conventional backup capacity is available in oecd countries and will provide the required electricity in time of need the compression effect and the resulting lower electricity prices seem to provide a welcome benefit for electricity consumers this however will change rapidly the moment that new investments in dispatchable capacity will be necessary either because existing capacity has reached the end of its operating lifetime or because new demand will have to be satisfied the first is the creation of a feedback mechanism between variable renewables and market prices,7
+other countries may not be able to learn much from these projects when using a publicprivate partnership ppp approach and commercial financing for implementing crossborder gas pipeline projects it is also implementing lng regasification and storage facilities that will have a capacity of mtpa by the terminal provides open access and facilities to store and reexport,7
+they have developed limited networks of care providers only for specific expenditures that have a low statutory reimbursement rate notably optical care dentures and hearing aids hcaam indeed they cannot contract with gps pierron as recommended by the oecd oecd imai et al,3
+in order to do so it is essential that they are exposed to texts pictures books etc for example structured play that is integrated into children s everyday interests can more easily introduce the fundamentals of written language mellgren and gustafsson even the youngest children use abstract and numerical ideas amounts shapes sizes in everyday play bjorklund and staff can use children s existing knowledge and curiosity to develop mathematical concepts methods and language amit and ginsburg in everyday activities numeracy should focus on big ideas to support mathematical competence namely numbers and operations shapes and space measurement and patterns amit and ginsburg nieer longitudinal studies on early numeracy show that a child s understanding of numbers and numeric relationships can predict later acquisition of arithmetical skills and mathematical competence aunio and niemivirta aunola et al they can tap into a child s creativity and motivate curiosity exploration sharing and problem solving unesco,4
+in particular the recent changes in the permit issuing system have created considerable confusion among regulated entities and regulators alike currently water resource management legislation contains numerous contradictory provisions a fact which adversely impacts the status and quality of the water bodies the law on environmental protection provides for the establishment of environmental quality including water quality norms it considered groundwater as part of mineral resources regulated all aspects of groundwater use and contained certain provisions on groundwater protection,6
+examples of rp techniques are the hedonic regression technique and the travel cost method the former can be used to estimate the value of clean water by examining how property prices depend on proximity to clean water everything else equal whereas the travel cost method mainly has been used to estimate recreation values such as access to kayaking fishing etc examples of the sp techniques are contingent valuation and discrete choice experiments based on hypothetical scenarios they are able to elicit individual wtp for a large range of goods and services like access to safe water better tasting water secure access to water and recreational values,6
+the new body will be the voice of the industry at the national level and promote a viable and sustainable seafood industry with representation from the wildcatch aquaculture and postharvest sectors worlds total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the fao yearbook fishery and aquaculture statistics both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of chinese production reported to the oecd,14
+this requires programmes that target behavioural and equipment specification modifications interruptible service riders timeofuse rates and energy efficiency education are some of the tools that may be considered there is a real need to educate the population about the individual s role in sustainable development renewable energy and energy efficiency,7
+so far traditional definitions of social protection do not make specific reference to children an exception is the asian development bank whose definition includes childprotection among the policy responses to address poverty and vulnerability in the region kamerman and gabel social protection has in fact a crosssectoral nature and its activities may complement core elements of child protection especially the preventive and protective functions ie by addressing the underlying causes of violence or exploitation therefore mutually reinforcing each other blank et al,1
+where formal mechanisms for national coordination are often not yet established the majority of donors and supporters working in country cite a lack of national coordination between the environment finance and planning ministries in such cases a lack of clarity exists regarding who has the role to oversee climate change funding undp interviewees revealed a range of barriers for why this may be the case such as the time taken between the formulation agreement and implementation of roles and the formulation of plans in isolation and prior to the establishment of a coordination mechanism leading to a fragmentation of domestic climate action,13
+recognising that different climate interventions will involve a range of objectives the selected indicators are categorised as being oriented towards mobilisation of resources climatespecific results and broader development benefits the section then concludes by highlighting some key issues their implications and emerging options and tools for assessing the results of climate interventions for example the effectiveness of an intervention designed to improve the climateresilience of infrastructure so that it can withstand a in year event may only be able to be determined after a significant time lag there may also be a significant time lag between interventions such as capacity building training education and the their effects,13
+the importance of infrastructure and connectivity is recognized by sustainable development goal sdg on industry innovation and infrastructure the chapter looks at fixed and mobile broadband prices and the affordability of services in developed and developing regions in addition to addressing supplyside barriers it examines demandside barriers outside the ict ecosystem including broader socioeconomic inequalities digital and analogue skills and the availability of relevant local content the steep rise in mobilecellular subscriptions worldwide which began early in this century is tailing off as the global penetration rate approaches subscriptions per inhabitants at the same time there has been a gradual decline in the penetration rate for fixedtelephone subscriptions owing to the tendency for new users to prefer mobile over fixed lines,9
+according to a study by unicef on average of a school budget is spent on wages on noninstruction related expenses eg school meals medicines other goods and services communication transport rent business travel judicial decisions on communal expenses and on students at risk unicef payroll expenses account for of urban school budgets and of rural ones unicef on average of their budget is dedicated to salaries sangesfk however the report notes that departures from these average values are very common and can be considerable,4
+the analysis of social networks can contribute to the concrete implementation of these policies by precisely identifying which actors are best able to disseminate new practices within their network in commerce women form a group whose social capital must be promoted the example of the rice sector shows that womens education work experience and income levels are significantly lower than men the analysis also shows that the centrality of women within networks is lower than that of men regardless of the measure adopted which is explained by their relegation to lowpaying segments of the value chain,5
+table and box present examples of existing water restriction rules depending on the initial water allocation system already in place for normal circumstances the two mechanisms can be put in place together typically priority rules generally concern different water users and uses such as agriculture industry and tourism while a proportional reduction of rights are applied within the agricultural or irrigation sector another common mechanism to manage temporary water shortages is to forbid irrigation for a certain time period ie a time quota which can be considered an imperfect proxy for a reduction of water rights based on quantities such administrative pricing formulas are seldom used in practice for different reasons difficulty of practical implementation unintended redistributive effects uncertainty in the outcome in terms of reduction of water demand due to unknown price elasticity of water demand etc such blockrate tariffs when based on individual water consumptions cannot be considered as restriction mechanisms stricto sensu since they are not based on aggregate water supply,6
+led by un women and the un statistical division edge is a dynamic partnership of un member countries the world bank oecd and other stakeholders it aims to improve the availability and use of statistics that capture gender gaps in economic activity it capitalises on the may oecd ministerial council meeting on development which called on international organisations to agree on a harmonised set of gender equality indicators in order to measure progress in education employment and entrepreneurship for presentation at the busan hlf,5
+competing leadership priorities may present a problem at the implementation level the lack of available resources where gender mainstreaming is currently required to do more with less sweetman p may significantly inhibit the implementation and maintenance of gender mainstreaming efforts in many cases the lack of resources for mainstreaming efforts can be a result of insufficient focus on gender equality within oiganisalions this challenge has been cited by about of countries responding to the questionnaire,5
+these factors are also highly connected to the student s background be it past experiences in education eg participation in preprimary education or family related factors eg living with one or two parents ses parental engagement hi addition school structure and size as well as certain types of school practices eg a highly bureaucratic and impersonal environment influence the process of disengagement in combination with a set of systemic factors eg the use of year repetition or the lack of apprenticeship places all the above mentioned factors have an impact on the dropout rate as well as an impact on each other this requires a close cooperation between educational authorities and many other parts of government such as social and labour services health services and justice system in some countries,4
+planned city extensions can prevent the leapfrogging over vast areas that generates wasteful and speculative areas within the city and results in prohibitive costs for urban services and infrastructure provision in distant places when deployed next to existing neighbourhoods these planned extensions offer urban dwellers the possibility to live work rest and play in close proximity to consolidated urban areas this first lever of change contributes to more efficient and sustainable development patterns steering urban expansion towards areas that are more suited for positive urbanization,11
+in some countries these goods are partially provided by the state blurring the concept of the market price implicitly used in setting the monetary poverty line it makes a big difference whether water sanitation health and education have to be paid by households at competitive market prices or at prevailing prices that may or may not be reduced by public subsidies the application of rowntrees definition may be relatively straightforward for food shelter and clothing but much more difficult for other necessities such as water sanitation health and education for which markets may be missing or incomplete see also thorbecke bourguignon and chakravarty tsui equivalence scales are widely but not always used and often disputed,1
+this is especially true for girls similarly a lack of productive assets such as land is another channel through which poverty is transmitted from parents to children in particular die hunger trap contributes to maintaining poverty in later years for the victims who are young and children this causes poverty and hunger to persist in adult life as well,1
+the international rice research institute irri has developed a rice variety that can survive under freshwater for two weeks such seed varieties can help famers adapt to climate change and its negative impacts while also improving food security policies that address these challenges such as improving information flows through agricultural extension services in developing countries could help their agricultural sectors adapt to climate change first damage from climaterelated disasters is often concentrated in the agricultural sector,13
+increasing the demand for agricultural products through increased tourism may thus provide many additional income opportunities for poorer people especially in rural areas this is particularly likely among international tourists while domestic and continental african tourists may be more interested in opportunities such as shopping tourism international tourists more often travel to africa for holiday purposes and so are likely more interested in experiencing new cultures activities and environments see chapter as tourism brings its market directly into rural areas and communities it offers opportunities to communities that are traditionally disconnected from the economic opportunities that cities create,8
+this northsouth transfer is already testing the capacity of existing grids to the limit and any expansion of wind capacity will require additional investments in internal transmission in general grid reinforcement and extensions benefits all the players of the electricity market although at different levels when adding significant amounts of new capacity it is therefore difficult to allocate those costs among different market participants in most studies however the reinforcement costs have been determined as the additional investments in the transmission grid after the integration of a given amount of renewable energy in comparison with those required for an equivalent system without renewables,7
+as such nuclear power plants are important contributors to grid restoration in the event of blackouts in particular npps require more time to start up and cannot vary the cycle length much also in many oecd countries flexible operation of npps is limited or not authorised by national safety authorities npps can therefore offer only limited flexibility capabilities to the tso the inertia of wind turbines is quite low while solar pv has no inertia,7
+for example a regular criticism of energy efficiency improvements relates to the much misused rebound effect in which energy efficiency does not deliver the full expected savings thorough evaluation of the multiple benefits of energy efficiency beyond energy savings might allow part of the rebound effect to be appreciated as a positive result for other social and economic sectors better evaluation of wider socioeconomic outcomes of energy efficiency policy may equally help policy makers design policy to mitigate the less wanted outcomes,7
+in other countries like australia denmark finland germany iceland the netherlands norway and switzerland they enter paid work earlier with a dual workeducation approach eg apprenticeship playing a crucial role in bridging educational and professional aspects figure a in annex a the way women and men enter the labour market differs and impacts their future career evolution women are much more likely to begin their careers in temporary jobs in australia finland sweden the netherlands and luxembourg figure for japan data provided by r kambayashi based on the japanese labour force survey,5
+maintenance costs of private schools are covered from tuition fees paid by families primary schooling is brief lasting years rather than years as is typical in oecd member countries oecd b the school year is short as well lasting days and hours as compared to days of instruction with hours of instruction yielding a primary education of hours significantly fewer than in most oecd member countries as in primary education instructional hours per year are much lower than average table,4
+achieving greater equity in education is not only a socialjustice imperative it is also a way to use resources more efficiently and to increase the supply of knowledge and skills that fuel economic growth and promote social cohesion so combining pisa and hanusheks work was a good way to examine the economic impact of improved education if every student can demonstrate that he or she has basic skills direct and major longterm benefits to the economy accrue,4
+in response many countries have started sustainable initiatives to improve the access to mental health care in general as well as to specialist care and psychotherapy for example australia and the united kingdom but this is not the full story not only are many people with a mental disorder not seeking treatment or not able to access mental health services but among those who do a very high proportion receive inadequate treatment kessler et al,3
+therefore the atriskofpoverty rate on nuts lander and nuts levels plus additional regional breakdowns is not based on silc data but rather on information produced by the mikrozensus labour force survey an annual household survey that samples of the total population the atriskofpoverty rate only reflects current income situational needs wealth status and actual housing costs are not considered in germany the most claimed social assistance for this group is the socalled unemployment benefit ii based on book ii of the social code known as the hartz iv act,1
+changes in womens position are measured by three indicators womens decisionmaking capacity girls education and the practice of dowry findings show that male outmigration not only raise the standard of living of their leftbehind kin through the injection of remittances but also modify their social behaviour through the diffusion of secular ideas into the traditional values of the sending communities moreover hadi also shows that households with female migrant members are more concerned with the education of daughters in uttar pradesh paris et al,5
+it is a highly replicable model of agroled industrialization home grown in africa greening is evident through the industrys search for greater water energy and transport efficiencies and its use of sustainable technologies in privateled enterprise development it is a useful example of how local economic growth can be achieved through a green approach to agrifood industrialization which needs to be central to african economic growth and feeding of urban populations,7
+shared public bicycles bicycle lanes and parking facilities are available in some areas of bangkok including at selected bangkok mass transit system bts stations it is now available at stations there is a km dedicated cycling track around the airport perimeter as well as a l km inner track and a cycling park called sky lane which is located in the northeast corner of bangkoks suvarnabhumi airport,11
+section focuses on efficiency and sustainability again making recommendations for strengthening these dimensions of performance since the end of the civil war in the military was abolished and stronger focus was given to investment in education population health and culture at the same time sustained and ambitious policies around environmental protection and biodiversity have led to major gains in conservation costa rica has managed to substantially reverse deforestation the only tropical country in the world to have done so,3
+for land in paddy production it is a fixed change per ha that varies by region and method of irrigation motor gravity or combination funding from central and local government to idmcs has been increased to offset the fall in isf revenue which previously covered about half their costs baker et al while the exemption applied to the isf farmers are still responsible for supporting the management of the tertiary and field canals under the responsibility of wug through the provision of labour inkind contributions and finance,2
+of the responding countries countries reported having requirements for ex ante gias on primary legislation compared to countries for ex post in general however it seems gias are not yet routine elements of policy making the majority of responding countries reserve gias for primary and secondary legislation rather than for policies and programmes see figure box contains the eu criteria for gia which take into account both the differences between men and women as well as the need for restorative action to ensure that any previous genderbased inequalities are addressed while box provides information on gender impact reports in sweden and ireland,5
+however if most people are potentially entrepreneurial risktakers when and where property rights are well guaranteed then they will not be constrained by lack of access to credit one would then expect to find a lack of people willing to work as most people would want to start their own businesses in reality close to per cent of the workingage population in developed countries are employees not employers entrepreneurs the creation of stable and decent jobs through appropriate policies and institutional support is far more likely to contribute to poverty reduction as recognized by the millennium development goals the welfare reform consensus of the mid s converged on the notion that mandated work and job training could best alleviate poverty neoliberals are keen on making welfare contingent on work and want to discipline welfare clients while liberal welfare reformers want to deliver more training health care and childcare to the underprivileged however almost everyone seems to think that the best way to proceed is with programmes targeted at the poor,1
+mosaic restoration may be easier to undertake as it allows a greater range of land uses whilst restoring areas to closedcanopy forest is likely to remove more c per unit of area depending on ecosystem type and whether the result is a natural forest or a plantation areas converted to forest are estimated to remove between about and tco per ha per year in above and belowground biomass from default data in ipcc the ipcc states with high confidence that increased atmospheric co will lead to increased terrestrial carbon uptake ciais et at and a recent review suggests that the largest increase has been in woody biomass within savanna included in some national forest definitions and nonforest ecosystems liu et at carbon sink figures for existing forests are not included in the technical potential for reduced deforestation given here as a result of the uncertainty surrounding how carbon sinks and their capacity to absorb c will change in the changing climate bellassen and luyssaert,15
+the different levels of water tariffs across cities figure suggest that there is scope for increasing tariffs and the derived revenue in many municipalities but there is also scope for increasing revenue as well as the incentive effects of water pricing from enhancing billing and collection of water tariffs in water operators collected of the mxn billion billed to their clients conagua c down from a peak of in this means that mxn billion were not collected in ten mexican states water operators collect or above of the amounts billed see figure,6
+a majority say they are willing to pay more for water and a minority would do the same for petrol or for road use when asked about what the government should do to make citizens behave more responsibly the majority are in favour of stiffer penalties for environmental offences and better information while a minority want petrol to be more expensive while are calling for a green tax reform ministry of the environment mass mailings are used to send flyers to all households and businesses environmental ngos have long been active in this area and their education efforts are now being augmented by the schools and other public and private organisations there are currently more than institutions involved in environmental education in various settings school and extracurricular instruction adult education leisure activities and public information services the communes the water and forests administration and local chambers of commerce have set up conservation centres outreach institutions selfguiding nature trails and information points around nationwide,6
+this was twice the rate of population growth but somewhat less than the rate of gdp growth which increased by an estimated factor of at constant prices over the twentieth century de long these statistics therefore present longrun evidence of relative decoupling of material extraction from gdp however such relative resource decoupling does not entail an absolute reduction in resources used indeed according to this more recent data since material extraction appears to have grown at a faster rate than gdp suggesting the possibility of recoupling if this trend persists,12
+in contrast in argentina and ireland where vocational programmes are not offered at all at this level as well as in brazil canada and india more than of upper secondary students are enrolled in general programmes table b these include apprenticeship programmes that involve concurrent schoolbased and workbased training as well as programmes that involve alternating periods of attendance at educational institutions and participation in workbased training see definitions section at the end of this indicator on average across the oecd of students in upper secondary education are enrolled in this type of programme although they are offered in and data are available for only oecd countries in hungary and latvia all vocational programmes are combined school and workbased programmes,4
+inequalities in access to sexual and reproductive health services are enormous in the poorest countries and severely affect disadvantaged young people they will be the frontline in the race for the innovation needed to transform the relationship between development and the environment yet their contribution will only materialize if we invest now in adolescents health education and their potential for innovation,5
+large increases are also seen at the secondary teacher education tvet and higher education levels with annual growth rates of per cent per cent per cent and per cent respectively see table for example uis estimates that in order to achieve universal primary education upe with good quality by ethiopia would still need to increase its teaching workforce by a total recruitment of between and see table we used the ctrp as recognised by the international community as a benchmark in managing the recruitment of migrant teachers to identify key questions to consider we first attempted to determine the migrant teacher flow and then the extent to which ethiopia s teacher recruitment practices align with the standards proposed in the ctrp before finally researching the government s longerterm plans for teacher development in the country,4
+as it has been outlined above these renewable energy sources play a critical role for sustainable energy access via minigrid microgrid and offgrid solutions in developed counties renewable energy sources help to achieve ambitious targets set out as regards limiting the global temperature increase to c as they introduce new challenges into managing power grids ict is an essential enablerforthe share of renewable energy sources to grow worldwide,7
+in pakistan for example balochistan in the northwest frontier province nwfp and federally administered tribal areas fata are the predominantly tribal areas unfortunately the majority of infant deaths were caused by preventable causes such as diarrhoea respiratory infection tetanus and others thus improving living conditions and access to health services would result in rapid improvements for child health in these regions this is indeed a shocking figure when the national maternal mortality rate has declined from per in to in,3
+many of our best minds are already focused on building sustainable cities developing green technologies redesigning systems and rethinking individual lifestyles for the young the challenges encapsulated in the sustainable development goals are not just urgent but often also personal and inspiring strengthening cognitive emotional and social resilience and adaptability is perhaps the most significant challenge for modern education as it affects virtually every part of the education system it starts with the understanding that resilience is not a personality trait but a process that can be learned and developed,4
+demographic events are not likely to bear much weight because of their rarer occurrence in a short observation period to our knowledge ours is the first longitudinal analysis of the effects of householdlevel events on child poverty transitions in the enlarged eu during the economic crisis and the ensuing period of slow recovery and austerity it is a fouryear rotational panel with onefourth of the sample replaced every year,1
+an absolute poverty line refers to a set standard of what households should be able to have in order to meet their basic mostly food needs a relative poverty line is defined in relation to the overall distribution of income or consumption in a country for example the main poverty line used in the organization for economic cooperation and development oecd and the european union is a relative poverty measure based on economic distance a level of income usually set at or per cent of the median household income however as a result of the hivaids pandemic conflicts shocks such as recurrent droughts and rapid urbanization many older persons in subsaharan africa have become primary sources of support for their families andor caregivers for grandchildren because primeage adults have fallen ill died or migrated,1
+bettertrained inspectors would help alleviate these concerns the caribbean electric utility services corporation carilec has developed a ppa template for consideration by its member utilities the ppa is the single document that determines the viability of an re project and requires a multidisciplinary approach regulators need to be empowered with the necessary skill sets to assess such contracts,7
+compared to the older rudimentary programmes introduced in the region in the past ccts are better funded by the state and assure a greater coverage of the vulnerable population cornia and martorano indeed flagship programmes such as bolsa familia in brazil and oportunidades in mexico now cover about per cent of the population and cost on average less than per cent of gdp erd most of the existing ccts in the region require households to fulfill conditions linked to both educational attainment by children and regular health checkups fiszbein and schady a more recent development of ccts in the region is represented by the red solidaria in el salvador which as well as offering transfers in exchange for education and health facility attendance also provides a supplyside component to strengthen access to basic services including investments in electricity water sanitation and other infrastructures britto,1
+moreover efforts have been reported by the bahraini officials to strengthen public awareness on women s rights and risks of violence against women the new constitution adopted in affirms the states commitment to protect women against all forms of violence a law is in the process of being approved,5
+overall women are still less likely than men to be in the workforce across the oecd although their educational attainment tends to be higher equal access to quality and senior jobs and levels of pay remains uneven women still hold the majority of parttime jobs and work for lower pay important strides have been made in recent years towards enhancing pay transparency such efforts are slowly bearing fruit,5
+in the case of icts many developments benefited from public expenditures for example darpa the us defense advanced research projects agency funded internet development and the main internet standard tcpip diffusion was stimulated by the national science foundation and by the use of the internet by some major universities in the united states as a communication and information sharing platform,9
+such products would represent an opportunity to further develop ancillary services markets forward and dayahead energy markets by far the largest one intraday balancing and reserve markets primary and secondary followed some countries have distinct markets for technical constraints voltage control and congestion management while others cooptimise dispatching and balancing services,7
+the company insures all farmers in the cooperative and the cooperative is responsible for paying the premium and for distributing potential payouts meherette a limitation of weather indexbased insurance is that years of historical daily rainfall data are needed to make such a scheme operational however interventions that link social assistance with institutional demand also typically focus on supporting poorer farmers who are constrained in their access to resources ultimately the aim is to increase agricultural production by small family farmers improve farmers and extension workers skills and knowledge of food production and marketing and link small producer organizations with local markets in general,2
+the percentage of yearold students who attended early childhood education isced for less titan two years are added into brackets next to the countrys name low performers may be able to use basic or everyday scientific knowledge to recognise or identify aspects of familiar or simple scientific phenomena however they also often confuse key features of a scientific investigation apply incorrect scientific information and mix personal beliefs with scientific facts in support of a decision,4
+this is based on multiple lines of evidence including on observations already made in recent decades and on the projections of a range of different global climate models about future effects so even if global warming is contained within the range of c to c there will be very significant health and socioeconomic effects due to increasing average temperatures in addition and significantly for understanding and reducing risk humanity now faces the current reality and the future prospect of moreextreme and much higher frequency natural hazards extremes of cold to heatwaves longer and more sustained drought more intense and more frequent storm events heavier rainfall and more flooding,13
+where energy supply is unreliable firms are more concerned with availability than with efficiency similarly small and mediumsize industrial firms find it much harder to get a loan than do larger firms and while the barriers to energy efficiency are also present in developed countries they are more formidable in developing countries what are the appropriate roles of the public and private sectors,7
+with the support of espaco feminista and other partners women and community leaders are building their capacity and claiming space in the land regularization making policymakers understand the real meaning of gender equality and women s empowerment the committee comprises different institutions and community leaders together they are monitoring the regularization through regular meetings,5
+even among students with a similar performance in mathematics reading and science the likelihood of having repeated a grade is often linked to socioeconomic background oecd h however research has also begun to shed light on the predictive power that social and emotional skills such as selfcontrol and selfmotivation have on earnings health engagement in violence and many other life outcomes oecd kautz et al providing opportunities for adult learning challenge is important for retraining and upskilling high levels of longterm unemployed is challenging for the economy as a whole as it leads to high spending on unemployment benefits and a reduction in tax revenues challenge,4
+it is important therefore that the reforms are structured to foster coordination rather than fragment care further such policies do not of themselves facilitate coordination and can present real or perceived barriers to integration choice and competition in primary care and the resulting loss of a geographical responsibility for population health have the potential to exacerbate fragmentation of care and impede the ability of local agencies to work together to provide seamless health and social care in the most costeffective way especially in urban areas with a multiplicity of providers the risks of fragmentation and poor care coordination are greatest for older people complex and frail patients and people with mental health problems these are also the groups least able to navigate the system and exercise informed choice hence they can be disenfranchised from the reform process,3
+most oecd countries now use a curriculum in early childhood services especially as children grow older that is to say that some structuring and orientation of children s experience towards educational aims is generally accepted currently there is little pedagogical direction for younger children although many neurological developments take place prior to age of three or four oecd curricula are influenced by many factors including society s values content standards research findings community expectations and culture and language,4
+in addition discounts are given to families and children while senior citizens persons with a disability and children under six travel for free therefore subsidies need to be designed in such a way that they are also affordable for public budgets while providing sufficient resources for longterm development of the public transport operator support for the informal transport sector requires only minor investments to improve aspects such as safety accountability driver conditions and integration with the formal sector the cycle rickshaw is a low cost and environmentally sustainable mode of transport for short trips able to integrate easily into other transport systems the rickshaw can provide pointtopoint service at a price within reach of low income earners this recognition highlights and reiterates the view that road safety in many countries of the region is an important development issue considering its magnitude and the gravity of the negative impacts of road accidents on the economy public health and general welfare of the people particularly the poor,11
+low levels of taxation hurt poor people and poor women in particular because they prevent the establishment of development programmes which can counteract marketgenerated inequalities where fiscal reform has involved cuts in social expenditures or the imposition of user fees on services and utilities women have often had to compensate by increasing the amount of time taken to care for children the sick and older persons at home to save money walking longer distances in search of health care or queuing for longer periods for water razavi in zambia for example the abolition of marketing boards and the privatization of extension services and rural credit under structural adjustment affected women farmers more than men local market cooperatives used to be one of the few sources of credit and extension services for women farmers evers and walters,5
+many rivers are of high ecological sensitivity and of international importance for their conservation value perversely population density is highest in these areas of lowest rainfall and so demand is greatest where resources are the scarcest this has led to many rivers particularly chalk limestone baseflowfed streams of iconic environmental and fisheries value being damaged or threatened by unsustainable abstraction,6
+in addition household surveys tend to be a rich source of additional social and demographic characteristics of workers which can allow the calculation of the indicator for specific subpopulation groups of employees worker coverage of establishment surveys is often limited to paid workers in medium to large establishments and thus often excludes those engaged in microenterprises they may exclude establishments in certain industries eg agriculture as well as workers remunerated predominately by a share of the profits ie salaried directors and managers and those paid on a commission basis without a retainer ie outworkers subcontracted workers,8
+continued litter production with decomposition rates being constant can lead to continued accumulation of soil carbon and woody debris decomposition rates may even decline as the forest ages cf wardle et al a handful of eddy covariance studies including some of oldgrowth forests table consistently show net carbon accumulation of the studied oldgrowth forest ecosystems,15
+relatively little though is known about health care quality and outcomes in mexico significantly obscuring a full picture of health system performance given the real problems in mexico with fragmentation of services and different levels of access the lack of comparability across subsystems is a particular problem even if efforts to develop comparable indicators are underway the next four chapters set out in detail where change is needed and how it can be achieved,3
+to the extent the gap is attributable to observable skills differences closing it would require a holistic approach including through policies to tackle gender gap in the education system and labour market in addition more general policy levers associated with social policy ie parental leave can have positive implications for female entrepreneurship these can include gender bias on the investors side unintended effects of policies but also personal traits and preferences that cannot be accounted for with available data,5
+kazakhstan s economy was plagued by hyperinflation and deep recession until the mid s but with the onset of the oil boom the country s economic situation rapidly improved agriculture began its gradual recovery in the early s but annual growth has been highly volatile largely following the strong fluctuations in grain output today the country ranks among the world s top ten wheat exporters but overall it is a net agrofood importer in particular of livestock products,2
+in the asian and pacific region almost per cent of children year of age or younger are immunized against measles however this aggregate masks differences between subregions east and northeast asia per cent and north and central asia per cent have close to a per cent immunization rate south and southwest asia has the lowest rate per cent followed by the pacific per cent,3
+for example food price increases are generally beneficial for the agrorural poor who at the very least will see their earning opportunities expand and negative for the urban poor who spend a very large proportion of their income on food and are directly made worse off by any increase in price moreover the winners and losers are not always distinct groups and some people could win in some ways and lose in others but when the poor are at the losing end of integration they are less capable of coping with adjustment and the effects can be long lasting particularly when family investments in health and education are affected,1
+entrepreneurial activities are still hampered by constraints which can be gender specific such as cultural norms or restricted access to finance for women although the sources of finance are the same for men and women women often tend to face higher barriers to access finance the main reasons for this gender gap are associated with differences in the sector of activity and the age and size of femaleowned businesses however other possible explanations include lack of managerial experience women s weaker credit history and a smaller business size,5
+a useitorloseit clause regarding land zoned for development to reduce speculation or land hoarding this is likely to oblige developers to begin on site or to have a portion of the development built within five years of receiving planning permission the development and operation of housing corporationsassociations has been a successful model in many oecd countries such as australia germany the netherlands and the united kingdom,11
+nordic flood risk governance needs revision instead of modifying channels even more ecosystems in catchments can be restored to increase their retention capacity thus reducing future flood risks further downstream such retentive restoration actions can be located to uplands and riparian zones as well as in stream channels along seashores restoration should aim for increasing storm surge protection,15
+when we find female experts to interview we try to circulate the contacts among the staff and in that way increase the share of women in the news many women say that their expertise doesnt fully cover the interview topic and they often suggest a male colleague instead of agreeing to be interviewed themselves,5
+for the individual countries or the region as a whole to be considered highly wheat secure it would need to demonstrate both high production as well as high economic capacities from the assessment it seems that no single country in the region has achieved this combination and as such the countries that exhibit either high production capacity to secure wheat locally or high economic capacity to import wheat are categorized as less secure while the remaining countries low production and economic capacities are considered to be insecure with the combined natural and economic resources available to the region it is believed that the region as a whole has the potential to become highly wheat secure provided that coordinated regional policies are adopted and translated into higher levels of cooperation between countries of the region,2
+this is notably the case for indonesia pledging an increase from usd million in to usd million in the netherlands indicated a prospect of spending eur million per year for the period more than doubling the eur million of this is significantly above the iea countries publicsector energy rdd data totalling usd billion on average per year over the recent years,7
+land tenure is the relationship whether legally or customarily defined among people individuals and groups with respect to land according to general comment no regardless of the type of tenure all persons should possess a degree of security of tenure which guarantees legal protection against forced eviction harassment and other threats in rural communities ownership of land determines both social status and the way in which control is exercised over a households resources and income,5
+universal access to health insurance was achieved in a very short time span through multiple insurance funds which were consolidated into a single fund in this has created a strong institutional framework this helps explain the rapid growth of health care spending per capita at an average rate of per year since faster than any other oecd country and more than double the oecd average of per year over the same period today korea is one of the most competitive markets for health care amongst oecd countries with a growing hospital sector health care is dominated by private providers and there is little regulation on the scope of practice for hospitals and ambulatory care the government barely intervenes to influence the location of services compared to other oecd countries,3
+ten per cent was included to demonstrate sensitivity and because it was consistent with the highest rate used in participating countries including nonoecd countries for their own analyses as noted in ieanea p in keeping with tradition also this edition of the projected costs of generating electricity has worked both with a and a discount rate although there has been a tradition of using discount rates of and there has been some confusion regarding the determination of the discount rate the key aspect here is the assumption that all risk is captured in the discount rates for the purposes of this study it means that when using the term social resource cost we treat the investment in question as if there was no price risk,7
+the conference of the parties has mandated the subsidiary body for science and technological advice sbsta to develop modalities by november for accounting of financial resources provided and mobilised through public interventions decision cp paragraph in the coming years sbsta and the ad hoc working group on the paris agreement will develop the modalities procedures and guidelines to enable greater transparency of both climate action and support this will include tracking the usd billion year commitment and the additional resources that will be needed to fulfil the ambition of the paris agreement,13
+until recently the degree to which growth was propoor was measured exclusively by its incidence in income or consumption poverty following measurement techniques proposed by ravallion and chen or using the average elasticities approach adopted in table they found the correlation between growth and non incomerelated mdgs to be zero certainly subsaharan africa which has many poor and struggling countries performed relatively badly,1
+germanys government for example developed policies that promote grid integration and market access for solar energy in addition to the technical capacity to enable trade across the network policies need to provides incentives for homeowners to invest in the infrastructure by giving them the opportunity for example to offset their initial investment by selling the excess electricity they produce in addition to grid integration policies and technologies governments must offer financial and tax incentives to develop the solar energy infrastructure and help counter the initial cost of these systems,7
+nevertheless eadi dimension was introduced singly then the singly significant dimensions were introduced together variables are expressed in log additional control variables are included distance contiguity population of origin and destination countries income and language differentials female education and female unemployment rates in origin and destination countries the exclusion variable in the selection equation is diplomatic exchange,5
+some cultural practices like fgm early marriages polygamy and multiple sexual partners also make women in this community more vulnerable to the infection the provision of hiv testing treatment and care services is made difficult by the harsh terrain long distances to facilities and low literacy levels most of these areas are served by faithbased organizations,3
+compact mixeduse cities with high quality infrastructure combined with policy measures that facilitate inclusion of all stakeholders in decisionmaking processes along with charging the true social cost of using private motorized vehicles to secure an increased modal share of sustainable modes are components of sound strategies for achieving of sustainable urban mobility in cities for example the improvement of rural accessibility in viet nam has been associated with significant poverty reduction unece nevertheless significant challenges still exist,11
+but beyond central government a great sense of responsibility should be strengthened at the state basin and municipal level for an effective implementation of water policy successful structural reforms and strategies are long processes to prepare adopt and implement and they often take several attempts complex changes like those required in brazil s water sector will inevitably take years circumstances at all levels can change during the reform implementation period and water reform can only be successful if it has the flexibility to adapt to shifting circumstances,6
+although alcohol abuse has a major impact on the mortality pattern of northern regions in general it has had a particularly significant impact on indigenous peoples with levels of alcohol use atypically high among women for instance in the berezovo region of the khantymansi autonomous district in out of deaths among indigenous peoples excluding infants one third were associated with alcohol while the rate of alcoholrelated deaths was per cent in nonindigenous population alcoholrelated deaths in women were five times higher among the indigenous peoples than among russian northerners in the chukchi autonomous district alcohol caused per cent of indigenous womens deaths white alcohol caused per cent of deaths of nonindigenous women even when it does not end in human losses alcohol consumption leads to economic losses which directly or indirectly decrease life quality the rate of death resulting from external causes among indigenous northerners is more than twice the russian average,3
+alternatives to this such as sharing resources instead of owning them or simplifying our lifestyles by choosing to have less money but more free time are therefore seen as a sacrifice marketing wisdom tells us that you cant sell sacrifice and so policy makers fear alienating citizens with policies that tackle consumption patterns and levels however community level sustainability initiatives and alternative movements offer inspiration for redefining the good life to include wellbeing community engagement fairness equity and sustainability opportunities are being missed for example for productsharing schemes or promoting closed loop systems that would reduce overall reliance on virgin resources or for promoting alternatives to intensive consumption that could increase wellbeing such as community foodgrowing schemes,12
+african activists and women s movements eg action for development in uganda the national women s lobby group in zambia the national committee on the status of women in kenya and the women of zimbabwe arise as well as forum mulher in mozambique have played key roles in the local national and international networks promoting a collective voice the influence of women s movements has been a factor in the transformation of national constitutions in several countries this has resulted in more genderequitable access to civil law generally understood as a better vehicle for women s political participation the protection of women s rights and the realization of their citizenship,5
+in china and the united states water demands are concentrated in limited parts of the country in general where agriculture needs to be irrigated or where economic development is occurring this trend is explained largely by the rapid increase in irrigation development stimulated by food demand in the s and by the continued growth of agriculturebased economies wwap in the s some countries stabilised their abstractions through more efficient irrigation techniques the decline of water intensive industries eg mining steel increased use of cleaner production technologies and reduced losses in pipe networks trends since indicate a more general stabilisation of water abstractions and a relative decoupling between water use and gdp growth in the oecd area figure b,6
+they manage some jobmatching services including job cafes for young jobseekers employment and work preparation centres for single mothers and the silver human resource centres for retired workers also about half of all cities and towns report that they run separate offices dealing with jobcreation issues moreover recent supplementary budgets for dealing with the jobs crisis in fy and included over jpy billion more than total expenditure on almps in fy for programmes managed by lowerlevel governments including the hometown employment revitalization special grant to conduct projects for local job creation the emergency job creation programme temporary jobs of less than six months created by prefectural governments or silver human resource centres and the emergency human resource development and employment support fund although details of these programmes are sketchy the implied transfer of central government funds to local and regional governments for employment policy measures is clearly substantial,8
+to secure sustainable development gains and build resilience in the region there is an urgent need to undertake climate mitigation and adaptation action despite an estimated billion in climate finance flows internationally in the gap between available climate finance and the financing required to limit global warming to two degrees celsius and adapt to unavoidable impacts of climate change is growing the present paper offers an overview of the climate finance landscape with a focus on the asiapacific region and of finance flows from international climate funds multilateral development banks and subregional and national climate finance initiatives,13
+a common practice in the valuation of resources has been to compare estimates of their consumptive and nonconsumptive uses unep yet where it has been adopted it has often demanded tradeoffs in exchange for compliance on the part of users to discard consumptive presumably more materially beneficial uses to less attractive but ecologically more sustainable activities with assumed longterm gains such as social benefits improved income numerous examples of ecotourism projects are found in the region,15
+taking the receipt persistence perspective implies that every member of a family should be represented in the data set the distinction between recipient and claimant is complicated by the fact that a person may become a claimant or stop being a claimant separately from whether or not the person s family is in receipt for example consider a lone mother who is a benefit claimant and in receipt in year t at tl she repartners with a man and it is he who is now the benefit claimant and family head,1
+confronted with the demands of a knowledge society this is a challenge for the development of the education sector jensen for example the government cannot simply order courses from consultants and have teachers or school leaders passively absorb this knowledge and change their practice in accordance with the governments intention as with education more generally in professional development the learner is a creative individual who engages in the learning processes in ways we cannot foresee lillejord,4
+in addition because inclusionary housing policies rely on private developers to provide affordable housing units the requirements need to be appealing to developers and not constrain development this often means that the thresholds for qualify ing income levels are set high and can exclude the lowest income households leaving housing decisions to developers creates a risk that such a policy reinforces patterns of exclusion rather than mitigating them cameron meda for example denver s inclusionary housing ordinance was initially designed to address urban sprawl and strenuous commuting costs for lower and middleincome workers,11
+the purpose of this chapter is to assess whether the current education system in greece gives youth a good start in the labour market sections to focus on reducing school failure section addresses the main challenges faced by tertiary education and the final two sections review students work and young workers participation in onthejob training,4
+hence greening is a systemic challenge and requires actions along the whole value chain as evidenced in research by kemp et al the findings show clear signs of more energyefficient investments being made in cropdrying methods if energy use in the value chain as a whole is considered however drying technologies represent only a trivial component the energy wasted in inefficient logistics for example dirty diesel combustion in the trucks hauling produce from farm to drier in part a result of subsidized fuel is far more than any marginal gains in the cropdrying component and has largely been ignored in the greening policy agenda in many advanced economies final markets demand the greening of value chains and that is increasingly the case for middieincome markets in africa and other emerging economies a process sharpened by the rapid advance of global supermarket chains in africa and elsewhere,7
+youth can start an apprenticeship either if they have already left school or while still at school in years or the co ag s national indigenous reform agreement revised in aims to halve the gap in year attainment rates between indigenous and nonindigenous youth between when die gap stood at and this target is considered on track australian government in only about of all yearolds with a disability or with a long term healdi condition such as asthma or a mental healdi condition had attained year compared to almost of all youth in good health,4
+as participants had a large degree of freedom to design their strategies the variability allows several preliminary lessons to be drawn after discussing the professional development measures implemented by teams participating in the project it highlights the main lessons from the teacher professional development plans implemented by the country teams to support participating teachers to foster their students creativity and critical thinking at a minimum teams were required to introduce the project materials objectives and suggested pedagogical approaches to teachers by organising a oneday induction training session at the beginning of the project,4
+in particular it is important to build sociocultural and political support for womens participation within security system institutions amongst the general public and within particular institutions such as the police and the armed forces this can be done through education training and awarenessraising as well as promoting women role models increasing the balance of women and men at all levels of an institution increases operational effectiveness and ensures diversity of opinions and approaches however male and female personnel with gender expertise are still necessary to ensure the full integration of gender issues preventing and adequately responding to these violations will improve the work environment increase public trust and enhance the accessibility and delivery of security and justice services genderresponsive codes of conduct sexual harassment policies andor policies on sexual exploitation and abuse are essential,5
+the section policy implementation gaps seeks to further develop the policy issues that are associated with the globalisation process in the harvesting sector this follows from the fact that fleet measurement length tonnage type of vessel fishing gear used can vary substantially and small vessels are often not registered in addition on a global scale fleet statistics have been collected by the fao but have not been updated for some time hence in the following careful interpretation of figures is required tables and provide an overview of the number and distribution of the world s fleets and fishers asia accounts for upwards of of all craft,14
+however increased time does not guarantee women s ability to pursue economic opportunities but also depends on social and gender norms and existing paid work opportunities thus even if women have more time to dedicate to paid work it may not be social acceptable for them to pursue employment opportunities outside the home or there may not be sufficient opportunities in the labour market the project aimed to promote rural women s economic empowerment through increased income assets and employment opportunities and their social empowerment which involved addressing women s time constraints and improving opportunities for rural women to pursue both personal and community development adb women s groups and cooperatives were instrumental in the design and implementation of the project,5
+the expected climate changes could cause greater damage through forest fires and natural disasters in the coming decades it is expected that climate change will result in the shifting of certain vegetation zones forest types in terms of both latitude and altitude in some areas an increased drying of trees may be expected as a result of stress and attacks of pests and plant diseases as well as slower natural regeneration this has led to a high occurrence of forest fires as the forest areas were very susceptible to fire in such conditions some tree species such as lowland beech forest are at particular risk due to low rainfall in the northeast of the country conifers are prone to pest outbreaks in hot temperatures,15
+small dams on the gaujakoiva s tributaries which no longer have a water management function have an adverse effect on the fish fauna river fragmentation by dams on the parlijogi and vaidava rivers resulting in problems for fish migration cause these rivers to be of moderate status this has contributed to the reduction of pollution load to surface waters which for phosphorus nitrogen bod cod and suspended solids has decreased by nationally ie all surface waters during the period to according to latvian statistics thanks to investments made in building and renovating wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure in estonia from to the pollution load has decreased for bod,6
+these findings suggest that chronic diseases and behavioural risk factors can truly impair labour market outcomes although the negative impacts might be overstated in some published studies the oecd analyses confirm that obesity and smoking damage labour market outcomes but the effect of alcohol use is not always consistent depending on drinking patterns and gender similarly the effects of chronic diseases are mixed in particular for hypertension,3
+based on responses for the oecd health systems characteristics surveys and the largest number of p p programmes are found in primary care but p p are also spreading to specialists and acute hospitals between the and health systems characteristics surveys three p p schemes were introduced in primary care korea mexico netherlands three to specialist care france korea netherlands and seven to acute care australia france korea new zealand portugal spain sweden oecd health systems characteristics survey oecd paris et al beyond this performancebased payment is also being introduced in more diverse care settings for example longterm care in the united states cms and public health and prevention outside of gp practices such as for delivery of vaccination services or smoking cessation in pharmacies in the united kingdom see box pharmacy services and their payment arrangements are also evolving in australia,3
+the first the republic of korea temporary workers programme is a governmenttogovernment initiative timorleste is the th asian country to join the korean employment permit system for youth ages in this programme enabled young timorese percent of whom were women to work in korea wigglesworth and fonseca,8
+during the th meeting of the interagency and expert group on gender statistics held at the dead sea in march the results of a global review of the gender statistics programmes in un countries were presented the global review was developed by the un statistics division in consultation with the regional commissions and finalised by a task team of the interagency and expert group on gender statistics results reveal that of the responding countries already have a gender statistics focal point in the national statistical office have a coordinating body for gender statistics at the national level in addition gender statistics are governed by statistics or genderrelated laws regulation or national action plans in an overwhelming majority of the countries but only of those countries have specific legislation requiring the national statistical system to conduct specialised genderbased surveys,5
+the argument may be less applicable for rural areas in central asia in all four countries for which we have data the working poor make up a significant share of the total poor although children in families with working parents are usually better off especially if the parent is highly educated the share of the working poor remains significant due to low wages in many sectors especially in agriculture and the public sector the salaries are not sufficient to lift families out of poverty baschieri and falkingham in uzbekistan per cent of the poor are either working in the public sector are lowpaid employees or selfemployed unicef a in kyrgyzstan per cent of the poor are living in a household where the head is employed world bank forthcoming,1
+in particular a large literature documents the existence of a deep divide within the formal sector between jobs offering permanent contracts and those offering fixedterm contracts the distinction is especially relevant from a job quality perspective since fixedterm jobs tend to be on average second best jobs characterised by lower earnings quality higher labour market risk due to both higher risk of joblessness and to lower unemployment benefit coverage and lower quality of the working environment oecd chapter furthermore these forms of fixedterm employment are quite widespread in emerging economies notably in latin american countries and china,8
+this decision was also in line with the commitments entered into at the grenelle environment forum on the sea this ecolabel must comply with fao guidelines on ecolabelling as w ell as new additional criteria social and quality criteria four themes have been selected by the professionals namely resource environment social and quality,14
+if a country reports this information as south korea did the expert team does not seek further clarification for example on how flows are classified as climate related or general or the difference between financial instruments listed as grand aid and donation this is largely due to the remit of technical analysis and the role of the expert team this could make it difficult to a encourage parties to report this information b clarify information reported so it is more understandable to other parties and stakeholders and c provide the reporting party with feedback on how reporting could be made more transparent parties that do report on support received could perhaps also voluntarily indicate whether they would like this information to be reviewed,13
+access to basic health care expanded health education the availability of simple costeffective remedies and the reappraisal of primary healthcare services including reproductive healthcare services to facilitate the proper use of women s time should be provided governments should ensure community participation in health policy planning especially with respect to the longterm care of the elderly those with disabilities and those infected with hiv and other endemic diseases such participation should also be promoted in childsurvival and maternal health programmes breastfeeding support programmes programmes for the early detection and treatment of cancer of the reproductive system and programmes for the prevention of hiv infection and other sexually transmitted diseases,3
+with the devolution of political power and the shift towards financial federalism health care planning the organisation of health care supply and the development of quality strategies are to a large extent the responsibility of the regions through regional health departments beyond its legislative role the regional level has also executive functions carried out through the regional department of health based on the patto per la salute the piano sanitario nazionale and on regional health needs regional governments develop their own regional health plans which are also threeyear plans,3
+many countries have reported the involvement of ministries with crosscutting influence such as ministries of planning or finance and the mainstreaming of the sdgs targets into sectoralline ministries as well as the integration of sdg targets within the countrys development plans and other relevant urban strategies countries have also reported efforts to engage several partners including civil society academia and private sector in shaping policies and plans to implement the urban related sdgs in some countries and for several targets efforts are still at an early stage and others are completely stalled,11
+in denmark the central recommendation of a recent expert committee is to cut funding for general counselling and skills enhancement programmes while introducing new incentives for training in a company and increasing mentoring and bridgebuilding measures that support people into and during training and work ekspertgruppen however this is only part of the story what happens to unemployed workers and other population groups with labour market barriers not only depends on their motivation to look for work and the qualifications and skills they possess it also depends on the demand that exists for those skills and qualifications employment opportunities for unemployed workers in particular depend to a considerable extent on the health of the economy,8
+a larger share of climaterelated development flows targeting the private sector is going towards climate change mitigation activities ie those that aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to adaptation activities mitigation activities comprise just under of climaterelated development finance supporting private sector engagement in while targets adaptation and a further targets both mitigation and adaptation this is roughly in line with the findings of other studies,13
+the consumers decision node contains the choice of buying goods made of virgin or recycled plastics as well as the choice of sorting the waste for recycling leaving it in the household mixed residual waste or even illegally dispose it for instance placing it next to an overfilled recycling container or burning it in the open fire finally the reprocessors convert waste plastics to eg pellets that can be used as raw material in the manufacturing of new goods and sell it to domestic or foreign manufacturers of plastics,12
+although efforts have been made to address these barriers they are still far from being resolved in a very broad way programmes to address constraints faced by smallholders are fertiliser subsidies investments in agricultural infrastructure particularly irrigation the provision of various credit programmes with subsidised interest rate advice and market information provided through extension services the development of partnership between farmers and tradersprocessors and the creation of farmer organisations and technology development and dissemination some of these programmes are described briefly below,2
+they also have access to the school completion programme and home school community liaison services oftusla the child and family agency that has a statutory remit in relation to school attendance participation and retention and schoolcommunity liaison services primary schools in areas with the highest concentrations of pupils at risk of educational disadvantage in particular receive sufficient staff to reduce class size to below students secondary schools in the school support programme are provided with greater access to careerguidance professionals and enhanced curricular choices through staffing and funding support for the junior certificate school programme and the leaving certificate applied programme,4
+even compared to other former soviet economies the latvian system is underresourced estonia and lithuania for example spend approximately of gdp more on health whilst also limiting the feasibility of longerterm reform underfunding is also harming latvians health today as evidenced by the numbers foregoing health care and late treatment of diseases as a result if national health and wellbeing is a priority for latvia more public money will need to be directed to its health system population ageing is progressing more slowly than in many oecd countries but is nonetheless complicating the diseaseburden and adding pressure to the health system at the same time prevalence of communicable diseases such as hiv remains high,3
+some states party to the agreement may meet domestic ndc targets through establishment of emissions trading regimes as of countries and cities states and regions have established some form of emissions trading scheme the paris agreement will recognize traded credits when such domestic emissions trading programmes link and arbitrage credits between themselves trading member states will be able to determine domestically what constitutes an emissions credit but trade in such credits between member states will have to meet unfccc established guidelines shared standards will ensure that credits with different emissions values can be harmonised and help to prevent doublecounting between a state producing emissions reductions and one acquiring them,13
+in austria germany and switzerland apprenticeship contracts are of limited duration spain the country with the highest share of temporary work in youth employment before the crisis illustrates this point well indeed during the recent recession the decline in temporary youth employment in spain accounted for of the total decline in youth employment figure highlighting the drawbacks of the labour market duality generated by promoting employment growth through temporary employment,8
+this indicates that dam or multiregional water is supplied at a tariff level that is cheaper than the full supply cost both tariffs increased by in and by in at the same time consumer price index increased by change in dam and multiregional water tariffs has been restrained by the government s price stabilisation policy which applies to public utility charges molit and kwater,6
+a culture of inclusion cannot be established unless everyone embraces it however there is no particular national policy towards a wholeschool approach to diversity and inclusion or the celebration of cultural events only some projects have tried to promote a positive school climate throughout schools without being scaled up to all schools the national agency for education could publish guidelines for schools on how to implement a whole school response to welcome and integrate immigrant and refugee students and how to develop an inclusive school climate and culture,4
+for example key transport infrastructures influencing external connectivity and thus exports such as rail infrastructure are under the jurisdiction of the federal ministry of transport while other transport infrastructures that contribute to the same objective such as regional roads are under the responsibility of the krai logistics infrastructure also affecting the conditions for exports and cargo transit is governed at the local level and financed partly by federal or private funds improving the conditions for exporting firms in the agglomeration thus depends on aligning all levels of government and involved actors and stakeholders around this common goal and on coordinating policies in an integrated framework that allows transport to be governed at the relevant territorial scale,11
+as previously indicated multilateral development banks issue an annual report on the climate finance that they provide and mobilise the idfc also issues an annual report on green finance as the mdbs as well as all other entities that have been accredited under the adaptation fund and gef are all accredited entities of the gcf it may be that future guidance from the cop to the gcf could be transmitted by the gcf to encourage its accredited entities to report specific information andor in a specific manner,13
+these include recommendations pertaining to greater vertical and horizontal coordination multilevel and integrated governance longterm planning and integration of broader ecological and economic development considerations into water governance deviation of the main rivers that used to flow into the lagoon between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries drastically changed the sediment budget of the lagoon and ended the risk of it ever silting up altogether the main human interventions over the past century have disturbed the preexisting situation of the lagoon which was closer to a stable albeit dynamic equilibrium between land and marine forces,6
+it argues that norms affecting womens and men s private arrangements have a strong impact on womens participation in public life the chapter contains four main sections family law physical integrity nationality and access to justice each section highlights respective international benchmarks trends in domestic legislation and compliance gaps in the mena region ln the area of family law and nationality the chapter provides an overview of the remaining legal discriminations which continue to hamper women s equality with men with regard to access to justice and genderbased violence many countries recognise the outstanding issues and aim to address the remaining gaps through national reform agendas yet further action is needed to enable equal access to justice and to eliminate violence against women which appears to be on the rise following the recent uprisings in some countries in the region,5
+it is especially relevant for reducing pollution from agriculture unesco there has been however no systematic analysis of the impacts of buffer strips across european farms on water quality nutrient loads to european rivers have decreased due to a suite of nutrient reduction measures required under the eu nitrates directive and other policy actions and it is difficult to isolate the contribution of riparian buffers alone,6
+ongoing issues that will need to be addressed in the continued development and rollout of evs include designing battery leasing operations reducing the lifecycle emissions of new emobility technologies eg ev batteries automating emobility options and adapting ev designs for shared use with respect to transit several measures will be particularly effective in mitigating emissions increases and should therefore be prioritised specifically cities should focus on accelerating transitoriented development encouraging mass transit walking and cycling and enabling next generation passenger vehicles eg shared evav connected and nextgeneration freight transport,11
+for example the oecd crs dataset does not include all donor countries it is limited to the assistance committed by oecd member states and thus exclude assistance from countries such as china numerous issues have been raised in terms of how projects are designated tagged as supporting climate change adaptation andor mitigation caravani nakhooda and terpstra michaelowa and michaelowa,13
+finally a decomposition exercise shows that composition effects are able to explain a very limited amount of the observed crosscountry differences in wage inequality this suggests that economic institutions by shaping the way personal characteristics are rewarded in the labour market are the main determinants of wage inequality aprfes la presentation de statistiques descriptives sur le degre de dispersion des distributions des niveaux de competence et des revenus le document montre que la correlation internationale entre ces deux dimensions d inegalite est ties faible et le cas echeant negative,10
+some policies including for green investment are progrowth hence concerns related to fiscal balance inequality or growth should not be used as an excuse to delay policy action on climate change on current trends and policies greenhouse gas emissions over the next years will cause damaging changes in the world s climate,13
+this would limit the additionality of climate finance and could potentially mean public climate finance displacing crowding out the private sector similarly targeting climate finance on negative or lowcost mitigation activities such as energyefficiency measures could crowd out the private sector unless the intervention is targeted at overcoming specific market failures identifying lessons learned is a key aspect of public climate finance interventions and much effort has gone into identifying these lessons,13
+analytical capacities should be strengthened not only at the national level but also at the level of selfgoverning regions and larger cities responsible for larger local school systems the development of the analytical and planning capacities of selfgoverning regions and larger cities could be supported by special development interventions either in the framework of eufunded development programmes of the education sector or in the framework of the programmes targeted at supporting administrative and public management capacities an interesting model is the local learning initiative in germany see box in general capacity building should become a key policy instrument in a policy environment where as in the slovak republic the decisions of local players have an increasing impact on policy outcomes this should reach not only selfgoverning regions and local municipalities but also institutional level lay actors such as the members of schools boards there are many policy goals that require the use of more sophisticated often soft policy instruments,4
+the secretariat of the pacific regional environmental programme sprep among others is active in implementing communitylevel programmes related to issues such as biodiversity conservation waste management and other environmental themes sustainability is not a collection of individual issues it is a holistic systems approach to viewing the human position in the world typically described in social economic and environmental terms the challenge for organisations delivering topicbased or thematic programmes is around making them somehow cohere with one another,13
+this transfer is complemented with the public provision of food shelter and other items by government agencies the emergency grant has been activated on several occasions including the flooding and landslides in that struck eight of ecuadors provinces manabi guayas el oro los rios esmeraldas azuay cotopaxi and loja with a total of people affected of that number were eligible to receive the grant sngr according to rofman apella and vezza p the most common factor in the reforms is the search for ways to expand coverage particularly for older adults that did not have a working life as formal workers making regular contributions to the pension system,13
+quality of mental health care services needs to include not just the quality of specialist services but also quality of primary care services and quality of services supplied by other sectors for example housing or employment services however there is often an inability to avoid choosing indicators for quality benchmarking that reflect the data source that is available rather than optimal measures of quality of care which has perpetuated reliance on inpatient orientated indicators rather than reflecting the shift in the care delivery patterns it is crucial that once optimal quality measures have been agreed upon there is a commitment to work towards collecting these data the establishment of registers and regular assessment of people with smi in primary care can help to reduce the burden of physical illness and improve the quality of care holt et al,3
+this will require better and more systematic funding of these activities in order to harmonise georgia s environmental legislation with the eu directives the ministry of environment and natural resources protection menrp has drafted a new framework law on water resources management the draft law aims to encapsulate all aspects of integrated water resources management the wfd also includes the systematic use of economic instruments including water pricing to recover the cost of water services provided to households industry and farmers,6
+the second nfi shows that these areas have increased to ha in the federation of bosnia and herzegovina and ha in republika srpska from to table of these forests ha or approximately per cent can be classified as forests that are productive table this increase of forests is linked to the change of methodology in the forest inventory from taxation to a statistical approach and to the fact that the forest area has increased due to natural regeneration and natural reforestation in the abandoned land,15
+the declaration was endorsed by governments united nations and incorporated into many national constitutions eg canada egypt germany india the russian federation south africa and hirkey and other legal and policy provisions defining gender equality and gender mainstreaming gender equality describes the absence of obvious or hidden disparities among individuals based on gender disparities can include discrimination in terms of opportunities resources services benefits decisionmaking power and influence wikigender it encompasses the ability to anticipate the potentially differential impact of policy actions on women and men as well as the ability to design policy actions that are not genderblind but gendersensitive,5
+in most of this paper comparisons between vocational and academic education are made at the same level of educational attainment hence outcomes of treatment are compared to those of treatment depending on the research question being investigated other comparisons are possible and may deliver a different picture than the one presented here in this paper we assume that the assignment of individuals to the treatments listed above is explained by parental education country of birth the number of books in the house at age as well as the pupilteacher ratio in primary school and the proportion of residents in rural areas at the age of selection we discuss in the report how plausible this assumption is in the context of the data being used,4
+it was developed in early in response to data indicating that only of the standard guaranteed startup loans were allocated for women s enterprises the first two years of the pilot project will support women entrepreneurs in helping them access nonfinancial business development services following the ebrd business advisory services bas model in order to improve their performance the targeted beneficiaries are women entrepreneurs who already have an established business that has been in operation for at least two years have a discernible competitive advantage and credible track record over recent years are financially and commercially viable and have the management and financial resources to follow through on any business advice and take effective action,5
+it also recognises the critical need for all stakeholders in the energy sector to better coordinate their efforts and for a more holistic approach to addressing the energy challenges of the region rather than assuming that renewable energy is a panacea for this to occur the faesp highlights that the appropriate capacity and policy and regulatory frameworks need to be in place to reduce the dependency on imported petroleum products while increasing reliance on local renewable energy resources the faesp also recognises the need for the energy resources to be accessible and used productively and efficiently,7
+a recent study commissioned by the uk government estimated that ineffective management was costing uk businesses over gbp billion per year while in nearly threequarters of organisations in england reported a deficit of management and leadership skills box gives two examples of management training these schools have many features in common with the professional examinations in other countries,4
+the choice of indicators has closely followed some of the health measures considered by the framework on health statistics developed by the intersecretariat on health statistics box though this framework is not yet widespread and would benefit from further use and development the chapter does not deal with indicators of health input eg health expenditure output eg number of interventions or drivers eg life style behaviour the role of risk factors such as smoking and alcohol use is also not explicitly considered oris considered only to a limited extent eg obesity,3
+by this measure japan averaged children per primary school class in compared to the oecd average of for middle school japan had compared to the oecd average of as one expert wrote one has to think of education in japan as an enormously elaborated very expensive testing system with some educational spinoffs rather than as the other way around dore the government does not conduct surveys on high school students participation in outofschool education,4
+alternative working arrangements can ease the problem and improve urban transportation systems large numbers of workers in cities strain both road capacity and the limits of public transportation systems flexible working arrangements fwas are not widely used in many countries in the region but could be used to either reduce demand or to shift demand from peak hours,11
+consequently the divide between purely private and public provision in this segment is often blurred rural electrification schemes with an emphasis on cost recovery and commercial viability have proved neither necessarily affordable for most poor households nor sustainable privatesector interest in poorer and more remote areas is by no means guaranteed and the emphasis on productive uses has generally been limited bhattacharyya,7
+although youth unemployment is linked to developments in the business cycle there has been a structural change in the composition of youth unemployment in the past decade which has been driven by the continuous increase in tertiary education enrolment rates leading to a decrease in youth labour force participation workers with low qualifications are less demanded in the labour market hence also contributing to high youth unemployment rates the employment office will be in charge of implementing the programme which entails smoother mechanisms for young people with low or no qualifications to return to formal education better career guidance improved provision of information about local labour market conditions and facilitation of participation in active labour market policies almps involving workplace training see below,4
+as noted in the introduction to this report these prindples do not by themselves suffice to define institutions that work well for sodety section looks at genderresponsive institutions at the national level section examines six sdg targets that have strong gender components through the lens of institutional principles of sdg section provides key messages in relation to institutions for gender equality and empowerment,5
+world bank for india s data the oecd experience is however not representative of the world as a whole the table charts the changes in gini coefficient for a sample of developing countries for which income or consumption distributional data are available from the world bank s povcalnet database,10
+this section outlines the similarities and differences between existing views and principles as well as other issues identified as important for climate finance by the development climate and private sector communities thus international climate finance often involves a broad range of stakeholder communities and types of financial flows these communities have differing motivations and views on what aspects of climate finance are important and what makes climate finance effective these views have been expressed in agreements principles or other texts figure,13
+teachers as learning facilitators who need professional learning for their new role and to support students to build their own knowledge student autonomy becomes a pivotal factor for learning and wellbeing from early childhood throughout secondary education teaching and learning are social and collaborative activities promote discussion and the cocreation of solutions and classroom layout enhances collaboration predesigned learning units are used as guidance by every teacher built around specific real world and complex tasks problems projects questions situations,4
+it currently funds female entrepreneurs who have completed a training programme specifically designed for women they should be accompanied by sustained support for notforprofit lending institutions from governments and donors institutions and mechanisms such as credit registers which ease access to lender and borrower information should be strengthened,5
+the ipcc sri projects that based on member states current ndcs the climate system is heading off track into the territory of c to c warming if this happens it would take future hydrometeorological hazard extremes well outside the known range of current experience and alter the loss and damage equations and fragility curves of almost all known human and natural systems placing them at unknown levels of risk this would render current strategies for cca and drr in most countries virtually obsolete it also means that it is no longer sufficient to address adaptation in isolation from development planning and that sustainable socioeconomic development by definition must include mitigation of global warming,13
+efforts on reducing the capital costs of nuclear power through incremental improvements at the industrial level as well as through innovation through new research and development are thus an indispensable part of credible strategies to decarbonise the power sector this chapter has reviewed the discussion of this relationship in the various editions of the report it is beyond the scope of the present study to determine the correct discount factor the relationship of the discount factor to concerns regarding sustainability must however be discussed elsewhere and ideally before the next edition of projected costs,7
+moreover this reallocation stimulus was simple and its transactions costs low in fact managing an effective mechanism to monitor compliance by the many farmers in the zhang he basin who own only a small fraction of the total cultivated land would have been impossible one of their greatest advantages is that they reduce dependence on direct abstraction of freshwater supplies and are therefore especially fit for areas where significant political economic and environmental barriers to procuring new sources of water supplies exist see box for an illustration in southern california the area is under great water stress and is vulnerable to severe droughts,6
+nevertheless while the acknowledgement of the importance of mainstreaming biodiversity and development is essential specific objectives actions targets and indicators are required to provide clear strategic guidance to various stakeholders and to enable monitoring of progress over time in south africa for example the overarching vision of the nbsap is to conserve manage and sustainably use biodiversity to ensure equitable benefits to the people of south africa now and in the future nepal s nbsap for example recognises that mainstreaming biodiversity into development plans and programmes had been inadequate being the priority of only the line ministry the ministry of forests and soil conservation as a result the nbsap lists priority actions for mainstreaming and identifies supporting institutions to implement these in the philippines though there is a legal mandate to promote mainstreaming into development planning the country s fifth national report acknowledges that many of the nbsap priorities had been reflected mainly in environmental and natural resources programmes and that some of these envisaged interventions had never been implemented,15
+generally the operational schedule of an npp is known significantly in advance by the tso thus easing the planning and scheduling for the whole electrical production system also nuclear power plants are extremely reliable with a very small unexpected outage rate typically less than trips per reactoryear in france which reduces significantly the needs for balancing and the associated costs in most cases the nuclear system is able to continue producing power at a reduced level and feed the onsite electric support system,7
+parents particularly those with higher education and higher income seek tutoring to prepare primary students for the national examination to improve their chances of entering top schools schools in turkey tend to be homogenous in both student socioeconomic background and academic performance indicating low levels of social and academic inclusion nonetheless of yearolds from low socioeconomic backgrounds performed better than predicted compared to the oecd average of targeted policies should aim to systematically support and strengthen schools capacity to address the impact of low socioeconomic background on performance,4
+les problemes de sante mentale legers a moderes constituent la majeure partie des cas et ces troubles sont en augmentation depuis plusieurs decennies pour autant les autorites suedoises reconnaissent la maladie mentale comme un sujet national primordial la suede a aussi ete un pays precurseur dans la desinstitutionalisation et la mise en place de programmes officiels de prevention contre le suicide,3
+the presence of calcareous substrates allows a wide distribution of the mussel date lithophaga lithophaga often illegally fished and commercially exploited leading to extensive barrens it shows that the wider biocenosis in the adriatic sea are the biocenosis characteristics of the circalittoral coastal and offshore muddy bottoms host sponges soft corals sea pens and ascidians in addition to a rich infauna,14
+estimations show that this could comprise a total potential of gwh the most attractive industrial hydropower potentials are located along the western edge of greenland s ice cap between and degrees north in this region the vast interior contains a potential for each reservoir of somewhere between gwh per year,7
+prices for water supply have been lowest for households and highest for business consumers price gaps have been narrowed through the application of a strict pricesetting methodology by the national authorities in in an attempt to reform pricesetting benchmarking was proposed as a way to help improve the performance of public utilities,6
+moreover the upward trend in the chinese data reflects that rather than a nagging and persistent problem relative poverty may be a growing problem in the country clearly more and more people are being excluded from the customary activities of chinese society despite the fact that fewer run the risk of starving than ever before figure and figure demonstrate the evolution of these three groups of poor in china and brazil respectively,1
+improved childcare and education has helped reduce the longterm consequences of poverty for children growing up and the gap in attainment between poor and betteroff children has narrowed the economic performance of countries has been volatile and by inequality and poverty have grown with both levels and durations of unemployment remaining high poor economic growth has meant that state spending is under further pressure and there have been substantial cuts in government spending benefit levels are now low but expenditure on social security remains high because of the large numbers of families without work,1
+the most common approach to adaptation in developed countries has been to integrate it into all planning and budgeting processes aiming to align adaptation duties with existing ministerial responsibilities the nap process intends to facilitate a similar approach in developing countries bilateral financial commitments for adaptationrelated interventions by members of the oecd development assistance committee dac averaged usd billion per year between and oecd this support illustrates the mainstreamed nature of many adaptation interventions with general development objectives monitoring and evaluation are two separate but closely linked processes,13
+further midterm evaluations have been found to be very useful in helping countries to refocus work plans and budgets luhtala undp other countries are establishing climate change progress reports eg south africa which plans to do this yearly including a section on monitoring adaptation dea forthcoming some countries have also identified monitoring and evaluation indicators eg comoros pagpna even though they do not yet have a nap or other national strategic framework in place,13
+the coefficients presented in the figure are from separate regressions which include controls for age gender level of education and level of parental education the striped bars indicate coefficients which are not statistically significant at level the coefficients are estimated from a linear probability model of an overqualification dummy based on the normative measure of mismatch,4
+financial institutions themselves have little experience in evaluating the risks associated with innovative green project proposals first they need to develop their legal and regulatory frameworks second they need to put in place clean energy policies and programmes third they will have to invest in training programmes to expand their capabilities to implement policies and regulations for green growth,7
+in this regard many initiatives have been started to assist those countries in tackling ewaste develop ad hoc legislation and raise awareness in countries such poland czech republic hungary and bulgaria collection and recycling are mainly led by the private sector in the recent years the collection rate in those countries has risen to approximately of the estimated ewaste generated in,12
+the accelerated development of res requires anticipating investments in infrastructure in particular for the adaptation and the extension of the electrical grid on the one hand this will encourage innovation and the development of more advanced technologies in particular because the government will reinforce support to energy research and thus this may create a first mover advantage for germany on the other hand as the technological progress may take time to appear and to adapt to specific needs anticipating investment also risks deterring the use of more advanced and more efficient technologies iea,7
+it provides diverse labour market opportunities from low to high skilled students the elderly and migrant workers contributes to social integration provides economic development opportunities in both urban and rural areas whilst access to infrastructure and attractions developed for tourism purposes can have a positive impact on locals quality of life it requires a wide variety of types and levels of skill ranging from low to high and from technical to nontechnical personal or social skills furthermore many of these jobs are accessible from entrylevel positions allowing for significant career progression,8
+the mechanisms involved are far more complex than is suggested by the argument that travel times increase with traffic volumes as used in the basic rationale for charges charges are always an approximation to the theoretical ideal so that decisions must be made on what approximation is best experience demonstrates that analytical approaches using disaggregated network models are more likely to produce an efficient result than prices based only on common sense,11
+nonconcessional loans were the form most used to deliver climate finance to the eecca countries in and and provided by mdbs bilateral channels are the main providers of grants and concessional loans through technical assistance capital investments and cofinancing to projects supported by nonconcessional loans from mdbs bilateral donors also provide financing through multilateral donors eg voluntary contributions to climate funds,13
+building on the latter the first two highlevel champions to be appointed from the cop presidencies of france and morocco launched the global climate action agenda gcaa and the road map for global climate action which led to the creation of the marrakesh partnership for global climate action at cop in the marrakesh partnership for global climate action focusing on immediate climate action until supports the implementation of the paris agreement by facilitating and catalysing collaboration between governments and nonstate actors and by raising ambitions overtime the work programme of the partnership for which covers the seven thematic areas of land use oceans and coastal zones water human settlements transport energy and industry includes a number of activities including establishing a climate action collaboration forum and organizing highlevel round tables on interaction between selected sdgs and climate action this is designed to support achievement of the sustainable development goals in all countries in particular developing countries,13
+in addition only of adults yearolds possess good ict and problem solvingskills the lowest rare among oecd countries participating in the oecd survey of adult skills in order to better promote the development of its human capital and reduce skill mismatches in the labour market poland should continue its efforts to strengthen adult learning between and gdp grew faster than educational expenditure resulting in a slight decrease in the share percentage points while the oecd average remained stable over the same period,4
+taking the opportunity of available technology and smartphones unhabitats global public space programme uses an open source application kobotoolbox to collect public spacerelated data on the neighbourhood but also at the citywide level this data collection process follows a few basic steps first a map of all the open spaces is prepared in which satellite images are used to identify the open public spaces markets and public facilities thereafter local data collectors are trained on the use of the open source application for data collection each assessment is then uploaded onto the server to be further analysed,11
+it also identified households as areas of inequality while poverty affects households as a whole because of the gender division of labour and responsibilities for household welfare women bear a disproportionate burden attempting to manage household consumption and production under conditions of increasing scarcity united nations paragraph this idea contradicts the many social policies that consider households as benchmarks for homogeneity and harmony this is partly related to the size and dependency ratio of these households which tend to have specific family structures espejo filgueira and rico,5
+this would actually involve means testing of all social programmes by targeting the poorest significant savings however are also possible through other options which fall below the initial target of of gdp but have the advantage of avoiding a significant deterioration in poverty targeting the poorest for social programmes if disability pensions are excluded would generate gdp savings of up to with a neutral effect on the poverty rate if the poorest are targeted this would generate savings of up to of gdp with a neutral effect on poverty targeting the poorest with extended unemployment assistance would cost of gdp but with the significant effect of reducing the poverty rate by percentage points targeting the poorest for family benefits would save of gdp and reduce the poverty rate by percentage points,10
+simple measures include ensuring that design codes consider pedestrian and cyclist safety and convenience as well as destination accessibility other initiatives include the establishment of public bike sharing schemes which originated largely in europe and the americas and are becoming more popular in the region there has been particularly strong growth in china a largescale system in huangzhou has bicycles and stations,11
+based on data available for direct and indirect expenditures and contributions and employment and cruise versus landbased tourists only three sids meet this requirement jamaica maldives and mauritius all three are wellresearched destinations where the tourism industry is monitored regularly by government ministries data are available from the national statistics office or tourism department this is used here to emphasise examples of good practice in some cases tourism contributes more than per cent of gdp rising to per cent in aruba and per cent in maldives these figures relate to total contribution to gdp and include direct and indirect contributions figure induced contributions are not included,8
+in the final version of te whaariki the new zealand national curriculum for children ups to age was launched following a wide consultation process between the curriculum developers early childhood practitioners and representatives of the maori community it has four overall principles empowerment holistic development family and community and relationships five strands shape the outcomes for children belonging wellbeing exploration communication and contribution hie curriculum addresses culture and customs in a way that seeks to embrace the diversity of its population,4
+women in countries within the more developed regions fared better comprising in most cases to per cent of the candidates in only four countries belgium costa rica iceland and rwanda were candidates distributed roughly evenly by sex available data in africa display a low proportion of female candidates for the lower or single house of parliament lower than per cent with the exception of burundi and rwanda the proportion is under per cent in of the countries with available data in oceania this low proportion of female electoral candidates in the region parallels the limited representation of women in their parliaments as seen in the earlier section,5
+in the case of the public sector this theory holds that adoption of an innovation among government departments and agencies may grow slowly and gradually in the beginning the adoption will then have a period of rapid growth that will taper off and become stable and eventually decline rogers the bass model however suggests other representations robertribes and wing this is because innovations are seen to be communicated across space and through time,9
+the following review does not provide a detailed account and discussion of the methods adopted in each study but it is safe to say that all of the main findings of the review are supported by at least one econometrically sound analysis supporting the causal nature of the links assessed eg for wage penalties associated with obesity and smoking wage differentials for people with different levels of alcohol consumption employment gaps for the obese heavy drinkers and smokers etc it focused on how risk factors and chronic diseases affect employment wages labour productivity and early exit from the labour market it also provides an insight into the value of production potentially lost from illness and from adverse labour market outcomes,3
+these include social and cultural norms gender stereotypes lack of access to decisionmaking and unequal access to resources other problems arise from a lack of access to education or training which significantly constrain business opportunities further obstacles for women entrepreneurs include limited access to finance and ict and a lack of market information as well as burdensome regulations and administrative procedures,5
+in demonstrating the significance placed on this protocol the ministers for each of the sectors including the prime minister as minister for national security and legal affairs publicly signed the protocol into force on may oas the protocol provides a set of guidelines for responders health judiciary and police to guide their interventions especially for proper management of cases of domestic and sexual violence the protocol has identified the role of the ombudsman as key to ensuring accountability of duty bearers,5
+if the benefits delivered by technologies were measured this would have been a costeffectiveness analysis impacts of advances in medical technology in australia the key conclusion is that an ageing population and climate change present significant longterm risks for the economy and the sustainability of government finances particularly in the health sector,3
+as of students attended operative schools in astana aktobe atyrau karaganda kokshetau kyzylorda pavlodar semey shymkent taraz ustkamenogorsk and uralsk the nis cater to about students from rural areas in a boarding arrangement as of the selection process includes tests in mathematics languages kazakh russian and english and the ability to study mathematics and science quantitative reasoning and spatial thinking,4
+this chapter maps out current trends in the composition of legislatures across the oecd while exploring remaining barriers to women running for elected office and equal access to leadership positions in legislatures it also provides an overview of strategies initiatives and mechanisms across the oecd to help political institutions become more gender sensitive and thus encourage womens political representation and access to leadership finally the chapter assesses tools and frameworks to mainstream gender in the work of legislatures including lawmaking and oversight,5
+although they are generally open to and compulsory for formal employees only in part because employers contribute to them as well the system much like definedcontribution pensions could be opened to informal workers on a voluntary basis at least conversely unemployment insurance pools risk across workers and firms and therefore has a redistributive role the objective of unemployment benefits whether in the form of uisas or traditional unemployment insurance is more akin to consumption smoothing than poverty reduction,10
+in all those countries except south africa women in the s were to less likely than men to be enrolled in tertiary education to the extent that higher educational attainments take time to translate into higher labour market participation we might expect the labour market integration of women to accelerate in these countries in the coming years however genderbiased social norms regarding the role of women in society and in the labour market constitute a major obstacle to progress and can be very persistent see box for an analysis based on the world values survey as social norms of this kind tend to be acquired at a young age policy action should intervene early in people s lives,5
+where such support existed it was fragmented with no real collaboration across higher education institutions in the region the higher education innovation fund heif model in the uk could serve as a source of inspiration see chapter a strategy with emphasis on endogenous development of traditional industry that is engaged in rd would better serve the region,4
+essentially the same applies to technology transfer chap for example the cost of photovoltaics produced in japan had halved between and but none of this improvement is evident in observed prices because it occurred prior to the installation of any demonstration units thus cumulative installed capacity was zero such rdd expenditures are a small factor in the cost improvements of technologies that have already advanced to the stage where they have found commercial niche markets and are candidates for pervasive diffusion,7
+the australian census of women in leadership shows found that the percentage of women on the boards of companies on the asx is only per cent australian government furthermore the number of women holding senior manager positions within asx companies is only per cent australian government women are better represented within the public sector and as of constitute per cent of that workforce nonetheless even within this sector the number of women decreases with higher seniority levels only per cent of women are in senior executive service ses band positions compared to per cent in ses band positions dpmc no date,5
+note values may not add up to hours due to the overlapping nature of some activities it also limits women s mobility and the time they can allocate to training and upgrading their skills however men s and womens roles in agricultural production are socially constructed and evolving and vary widely between local contexts reflecting cultural and other differences between and within countries while the lines between mens and women s roles is thus generally blurred and a full analysis taking these factors into account is beyond the scope of this report some general genderspecific patterns can be found across many ldcs,5
+principals are at the junction between classrooms policies local administrations and stakeholders in this unique and challenging position they can influence the conditions and climate in which teaching and learning occur and with this the effectiveness of schooling oecdspecialists schools and academics trust scheerens and bosker teddlie and reynolds townsend principals also are the key mediators between schools and the environment in which schools operate,4
+but even here it has taken years for the hev toyota prius to get to its current levels of sales about m cars a year globally the explicit terms of the contract are just an outline as there are implicit terms and understandings which determine the behaviour of the parties the potential for returns from such new markets have motivated renaultnissan to invest more than billion in developing marketready electric vehicles and other carmakers have followed this logic in developing electric vehicles as part of their own investment strategy in a similar vein the parisbased network of shareduse stationbased electric cars autolib has been fully financed by the bollore group which specialises in battery technology and vehiclebased it systems case study,9
+job growth from energy efficiency retrofits ranges from low to highskilled jobs some of which will require training in the case of residential retrofit projects for instance most tasks will involve the installation of insulation and window replacement both of which tend to be more labourintensive than the heatingventilationair conditioning hvac or electrical work likely to occur on retrofit projects in large commercial buildings schrock schrock and sundquist insulation jobs are relatively lowskilled while window replacement jobs involve semiskilled carpentry experience regardless onthejob training may suffice as formal credentials in carpentry are usually not required,7
+some governments have been particularly active in developing and using these risk mitigants to mobilise greater sustainable energy investment and these examples can potentially be applied to other national contexts the danish export credit agency ekf is a particular example of an institution that is using their guarantees to encourage institutional investor participation in sustainable energy finance green investment banks and other public financial institutions are also actively working to reduce risk by providing guarantees loan loss reserves seeding funds and acting as cornerstone investors,7
+in addition the potential impact of technological development on co abatement cost is huge oecd simulations show that the cost of climate change mitigation could be halved from of world gdp to in if renewable technologies would be made competitive in the electricity and nonelectricity sectors oecd if given the ambitious targets both in terms of emission reduction and res deployment and their associated costs ecoinnovation is required in many areas in germany box in particular technological development and increased efficiency of the grid management can both play a central role in the adaptation to higher res supply it will determine at which cost and under what conditions investments will be done which will be crucial not least from a costefficiency point of view but also for public acceptance,7
+investment in solar power surpassed those made in wind in the country the philippines and pakistan experienced a decrease of about per cent in new investment in renewable energy in as compared to s in thailand investment in solar power increased slightly helping the country keep a top spot in terms of investment among developing countries in the region frankfurt schoolfsunep collaborating centre although renewables still hold a relatively small share of installed capacity the dominant role of renewables in new capacity additions is evident despite the recent decline in investment figures felling capital costs resulting from more capacity being installed per dollar spent resulted in a record high installation in,7
+between and technical assistance and financial support for national and regional marine science projects came from un organizations such as the ioc unesco fao and world meteorological organization wmo developed countries such as the us norway uk canada and france provided technical assistance and opportunities for undergraduate and postgraduate training through bilateral programmes the norwegian government provided the rv fridtjof nansen to the mozambique government and later to other governments to conduct fisheries and oceanographic surveys in mozambican waters in these commonly aimed to investigate the priorities and needs for capacitybuilding in the marine sciences and included visits to kenya madagascar somalia and tanzania,14
+falling student numbers result in declines in educational efficiency as studentteacher ratios fall and facilities are underused declining enrolments threaten the quality of student programmes as course offerings and instructor numbers decline falling student numbers exacerbate a preexisting problem of scale facing lithuanian public university institutions which are numerous and small,4
+there is a large potential and need for energy connectivity and for large markets through crossborder infrastructure and energy trade including oil and gas pipelines and electricity grids such regional and subregional cooperation is crucial for ensuring reliable efficient and safe transportation of energy resources thus increasing energy security further improve the investment climate in asia and the pacific using publicprivate partnerships for implementation of crossborder energy infrastructure invite all regional and subregional organizations to work collectively on addressing the challenges in the energy sector,7
+while many countries have made progress towards closing these gaps no country in the world has fully closed the gap between men and women as a testament to its central importance sdg was singled out by the united nations general assembly when it adopted the sdgs they seek to build on the millennium development goals and complete what they did not achieve they seek to realize the human rights of all and to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls,5
+these programmes commonly allow parents to report several school preferences to a central enrolment point which public authorities then try to respect as much as possible while maintaining a balanced distribution of students the allocation mechanisms vary across countries and their effectiveness depends on the capacity to match parents preference for quality schools with a consistent application of priority criteria benefiting disadvantaged students oecd the student allocation mechanism also requires a certain degree of centralisation in order to prevent inefficiencies related to handling multiple registrations as well as delays on assignment and higher administrative costs,4
+this initiative which includes a transasian energy system will help to ensure both the near and longterm energy security of the region it will connect producers and consumers of energy resources and facilitate new markets for clean and efficient energy technologies its goal is to shift development to a low carbon path while ensuring universal access to energy within a predictable time frame rapid economic growth of the region translates to rising energy demands both to sustain the large and growing production economy as well as to support direct energy consumption,7
+table ii also shows that only seven subsaharan african countries had poverty rates below per cent in up from two cote d ivoire and gabon in in general countries with extremely high poverty levels also trail behind in respect of a number of demographic and social indicators such as life expectancy at birth infant mortality and childrens school enrolment and completion rates although these declines are encouraging they still leave a large proportion of the total population living in extreme poverty and all countries face major challenges in meeting the millennium development goal target,1
+it depends on a country s geographical position its own energy endowment the state of its physical infrastructures for transport and storage the diversification of its supplies the willingness of its population to trade lower average longterm prices for higher volatility and a host of other issues free and global energy trade through smoothly functioning competitive markets would guarantee timely delivery of all necessary energy resources but then again in such an ideal world energy supply security would not exist as an issue but even while reality often diverges drastically from the ideal of a global world of competitive markets the concept of security of energy supply very clearly includes not only the notion of energy independence but also the notion of energy interdependence most countries are relying at least partially on the international trade of energy and will continue to do so,7
+in taking into account the hours worked by teachers studentteacher ratios were and in the municipal private subsidised private nonsubsidised and delegated administration sectors respectively interestingly while in the municipal sector the studentteacher ratio increased from in it decreased significantly in the private subsidised sector from in the same year ministry of education forthcoming the latter is a teacher education institution mostly dedicated to training primary school teachers that ceased to exist in,4
+this is confirmed by the available data figure which show that women are more likely to work informally than men in almost all countries although these differences are not large informal firms are typically less productive and provide workers with fewer opportunities for human capital accumulation la porta and shleifer this represents an additional drag on female earnings and on their opportunities for career advancement moreover recent oecd work shows that informal jobs are typically of lower quality than formal ones with detrimental effects on workers wellbeing it also shows that female workers find it more difficult than men to move into a formal job if they start their career in an informal job oecd b chapter,5
+nevertheless gaps within the protected area network remain with some ecosystem types being underrepresented at present these include wetland areas coastal areas and saharian ecosystems in the latter case it was noted that the south of the country remains poorly represented in proportional terms within the national network of protected areas however morocco has been involved in initiatives to better its protected area system in recent years a number of recommendations of these studies are worth pointing out notably i more coordinated management of the protected area system ii improved governance at various levels iii providing more resources for park management and iv enhanced autonomy for protected areas,15
+in addition to central gender institutions good practices from oecd member countries highlight the critical role played by the central government cabinet offices and ministries of finance verify and ensure that line ministries and agencies undertake gender impact assessments in designing their policies initiatives and budgets identification of gender focal points ie permanent staff members dealing with gender issues across the government at all levels who are responsible for administering laws or regulations related to gender equality collecting data developing sectorial plans developing gendersensitive personnel policies and training staff on these policies would facilitate the realisation of national gender equality objectives these coordination mechanisms should also provide for engaging with nongovernmental stakeholders and citizens,5
+supported by the global environment facility gef cbit has approved three capacitybuilding projects in costa rica kenya and south africa as of november gef although none of the projects approved to date are focused on adaptation the successful deployment of the cbit could eventually contribute to building adaptation monitoring and evaluation systems at the national level given many parties expressed their aim to do so in their ndcs it took nearly six years and consultations with people from governmental departments sectoral agencies at federal and lander level and from scientific and private institutions to agree on the final indicators german federal environment agency the tamd framework aiming to help governments to demonstrate if climate finance has been well spent and that the climate vulnerability of communities has been reduced craft and fischer was formally launched in global projects on behalf of bmz were conducted in cambodia in collaboration with iied bolivia at the state level only mexico morocco mozambique togo and south africa,13
+nevertheless the possibility of large scale animal disease outbreaks such as foot and mouth fmd and bse diseases are viewed by the ministry of agriculture and forestry of new zealand among risks with the largest potential production and revenue loss a study on the macroeconomic impacts of an fmd outbreak estimated possible damage at up to nzd billion in the first year and nzd billion after two years from losses in export volumes and price and exchange rate shocks this study by the reserve bank of new zealand and treasury underscores the fact that possible disease outbreaks are perceived as a threat with serious macroeconomic implications rb,2
+institutional support and investment as in the bangladesh solar home scheme subsidy element although small and declining may also be important khandker et al the relevant projects are distributed by donor according to figure and by channel in figure while these figures are interesting they should be considered with some caution as they rely on the accuracy of data reported by the donor countries themselves in the crs system and are linked only to climate change,7
+adequacy is related to the long run characteristics of an electrical system in the last decade the longterm adequacy of the electrical system has been becoming an issue in many oecd countries due to a progressive slowdown in the investments in new dispatchable capacity a growth in peak demand and increasing doubts about the ability of variable renewables to contribute to longterm system adequacy the reliably available capacity takes into account the average availability of the power plant due to outages and maintenance shutdowns the limitations to power output due to natural conditions such as wind speed and direction water temperature precipitation and the solar irradiation factor as well as the reserve capacity used for shortterm balancing,7
+furthermore there is a substantial gap between material deprivation rates for the total child population and the children in the poorest decile it is substantially higher in countries such as greece portugal and slovakia where the rates are respectively and for children in the poorest decile and and for the total child population children in the bottom end of the income distribution are prone to a lack of a suitable place to study or do homework,1
+the average household size is also highly correlated with the youth dependency ratio the number of young people under years of age relative to the population of working age the youth dependency ratio reflects changes in demographic structure but is less relevant than the average household size for the assessment of the poverty risk at household level for this reason and to limit collinearity problems only the average household size variable is included in the selected model specifications,1
+several countries have revised their textbooks to remove stereotypes and bias so that children of both sexes are free to explore their interests and perceive the labour market as open to their contribution however schools in many education systems appear illequipped to ease pupils smoothly into further education and training or the labour market nor do they seem well positioned to ensure that girls consider careers in all fields including computing mathematics physics engineering manufacturing and construction,5
+moreover as previously mentioned an earlier ratification of the cedaw is expected to be positively correlated with gender equality finally greater access to education constitutes a way to move away from gender discrimination hence looking at the effect of migration on gender inequality raises endogeneity issues,5
+improving energy efficiency is an important part of any energy conservation strategy the main difference between energy conservation and energy efficiency is that reducing energy demand is the primary goal of energy conservation while improved energy efficiency aims to reduce the energy consumed in delivering a given energy service a discussion on which is better energy conservation or energy efficiency is not relevant for this report,7
+it can also comprise the assessment of the context and the identification of potential implementation difficulties ex post gender analysis gender analysis is conducted to evaluate the impact of a legislationregulationpolicyprogramme after it has been introduced or completed the ex post gender analysis aims at examining whether the objectives of a legislationregulationpolicyprogramme have been achieved it also examines the longlasting effects of a legislationregulationpolicyprogramme on women and men,5
+the forest sector already displays many green characteristics however the sector should become more green indeed take the lead in certain respects the rovaniemi action plan for the forest sector in a green economy suggests a wide range of activities by all parts of the forest sector to be undertaken on a voluntary basis through ad hoc partnerships,15
+more generally however inequalities in health status and inputs reflect among other factors the levels of income and education that individuals and families command simply put health inequalities are both manifestations and determinants of existing inequalities in various other economic and social dimensions inequity in health is shaped by social structure and by processes that need to be changed,3
+some oecd countries such as canada and the united states have traditionally restricted regulations on land use prohibiting mixed land use to avoid the negative externalities of differences in land use such zoning still makes sense in many places although landuse regulations should be better coordinated to increase access on foot to local services and jobs deregulating zoning and introducing formbased zoning can be a way to revive urban centres as can establishing mixeduse zones that allow both business and residential uses this helps to reduce travel time to jobs and services and to improve access on foot or by public transit for older people,11
+as stated by ms rionge resilience or having a strong backbone that can handle challenges is the key to successful entrepreneurship in south africa up until the s legislation prohibited women from working underground this changed in when the south african mining charter introduced quotas urging mining companies to employ a per cent female staff quota miningcom,5
+as the result of trials for harmonization the joint initiative on standards developing organization sdo global health informatics standardization was established among six sdos isotc hl centc cdisc ihtsdo and gs healthcare to address and resolve longterm accumulated issues concerning gaps overlaps and counterproductive efforts the itu and world health organization who are strengthening coordination in technical areas for ehealth standardization and uses of ehealth protocols they also have gaps overlapping and counterproductive efforts even in the case of joint collaboration groups,3
+current priorities include health promotion and prevention environmental health and the impact of migration tobacco and alcohol taxes are used to fund the national institute that tackles alcoholism and drug dependency as well as funding conapam see above the national strategy against noncommunicable disease and obesity defines several targets including a reduction the prevalence of smoking a reduction in salt intake and a reduction in childhood obesity levels before,3
+from this analysis the level of oda targeting climate change adaptation andor mitigation as a principal objective was usd billion in of the total representing of bilateral oda reflecting projects that primarily focus on climate change and representing what can be considered a lower bound of climaterelated oda figure for the remaining usd billion climate change considerations are a significant objective indicating the mainstreaming of climate objectives into development cooperation portfolios based on figures the majority of climaterelated development finance targets mitigation including projects that target both mitigation and adaptation while adaptation lags behind with of the resources meanwhile of climate related development finance is flowing to projects that target both adaptation and mitigation,13
+this can be explained by rising demand for housing that cannot be satisfied in the case of indigenous people the relative deprivation gap increased from to times the national level between and while the ratio for the afroecuadorian population decreased from to over the same period the first identifies whether individuals have health insurance public or private and they are defined as deprived if they have none,1
+the centre was instrumental in the development of the moroccan climate change policy and national green investment plan and supported the elaboration of morocco s ndc giz similarly the donorsupported ndc partnership launched at cop supports countries in the implementation of their ndcs through the facilitation of technical assistance global knowledge platforms and improved coordination and engagement with the private sector a survey of dac members in illustrated that a number of development providers are encouraging partnerships between private sector actors in their own countries with private sector actors in partner countries as a way of pursuing development outcomes and promoting their domestic private sector activities abroad eg sweden s swedpartnership finland s finnpartnership oecd a,13
+furthermore the potential role of interconnections and demand response cannot be easily integrated in the indicator note that interconnections either can supply power to meet peak load or add additional demand to the existing peak load different definitions of peak generation and demand introduce some subjectivity in the determination of the indicator value,7
+penang was the site of the european and chinese capital in the rubber and tin trade revenue farm networks of penang ie opium trade links stretched as far as saigon hong kong and china at the apogee of the british period penang had become a regional educational hub for islamic english and chinese education,4
+with broadband wireless networks and powerful new phones consumers now have access anytime anywhere to increasingly sophisticated online applications and services for example the rd generation partnership project gpp has played a key role in ensuring international standards for lte for internet access transport protocols voice and video compression home networking and myriad other aspects of information and communications technology hundreds of itu standards allow systems to work locally and globally,9
+according to responses received developing countries said they have a digitalrelated strategy out of this group nearly all countries said that they also have another type of strategy running in parallel including national ict development egovernment ecommerce telecommunications and broadband strategies see figure below,9
+while in south africa labour force participation rates of men and women have been slowly converging in there was still more than a percentage point gender gap furthermore as argued by de brauw and russel women s labour market experience might also be affected by possible time outside the labour market due to childrearing or other domestic tasks the responsibilities for which often fall disproportionately on women see blau and kahn therefore in the analysis in this chapter women s labour market experience is adjusted downwards by four years see de brauw and russell they may receive commission in return for the work or service they perform,8
+such analysis should focus on the environmental externalities associated with current resource consumption patterns and the economic benefits of addressing them appropriate indicators should be developed so that economic policy makers can track the contribution that resources make to economic development moreover it is argued that some of these benefits can be achieved at no or low cost to the companies that implement them,12
+lastly increased environmental challenges such as intense energy consumption air quality and water management require urgent remedies however no universal panacea exists and sectoral approaches are not always effective instead it could be helpful to formulate a solution encompassing diverse urban components that reflect different urban contexts the lens of urban form is one way to approach building an effective package of policies such urban forms can include how places are planned how connections between places are laid out and how people are involved in urban activities oecd a,11
+the studies also found that rural poverty would be cut much more than urban poverty in all cases whether from reform at home or abroad and whether or not it included nonfarm goods however it cannot be guaranteed that every developing country would be better off unless there is a strong economic growth dividend from reform not captured in the comparative static modelling used in the present study inequality within the rural or the urban household grouping would not alter much following full trade reform suggesting that the predominant impact of trade reform would be to reduce urbanrural inequality,1
+moreover a need for additional agricultural land for bioenergy production at the expense of naturally vegetated land will increase water demand and affect hydrological cycles berndes rowe et al similarly climate policies aimed at reducing the use of fossil fuels provide an incentive to increase the amount of hydro wind and solar power which may lead to increased land use eg from flooded areas behind dams thus both renewable power and large scale bioenergy production have substantial land claims and affect both water and energy and thus interact within the landwaterenergy nexus ringler et al,6
+conversely a speed reduction of the recirculation pump would decrease the coolant flow thus increasing coolant temperature and the core void fraction the overall result is a decrease in core reactivity the main advantage of this method is that the power distribution in the core is not changed contrary to the case of regulation with control rods,7
+when renting a house in the informal market tenants can be denied access to public services such as health and education which is particularly damaging to migrants while a number of possible strategies to boost the rental housing market could be proposed it will be important for kazakhstan to begin with broad measures targeting the fiscal regulator and legal framework to ensure a more balanced treatment between rental housing and home ownership these efforts should be prioritised in a coherent national policy for rental housing authorities should proceed with caution peppercorn and taffin suggest that the introduction of a more robust rental policy component to housing policy should be properly sequenced first assessment second legal third tax fourth finance and fifth subsidies kazakhstan needs to define a rental housing policy approach,11
+also civil service officers who meet with the engaged couple and these officers are almost always men tend to show little enthusiasm for such clauses and often do not mention the possibility of including them even when a bride manages to have these clauses included it often takes several years of court proceedings to ensure their application and to punish any violation a woman going out to work may be viewed as a proof that her husband cannot bear the household expenses alone,5
+the disincentives for individuals to invest in education and training that are created by ihe general design of the tax system can be mitigated with targeted tax concessions in most oecd countries employers may fully deduct the costs of employersponsored training for incometax purposes in the year the costs are incurred such expensing is similar to business expenditure on intangibles such as advertising and rd but more generous than investment in buildings and machinery where tax relief is spread over time in line with the assumed rale of depreciation of assets,4
+civic pressure alone is not enough however there must also be receptivity on the part of the state for change to happen analysis reveals that there is a powerful association between the character of the statereligion relationship and the degree of gender equality in family law in countries where the state plays an active role in upholding religious practices doctrines and institutions family law tends to discriminate against women in contexts where political and ecclesiastical institutions are more separated family law tends to be more egalitarian,5
+each municipality must ensure that the development expansion and densification established by its prc can be effectively supplied with the necessary public services ie sanitation transportation energy infrastructure and other services the plan is developed and approved by the municipal council consejo municipal after a process of public consultation with the community including public hearings in those neighbourhoods that might be the most affected by the plan and with the municipality s council of civil society organisations consejo comunal de organizaciones de la sociedad civil after the local government approves the plan it must be approved by minvu s seremi in the region,11
+those who are not taking climate change into consideration will be out of business in the long run walmarts co emissions are about one third of denmark s and when including suppliers almost three times larger than that of denmark s when a company like that takes action it can really make a difference and walmart expects it to be good business of course,12
+however the liberalisation of the electricity market the creation of nord pool in and the european union rules have reduced the possibility to differentiate energy prices at the local level and levelled out transmission charges across the country so what had been a major driver to produce hydro power in rural areas attracting energy intensive firms cannot be replicated by re sectors and their role within rural economy is still unclear this is evident in wind energy aspen,7
+in other southern european countries portugal and spain poverty reduction for nsw households was also modest figures represent the difference between the poverty rate for disposable income and for market income in percentage points for korea market income refers to after tax before public social and government tranfers and is not comparable with the other countries,1
+the subsidy rates for beef milk poultry and eggs are differentiated by the various feeding systems and other technological criteria with more technologically advanced production eligible for higher rates table the afeimats are responsible for developing and approving lists of eligible producers producers submit monthly information on the volumes sold and must provide documents to show proof of sales the eligibility condition was that the products be delivered for processing these output payments were budgeted and paid for one year only and ceased thereafter,2
+in australia despite excellent information and reporting systems on school performance and programme outcomes a coherent structure for systematically registering and individually monitoring early school leavers is lacking only young people receiving benefits and under a programme participation obligation are followed by the dhscenterlink there is no obligation for schools to cooperate with social and health service providers and exchange information there is no obligation for local authorities to offer alternative learning options and follow up on those who refuse to or cannot go back to school,4
+the gef has announced new climate finance commitments of us billion from across its focal areas with at least us million being dedicated to coastal and marine issues over the next four years another us million will flow through the gefs sustainable forest managementredd incentive mechanism which will mobilize us million in grants from other focal areas to tackle the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation while supporting the role of forests in national and local sustainable development plans some us million will address the key global drivers of deforestation by expanding the supply of sustainably managed commodities while more than us million will help to improve food security strengthen resilience and enhance carbon sequestration in subsaharan africa box the us million programme seeks to safeguard ecosystem services by promoting the integrated management of natural resources through projects in countries the projects will help smallholders to become more resilient to climate change by improving soil health and access to droughttolerant crop varieties adjusting planting periods and cropping portfolios and enhancing onfarm agrobiodiversity,13
+it is important to highlight that these apply predominately with climaterelated aid in mind there is limited understanding of how the aid effectiveness principles relate to private climate finance mobilised through development finance and the degree to which private climate finance mobilised by public sector efforts is accountable for instance mainstreaming climate change considerations into national development plans may involve introducing carbonpricing mechanisms that can help to level the playing field between fossil fuel and lowcarbon investments eg morden and gosa capacity development ie strengthening the enabling environments and national capacities to effectively manage climate finance as well as the international cooperation and partnerships needed to support country ownership is critical as outlined in the busan partnership for action on climate finance and development effectiveness,13
+for a household with two adults and two children the threshold level of income guaranteed by the rsi has dropped from of the poverty line in to in the changes have hardly affected the incidence of poverty since most of the affected incomes below the poverty line however the reforms have made the poor poorer,1
+teacher education provides them with adequate curriculum knowledge and planning skills moreover the importance of curriculum design in teacher practice has helped shift the focus of professional development from fragmented inservice training towards more systemic theoretically grounded school wide improvement efforts the finnish education system was highly centralised until the early s,4
+only groundwater abstraction was charged since the goal of this policy was to increase the price of groundwater so that surface water would be used instead the tax was administered by the ministry of finance and the central environmental tax unit the system also raised complaints from waterintensive industries since the groundwater tax was different for industries supplied by water companies and for those with selfextraction hence raising competitiveness issues,6
+according to who calculations in the same year one in ten households in greece experienced catastrophic outofpocket spending rising to nearly one in three for the poorest households physicians density in varied from per population in western macedonia and central greece to per in attica elstat figure one innovative project cofinanced by the eu the national telemedicine network harnesses the power of telemedicine to reach patients living in remote areas figure,3
+in the wake of the amendments the elections saw women win more than onethird of seats in both houses for the first time in mexico s history in widerranging debate on electoral reform led to the revision of article of the constitution which now requires parties to enforce gender parity among their election nominees the remaining representatives are elected using the proportional representation system through closed party lists in five districts of seats each,5
+with a few exceptions for some countries in some years central and eastern european countries have experienced steady improvements in life expectancy at birth in both genders since figure life expectancy in males showed greater variation between countries than in females although the convergence between countries over time has also been greater in males life expectancy trends in the remaining eu countries also showed improvements since but with some erratic changes in recent years figure,3
+the methodology for the assessment relied on desk research reviewing oecd publications research papers and national and subnational smart city strategies obtained through government websites at the national level the assessment considered not only explicit or dedicated national smart city strategies but also national development plans and strategies since in many countries elements of smart city strategies are incorporated into the broader framework of these plans and strategies it found that all of the countries studied have included an element of smart city development in their national development plans and strategies,11
+these three major classes are now used as a standard for international maps of groundwater resources figure the international groundwater resources assessment centre igrac has defined global groundwater regions divided into groundwater provinces margat and van der gun these divisions were developed focusing on the predominant characteristics of groundwater systems in continental regions there are four main categories of groundwater regions basement regions b sedimentary basins s high relief folded mountains regions m and volcanic regions v,6
+the study also focused on the importance of cultural heritage as a factor attracting people to stay in the region according to the study about of the tourists visited raros because ofthetowns cultural heritage in addition around of guests attending conferences stayed in raros due to the cultural heritage of the town,11
+in addition to steps planned by the norwegian government minimum mental health service provision guidelines for municipalities as well as established patient pathways from primary care may strengthen access to appropriate specialist services such as cbt or other talking therapies for mildtomoderate disorders across the country the systematic recording of waiting times for patients following a referral to psychological therapies published alongside norway s existing data on waiting times and referral to depression services may be a further way of effectively appraising unmet need and disparities across the country for these individuals good coordination of care good followup in the community following hospitalisations appropriate longterm support and sensitivity to patient requests and treatment needs are important parts of securing highquality care,3
+the system covers many common nationwide trade skills in a large variety of industrial sectors since its introduction in fy about million people have become certified skilled workers and every year there are about additional applicants for skills certification mhlw and these figures suggest however that only about of the current workforce is certified,8
+scientific studies have calculated that the production of one pair of jeans requires around litres of water water footprint network few people realise that when buying a pair of new jeans they are in fact using up as much water as they would normally be drinking over a period of almost years assuming that an average person drinks two litres of water per day similar calculations show for example that the production of one cup of coffee requires litres of water water footprint network few couples that are getting married know that between to tonnes of rock valdivia ugaua had to be mined in order to provide the grams of gold needed to make two plain wedding rings,12
+although all swedish citizens are entitled to subsidised mental health care flatrate charges are set by the counties and variation can be significant depending on the region nonetheless outpatient care covered by this system has a relatively low individual payment cap nationally applied on what people can be required to pay out of pocket about eur per year inpatient care operates slightly differently and this payment ceiling does not apply in such cases although there is a national cap on daily charges about eur per day private care operating completely separately from the public sector has no regulations or limitations on what can be charged melke the growing concern is that this is not only financially unsustainable but also harms overall quality of care as rotating doctors leads to a lack of treatment continuity and creates more difficult working conditions which in turn discourages individuals from seeking a career in psychiatry see section li oecd,3
+over the same period this was faster than the average annual growth of coal per cent crude oil per cent and natural gas per cent the growth of modern renewables from to was much slower than historical expansions of coal at per cent per year from to oil extraction at per cent per year from to and natural gas production at per cent per year from to modern renewables half of which was wind power accounted for per cent of global electricity production in solutions that do not build on the prevailing prime movers and existing energy infrastructure will require decades to make significant dents in the primary energy mix,7
+in modern times frontier science has been able to avert dangers posed by extreme climatic events and new pests and diseases in ways that traditional knowledge alone could not have matched the biological control of the cassava mealy bug in africa by the use of a pathogen imported from south america is an excellent example of modern science contributing to the protection of a traditional farming system many authors have decried the loss of the vast range of landraces that were used by many traditional farmers as a protection measure against climate extremes and pest and disease threats much of the world s rice now comes from a tiny number of improved cultivars most of them highly dependent on fertilizers and pesticides,2
+then table presents descriptive statistics for the background data used in the multivariate analysis the sigi is a composite index that measures genderbased discrimination in social institutions taking into account formal and informal laws as well as attitudes and practices that discriminate against women in five dimensions discriminatory family code restricted physical integrity son bias restricted resources and assets and restricted civil liberties the sigi takes into account de jure legal as well as de facto actual situations as such it offers several advantages over other measures of social institutions such as women business and law world bank or the ciri womens right measures cingranelli and richards that focus only on the de jure situation,5
+in fact the united nations law of the sea was a point of discussion during the historic first meeting ofthe forum in through the forum the pacific region already has a collaborative and integrated ocean management system in place it strengthens the pacific islands regional ocean policy particularly through stronger provisions in the areas of coordination resourcing and implementation it also aspires to protect manage and sustain the cultural and natural integrity of the ocean for present and future generations of the broader global community at its heart is a desire to build pride leadership learning and cooperation across the ocean environment,14
+the key is to integrate their use across donor programmes as a systematic and consistent approach however this also means that there are multiple entry points and that although empowerment doesn t happen overnight supporting empowerment in one domain economic social or political will have positive effects in the others putting in place and operating the management mechanisms and processes that will allow a programme or project to be delivered in a way that empowers people takes time and may delay the delivery of physical programme outputs,1
+the uptake of ghg emissions through forestry and landuse changes was mt in accounting for about of total gross emissions in energyrelated c was responsible for mt about of total gross emissions average annual growth of energyrelated c was between and,7
+prices should also incentivise behaviour in line with policy objectives promoting the use of public and nonmotorised transport efficient parking pricing is a highly effective tool in san francisco smart parking meters with realtime fare adjustments have increased the effectiveness of variablerate onstreet parking pricing,11
+clearer visions and strategies for de facto gender equality as defined by international standards would facilitate improvements for gender equality objectives including the cedaw mena countries can build on the existing strategies to expand them to include the civic political and economic rights of women more prominently indeed the institutional history of social rights within oecd countries demonstrates that while rights associated w ith women initially were upheld in relation to maternal functions and reproductive roles these protections later expanded to include protections for equality in public life and economic opportunities effective implementation is critical to ensure that gender strategies go beyond declarative statements and are translated into concrete actions,5
+in various states and territories in australia belgium french community in various provinces and territories in canada chile performance appraisal and new zealand for example it is at the discretion of school leaders and evaluators to select instruments and tools to gather information depending on the chosen appraisal aspects and criteria andor individually defined performance objectives the instruments and sources of information used to gather evidence about a school leader s performance may also differ between leadership positions school principals and deputy school principals while the costs and efforts required need to be weighed with the benefits of using multiple sources of information it is essential to gather a feasible amount of accurate valid reliable and useful information glasman and glasman such meetings between appraiser and appraisee may simply rely on a checklist that examines whether an appraisal aspect has been demonstrated lashway,4
+in some cases the poorest households may not be able to afford access to water services evidence in oecd countries suggests that affordability of water charges for lowincome households is a politically sensitive issue a variety of approaches have been deployed for this purpose most involve either direct support from the public budget eg additional direct income support for consumption andor subsidised connection fees or crosssubsidisation through the tariff structure eg increasingblock water tariffs where those who use only a small amount of water pay very little for it while higher levels of consumption are subject to higher tariffs a balance must be struck between economic environmental efficiency and equity objectives,6
+germany has not seen the same sharp increases in housing prices as the united kingdom where housing affordability is a major public concern low housing supply elasticities due to restrictive land use have been argued to be one of the major reasons for decreasing affordability of housing especially in economically vibrant areas of the united kingdom white and allmendinger moreover there are additional challenges to uiban containment strategies,11
+poverty among those with three years or fewer of education is higher than the average for the general population while it is and higher among those with four to six years and seven to nine years of education respectively as for employment type poverty rates are higher among the unemployed higher among inactive persons and higher among selfemployed workers than in the total population poverty rates among wage workers are on average below those of the general population further evidence of the crucial role of employment in staving off poverty and indigence although poverty fell between and some of the population continue to suffer from simultaneous deprivations in different dimensions of wellbeing,1
+however the hospital result is in contrast with the results for the pharmaceutical indicators where there is no evidence of lower consumption in high expenditure cut countries this would indicate that the high expenditure cut countries have been able to protect the volumes of pharmaceutical consumed this paper has provided an overview of the recent literature that examines the links between economic downturns and health outcomes and health care use it has also summarised some of the main policy instruments that oecd countries have used to reform their health systems and reduce health expenditures,3
+borko et putnam concerning the impact of teacher education on student outcomes it is possible to subdivide this issue into three subquestions what is the impact of teacher education on student outcomes this empirical study is based on data from statesurveys of policies taken from the schools and staffing survey and the national assessment of educational progress naep it shows evidence that the policies used in the different american states to promote teacher quality especially those regarding teacher education requirement and certification as well as continuing training can be positively related to better student achievements,4
+in per cent of older persons aged years or over lived in countries where the remaining life expectancy at age was less than years in that fraction had been reduced to only per cent ofthe population of older persons conversely before the period no country had a life expectancy at age that was higher than years changes from to in the distribution of the world s older population by the level of remaining life expectancy at age are depicted in figure,3
+an ethnic group generally shares a common sense of identity and common characteristics such as language religion tribe nationality race or a combination thereof in other cases indigenous peoples became minorities as a result of the settlement and colonization of their native territories by other peoples those distinctions have important political and practical implications,10
+after the first frequency drop units serving areas from to will increase their output under signal from tso provided that the grid connections have enough transport capacity to bear additional load for instance the construction of a new large nuclear plant may require increasing spinning reserves which would not be needed if several smaller units are built instead thus spinning reserves are potentially a differentiating factor between large reactors and smrs and could favour the choice of smaller reactors,7
+creating avenues for safe and successful migration both within a country and beyond its borders constitutes an important means of improving economic outcomes for youth facing widespread unemployment and poor job quality likewise for developed economies experiencing a decline in the share of the workingage population immigration provides an important means of sustaining employmentdriven growth and supporting existing social safety nets for large migrantsending countries workers remittances from abroad provide an important source of household income and government revenue naturally however this comes with frictions and risks on both sides,8
+in some cases there can be a failure to demonstrate financial additionality ie that the private finance mobilised would not have occurred without the public intervention cafodoxfamactionaid ukeurodadwwfbond in regard to climate finance nakhooda and norman attribute part of the lack of evidence to the absence of a clear consistent approach for measuring the impact of climate finance more broadly and private sector engagement for climate change in particular the lack of consistent monitoring is compounded by issues related to attribution of impact and to the establishment of baselines for the analysis in the case of adaptation for example it would be valuable to know to what extent the private sector needs to be supported in its risk management in order to provide economic stability,13
+as for the size of the shocks it appears to be relevant to retain the trend in the annual average temperature in each country over the last few decades a complementary proxy of this shock measurement can also be found in a decreasing trend of the average rainfall level vulnerability to rainfall and temperature shocks has again two main components corresponding to the previous distinction between exposure and shocks,13
+school inspections are much better established as an evaluation practice than school selfevaluation which is not widespread and systematic across the system also student assessment is perceived more as test and measurement rather than learning the review team also formed the impression that there is not enough reflection on the use of results from evaluation activities and the concept of feedback is not yet fully ingrained among school agents,4
+for example the current practice of issuing construction permits in the absence of a land use plan contributes to encroachment in forests and should be reformed forests cover million ha or of the territory on a par with the oecd average the body known as state forests lasy panstwowe lp administers public forests which currently account for of all forests by area table,15
+it brings together a group of local business owners and women from different walks of life to create a national network that strengthens women s status in a growing economy also a partner in global entrepreneurship weeklebanon women s groups are tightly linked to the state and are permitted to cooperate only with international women s organisations that have been sanctioned by the government,5
+based on the assumption that aptitudes are equally distributed across the genders educating more boys than girls it is argued causes selection bias and lowers the average quality of those educated the result is an inefficient allocation of labour with negative effects on economywide labour productivity and growth on the other hand gender equality in education has been shown to lower fertility rates and enhance children s wellbeing,5
+in finland several health stations or centres have started to use a depression nurse model a survey conducted in in all finnish health centres indicated that of all health centres had a depression or psychiatric nurse and of centres had adopted a uniform practice for the screening of depression partanen et al mental health nurses are playing an increasing role in the delivery of mental health primary care services and some countries such as australia have introduced financial incentives to support and develop this role happell et al,3
+in addition at the level of plants and units there is no evidence of any differences in the speed of energy technology change across a wide range of technologies since the nineteenth century wilson forthcoming policy has typically focused on technology as the main lever for reducing emissions and it is indeed a powerful driver future energy technology change will be as important for determining future greenhouse gas emissions levels as longterm demographic and economic developments over the course of the twentyfirst century roehrl and riahi figure illustrates the contributions of energy technologies to greenhouse gas emissions reductions under a highemissions baseline scenario required for stabilization at a concentration of ppmv co e by,7
+before eskom was responsible for the electrification of the country eskom held a statesupported monopoly and would electrify an area upon instruction from the government or connect a consumer if the consumer would pay there was systematic neglect of full service delivery to the coloured black and asian communities in after the first free election was held it was estimated that approximately million households department of energy b were without electricity,7
+these usually include multiple criteria each of which requires an understanding of the context of the proposed action for example the cancun adaptation framework established in at cop invites all parties to plan prioritise and implement adaptation actions unfccc parties agreed at cop in durban that adaptation planning is a continuous progressive and iterative process unfccc,13
+chinas energy consumption and carbon emissions will continue to rise these aspects are shown as the baseline scenario in figure under this innovative inclusive and sustainable growth scenario china is pursuing holistic structural reform which helps the country to sustain relatively high rates of economic growth even as the labour force shrinks and capital accumulation slows while it realizes shared and green development,8
+for a detailed discussion see oecd a however as in oecd countries gender pay gaps in emerging economies are only partially attributable to observed differences in worker and job characteristics chapter attitudes social conventions and institutions and discrimination probably play an important role in pay differentials between men and women though they are hard to measure and when female workers are employed full time they typically spend a much larger share of their time on additional housework including childcare than men who are fulltime workers,5
+it seems that some schools prefer not to openly advertise vacancies because that would compel them to follow regulations in regard to recruitment rules that may not suit school needs in general there also seems to be a lack of information to connect those looking for a teaching position with the schools seeking teachers in order to address this concern the flemish public employment service and the ministry of education and training have jointly established a webbased database of teacher vacancies in elementary and secondary education wwwvdabbe leerkrachtendatabank,4
+in addition as many as countries or areas had less than per cent female representation see statistical annex seven women held this position in the parliaments of africa all subsaharan four in asia two in southern asia and two in central asia and six in latin america and the caribbean of which in the caribbean the proportion of female candidates for lower or single house of parliament tended to be low in countries within the less developed regions being predominantly in the range of zero to per cent in the last elections table,5
+a focus on health outcomes started in with the government strategy health of the nation department of health a which built on the earlier who document health for all by the year mental illness was included as a key part of this strategy which set targets to reduce morbidity and mortality due to mental illness and was followed by implementation strategies in the mental illness key area handbooks department of health department of health see also jenkins building bridges department of health set out the vision for intersector liaison around mental health and the spectrum of care department of health set out the range of services and interventions envisaged as part of local services for mentally ill people the quality outcomes framework qof was introduced in alongside pbr as a performance management and incentive payment scheme for general practitioners gps in england and includes mental health care indicators see section,3
+but it has been difficult to sustain these gains and to translate them into an adequate standard of living economic policies have either undermined womens social gains or failed to support them through improved labour market opportunities gender gaps are narrowing in some domains but entrenched and growing wealth inequalities mean that poorer women are being left behind to sustain and amplify womens hardwon gains requires a different set of economic and social policies as the following chapters will elaborate,5
+rather major concerns have centred on food insecurity in the presence of trade surpluses and how to invigorate agriculture to promote growth and employment in populous rural communities where unlike the experience of most countries the size of average land holdings continues to decline a range of supply side programmes such as input subsidies for fertilisers irrigation electricity and farm credit coupled with investments in irrigation are designed to encourage higher yields and production a range of market support prices are set to cover costs and improve farmer returns high food subsidies help poor consumers in september india enacted a new national food security act nfsa which is now implementing the most ambitious right to food programme yet to be applied in history covering over million people and providing kg of food grain per person each year at prices that are about of current retail prices for food grains,2
+regarding the group mainly umics angola and equatorial guinea have been included in this group since they are currently graduating from the ldc category another source of data on climate finance flows is the biennial reports submitted by developed country parties to the unfccc the paris agreement provides the latest guidance to countries and multilateral development banks on climate finance and the need for financial flows to developing countries to support climate action decision cp which accompanies the paris agreement recommits developed countries to mobilising usd billionyea by from public and private sources to support climate action in developing countries with a new higher target to be agreed by,13
+this implies that african countries and development partners need to invest more resources in gathering data and refining the methodologies to establish baselines and monitor progress data and metadata for this indicator are available and latest data for the majority of african countries are from for africa the proportion of the urban population living in slums declined to about per cent in from per cent in a per cent the decline in the proportion of people living in slums can be attributed to the slum redevelopment and affordable housing programmes that several countries in the developing regions including in africa have rolled out in the past years,11
+furthermore there are also indications that the development of the new scheme would benefit from a broader timeline and a thorough analysis of its impact before national rollout there are very few programmes and resources targeted at students from a disadvantaged background or with learning difficulties this is partly explained because the current concept of disadvantage is too narrow as it focuses only on disabilities and extreme socioeconomic disadvantage and thus a relatively small number of students are entitled to receive support,4
+the enactment of legislation banning female genital mutilation has in some instances resulted in communities changing from practicing one type of female genital mutilation to another type so as to avoid punishment or in lowering the age of girls subjected to female genital mutilation so as to hide the practice from the authorities more easily or to minimize the resistance of the girls themselves these experiences have reinforced the importance of ensuring that legislation is drafted with all possible risks backlashes and misuses taken into consideration and of consistently monitoring the impact of legislation they are interconnected with each other as well as with other forms of violence and discrimination against women forced marriages result in sexual violence in many cases particularly since many countries exempt marital rape from being a punishable offence in a number of countries victimssurvivors of rape are forced to marry the perpetrator of the violence as this is seen to restore the family s honour which was deemed to be tarnished by the woman being considered to have engaged in premarital or extramarital sexual relations,5
+overall the policy instrument mix in mexico is largely dominated by the use of subsidy programmes many of which also serve poverty alleviation goals the mix tends to focus more heavily on conservation and sustainable use of forestry resources mexico has federal protected areas covering in all million ha or of the national territory in,15
+a different example is furnished by the eastern macedonia and thrace institute of technology greece which initiated a research collaboration with the european organisation for nuclear research cern the aim is to create a business incubator to diffuse cern s existing technologies to the region s private sector the main purpose of innovation vouchers is to build linkages between smes and public research institutions which will i stimulate knowledge transfer directly between public research and business and ii act as a catalyst for the formation of longerterm more indepth relationships oecd d voucher programmes have been implemented in many countries including germany hungary ireland the netherlands and the united kingdom while the outcomes of collaborations also vary there are many examples of successful collaborations that have led to the introduction of new or improved products services or processes by smes,9
+they are often implemented in a nontransparent manner with little consultation and add to the cost of importing for example every shipment of fresh food of plant origin must be tested for chemical content in indonesia before being released imports of chicken leg quarters from the usa are still banned for halal reasons since trade was halted in importers of animal products require import approval for shipments and ports of entry are being reduced in number this is done to ensure an adequate supply of these products on the domestic market exports of coffee rubber manioc to the eu and bananas and pineapple to japan are controlled to meet international obligations or to maximise returns from the market,2
+a comprehensive metaanalysis of effectiveness of the collaborative care model in mental health showed that it significantly improved health outcomes these are very substantial gains compared to common medical treatments to take an example the costs of the collaborative care model in treatment of depression include physician time care manager services specialty consultation and registrydecision support,3
+within the africa region the general trend is highly diverse with notable progress between and recorded in ghana net increase of per cent rwanda per cent morocco per cent and the united republic of tanzania per cent slight stagnation in others and severe declines in benin burkina faso chad cote d ivoire eritrea mali and niger subregional differences are shown in figure with north and southern africa having higher schooling rates than the other subregions and central africa scoring significant lower for women a dramatically low years of schooling for girls and the widest gender gap almost two years this has been a critical factor in arriving at close to universal primary education enrolment,5
+the approval process for locallevel planning instruments eg pladeco prc is not structured to accommodate an integrated urban programme as it evaluates projects individually this leads to a possibility of approving initiatives that are more aligned to national or regional priorities than those that are critical to meeting local needs in this sense antofagasta s planning is at risk of being captured by the approval process,11
+thus in this scenario it is assumed that the female labour force participation rate will reach the levels observed for men by and the gender gap not longer exists thus in this scenario it is assumed that the female labour force participation rate will reach the levels observed for men by and the gender gap not longer exists testing the speed of convergence on a panel of oecd countries research in economics vol,5
+the iso also updated the committee on its technical specification about requirements and guidelines for the quantification and communication of greenhouse gas footprints china the european union mexico new zealand switzerland chinese taipei and the united states shared experiences on their domestic efforts to promote legally harvested timber and combat illegal logging,13
+therefore tackling one factor in isolation from the others is highly unlikely to have the desired effect of reducing violence on the contrary it could be counterproductive and ultimately escalate violence despite significant improvements in a number of areas the labour market gaps confronting young people in the lac region continue to be wider than those in oecd countries and those of adults furthermore progress has been uneven across countries,8
+larger interconnected areas will allow larger balancing areas with smoother variable renewable output in general increased levels of interconnections and crossregion cooperation in the form of market coupling and congestion management will facilitate the accommodation of variable renewable energies as part of its trans european energy networks teen initiative the european commission is thus driving the evolution of the current transmission grid towards a super grid to ensure reliable electricity supply in particular to provide balancing services across europe,7
+relatively increase in agricultural land has impacted forests in a severe manner when forest land has been cleared for example for plantation or agroindustrial estates agricultural expansion may not always occur on forest land it is important to note that in the case of cambodia the conversion of forest land for elcs since including mining has had a significant impact on forests,15
+however although indicating that water is not scarce this is an average consideration furthermore there are differences between wss companies water losses are generally high to very high in most of the utilities with regard to water quality anthropogenic water usesfunctions are safeguarded with the sound functioning of aquatic ecosystems,6
+in addition the due diligence obligation of states to prosecute punish and compensate for human rights violations committed by nonstate actors has also become a wellrecognized international norm states should ensure that women victims of human rights violations have access to immediate means of redress and reparation that perpetrators are prosecuted and punished and that mechanisms for this are accessible to women the obligation to provide adequate reparations includes ensuring the rights of women to access both criminal and civil remedies and the establishment of effective protection support and rehabilitation services for survivors of violence,5
+the group described as developed middle class and above encompasses workers in developing countries who are equivalent to the lower end of the middle class in the united states and who are able to afford most international consumer goods kapsos and bourmpoula based on the data presented there is little evidence of a large or substantial employed middle class in the ldcs which may have negative implications for wider economic growth investment and employment generation however other evidence suggests that in subsaharan africa and asia over the past years the middle class has been growing quite rapidly african development bank ravallion a the odc sample comprises developing countries,8
+both of these new sectors were again based on natural resources the bauxite mineral deposits were dug out of the soil in the hills of central jamaica and the hotels on the north coast of the island offered holidaymakers sun sand and sea both were highenergy consumers with the mining sector accounting for almost half of the national consumption of imported petroleum in some years government incentives stimulated investment in capitalintensive importdependent production of consumer goods in the era of cheap energy little attention was paid to the energy intensity of the production processes especially because of the rapid growth of the domestic market for both basic consumption goods and luxury items for highincome households,12
+however substantial climaterelated finance appears to flow from nondac member countries such as the russian federation government of russian federation moreover as of the chinese exportimport bank provided about of tajikistan s total external public debt as loans although this was not limited to climaterelated projects world bank further about of foreign direct investment flows to azerbaijan were intended for the oil and gas sector in the oecd dac crs database shows the largest amounts of climaterelated development finance in the country in and were committed to the waste management and road transport sectors,13
+municipalities thus often formulate structure plans to show the consistency of landuse policy in the municipality landuse planning falls mostly into the jurisdiction of local governments since it is placebased by definition and contextspecific oecd forthcoming monotowns and cities of oblast significance for example face very different problems,11
+this was reasonably participatory and in line with ethiopian government normal practice however there has not yet been much outreach of the crge s plans and so the crge is not yet fully internalised among the many stakeholders who need to understand it they understand the gtp better nevertheless further consultation is planned as crge implementation proceeds each local community will formulate its own work programmes and bylaws to guide and govern the actions of its members towards greater climate resilience,13
+even where longterm savings outweigh initial investments end users may fail to choose energyefficient options because of financial constraints projects and programmes aimed at facilitating financial support therefore play a key role in removing barriers to ee investment in particular in developing countries energy savings resulting from ee investment by end users reduce the need for new investment in energy supply capacity whereas most supplyside investments would be made by a small group of actors mainly large energy producers and distributors the additional investment in enduse sectors will have to be made by a large number of small investors the iea therefore emphasizes that shifting investment from the supply side to the end user requires viable financing frameworks iea,7
+until health insurers had to reimburse the full cost of all drugs covered by social health insurance up to a legally determined reimbursement limit as a result generic drug prices were all close to the reimbursement limit allowing pharmacies to make large profits attempts from the government to claw back part of the discounts offered to pharmacists were only marginally successful boonen et al in parallel health insurers started to issue tenders for contracts to supply several highvolume generic drugs,3
+across the oecd countries spend to of gdp on pes and administration and another to of gdp on other almps ideally evaluations cover various aspects of the implementation of new policies and programmes and help to understand what effects the policies and programmes had for whom and why performance management and programme evaluations allow the continuous improvement of policies and programmes or the termination of unsuccessful ones demonstrate accountability and justify government expenditure on pes and almps this also requires a strategic view giving due weight to qualitative outcomes and broader and longerterm considerations,8
+schools and local authorities rayons have little flexibility to invest more in human resources by increasing staffing levels or raising teacher salaries if these are more acutely needed or alternatively to invest in physical resources school buildings school equipment such as smart boards if the existing ones are insufficient or outdated overall local and regional governments have very little spending discretion as norms determine how resources should be allocated and intergovernmental transfers have a very limited equalisation effect another issue of concern is the lack of consultation with stakeholders which means that education strategies might not fully reflect the rich diversity of the country the amount devoted to school education of gdp is considerably below the oecd average of although the latter also encompasses postsecondary nontertiary expenditures,4
+however such backup power increases the overall costs of the systems other types of hybrids are also possible such as photovoltaicwind hybrid systems which take advantage of the varying availability of the solar resource and the wind resource allowing each renewable resource to supplement the other and increasing the overall capacity factor this includes for instance the introduction of offgrid solar pv products that are much smaller than the traditional watt solar pv systems sometimes called picopv,7
+between and the czech authorities observed an increasing prevalence of highrisk methamphetamine abuse including by injection in an increase in amphetamine abuse was reported by germany while stable or decreasing trends in amphetamine abuse were reported by cyprus finland portugal and the united kingdom it is estimated that some million western and central european young adults between and years of age have used ecstasy in the past year,3
+data for japan refer to respondent and spouses aged and there is no information on earnings for other household members on average their risk of falling into the bottom of the income distribution is very similar to that of standard worker households only about of mixed households are found in the lowest income quintile there are however some country differences with the shares ranging from below in australia to around in luxembourg mixed swnsw households fare slightly better in the distributional position than sw households in all countries with the exception of portugal,1
+climate risk screening is now applied to all ida projects and will be extended to other world bank operations in early the banks climate change action plan recognizes climate change as a threat to its core mission of poverty reduction and makes a commitment to moving from early screening to exante planning with a climate lens in support of countries indcndc implementation world bank a key challenge and one which will be exacerbated by expected increases in climate variability is the inability of both farmers and financiers to fully manage the impacts of seasonality on cash flows this requires not only a significant increase in the amount of capital available but also longer maturities of to years and more flexible repayment schedules that are adjusted to cash flows,13
+indeed many multilateral development banks bilateral agencies and ngos are now mandated to achieve climate change cobenefits while contributing to the core organisational mandates of poverty reduction and broader development outcomes some institutions go further still for example afd mainstreams climate change mitigation into its operations by measuring the carbon footprint of its whole development finance portfolio afd all recipients and some supporters and providers consider aligning climate finance behind priorities outlined in national climate change action plans as an important principle for effectiveness,13
+the project includes investments in infrastructure sector reform and training to strengthen airport operations and management capacity as well as project support while the project is still ongoing some challenges have already risen for example procurement and contract management require daily onsite technical support to resolve issues ensure progress and enhance institutional capacity local circumstances such as adverse weather can also delay the construction schedule oecdwto aidfortrade monitoring exercise public sector case story,9
+recent research indicates that less than of all active agricultural holdings obtain income from sources other than agricultural production an increase from in there are approximately million economic entities in rural areas that are not associated with agricultural activity regon on the one hand there are many successful examples of rural businesses in poland and as will be discussed a wide range of supports are available for both new and established businesses see box for examples of rural entrepreneurship in eastern poland,9
+this is also true for standards which risk becoming obsolete if they fail to keep up with technological progress and more general energyefficiency trends a first step in addressing this concern is initiating and harmonizing efforts to obtain energyintensity data once data are collected country energy performance can be assessed and explained and crosscountry comparisons made to know where progress is considerable and where it is not,7
+these models are all ppps involving an academicindustrial consortium pursuing collaborative research typically over seven to ten years the level of subsidy is typically high in order to encourage fundamental research involving phd education that strengthens the role of the collaboration in human capital formation evidence from international evaluations about these programmes are strongly positive but also point to the importance of a balanced governance power between the academic and industrial stakeholders to guarantee successful outcomes,9
+the report found that lesson learning in ctf mitigationinterventions was weak to nonexistent slightly stronger performance for their adaptation activities and mixed performance for their forestry and pilot programmes it is therefore important to maximise the impact and effectiveness of climate finance however much of the focus to date has been on tracking the quantity of climate finance flows rather than the quality or effectiveness of this finance,13
+life expectancy at birth increased rapidly by four years from years in to years in figure and by more than years since infant mortality has decreased from to per population since which is below the average in latin america child mortality decreased in a similar fashion from to also below the regional average in line with the latin american region as a whole peru has considerably narrowed the gap to the average of oecd countries in tenns of main health indicators with peru developing even faster than most of its neighbours,3
+this implies that the level of tax for a litre of diesel should be higher than that for a litre of gasoline to reflect relative environmental costs diesel vehicles also tend to travel further per litre of fuel than gasoline vehicles as they are often more fuel efficient this means that social costs such as congestion noise accidents and infrastructure wear are also higher on a per litre basis for diesel than gasoline in the energy sector the international energy agency iea estimates that the sources of around of possible cumulative greenhouse gas ghg emissions to under an energy scenario consistent with international climate goals are already in place or under construction leaving little room for additional polluting facilities iea,7
+in the gaza strip the deficit has been estimated at mcmyr table tel avivyafo in israel and most of the gaza strip figure in the egyptian town of rafah most dramatically in the gaza strip water levels have been dropping at rates of up to myr and water levels in many areas now lie near or below sea level in the northern gaza strip groundwater levels have dropped by about m in the period while a drop of over m was observed in the rafah area in the southern gaza strip with a clear acceleration from onward figure,6
+the cbfa came into effect in may and expired on may an amended cbfa has been established since involving seven environmental organizations two fewer than in the previous agreement the forest products association of canada and its member companies and kruger inc cbfa the simplified procedures include fundamental changes to the rules for the allocation of tariff quotas on the export of spruce pine and fir roundwood russian gazette a,15
+we know progress is possible since the last development agenda both the number of people living in extreme poverty and the number of primaryschoolaged children out of school have been halved successfully we can provide an education for every last child we have an opportunity to embrace peace equality inclusivity and sustainable development by ensuring freedom for all,1
+additionally political instability risk and corruption were also identified as challenges for some countries this is evident from the fact that a country such as singapore with limited agricultural production capacity is ranked at the top of the list at number while such countries as argentina and the russian federation with high agricultural production capacities are ranked much lower at numbers and respectively from table and on the basis of the overall structure of the index it can be concluded that arab countries with economic capacity to import food including those of the gcc subregion are expected to rank in positions comparable to that of kuwait the united arab emirates and saudi arabia arab ldcs on the other hand are expected to be ranked at the tail of the list comparable to that of yemen and sudan moreover while lebanon is expected to rank in a comparable position to those of tunisia and jordan other countries facing conflicts or unrest including iraq and libya are expected to score lower comparable to that of the syrian arab republic the rationale to limit the focus of food security on only these two elements stems from the convection of the instrumental role of agriculture to reduce poverty and malnutrition,2
+the iudf is expected to contribute to strengthening ruralurban linkages and promote urban resilience and urban safety these goals inform the priority objectives of nice policy levers i integrated uiban planning and management ii integrated transport and mobility iii integrated sustainable human settlements iv integrated uiban infrastructure v efficient land governance and management vi inclusive economic development vii empowered active communities viii effective uiban governance and ix sustainable finances the current urban legislative framework in viet nam despite its considerable extent eg laws plans strategies and programmes table has a very similar caveat as the current urban policy frameworks,11
+in the absence of any well laid out strategy the focus of the implementation of the mdg agenda has often been on raising budgetary allocations for education health and other basic social programmes they were meant to be comprehensive and ensure greater coherence between economic and social policies and to serve in positioning donor support behind a nationally defined development strategy however prsps have been criticized for failing in practice to make macroeconomic trade and financial policies integral and explicit parts of a strategy aiming to generate sufficient productive employment reduce poverty and enhance access to social services gottschalk northsouth institute stewart and wang and vos and cabezas,1
+both maternity leaves and parental and paternity leave are considerably longer in europe and in englishspeaking countries except for the united states which lags behind even by comparison with the poorer latin american countries the socioeconomic status and gender of domestic workers the great majority of whom are women are inevitably intertwined so the way in which the state addresses their labour conditions indicates the value it affords to the two types of equity any measure that improves conditions for domestic workers promotes both dimensions of equity yet in the medium and long term formalizing domestic workers labour conditions can foster collective efforts towards more institutionalized sequential and defamilializing measures,5
+monitoring is carried out among newly electrified consumers in the longer run it will be interesting to undertake broader economic assessments to locate possible longterm changes this monitoring exercise has revealed that the majority of electrified households use electricity for lighting and tv use electricity also for cooking a large proportion of the population use electricity for heating,7
+however precise estimations of the size and nature of the energy efficiency gap of the food chain have not yet been calculated in many cases the implementation of these approaches is a winwin situation for the producer as the energy cost reductions achieved through implementation quickly repay the capital investment that is required in the majority of cases a payback time of five years or less can be achieved and for a significant proportion of the technologies the payback is three years or less golaszewski et al moreover important efficiency gains can be achieved without capital investment by introducing procedural and behavioural changes reducing food waste for example provides high potential for energy savings through resource efficiency and offers an important untapped energyefficiency potential which policy could address mehlhart et al,7
+guidelines for schools could be provided as part of a practical toolkit for all aspects of school evaluation chapter at the same time as pointed out in the sections on challenges there are concerns about the lack of systematic teacher appraisal practices at the local level teachers in denmark are entirely dependent on local capacity and willingness to benefit from appraisal and feedback to improve their practice,4
+annual expenditure per student on basic education is also below the oecd average in per student expenditure for basic education in lithuania usd ppp was approximately half that of oecd usd and eu usd averages oecd b these differences in expenditure were mainly due to the comparatively low salaries of lithuanian teachers and school administrators shewbridge et al,4
+to cover these of the population have voluntary health insurance and there is help for those who cannot afford it outofpocket payments are low overall but the share of private expenditure is high compared to the eu average however despite the strong primary care system there is a lack of coordination and integration across levels and sectors causing discontinuity of care,3
+south african women formed a parliamentary womens group pwg soon after the elections the name itself is significant opposition parties did not want the body to be called a caucus as their male colleagues would see this as selling out party interests according to xingwana this played an important role in the early days as women sought to navigate new corridors of power however the pwg soon broke up into womens caucuses within parties,5
+this is in recognition of the impact the socioeconomic background of students has on their academic achievement a range of compensatory educational programmes such as the community teachers programme the teacher teacher programme the tutorials project and the educational commitment programme provide schools with greater opportunities to offer the necessary support for students with greater needs however there are three aspects which require further reflection this might reduce the transparency of funding to schools while increasing the complexity of resource distribution second other policy issues such as student repetition and teacher deployment to individual schools have not received enough attention in terms of the inequities they introduce in the system,4
+they are also encouraged to work towards ensuring effective enforcement of the legal framework in order to ensure equality and nondiscrimination among all citizens notably in view of changing social attitudes and to challenge discriminatory social norms and practices under these laws which are based to varying degrees on religion women do not share the same rights as men to pursue a profession engage in travel or head a family this affects economic outcomes and the application of egalitarian employment and entrepreneurship provisions discussions at the national and international levels testily to the fact that the personal status laws influence social values,5
+it should also be understood that some indicators of gender equality are not likely to be applicable to all countries for example literacy rates may be more meaningful in subsaharan africa than in latin america and the caribbean and wage data are less relevant in largely agricultural societies the development of indicators to assess sdg progress will have to deal with this complexity fiscal policy and endogenous growth with public infrastructureoxford economic papers canuto and l p da silva on gender and growth the role of intergenerational health externalities and womens occupational constraints,5
+positioning and functioning of organisations such as has haute autorite de sante in france and nice national institute for clinical excellence in the united kingdom could provide inspiration the reconsideration of hta is especially relevant in relation to the functioning of ssi and the pharmaceuticals and medical devices institute of turkey when it comes to decisions on quality and safety of products and services related to access to the turkish market and reimbursement via the health insurance funds for more than years specific healthcare services often from private providers have been seeking iso certification or accreditation by foreign accreditors in the healthcare field such as the joint commission international the international branch of the us joint commission for the accreditation of healthcare services the baskent university network is an example of a private entity that has been successful in the application of both iso standards and jci accreditation over a period of years in what is now a network of hospitals,3
+this was done by comparing the survey entries for income with figures from an estimate of household income and spending taken from each countrys system of national accounts sna prepared for this purpose using official information in most countries household income included the imputed rental value of owneroccupied dwellings the period was also characterized by a reduction in the total number of poor and indigent persons million and million respectively,1
+yet decades after the fall of the soviet union significant backlashes to women s equality and power have occurred dedicated funds are not regularly set aside to perform gender assessment at the design stage or to monitor and evaluate outcomes in addition women are being slotted into genderstereotypical and lowerpaying career paths in universities and are leaving highearning careers such as engineering this has the potential to increase the wage gap in the region further deepening segmentation of an already gendersegmented labour market and decreasing women s economic productivity financial sustainability and autonomy,5
+further extending the green purchasing requirements to local governments would enhance the effectiveness of the policy in particular since a large share of public expenditure is invested locally in expanding its green purchasing policy the government should make sure that it targets goods and services with the highest potential environmental returns this outcome was achieved with minor increases in public expenditure since the introduction of the green public procurement policy the market shares of ecofriendly products widely used in the public administration have substantially increased figure according to moe s estimates the national government s green purchasing policy resulted in a reduction of c emissions by tonnes in which is equivalent to the amount of c emitted by a town of inhabitants the financial implications of japan s green public procurement policy and the overall costs to the japanese economy of achieving such emission reductions should be assessed and compared with the costs of alternative policy measures,12
+there are unique capacities required relating to environmental management and governance in the sector and unique elements of the enabling environment but the practical cde tools that can help build capacity have relevance across sectors and the energy sector in particular can be expected to benefit from the overarching cde guidance currently under development most importantly this includes increased focus on sustainable energy sources of relevance to the majority of the population and increased focus on efficiency of energy use,7
+preprimary primary and lower secondary teachers have a common salary scale but a different salary scale exists for upper secondary education the rationale for this differentiation relates to the level of initial qualifications required ie bachelor s or master s degree in addition a great number of salary scales coexist for upper technical and vocational secondary education teachers in management functions have separate salary scales,4
+open and expansive data will also serve to estimate population changes and density variations at intracity levels these registries inform land consumption rates relevant to this indicator for example the egovernment domain within the regulatory programme development area at uncefact is developing two white papers aimed at reviewing both the technical applications of blockchain to uncefact deliverables on data exchange and another on usecases in a wide variety of areas of application in which this technology could provide opportunities for efficient effective and trusted systems several countries such as the netherlands india kenya and switzerland have already begun piloting blockchainbased land registry systems which are expected to have a significant impact on promoting inclusive and integrated urbanization through the principles of immutability of records and system decentralization participatory transparent accountable urban planning and management and the creation of an enabling environment are important steps in assessing how national and local governments involve people communities and organizations in implementing monitoring and evaluating sdgs policies and programmes such as urban planning,11
+in addition housing vulnerability of applicants is currently not taken into account finally the maximum housing price is quite high uf or more than usd in the case of middleincome families which makes applying attractive for betteroff families oecd b the government has recently revised the system criteria and reliability of the means proxy test ficha de proteccion social in addition the new ds subsidy ie the main subsidy for vulnerable groups includes different and some additional variables for eligibility which will likely better target subsidy allocation to the most vulnerable segments,11
+it then uses this to identify measures to reduce vulnerability of its agricultural systems gob in addition information on good practices and lessons learned relating to assessing climate impacts and vulnerability has been developed by unfccc eg unfccc information on impacts and vulnerability was included in many countries indcs but often in quite a summarised manner eg outlining the key environmental vulnerabilities of a country,13
+developed by industry skills councils or enterprises each package is a set of nationallyendorsed standards qualifications and guidelines used to recognise and assess the skills and knowledge people need to perform effectively in the workplace the packages prescribe outcomes required by the workplace not training or education they are generally reviewed and resubmitted for endorsement every three years however within the three years changes may occur under a continuous improvement process additionally in the ecec sector national training packages have been developed for certificate iii diploma and advanced diploma in children s services through the community services and health industry skills council,4
+in burundi for example per cent or less of women above statutory pension age are in receipt of a pension compared to per cent of men the largest gender gaps in coverage however are found in egypt and jordan where per cent and per cent of men respectively receive a pension compared to only per cent and per cent of women while some european countries have achieved high coverage rates among women their benefits levels are often only a fraction of those of men in addition key pension design features systematically penalize women further reinforcing their socioeconomic disadvantage in old age,5
+engaging teachers as codesigners in the implementation of technologyenhanced learning activities results in the greatest integration of technologyrich activities in teachers practices compared with them being redesigners or simply executors of designed activities cviko mckenney and voogt this gives agency to teachers as learners and fosters the development of professional learning communities lieberman campbell and yashkina in order to understand how tepis develop the sitesm study collected information about wider school regional and national level contexts kozma,4
+enrolment in postsecondary career and technical education has also been rising this part of the system is highly decentralised and has strengths in its diversity and flexibility in meeting the needs oecd oi this is probably particularly appropriate for students who are less suited to continuing in formal education but would benefit from acquiring additional skills to enhance their employability there are three conditions that help boost the effectiveness of workbased learning,8
+wide and persistent gaps in sti capacities multiple digital divides and insufficient investments in sti limit the discovery development dissemination and absorption of technologies that could accelerate the achievement of the sdgs alongside resource mobilization a scaled up and accelerated application of policies is needed to enhance innovation systems for sustainable development and spread the economic social and environmental benefits of frontier technologies,9
+this will translate into significant amounts of resource consumption creating an important opportunity to ensure that new investment helps to support low carbon and resource efficient development provided that obstacles to investment in these directions are removed public investors should set the example by integrating resource efficiency objectives into standards for buildings and other infrastructure private investors should be incentivised to integrate resource efficiency objectives into their investment strategies the transition to a resource efficient economy will stimulate the emergence of some sectors and the decline of others,12
+therefore in many cases it is desirable that a thirdparty ensures the independence of the assessment and its results it can help to map out the different views held by different stakeholders at the start of a process and identify potential challenges that the process may face eg divergent perspectives regarding flood defence measures between land planners property owners and government authorities or regarding water resource allocation between farmers industries and environmentalists water governance systems are dynamic and therefore engagement initiatives need to remain adaptive enough to cope with unforeseen circumstances and changes,6
+because the big companies usually put more into the shared fund they were also traditionally the ones that made most of the decisions this was partly because employees from the large companies were in many cases specialists while the owners and employees of smaller businesses were usually generalists so they did not feel as well qualified as the others to know what works and what does not the academy also finds that the way in which courses and processes are presented makes all the difference,8
+in addition the government has taken some measures to promote efforts by employers to foster good mental health for instance a guideline on good mental health maintenance and promotion and a plan to begin the implementation of the revised industrial safety and health act in so that employers are obliged to undertake stress checks and interviewscoaching in order to prevent poor employee mental health given the harmful impact that untreated mildtomoderate disorders can have on employee productivity employers and insurers in japan should follow other oecd countries and provide a greater range of preventative interventions and services for mildtomoderate disorders going beyond information sharing and employment raising elderly populations are at risk from disorders such as depression just as the workingage population are and untreated mental disorders may harmfully impact upon the physical health of older individuals elderly populations may be less likely to seek help due to generational stigma isolation or poor availability of appropriate services,3
+jane chapman independent risk adviser to the tavistock and portman nhs trust conducted a comprehensive governance and risk assessment of big white wall the assessment showed bww carries an overall low risk for users given the safeguards in place this could indicate different directions that countries are taking in the development and prioritisations in their mental health systems in norway where there is a perceived shortage of psychologists and in particular nurses and psychologists in schools the ministry of health and care services has been directly funding an increase in psychologists to work in municipalities and this direct funding is due to be allocated to psychologists in schools also,3
+thus countries need to look for the underlying factors behind the causes of child mortality save the children the direct causes may be pneumonia and diarrhoea and intermediate causes mental health health services etc there are several contributing factors eg better understanding of the needs of children improved health care seeking behaviour and better attention to adequate food and nutrition,3
+data for belgium refers to the flanders region and united kingdom data include england and northern ireland only to improve skills match in the labour market the estonian government has developed a skills forecasting system called oska this new system uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods interviews with experts in different sectors surveys of employers data on salaries the ages of current workers in different jobs to identify occupations where labour shortages are likely in coming years so far studies of five sectors of the economy have been published with more to follow in the coming years,8
+i am the first and only woman to ride a motorbike here when a girl is married she moves to the husband s household where it is customary for senior women to occupy the top position in a hierarchical family network exercising authority and power over daughtersinlaw who are expected to bear the biggest burden in terms of workload within the household and be obedient decisions about the management of pregnancy and childbirth also usually come within the purview of the inlaws especially mothersinlaw,5
+moreover a dilemma arises in terms of monetary policy in the face of subdued economic growth high inflation and the risk of further currency depreciation poverty has recently increased in the russian federation and could rise further amid a prolonged period of economic downturn although infrastructure connectivity has improved in recent years reforms to create vibrant business support services to complement a high valueadded manufacturing sector are needed,8
+in addition different ways of regulating production and organizing labour must be found in order to provide equitable working conditions for women and men and make productive activities compatible with their rights and duties as caregivers eclac pp the drive to create effective conditions of equal opportunities for women did not initially focus enough on the sexual division of labour within the home the failure to recognize the social responsibility of care resulted in unequal gender relationships in terms of the social identity of caregivers which is why use of the term dates back to the conceptualization of the status of women daly and lewis the point is to ensure not just that care is more readily available which in itself is essential but also that the responsibility the duty the task and the necessary resources for the purpose are universal and that people are recognized as holders of this right which must be satisfied among other options with support from the social security systems of each state and from employers pautassi,5
+combined with suitable opening hours and schedules these services could also support working mothers and fathers conversely without adequate responses to the tensions between work and family responsibilities socioeconomic and gender inequalities will continue to deepen and work against equity and development in the region section ii sets forth an analytical framework to examine these changes,5
+because investment is both the binding constraint and the mechanism for social reproduction on the demand side in our framework we do not give further details on savings dynamics but there might be some interesting gender dynamics to consider at some point in the future erturk and cagatay propose that increases in the intensity of womens unpaid work in the household raises savings rates,5
+the study carries out a comparative analysis of how chronic diseases and related risk factors may impact labour market outcomes in oecd countries two sorts of survey data were available for the analysis longitudinal health and retirement surveys of people aged and longitudinal employment surveys of the general population both population groups are of interest for the study,3
+in guatemala a study showed that children who had received nutritional supplements before reaching the age of earned hourly wages as adults that were per cent higher food and agriculture organization of the united nations b the international community can provide assistance to developing countries in designing such plans in a costeffective timebound manner so as to realize the right to food as well as stimulate rural development agricultural production and poverty alleviation support should also be offered to help integrate the social protection floor plan within the national agricultural strategies,2
+this report provides policy guidance that can help governments achieve this goal organised around four main areas i the choice and design of policy instruments ii how to combine them into an effective policy mix that covers the whole of the product lifecycle iii integrating resource efficiency into crosscutting and sectoral policies and iv strengthening of data and analysis to support policy development and evaluation while the focus is mostly on the measures that governments can take at the domestic level the report concludes by identifying a number of areas where international cooperation including in the g framework could make an important contribution in moving this agenda forward to do this without simply displacing environmental burdens across the lifecycle of products or from one environmental medium to another requires the application of policy mixes that create a coherent set of incentives,12
+at the same time public reporting around performance measurement is increasingly being developed in italy but the potential for patients to make use of quality data and to be involved in quality assurance appears to be still rather scarce notably in the areas of primary and community care to this end regions are assigned the task of providing methods for patient involvement through patient organisations in activities related to health planning monitoring and evaluation of services at regional organisation or district level the importance of an assessment of the quality of health service by users was confirmed by the presidential decree of the councils of ministers of may service charter by the and national health plans and by the national regulations on accreditation decree of the council of ministers of january principles on health services delivery,3
+attainment is higher in technical postsecondary education and canada has the highest attainment rate in tertiary education among oecd countries compared to the other countries participating in the survey of adult skills adults yearsold performed at the average in literacy and below the average in numeracy unemployment is below the oecd average,4
+dorsett evaluated this programme he finds that the subsidised employment option is more effective at increasing young people s chances of exiting unemployment and securing unsubsidised employment after the programme than the other available options notably education training or temporary public employment in terms of improving the employment probabilities of unemployed youths they find the largest longterm employment impact for participants in wage subsidies to percentagepoint increases in the employment probability over months followed by job search assistance,8
+men can divorce unilaterally by repudiating their wife before a notary civil servant without having to justify their decision while women have to go to courts and can only file for divorce on a number of specific grounds these grounds are specified in the family codes and require women to provide evidence that they have suffered a prejudice from their husband judicial procedures may take years while repudiation before a civil servant takes only a few minutes,5
+they may be kept artificially low for political reasons which results in power utilities not recovering the full costs of production meaning that there are insufficient funds to cover operation and maintenance expenses and the capital costs of replacing ageing infrastructure tariffs that are subsidised can foster a culture of overconsumption which can lead to payment difficulties for consumers especially when high oil prices result in higher tariffs there is also a lack of standards and certification to ensure that only robust renewable energy equipment is installed in the pacific,7
+ecosysiem services are the benefils people obtain from ecosystems however this largescale exploitation has resulted in a decline in demersal fish resources since gascuel et al the identification of ecological corridors between mpas and the pooling of countries conservation efforts resulted in the establishment of a regional network of mpas in west africa in today the network includes mpas,14
+hence the issue of care gives insight into and makes it possible to address the obstacles that women face in seeking to participate on an equal footing in the labour market and in other spheres of society drancourt and catrice it also helps to understand the stratification of society and the way inequality is reproduced eclac this increases time poverty which is exacerbated as socioeconomic conditions worsen,5
+cod production from aquaculture passed tonnes in doubling production from again underlining the fact that high value species are rapidly finding their way into aquaculture production systems norway the united states canada spain denmark and the netherlands are the major export countries accounting for of total oecd exports in figure the major importers in were the unites states japan spain france italy germany and the united kingdom accounting for of total imports to the oecd figure,14
+paraguay was most successful in reducing poverty by percentage points per year from to between and while indigence also fell at almost the same annual rate over the period from to in el salvador poverty fell by percentage points between and from to and indigence contracted by percentage point from to over the same period poverty in peru decreased by percentage points from to and extreme poverty fell by points to in chile meanwhile poverty decreased by percentage points per year from in to in while extreme poverty fell at an annual rate of percentage points per year from in to in ecuador also saw poverty contract at a rate of percentage points per year between and from in to in while extreme poverty fell by percentage points per year from in to in the remaining countries costa rica and uruguay saw less significant reductions of around percentage points or less in both poverty and indigence see figure i,1
+if so how does the government ensure that it can accommodate an increase in renewableenergy based electricity generation in addition to reducing costs of generation wholesale markets increase the flexibility of the electricity network and allow for a more costefficient allocation of power generation indeed whereas renewableenergybased electricity generation is subject to fluctuations including dependence on weather and time of day demand must always be satisfied,7
+triangular likely of because of the high risk of water shortage in the murraydarling basin australia undertook reforms to implement tradable water user s rights instead because the risk of shortage is not as acute in the south saskatchewan river basin alberta only implements licencing of annual allocations,6
+female youth unemployment is a critical issue in algeria of women compared to of men aged were unemployed in unemployment is particularly widespread among female university graduates of women holding a university degree were unemployed in compared to of men data shows that the unemployment rate of female graduates is significantly higher independently of their chosen field of study which may be ascribed to a supposed genderbiased choice no major gender differences exist with respect to the length of unemployment in of unemployed men and of unemployed women were facing longterm unemployment defined as unemployment for or more months office national des statistiques a,5
+the book explains how to transform the global energy economy over the coming decades a blue scenario was developed to explore the energy and technology implications of reducing global energyrelated c emissions to of the levels by if fully implemented the blue scenario could limit the longterm global mean temperature rise to between c and c,7
+scotland has a dedicated tourism innovation programme and in quebec the tourism intelligence network was developed in collaboration between the university of quebec in montreal and the public and private sector for example the tourism research circle trc of univeristy sains malaysia helps the state government to develop and improve the homestay programme which has become an important feature in penang higher education institutions could help smes to better access global markets,4
+lifelong learning can also play an important part in helping adults to define and shape their own identities by exploring their past biographies and framing their aspirations the priorities for action set at confintea vi in belem brazil in provide an indication of key global policy trends learning itself can take place in so many different ways and it has become common to recognise a distinction between formal nonformal and informal learning these distinctions are used widely in policy and there have been some bold attempts to offer formal recognition for the outcomes of informal and nonformal learning,4
+except for botswana this reflects the fact that where commonwealth african countries have been willing to adopt tsms see chapter they have been more willing to do so at the local level often seen as community affairs rather than real politics than at the national level however because they are appointed ministers are a litmus test of political will this is one area in which heads of state who are committed to gender equality have the power to bring about change in a relatively short time span there is no direct correlation between levels of women in parliament and cabinet,5
+this helped regions to see the objective in more concrete and achievable terms for example one region found that if atrisk indigenous students attained the qce the gap would be closed central office efforts also included workshops and leadership sessions for school leaders and regional staff to focus on why improvements were needed and how these might be realised,4
+on the other hand argentina the second most successful country in reducing child poverty saw the fertility rate for the youngest poor mothers decline less than for all mothers in panama which ranked fourth in reducing child poverty the fertility rate among poor mothers rose this was the only case among countries for the countries that were least successful at decreasing the child poverty rate colombia honduras guatemala mexico and paraguay the simple average decrease was these calculations did not include panama among the countries with the largest drops in the child poverty rate because the fertility rate among poor mothers aged in panama increased,1
+how the city accommodates its increasing physical development needs will help determine the success of urban green growth getting a city right as it urbanises will be dramatically easier and cheaper than fixing things later the risk of locking in the urban form should be addressed at the centre of urban green growth policy making,11
+tourism provides many wage and salaried positions and thus could assist the many vulnerable workers in africa ilo a it is distinct from the vulnerable work indicator which focuses only and specifically on ownaccount workers and contributing family work public policy can play an important role in promoting better working conditions,8
+see section for additional information on the lcoe methodology for consistency direct and indirect om cost increase was not accounted for peakpower plants such as reservoirhydro oil and gasfuelled thermal plants are regularly exploited in this mode operating only when electricity prices are sufficiently high,7
+heat and electricity tariffsetting is based on a global good practice using rateofreturn methodology every sector heat electricity and gas distribution has high investment needs and therefore attracting capital with a fair return is necessary for example in anre approved transport and internal distribution costs of natural gas at mdl per m as compared with mdl per m in this threefold increase in the costs of transport and internal distribution in the span of four years is significant inflation in the period was only and suggests that in transport and internal distribution costs were set at a level that did not allow for proper cost recovery and an appropriate rate of return,7
+this combination represents an opportunity for both indigenous and nonindigenous students to become familiar with indigenous traditions and at the same time encourages a mutual learning process among teachers although incipient there is also an effort to increase the level of awareness about interculturalism among the general population while the peib programme exists since it was not until that the chilean government explicitly established the principle of interculturalism and protection of indigenous language and culture through the general education law and incorporated indigenous language into the curriculum,4
+comprehensive mandatory teacher evaluation is organised through the teacher performance evaluation system docentemas covering the municipal school sector only these programmes are described in detail below the latter tend to be informal processes of feedback for improvement but can also be part of internal management tools established by the school director in the context of the quality and equality education law,4
+the starting point is a joint life annuity that pays one unit when either or both are alive put another way a household with one person with the same total income as a household of two people can enjoy a better standard of living this is captured by an equivalence scale it is also recognised in pension systems which pay a lower rate of benefit to survivors,1
+some underage women migrants also migrated to escape early marriage the present study shows that migrant women s transnational subjectivities are also in a complex process of emancipation whereby the exposure for the first time alone to a challenging and new reality has helped them overcome entrenched fears and taboos such as freedom of mobility and segregation during menstruation financial independence has often resulted in a means for bargaining for their right to basic assets eg land and to play a greater role in the management ofthe household and at timesalso in their communities the voices of nepalese migrant women bear witness to the complex layers of emancipation and oppression that should not be simplified but rather further investigated and understood as a set of lived contradictions at several levels everyone is leaving who will sow ourfields the effects of migration from khotang district to the gulf and malaysia,5
+such activities do not directly reduce people s vulnerability but train them to adapt to the current climate to consider future climate change in their decision making and to be prepared for extreme events climate change research also supports risk reduction by supplying information that is necessary to understand where training policy and risk reduction activities are most needed finally coordination activities ensure that there is a dialogue between stakeholders that research is disseminated and that community of practice is strengthened climate change affects each of these sectors differently calling for tailored adaptation responses across the sectors it is relevant to consider appropriate policy measures education training and awareness raising needs possible research gaps and coordination measures table provides a few examples of sectoral activities sensitive to climate change as well as related enabling activities,13
+for this purpose the city has created a green steering committee whose function is to gather the information and acquire the knowledge needed to inform future policy actions introducing flexibility as an integral part of the climate action plan helps policymakers avoid path dependence and will enable the cost of future adjustments in response to unexpected events and the emergence of new information to be lowered the plan was developed by the united kingdom environment agency as a means of addressing sealevel rise and the threat of flooding that it poses to london,13
+the few existing studies yield mixed results partly due to differences in the structure and quality of vet across countries data comparability across countries the breath of countries involved and the almost unique presence of information on assessed skills training earnings and employment makes this survey especially valuable to study the different facets of vet as compared to more academic education focusing mainly but not exclusively on upper secondary postsecondary and tertiary education we assume that individuals are exposed to four alternative treatments,4
+it is also an important winter roosting place for many birds especially geese the construction of the nove mlyny reservoirs on the dyje river intended to provide flood retention and a possibility to enhance low flow during droughts changed the character of the river below the reservoir and besides other changes reduced spring floods of the neighbouring floodplain the most negative impact of river regulation works is nowadays the dredging of the riverbed causing disconnection of the riverfloodplain system decrease of the water table and potentially threatening groundwater sources,6
+other genderrelevant measures included that common law couples became eligible for survivor benefits and childcare credits were set to expand gradually from to usssa oecd the pension reform was expected to reduce future pension expenditures and cut benefit replacement rates from an average of per cent of wages to around per cent reform increased the retirement age for women gradually rising from to to match that of men and established an automatic adjustment of retirement ages beginning in to reflect changes in life expectancy it also restricted early retirement increased the minimum contribution period to get a full pension froze benefits during later extended to and established price indexation thereafter,5
+however the citys master plan did not accommodate these trends car traffic intensity caused significant environmental safety and economic consequences and required effective solutions the aim is to strengthen the capacity of local authorities ngos and other stakeholders in planning for sustainable urban mobility in polotsk and to increase the role of the public and ngos in adoption implementation and evaluation of collaborative decisions on urban mobility planning in the city,11
+its energy intensity is also significantly higher than other countries in the energy community this in part reflects its large industrial base but is also due to the prevalence of outdated and inefficient production technologies as well as the existence of shadow economy about of gdp in as reported by the ministry of social policy historically low energy prices especially for natural gas have allowed for the development of inefficient technologies and production processes,7
+the agency s classification better reflects the diversity of sweden s rural landscape because it captures better the reality of the large size and internal differences within administrative regions and the fact the rural sweden is characterised by a dispersed population with settlements of various sizes functional economic areas measured by labour market interactions provide a better way to capture this reality these functional geographies are identified through the analysis of journeytowork data,11
+europe central asia knowledge brief vol for example there is ample scope for improving diet to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in this context the finnish experience in north karelia indicates the sizeable potential benefits that can be achieved from changing diet and other risk factors as regards substance abuse taxes on tobacco and alcohol have been increasing but on the basis of available international data remain below european standards figure there is evidence that low prices of these products encourage higher consumption of tobacco and spirits treisman limiting the influence of producer lobbies would help increase policy coherence and lower substance abuse over the longer haul traffic deaths could also be reduced through simple measures to reduce vehicle speed via radars increased fines from traffic violations and simple speed bumps may be costeffective policies,3
+they are needed to support green growth mainstreaming ensure policy coherence and enable the kinds of investment that the crge promotes this is partly because of the recent trend of assigning environmental and social impact assessment esia review to sectors that are actually dealing with the proposed projects neither is it rigorously applied to environmental proposals,13
+since the working poor are the majority of the poor policy measures need to be directed towards wage policies and the increase of real wages in these countries employment of women lags behind not the least due to the unavailability of affordable child care and preschool education they help households to smooth consumption and maintain access to food energy education and health governments have to balance spending on social protection against other social policies such as education and health,1
+countries where the immunization rate against measles is below per cent are afghanistan azerbaijan india the lao people s democratic republic papua new guinea the philippines samoa solomon islands timorleste and vanuatu in several other countries however efforts continue to strengthen routine services in order to ensure consistently high coverage it is estimated that about million children under years of age are underweight in developing countries in asia and the pacific and are therefore at risk these babies are at a higher risk of suffering breathing difficulties having feeding problems having lower immunity to infections and having problems maintaining their body temperature in almost million babies were born preterm worldwide which represents more than in babies,3
+until december the same variation was applied to both lines as of however the indigence line has been adjusted to reflect changes in the foodstuffs component of the cpi whereas the part of the poverty line that corresponds to nonfood spending is adjusted to reflect changes in that component of the cpi from onwards therefore the differential between the indigence and poverty lines is no longer constant in line with its usual practice eclac made corrections to account for a lack of response to some incomerelated questions in the case of wageearners selfemployed workers and retirees and for probable biases that stem from underreporting,1
+students start diversifying their pathways significantly from age although the age of transition between upper secondary and tertiary education varies substantially among countries while at least of yearolds are still enrolled in upper secondary in finland norway poland slovenia and sweden more than of students in korea and the russian federation are already starting their tertiary education at that age on average across oecd countries of yearolds are still enrolled in secondary education,4
+developmental scales were used for tracking changes in six areas the motor emotional social communication creativity and functional skills needed for independence an ecological curriculum using resources from the community was adopted it is a process or a journey every journey begins with a first step an inclusive education programme that does not work with families will not achieve very much,4
+city akimats prefer to work with their own statistics rather than with official figures jobseekers moving to almaty for example often encounter difficulty finding housing and work legally so they take refuge in microdistricts on the outskirts of the city where they are not officially registered do not own property and have limited access to public services makhmutova in the absence of the cities readiness to accept and accommodate new residents they join informal economic sectors by settling in cheaper peripheral areas around large cities migrants contribute to urban sprawl since land and property prices are high they usually occupy rural land and build individual houses from the cheapest accessible local materials eg clay with poor amenities furnace heating and no central sewage system and are vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquake and flooding migrants living in unauthorised housing such as former dachas have no valid address and thus no official status not all migrants are highly educated but they are highly motivated and entrepreneurial they bring a diversity of skills and competencies to the urban economy necessary for development,11
+technology development and technologybased startups and businesses in addition to traditional communications and marketing agencies have a central part to play in supporting the development of tourism and tourism policy in the region yet rural tourism is so far under explored in morelos and is missing an integrated strategy that would tackle the different dimensions necessary for its success there were around participants in these events lack of financing and access to credit as well as increased taxes and other costs are currently a major challenge for tourism smes,11
+climate change is closely linked to issues of social justice adopting an ecosocial approach can promote transformative change by addressing distributional consequences of climate change policies such as price adjustments economic restructuring and employment changes and by tackling the root causes of unsustainable development active citizenship social movements and collective action are central elements in catalysing transformative change that addresses power asymmetries and inequalities integrating social dimensions more consistently into green economy approaches can also support climate change adaptation efforts as it will lead to improved adaptive capacities and more equitable participation in the transformation process,13
+the cityregion of amsterdam then changed from a form of mandatory cooperation into the voluntary partnership of municipalities that it is today whose primary function is the provision of regional transportation excluding rail tweede kamer der statengeneraal the group has created a tool trans form city that integrates stoiytelling datasharing cocreation participatory democracy crowdsourcing and crowdfunding the project aims to engage citizens businesses organisations and the government directly in order to exchange information and ideas and collectively plan and change their city or neighbourhood,11
+to this end universal health coverage was strengthened in in order to simplify and unify administrative management the local organisation of statutory insurance remains fragmented though payments to providers for the different statutory schemes were unified in auvigne et al some statutory schemes have their own networks for revenue collection and may combine the management of health insurance and other social security spending eg occupational risks pensions and some family benefits,3
+this process however has not developed and deepened enough the state plan is outdated the state agency lost qualified staff and struggles to promote water reforms the legislation for collecting water charges was approved but has not been implemented yet due to the drought and administrative burdens river basin committees have lost connections with the state water resources council some segments of civil society are mobilised but water users are not fully active past attempts to implement the state water resources management system failed leaving behind harsh recriminations,6
+inefficient targeting can increase inequality when higher producer prices or subsidised cereals are not received by the intended beneficiaries buffer stock programmes that pair producer price support objectives with the objective of providing lower prices to consumers often achieve only one goal at the expense of the other schemes that raise prices for producers frequently lead to higher consumer prices which is in conflict with the food security objective of the scheme when large amounts of grains are acquired to build or replenish public stocks world supplies can be decreased and hence world market prices potentially increased,2
+therefore the activities of msmes have been identified to negatively impact the environment and could erode their long term economic development though progress has been made there is still a need for more sensitisation and support mechanisms to ensure compliance and commitment to environmental standards the german federal ministry for economic cooperation and development bmz together with the department of trade and industry dti as lead executing agency implemented the promotion of green economic development proged project,11
+half this cost is covered by the differential between the increased electricity tariff paid by highconsuming domestic customers and the discounted tariff paid by lowconsuming ones the remainder is covered by national and eu funds and by the proceeds of the taxes on electricity consumption and on low energy efficiency lighting most of these resources are channelled to lowinterest loans for investments in energy efficiency measures efficiency cheques and the bonus for renewal of electric appliances section launched in the sgcie broadens the scope of the regulation for energy management to include a larger number of installations thereby increasing potential energy savings the sgcie imposes binding energy audits participating companies are obliged to implement multiannual energy rationalisation plans to reduce their energy consumption andor intensity and to report periodically on their progress,7
+the convention covers women s right to equality and nondiscrimination in the areas of employment and economic life as well as in civil matters such as the conclusion of contracts and administration of property it also requires states parties to ensure the same rights for both spouses in respect of the ownership acquisition management administration enjoyment and disposition of property it includes inter alia a specific provision on fair wages and equal remuneration for work of equal value for women,5
+with few savings and living in precarious circumstances they have few buffers against shocks nevertheless poor communities and their most vulnerable members can learn from past adversity and can even bounce back stronger and better prepared for future shocks especially if they can rely on social protection schemes and inclusive and adaptive governance rural communities for example rely heavily on natural resources for their livelihoods and are at greater risks from droughts and floods poor urban communities in precarious housing such as slum dwellers and those living on riverbanks are also more exposed to hazards,1
+additionally many ct programs target women as the main beneficiary thus potentially affecting power dynamics within the household to model these power dynamics economists use variants of nonunitary household bargaining models in which an increase in a woman s income either earned or unearned as with a ct may decrease violence by improving her bargaining power within the household farmer tiefenthaler tauchen et al however variants of the bargaining model also predict that an increase in women s resources may put a woman at increased risk of ipv if men feel threatened and use violence to reassert authority in the relationship eswaran malhotra,5
+accreditation should be made mandatory for all initial teacher education programmes in public and private universities as a step towards ensuring new teachers are wellprepared and qualified a national examination should be introduced to recruit candidates to the teaching profession on the basis of more direct measures of teaching aptitude a formal induction and probation period would help to ensure that beginner teachers are supported and those with potential remain in the profession establish a framework for teacher appraisal,4
+this largely preventable but lifeshattering medical condition affecting primarily the poorest and most marginalized women and girls has rightly been described as a stark reflection of inequality at its worst its persistence in many developing countries reflects chronic health inequities and healthcare system constraints coupled with broader human rights violations facing women and girls such as poverty socioeconomic and gender inequalities early marriage early childbearing and lack of schooling millions of women and girls need fistula treatment but the lack of availability or access to services by skilled obstetric fistula surgeons prevents them from receiving it in a bid to galvanize momentum to eliminate this medical injury in october the report of the secretarygeneral supporting efforts to end obstetric fistula was released with recommendations that could be implemented primarily at the national level to intensify these efforts within a human rightsbased approach,5
+in those areas those who can afford cars who find them a more convenient option to lowfrequency inflexible bus services and who can safely operate them have already largely abandoned bus services even if these services may feed into higher frequency and better quality public transport networks those bus users who remain are often captive users who have few alternatives in these contexts ride services can be and have been seen as a way to deliver the same trips as those delivered by some bus services but at lower overall costs,11
+its medical doctors are also recruited from abroad because there is no medical school in luxembourg and are ageing although luxembourg residents tend to come back after professional education and training abroad this creates a strong dependency on neighbouring countries and competition for scarce health professionals costcontainment measures focused on capping hospital expenditure by introducing global hospital budgets substituting pharmaceuticals with less expensive alternatives and temporary freezing of service providers tariffs,3
+note that this is not a suggestion for a new coordinating structure but rather a novel approach to coordinating and improving decisionmaking amongst existing players a synthetic study of experiences with business models with a mandate to examine those that best support integrated watershed management would be appropriate it is relevant to note here that each business model has costs and benefits and that a broad range of variables including the cost of regulatory and oversight requirements accountability and management synergies need to be considered in addition to financial issues the scenario whereby infrastructure investment planning is led on a projectfinancing basis and ease of financing becomes the overriding criterion should however be avoided,6
+capacity support should focus on strengthening the skills of borrowers and lenders in identifying and implementing investments that enhance climate resilience and where possible contribute to emission reductions capacity support to lenders would focus on enhancing their understanding of risks in the agriculture sectors and developing customized agricultural financial products and services to support investments however by taking advantage of the trend towards mobile financial services climate finance can support and further strengthen the development and rollout of those services that address the needs of smallholders and smes for climatesmart investments in remote areas international climate finance can be used strategically to leverage domestic public funds and private sector financing as well as additional international public resources,13
+in europe gridlevel costs for wind onshore represent about of the total electricity generation cost for dispatchable technologies while even higher values are observed for solar and wind offshore on average gridlevel integration costs for renewables account for about of the total electricity production cost as an illustration of the relation between plantlevel and gridlevel system costs figure shows the total costs for the six technologies in the united kingdom this analysis however does not fully account for other important aspects associated with the introduction of the new technology into the electricity system the reference system is a mix of conventional dispatchable technology such as gas ccgt coal and nuclear based on the respective shares in the national energy mix the new electricity system is constituted by variable renewable sources at or penetration level while the residual electrical load is covered by dispatchable technologies,7
+the intention was to deal with consideration of crosscutting issues such as climate change in a single process rather than using specific standalone impact tests this tool has the potential to reduce administrative burdens from impact assessment and increase consideration of climate change beyond those currently undertaking assessment as was the case with the climate impact test it is set to be applied both to new regulations and in cases of substantive revision to existing ones,13
+the southwest united states should continue to vigourously apply policies already in place but agriculture will need to adapt to drier conditions northeast china would need to reinforce and scaleup current policy initiatives such as the use of water pricing to curb water demand and decouple agricultural support from input use northwest india would need to overhaul existing policies such as energy subsidies and the promotion of solar pumps that may accelerate groundwater depletion,6
+hence they started looking to communities for forest protection the forest act legally recognized the autonomy of cfugs over the management and marketing of forest products in many cases communities were given heavily degraded land for which tree plantations were considered the obvious solution to reversing any further environmental degradation iater on natural forests were also entrusted to communities,15
+as the development expert owen barder has noted the figures suggest that the biggest causes of poverty are not lack of development in the country as a whole but political economic and social marginalisation of particular groups in countries that are otherwise doing quite well in some ways it is while cities have become increasingly plugged into the globalising economy life in many rural areas has often changed little these differences between urban and rural areas or between different provinces and regions reflect what are called spatial inequalities and they can be a significant contributor to overall inequality in many developing countries but there are also inequalities of opportunity notably access to healthcare education and jobs that are perhaps more important for example in some emerging economies enrolment in secondary education is much lower in rural areas than in urban especially for girls,10
+it may be restricted to specific uses or bypass governments altogether it may be tied to imports of goods and services from donor countries that limit its effect on the domestic economy and significant amounts of donor funds could serve as a disincentive for governments to increase the effectiveness of their tax systems for mobilizing domestic resources current institutions of global economic governance are characterized by unequal power relationships that determine the space within which national governments can act and not all players have an equal voice indeed most existing institutions of global governance for instance the imf the world bank the g the united nations and the world trade organization exhibit clear power dynamics womens representation in the top decisionmaking bodies of these governance institutions is at best low and in some cases negligible see figure representation of women is of course no guarantee that issues of gender equality will be taken up in policy discussions and decisionmaking processes,5
+however the legislation on the mandatory health insurance system appears to have strengthened the role of the insurance system this in turn may have contributed to the recent falls in mortality and lengthening of average lifetimes however given the rather short time since the introduction of these programmes it is probably too early to judge the final outcome surveys conducted by the levada center show that the share of the population indicating that quality of health care provision had improved during the past year went up from in to in table,3
+healthcare services in many cases need to proactively break down barriers that marginalize adolescents and youth such as through free and confidential services specially trained counsellors and the dissemination of information through new technology or in places where youth may congregate one priority would be programmes to meet young peoples contraception needs since unintended and early pregnancy can derail education and possibilities to move into the paid workforce among other international commitments this aligns with the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women,5
+this user group also causes a number of fatalities among other vrus at the other end of the spectrum buses are the safest way of travelling along the road network this should be nuanced however by observation of the lower number of fatalities per unit of population in those cities where people cycle the most,11
+meanwhile women managers in mexico represented of total managerial employment in slightly above the oecd average of unlike many other oecd countries mexico has not established a policy to enhance womens participation in corporate leadership however in a subindex measuring the participation of women on boards was introduced in the mexican stock exchanges sustainability index,5
+the tax rates are higher for diesel vehicles in order to address their higher impacts on local air pollution diesel cars with particle emissions equal or above gkm are also subject to an extra tax eur while the vehicle taxation reform is a step forward taxes on purchase and ownership of vehicles are less efficient than fuel taxes and road charges in reducing emissions since they are more distant from actual vehicle use moreover in the portuguese case they provide very and possibly disproportionately strong incentives to abate c emissions compared to the incentives faced in other sectors of the economy eg in those participating in the eu ets the tax rates rapidly increase with the level of c emissionskm and are much higher in portugal than in other oecd countries oecd b the average c emission rate of new cars average c emissions per km sold in portugal has greatly declined at gkm in compared to the eu average of gkm,7
+during and the reference period of the household data used in this analysis pes registration was not required for claimants of incapacity pensions in estonia though it was possible to register as unemployed on a voluntary basis in january before the introduction of the work ability reform only of those who were registered unemployed were disabled this had increased to by august as more services for those with workrelated disabilities started to be introduced as part of the work ability reform as there are far more claimants of disability benefits than of unemployment benefits see figure relatively few members of group a would have been registered as unemployed in workrelated training is likely to be a key area of almps for group a in general lowskilled individuals have much lower employment rates in estonia and the proportion of people who are underskilled for their job is higher than the average for oecd countries figure the proportion who are overskilled is relatively low,8
+in parallel countrywide collections of the most important wild relatives of crop plants are being made irrespective of any immediate danger they may face this is necessary for an adequate representation of these species in the seedbank moep a the largest and most active are at the hebrew university of jerusalem and tel aviv university,15
+in this context productive use is not merely additional to domestic use but often complementary as it helps smooth the time profile of electricity consumption while the peak period for domestic use is the evening for lighting and entertainment productive use occurs primarily during the day accordingly the expansion of productive uses of energy may also be conducive to supporting the penetration of variable renewable technologies especially in the case of solar energy in line with box tackling supplyside constraints within a context of strong demand growth and investment dynamism is thus a key factor in successful development strategies,7
+finally it is important that policy instruments adopted across the innovation system are mutually consistent in this respect there is a need to adjust the performancebased funding system used at universities in a way that does not discourage industryscience collaboration these programmes have been finland s biggest arena for industryscience collaboration budget cuts and the refocusing of much of tekes startups and entrepreneurship support have resulted in the disappearance of most of this effort,9
+the defining characteristics of urban settlements demographic size density and socioeconomic diversity render them particularlydynamicspaces economics of scale in production large markets for labour and goods and the ease of information flows in urban environments enhance productivity and innovation as the primary spatial interface between citizens and government cities can stimulate vibrant political engagement moreover the density and diversity of cities can encourage the emergence of progressive values and institutions that promote social cohesion,11
+in particular surface water interactions with groundwater and the diffusion of pollutants at the regional level are not always perfectly known they do not explicitly cover risks to ecosystem resilience subsuming them instead in the others for example flood control and water storage may rely on flood plains wetlands or groundwater recharge and water quality and wastewater treatment affect freshwater system resilience a fourth subsection will discuss partnerships as a mechanism for implementing ruralurban cooperation,6
+these barriers often interact with gender to create even greater disadvantages in learning opportunities un with merely per cent of youth enrolled in tertiary education subsaharan africa lags far behind the global average of per cent in addition tertiary enrolments have maintained a strong male bias in total enrolments over time in some subregions figure,5
+where available outcome data show that all ataps services are producing significant clinical improvement for consumers update on the achievements of tier and tier ataps centre for health policy programs and economics available at iuiuioatapsmdscom accessed september evidence from australia for example suggests that of people experience their first episode of mental illness before turning and before the age of,3
+poverty will rise among households depending on remittances and those employed in sectors such as construction world bank b these direct effects are followed by second order effects when families may be forced to reduce their investments in health and education as a response to lower purchasing power an economic shock may also lead to social unrest disrupt community and interethnic relations or even bring down fragile governments world bank b slay,1
+it envisages the ambitious target of reduction of energy intensity by per cent by the comprehensive state energy conservation programme until provides for the enhancement of energy efficiency and competitiveness of national economy the optimization of state energy balance through decrease of imported fossil fuels natural gas and their replacement with alternative sources of energy and secondary energy sources it is responsible for development and implementation of the national policy in the area of energy efficiency energy conservation and development of alternative energy sources,7
+we need a shift in this thinking essential services such as health care and education require infrastructure for communities and businesses to operate and thrive they need access to goods and markets infrastructure must respond to societal needs but it also should be evaluated for its longterm outcome including the resources required to ensure longevity reliable forms of energy the availability of potable water education safety and security social and economic services all of these are made possible through resilient infrastructure,9
+instead of streaming students into ability groups teacher teams apply withinclass differentiation alternating between basic teaching for the whole class and addon content for highly motivated students or extra support for lessmotivated students generally there are three teachers working with the group in the humanities natural sciences and a vocational field with at least one of the three having experience in teaching students with special education needs as a result there is less misconduct in classes and low achievers have improved their academic performance,4
+majority of cities in africa asia and latin america and the caribbean allocate less than per cent of land to streets in the city cores and less than per cent in the suburbs out of cities analysed from these regions cities allocated more than per cent of land to street in their city core regionally subsaharan african cities have less space allocated to open public spaces per cent,11
+its expected further growth makes it the greatest challenge to portugal s energy efficiency and climate change policies during the review period air passenger transport experienced the fastest growth road transport is the dominant transport mode cars account for about of passenger travel and heavy good vehicles for of freight haulage above the respective eu averages,7
+these three countries accounted for more than of the total greenfield fdi received in the region in the renewable energy sector brunei darussalam and singapore are two of the least attractive markets for the renewable energy sector usd million and usd million respectively other oecd members australia canada israel japan mexico new zealand korea tvrrkey and the united states other economies argentina chinese taipei hong kong china russian federation and saudi arabia it is however important to note that the united kingdom represents by itself one third of the investments from european countries and more than of india s fdi in this sector china and the united states followed by japan malaysia and the republic of korea are the next main investors in the region particularly in india which welcomes more than half of their fdi,7
+the plan is carried out by the national water committee under the authority of the minister for environment policies to reduce the impact on water resources of agricultural contamination are also carried out in collaboration with agencies dependent on the ministry of environment onema water agencies deconcentrated services of the ministry of environment etc in addition the new start for fresh water policy is jointly led by the ministry for the environment and the ministry of agriculture and forestry which enables these two departments to coordinate the interface between water and agricultural policies at the central government level,6
+through their interventions and investments gibs are demonstrating to private investors that commercially successful investments are possible and happening now the size of the currently largest gib is expected to be approximately usd billion at final capitalisation while germany s kfw invested approximately usd billion in in domestic promotion including but not limited to special programmes to foster the use of renewable energy to increase energy efficiency and to promote innovative technology companies this smaller size is not preventing gibs from mobilising significant private investment however some gibs like the uk green investment bank australia s clean energy finance corporation and the connecticut green bank are successfully targeting institutional investors notably pension funds insurance companies sovereign wealth funds and mutual funds for coinvestment in funds and other transactions these investors represent a large pool of capital and an increasingly important alternative source of financing for lcr infrastructure investment as examined in other oecd reports,9
+in particular provinces with lower utilisation rates have a higher expenditure per patient day and visit this negative association is suggestive of underutilised capacity in some provinces and is consistent with evidence elsewhere see adam et al for further discussion on patient caseload and cost curves they both show a negative association between expenditure per person uninsured and utilisation rates,3
+the second component is the environmental planning and management information system sipga which covers policy responses however further efforts are needed to fully integrate the various elements and to ensure the quality and coverage of the component parts at the national level the institute for hydrology meteorology and environmental studies ideam is in charge of coordinating the efforts of the various actors involved in its implementation which include other research institutes the national parks authority and anla,6
+the paris agreement requires all parties to undertake and communicate national mitigation and adaptation measures to respond to the threat of climate change in addition developed countries are required to provide and report on financial assistance technology transfer and capacitybuilding support to developingcountry parties to the agreement for their part developing countries are expected to provide information on the support needed and received,13
+programmes such as this which include the people who are most dependent upon natural assets are vulnerable to climate hazards but who are potentially the managers of environmental services offer much learning for a more widespread approach to inclusive green growth a climate change impact and vulnerability assessment has already been undertaken for addis using undp and ipcc climate change impact assessment guidelines and a citylevel resilience plan has already been drafted as part of the c commitment the municipal authority is also examining the sustainability of urban land use and actions are already taken to scale up urban green areas furthermore outreach campaigns have also been carried out to make addis citizens aware of the benefits of saving water and other natural resources cdp they were developed mostly prior to the conceptualisation of a national green growth strategy to suit local circumstances,13
+drinking water companies charge a user fee for the services provided which partly depend on the amount of water used within these regions there is no explicit crosssubsidisation between urban and rural areas because payments are mainly based on the use of water services although since part of the levies of regional water authorities are related to property values urban areas with typically higher property values and higher income groups might contribute relatively more,6
+in bhutan witnessed the highest number of drug cases ever registered by the authorities cases the great majority per cent were related to the possession of controlled substances cannabis which in addition to being cultivated also grew in the wild was the most common drug of abuse,3
+it has been considered as a model for other countries who are interested in standardsbased certification systems for teachers harris and mackenzie ingvarson and hattie nearly all states in the united states allow teachers to take the nbpts examination as a mechanism for increasing their salary by tying national board certification to higher salaries as of october the national board had certified teachers nationwide and more than became national board certified in the certification is good for ten years and then the teacher must reapply,4
+moreover depending on the policy domain and audience one set of indicators could be more pertinent indicators reflecting neighbourhood conditions and access to services are relevant from an urban planning perspective whilst issues of financial strain housing problems and income poverty are more closely linked to social protection policy in sum there are strong grounds on which to analyze the different domains of child poverty in conjunction with each other to get a comprehensive and diversified picture this paper takes a microperspective to analyze the degree of overlap across indicators of both monetary and multidimensional child poverty thereby combining the debates on child poverty and those on overlap of poverty this requirement is fulfilled by the eu statistics on income and living conditions eusilc data,1
+to reduce the probability of severe climate change impacts and costs occurring global ghg emissions need to be reduced substantially over coming decades the united states agreed to a global political agreement to reduce ghg emissions that was acknowledged at copenhagen cop in december and negotiations are continuing to work towards binding emissionsreduction commitments by all countries in view of the scale of emission reductions called for it is vital that the united states adopt a cost effective and comprehensive climate change policy the current administration is endeavouring to put such a policy package in place,13
+high food and fuel prices threaten the sustainability of existing social protection programmes from two sides the costs of food assistance and energy subsidies increase while at the same time government revenues from taxes and tariffs decrease ortiz et al high consumer prices erode the value of cash transfers thereby further reducing the already meager impact of these programmes ortiz et al the systems are characterized by large exclusion errors and in some countries sizeable inclusion errors,1
+policies to encourage municipality mergers should strengthen the primary care sector reforms in the organisation of the hospital sector and emergencies should also improve quality of care and efficiency concentration of activity in health centres of sufficient size would generate higher volumes of care conducive to optimal medical practice and economies of scale larger health centres can afford more advanced medical equipment recruit staff more easily and build a stronger medical knowledge base,3
+the fact that some indigenous groups consider education a luxury presents a challenge for teachers to cater for the needs of the children teachers use the alternative basic education system which responds to the special needs and constraints of pastoral life the system provides flexible school hours which allows pastoralist children to fulfil their household responsibility for herding cattle towards water and pastures while still having time for school sewunet further there is continuous enrolment throughout the year as a means of encouraging children to attend school as well as campaigns aimed at convincing parents to send their children to school,4
+the second the major teaching practice happens mostly in special teacher training schools governed by the universities which have similar curricula and practices as normal public schools some student teachers also practice in a network of selected field schools normal public schools primaryschool teachereducation students devote approximately of their intended study time to practice teaching in schools in subject teacher education practice teaching comprises about onethird of the curriculum,4
+they conclude that reducing worklessness and promoting work by raising the number of twoearner families is unlikely to be sufficient to reduce child poverty instead reducing work poverty is also likely to be a central plank of any policy strategy to reduce child poverty in particular as policies of encouraging employment are likely to be a prerequisite for public and political support for more effective redistribution to the poor for single parents a third and potentially important source of income is child support across oecd member countries however obligations for child support and the effectiveness of its collection vary widely,1
+there is a trend towards introducing greater accountability for quality and efficiency in provider payment systems which generally requires a combination of feeforservice payforperformance and capitated payments the optimal combination of these systems however needs be decided by the authorities on practical grounds there are welcome steps taken to align outpatient and homogenous disease group hdg points so that therapeutically equivalent treatments are rewarded equally regardless of the setting in which health services are offered,3
+this analysis showed that obesity prevention strategies produce two main effects a they increase the number of personyears lived in good health diseases are prevented or delayed and b they increase the number of personyears lived with chronic diseases survival with disease is extended however the net effect of the prevention strategies examined in the working age population was an overall decrease in the number of years lived with chronic diseases while an overall increase was observed only in the oldest age groups the monetary value of the potential production gains was generated by each prevention strategy based on published estimates of the value of absenteeism and presenteeism goetzel et al,3
+some of the recommendations of the expert commission are highly consistent with oecd best practices to make the pension system more sustainable and improve replacement rates the required contribution rates should be gradually raised from to in addition to make the system more inclusive reforms could focus on increasing the level of the solidarity pension available to the bottom of households to improve replacement rates notably for women and the poor the reform should increase the statutory retirement age equalising the retirement age of men and women at years and periodically review the retirement age to be consistent with life expectancy,5
+the nbpts is designed to consider a wide range of teacher competencies using videos submitted by the teachers to appraise classroom practice and along with portfolio entries focused on teaching practice and constructed response assessments of content knowledge submitted materials are reviewed by trained teachers who are experts in the teachers content areas in the united states the nbpts has been the chief means of certifying that classroom teachers are performing at high levels,4
+at lower secondary stage years tolo teachers award marks for each subject twice a year in upper secondary school teachers conduct continuous assessment and students sit cndofycar examinations unesco the central authority on evaluation advises that assessment should be used as an instrument for managing learning and not as a tool for selection there is an increasing emphasis on assessment of skills rather than knowledge and facts unesco,4
+the second option is to predict a macrovariable gender differences using only individuallevels factors xt to estimate equation for each country separately it allows for countryspecific variation in the gender happiness gap considered as a societal effect that could vary according to the country and its definition of gender roles it assumes the gender happiness gap being related to sociological construction rather than a biological effect associated with sex differences that would have involved a similar difference across countries in particular the collection of information on genderbased discrimination in social institutions is recent and as such the sigi is only available in one wave thus limiting our empirical study to a crosscountry analysis,5
+such statistics are however difficult to compare due to different national concepts of collecting and processing information fuller et al the information in this subsection is based on a questionnaire sent by the oecd to member countries during the course of to identify effective strategies among countries for improving skills governance and turning qualitative and quantitative information on skills needs into relevant action for policy the questionnaire was developed in cooperation with the european centre for the development of vocational training cedefop the european training foundation etf and the international labour organisation ilo the questionnaire was distributed to governments ministry of labour and ministry of education as well as to social partners employer organisations and trade union confederations,8
+these include the poor development of skills in the schools that supply students limited study options in tertiary education that are not always well aligned with the needs of the labour market uncertainty about the value of credentials limited collaboration between universities and firms limited career guidance services and the scarcity of public funds for research and teaching activities this negatively affects their performance in university the vast majority of students enrolled in year programmes in the north of the country and above in the south report that they want to complete a year programme almalaurea,4
+indeed almost anything can be learnt in different ways this may involve changing the tasks proposed to students but not necessarily a change in the subjects or domains learnt reviewing countries curricula to see whether creativity and critical thinking were an objective and how they were translated into practice led to the realisation that most curriculum documents embrace creativity and critical thinking as learning outcomes and competences students should acquire this typically remains in the aspirational or introductory part of the curriculum typically the more practical description of the curriculum exclusively focuses on a closed problem with one correct solution technical skills and leaves little if any room to a phrasing that would allow teachers to consider that giving students opportunities to develop their creativity or critical thinking in the process would be possible,4
+the executive office of the president of the republic of kazakhstan plays an important role in the definition of education strategies and in the development of key initiatives while the ministry of education and science concentrates on the design of policies to implement education strategies regions oblasts and districts rayons are responsible for the delivery of education services in schools primary and secondary education is compulsory in kazakhstan and students are entitled to attend a public school free of charge,4
+womens groups are given a mobile phone and a radio cassette player to use as they listen to local agricultural radio shows call extension officers or share information between groups information is disseminated in the local language and the groups are encouraged to spread the word to other women farmers part of the programmes success is due to the fact that it works within channels that are familiar to women gsma development fund and cherie blair foundation for women,5
+furthermore such a standard for emissions can avoid a large increase in electricity prices in the early stage of its introduction which would otherwise be necessary to trigger low carbon investments the associated argument against this approach is that it may be less effective at reducing electricity demand than a carbon price although it is not clear whether this proposal would create a more stable investment framework and will be applied in the united states see box electricity sector mechanisms may be an interesting instrument they can address the price uncertainty associated with industrial demand of quotas in an economywide cap and trade mechanism,7
+a multivariate analysis of determinants of relative income mobility of the society as a whole conducted for this review highlighted characteristics that increased the chances of moving up at least one income decile or decreased the chances of moving down at least one dedle these induded living in an urban area having many household members of working age and or increasing the share of workers among household members the number of members with a second job relative to all working household members a household head having an upper secondary diploma or occupation as a highlevel or midlevel professional the household head being economically active in the initial period and the household head becoming economically active after not working in factors with a robust positive impact on moving up a dedle or more induded the initial share of agricultural income over total income and moving from low to medium manufacturing the multivariate analysis produced interesting findings concerning the drivers of downward income mobility,10
+if a limited number of competing generating units are sufficient to serve it market power can be an issue indeed the experience of pjm where a new capacity market was introduced in to fix several problems shows that finetuning capacity markets is a difficult and lengthy process based on the experience of some existing capacity markets there is a concern that the power plants triggered by capacity markets may not flexible enough,7
+the project promotes lte construction and operation implements the national strategy and upgrades the it industry during the construction period it indirectly boosted national economic growth by nearly cny billion and created about jobs the project laid km of optical cable along the pipelines through the five provinces which feature complex topography and are subject to severe environmental constraints,9
+care systems must also be established or strengthened by fostering the proper provision of public goods and services in that area when designing and implementing these policies special attention must be paid to the contexts and reasons that cause poverty to affect children adolescents young people indigenous peoples afrodescendants and workingage women disproportionately,1
+the total benefit estimate was approximately million euros per year and about million euros for the five year period of the fictional and regional small water fund the estimated total value exceeded manifold the total budget targeted to restoration furthermore respondents previous experience of the outcomes and benefits of restoration measures may explain their high willingness to pay in specific watersheds box figure,6
+however such indicators have limitations that also need to be taken into account in some cases the number of actors may seem larger if the ministry is in charge of more than one area of competence for instance in mexico the situation appears less complicated since only two ministries semarnat ministry of environment and natural resources and the ministry of health and two deconcentrated bodies of semarnat conagua and profepa are in charge of water policy making,6
+fair and inclusive policies in early childhood education and care ecec contribute to an equitable education system day care and preprimary education are available and more than half of all yearolds attend from preprimary education was made available for yearolds to prepare them for first grade of basic education it is free and voluntary and almost all yearolds attend,4
+while new crosscountry timeseries evidence suggests that technological change has contributed to a rise in earnings inequality the choice of specification matters for the significance and size of the effect and also for where in the earnings distribution the impact is most pronounced see box table and oecd la early empirical studies were based on the stolpersamuelson theorem which predicts that trade increases the real return for the factor with which a country is most abundantly endowed however the theorem proved to be inconsistent with the evidence and in particular the observed rise in inequality in lowincome countries eg goldberg and pavcnik feenstra stone and cavazos,10
+in parallel to this process which has seen a very large number of smallscale natural habitats disappear in the farmland landscape the diversity of the farming activities on the individual farms has decreased significantly as well resulting in much more specialized farms as an example the number of farms raising pigs has decreased from in to in and the average number of pigs per farm has increased from to in the same period at the same time there has been an increasing tendency to keep livestock inside all year around,15
+this can be done by estimating proportional hazard rates by using the kaplanmeier estimator which estimates the survival function the probability that someone will survive in a specified status beyond a certain time even when the sample is censored and biased denisova however these are not unconditional probabilities that can be used to depict the general chances of moving in and out of poverty these are conditional hazard rates indicating for example what the chances are of someone exiting poverty if heshe has been in poverty for say two years given a set of specified characteristics eg household characteristics labour market status of adults eligibility to public transfers human capital characteristics but also region and time these conditional probability functions can be estimated both regarding relative and absolute poverty lines,1
+regardless of the type of summary measure selected it will be important to harmonise the underlying national data if internationally comparable data are to be produced a concise picture of health performance requires developing better measures of progress in health care to understand how and why the quality of care varies across patients needs for care the oecd has begun to address these data gaps through the oecd health care quality indicators project oecd c,3
+at the state level women held an average of of seats in the unicameral congresses in which rose to in quotas are also symbolically important in that they help alter negative perceptions of women in power and increase their electability in bodies which have not taken special temporary measures or affirmative action which include the executive the state governments still to adopt parity requirements in their municipal councils and the judiciary wide gender gaps persist in women s representation,5
+these assets may be threatened by continued lack of investment in the public transport infrastructure necessary to accommodate sustainable growth without a carbon tax carbon emissions trading programme or strong renewable power mandates backedup by significant and sustained federal investment the region may not be able to capitalise on the potential for green job growth pacific rim cities like san diego california portland oregon and vancouver british columbia are all potential competitors for investment capital and positioning in the green space and have formed innovation hubs and industry and research partnerships to foster green cluster development the metropolitan plan for sydney describes a new approach to infrastructure planning that is promising however lgas working in collaboration with other agencies such as rdasydney should consider forming a coalition to press for investment in a few key projects around which consensus can be built the coalition might be called something like move sydney green and it might focus on getting an identifiable lightrail extension clean freight rail corridor and renewable power project constructed,7
+however instead of bringing together farflung networks and integrated if virtual urban expanses icts instead splinter physical space into highly unequal fragmented environments the new feature is the juxtaposition of highincome enclaves with slums medellin colombia is segregated between the affluent south and the poor north whereas in mogadishu the polarization works the other way round inequality is more visible under a spatial than any other eg income perspective and the contrast of the citadel with the ghetto can generate mistrust alienation tension or unrest today videos carry the voices of local stakeholders to planning offices and federal agencies giving them a reach which would not have possible without the use of technology,11
+in this section we offer an independent view of progress to date informed by our assessment of crge documentation interviews with local and international stakeholders and the october workshop we focus on the green economy strategy the first of two strategic components of the crge we believe that the crge has been a highly strategic exercise that could now be in a position to benefit from expanding its perspectives and ensuring good alignment with the climate resilience strategy the second component of the crge,13
+in doing so it funds the early deployment of these technologies and allows these products and services and the businesses that produce them to become viable to larger markets in particular kfw in germany offers programmes that provide particularly favourable refinancing schemes for municipal investment especially in structurally weak areas these range from investments in infrastructure including the development of industrial parks road construction and sewerage networks to investments in building refurbishment to improve energy efficiency and in the expansion of renewable energies,7
+the oecd has conducted extensive research into how women s paid employment positively affects macrolevel outcomes like economic growth socioeconomic equality and fertility rates oecd a but bargaining theory suggests the stakes are just as high at home for individual women their partners and their children germany has a gender wage gap that is slightly wider than the oecd average though the gap has narrowed since the year,5
+policy recommendations to improve health outcomes and system cont this indicator summarises the number of years expected to be lived in full health and is produced by the world health organization potential years of life lost is a measure of premature mortality calculated as the number of years lost before the age of the indicator is also adjusted by excluding death that can be attributed to external causes such as land transport accidents accidental falls assaults and suicides,3
+a global hierarchy of ecoefficiency targets might be a simple means of systematizing coordination energy policies also tend to have strong distributive effects benefiting some industries and household groups more than others the degree and nature of the required structural change related to a sustainable energy transformation will also vary from country to country,7
+not unlike in other countries in the region and around the world a uae study involving uae residents shows that would report rape attacks to the police however the majority of national women would refrain from doing so when asked about what discourages them of the interviewed female nationals claimed concern about family honour or their own reputation and of female national respondents feared being judged by society or unjustly accused of immoral behaviour this exposes a deeprooted fear among women that dealing with law enforcement authorities can lead to trouble,5
+the upturn was evident in the united states the eurozone and japan figure along with continued strong performance by china and gradual recovery in major commodity exporters this momentum is expected to be largely sustained although there is an element of uncertainty global output is projected to grow by and per cent in and respectively on par with an estimated per cent growth in slight easing in growth in developed economies is expected to be offset by a rebound in developing economies including commodity exporters in africa and latin america figure the eurozone is expected to further transition from recovery to expansion european commission,8
+who gets to learn mathematics and the nature of the mathematics that is learned have an impact on education systems social cohesion and productivity education systems that fail to provide the same opportunities to all students can end up reinforcing rather than beginning to dismantle social inequalities when education is no longer a pathway to individual fulfilment and social mobility talent is wasted and feelings of injustice grow failing disadvantaged youth at school can also pave the way for a wide range of social problems later on including poverty poor health and crime schoenfeld oecd,4
+it is therefore recommended that functional regulations and plans that favour land and housing affordability energy consumption the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and the overall increase in productivity values through economies of scale and agglomeration be adopted to scale up the measurement of this indicator there is a need to provide capacitybuilding to nsos and to make accessible the appropriate technology this should include local authorities that are responsible for the preparation of urban plans regulatory mechanisms and land control and the need they have to prepare evidencebased plans and policies several expert group meetings egms have been held to promote the harmonization of the different elements of the methodologies and input data,11
+from an economic point of view it would be entirely correct to internalise gridlevel system costs into the plantlevel levelised cost of electricity production in order to derive the true economic cost to society of different technologies and to enable policymakers to make leastcost choices maximising social wellbeing while estimates of the capacity credit of variable renewables their ability to fully substitute for dispatchable capacity vary widely and depend heavily on local circumstances they rarely exceed of total capacity and decline with rising shares of variable renewables in electricity production estimating the costs of such backup capacity is less straightforward than it seems,7
+activities on demining forestland are progressing very slowly in relation to actual needs forests and forestland are not included among the priorities in the demining plans forests in bosnia and herzegovina comprise a large diversity of types ranging from coastal mediterranean forest to mountain forest,15
+funding for upper secondary education and vet is provided based on the number of students in each school and the unit costs per student universities receive funding from the state and also do external fundraising with the ministry of education and culture the university agrees on operational and qualitative targets which provide the basis for the resources needed,4
+vanuatu has capitalised on its renewable energy to some extent with a wind farm and solar pv system connected to the port vila grid and a hydro power station that serves luganville as well as use of coconut oil for generators the key energy sector policy document is the updated national energy road map nerm which has five energy sector priorities and associated targets increasing access to electricity reducing reliance on petroleum products affordable energy services a secure energy supply and mitigating against climate change through renewable energy and energy efficiency radio nz vanuatu s ndc outlines a target of increasing the electricity generated by renewable energy from about to per cent by the government s updated nerm also has a target of increasing the proportion of the population with access to electricity to per cent by,7
+this is similar to the level in expressed as a percentage of gdp the tse provides an indication of the cost that support to the agricultural sector places on the overall economy its value depends on the degree to which the agricultural sector is supported in a country the size of this sector and its importance relative to the overall economy,2
+this means that everybody has to do what one can to halt climate emissions no less the real test will be when the ndcs are renewed every five years after a global stocktaking and evaluation of the actions taken a true success and overcoming the collective actions dilemma would be if the future ndcs together imply more ambitious climate policies for the planet closing the gap to meet the two degrees objective,13
+the odds of starting prenatal care early are also higher among women who are in a livingin arrangements than unmarried mothers formally married women however are no different from unmarried women as far as the timing of prenatal care is concerned rural women are less likely to comply with the recommended timing of prenatal care visits compared with urban women reduced odds of early initiation of prenatal care are likewise noted among higher order births compared with first births,5
+this share should increase by per year for the next ten years for coal used in power generation this tax represents a price increase in the order of to based on runofmine prices in october depending on the coal quality the income from the tax goes into a national clean energy fund for funding research innovative projects in clean energy technologies and programmes to repair environmental damage,7
+adaptations include changing to less carnivorous species genetic improvements feed source diversification better formulation quality control and management these could also include capture fisheries and could assist riparian and coastal communities in general lorenzen short cycle aquaculture may also be valuable using new species or strains and new technologies or management practices to fit into differently defined seasonal opportunities,14
+beating the blues is a computerised cbt course for mild depression whilst fearfighter is a computerised cbt course specifically for panic and phobias in addition in scotland living life to the full interactive a computerised cbt course for mildtomoderate depression and anxiety supervised by a gp or qualified therapist is widely accessible to all scottish citizens who score a set mood score on a standardised test these programmes have been clinical effectiveness and costeffectiveness leading to positive recommendations from the government for large scale rollout,3
+this varies substantially across settings and is related to a third problem that individual interventions are almost always evaluated in isolation this generalized costeffectiveness analysis gcea makes it possible to explore all interventions and combinations incrementally with respect to a counterfactual of doing nothing murray evans acharya baltussen tantorres edejer et al operationally the counterfactual that has been adopted in applied studies is defined in terms of what would happen to population health if all interventions of interest that are being provided now were stopped,3
+these should be incorporated into warning chains both to take advantage of their reach and to ensure that they do not spread inaccurate or exaggerated information in two projects supported by the escap trust fund for tsunami disaster and climate preparedness the asiapacific broadcasting union has developed guidelines and other warning tools for broadcasters however in order to be effective in an emergency the broadcast media need a formal role in the warning chain established through sops rather than let misinformation pass unchallenged the authorities are usually better off monitoring the social media and themselves using these platforms to reach the public with the correct information,13
+thirtyseven of them said that the cost of broadband subscription slow internet connection speeds data protection and esignatures were the biggest difficulties encountered international telecommunications union itu data indicates that many more countries actually have estrategies than reported these strategies in the me exercise as part of its efforts to promote connectivity the itu launched the world summit on the information society wsis process,9
+although educational attainment has increased markedly over the past two decades and there have recently been signs of improving education quality scores on standardised tests for secondary students remain appreciably below the oecd average and opportunities for further education and training for the existing workforce are limited the low skill level of the chilean workforce has become a barrier to faster productivity growth as workers often do not have the capacities to absorb and adapt the technologies needed to catch up with highincome oecd countries at the technological frontier in the area of secondary education higherqualified individuals could be attracted into the teaching profession by reviewing the remuneration system and by defining teacher career paths with attractive opportunities for promotion,4
+this is despite a growing interest in the subject over recent years among researchers and policy makers especially in the areas of sustainable development health safety and access another related field of research is architectural theory larsson this will be explored in greater detail below an educational space designed only for girls or women would differ from that designed for boys or men and space would therefore be utilised differently there are many examples of sexsegregated educational institutions that are designed to meet the supposed different gender needs of students boxes and,5
+the number of specialist outpatient consultations is per loooenrolees within sp for example compared to and per enrolees within imss and issste respectively while some of these differences may reflect unequal need such as issste s slightly older population others cannot be justified in this way the number of prescriptions that could not be fully dispensed by a pharmacist due to lack of stock is within sp compared to within imss according to survey data although the ss institutes own figures suggest higher rates of dispensed prescriptions both of these figures are amongst the highest in the oecd outofpocket spending has not fallen significantly across the past decade despite efforts to achieve universal health coverage through the sp reform,3
+as this chapter argues improvements in these areas have the potential to raise mediumterm prospects significantly both for sustained agricultural growth but also for economic development more widely the south and centrewest regions of the country have higher rainfall better soils and more developed infrastructure farms in these regions use purchased inputs more intensively and are equipped with higher technologies central brazil contains substantial areas of degraded grassland with potential for crop production most of brazil s grains oilseeds and other export crops are produced in the south and centrewest regions although soybean production is increasing in the matopiba region containing the states of maranhao tocantins piaui and bahia,2
+knowledge domains can strongly influence teachers and teaching even when the aim is to develop transversal knowledge and competences in nonnative language learning pedagogy should provide both input to the learner and the opportunity to create output including through taskbased and projectbased learning and connecting teaching to other contexts within the school district or wider world in the socioemotional domain pedagogies include active and performancebased approaches that engage students personal feelings and their relationships through roleplaying collaborativebased pedagogies gaming case study work and social problemsolving obvious though it may seem some of the most important contextual factors are represented by schools and education systems themselves,4
+as a nonannex i party the country has no commitments to reduce ghg emissions under the kyoto protocol since the most important developments in the republic of moldova regarding climate change are the preparation of the second national communication the negotiations since of an association agreement with the eu that contains a chapter on climate change and the country s ratification of the energy community treaty in this general trend conceals the fact that total ghg emissions started increasing in recent data up to contained in the country s draft national inventory report show that total ghg emissions grew by more than per cent in the decade,13
+such problems make it difficult for expenditure to be subjected to proper political scrutiny and for researchers to undertake statistical evaluations based on administrative data labour market and related programmes financed by the employment insurance system with a fy budget of over jpy billion cont case study germany in d paparella and l savino eds,8
+promotion and the reliable supply and distribution of highquality condoms should become integral components of all reproductive healthcare services all relevant international organizations especially the world health organization should significantly increase their procurement governments and the international community should provide all means to reduce the spread and the rate of transmission of hivaids infection,3
+this is referred to as authentic mixedmethod assessment which involves analysis of all the pieces of available assessment evidence when measuring deep learning design conditions and outcomes this disagreement is expressed most sharply in the following two extracts the one emphasising the importance of praise the other emphasising the need to avoid excessive praise the important aspect of a kip class is to encourage students and to praise the different skills held by the students as an important and necessary part of the group network leader and practitioner,4
+only around of those who enter a tertiary programme go on to graduate while the oecd and eu averages are and respectively besides tertiary education students take almost seven years on average to complete their studies at the undergraduate level among the longest in the oecd figure the length of prebologna degree programmes only partially accounts for the excessively long duration of studies,4
+food processing is particularly important in this regard not only because of its potential scale but also because of its key role in rural structural transformation as a critical part of the nonfarm economy and a facilitator of agricultural development unctad a some energyrelated activities may also behighly conducive to women s entrepreneurship and employment especially in the conception and design of enduse equipment such as cook stoves and other electrical appliances puzzola et al this may also provide an entry point into a much wider range of other often maledominated small and mediumscale manufacturing activities technological capability acquisition is all the more critical in the context of the ongoing penetration of renewableenergy technologies which have witnessed rapid technological advances and whose performance is often determined by sitespecific conditions,7
+yet about million people suffer from hunger and malnutrition this paradox which his holiness pope francis i called intolerable when he addressed the delegates of the fao conference at the vatican on june is caused by multiple factors as of now policies to confront hunger have been based principally on centrally led and shortterm relief approaches with a focus mainly on increasing food production through sectoral policies,2
+for example as highlighted in chapter the gender pay gap often increases once education is accounted for context specific factors not only women and mens varying levels of education but also related to types of employment hours worked and institutional and policy environments can also make crosscountry comparisons of the unadjusted pay gap difficult household surveys usually include questions for women about decisionmaking at the household level which provide valuable insights into womens voice and agency in their daily lives womens political participation however is currently measured using the percentage of women in national parliaments which does not reveal anything about the impact of womens representation on policy or about womens decisionmaking in other spaces including in local governments or civil society organizations,5
+its study published in august concluded with the need to increase aquifer recharge the recharge would be covered by cooperative funds collected from fees paid by groundwater users depending on the amount of their contribution to the recharge the agricultural groundwater revolution opportunities and threats to development cabi oxford sophocleous m review groundwater management practices challenges and innovations in the high plains aquifer usa lessons and recommended actions hydrogeology journal vol,6
+indeed by allowing trades between urban and rural areas water markets give access to water resources to users who might have been excluded from them in the event of a drought in other words the allocation flexibility embedded in water markets allows them to respond effectively and rapidly to severe supply shocks such as those caused by droughts chong and sunding this welfareenhancing reallocation is not always possible under a prior tradeless appropriation regime or traditional queuingallocation system these adaptive management arrangements allow temporary water transfers that are contingent on water availability and may help mitigate risks related to water scarcity or competition to access the water needed by cities,6
+the sdgs themselves recognize the important role that icts can play for economic development the presence of reliable infrastructure remains critical to creating the conditions for ecommerce to thrive but despite the increasing availability of the internet and widespread mobile coverage around four billion people remain offline internet access costs combined with network reliability and quality of service continue to be a major issue in many developing countries and represent an important barrier to their ability to engage in ecommerce trade policy can play an important role here,8
+of all children who are poor and deprived at the same time are in sikasso in segou in koulikoro and in mopti even though bamako has a population share of its proportion of poor and deprived is only for instance early marriage early pregnancy and female genital mutilation are relevant to the wellbeing of the girl child,1
+greenhouse gas ghg emissions and pollution associated with power generation are high despite recent increases in energy prices they remain below costreflective levels with high levels of public subsidy particularly for residential tariffs which lowers the incentive to invest in energy efficiency the differentiated gas price structure has resulted in a level of crosssubsidy placing a heavy burden on the ukrainian state budget,7
+effective implementation requires a host of hard and soft levers to ensure that gender equality strategies and policies are implemented by all ministries at all levels of government there are some mechanisms for implementation within oecd countries audits or inspections including by external institutions are rare,5
+expenses related to the national meteorological service are included tmder basin management expenses related to mexico city s eastern and central emissaries are included under wastewater treatment they pay water resources charges to compensate the state for the use of water in the order of mxn billion see figure,6
+in this scenario the atmospheric concentration of ghgs could reach parts per million ppm as a result the global average temperature increase could be c to c above preindustrial levels by the end of the century exceeding the internationally agreed goal of limiting it to below c for this reason clean energy becomes absolutely critical to any strategy to alter these trends transforming infrastructure to be lccr is a critical part of the climate policy challenge because it will lockin development patterns and because it represents the bulk of the investment needed to achieve the c target,7
+the aftermath of the crisis saw large increases in unemployment rates across the united states in comparison with previous expansions subsequent job creation has been more concentrated in the larger urban areas brainard is furthermore labour force participation is stronger in the larger metropolitan areas as well,8
+in addition they serve to ensure that groupspecific interests are represented and advanced in public policy and other decisionmaking arenas for example womens voice is important in decisions over public spending priorities to ensure adequate provision of services infrastructure and social security to guarantee their physical integrity and reproductive rights the provision of better services for women enhances their power and agency within their intimate relations by reducing their dependence on other household members and giving them a stronger fallback position in case of conflicts or relationship breakdown women in decisionmaking positions must be able to articulate and act on issues that concern different groups of women especially those who are disadvantaged,5
+moreover the domains of early learning are less differentiated than the outcomes that can be observed in older children and adults national research council i j the undifferentiated nature of skills in early childhood is due in part to the fact that early learning occurs across domains with gains in one domain contributing to gains in other domains demtriou merrell and tymms i i this ongoing cycle of reinforcement across domains means that early learning must be assessed using a wholechild approach recognising the overlapping nature of outcomes for young children,4
+it guided and gave coherence to the reconstruction of severely affected localities projects are financed through various sectoral sources primarily from the minvu and mop and the fndr there were strategic urban plans carried out urban renewal plans planes de regeneracion urbana pru of small and mediumsized cities and sustainable reconstruction plans planes de reconstruccion sustentable pres in major urban centres,11
+the first key element to build vertical integration is to rely on a strong information system to ensure information sharing between providers and across levels of care interoperability of information systems is essential to connect health care professionals and services to coordinate patient care see lesson norway s information system was not established to support information sharing between primary care municipalities and hospitals in particular information on the quality of primary care at local level was nearly total absent at the outset of the coordination reform in light of this payment systems should reward multidisciplinary care and chronic disease management which as mentioned previously are core components of integrated care in norway appropriate incentives were implemented until as a means of encouraging health services to embrace integration and to promote highquality and patientcentred care,3
+the remaining one third of this funding was allocated to universities and applied sectoral science and research institutes through the mes and organizations of central ministries and agencies eg scientific research institutes under the agrarian university table universities and heis have additional own funds for science extrabudgetary funds the state budget for rd currently amounts to around of gdp which is low compared to peer economies and means there should be a long term policy aspiration to increase rd expenditure as a share of gdp as per sdg indicator an expert council was in charge of the project evaluations,9
+in contrast producers of exportcompeting commodities such as natural rubber coffee cashew nuts and tea are implicitly taxed in that are paid prices for their outputs that are lower than international prices rice has moved from being a commodity with little support to being highly taxed to receiving support to seeing this fall back to a low level again this reflects the challenge of trying to support producers while protecting consumers,2
+finally water boundaries cut across places in terms of cities ie when concerning more municipalities in a metropolitan area or hinterland ie the surrounding environment rural areas and watersheds which sustain the major bulk of water demand from cities and where the actual sources of water are often located particular emphasis is put on the most prominent governance mechanisms that can foster effectiveness efficiency and inclusiveness of urban water governance building on the oecd principles on water governance oecd c they relate to vertical and horizontal coordination across policies dedicated metropolitan arrangements and ruralurban partnerships coordination across places and stakeholder engagement coordination across people,6
+they also express how the gender contracts are locally constructed on other occasions the specific contract is less explicit stenbacka and forsberg when young women choose to relocate it is based on a combination of own will capacity and dreams and also on what is perceived as possible and obvious on the basis of for instance local gender traditions and gender perceptions in other words perceptions of how young men and women respectively oughtcanare expected to behave in other words on the basis of the local and regional gender contracts,5
+moreover in the context of water scarcity vulnerability will depend on the incidence of climatic variability as well as on a person s or community s resilience and adaptive capacity to this stressor as adaptive capacity is intrinsically linked to social structures such as gender class caste and ethnicity miletto et al nevertheless persons with some kind of physical mental intellectual or sensory impairment are disproportionately represented among those who lack access to safe drinking water and sanitation hrc water and sanitation facilities may not be designed to meet the needs of persons with disabilities,6
+geneva international telecommunication union colelewis h kershaw t text messaging as a tool for behavior change in disease prevention and management epidemiol rev preventing chronic diseases a vital investment who global report geneva world health organization accessed august,3
+new validators can be onboarded over time however there should be a clear policy on which government entities can join the project and under which circumstances due to the binding force of the respective treaty governments and potentially nominated ngos should act as the only validators in a proofofauthority setup companies covered by the trading scheme can participate and trade emissions certificates however they would not participate in transaction validation on the platform,9
+however the ratio varies widely across oecd countries it is much lower than the oecd average in the nordic and many continental european countries but reaches around to in italy japan korea portugal and the united kingdom between andl to in greece israel turkey and the united states and between and to in mexico and chile see annex table a a more synthetic indicator which takes into account the whole distribution is the gini coefficient,10
+moreover the institutions themselves need to establish an appropriate method for tracking graduates as a way of informing curriculum and understanding more comprehensively how education meets the needs of society and the economy the victorian government could take the lead in setting up a national database to track the progress of students no systemwide data is publicly available on the extent to which academics or students in victorian tertiary education institutions are engaged with industry and the public sector through their normal teaching and learning and related research,4
+transport and storage projects attracted the majority of these funds followed by projects in energy generation and supply information and telecommunication projects attracted relatively little concessional financing asia was the main beneficiary with usd billion followed by africa usd billion,9
+the strong significance of this variable may be attributable to events during the latter years of the period when the feminization rate climbed steeply during the upswing in growth that began in mid however this happened when women s average wage was dropping as was the male labour force participation rate it can thus be inferred that since growth was occurring while mean wages were declining the demandside effect was less strong than the effect of the reduction in the cost of labour in a benefitled economy this may have implications in terms of a reduction in the wages offered to prospective workers which has also been seen in sectors subject to rapid feminization,5
+this strategy demonstrates the important highlevel commitment of the government towards gender equality the chapter aims to assess to what extent the design of this strategy allowed for effective and impactful implementation of gender equality objectives in kazakhstan it focuses on the alignment of gender equality objectives with broader strategic planning of the government to ensure that gender equality does not remain at the periphery of the government action,5
+the targets of the goal on food security reflect a rightsbased approach by proposing to end hunger and ensure access by all people to safe nutritious and sufficient food all year round and by ending all forms of malnutrition by the year by viewing the issue of food security from a wider angle this sdg identifies food production as an important complementary element for achieving food security in that regard two targets are proposed aimed at the following a doubling agricultural productivity and the incomes of smallscale food producers and b ensuring sustainable food production systems and implementing resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production,2
+it pointed out that the share of private expenditure in korea is much higher than the oecd average and the highest at the tertiary level the reduction of private expenditure in education has been heavily discussed as a critical social and political issue in every president s administration however the situation has not improved over the last few decades,4
+first the guide recommends the replacement wage over the opportunity cost internationally the latter approach is discounted as it can lead to counterintuitive results for instance that an hour spent looking after a child is more valuable when carried out by a lawyer compared to a secretary arguably the skills required for these occupations have little bearing in the care of children or other forms of household work,8
+minigrids capable of sustaining semiindustrial and industrial activity at a lower cost have high upfront costs and uncertainties arising from inadequate policy frameworks are an important constraint to private investors access to commercial finance esmap irena b berthdlemy and bdguerie beguerie and palliere gmg mdp the african ldcs and haiti as a group have the highest proportion of countries with a dedicated sector regulator where there are regulatory bodies their powers may be limited or shared with a supervisory ministry,7
+what advantages does it have for the students to work with different teaching strategies it is important to identify our strengths and weaknesses in order to improve our teaching work what information do you use to evaluate your teaching practices in our pedagogical work we encounter students that find it hard to participate in class,4
+however while many of these activities are not defined as economically active employment in national accounts they are essential to the wellbeing of rural households doss the main research question is whether there is any relation between per household number of females engaged in domestic duties and family size in the rural agricultural household in this context the paper examines the relationship between land ownership and the extent of domestic duties performed by females adjusted by family size in the rural agricultural household,5
+india plans to auction acreages for shale gas exploration in transmission pipelines exist mainly in the northeast the first major longdistance gas transportation pipeline is the haziravijaipurjagdishpur hvj line built by gail which is stateowned and the largest indian gas transmission company,7
+evidence suggests that current choice systems tend to favour the most resourceful parents and children under a new policy proposal every guardian would be required to choose a school for their child to attend in the national strategy for knowledge and equal opportunities report nationell strategi for kunskap och likvardighet the swedish school commission skolkommission recognises that the term compulsory may be too strong explaining that guardians should never be forced to submit an application to a school in the case a guardian does not submit an application a school placement would be decided upon,4
+the practice of using different forms of media campaigns and censoring unfavourable stereotypes of women in mass media is also common in oecd and other countries this type of campaign can target demographic groups that are not part of the education system for example in france the ministry of women s rights recently sponsored the festival international des tres courts a shortfilm festival in which a specific prize was awarded to films promoting awareness and understanding of women s rights,5
+these measures led to a high share of the generics market in terms of value and volume latvia has begun to strengthen its health infonnation infrastructure in recent years with the introduction of an ehealth system and ehealth portal started in the availability and use of health information should increase further in the years ahead,3
+yet recent years witnessed an increase in the activity of noncontracted physicians providing ambulatory care along with their steadily rising numbers as the fees of noncontracted gps and specialists are largely unregulated and only partly covered by social health insurance see section access to ambulatory care is increasingly based on ability to pay rather than medical need this may also contribute to disparities between lander as well as between urban and rural areas,3
+calculation of the latter will require use of a hydrological model and will therefore need to be done outside the cge model given the differing characteristics of water supplied from surface and ground sources and in the absence of a more elaborate model of conjunctive use it is appealing to treat these two sources of water as imperfect substitutes in the irrigation production function as proposed by suewing and lanzi the common interest shared by this community is the quantity and sometimes quality of water resource,6
+moreover gross fixed investment growth slowed sharply in due to softer domestic demand and the base effect of higher growth in and civil war in neighbouring syria led to an influx of refugees to turkey moreover political instability in other neighbouring countries in the middle east is also having adverse impact on the turkish economy,8
+however some of the countries studied in this report have already bypassed the finnish benchmark hence for these countries the scaleup potential could not be realized see below for further information eurostat data regarding buildings heat consumption residential services and unspecified other was used to estimate the share of biofuel in total heat consumption,7
+when students are educated away from their home there often is a lack of connection between the school and the home and between the school and the culture of the home community across north america boarding or residential schools contributed to language and culture loss for several generations of indigenous students first parents in communities without a school may choose to move to a different community with a school rather than sending their child away,4
+at the time of the internship anna gromada was completing her masters degree in international development at the institut dfctudes politiques de paris sciences po the paper is part of the work undertaken by the oecd review of policies to improve the effectiveness of resource use in schools school resources review and includes revisions in light of the discussion of an earlier version eduedpcsr l l at the first meeting of the group of national experts on school resources may the review provides analysis and policy advice to help governments and schools achieve effectiveness and efficiency objectives in education,4
+some studies suggest that forests and trees can provide around percent of income for rural households in developing countries and that income from forests is proportionately more important for the livelihoods of the poorest households the proportion of people relying on woodfuel varies from percent in africa to percent in asia and percent in latin america globally million people collect woodfuel and charcoal for their own use,15
+how many more infants are likely to die in africa as a result of the global financial crisis involuntary job loss as a risk factor for subsequent myocardial infarction and stroke findings from the health and retirement survey the effect of recurrent involuntary job loss on the depressive symptoms of older us workers,3
+germany the eu and switzerland also major providers of climaterelated development finance have committed to finance a relatively large number of projects notably on adaptation for water resource management agriculture and forestry but also on mitigation bilateral donors also provide climaterelated development finance through mdbs and climate funds whose amount is included in the figures on the multilateral channels the channels to deliver climate finance have also become more diverse than ever,13
+initiatives to establish such forums need to be supported by national and international actors chapter particularly state actors must be convinced of the need to value not sabotage and repress women s organizations intentions to participate in public debates on politically sensitive yet existential issues chapter such womenonly spaces are important ways to build bridges between women from different identity groups collect information about the types and effectiveness of current programmes and set priorities and strategies for addressing violence against and the political marginalization of women,5
+incentives have been introduced to encourage admission of patients directly to mental health care facilities in an effort to reduce this delay prefectures develop regional medical care plans including for mental health for the region provide guidance and supervise health care providers prefectures also have a central role in the administration of the mental health and welfare law and are responsible for locating the two designated psychiatrists required to sign off on an involuntary admission and are responsible for locating a hospital place for these involuntary admissions,3
+in addition to womens low rate of employment there is significant labour market gender segregation with a high percentage of women employed in low wage sectors ncpe a maltese women are also more likely to interrupt their careers for childbearing which generally leads them to drop out of the workforce the situation has left malta lagging behind when it comes to women pursuing lifelong careers mizzi,5
+according to recent estimates over billion people are not yet connected to the internet itu a the majority of those unconnected people are the main target group for the millennium development goals mdgs and are also people for whom icts potentially have a great development impact communities living in rural and remote areas stand to benefit particularly from greater connectivity to telephones and the internet to be able to receive information and services that can improve their economic and social condition,9
+the group s call for action was influenced by growing recognition of the need to prepare for the effects of climate change as well as developments at the eu level such as the green paper on adaptation and international moves such as negotiations related to the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc the development of a national strategy was included in the austrian government programme for the scientific community intensively supported the creation of the strategy with projects to develop improved climate projections and better understand impacts vulnerabilities and adaptation in recognition of the crosscutting nature of adaptation policies the development of the strategy entailed a wideranging process of stakeholder engagement and consultation,13
+a study of fe colleges in the united kingdom basic skills agency found that there was a stigma attached to poor basic skills which then became a deterrent to taking up basic skills support it drew on data from fe colleges on withdrawal retention completion and achievement as well as demographic and student characteristics and basic skills provision within each college the study follow ed up these students less than half of them received literacy and numeracy support while the majority did not get any additional support with basic skills,4
+education plays an important role in ensuring that women and men have the same opportunities in their personal and professional lives through formal schooling shaping attitudes and transforming behaviours medical and technological innovations worklife balance measures accessibility of family planning and legal safeguards have improved the role of women in public life nowadays women in oecd countries can choose what to study which job to take as well as whether or not to have children,5
+since the focus in this report is on children figure reports on the situation of adolescents aged turkeys young people are worst affected with in in this category cyprus has cut its rate by more than half and turkey has also made massive strides though it still has the highest rate among all oecd countries,8
+systemwide issues include for example encouraging consistent quality across the range of providers ensuring specialisation amongst key intermediaries encouraging scale economies amongst intermediaries delivering more than a single element of the programme and facilitating the exit of intermediaries providing services of insufficient standard here the aspiration is to make the individual institutions more market oriented and to get them acting together more effectively as a system exchanging experience and knowledge as well as competing to improve quality and effectiveness where changes in the institutional arrangements have already been made these will need monitoring and assessment for example placing the pymexporta centres provided by intermediaries under the central control of the new specialised national agency promexico,8
+although these factors differ per country state region and even programme highquality wellimplemented ecec curricula provide developmental appropriate support and cognitive challenges that can lead to positive child outcomes frede a common framework can help ensure an even level of quality across different forms of provision and for different groups of children while allowing for adaptation to local needs and circumstances,4
+table shows the variations in the poverty headcount ratios for the whole population and the older population persons aged years or over using the aforementioned definition across oecd countries on average older persons show higher poverty incidence per cent than the total population per cent also the incidence of poverty among older persons is higher in the developing countries of oecd per cent than in the developed countries of oecd per cent,1
+table thus shows that the combination of direct health impacts and climate change risks weigh heavily on the attractiveness of fossil fuels in particular coal while biomass is carbonneutral if it is harvested sustainably it can have significant health impacts due to local and regional particulate emissions while such estimates provide indications of orders of magnitude rather than precise measurements of impacts they nevertheless contribute to a more balanced view of the impacts of different power generation technologies,7
+indeed as the rural sector develops farmers are faced with the choice of raising farm productivity or reallocating their resources to allow other farmers to scale up operations enabling the latter process is particularly important in china as historical land assignment practices have resulted in a high proportion of small farming operations relative to other middleincome countries following the experience of other middleincome and oecd countries farmers commonly follow alternative routes during the adjustment phase i stay working the farm and raise productivity ii transition away from agriculture to pursue offfarm employment or in discontinue operating their farmland without taking up employment elsewhere usually the elderly and less able,2
+in contrast decisions taken today on infrastructure such as transport power generation and buildings could lock economies deeper into greenhouse gasintensive systems technologies and innovation and make them vulnerable to a changing climate scalingup finance for longterm investment in infrastructure shifting investments towards lowcaibon alternatives,13
+kubler suggests that in the case of sydney there was an evolution over multiple decades from a bargaining approach that focused on achieving specific outcomes to one that is more like problem solving and is oriented to finding a process to manage landuse conflicts ways to better manage interconnections between urban areas and their more rural hinterlands were explored in the report oecd rural policy reviews ruralurban partnerships prague was one of the case study regions the main conclusion of the report is that rural and urban places within metropolitan regions are strongly coupled across multiple dimensions including population and commuting flows investments and economic transactions service provision environmental goods and amenities and government interactions figure,11
+while concentration in school is often linked to residential and housing policies it is sometimes reinforced by the structure of the education system policy options to integrate rather than segregate migrant students include effective management of school choice rethinking of ability grouping practices and ensuring high curricular standards in all schools additional resource inputs can be necessary to bring their schools up to parity and finance additional programmes to address the particular linguistic and other needs of immigrant students research indicates that funding for equity will be most effective at the earliest levels of education and that both universal programmes for low socioeconomic status ses students and targeted measures for immigrant students are necessary,4
+another wfd daughter directive focuses on groundwater the bathing water directive aims to protect the health of the public using europe s inland and coastal bathing waters the flood risk management directive aims at improving rood prevention and rood damage reduction in river basins in particular the requirement to develop and publish by december river basin management plans rbmp and to establish programmes of measures by the same date has been a strong driver for this approach,6
+as an example the substitution of fossil fuels by renewables and the corresponding global market for renewable power equipment offer opportunities but also risks for national or regional trade balances in the case of the european union eu for instance there is a trade deficit with china in solar components china being the largest producer of solar panels with of the global production of exports of which serve the eu market counting the trade benefit coming from export of solar equipment to noneu countries such as japan and the united states the resulting trade deficit for the eu has been eur billion in falling to billion in unlike trade in solar components the eu has a sustained trade surplus in components for wind power amounting to eur billion in one could therefore look more closely for one country where renewable energy innovation policy was particularly strong,7
+one possible reason could be that canada s development cooperation strategy includes measures to design programmes specifically aimed at reducing gender equality gaps this approach helps planners to introduce these objectives into policy dialogue and to include them in the design phase of programmes the gender marker cont,5
+it sets out the overall roadmap for the three years ahead with a focus on the school s key priorities and action plans it is conceived as a living document that all school staff will use as a reference point in evaluating developing and improving their work it is the duty of each school s board of governors to ensure that training and development needs that are identified through prsd are reflected in the sdp and that corresponding opportunities for professional development are made available to all teaching staff for example the czech republic estonia israel korea and poland have established appraisal processes specifically designed to make promotion decisions and chile korea and mexico have developed explicit reward schemes to compensate highperforming teachers through rewards or oneoff salary increases,4
+in other words the relation between vulnerability and disasters is explained by the lesser capacity of an individual or group to anticipate survive and resist the impact of a disaster and then recover moreover when a disaster strikes its impact will depend on risk management and the institutional capacities associated with climate change adaptation both are development factors that influence the configuration of disaster risks,13
+even in the past this expectation was often unfounded and it is now entirely outmoded as technical progress increases and changes the demand for higher level skills despite this in many countries opportunities for graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes to deepen and update their skills remain limited this is worrying because more than anything else the lack of such opportunities deters young people from pursuing an initial vocational route sometimes in favour of less suitable career paths,4
+these differences in needs come as a result of intrinsic and extrinsic inequalities and trends in societal roles for each demographic whether in regards to men and women or in regards to different minorities or regional populations in the national report on the progress of jordanian women in justice and participation was launched several csos participated in delivering a jordanian women s manifesto which included several topics to encourage women s legal and political rights in the media and economic spheres,5
+depending on the location dynamics of temperature and precipitation changes differ melting of the permafrost area is expected to have effects on bridge and road constructions as well as buildings to adapt to climate change in the water sector mongolia prioritizes the formulation and stabilization of a water resources management policy the tobol and the ishimesil are transboundary tributaries of the irtyshertis,6
+at the same time a relatively high network of public transport stations is not a guarantee for a higher demand a right number of stations should be such that on one hand would allow the citizens to find a station in a vicinity of their work living shopping or recreation places and on the other hand would not delay the transfers due to too frequent stops of the public transport modes these ai measured per square kilometer compared to per popi much as times brussels versus oslo,11
+italys national observatory on good practices for patient safety promotes sharing and learning from adverse events cont learning from these workshops is consolidated and emerges as national recommendations applicable across the country made publicly available on the observatorys portal the next step regional implementation of these recommendations is supported by agenas the national authority tasked with supporting rap to improve health care quality,3
+for natural gas the baseline and the blue map scenarios show quite similar natural gas infrastructure needs of maximum gas use by of bcm in total and bcm in power generation about bcm would be delivered from existing fields bcm from new fields and bcm from lng imports this would imply an almost tenfold increase of lng imports between and or six new very large mtyear lng regasification facilities,7
+occupational segregation by gender discrimination women s multiple roles as workers mothers and wives lack of access to information networks and to capital account for much of women s disadvantage visavis men zhou and logan gilbertson cultural factors play also an important role to foster this tendency in general women are expected and expect also themselves to earn wages in ways that do not conflict with their family obligations depending on cultural values the welfare of the family and community may have more priority than individual achievement dhaliwal and low zhou and logan,5
+these suggest that community services may be struggling to provide adequate care this chapter explores the extent to which current arrangements are aligned with this ambition and what more needs to be done particularly in terms of quality monitoring and improvement to achieve it the chapter argues that work should start now to professionalise and define a speciality of primary care based upon a clear consensual vision of how the speciality will be different in knowledge skills roles and responsibilities from current community generalists strengthening of the information infrastructure possible reforms to payment systems and close attention to primary care specialists role in coordinating care will also be needed section describes the challenges including a superageing society that primary care would be expected to address and section considers the extent to which current arrangements are well placed to meet these challenges sections and describe the steps that japan should take to develop a distinct and specialist primary care workforce and embed quality monitoring and improvement from the start,3
+as to private hospitals publicly funded patients accessing care in private hospitals must make significant outofpocket contributions to meet the costs not covered by public insurance turkey has an opportunity to use the rich data infrastructure and coding processes already in place to shift to casemix adjustment relatively rapidly thereby appropriately remunerating complexity of care this should be accompanied by monitoring of quality of care for example to ensure that any expansion in numbers treated is clinically appropriate and to reduce unwarranted variation in medical practice across providers or geographical regions this would have the further advantage of helping the ministry of health move fully and expeditiously in the aspired direction of focusing on quality governance of the health system and relinquishing responsibility over operations,3
+in tandem this would reduce stress on groundwater resources from both a water quality and water quantity perspective however as a result of growing population and the demarcation of interstate borders that constrained mobility the practice was replaced by continuous intensive agriculture under the framework of the project of reviving hima land management practices efforts were pursued to empower local communities by transferring management rights to them results also demonstrated an increase in economic growth eg through the cultivation of indigenous plants of economic value and conservation of natural resources in the zarqa river basin capacitybuilding workshops were conducted to exchange information on lessons learned and challenges as well as awareness campaigns to promote the issues at stake,6
+about per cent were documented migrants and the majority recurred to an agent the top occupation per cent was domestic work with the rest employed in factories about per cent of the migrant women perceived their economic situation to be poor per cent reported hard but acceptable conditions and only per cent said that their economic situation had been fair before the migration process,5
+the clash between religious or cultural autonomy and gender equality is a pervasive problem for constitutional law one that arises in connection with claims of immunity from gender equality provisions on the grounds of cultural or religious freedom i will describe how the resulting conflict has been addressed in international law and in the decisions of various constitutional courts and propose a theoretical basis for structuring the hierarchy of values to resolve this issue in a constitutional framework of human rights the religious paradigm was replaced by secularism communitarianism by individualism and status by contract,5
+similar to the pattern observed for the children in the first age group the children in sikasso and koulikoro in this case experience monetary poverty relatively more often than multidimensional deprivation capturing the regional differences sikasso mopti and segou have the highest levels of combined deprivation and monetary poverty koulikoro and tombouctou still have a large proportion of vulnerable children,1
+routes transfer stations schedules and ticketing are poorly coordinated and integrated in the agglomeration changing this and developing a longterm perspective for system improvements will necessitate political economic and organisational measures solodkij and gorev an integrated and efficient transport system will need to be built on clear rules and close coordination among different stakeholders of the system,11
+the city acquires land prepares it for construction and use and then sells the land to private developers the role that the city takes on in this regard is not statutorily defined the sale takes the form of leasehold amsterdam owns the majority of land in the city and retains ownership after redevelopment moreover the increased value of existing property caused by investment in green and infrastructure flows in part to the municipality in the form of property tax,11
+facebook lists some billion monthly active users mau on facebook for q a increase yearonyear some billion people on average log onto facebook daily as daily active users dau for march matching the growth in mau with a increase yearonyear however dau and mau are not measures of data traffic and use of facebook varies considerably in different regions of the world however there are some indications that inequalities in access to and use of intelligent connectivity may be growing viewpoint,9
+evidence from national and international programmes shows that while efficient components might yield minor gains systems optimization can yield much larger gains percent with payback periods of less than two years eclac garcia et al energy management systems can help firms develop an energy use baseline actively manage energy costs and document savings for internal and external use such as greenhouse gas emission credits a good energy management system is vital for identifying opportunities for sustainable energy savings worrell a successful energy management system starts with a strong organizational commitment a study of turkey s textile sector suggests that implementing an energy management system companywide is the best approach ozturk energy management systems involve costs in wages consultancy and other fees so their cost effectiveness varies with the firm s size and energy intensity,7
+only one respondent offered any insight into this situation observing that the main barrier to promoting genomics for infectious disease control in luxembourg is the fact that responsibility for controlling infectious disease in the grand duchy rests exclusively with the laboratoire national de sante it would appear that in this instance at least institutional separation of infectious disease control from other elements of the healthcare and biomedical research system may seriously impede innovation in this area two respondents suggested that international collaboration might help to overcome such barriers but offered no specific recommendations for how to achieve this these include the national institute of genomic medicine established in where highthroughput technology has been adopted to support research ongoing in laboratories around the country as well as programmes supported by the foundation carlos slim for health and the mexican association of medical schools,3
+all these features compromise their pension entitlements in pension systems that link benefits to paid work contributions and earnings this paper deals with the challenges and constraints that pension systems face to be gender equitable and the policy alternatives to address these challenges the economic protection of women in later life depends on several factors that intersectincluding pension system rules labour market conditions and family arrangements over the past and present this paperfocuses on pension system rules and how they interact with other social and labour market conditions over women s life courses to reproduce or mitigate gender inequalities in old age,5
+such parties would need to provide the information needed to track progress towards each of these goals and measures as outlined in figure and table the global stocktake will consider among other things the overall effect of parties ndcs for some types of ndc estimating expected future ghg emissions is difficult and may depend heavily on external factors such as gdp or population growth the paris agreement encourages developing country parties to move over time towards economywide emission reduction or limitation targets in the light of different national circumstances as more parties do this it should become easier to gain a clearer picture of future expected ghg emissions levels and associated global average temperature rise article of the paris agreement also stipulates that other parties providing support should report information on support provided and mobilised and that developing country parties should report information on support needs and support received,13
+the ggeo is not simply a matter of add women to the environment and stir instead it makes use of genderbased assessment frameworks along with the traditional environmental assessment approach of the driverspressuresstatelmpactsresponses dpsir methodology thus requiring new questions and new methods using a genderspecific approach to examine these complex linkages which may be referred to as the genderandenvironment nexus is therefore an appropriate way to investigate the dynamic relationships between environmental change and gender equality as well as between impacts on sustainablity and the realization of womens rights and empowerment leach seager the push for gender equality is shaping environmental understanding but notions of gender equality are also shaped by environmental imperatives including equal access to and sharing of the benefits of the use and protection of ecosystems and natural resources un mea,5
+the economic crisis has halted a iongterm gradual decline in both inequality and poverty and the number of poor households is rising with children and youths being particularly affected unemployment is one of the principal reasons why household incomes declined the tax and benefit system alleviates both inequality and poverty significantly,1
+brisbane school of population health university of queensland the first version of this model was developed to study the impact of type diabetes on the australian population including health health expenditures and broader economic impacts such as changes in employment and productivity the model was used to test the potential future impact of various policy interventions to reduce the future burden of diabetes for the purpose of improved decisionmaking regarding population health investment workforce participation and productivity,3
+usually its protective status is repeatedly extended but not always instead the nature preserve was withdrawn in due to the adverse results of intensive anthropogenic pressure on its broadleaved forests and the need for territorial development of a cattlebreeding complex most recently according to some sources the protective status of almost all nature preserves in tajikistan out of the exception being nurek expired in and was not immediately extended,15
+so such content elements are delivered over a broadband channel like the internet it allows the creation of an environment for consumers to make use of software applications provided via the broadcast signal but mostly via an ip connection it provides the possibility to retrieve consume store edit and create additional content by simple interaction of the broadcast and nonbroadcast environments as well enabling social networking,9
+this third level has been the economic growth engine especially in finland and sweden for the past six decades but is now decreasing in importance due to the ongoing largescale restructuring of the industry new pulp and paper facilities being built in the global south rather than north and digitalization of societies worldwide one increasingly important business level is renewable energy that is produced from the residues of levels and both solid biomass eg wood chips and pellets and liquids eg biooil are used as raw material for bioenergy this level breaks the confines of traditional industry sectors and makes them part of a larger biobusiness sector,7
+scientists engineers and entrepreneurs characterize energy security as a function of strong energy research and development innovation and technology transfer systems import dependence is a major energy security challenge for about three billion people globally where nations import more than per cent of their oil and petroleum products per cent of transport energy comes from oilbased fuels making it particularly vulnerable with significant impacts on overall mobility and production systems as well as on economic and social stability many developing countries face energy security stresses emanating from low resource endowments a growing energy demandsupply gap high energy intensity and macroeconomic vulnerabilities with binding fiscal constraints the level of uncertainty is much larger compared to dealing with supply disruptions or price manipulations,7
+harmful and degrading practices such as dowryrelated violence or socalled honour crimes also continue without systematic monitoring punishment or redress despite advances in legislation prohibiting them examples of such violence can be rapesexual assault sexual harassment violence within institutions violence against women migrant workers witchcraftor sorceryrelated violence or killings a and ahrc although in the majority of cases younger women are at higher risk of witchcraftrelated violence in some parts of africa older women are more vulnerable to sorceryrelated femicide owing to their economic dependence on others or the property rights that they hold ahrc this type of violence can include genderbased violence during conflict disappearance or extrajudicial killings custodial violence violence against refugees and internally displaced women or women from indigenous or minority groups a,5
+according to the report assessment schemes for teachers ict competence a policy analysis may several curricula exist to become a teacher depending on education level and specialisation in a given subject or a range of subjects moreover in certain initial teacher education curricula ict has been included as a compulsory subject the country report dedicated to hungary specifies that ict is included in initial teacher education as a subject called computer sciences each individual institution determines the structure and the curricula of the courses,4
+while marine ecosystems are generally more spatially and temporally complex than terrestrial ecosystems the general principles for determining where to prioritise resources for an mpa should follow the same as those for terrestrial biodiversity this implies identifying areas with the highest biodiversity benefits the highest risk of loss and the lowest opportunity costs see oecd this helps to ensure that the greatest benefits can be achieved given the resources available as noted by watson et al,14
+in fact inequalities increase the higher up the pay scale they go the result is that while in oecd countries women earn on average less than men female topearners are paid less than their male counterparts the socalled glass ceiling exists women are disadvantaged when it comes to decisionmaking responsibilities and senior management positions by the time they get to the boardroom there is only one of them for every men the norwegian experience shows that quotas can be effective in improving the gender balance at board level,5
+in the weekly team meetings teachers discuss important topics for the forthcoming week and develop the subject matter materials and methods to be used it is worth noting that in education small is not always preferable to large large groups of students may sometimes be taught together in lecture mode and then broken down into smaller groups for other styles of teaching this adds flexibility to the class schedule and allows teachers to split students into groups in any way that suits their needs such as for parallel or differentiated instruction it also allows them to run crossdisciplinary sessions such as an enquiry facilitated by a science teacher and a media teacher,4
+efforts in this area have already been started by norway and act teams are now in place in norway two of which are flexible assertive community treatment facts teams indeed an evaluation report on the impact of the implementation of act teams in norway is expected in and should provide a valuable insight into strengths and weaknesses of this important service this amounts to around involuntary admitted persons per adult inhabitants and about involuntary admissions per adult inhabitants,3
+the survey underlines the willingness of the private financial sector to receive training in energy efficiency results moreover underlined the importance for private financial institutions to get more insights and preemptive information into the evolution of regulatory issues the creation of eefan would be useful in both instances,7
+this challenge is compounded by the difficulty in assigning value to the costs borne by local communities the market costs are well understood and relatively straightforward but the costs to communities are more complex typical concerns or costs cited by communities include changes to landscapes nuisance eg noise or shadow flicker environmental impacts eg wildlife and water quality and the potential for reduced property values hubert and horbaty many communities also feel excluded from the decisionmaking processes concerning the sites and technologies selected for their area bryden,6
+the report cites as examples the division of industry and community network bjim the division of research and community network which while originally established mainly for industrial training placement and to enhance students employment opportunities is now actively taking part in community engagement and outreach programmes nheri prior to its designation as an apex university student selections were done centrally and a centralised process continues for all nonapex higher education institutions course placements at higher education are made to reflect the demographic profile of the country and are based on academic marks,4
+this makes it possible to compare food insecurity levels among men and women table provides the breakdown of adults suffering from severe food insecurity by sex and reveals different situations for each subregion however there are subregional differences with a higher percentage of women in the caucasus central asia and european cis affected by severe food insecurity,2
+in many countries significant efforts have been made to promote girls and women s educational enrolment in sciences and technology as a way to break occupational segregation germany s girls day and new paths for boys initiatives have been successful in influencing the vocational and careers choices of boys and girls spain has enacted a specific action plan for equality between women and men in the information society see box like those in the private sector women in the public sector are more likely to work parttime than men although male participation in parttime employment has also increased in oecd countries ibid legislative changes the constitutional act of march for effective equality between women and men followed by a concrete action plan the strategic plan for equal opportunities have greatly contributed to those results,5
+the global vision connects all generation and load together to get a higher overall social welfare with the lowest overall energy cost given that this will smooth daily seasonal and annual load curves the role for baseload technologies such as nuclear energy will be considerably enhanced see figure which is for expositional purposes only in practice the ability of smart grids to smooth the annual load curve would be somewhat more modest in the local decentralised setting smart grids can enable local demandsupply balancing including nuclear power employing large baseload facilities at continuous output as such might be less obvious in this setting,7
+a situation room at the water resources operations centre manages dams operated by kwater nationwide the centre forecasts rainfall in the basins of dams and weirs nationwide gathers and manages data from more than hydrometric stations as well as controls and manages floods water supply and hydropower generation of multipurpose dams water supply dams and weirs in addition the centre develops technologies of integrated water management based on ict and exports these technologies abroad several cities are pilottesting applications for domestic water users including smart water meters that monitor water quality in realtime,6
+in the process of preparing the folkeskole reform stakeholders acknowledged that better learning outcomes for all students should be possible without using more of society s resources on compulsory education the present evidence does not indicate any reduction in student achievement since the introduction of the reform but the full impact of the changes will need to be monitored over the years to come the impression of the oecd review team is however that the danish school system has been able to implement a reform with clear and high ambitions for improved student performance without a major increase in overall spending,4
+the pool may be held by the licensee who may be a third party or an association of licensors or an independent entity as illustrated by the unit aid example in box below for instance the holders of different pharmaceutical patents may create among themselves a pool of those patents needed for the production of a new drug or they may license the patent pool to a generic producer who would be able to use all the protected materials against the payment of license fees depending on the way they are administered and their purpose patent pools may have procompetitive but also anticompetitive effects,3
+in the period to global coal demand experiences strong growth but then slows rapidly with the level of global demand remaining broadly flat for much of the rest of the period before then flirting tentatively with decline as approaches the share of coal in the global energy mix peaks soon at and then declines gradually to by nonoecd countries account for all of the growth and china the world s largest consumer of coal will be pivotal in determining the evolution of global coal markets the flexibility of natural gas as a fuel together with its greater environmental and energy security attributes makes it an attractive fuel in a number of countries and sectors,7
+the organisation provides training mainly to improve technical and engineering skills the degrees are awarded by the multimedia university of malaysia apart from the training provided in technical and engineering areas the psdc also provides language training to improve the employability of the trainees in the business sector since on the whole graduates have a poor level of english,4
+still employers and graduates are often illinformed about what programmes the vet system is actually able to weaknesses in governance and fragmentation in the system adds to the challenge these factors combined w ith the preference for academic routes and public sector jobs further erode the visibility of vocational education and its utilisation,4
+additionally they attribute success to greater cooperation between municipalities within finland the programme consists of a variety of waste management strategies overall the programme s emphasis and strategies focus on the rs initiative reduction reuse and recycling with the central goal of changing consumption and production patterns and traditional practices of waste management throughout the country changing consumption and production patterns and traditional practices of waste management throughout the country is a central objective,12
+these induced effects are also significant first inputoutput tables represent static models reflecting the interrelationship between economic sectors at a certain point in time since those interactions may change the matrices may lead us to overestimate or underestimate the impact of network construction for example if the electronic equipment industry is outsourcing jobs overseas at a fast pace the employment impact of broadband deployment will diminish over time and part of the potentially countercyclical investment will leak overseas,8
+most notably the booming shale oil and shale gas production has substantially increased the scope of fossil fuel resources shale gas and oil production require hydraulic fracturing fracking which consumes a lot of water and large quantities of water are needed for releasing and processing bitumen at the global level there is way less water used for fossil fuel extraction than for power generation iea but this part of the nexus can be crucial for many reasons therefore the water intensity will be pushed up and in the absence of water regulation it might significantly increase water w ithdrawals and consumption from the fossil fuel sector although iea argues that water consumption may not have to increase,6
+to strengthen assurance for quality of care ongoing focus should not only be on the numbers of professionals but also on their professional profiles and the quality of their performance in practice various steps have been taken to strengthen the position of citizenspatients with focus on complaint handling it would be advisable for turkey to have more infonnation on performance of healthcare services accessible in the public domain and capturing the experiences of healthcare users systematically could be more broadly embedded further work on specific registries can be anticipated optimising the use of administrative data is a priority particular attention is needed to enhance datasharing between the ministry of health and ssi a coherent policy on how to strengthen the turkish information infrastructure to facilitate the use of quality indicators addressing topics such as datalinkage secondary use of data from electronic health records and assurance of privacy and data security is advisable,3
+in middleincome latin american and transition economies social insurance systems which are mature albeit limited in coverage ensure coverage at the top of income distribution in other regions coverage for the better off is achieved mostly through private expenditure and selfinsurance in the form of savings these innovative instruments need to be complemented by more traditional transfers and support for those of working age who are unable to work and for the elderly for whom employment generation and conditions aiming at improving human capital make less sense,10
+in the electricity sector as of early the russian federation s interrao owned generation assets in georgia and moldova azerbaijan s stateowned company socar and kazakhstan s kazmunaigas both played a significant role in the natural gas sector in georgia gazprom s subsidiaries were active in both natural gas and electricity generation in armenia and gazprom was a key player in the natural gas sector of both moldova and belarus in particular controlling the transit gas pipeline to the eu,7
+there are institutions in the netherlands that offer heroin andor methadone treatment for longterm addicts a quarter of opium addicts live in social isolation and has multiple interrelated psychological issues loth these sustained substancedependent patients remain a vulnerable group,3
+a recent danish study made an initial estimate of the levels of climate finance they mobilised through both bilateral and multilateral public climate finance channels mostert et al however due to the pilot and preliminary nature of these studies the results have not been used by countries in the context of the biennial reports to the unfccc with the exception of france more generally only four countries canada finland and japan in addition to france have included quantified estimates of total private climate finance mobilised in their second biennial reports br and a fifth sweden has included some quantified examples with the aim of ensuring synergies and a convergence of approaches with the climate finance community this work is being conducted in close collaboration with the research collaborative on tracking private climate finance,13
+for example ferreira and gignoux p in a study of inequality of educational opportunity using pisa data argue that because yearolds may conceivably affect the choice of school they attend the class they are assigned to and thus the teachers they interact with all school characteristic variables for example are included in effort this is a bold leap to make even when considering children of this age the extent to which a children realistically have choices about this matter and b are empowered to make these types of decisions independently of parents and other adults will vary according to context additionally our analysis includes children from years of age upwards and the above argument is even less likely to apply to younger age groups,4
+cogeneration which enables up to per cent of the energy input to be converted into useful energy much more than combined cycle power generation the efficiency of which is close to per cent is still much below its potential because the legal framework hindered selfgeneration ie typically by the users themselves such as solar panels in households and the rates applied to large consumers of high voltage that were often subsidized one third was used for domestic and rural activities in a fairly sustainable way while the remainder was used for industrial purposes while the overall chain of transformations and uses of wood in brazil is poorly understood it is clear that the overall efficiency of biomass is very low,7
+patient annual oop spending is capped to sek usd copayment is increased to for offpatent drugs with cheaper generic alternatives scotland no copayment the standard benefit in has a usd deductible and coinsurance up to an initial coverage limit of in total drug costs followed by a coverage gap,3
+vessels from third countries are subjected to the same rules as norwegian vessels all foreign vessels longer than metres are obliged to carry satellite tracking devices on board the right to buy a fishing vessel can only be given to a norwegian citizen or a body that can be defined as a norwegian citizen,14
+typically the types of jobs women gain during such crises are insecure and of low quality kabeer another percent neither agree nor disagree targeted spending to reduce bottlenecks on physical infrastructure roads and communications but also social infrastructure such as spending on public health can reduce production costs and therefore inflation this is important for achieving the goal of full employment since in many countries central banks respond to inflationary pressures by raising policy interest rates thereby reducing business investment and aggregate demand,5
+types of services include among others physician services durable medical equipment laboratory tests and outpatient hospital services each expenditure category is projected on the basis of recent past trends in growth per enrolee along with applicable legislated limits on payment updates to project future smi part d costs historical per capita spending for beneficiaries in private prescription dmg plans lowincome beneficiaries and beneficiaries in employersponsored retiree health plans is used as a projection base,3
+the national food security act specifies that mt of food grains will be distributed through the public distribution system pds to all indian states per year additional allocations will have to be made by the government under other welfare schemes mt buffer stocks mt and the open market sale scheme mt the total procurement will be approximately mt which is mt higher than the amount procured during chand and birthal the central government will also be responsible for allocating food grains from the central pool to the different states providing transportation and storage facilities the state governments on the other hand will be implementing and monitoring the food security act indias national food security act cont,2
+annex iii will apply mutalis mutandis to the establishment of this total allowable catch or total allowable fishing effort by the commission to give effect to this paragraph such measures may be adopted in accordance with the principles of compatibility outlined in article by the commission for the high seas and the coastal state contracting party or parties concerned for the areas under national jurisdiction and by the commission with the consent of the coastal state contracting party or parties concerned for measures that will apply throughout the range of the fishery resource the measures shall become binding on the members of the commission in accordance with article paragraph such measures shall not be open to the objection procedure in article paragraph but may be the subject of dispute settlement procedures under this convention,14
+plantlevel costs are of course those costs that come most naturally to mind when thinking about the costs of electricity provision the bricks mortar and steel to build the plant the fuel and the manpower to run it are easily comprehensible cost items the nuclear energy agency nea and the international energy agency iea publish a survey of the plantlevel costs in oecd countries every five years in the projected costs of generating electricity see ieanea and ieanea ieanea is currently in preparation while concrete work reveals also a number of difficulties in assessing plantlevel costs eg which discount rate to use to reflect the cost of capital at least the basic concepts are well understood plantlevel costs of production are financial and economic realities that are straightforwardly monetised and integrated into the decisionmaking processes of private and public actors in an interconnected electricity system each plant interacts with all other plants on both physical and economic levels,7
+developing countries including cddcs will need to find ways to effectively and efficiently align mitigation and adaptation actions specified in their ndcs with their ongoing development programmes towards achievement of the sdgs as well as their strategies to diversify industrialize and modernize their economies this chapter looks at strategies and technologies that could help cddcs address these challenges and at enabling conditions for their successful implementation a range of new technologies practices and strategies can help improve the resilience of commodity sectors to the impacts of climate change and strengthen their contribution to sustainable development as discussed below,13
+he found that moderate drinking decreases the likelihood of emergency visits and hospitalizations women not men specific health conditions such as obesity diabetes different types of cancers and cardiovascular diseases are usually considered as being partly caused by past eating and physical activity habits likewise obesity is caused by inappropriate dietary habits in combination with insufficient physical activity,3
+as required by the law austria has completed a flood assessment of all watercourses and zoning of areas with significant flood risk risk and hazard maps are expected to be available by the end of and austria plans to develop transboundary flood risk management plans by the end of the government estimates that every euro invested prevented damage of almost double its value,13
+the folkeskole reform provided dkk million for the national parents association to raise the competencies and professionalism of the school boards in addition the municipal education offices provide their school leaders with various degrees of help with the more technical aspects of school budgeting such as accounting and bookkeeping allowing school leaders to focus more on strategic and pedagogical organisation of the school the municipalities also play an important role in the delivery of services and can help their schools achieve scale economies for example by buying materials and services for several schools at the same time,4
+one of the first tasks of the commission on the status of women was to write the convention on the political rights of women the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women builds on previous conventions and its article concerns womens access to decisionmaking in political and public life article guarantees the right of women to vote in all elections and public referendums and to be eligible for election to all publicly elected bodies the right to participate in the formulation of government policy and its implementation to hold public office and perform all public functions at all levels of government and the right to participate in nongovernmental organizations ngos or associations concerned with the public and political life of the country article requires state parties to take all appropriate measures to ensure to women on equal terms with men and without any discrimination the opportunity to represent their governments at the international level and to participate in the work of international organizations,5
+there is limited evidence of positive incentives to encourage faculty members to engage in regional development and the integration of research service and teaching university affiliation can have advantages by extending programmes to a region while maintaining quality controls through the university s faculty but affiliation can also result in diminished responsiveness to regional needs especially when university faculties already facing several budget constraints resist diverting resources from the main campus to branches the che process for review and approval of new academic programmes applies primarily national criteria to i ensure compliance with national quality standards ii encourage colleges to develop distinctive academic programmes that will attract students nationwide iii develop nationally recognised centres of excellence eg in educating students with special needs and iv avoid unnecessary programme duplication,4
+research analysing the material wellbeing and monetary poverty simultaneously has found strong but far from complete correlation between the two eg perry roelen and notten roelen et al bradshaw et al the identification of the monetary poor individuals and those who are deprived of the basic goods and services necessary for their survival and development can lead to better understanding of the situation people are faced with and therefore to better targeted and more effective policy responses similarly it has been recognised that it is necessary to make a distinction between household poverty and child poverty acknowledging that children may experience poverty differently to adults and that peoples needs differ depending on their age,1
+higher proportions of staff with lowlevel qualifications were related with less favourable child outcomes in the socioemotional domain social relationships with their peers and cooperation there is no simple relationship between the level of education of staff and classroom quality or learning outcomes they studied the relationship between child outcomes and staff qualifications and found no or contradictory associations between the two,4
+unlike in many other countries the gross quantity of available water appears to be ample and watersaving is not an overriding priority for most users and use sectors though shortages recur in some eastern regions of the country there is also a sizeable nonconsumptive abstraction of water for hydropower at a number of plants on the kura river and its tributaries and for cooling in the thermal power station at gardabani although largely nonconsumptive these operations in the power sector do have an impact on river flow hydro morphology and the transport of sediments which affect water use elsewhere irrigation demand has also fallen due to the collapse of some largescale operations the total area of irrigated land fell from ha in to in and has fallen further since then,6
+wind power is therefore not included in the future energy system on jan mayen the cheapest way to use the surplus electricity when present is to produce and store heat batteries will still be necessary also because of the balancing need but they are much more expensive compared with simple heat storage both the batteries and the heat storages will be used daily,7
+scenarios unambiguously predict that tropical areas are at higher risk of climate hazards according to the notre dame global adaptation index ndgain chen and others for example countries at the highest risk of climate change are concentrated in africa and south and southeast asia where the capacity to prevent or even cope with most negative impacts is poor figure while some highincome countries italy japan and the united states of america exhibit relatively high risk levels owing to their high exposure to climate hazards they possess greater capacity resources to manage those risks,13
+however years service is needed to reach the highest pay steps in france as opposed to an average of years for the oecd countries the average salary in france is still significantly below average for the oecd countries in respect of preprimary and primary education by respectively and however the average actual pay is virtually equal to the oecd average for french teachers employed in lower or upper secondary education where average pay is below the oecd average at and respectively it should be noted however that actual pay for france includes that of college and lyc e teachers holding the countrys highest teaching degree i agregation at the end of their careers with the highest salaries whereas for these levels of education statutory salaries include only the amounts corresponding to certified teachers with years service see table d,4
+in the government of rwanda gor embarked on a nationwide rollout of fibre optic as a backbone infrastructure for broadband this optic fibre connected different parts of the country and provided highcapacity crossborder links with onward connectivity to submarine cables the network is currently over population coverage,9
+at the end of the disqualification a driver must not drive until they have obtained an alcohol interlock licence a driver may then only drive vehicles fitted with an approved alcohol interlock an alcohol interlock is a device fitted to a vehicle that requires a driver to provide an alcohol free breath sample before the vehicle will start,11
+it was developed in the late s in medical education to facilitate learning basic science concepts in the context of clinical cases box it is today used in most medical schools in the united states and in many other countries around the world wood moreover pbl has been successfully adapted across various disciplines in higher education including natural sciences social sciences or humanities schools of architecture business law engineering forestry police science social work education and many other professional fields have picked up pbl ball and pelco camp,4
+additionally this measure assumes that formal schooling is the primaiy sole source of education and again that variations in the quality of nonschool factors have a negligible effect on education outcomes this neglect of crosscountry differences in the quality of education is probably the major drawback of such a quantitative measure of schooling hanushek and woessmann widespread adoption of more efficient work organisation methods such as lean production across both manufacturing and service industries is also argued to demand the workforce acquire a broader range of skills one effect of the widespread adoption of such a broad and some suggest amorphous concept as generic skills is that it presents potentially insurmountable difficulties for educational institutions charged with teaching these skills to a workforce,4
+as box shows from the asian development bank s experience women s representation in programme decision making can ensure that their needs are adequately addressed in infrastructure investments while at the same time promoting their voice and participation in the community preprogramme assessments and diagnostics should include issues related to unpaid care work such as childcare or domestic tasks to identifying entry points to address unpaid care work it could also allow for the measurement of impact on unpaid care work and contribute to strengthening the knowledge base on what works to inform future infrastructure investments very few policies and programmes currently aim to do this although innovative approaches are proving that it is possible,5
+effort should be made to support the sharing of expertise and practices at the local level in this regard it will be important to establish strong public health institutions with national influence to develop strategic policy objectives and assess policy options this need for strong public health institutions is heightened in switzerland where cantons are of varying sizes and hence have varying capacities for policy development health information systems are currently limited and information on key indicators is too often left to the initiative of willing parties or health service providers,3
+they involve several public entities such as the ministry of energy and mines in algeria the supreme council of energy in egypt and the ministry of energy and mineral resources in jordan etc an initial assessment of the current power generation capacity in the region focusing on the contribution of renewable sources to electricity generation the strategy also lists the several international and regional initiatives that were launched to help develop renewable energy projects in the mediterranean region,7
+although governments are committing increasing amounts to the financing of ee projects the ee investment gap is still tremendous they also act as first party financier in cases where managers have difficulties finding capital for a project for instance the ebro data encompasses leveraged private money in addition of the money invested by the ebrd alone the world bank by contrast does not take into account leveraged money of private investors however it tends to consider renewable and ee investments together although the public sector cannot be expected to face the challenge alone the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc estimates that of the needed investments should come from the private sector the current commitment level of public financial institutions still falls short of triggering adequate privatesector financing,7
+for example a number of regions still reimburse providers on the basis of a feeperoutpatient polyclinic visit or pay by bed day in the hospital sector thereby encouraging overuse of the system and reducing incentives to enhance prevention figures and private insurers will act as purchasers of health care services for their insurees and competition among providers will be largely based on quality money will follow the patient and payment of providers will be fixed nationally leaving the regional funds the possibility of providing supplements under the new arrangements consumers will have free choice of insurer doctor or care institution eg polyclinic or hospital nonetheless tompson and smith argue that introducing and sustaining competition in health care markets is a particularly daunting task and existing experiments in oecd countries do not appear conclusive,3
+for example the typical compounded efficiency of the energy chain from crude oil at the well to useful transport services is about per cent only assuming single occupancy of a passenger car with five seats while in this case the efficiency of transforming primary to final energy is as high as per cent including transport refining and distribution the efficiency of transforming final to useful energy efficiency is only about per cent that is the result of per cent engine efficiency and per cent efficiency of drivetrain and car full occupancy of the car would increase the compounded efficiency from to per cent,7
+brazil is no exception and the process of reforming water institutions cannot be isolated from the broader institutional change that the country has gone through over the last three decades especially in terms of the new relationship between civil society and public authorities following the country s return to democracy this discredit triggered calls from citizens for more direct participation which has influenced public policies since then at the time greater emphasis on bottomup approaches and citizens engagement contrasted with the more important role of representative democracy as well as higher trust in public authorities that prevailed in more stabilised democracies,6
+a core curriculum for preschool education was established from and renewed in with national curriculum guidelines on ecec renewed in for the design of local curricula in addition legislation on early childhood education and development of uniform preprimary education instruction are in progress to ensure that all children have equal prerequisites working groups of education officials researchers and teachers are focusing on structure and national objectives set in june conceptions of learning support for learning and the different subjects the renewal aims to build on strengths supporting student growth and focusing on the core educational content and local pedagogical development,4
+consistent with a pattern found on average across the oecd the mathematics and science scores of the highestperforming boys the top decile exceed that of girls policy makers across oecd member countries have employed a range of instruments to improve student achievement including smaller class sizes increased school autonomy changes to teacher training and recruitment or stringent accountability requirements for teachers school leaders or school founders hanushek piopiunik and wiederhold given the current state of primary and lower secondary schooling in lithuania marked by small classes wide school autonomy and the reluctance on the part of educators and families to introduce assessmentbased accountability arrangements the most promising policy options for improvement in learning appear to be the amount and quality of instruction time,4
+few sociological and qualitative studies however have shed light on the relevance of gender norms in driving migration decisions diner is one of the first attempts to include discriminatory social norms into the possible explanations of womens international migration studying the irish diaspora to the united states in the late nineteenth century she finds that most of the migrants were women in search for better opportunities since the famine of those years made impossible for families to give dowry to each daughter marriage was only possible for one daughter,5
+nevertheless these households are also affected by higher energy tariffs as they will have to pay higher prices for alternative energy sources such as gas bottles kerosene and possibly even firewood many reports have been produced recently on the impact of the food and fuel price crisis and the subsequent global economic crisis on poverty and child wellbeing however so far there is little evidence on the impact of the recent crises on child wellbeing and vulnerability,1
+however a central concern is that much of the plan has yet to be implemented and that while on paper women appear to be equal to men in practice inequality remains women need training to be able to perform well in the positions they occupy and to make a difference women are also still discriminated against for example while women are present within the military and serve alongside men they face abuse and ill treatment kagumire furthermore despite their presence in the formal institutions of governance much like in rwanda they remain underrepresented in formal peace negotiations binder et al,5
+while women and men alike are victims and perpetuators of violence evidence from ifes research suggest that women are four times more likely to be victims of violence in comparison to their male counterparts ibid varying forms of violence against women during the electoral cycle are reported in the cog reports but with the only clear incident of political violence recorded being that of nigeria in the elections during the general election in nigeria women and men alike in the northeastern states of nigeria faced increased security concerns because of the terror threat posed by boko haram,5
+however when adaptation options are combined the gains for farmers are significant for example the authors found that changing crops when combined with water conservation strategies delivers the largest gains of any of the adaptation options the study concludes that while adaptation to climate change based upon a portfolio of strategies is superior to singleoption strategies finding the right combination of interventions requires experimentation with different options to iterate the optimal course of action the study also sheds light on the need to remove the structural barriers encountered by some groups when they attempted to access the full range of strategies either because of poor socioeconomic status or weak access to financial resources or owing to an absence of knowledge attributable to low levels of education or lack of information,13
+section gives consideration of care for other adults in the household and finds that in most countries partnered men are less likely to be involved in care than partnered women the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under tire terms of international law yet as the previous chapter shows men do a lot more paid work than women on average this chapter draws on time use data to demonstrate that when it comes to unpaid work women particularly mothers do considerably more time than men and fathers,5
+the roundwood harvesting in finland fluctuated a lot due to the changes in international forestproduct market situation over past few decades statistics finland this is because the mineral soils have been a sink but the organic soils have been a source due to drainage of peatland organic soils have released more co than what mineral soils removed in most years between and it is projected that forest soils will become and the forest biomass will remain a sink with increasing rates of removal for,15
+this is not a common practice however particularly in rural areas with a limited inheritance women can end up without sufficient assets or resources to support themselves for example if a wife has no personal assets she may find herself destitute and deprived of the marital home unless she has minor children in her care this altered control over assets within families and increased parental investments in daughters,5
+the european commission global climate change alliance gcca champions channelling climate finance through a range of traditional and innovative modalities such as budget support and sectoral support further the commission is experimenting with the use of offbudget national climate funds ncfs gcca in some cases providers and supporters are creating intermediary funds designated to be replaced by domestically owned funds with time or handed over to a domestic management authority once operational in other cases national funds have been created with the specific function of channelling sectoral climate finance for example the indonesian climate change trust fund and the indonesian forest fund for redd cfa and pwc,13
+spot prices may not exceed a cap of aud per mwh as can be seen very high prices are rare with prices sitting within the range of aud for around of the time flowever views differ on the adequacy of high but capped wholesales prices as a sufficient incentive to invest in marginal supply reducing carbon emissions associated with power generation is a central challenge in the project to reduce overall emissions from human activity this is the case not only because stationary energy currently accounts for of global energyrelated c emissions but also because reducing emissions from sources such as the transport sector will involve further electrification since many of the most promising lowcarbon energy technologies are those that produce electricity wind and solar being two examples,7
+it is therefore evident that current patterns of consumption and production are environmentally unsustainable and socially inequitable economic growth human development and wellbeing would need to be substantially decoupled from resource use and environmental impact unep achieving gains in decoupling will not happen spontaneously but will require well designed public policies that enable economic restructuring toward sustainable consumption and production and resource efficiency,12
+according to the latest pisa results students socioeconomic backgrounds have a varying degree of influence on their performance in science reading and mathematics in such countries as austria chile belgium france germany singapore and switzerland socioeconomic backgrounds exercise a particularly strong influence on students performance since students from disadvantaged backgrounds in these countries are very likely to not perform as well in pisa assessments as their peers from advantaged backgrounds on the other hand in macao china hong kong china japan finland estonia korea and canada the socioeconomic background of students has a much weaker influence on their performance,4
+as andrew garrad chairman of the british energy consulting firm garrad hassan has recently noted in the past the main objective was to develop bigger and bigger turbines in order to extract ever more power from the available wind resources today however the emphasis is increasingly on better and better a case in point is dongfang s cooperation agreement with the finnish company the switch from early,7
+this report focuses on the financing of small to medium scale projects four involve energy service companies escos and four energy utilities five schemes target households involve private financial intermediaries six public or notforprofit most rely on some form of public financial support,7
+to reach this common understanding an ongoing dialogue is required with a broad range of stakeholders giving equal weight to different discourses while at the same time valuing the professional expertise of key stakeholders the current search for new consultation methods and platforms to make this possible is a promising way forward the framework is currently being discussed with a broad group of to stakeholders and experts the process started with a widespread request among stakeholders for ideas on good education after an initial analysis the inspectorate has begun a dialogue about a draft framework both through an online questionnaire and focus groups,4
+educational attainment in chile has considerably improved in recent years lower secondary education is now virtually universal and there has been progress in retaining students in upper secondary education even if about of a cohort does not reach the final year of upper secondary education student learning outcomes in chile are considerably below the oecd average but there has been considerable progress in the last decade,4
+therefore the main place of settlement is on the coast the northern system provides electricity to approximately goof the population and most of the islands inthe northern part ofthe faroe islands the southern system provides electricity to suduroy where approximately ofthe population lives a few smaller islands are not supplied with electricity through either of the two main grids,7
+as central agencies seem to define missions and objectives but do not invest the necessary means to achieve them little coordination is possible between these policy areas in addition intensive competition between different ministries is common in water energy and agricultural policy coordination in several lac countries in chile water policies in the agricultural sector are designed by two separate ministries with different interests the ministry of public works through its office of water infrastructure dams irrigation etc lastly unclear allocation of roles and a lack of institutional incentives for cooperation are also cited as common concerns for both waterenergy and wateragricultural policy coherence,6
+recent efforts to enhance primary care capacity through the development of multidisciplinary primary care units that complement the activities by traditional ambulatory care physicians working in solo practices can play a positive role in addressing these challenges public spending on health and longterm care is expected to increase considerably over the coming decades while at the same time ageing will reduce the share of the population of workingage needed to finance this public spending the reform set a limit on nominal public health spending growth of in and was gradually reduced to in aiming to bring it in line with projected annual average gdp growth,3
+they are governed by councils whose functions and duties include governing their institution and appointing its vicechancellor or chief executive expenditure on educational institutions at all levels is of gdp above the oecd average of see figure between and new zealand has increased its spending by percentage points above the oecd average of percentage points as in most oecd countries a large portion of expenditure on educational institutions comes from public sources compared to the oecd average of,4
+adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital prospective analysis of patients an intervention to decrease catheterrelated bloodstream infections in the icu new england journal ofmedicine year summary of us malpractice claims for diagnostic errors an analysis from the national practitioner data bank lost productive life years caused by chronic conditions in australians aged years,3
+the decisions of individuals and households have aggregate consequences for urban sprawl congestion and air pollution among other things tourism entails largescale shortterm human mobility often towards metropolitan areas tourism has significant economic impacts generating in jobs worldwide and accounting for per cent of exports globally the tourism industry attracts large numbers of migrant workers in hospitality and related services available from pdf and unwto international tourist arrivals up reach a record billion in january,11
+the law mandates an end to overfishing promotes marketbased management strengthens the role of science improves data on recreational fisheries and includes new measures to combat illegal unreported and unregulated iuu fishing and to reduce bycatch in global fisheries alaskan pollock menhaden cod flatfish pacific salmon and hake are the six most important species in terms of volume while crabs scallops shrimp salmon and lobster are highest in teims of gross value the quantity of edible imports was million tonnes million tonnes more than the quantity imported in about of the transfers in were spent on general services,14
+while the growth effect predominated in practically all tf appreciable decline in poverty the contribution of the distribution effect was over in six others in order to supplement the characterization of income poverty in latin america updated results are presented for some population groups that are relevant to the poverty analysis poverty rates among children under the age of may be between and times higher than for the total population with the most notable differences recorded in countries with lower poverty levels,1
+financial losses from extreme weather events have been increasing largely due to increased development in higherrisk areas the high potential impact and frequency of natural hazards have led to strong political support for risk reduction measures as a result austria has a comprehensive effective and wellfunded administrative system for managing the consequences of natural hazards mainly floods,13
+additionally inequality impact assessments for interventions in the health sector need to be introduced this would draw attention to the inequality implications of proposed actions by local authorities and through international cooperation including those of ghps access particularly under the paragraph system should be further reviewed and amended so that the current patent and property rights regime is truly development friendly and more importantly improves access to essential medicines for the poor since agreement on and implementation of reforms is likely to be protracted in the meantime the provision of technical assistance to improve countries capacities to comply with the provisions of the trips amendment is recommended making health systems more equitable lancet vol,3
+rather the overall picture indicates a shortage of female teachers and the need to expand recruitment of female teachers so as to facilitate the attainment of efa and mdg goals it is hoped that increasing the number of female teachers willcreate a stimulating participatory learning environment meeting at nagarkot nepal in august cited in unesco section provides a statistical overview of the situation in india,4
+this will require a review of party constitutions and realignment of womens leagues so that they can play more active roles to enhance womens engagement within the parties beyond dancing for party leaders hence political parties need to field women candidates across the board at the presidential legislature and local government levels incentives for political parties to comply will come from the laws that require them to nominate and field women candidates,5
+it assesses the policy and institutional framework along with the process and tools used to identify priorities for climate change adaptation policies the main challenges to implementation of the national adaptation strategy are identified including securing finance and effectively mainstreaming adaptation into sectoral policies the austrian contribution to supporting adaptation activities in other countries is also discussed,13
+following the example of the netherlands sweden could establish knowledgecentres for mixed schools in municipalities aimed to help change preferences and misconceptions of foreigners through tours of the local schools organised by municipalities these tours would provide parents with the opportunity to discuss enrolment options learn more about the schools in their area and help them make informed decisions for their children for example the firstcomefirstserve principle discriminates against newly arrived students because newly immigrated parents do not have the ability as native parents do to put their children on a school s waiting list many years in advance,4
+from its beginnings in the s as the council for equality between men and women it functioned as an executive commission but with a small staff of between five and eight employees it was relocated from the prime minister s office to the ministry of social affairs and health farther removed from central decision making but received statutory responsibility for proposing gender equality reforms this facilitated more successful intervention in prostitution debates job training and political representation world bank chile s national service for women sernam benefitted from a chair with ministerial status in this case the gender institution s leadership along with a sectorspecific approach to gender mainstreaming improved its capacity to influence intersectoral dialogue with line ministries and the national gender institution advocated successfully for legislation on domestic violence and gender discrimination including childcare for seasonal day workers and maternity leave for domestic employees,5
+from this analysis the two mayors initiative decided to focus on three key areas for future growth a the manufacture of green products for construction and retrofitting b renewable energy and c green transportation options against each priority area a subcommittee was tasked with leading a more detailed plan to deliver against the ambitions of the initiative green msp as the leading initiative to help retain grow and attr act green manufacturing businesses and jobs in the minneapolis saint paul region,7
+some timeuse surveys in the region identify the time spent on this type of care and compare attendance at daycare centres there is no significant difference when comparing men in the two groups as the activities that fathers carry out with their children playing going for walks transporting them from place to place are not affected by the hours that children spend at home women however are responsible for compulsory activities that need to be carried out on a daily basis and at set times feeding cleaning health care batthyany,5
+the surveys include a range of questions on issues such as school finance strategic management professional development and collaboration with communities each round of surveys also picks up particularly timely and relevant topics for example the survey in primary schools focused on the introduction of national standards and the survey in secondary schools had a focus on the national certificate of educational achievement ncea these reports gather evaluative evidence on specific education issues and serve to inform policy and practice,4
+the notion of affordability is more problematic as it indicates a normative notion of the price level to the extent that energy supply security pertains to trade between different nation states insisting on affordable prices and thus implicitly on certain distributional arrangements can undermine the very objective it is trying to achieve however affordability can take the meaning not of low prices but also of effectively managed price changes,7
+to address the threat of climate change it is not only necessary to charge a price for carbon emissions governments have to do much more through actions to support innovation and diffusion of new lowcarbon technologies the imf simply assumes that climate policy consists of adjusting the price of carbon when it states an effective mitigation policy must be based on setting a price path for the greenhouse gas gfig emissions that drive climate change imf moreover it apparently does not consider the problem as being so serious,7
+the courses last from a few days up to years some folk high schools provide swedish tuition for immigrants as well as among other courses secondchance education where students can obtain the equivalent qualifications to the compulsory school leaving certificate and the upper secondary school leaving certificate liberal adult education receives government grants with the aim to develop activities that contribute to strengthening democracy and people participation besides these general guidelines the state does not steer their activities and folk high schools can design their own courses and profiles,4
+in the imta setting seawater is recycled and up to of the wild kelp ecklonia maxima consumed by abalone is replaced by ulva lactuca grown on site in the recirculation system the overall commercial gain from using an imta approach was estimated at between usd and million per year including a significant increase in farm profits usd to the environmental benefits included the reduction of nitrogen discharges into adjacent coastal waters by to tonnes per year the reduction in harvesting of wild kelp beds by to hectares per year and the reduction of c emissions reduced pumping needs by to tonnes per year,14
+some assets are those that individuals and households accumulate and own such as livestock tools houses stores equipment capital and land equitable distribution of these assets even more than income is critical if economic growth is to produce poverty reduction horrell decent work and empowerment for propoor growth,1
+the see average score for this indicator was figure suggesting that all see economies have much work to do to facilitate optimal crossborder trade in electricity the see cao continues to develop rules to harmonise crossborder capacity calculations in electricity and is working with nras to determine the cause of lack of consistency and irregularities in some of the measures calculated the wb initiative is relatively new but is already seen as an important policy driver for the economies,7
+a recent spanish study examined effects of water markets as an institution that can substitute for growing economic risk caused by unreliable water in the gaudalquivir valley district in southern spain calatrava and garrido recent work from mexico found considerable benefit in the use of water markets to promote water transfers from irrigators to urban users to address growing water scarcity in that country gastelum and stewart more recent work from both spain and mexico found that either water markets or reservoirs or both can reduce the risks of unreliable of water supply iglesias and garrido unver and gupta,6
+for this reason we also include education gapsquared the effect is likely to be nonlinear and thus we include age gapsquared in model as well because women are socially ascribed to be primary caregivers the presence of young children is likely to have a more significant effect on wives time allocation compared to that of their husbands,5
+in such cases technical and vocational education and training institutions may have to take difficult decisions within a context of uncertainty and it would be inadvisable to postpone such decisions onthejob adult learning or informal learning outside the workplace is especially relevant for smes which are less likely to participate in formal training courses it has not proven easy to replicate successful apprenticeship systems such as those in germanspeaking countries in countries that lack the relevant historical and institutional arrangements current technological change entails the additional difficulty of identifying the appropriate companies to work with,9
+how to improve the relevance and quality of education how to strengthen and diversify the existing industries and improve the absorptive capacity of the smebased economy there is a need to balance the current strong focus on talent attraction with nurturing talent at home and by improving the access of new immigrants to tertiary education,4
+learning is social and collaboration must be in place to develop all the skills students need for the st century in lumiar pedagogy the voice of the student is essential for designing the learning path at the deepest levels of learning students seek out and form partnerships towards the direct development of ideas or solution of problems take ownership of their learning both inside and outside classroom walls and directly contribute to the learning of others partner in the design implementation and measurement of their own and others learning and leverage and create powerful digital technologies that directly deepen every aspect of the teaching and learning process learners have some say over the nature of their final product if not the method by which they develop these,4
+this period covers the rise of the second wave of feminism in new zealand in the s and s the transformation of womens political activism from outside to inside the political process and institutions the decline of feminist activism during the height of neoliberalism in the s and finally the emergence of women in political leadership roles in the to period,5
+the system is to help collect and distribute information about observed irregularities in recreational landings in denmark initiated a national strategy for recreational angling in order to examine possibilities to further develop angling and fishing tourism and to promote denmark as a tourist destination for angling while the volume of harvest stabilised over the past few years the industry benefits from higher prices particularly from the increase of prices on the world market for fishmeal and oil,14
+third public grants to research programmes should be extended to priority sectors other than the ee and biotech industry in penang collaborative research programmes should draw together the universiti sains malaysia universiti teknologi mara universiti malaysia perlis and other regional higher education institutions collaborative programmes taking advantage of complementarities between universiti malaysia perlis universiti teknologi mara engineering and universiti teknologi petronas could tap the interdisciplinary innovation potential of the region,4
+different cathode and anode materials can be used for these cells which allows for designing a wide range of differently behaving cells there are high energy density types eg lico as well as high power density types eg lititanate available electric vehicles possess batteries and can deliver services by delivering power back to the grid the process known as vehicle to grid v gthis bidirectional energy flow can be used for peakshaving frequency control emergency backup,7
+this is a positive development yet such rights and particularly women s rights are unlikely to be rigorously enforced by law enforcement agencies as the institutions and personnel that are meant to safeguard human rights are in reality very difficult to change especially in traditional societies where women have not previously enjoyed social and political equality chapter they become aware of their political rights and the responsibilities they can and should shoulder in postconflict settings chapter postwar constitutions and laws should thus provide for formal gender equality and the legal underpinning for assuring women s right and duty to participate in the political life of society modest and sometimes symbolic steps taken to increase women s access and participation should translate into more significant and visible decisionmaking roles,5
+however the papers do not necessarily represent the views of the oecd or the iea nor are they intended to prejudge the views of countries participating in the ccxg rather they are secretariat information papers intended to inform member countries as well as the unfccc audience as oecd member countries korea mexico chile and israel are also members of the ccxg,13
+the agricultural sector went into a profound debt crisis in the second half of the s and resources were withdrawn massively from production by the early s about million hectares on which crops had been grown a decade earlier were no longer used and livestock inventories in the former collective farm sector fell to of their level in agricultural output more than halved during the s a decline that has still not been fully reversed even though it bottomed out at the end of that decade these reforms accelerated in the next decade after a largescale financial rehabilitation that also included bankruptcies of a large number of former state farms,2
+though subsaharan africa is seen to make absolute progress towards gender equality over the period the gap between it and the leading regions has increased as explained in the introduction over the past years researchers and policymakers have started to pay more attention to gender equality as one of the core drivers of economic development tertilt for example concludes that enforcing a ban on polygyny decreases fertility by increases the savings rate by and increases output per capita by,5
+while south africa had an office on the status of women in the presidents office it had a joint committee on the quality of life and status of women in parliament with the creation of a standalone ministry there is now a portfolio committee on women children and people with disabilities the reasons they cited boiled down to demystifying the institution feeling valued feeling that they knew and felt strongly about issues such as gender and the plight of women in rural areas as well as the fact that they had proprietary knowledge mtintso a,5
+the authors would also like to express their gratitude to all members of the innocenti report card advisory board we do so by providing a descriptive overview of the evolution in a series of child wellbeing indicators over time in countries the eu plus iceland norway switzerland and turkey the focus is on key child and adolescent outcome indicators that are expected to have been affected by the crisis and its related realeconomy effects in the short and mediumterm including child monetary poverty and material deprivation subjective wellbeing and transition to adulthood including education and employment we compare countries performance and rank them according to the change they experienced in these indicators over the period under analysis,1
+mortality from several forms of cancer eg colorectal cancer and breast cancer and diabetes increased between and reflecting the impact of population ageing and lifestyle factors people with the lowest level of education are more than twice as likely to live with asthma hypertension and diabetes than those with higher education a substantial gap exists in selfrated health by socioeconomic status of people in the highest income quintile reported to be in good health in compared with just of people in the lowest income quintile,3
+the subsequent modifications to termh aimed to improve on this performance by separating irrigated and dry land activities and allowing for greater factor mobility between them glyn wittwer with demand rising for both resources and increasing challenges from climate change water scarcity can threaten the longterm viability of energy projects and hinder development at least twothirds indicate that water is a substantive risk to business operations,6
+countries will therefore see their export baskets develop and reflect these changes the current evidence points to the fact that technological change has been mainly routinebiased which means it reduces the demand for employment in routine activities manual and complex tasks on the other hand have benefitted from innovation however the evidence collected in wto d also points to the fact that digital technologies increasingly touch upon a wider set of activities and push demand towards highskilled labour in addition by substituting labour to some extent digital technologies are also considered to be capitalbiased as the discussion surrounding the falling labour income share in the report shows as a result highskilled digitalintensive products are mainly exported by economies that have high levels of capital and educational attainment,9
+the estimated million population of cairo a megacity is projected to grow at an annual rate of at least two per cent until at least whatever the political and religious overtones of these upheavals at their root lay the failure of political leaders to cater adequately for the needs of their large young and mostly urbanbased populations hie imperative for new governments will remain the provision of responsive urban governance and affordable housing alternatives for large numbers of hitherto marginalized urban youth,11
+particular attention has been given to the mental health of children and young people but still there are no signs of a rapidly deteriorating situation yet compared to surveys before the economic collapse in the happiness score has slightly declined thus in the health and wellbeing study conducted by the national public health institute the score was in the year compared to in a statistically significant decline dora gudrun gudmundsdottir personal communication,3
+while quotas compensate for actual barriers that prevent women from their fair share of the political seats it has been argued that they contradict the principles of equal opportunity since women are given preference over men it has also been observed that quotas are hard to apply in single winner systems where each party nominates a single candidate per district furthermore the reelection of parliament members restricts the rate of member turnover at each election which makes gender quotas difficult to comply with a glance at the number of female heads of state or government reveals that these positions remain elusive for women notable developments in both developing and developed countries include the election of female heads of state or government in iceland in in haiti and the republic of moldova in argentina india and ukraine in chile in and germany and liberia in,5
+wetlands are highly valued habitats for biodiversity and their loss is of international significance however for some types of seminatural agricultural habitats farm woodland and fallow land the area has increased or remained stable for a number of countries depending on the degree of sealing it reduces or completely prevents natural soil functions and ecosystem services on the area concerned this excludes woodland or forest predominantly under agricultural or urban land use and used only for recreation purposes,15
+from that low level remittances gradually increased again in the calendar year by contrast although samoan remittances peaked at million samoan tala in in the next two years the totals were million and million in other words tongan remittances fell after the crisis but samoan remittances were more or less stable that is probably a function firstly of samoan remittances being more likely to come from new zealand rather than the united states and particularly the west coast so that the rebound was also slower see figure,10
+the youth unemployment rate stood at in indonesia and in the philippines substantially higher than the average unemployment rate at the same time as many as one in four youth were neither in education nor employment in indonesia and the philippines with the share much higher among young women in the case of indonesia according to an ilo report public social security expenditure including health expenditure as a percentage of gdp was for the world on average and for asia and the pacific thailand established a universal healthcare scheme in and introduced pensions for the informal sector in,8
+several explanations can be put forward for the high incidence of parttime work among women first there is a pronounced lack of allday childcare and outofschoolhours care supply and unsubsidised care is very expensive the highest in the oecd as an example children typically go home at lunchtime since school cafeterias are rare making it difficult for a parent or a caregiver not to be home at that time,5
+more connected stakeholders are better able to mobilise their resources financial human and bring multiple and diverse perspectives to solve water problems the level of connection between stakeholders can vary from place to place and such differences can help understand questions related to the diffusion of information trust consensusbuilding and solidarity the closer stakeholders are either through interactions in person eg via regular meetings or through regular communication channels eg online discussion platform the more likely information will flow easily among them,6
+it concluded that female miners presented the highest body concentrations of mercury however female miners were not the only contaminated population as women not engaged in mining but living in the mining area also presented high mercury concentrations this incident has raised serious concern among the local population regarding the potential health effects that might result from this environmental contamination,3
+interestingly the association between the concentration of immigrants in a school and academic performance was similar across students with and without an immigrant background table available on line in australia students in the former group were four percentage points more likely to report feeling like they belong at school the difference was wider when comparing students who attend schools where fewer than one in students has an immigrant background and students who attend schools where more than one in two students is an immigrant student in austria denmark france and switzerland this difference amounted to more than five percentage points,4
+no common rules of operation studies for corridor planning or evaluation procedures for brt exist for the zmvm as a whole knowledge sharing would have let the experience of metrobus guide mexibus which was implemented after metrobus had several corridors in operation for metrobus conditions negotiated with incumbent operators were progressively modified to avoid barriers for tariff integration and fleet optimisation across metrobus lines floresdewey and zegras,11
+their gender discourses are not new in the region but are now flourishing in unstable times their dissemination across borders is being fuelled by new media technologies whether religious or secular they tend to involve a rejection of westernization and the promotion of an authentic national or regional and often religious culture,5
+action should be targeted on pollutants of particular significance at the scale and sensitivity of the catchment basin or aquifer on the basis of characteristics such as toxicity persistence and bioaccumulation see typology of water pollution figure chapter threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage should be prioritised connecting with higher level policy issues can assist in triggering political action box,6
+progress on policy development is monitored twice a year through a full round consultation with the government as a result participating development cooperation practitioners reported that good coordination a large country programme and welldefined national priorities on climate change are preconditions that enable effective climate finance in vietnam it is chaired by a permanent secretary and cochaired by a donor on a rotating basis,13
+consumers that are not covered by the central municipal water supply systems depend on their owrn local water supply systems or on individual wells reasons for this are damage caused during the war very old infrastmcture dating back more than years and a lack of proper maintenance a weak monitoring system in combination with inadequate local authority capacity including a weak financial situation municipalities and water utilities and the inappropriate pricing of water has resulted in major losses in the network see table for fbih and a steady deterioration in drinking water quality especially in the dry season,6
+among institutions there are colleges academies polytechnics and universities of applied science different expressions in different languages add to the ramifications while the vocabulary may be understood by insiders familiar with local systems it will often be obscure to prospective students or employers undermining the value of the programmes particularly across national boundaries,4
+if per day ppp is used as a benchmark the number of poor in the asian and pacific region decreased from billion in to an estimated billion in about million people living between and per day remain critically vulnerable to extreme poverty at present estimates show that about per cent of the population of the region lives on less than per day,1
+this diversity could lead to some differences in the care provided across regions the mhsd declared the need for developing the system of unified medical standards or protocols at the national level in such measures should take into account existing international best practice treatment protocols adapted to the circumstances of the russian federation,3
+a robust outcome from this work is that one must consider different risk layers for which specific instruments are required extreme cases of droughts and floods most often belong to the category of catastrophic risks and thus require some form of government intervention an efficient definition of the boundaries between catastrophic and noncatastrophic risk is a challenging exercise in the context of climate change that tends to increase the variance in water availability oecd the boundaries become a moving target in the context of nonstationary climate,6
+about of them have reported at least one trade policy targeting womens economic empowerment overall in four years almost half of the wto membership has implemented trade policies in support of women at least one it simply provides examples of trade policies as reported by wto members themselves,5
+the result could be social unrest sexual violence and increased trafficking of girls and young women an enabling legal and policy environment has long been identified as critical to improving women s economic and social outcomes oecd a world bank for example tunisia introduced changes to its personal status law in establishing a minimum age of marriage and assigning men and women mutual obligations the first country to introduce such reforms in the middle east and north african region,5
+the plans count on local support for their implementation their challenges are passed on to the sti community including universities research groups and technological development centres who through the same virtual platform propose different solutions that are creative and adaptable to lowcost technologies solutions are then selected in regional committees in which the communities with prioritised problems participate this participatory and collaborative process fosters an atmosphere of trust and ensures that implemented sti solutions have been accepted by all parties,9
+they continuously work with winglets improvements and engine core wash equipment based on the myclimate cruise calculator an average passenger on a days cruise causes tonnes of c equivalents when sharing a double room because of economies of scale regarding fuel consumption larger cruise ships have a lower carbon footprint per passenger than smaller cruise ships,7
+it also provides some comparative analysis between the eecca region and other regions of the world such questions aim to help countries better understand their levels of readiness and potential areas for improvement this analysis is based on the literature review of existing readiness programmes implemented by several development cooperation agencies international organisations and financial institutions summaries of the countrylevel analyses of climaterelated development finance in the eecca countries between and these summaries draw key findings from individual countrylevel reports on all the eecca countries the individual countrylevel reports are available on the oecd website www each report also analyses the country s targets and priority sectorsareas in its climate actions based on the submitted indc and other relevant policy documents,13
+the camboriu payments for watershed service was created in to remediate the large water losses for municipal water supply and the high sediment loading which were being experienced in the watershed practice no outcomes expected by include the conservation of around ha conservedprotected and the restoration of ha which will improve the quality of the water in the watershed and consequently the municipal water supply in the pipiripau watershed brazil practice no,6
+however for a firm spending more than of its gross sales on rd the double deduction scheme gave no incentive for increasing rd spending since the firm already enjoyed tax exemption as a result of its hightech status similarly for a firm that undertook investments in a manner qualifying as strategic the double deduction scheme was redundant and thus an ineffective incentive for increasing rd spending in firms wb efforts to diversify production activities and increase training and rd activities and seek greater market penetration into higher value added activities were strengthened with the human resource development act and the creation of the hrd fund hrdf the hrdf was operational in and manufacturing firms with an employment size of or more were required to pay of their payroll to the hrd council which they could then reclaim for approved training expenses,4
+public policy and funding are necessary to provide an efficient wellnetworked infrastructure for scientific capabilities to meet public needs and many countries include support for the infrastructure underpinning innovation in their stimulus packages more recent examples include icts inetworked computing and the internet in particular many have seen icts as the reason for the acceleration in productivity in the united states and other oecd countries since the mid s biotechnologies and more recently nanotechnologies are viewed as emerging gpts,9
+chapter reviews the specific characteristics of aquifers and the main issues they currently face and will face in the future chapter reviews groundwater management policies based on a oecd country survey chapter reports the policies in place in oecd countries and the final chapter identifies gaps and proposes potential improvements for agriculture groundwater policies on the discharge side natural uses and flows operating both vertically and horizontally in aquifers increase the complexity of the picture,6
+in visits with schools and with municipal officials stakeholders described this autonomy in some municipalities there are a minimum number of teachers required based on the number of classes the municipality determines a school should have otherwise however the school principal can determine which types of and how many staff members are hired,4
+it can be that the reforms would have to be much more substantial to benefit also female employment social and cultural factors remain the principal driving factors of keeping women outside the labour force even after accounting for variables proxying for infrastructure stage of development and banking services individual and household characteristics strongly influence the low female labour market participation there are some signs that the influence of these factors is diminishing over time and with education,5
+in technicalprofessional programmes the number of subjectteachers were and for the same year in lower and upper secondary education respectively reflecting growths of and since see table a in annex a according to the latest teacher census organised in and which provides the most rigorous information about teachers there were staff involved in direct teaching in public schools maintained by anep in early childhood preprimary and primary education in general programmes of secondary education and on technicalprofessional programmes of secondary education see table a in annex a according to the latest teacher census the proportion of females in in public schools maintained by anep reached in early childhood preprimary and primary education in general programmes of secondary education and in technicalprofessional programmes of secondary education see table,4
+overall strengthening competition in the health care sector if accompanied by appropriate regulation has the potential of increasing the sector s resilience to shocks by lowering spending pressures effective regulation seems to be paramount as market forces if unchecked are likely to result in overprovision of health care services especially in periods of economic bonanzas and reduction in coverage and services at least for some part of the population during recessions regulated competition can also better align health care service characteristics with patient preferences allows for the setting and enforcing qualityofcare standards promotes access to care with for instance meanstested subsidised insurance premiums and strengthens incentives to achieve efficiency gains wellregulated systems can yield cost savings and help ensure an adequate level of care but getting the regulatory setting right has proved to be challenging,3
+population growth will increase the demand for food which will in turn exert pressure on the agriculture sector to increase productivity this situation will be further exacerbated by changing consumption and dietary patterns with increasing preference for quality food safety and convenience foods asian countries will experience increasing urbanization and rising middleclass incomes which will have a huge impact on the regions future food consumption patterns,2
+the seia can only require mitigation repair or compensation for environmental damage the environmental evaluation service does not have the mandate to consider the larger urban system in assessing a project s environmental impact sea the result is casebycase treatment of environmental externalities that does not consider how each effort at mitigation repair or compensation may undermine or contribute to an urban area s overall environmental quality one mechanism that has been developed is the urban transport system impact study estudio de impacto al sistema de transporte urbanoeistu which sets conditions to mitigate a development s potential impact on roadways and parking for large projects sst nd,11
+in addition to continuously updating their own knowledge of the subjects they teach teachers are expected to work with multicultural classes integrate students with special needs be assessment literate work and plan in teams assume some leadership roles and provide professional advice to parents among other tasks this chapter defines some of the knowledge skills and character attributes required for effective teaching including content and pedagogic knowledge communication and organisational skills and selfefficacy and motivation the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law,4
+recommended actions in sphere and then are conditional on the efforts undertaken at the hotspot location and may become secondary if hotspot level risks are well managed source author s own work as for most regions water risk hotspots require wellfunctioning generic water policies oecd a,6
+that may also contribute to the fact that only about one in ten reforms across oecd countries are followed by any attempt to evaluate their impact oecd and it is not only difficult to coordinate policy development across levels of governments but it is also hard to link the perspectives of different government departments however if education is to be developed over a lifetime then a broad range of policy fields need to be involved including education family employment industrial and economic development migration and integration social welfare and public finance,4
+it shows the variety of practices adopted by oecd countries for multilevel coordination of water policies and capacitybuilding at subnational level the chapter gives an overview of governance mechanisms currently used by oecd countries to bridge previously identified gaps chapter a specific focus is then made on a series of instruments fostering horizontal coordination across ministries horizontal coordination across local actors and vertical coordination between levels of government,6
+therefore according to the present level of wastewater discharges the polluter pays principle is not implemented as a result companies have no incentive to reduce the pollution of the wastewater or to clean up and reuse the water furthermore users do not have to pay for the water abstraction which results in a very unsustainable use of the water resource,6
+as a result both the trade and current account deficits increased in large current account deficits despite the slowdown in economic growth are symptomatic of demandsupply imbalances and a pointer to the urgent need to resolve supply bottlenecks however capital flows have been adequate to cover the current account deficit thus far,8
+key reforms include an organizational performance indicators framework mediumterm expenditure framework bottomup budgeting performanceinformed budgeting and twotier budgeting approaches in contrast to the nationallevel the link is weak between the local health budget and strategic plans and targets in the mtpdp as well as the department of health doh national health objectives in the budget formulation process for health at the local government unit lgu level there are several reasons for this one is that each of the more than provinces cities and municipalities has fiscal autonomy and yet most are highly dependent on their formuladriven internal revenue shares from the national government,3
+while under certain circumstances projects utilizing diesel generators or dieselret hybrids may be more appropriate the choice of renewables has the advantage of limiting an increase in fossil fuel imports this is an important consideration in times of economic crisis tighter national budgets and volatile oil prices finally at the household level access to electricity particularly if based on rets can also improve the energy security of families as they are no longer subject to oil price fluctuations and to what can be high costs of transportation and delivery of fuel this of course is only valid where rets have a comparative advantage over fossil fuels in terms of resources and costs,7
+these shorter terms action plans provide opportunity to adjust and refine interventions from the results of monitoring and review of performance some examples from different jurisdictions are shown in the boxes below ministry of enterprise energy and communications stockholm may realistically we understand that it is not practical to achieve zero serious injuries on our roads by the year but we do not accept any death or serious injury as inevitable,11
+it comprises a prohibition on direct discharges to groundwater and to cover indirect discharges a requirement to monitor groundwater bodies so as to detect changes in chemical composition and to reverse any antropogenically induced upward pollution trend the presumption in relation to groundwater is that it should not be polluted at all for this reason setting chemical quality standards are not seen as the best approach as it would give the impression of an allowed level of pollution to which eu member states can fill up avery few such standards have been established at eu level for particular issues nitrates pesticides and biocides,6
+there was insufficient public investment in the improvement of infrastructure in order to restore good services water charges were raised before service delivery was improved charges were raised by a factor of at a time when the condition of infrastructure and water supply remained very poor also the organisation of the client based collapsed with the demise of the aas,6
+the main key to proliferation is concern about forest certification among consumers of timber and paper products the annual average volume of emissions resulting from the reduction of forest and landuse change was gt of carbon gt of carbon which is thought to be mainly due to deforestation of tropical forests furthermore net capture by land ecosystems was estimated at gt of carbon gt of carbon but this was considered mainly the result of an increase in forest stock in the northern hemisphere kobayashi,15
+the generic term in use is traditional complementary and alternative medicines tcam as defined by who traditional medicine is an amorphous concept that comprises a range of longstanding and stillevolving practices based on diverse beliefs and theories these services involve medical knowledge systems developed over centuries within various societies before or during the development of modern medicine,3
+transgenic farm animals would be particularly valuable and therefore would be kept in carefully controlled environments aquacultured fish by contrast are naturally mobile and breed easily with wild species the aebc report recommends that transgenic fish should not be raised in offshore pens owing to the high probability of escape the pew initiative study points out that the impact of escaped aquaculture fish scientists agree that the possible impacts on nontarget species should be monitored and compared with the effects of other current agricultural practices such as chemical pesticide use gm science review panel,2
+a microeconometric decomposition exercise presented by eclac notes that income per adult and specifically earnings were the main factor in the fall in inequality the demographic factor was found to have had a modest effect on inequality as the dependency ratio fell fairly evenly across all income levels on the basis of an analysis of four middleincome countries in the region argentina brazil mexico and peru lopezcalva and lustig conclude that two main factors account for the easing inequality in the countries a narrowing of the wage gap between highskilled and lowskilled workers and to a lesser extent an increase in government transfers to the lowestincome households,10
+according to this analysis investments in lowcarbon generation would stop once prices are too low and may not deliver the investment needed in the nearly full decarbonisation scenarios foreseen in this issue calls for further research as a result there is no coordination between demand and investments,7
+see berger and szretter the women in this segment of the workforce are also employed under more flexible conditions although not generally under the modality of on call workers as is the case with men and their employment also exhibits a greater degree of elasticity since unpaid domestic work generates a savings for the economy the feminization of the workforce can have a negative effect if that savings is reduced by paying for domestic work via private services or public services funded out of the government budget since part of the value that domestic and care work transfers to the economy at no cost will no longer be channeled into the economic circuit but will instead increase the total wage bill,5
+developing policy proposals on collective ministerial responsibility could serve the public interest so that it is possible to work across institutional lines to develop the best possible policy to promote sustainable and inclusive urban development kazakhstan needs to improve the efficiency of data collection at the city level and provide reliable quantitative analysis of urban issues this leaves sngs with few internal financial resources and a lack of incentives to develop their own tax base the most important taxes go to the central government s budget and are distributed to regional governments,11
+the policies resulted in considerably higher female labour force participation west german policy makers had to contend with pressure to maintain east germany s ecec infrastructure and support its traditionally higher female labour market attachment which helped pave the way for the radical parental leave reform of the changing family policy discourse was driven not only by changes in attitudes but also by persistently low fertility rates and the desire to keep highly educated women in the labour force,5
+despite the environment of fiscal austerity the new government is also committed to providing finance to assist developing countries manage climate change including billion as its share of faststart financing of us billion in promised in the copenhagen accord the united kingdom s total commitment to international climatechange finance over the spending review period is billion the foreign and commonwealth office s three strategic priorities include promoting sustainable growth policies rely heavily on tradable quota markets a form of quantitybased instrument such as the renewables obligation ro although there are also primarily pricebased instruments such as the climatechange levy ccl,13
+in particular spending on children and families is running at well below the oecd average in greece italy japan latvia spain switzerland and the united states and in all of these countries the lack of priority for children in national budgets shows through in the correspondingly small reductions in relative child poverty that each achieves both have strengths and weaknesses taken together they offer two different but complementary measures and offer the best currently available comparative picture of child poverty in the world s wealthiest nations,1
+in extreme cases some nativeborn swedish parents register their children for school soon after they are bom resulting in long waiting lists that stretch years into the future bohlmark holmlund and lindahl from lack of language skills to reduced social and professional networks of new arrivals migrant parents face difficult challenges in utilising schoolchoice to their child s benefit bohlmark holmlund and lindahl ij however immigrant parents may make wellinfomied choices of choosing a school in a segregated area because of its location or the presence of a large immigrant community which can help their children to feel a sense of belonging but can further segregation lund segregation can also be intensified through the actions of both school actors and results in selfsorting of students who would like to be in schools with peers similar to themselves erixon arreman holm,4
+while the group as a whole recoups a considerable portion of their tax payments in the form of cash benefits the rest goes towards financing other public expenditures such as publicly provided services current transfers to the elderly and own future pension entitlements the extent of interpersonal redistribution is evident from looking at how much is paid and received by different income groups the poorest are net benefit recipients in almost all countries with cash transfers adding up to around two thirds of market income on average,10
+the bahrain development bank has specialised in smes since and provides them with various conventional and islamic bank loans the bank also offers a financial education programme to its customers through this initiative the number of loans to women grew by and the number of bank deposit accounts held by women by december at the same time we are also demonstrating that there is a considerable commercial advantage in providing women with concrete means to access financing for their businesses,5
+also included in this set of measures would be characteristics such as pain or fatigue this set of measures includes factors that either increase or decrease the risk of developing pathologies and diseases and that therefore affect functional levels and general measures of health specific examples are diet and nutrition smoking and physical activity to capture this infant mortality rates are also presented here however since these refer to a very narrow age group they cannot be considered as a measure expressing the health status of the population as a whole,3
+with the exception of the cook islands nauru and tuvalu most of pics show below average coverage varying between per cent in fiji to per cent in png table the social protection expenditure going to the poor is quite insignificant within the pacific region the value is much lower in the pacific region per cent when compared to the per cent in asia baulch and others,1
+we provide an overview of these distinctions in table below if parent report of household food insecurity is used it is essential to stress that what is actually being measured is the prevalence of children who live in households characterized by food insecurity this is quite different to the prevalence of child food insecurity and even with clear statements it seems likely based on experiences in the united statesfor instance see that the data may be misinterpreted,2
+south and southwest asia remains completely dependent upon imports of fossil fuels except for the islamic republic of iran which is a net exporter of such fuels the subregion has much to gain from regional cooperation in energy supply and consumption widening access to clean and efficient energy including gridconnecteddecentralized power is a key component of development efforts currently being pursued in the subregion,8
+comments on working papers are welcomed and may be sent to the statistics directorate oecd rue andrepascal paris cedex france the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law this measurement framework builds on the equivalent income approach to develop an indicator of multidimensional living standards mdls that combines monetary income and nonmonetary health and jobs benefits from economic growth and aggregates them across individuals with different characteristics,8
+to do this countries should improve meps for existing buildings and implement policies to increase the rate of energy performance renovations factoring in energy performance at the buildingdesign and construction stage is highly cost effective and needs to be at the forefront of building energy efficiency policies all iea member countries should periodically set stronger energy efficiency requirements for buildings but only denmark germany the netherlands and the united kingdom have energy efficiency requirements that are approaching the optimal year least lifecycle cost level,7
+developing countries have added new largescale dryprocess capacity to meet demand thereby reducing the share of smaller less efficient kilns higher energy prices have also encouraged cement producers in developed countries to invest in new more efficient plants or retrofits to improve energy efficiency in japan and india were the most efficient clinker producers figure the japanese method of calculating net energy consumption per tonne of clinker yields a value gjt clinker for,7
+this would create a less burdensome and costly assessment framework while preserving useful information consolidation is important both to achieve greater efficiency and to ensure that students are provided with a high quality education the oecd school resources review for lithuania shewbridge et al,4
+a new national social protection strategy was approved in however it does not have a strong focus on urban areas for example instead of doortodoor visits to identify and register eligible households the programme was advertised in the mass media and applicants had to queue at recruitment offices initially payments were the same for rural and urban beneficiaries but an urbanadjusted benefit was introduced in urban beneficiaries were also given bank cards and collected their cash from atms,1
+these results are partial and it is recommended to extend farmlevel risk analysis to other farm types and larger samples other forms of diversification in addition to the output diversification could be analysed such as spreading production across locations and diversifying trade across overseas markets there are inevitable tradeoffs between specialisation to reduce costs and diversification to reduce income variability the choice of a particular strategy will depend on individual farm business features and farmer risk preferences,2
+the nhds could be revised to include informal settlement and upgrading of existing housing stocks both in its objectives and subsequent implementation measures furthermore overall housing objectives could be reoriented to focus not only on the quantitative targets but also on the provision of adequate and accessible housing although wide spread slums do not exist in viet nam there is reference to vertical slums which are multifloor buildings which are divided into small living spaces and rented to the low income market given the financial constraint in the public sector incremental upgrading and maintenance of the existing housing stock by individuals could be encouraged,11
+the fund helps regional councils with the costs of coastal planning for aquaculture developments vessel numbers are not restricted but all vessels operating within new zealand s fisheries waters need to be new zealand flagged and are subject to all relevant domestic legislation the act and its implementing regulations provide for the fishing interests of all fishing groups commercial recreational and customary maori there are currently stocks a combination of species or species complexes and areas in the qms historically the allocation of quota was based on catch history,14
+capacity can also be shared between the two levels of government for example lessons learnt from innovative water policy approaches piloted at the subnational level are sometimes transferred to the central level peertopeer capacity exchange between levels of government may also result in knowledge transfer the local level should have the resources to manage water responsibilities but in reality this level may lack the organisational technical procedural networking or infrastructure capacity,6
+this could entail guidelines for schools on cultural celebrations which are applied consistently across schools guidelines could also address how to engage parents more and how to build effective relationships between schools and communities these policy pointers could be beneficial for wholeschool communities and entail limited costs,4
+the nature and quantity of data collected must also be relevant and applicable to decision making at the various levels of the health system accurate representative and timely data are thereby central to the assessment and improvement of the quality of care delivered to the population the study reviews the peruvian health infonnation system in terms of how it measures up in delivering the requisite data to meet both national policy purposes and allow international benchmarking in the areas of health care resources activities expenditure and quality the report recommends improvements in data sources and methods to extend coverage and strengthen comparability in the development of international indicators,3
+such cultural change takes time and while the central level can establish policies plans and programmes centrallevel institutions have to provide a behavioural example and embody the practice meanwhile the local level must also be an active player in encouraging a transformation to more open and inclusive government a report undertaken for subdere and the ministry of foreign relations focusing on the status of citizen participation at the subnational level was highly critical of antofagasta s approach characterising it as narrow paternalistic and traditional with little recognition of social or community actors in the management of local development citizens taking a passive role and csos facing capacity challenges the report also indicated no systematic identification was made of needs or programme design in areas of interest to citizens and civic organisations,11
+in other words the povertyreducing effect of economic growth is weaker in brazil than it is in other countries with similar income levels it is therefore essential to gauge how much weight should be given to each of these strategies both at the regional and state levels the persistence of poverty dynamics in brazil can be examined and estimated by drawing on pooled data and applying ordinary least squares ols based on the withingroup method and the generalized method of moments system gmm a dynamic panel model estimated using the twostep generalized method of moments or twostep gmm developed by blundellbond,1
+the comprehensive study financed by the european commission on the financing of grid extensions for renewables known as greennetincentives provides in its action plan a summary of the arguments ec this is a crucial issue in connection with renewable energy especially offshore wind load factors can be very favourable for instance far off the coast the only issue being that transportation costs will become quickly prohibitive as the distance from consumption centres increases,7
+in this kind of situation poverty levels were less sensitive to changes in the levels of income and inequality again one possible explanation for this is that upswings in income levels are transmitted disproportionately or unequally to the poor segments of the population in other words income transfer policies have not been focused on the most underprivileged members of society three periods were studied the first runs from to while the second and third correspond to the stages prior to and following the implementation of the real plan and respectively,1
+also assessing the adequacy of adaptation conflates climate and nonclimate factors helgeson and ellis further it would suffer the same drawbacks related to support needs as outlined above this goal is qualitative and has three components enhancing adaptive capacity strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability,13
+calculations not reported here confirm that in all of the countries analysed the extent of reranking is greatest at the bottom of the income distribution they find remarkably stable inequality aversion for ireland over the period and large changes for the united kingdom becoming less egalitarian during the thatcher government and more inequalityaverse during new labour in the context of policy evaluation the usefulness of such an approach is however limited as it assumes that actual tax and transfer systems in each year are optimal and therefore cannot be improved upon by definition,10
+governments could consider having such food distribution systems managed by civil society groups or local enterprises formed by groups of small farmers moreover when it comes to food security a comprehensive social protection system can also play a vital role guaranteed employment for food insecure groups is a major means for ensuring economic access to food public employment guarantee schemes such as foodforwork or cashforwork schemes not only ensure a minimum level of food consumption is met but also help people avoid resorting to damage coping mechanisms that involves asset sales and indebtedness,2
+in three oecd countries australia denmark and estonia they were less than of the national average equivalent household disposable income figure shows that during retirement they rely heavily on public pensions in the form of earningsrelated or resourcetested benefits which account for an average of nearly of their incomes in the oecd countries at the top end of the scale are austria belgium finland hungary and luxembourg where public pensions make up or more of elderly people s retirement income,1
+they may have enough to pay for the regular use of electricity but may not be able to afford the connection fees in such cases any subsidised electricity is useless for them when connections are free of charge for the very poor as in south africa and india this first problem is tackled the second hurdle is setting the tariff,7
+in this framework marginal utilisation costs are by construction higher than average utilisation costs higher drops are featured for solar pv for which the value factor decreases more dramatically reaching about of baseload costs at a penetration level of hirth b recent quantitative analysis at the nea also confirms such trends nea forthcoming in a highly flexible system the value factor for wind onshore reaches about and of baseload at and penetration level solar pv reaches of baseload price at penetration and the value sharply drops at only when a penetration level is reached,7
+most of the women percent were marriedi per cent were unmarried per cent were separated or divorced and per cent were widows their educational status is reported in table in nepal the minimum legal age for marriage is years but many of the women in the sample were married when they were only years old,5
+however this state of affairs is changing and as of very recently universities and other higher education institutions are increasingly concerned with regional development issues the general approach seems to be to sustain higher education institutions that are globally competitive but locally engaged oecd twentytwo of them were public while were private,4
+direct redistribution has also been occurring in all nordic countries for many years locally and regionally as this study has documented and it is currently a widespread activity in most countries the main reason behind redistribution has been social security where charity organisations have contributed to better life conditions for lowincome people through serving of meals and delivering food bags the new dimension of food redistribution in the last few years is that preventing food waste has been a positive sideeffect for the society it is not known to what extent the regions involved in the survey are representative for the situations in each of the nordic countries it can be expected to have a higher importance in larger cities and urban areas than in smaller cities and rural areas but this need to be more deeply studied in a followingup study some results are available from the networks of food banks as they have to register the amount of food being received from donators feba,2
+it is therefore best to see inequality indices as complementary to each other and analyze the findings together while not so noticeable over short periods a comparison with the early s reveals a clear downtrend in inequality this movement has been a hallmark of the development process in latin america over the past years there was no worsening of distribution,10
+tertiary education sector accounts for over of victoria s gdp and educational services are victoria s strongest export worth more than aud billion australian dollar surpassing tourism and automotive sectors the state is a magnet for immigration attracting international student enrolments in which represents of the total for australia albeit that the overwhelming majority of these students come to melbourne the overseas student fee revenue represents a growing proportion of university budgets ranging from in victoria university to in rmit,4
+concluding observations republic of korea fifteenth and sixteenth combined periodic report concluding observations maldives fifth thru twelfth periodic report he notes that inheritance laws discriminate against women in many countries but that discriminatory social and cultural norms prevail even where these are removed he gives the following examplewhere a sister could inherit land on an equal basis with her brothersshe may accept a lumpsum payment in lieu of her portion of the land in order to maintain good relations with her brothers the special rapporteur on the right to housing has also identified the lack of equality in inheritance laws customs and traditions that lead to harsh impacts on women s housing rights hrc a para inequality in relation to marital property has the same effect ibid paras,5
+international regional and subregional organizations can also contribute by coordinating efforts on developing methodologies collecting data and providing technical assistance to improve migration data including those required to monitor migrationrelevant sustainable development goal indicators and the implementation of the global compact on migration as an increasing number of people live in cities wellmanaged urbanization can help cities to reap the benefits of agglomeration while minimizing environmental degradation and other adverse impacts of urban growth urban planning is critical for the sustainable development of an urban infrastructure for providing access for all especially the urban poor to essential services including safe water and sanitation health care education and adequate housing,11
+over the past decade finnish schools have noted an upsurge in school principals and teachers who possess a phd in education primarygrade teachers major in education but they are expected to minor in at least two of the subjects included in the primary school curriculum this means for example that they are studying mathematics in the mathematics department not in the education department,4
+in africa the situation is expected to be extremely tense involving a variety of risks such as groundwater depletion brakes on growth in certain sectors and the destruction of ecosystems in the g summit in evian adopted a global action plan for water an international consensus on official development assistance has also taken shape within the framework of various multistakeholder meetings on effective aid hosted by the development assistance committee dac in paris in accra in and busan in this consensus enshrines four principles of particular relevance to the water sector ownership of development priorities by the beneficiary countries a focus on results development partnerships open to all and transparency and mutual accountability forty per cent of this assistance was allocated to the poorest countries with close to onethird of the resources going to africa,6
+for the children of age to years the total is when using the same threshold varying between in gabon to in ethiopia see annex the highest multidimensional deprivation levels are found at the centre of the continent chad the democratic republic of congo niger and central african republic ranging between and followed by a stretch of countries with high levels of deprivation in the east mozambique malawi tanzania uganda and kenya ranging from to and burkina faso sierra leone guinea and togo in west africa the largest contributions come from ethiopia nigeria and the democratic republic of the congo,1
+the gap in labour force participation rates between women with and without dependent children is relatively large in mexico to yearold mothers are about percentage points less likely to be in paid work than comparablyaged women without dependent children mexico s motherhood labour force participation gap is larger than most countries in the oecd including chile percentage points and colombia about percentage points in contrast fathers with dependent children are more likely to work than men without dependent children in mexico mexico offers weeks of paid maternity leave well below international best practice,5
+however waste volume is minimized at source in less developed countries by local scavenging and recycling applicability or affordability with regards to decisionmaking on indicator systems appears to be central to choosing a set of indicators for the assessment appraisal comparison or monitoring of sustainability in nations or regions cycle economy research or sustainability research units have been established in universities or areawide joint centres in china korea s advanced research institute of science and technology has developed a variety of environmental technologies for integrated waste management,12
+such underbudgeting practice results in underfunding which leads to the ultimate failure of the whole document the ability to provide adequate financing from the state budget is still low which makes the implementation of strategic documents heavily dependent on the availability of external funding support the state institution for forestry and hunting the state institution scientificresearch institute for forestry and the state institution of specially protected natural areas were taken from the committee on environmental protection towards the forestry agency the nbbc currently displays on its website an online database flora fauna and protected areas,15
+this has reportedly led to instances where donor aid was redirected towards an increase in international reserves or not disbursed at all despite the existence of domestic needs and the ability of the government to absorb its this example illustrates incoherence between national development objectives and international policy agendas using the new international poverty line of per person per day in purchasing power parities ppps as defined by the world bank billion people representing about per cent of the developing world s population lived in poverty in see figure ii and box ii for a discussion of the thorny issue of defining poverty there are however large regional variations in the poverty trends see figures ii and ii,1
+under this programme capacity was auctioned to the best bidder in each of the technologies biomass minihydroelectric and wind power and this guaranteed the entrepreneur a longterm return to justify the investment although the programme initially had difficulties in attracting projects these were overcome and the targets set for installed capacity are now close to being attained in these auctions wind power enterprises have benefited from the shortage of gas in brazil which makes thermal plants uncompetitive and the fact that the auction reserves a quota for power plants that could come on stream within three years a period that is too short for the large hydroelectric plants,7
+the primary need is for investments in public goods that can support agricultural and rural development such as agricultural research and rural infrastructure raising rural incomes is central to the nearterm target of the first millennium development goal mdg which calls for the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger with specific targets that include halving between and the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day income growth is essential for sustained poverty reduction in developing countries although the distribution of income and income growth matters too and while food security has many facets most of the world s hungry are chronically hungry and they are chronically hungry because they are poor,2
+this can hold equally for the individual consumer or for an energyusing enterprise the surplus of disposable income can be spent in different ways and depending which option is chosen can have significant impacts on individual company sectoral and economywide energy consumption similarly a number of drivers are important in determining enterprises investment decisions such as their financial situation knowledge of energy efficiency potential commitment to the environment and energy efficiency public and market demands and policy obligations iea d,7
+these approaches offer many advantages they are flexible and adaptable selfpaced and learner directed and can be completed at a time pace and place that suits the individual trainee for their part participants generally only require a computer or laptop and internet connection in order to access such programmes plus any course fees if applicable elearning courses can be offered at a lower cost than other more labour intensive training methods and recent developments in elearning are seeing some educational institutes move from feebased to free openaccess courses these courses are standalone or can be combined with incountry seminars as is the case for example in egypt to develop managerial skills in the hospitality sector cornell will also offer a massive open online course in introduction to global hospitality management from early the course has been designed to inform current hospitality professionals seeking to advance as well as individuals interested in the industry,8
+kemadrin is apparently mixed with other substances to produce hallucinogenic effects it appears that jordan is used as a transit country as more than per cent of the drug was destined for iraq the change of trafficking routes and modi operandi used by traffickers were among the possible reasons for the decrease in seizures,3
+in contrast nearly two thirds of results in the democratic governance focus area were gender responsive addressing the different needs of women and men and the equitable distribution of benefits but not the deeper root causes of inequalities in their lives very few gendertransformative results emerged from the analysis this is understandable given that such results which address the roots of inequalities and power imbalances require time,5
+models designed to estimate the elasticity of poverty reduction must incorporate income inequality as an explanatory variable to prevent changes in income distribution being subsumed into growth elasticity similar results were found in brazil by barros henriques and mendonga these authors emphasized that inequality in income distribution was responsible for economic growth being less efficient than it might be for poverty reduction purposes in other words the effect of growth on poverty reduction was smaller in brazil than in other countries with the same income level,1
+adrenal androgens influence sexdifferentiated behavioural changes specifically it examines how members build accounts of social action while doing that action attewell gender is a multilevel system of difference and inequality which involves cultural beliefs distributions of resources patterns of behaviour organizational practices and selves and identities,5
+the data comes from paxton et al based on this information a dummy variable was created where a score of was given for the years where women have the right to vote this information is then mapped for and to give an idea of changes in female suffrage over the past century in order to have a better overview of gender inequalities related to suffrage data on male suffrage has been gathered from przeworski,5
+this includes incubator services to support entrepreneurial ideas and innovative companies together with the ministry of economic development and technology spirit operates an entrepreneurial skills programme to promote creativity entrepreneurship and innovation among young people this programme has been customised for use in various sectors including tourism it is used in the context of the ilo toolkit on poverty reduction through tourism which is oriented towards smes and local communities in rural areas and includes case studies training sessions and best practices the toolkit aims to assist developing countries to create a sustainable tourism industry and businesses based on decent employment box,8
+the shipping industry carries approximately of global trade and the tourism industry of which marine and coastal tourism is a major part represents of global gdp more than million people are engaged in oceanrelated livelihoods undpgef these services include the regulation of atmospheric and marine carbon dioxide co concentrations the provision of oxygen the hydrothermal convection cycle the hydrological cycle and coastal protection oceans for example have absorbed onethird of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide bijma et al,14
+in these programmes children are often exposed to an ecec setting with trained or accredited staff explicit pedagogical goals and a regulatory framework recognised by the relevant national authorities even before the age of in other countries with similar enrolment rates such as luxembourg and the netherlands different standards are often set for different ecec settings or for different age groups of children see more details in table b,4
+turkmenistan receives the smallest amount of climaterelated development finance among the eecca countries which is delivered through the global environment facility for energy and agriculture sectors such largescale projects have affected the compositions of support committed to these countries in and see figure for data by country multilateral funds dedicated to climate action are also active in many eecca countries these include the climate investment funds eg district heating energy efficiency and renewable energy plants in ukraine adaptation programmes for rural areas and energy sector in tajikistan and funds operated by the global environment facility eg a variety of capacity building programmes in addition to capital investments,13
+wherever possible future evolution of the volume of services and their relative costs were estimated separately it is worth noting that population aging is expected to have a much greater cost pressure on social care expenditures than on health care expenditures the increase in the volume of activities is then adjusted for changes in activity rates which accounts for quality improvements eg reducing waiting times and guaranteeing specific treatments the availability of new medical technologies and productivity improvements in particular the use of information and communication technology to increase effectiveness future unit costs were obtained by multiplying the reference year costs by a cost adjustment factor which accounts for variation in health specific prices,3
+these goals are a shared vision of humanity that provides the missing piece of the globalisation puzzle the glue that can counter the centrifugal forces in the age of accelerations the extent to which those goals will be realised will depend in no small part on what happens in todays classrooms it is educators who hold the key to ensuring that the underlying principles of the sustainable development goals become a real social contract with citizens so we need to be thinking about their future in order to shape what primary school pupils are learning today,4
+a shared understanding of the transparencyrelated provisions in the paris agreement and decision cp and how the existing system could evolve will help to lay the groundwork for this task together with agreement on the priorities and timeline for related work to be undertaken by the apa and other unfccc bodies coherence will be needed between the different sets of modalities procedures and guidelines for mitigation finance and other forms of support to achieve the aims of the paris agreement the transparency arrangements will also need to be workable and efficient from a practical point of view,13
+as in most oecd countries university hospitals are generally the destination of last resort for the patients with the complex needs university hospitals generally house the most highly trained specialists in part through their ability to offer a combination of challenging clinical practice and the opportunity to undertake research without adjustments to reflect the more complex patients that they see turkey s university hospitals are likely to face the more extreme cases where the operational cost of a service is greater than that reimbursed by die ssi s flat package rates,3
+they can contribute to the growing interconnections between cities through sustained global communications institutional linkages and the exchange of resources among migrants homelands and wider diasporas migrants as builders of resilience migrants also play an important role in building the resilience of home and host communities through the exchange of resources and support migrants and their networks can contribute to managing risk for the community at large,11
+of the new jobs created via investments in the childcare and preschool sector per cent would go to women compared to roughly percent of the new jobs created via expenditures on public infrastructure and housing construction the authors find that those jobs are more effective at reaching disadvantaged workers and people from poor households with lower educational attainment thus women are more likely to get these jobs and amongst women who are employed more disadvantaged women benefit the most in terms of efficiency per dollar spent social infrastructure spending is likely to have a larger job multiplier and greater effect on gender employment gaps,5
+finally once users have decided to do the transaction and they have the proper information to do so the bank has to attend the procedure to transfer rights in its three modalities from start to finish these are the two regions with the most significant problems related to the availability of water degree of water stress and over drafted aquifers at the end of a total of water banks had been established in mexico one for every river basin council in many cases as opposed to what would be expected transactions decrease this might indicate that before the establishment of water banks many transaction where accepted under irregular circumstances and that the new process has lowered this possibility,6
+defining the proper tariff level is of particular importance when the tariff risks distorting the optimal choice of technologies and fuels this level is meant to reflect the socioeconomic cost of investment and operation of the power system related to additional electricity consumption the level acknowledges that new demand can impose costs for investing in and operating the electric transmission and distribution system at the same time the marginal cost of introducing new demand will be significantly lower than the average cost of capital and operation for the electric transmission and distribution system a similar issue applies for transmission and distribution tariffs for natural gas,7
+the difference was as large as percentage points in switzerland a school s learning environment does not uniquely involve school climate it includes any interactions among members of the school community parental involvement can help create a socially connected school where students teachers parents and principals work together to create a positive learning environment,4
+it is for women and for young people aged unemployment plays a major role in social discontent so tackling unemployment and especially youth unemployment is a key priority for the libyan authorities a jobcreating private sector and economic diversification will be needed to absorb the influx of new labour force entrants and improve labour market indicators currently the private sector is not large or strong enough to play the job creation role required and the oil sector although a major contributor to gdp is not a major employer accounting for only of employment workers imf,8
+it will also provide insights into the manner in which events and other disruptions impact street traffic these principles cover a much broader set of data than released by uber through its movement platform and for instance while it may be analogous to some of the data that taxis may have to provide in new york city it represents a broad expansion of data requests in relation to ride services this nacto states is necessary in order to enable cities to better carry out datadriven planning and policy decisions and to help them redesign streets to meet modern needs,11
+it is common to see increasing returns to human capital in a wellfunctioning labour market acemoglu although the trend to rapid economic growth could enlarge the income gaps between welleducated and less welleducated workers policies cannot be proposed to stop that trend returns to human capital explain about oneseventh of total income inequality among urban households in both years and is the largest contributor to income inequality in and the thirdlargest in table the best policy here should be to equalise the opportunities for human capital accumulation rather than to undermine returns to human capital on the one hand the unemployed and those laid off can find work and earn money in the informal sector this employment effect could reduce overall income inequality by increasing the incomes of lowincome groups,10
+until the entry into force of the amendment the paragraph decision will remain a valid legal basis for the facilitated export of drugs to countries in need it is important to note that from a substantive point of view the paragraph decision and the trips amendment decision are essentially the same for each of the remaining members the paragraph decision will continue to apply until each of those members ratifies the amendment for an overview of members that have so far accepted the amendment see,3
+this trend suggests that the demand for tertiaryeducated individuals has kept up with the increasing supply from higher educational institutions in most oecd countries this report finds that countries have been advancing at different rates in providing quality education and skills development opportunities to disadvantaged individuals these inequalities result in veiy different life outcomes for adults,4
+the region is aiming for a energy intensity reduction by based on the year level to some extent some asean member states have been looking at gradually phasing out the energy subsidies to encourage investments in energy efficiency moreover most asean member states should concentrate on enacting a wide range of legislation and regulations for energy conservation and environmental protection awarenessraising needs to be increased among the public and economy sectors,7
+all stabilization scenarios indicate that a huge share of emissions reductions in the range of per cent would come from changes in energy systems it has been found that this will require different sets of mitigation options across regions with varying shares of renewable energy nuclear energy carbon capture and sequestration ccs biomass and hydrogen and other advanced energy carriers in a way it is a prerequisite for increasing shares of zerocarbon energy systems however it would be wrong to overestimate its contribution even in advanced economies barker dagoumas and rubin,7
+singapore provides an entitlement of hours of professional development per year to teachers to keep up with the rapid changes occurring in the world and to be able to improve their practice and singapore like other countries is improving its performanceappraisal system making sure that each teacher is appraised by a whole group of people every year against different competencies teachers who do outstanding work receive a bonus from the schools bonus pool the high quality of teachers in those countries appears to be a function of the policies that determine the pool from which teachers are initially drawn their compensation the status of teachers the high standards of entering universitylevel teacherpreparation programmes the quality of their initial preparation and the attention given to the quality of their preparation following their initial induction but the fact is that many of the countries with the strongest student performance also have the strongest teachers unions beginning with japan and finland,4
+however there are typical factors generally improving treatment access and treatment adequacy which have been promoted by guidelines from the american psychiatric association and the national institute for clinical excellence in the united kingdom no specialist includes general practitioner pharmacist nurse social worker or someone else similar successful initiatives have been undertaken by the australian government better access initiative access to allied psychological services initiative see above eg harris et al in most of the countries participating in the current project a majority of psychiatric inpatients will be discharged within one week from the psychiatric clinic,3
+refinements to consolidated drug purchasing and greater participation of the private sector as a distribution network can bring further efficiency gains the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law however mexican government officials health professionals academics and other stakeholders all agree that the country is now facing renewed challenges to improve the performance of health care services in particular regarding the efficiency and quality of service provision and ultimately health outcomes secretaria de salud,3
+this percentage accounts for per cent of all outer island households and per cent of the households on the south tarawa ilo b similarly remittances from abroad in kiribati tuvalu and vanuatu are limited but in recent years remittances are on the rise in these countries due to labour migration to new zealand under the recognised seasonal employer rse scheme there is also evidence of reverse remittances where families send money from their home countries to relatives living abroad to help them cope with growing hardship adb b these local remittances are quite common in the solomon islands,1
+although the swedish health care sector has advanced it systems and of primary care providers have electronic patient records several different it systems are in use and there is a lack of uniform information standards and classifications county councils regions and municipalities use different information systems and have adopted different it solutions that are not always compatible across or even within county councils and levels of care while there is ample evidence of the use of quality registers for quality improvement in hospital and specialist care there is less evidence of their application in primary care,3
+in terms of interpreting the results the assumption is that if undp is conducting transformative gewe programming a similar number and concentration of changes would be present in each quadrant this chapter contains text boxes that describe programmes with multiple dimensions of the genderwork change quadrants it is important to note that the focus area findings are illustrative of undp s gender results but do not represent a comprehensive assessment of all genderoriented activities undertaken during the period which is beyond the scope of this exercise,5
+detailed information on the dynamics of sa benefit receipt is crucial for the design of effective social safety nets recipient numbers provide insights on the coverage of lastresort benefits and their role in reducing poverty or as automatic stabilizers in times of economic crisis benefit transition rates indicate whether variations in receipt rates over time are driven primarily by changes in inflows or outflows and thus possibly whether policies to reduce benefit receipt work better when they focus on reducing entries or promoting exits other central policy parameters such as benefit levels and the design of activation measures should depend on who receives benefits and for how long this section as the remainder of the document focuses on the dynamics of sa benefit receipt taking a longitudinal perspective,1
+although per cent sounds like a small minority in absolute numbers it amounts to millions of children across the world and the numbers are rising rapidly due to population growth and urbanization an exclusive focus on income poverty could lead to inadequate policy focus on the multiple deprivations that are experienced by almost half of urban children in developing countries one in four rural children under experience extreme monetary poverty unicef and world bank and out of rural children under five do not have their basic needs met rutstein et al,1
+the pcp identifies the main opportunities and constraints for advanced industrialisation and uses this analysis to design and develop a holistic programme for enhancing the host countrys industrial development moreover the pcp facilitates the mobilisation and coordination of public and private investment to support largescale industrial projects for prioritised industrial sectors in new pcps will be formulated for cote divoire egypt rwanda and zambia this sector is thus the engine of growth for transitioning from a low to a mediumincome stage as regards inclusive development the emergence of labourintensive industries in the early stages of industrialisation generates a large number of formal jobs that women and youth can perform however overall female employment in manufacturing industries tends to fall during the transition towards medium and hightech industries unido a,9
+any reform will produce some losers it is important to clarify the negative shortterm economic and social effects and how if at all they will be mitigated time and effort invested up front will help ensure successful implementation some formulas allocate rights to fishing firms for an indefinite period others allocate fixed individual rights for a set period and adjust the volume according to annual stock variability either reissuing rights as they expire or buying back surplus rights and issuing additional rights when it comes to sequential fisheries ie fisheries that target the same stock at different times different places and different growth stages institutional arrangements to maximise the overall use of the resource eg in french crab fisheries combining several management tools in particular access regulation and technical measures can be useful,14
+mortality indicators such as suicide and premature mortality provide important information on mental health status and the interplay of mental and physical health but more specific indicators are necessary to reflect the quality of mental health care measuring and improving the quality of mental health care is a key challenge not least given the need to capture complex care pathways and encompass a range of outcomes numerous ongoing and completed projects seek to measure and benchmark the quality and outcomes of mental health care at an international level in spite of the many challenges faced by such endeavors,3
+unchecked construction has contributed to chaotic urban sprawl and invaded agricultural production areas and forests the distribution of public services has thus been affected and areas with environmental value damaged and agricultural land reduced the quality of housing and appropriate transport connections to urban centres and jobs can be taken as an indicator of population wellbeing,11
+agricultural productivity growth was associated with reductions in the prevalence of child malnutrition in most countries including india during the period of rapid adoption of green revolution technologies and up until the early s since however agricultural growth has not been associated with improved nutrition among children in many indian states headey these include economic inequality gender inequality however the phenomenon remains largely unexplained and additional research is needed deaton and drze headey,2
+the reduction of emissions from stock breeding follows die decrease in the number of livestock the overall emission reduction in the sector has amounted to per cent since figure in the agriculture sector contributed per cent of bulgaria s total ghg emissions without lulucf another driver for the emission reduction was the decline in the use of fertilizers,13
+such positions define who should provide care for whom it should be provided who should bear which costs and what institutions economic structures gender norms and public policies should intervene in their design and implementation actors adopting a social justice perspective take a rightsbased approach to care provision they emphasize gender class and race inequalities in care provision and in who benefits from care they point out that these inequalities hinder women s enjoyment of their human rights and deepen already existing inequalities among care receivers,5
+for example the us state of tennessee has passed a bill which recognises that blockchain data and smart contracts have legal effects de yet a global coverage of this recognition will be a key success factor for blockchainbased networks with the introduction of the european union s general data protection regulation gdpr the question of blockchain technology s compatibility with gdpr arose toth the eu blockchain observatory and forum created a dedicated working group for blockchain and the gdpr and launched a report end of stating that compliance can be achieved by blockchain initiatives but further investigations and rulings axe needed eu blockchain observatory and forum,9
+ehealth services evolve to satisfy those interested in selfmanaged healthcare such as chronic disease management in a wellmanaged ict environment the other use is managing personal health conditions at home via the internet these developments are triggered by efficient record management such as electronic health records ehrs management accepted in hospitals,3
+finally although women are more satisfied with their lives than men they are more likely to experience negative emotions despite progress in mainstreaming gender perspectives in the collection and dissemination of national statistics gender data and indicators are still insufficient or lack crosscountry comparability in a number of critical wellbeing areas the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law,5
+for some tasks of the global stocktake eg determining the effectiveness of adaptation and of support for adaptation some of the information needs will be difficult to meet in a comprehensive and objective manner however by itself this information may not be sufficient to meet the eventual demands of the global stocktake and other international aims such as learning lessons on the effectiveness of seeking and using adaptation support the paris agreement states that all parties should submit and update an adaptation communication the paris agreement indicates both what country adaptation actions could comprise and what information could be included in an adaptation communication,13
+they allow assessing the implications of higher levels of medicalcare spending and higher governmental health expenditures on economic growth and identify what are the longrun determinants of medical spending growth for example a cge model could be used to estimate the extent to which increases in medical spending are driven by capital investment in health technologies the cms dynamic computable general equilibrium model represents the us economy as being composed of two markets health and nonhealth products for which aggregate demand and supply are modelled see annex,3
+while of firstgeneration immigrant students complete upper secondary education completion rates for secondgeneration immigrants increase to align to the national average for the whole population it found that a decline in motivation at this level may be triggered by external factors and lack of incentives as well as by how schools respond to students needs also students from smaller municipalities seem to show weaker average skills in national and international assessments than those from larger municipalities over participation of yearolds increased from to,4
+following an overview of the world s urban landscape chapter looks at the status of children in urban settings through the lens of international human rights instruments and development goals chapter examines some of the phenomena shaping the lives of children in urban areas from their reasons for coming to the city and their experience of migration to the challenges posed by economic shocks violence and acute disaster risk many cities have been able to contain or banish diseases that were widespread only a generation ago,11
+between and participation in the first year of preschool interactive ii age increased dramatically from to and that of the second year from to the new curriculum gives special emphasis to early literacy skills which are critical both to success in learning and for developing a childs selfconfidence and social interaction just of yearolds from the poorest households have access to preschool provision compared to of their wealthier peers,4
+this implies that the decrease of forest biomass sink in sweden is more than compensated by the increase in finland and norway together similarly the co emissions from forest soil in finland are more than offset by forest soil sink in sweden and norway combined the sink size fluctuated over and s especially in sweden and finland due to the fluctuating level of use of hwps in longer lasting purposes such as construction and furniture with a dip in sweden in for norway net removal in is adapted from norwegian cpa and in is indufors estimate,15
+this function can be implemented by using theipvsadm command we measured ac power that is the output of the inverter but not dc power that of the battery so that these data can be referred to in a different experimental environment such as using commercial ac power for power supply we compared energyproportional control to the conventional method in which all web servers are always active in figure the results show that there are no differences between these two methods in terms of response times,7
+this may have a negative impact on the family dynamics with intrafamilial conflicts and abuse as a consequence such experiences may have impact on the later health of the young for example a study conducted among icelandic adolescents who were years old shows that lifetime experience of intrafamilial conflicts may increase the risk for depression anxiety anger and selfesteem gunnlaugsson kristjansson einarsdottir and sigfusdottir thus in light of the current crisis it is important to monitor closely the future development of the health situation of children and keep a close eye on known risk factors that may negatively impact on later adult health of the young governmental policy responses are crucial for how the economic recession will affect household functioning and childrens experiences of poverty the burden can be alleviated through eg fiscal stimulus social protection and polices that address the labour market and support to families harper jones mckay and espey,3
+it took a century to boost their thermal efficiency to around percent in a successive stream of innovations it took another century again to reach the current steam turbine efficiency of percent the initial costs of steam engines in the mideighteenth century amounted to a phenomenal us per kw in crafts in an economy a factor of smaller than today with per capita incomes around us in,7
+this paper set out to provide a conceptual understanding of the gender socialization process during adolescence its influences and outcomes and practical suggestions on how to use this knowledge in the design of policies and programmes to improve gender equality first theoretical contributions from psychology sociology and biology were reviewed to situate the gender socialization process during adolescence in a broader context of multilevel influences second a socioecological framework was introduced to bring together the main factors that influence the gender socialization process and its outcomes third knowledge on howto influence the gender socialization process and its outcomes was summarized in order to provide practical recommendations for policies and programmes,5
+it also aims to reduce the number of europeans without adequate reading writing numeracy and digital skills at the same time the agenda seeks to help highly qualified young people find work that suits their potential and aspirations make it easier for employers to recruit employees with the right profiles and to equip people with the skills and attitudes to start their own businesses ec b these programmes receive fewer resources than general education,4
+payments systems linked to performance need to have accurate quality metrics that encourage physicians to offer services to all patients including those whose health is complicated by multiple conditions in many cases the physician performance metrics do not include adequate adjustment for patients with multiple chronic conditions most existing quality metrics have the tendency to encourage clinicians to avoid medically complex patients more refined performance measures would account for patients with multiple chronic conditions and thereby strengthen the capacity of performancebased payment systems to support care for those with multiple conditions,3
+this is also the case of several midsized fuas taraz uralsk atyrau aktau and aktobe in contrast in the other two metropolitan areas of kazakhstan astana and shymkent the city cores grew more rapidly than the commuting zone between and in oecd countries suburbanisation has been particularly strong in large metropolitan areas of more than million people figure shows the contributions of commuting zones and city cores to overall fua growth during the period beyond astana the fastestgrowing cities are in the southern and western areas of the country,11
+in portugal launched the electric mobility plan to encourage largescale use of electric vehicles by the increase in the share of electric vehicles in the fleet and the achievement of the expected reduction in oil imports will largely depend on timely development of the electricity network and metering infrastructure as well as on further growth of renewable electricity production under the eu burdensharing agreement to meet the eu kyoto protocol target portugal is committed to limit its ghg emissions to an average increase of in compared with levels,7
+the rate of convergence was even higher in developing countries where the same figure went from only in to in today in the countries considered in this chapter enrolment rates in primary and secondary education are almost identical between boys and girls figure and women have largely overtaken men in their propensity to attend tertiary education for the tertiary level the population used is the fiveyear age group starting from the official secondary school graduation age,5
+additional reforms could also improve access to complementary insurance for lowincome households and their health in the medium term cnamts a notably by promoting the use of existing administrative data on income and other social spending to determine and verify access to acs vouchers indeed past experiments have shown that eligible households mostly longterm unemployed and retirees may be difficult to reach through information campaigns guthmuller et al the sustainability of the acs scheme could be improved in part by reviewing the eligibility conditions cour des comptes,3
+the web tools do not recognise all nuances in written text but the benefit of using automated systems is that they can simultaneously process large amounts of data west bothnia vasterbotten in northern sweden is a region where gender is actively discussed and measured in the newsrooms the newspaper vasterbottenskuriren conducted a content analysis in that showed that women made up only of the people in the news even though over half of the newspapers readers were women the newspaper then started to work actively towards a gender ratio of,5
+innovationled growth has contributed substantially to improving income and wellbeing across all groups in society their objective is to provide all segments of society with equal opportunities to successfully participate in and benefit from innovation while most of these policies can be broadly classified by inclusiveness type box in some cases they simultaneously address social industrial andor territorial inclusiveness challenges for example ireland s competitive start fund for female entrepreneurs aims to promote the integration of an underrepresented group women in entrepreneurship activities social inclusiveness and to address critical financial barriers faced by startups industrial inclusiveness,9
+intended countries of destination for the cocaine seized included australia italy and spain while colombia is mentioned as country of origin there is evidence that the area of opium poppy cultivation has been increasing and appears to have reached a fiveyear high in colombia which had detected ha of cultivation in heroin manufactured in south america is primarily destined for the united states but is also trafficked for consumption within the region various countries in south america have reported seizures of amphetaminetype stimulants ats in including amphetamine methamphetamine and ecstasy type substances as well as lysergic acid diethylamide lsd,3
+these capacity building trainings and workshops are often aimed at faculty students and other researchers and public servants in developing countries for the puipose of this analysis it is assumed that these trainings contribute towards enhancing countries sti capacity however it is likely that the inclusion of all development finance channelled through universities overestimates the amount of development finance supporting sti providers are required to include text descriptions of the activities when reporting to the crs however in practice this information has been difficult to use for analytical purposes because of the differences in quality of the descriptions,9
+for instance the oecd climate fund inventory lists climate funding sources and contains detailed information on their focal areas regions of activity and application procedures the unfccc climate finance data portal contains data on resources that have been provided to fund adaptation and mitigation activities in developing countries the climate funds update is an independent website that provides data on currently multilateral climate finance sources including pledged amounts to these sources developed countries provided a total of billion in climate finance through bilateral regional and other channels in as figure highlights the focus of these funds has been for mitigation in developing countries which accounted for per cent of the total compared with only per cent for adaptation activities the clean technology fund ctf the global energy efficiency and renewable energy fund geeref the partnership for market readiness pmr the scaling up renewable energy program srep as well as a series of funds targeting reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation redd such as the forest investment program fip support ghg mitigation activities,13
+with a fixed timetable of regular assessments costa rica might consider alternating the subjects assessed at lower secondary level to enable the evaluation of more of the curriculum including the more innovative dimensions of education for global citizenship and sustainable development for example at no point has the assessment sampled the entire census of schools in a way that would enable school leaders teachers students parents and the local community to understand whether their institution is achieving national learning objectives or whether it is more or less successful than other similar schools the national assessment could help teachers understand how the new national competencebased curriculum can be tested in practice and ensure classroombased assessments are setting the same standards across the country,4
+to fully address all needs and challenges for children in urban settings urban planning must simultaneously address the different scales of possible spatial intervention however it actually covets good design for all in this sense applying universal design helps create buildings tools spaces and learning or communication systems that are useful and usable for everyone universal design accommodates diverse literacy skills and promotes designs that are safe and easy to use,11
+for manufacturing companies to understand the market opportunities and the needs of the wind industry the states of michigan or ohio provide technical assistance to companies to retool their operations to become wind energy suppliers for example the ohio energy office is financing a collaborative project led by the great lakes wind network glwn and ohio s edison technology center to identify suitable companies for retrofitting of their facilities to produce wind energy components awea strengthening the regional wind energy supply chain in the chicago tristate metroregion may require both informing firms about this new business opportunity and connecting these firms with those managing the supply chain one study has identified particularly strong opportunities for local gear and drive train manufacturers to penetrate the wind turbine component parts market cmcjarc,7
+community management is the prevailing business model for wss in rural areas at a crossroads between decentralised and centralised wss management models the country is considering regionalisation as another option although coverage rates in urban areas seem relatively high water supply and sanitation systems are neither reliable nor safe there are serious problems with water quality in tajikistan,6
+a unesco biosphere reserve repetek state biosphere reserve was designated in the state reserves have a strict protection regime and exclude natural resource use by local inhabitants with very few exceptions all have management authorities which report to the department of protection of flora and fauna under monp,15
+this means there are fewer women in the parliament in denmark than in the rest of the nordics according to data from countries compiled by the interparliamentary union denmark ranks st based on the proportion of women in parliament as of th november nine of the ministers in the danish government are women statsministeriet the purpose of the equal treatment act is to prevent discrimination based on gender ministry of employment and the purpose of the gender equality act is to promote equality between men and women including equal influence and opportunities in all spheres of the society ministry of social affairs,5
+also international benchmarks of student performance provided by international student surveys such as pisa and timss have been influential in driving policy development at the system level in addition ncese whose services as of were integrated in iac also conducts surveys to assess societal views of education which include the collection of views and perspectives from principals teachers parents students and potential employers by contrast there is no framework to evaluate the work of rayons and oblasts departments of education even if the monitoring of their work can be followed on the basis of student learning outcomes,4
+similarly driving can be more dangerous than cycling for some demographics feleke et al longitudinal or even experimental studies would be key to strengthen this observation which is based on crosssectional data alone nevertheless this finding suggests that an overall decrease in fatalities is possible in cities planning for a modal shift towards cycling,11
+compared to other european countries there are low levels of inequity in smoking rates and obesity across education level in denmark mackenbach et al furthermore a recently published report on social inequalities juel and koch suggests that of the inequalities in life expectancy in denmark are caused by smoking and alcohol consumption the folkesundhedsprogram and sund hele livet programmes do indeed focus on health behaviours such as smoking alcohol consumption and obesity and health education promotion and voluntary initiatives that stress individual responsibility diderichsen however little is known to date about whether local initiatives to address risk factors in health and measures to change behavioural incentives such as through sin taxes have yielded any effect on populations most at risk,3
+the employment of older workers was about as cyclical as overall employment in past recessions so it is a notable departure from historical patterns that employment has increased for this group this time this novel development may reflect at least in part labour supply responses in some countries to sometimes large losses in retirement savings consequent to the financial crisis coile and levine gustman et al employment losses were also aboveaverage for mediumskilled workers and men groups whose employment had previously been about as cyclical as overall employment,8
+in some states there is scope to increase tariff levels and change tariff structures to enhance efficient uses of water allocate water where it creates most value and at least cover the operation and maintenance costs setting mexican water policies on a sustainable financial path will contribute to commitments and of the pact and will facilitate the implementation of commitments and there is a need to identify and clearly allocate the responsibilities at each level of government strengthen enforcement and compliance and sharpen focus on the capacity and financial sustainability of utilities the efficiency and quality of service provision and the responsiveness to users commitment of the pact to approve a new law on drinking water and sanitation provides the opportunity and the political momentum to define responsibilities,6
+the presence of high bod may indicate faecal contamination or increases in particulate and dissolved organic carbon from nonhuman and animal sources that can restrict water use and development necessitate expensive treatment and impair ecosystem health human ill health due to water quality problems can reduce work capability and affect children s growth and education high levels of oxygen consumption pose a threat to a variety of aquatic organisms including fish it helps to identify communities where wastewater treatment action is required to protect the ecosystem untreated or insufficiently treated wastewater can result in increased nutrient levels high levels of organic matter and hazardous substances posing threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health it can be calculated separately for different terrestrial ecological regions,15
+its aim is to represent the interest of women entrepreneurs before national and international organisations and institutions to reinforce the presence and representation of women within employer organisations and national chambers and to promote women s entrepreneurship and the advancement of womenowned enterprises by providing a supportive framework responsive to the specific needs for assistance training and information for women entrepreneurs it also showcases the accomplishments of women entrepreneurs and encourages women to consider entrepreneurship as a career option an innovative way of promoting womenowned enterprises and their products is the cnfce branding initiative to encourage women entrepreneurs to use the made in tunisia by women entrepreneurs label soon after the formation of the council the local chambers of commerce within the uae including dubai and abu dhabi were encouraged to establish their own businesswomen s committees,5
+the intensity of total child poverty also fell sharply across the region during the period in question the biggest decreases were observed among children and adolescents with at least two deprivations and at least three deprivations in more than a percentagepoint drop in both cases while the decline is much smaller among children with at least five deprivations from in to in in total child poverty who by definition suffer an appalling violation of their rights see figure ii b it does point to positive outcomes in tackling multidimensional child poverty over the decade not only did its incidence decrease but the percentage of children and adolescents with the largest number of deprivations also decreased,1
+article states that indigenous individuals have the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health and that states shall take the necessary steps with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of this right indigenous peoples have the right to their traditional medicines and to maintain their health practices including the conservation of their vital medicinal plants animals and minerals article of this law entitles indigenous people to free medical care in state and municipal health care facilities within the framework of the programme of state guarantees for mandatory health insurance as described above the legal framework is comprehensive and includes specific provisions for indigenous peoples access to health services the first framework focus is on the core elements of the right to health the second on the core elements of health care access and the third on the determinants of indigenous health,3
+assessment criteria and methods are defined by each school and reflected in the respective school education programme sep there are no externallybased national final examinations at the end of basic and compulsory education but some regions make available to their secondary schools standardised tests developed by private companies to be used as entry examinations by contrast externallybased exit examinations are mandatory at the end of secondary education these refer to the schoolleaving examination and the final examination to obtain the apprenticeship certificate,4
+while the three worlds of individual fossil fueldriven growth of citizendriven sustainable growth and of fast globallydriven growth all present common risks such as those related to the environment their magnitude varies substantially between scenarios the performance of each of these scenarios is compared in order to facilitate the identification of strategies to manage risks and avail of future opportunities which will be discussed in chapter generally food and nutrition security is defined around four pillars or dimensions including the availability stability access and utilisation by the body food security exists when all people at all times have physical social and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life fao,2
+as previously expressed chile s education system can open the door to stronger economic democratic and social development within the country education has been an important topic on chile s public agenda since and the ongoing education reforms carried out by the chilean government show an enduring commitment to education however the country s capacity to unite these reforms into a coherent vision will be key to the reforms success and sustainability from the implementation period onward,4
+there is empirical evidence for example that labourintensive manufacturing activities tend to be concentrated in countries with low labour costs while hightech industries are more likely to emerge in wealthy countries with access to a highskilled workforce this inter alia provides an explanation for the changing pattern of manufacturing employment across the world unido a it shows the use of industrial robots as part of the recent trend of automation across industries and indicates that increasing automation within certain industries plays a special role in the transformation of industrial development patterns through technological innovations,9
+to some extent it may bring workingtime legislation closer to practice as undeclared overtime appears to be common in lithuania but this may come at the cost of work quality and worklife balance for employees and so changes in workingtime practices should be monitored closely following the reform in the labour code workers with specific problems or characteristics such as health issues testified by a health institution disability mothers of young children workers aged less than and carers of a sick family member could request parttime work this is still the case in new labour code but all workers with job tenure of less than three years are also entitled to request parttime for a temporary period of less than a year which the employer can refuse only for valid reasons,8
+with additional highspeed backhaul infrastructure in place it should make it cheaper to extend mobile broadband coverage into more rural zones this in turn should increase demand resulting in lower mobile broadband prices integrated report for the year ended december figure for rwanda from rura statistics and tariff information in telecom media and postal service as of the fourth quarter,9
+it arose from calls from women s rights scholars and activists as well as the women s and feminist movements to address the power and patriarchy that lie at the root of discrimination and inequality this introduced a need to broaden and deepen the development focus beyond women to address gender roles and relations differential access to resources and control of them and ultimately the power imbalance between men and women in doing so it opened an opportunity to question how traditional social roles norms and expectations formed the basis for inequality in the private and public spheres as ensconced in unequal institutions whether in families communities schools the professional sphere politics or beyond,5
+some of these shortcomings are addressed by the oecd programme for the international assessment of adult competencies piaac which is discussed at the end of this chapter it is important to put in place harmonised instruments that measure other types of skills which are critical for innovation and economic growth but also for living a good life in general eg social and emotional skills almlund et al for the moment these exist at national level only they inform about the competencies that help individuals undertake a broad range of the activities needed to live in modern societies these include reading writing and numeracy as well as the skills needed to use digital technology and access and interpret information in a knowledgebased society,4
+ethiopias first sectoral resilience strategy which focuses on agriculture revealed that of priority climate resilience options are already being carried out to some extent this indicates that most early resilience efforts will concentrate on scalingup and enhancing the resilience of existing measures rather than crafting new ones as ethiopias future climate conditions are highly uncertain it will be crucial to adopt an iterative and flexible approach to building resilience at present ethiopia primarily relies on disaster response financing from official development assistance,13
+also both countries have long and vast traditions in using traditional firewood in energy production in smallsized dwellings the recent increase can be explained in the growing use of forestry residues and wood pellets in energy production the reason for this is mainly that the use of wood in energy production is very minor according to iceland forest service in iceland the vast majority of forest products consumed in iceland are imported due to the countrys very small forest resource,7
+while developed countries have substantial resources available to spend on addressing water issues developing countries often have far fewer resources and as a result water stress can be a much greater problem in africa for example despite abundant water resources at the continental scale only of the total available freshwater supply is currently accessed for human use un thereby creating water stress problems in many african countries consequently worldwide assessments of water resources can be misleading and measures of water stress need to be undertaken at a regional scale which accounts for both demand and supply of water as well as the level of economic development,6
+the absence of targeted policies to foster the growth potential of women s enterprises is a critical policy gap in nonmena countries womens entrepreneurship often falls under the umbrella of sme policy while such policies may have a rather important impact as this is the segment where women entrepreneurs are mostly represented it needs to be stressed that this inclusion may also perpetuate and reinforce existing stereotypes,5
+as a large country with huge tracts of carbonabsorbing forests indonesia is well positioned to play a significant role in minimising the impact of its development on climate change to enhance its role in this respect it must nurture institutions that can make effective use of international funds including the usd billion of faststart funds pledged at the united nations climate change conference in copenhagen in december malaysia too has implemented policies to shift the economy structurally away from polluting energy intensive industries,7
+additionally renewable energy depends on variable wind sun and exogenous conditions that are intermittent and more difficult to schedule than conventional fossil fuels given the limited and still developing electricity storage technology at utility scale it is economical to integrate intermittent renewables into larger flexible electricity systems the fossil fuelbased generation can be backed down when renewables are available and with an electricity grid system that covers large geographical areas the available average renewable resources would be easier to schedule,7
+the mediterranean region of bosnia and herzegovina which presents the adriatic mediterranean sea basin is composed of neretva trebisnjica and cetina river basins and of the narrow coastal zone around neum municipality neretva and trebisnjica river basins have an area of km or per cent of the total adriatic sea catchment area while cetina river basin in bosnia and herzegovina has an area of km or per cent of the total adriatic sea catchment area the eastern adriatic sea including its bosnia and herzegovina part is a shallow transitive area with a great number of typical pelagic and benthic species adapted to the high salinity,14
+within their regions prdu aim to coordinate urban development setting out the roles of urban centres their spatial and functional relationships connectivity and growth targets it should also include guidelines for the allocation of national roads highways railways airports seaports and international borders definition of settlements that may require priority treatment the equipping and requirements of health infrastructure energy and telecommunications the minvu seremi are responsible for developing the prdu which is then approved by the region s intendente and the regional council,11
+if microfinance institutions extend lending to the very poor in these circumstances then they can help break the power and hold of moneylenders and landlords unfortunately however most microfinance institutions have been found wanting when it comes to lending to the very poor nonetheless it seems that microfinance has made a significant dent in the informal usurious credit markets by undermining usury and debt bondage in some agrarian societies,1
+crossreferences and box texts with additional information help readers in this navigation a more causal analytical assessment of water issues in the identified shared basins may take place as part of future updates of the inventory the research process was markedly different for the surface water and groundwater sections of the inventory for each basin information packages were compiled according to the core themes and chapter templates which were later used where necessary as a basis for consultation with countries box research for part ii groundwater therefore started with the screening of all available geological and hydrogeological information and its interpretation in view of identifying potentially shared aquifers and aquifer systems see overview methodology groundwater chapter,6
+maps could be updated over the air and cits could enable dynamic isa systems in which the speed limits were adjusted according to the prevailing conditions just as they currently are in smart motorway management so dynamic speed management could be extended to all roads without any need for the expensive installation of variable message signs the communications technology for this could be based on existing mobile phone networks,11
+while this has been an established fact in the literature it is particularly relevant in jordan given that during the year period before the survey more than per cent of all children were breastfed for less than the six months recommended by the who see table a recent report on child and maternal nutrition paints an even bleaker picture of breastfeeding behaviour in jordan unicef according to the latest data only per cent of children were exclusively breastfed during the first six months of their lives well below the average for the developing world which was estimated at per cent in against this backdrop government agencies should support measures to facilitate breastfeeding in addition to further increasing their efforts to advertise its benefits,3
+through the identification of areas of improvement appraisal results can furthermore feed into the preparation of individual development plans andor inform the professional development opportunities a school leader takes part in in all of these three appraisal frameworks appraisal is based on and systematically tied to professional development plans that are embedded within wider school goals in ontario canada and victoria australia school leader appraisal is also firmly grounded within a wider system of professional development for school leaders see box,4
+among the valuable early warning activities supported at the country level were participatory risk mapping in indonesia integrated flood risk management in the philippines and community resilience in viet nam its original mission was to support tsunami early warning systems in indian ocean and southeast asian countries in following an independent review the member states and escap expanded the thematic scope of the trust fund to include overall disaster and climate preparedness while retaining a focus on endtoend early warning for coastal hazards,13
+the pes traditionally provides labour market information services and vacancy notification services for employed registered jobseekers and further inwork support measures are discussed in section in the s and s policy reforms were largely focused on recipients of unemployment benefits in some countries the traditional model where the labour exchange held lists of local vacant jobs and sent unemployed people to apply for them was no longer operating effectively and reforms introduced a new emphasis on independent job search in other cases almps had already been expanded and diversified in response to higher unemployment but reforms put less emphasis on the volume of places created and more on the obligations for the longterm unemployed to participate in specific programmes,8
+since renewable generation disposes of the lowest marginal costs and generation follows demand it replaces other baseload generation at times of high output consequently the average load factor of baseload plants will decrease which decreases income if they cannot compensate for this tendency with higher prices at times of low output if income decreases investments in new generation facilities will be postponed or cancelled therefore the average load factor of baseload plants electricity generationmaximum possible generation may be an important indicator for future investments thirdly procedures time and cost to obtain construction permits inspections and network connections give an impression of the ability to realise new investments up to now in network planning reserves are usually determined on the basis of deterministic n and n requirements which require network operators to transport the power along a different route in case a contingency occurs even when certain network components are not available due to planned outages ie n,7
+one shortcoming is that they do not incorporate a land use component and so provide no information on the interaction of transport and land use these indicators can potentially include the individual and temporal component by measuring access at a particular time for a particular social group additionally infrastructurebased indicators tend to disregard the equity and distributional and justice effects of accessibility and thus are less suitable for social evaluations in the form of equitybased analysis,11
+since yunnan province approved an opium substitution development programme for myanmar and lao pdr in the chinese government has been actively mobilising chinese companies to take part in the scheme by offering them subsidies tax waivers and import quotas tni almost every rural household raises livestock which contributes to household nutrition and income and provides draught power and byproducts such as hides and leather in the past two decades poultry has seen tremendous growth with the number of birds increasing seven fold particularly due to the spread of commercial production techniques in periurban areas figure,2
+supporting practices that are accessible for all while increasing quality of life and livelihood opportunities along the supply chain would need to become a priority of learning programmes while some interesting examples of such practices emerge in various corners of the globe there is still a need for more systematic actions engaging economically or socially underprivileged communities as part of the supply chain their inclusion in the supply chain may require the development of new business models that not only deal with the question of what kind of a product or service is a priority for the poor but also how to satisfy their consumption needs while facilitating their livelihood options numerous examples exist where corporations have engaged with vulnerable communities to provide essential products and services accompanied by learning and training opportunities for both the companies own staff and members of the community,12
+the lack of comprehensive accreditation programmes for primary care is a major weakness in the czech republic italy japan korea norway and sweden norway for example only carries out planned riskbased audits in primary care by contrast australia england and portugal pursue another path by extending accreditation to the primary and community care sector in particular england s approach to health service accreditation is at the forefront of oecd efforts and is a model for other health care systems to emulate see case study it is unusually comprehensive as it accredits all providers of primary and social care oecd a,3
+such correlations are of course an indication that further research is required on the importance of labour in the manufacturing and operating costs of renewables as shown in this table most of the positions of the occupations identified require an apprenticeship generally available through craft unions of the positions require graduation from high school and require some form of college degree and require an engineering degree while not comparable to the operation of npps it would be comparable to a module fabrication factory for a small modular reactor smr however there is little publicly available information on the organisation of an smr factory see epi p the number of engineers required to produce wind turbines is far below the number required to produce and operate nuclear reactors although it is similar to the number of engineers required to operate a waste management facility nea forthcoming p,7
+on the other hand some men may accept this increased position of women in the household and decrease ipv in order to keep her satisfied in the marriage the items in the farleft box represent different elements of the program design that can influence its impact such as the size frequency and duration of transfers and the targeting criteria including the particular vulnerability and poverty profiles of the beneficiary population and whether or not women are explicit recipients of the transfer we hypothesize that the specific pathways or causal mechanisms that become operative in any instance may be a function of the design features of the ct itself and how a womans partner reacts to the transfer and the context of the ct program including underlying contextual factors such as the gender regimes social norms and local laws and policies in the following sections we explain stylized versions of each pathway relying where necessary on a broader evidence base than the ct and ipv literature and analyse the degree to which data from the review either supports or refutes the hypothesised pathway,5
+the project is focused on forest rehabilitation conservation and sustainable management contributing to climate change mitigation institutional capacity building for forest management and resource mobilization the expected outputs of the project include some ha of newly planted forest and as much as ha of rehabilitated forest the project feasibility study started in october,15
+partnerships among the governments civil society and private sector should be enhanced to promote gender equality the ngoireneasiapacific as a network having effectively operated for five years should be encouraged to strengthen its role as a platform to coordinate and assist both regional and national ngos to move further toward gender equality and help the implementation of goal as well as other mdgs the stereotypical attitudes and behavior toward women and girls should be changed and men should be encouraged to bear equal responsibilities with women in areas such as domestic and caring work,5
+this is in crucially short supply for smes in developing countries on average of small businesses in low income countries rate access to finance as a major constraint on their operations compared with only of small businesses in high income countries in other estimates of the million to million formal and informal micro small and mediumsized enterprises msmes in developing countries about half are unserved or underserved by the formal finance sector especially by banks that dominate the sector today this signals a relatively significant demand by smes and a financing gap about of msmes in developing countries use cashondelivery services as a means of payment for their ecommerce transactions whereas in developed economies the use of cash payments is negligible as for bank lending although access to it is difficult for smes those that manage to obtain finance do so mostly through banks,9
+where multiple communes exist in close proximity but have different objectives there is a need for a mechanism to resolve these overlapping but incompatible objectives in land use and other topics as copiously illustrated by the example of the grand clermont metropolis different laws and rules promulgated by national and local authorities as well as rules and land use zonings issued from eu decisions like znieff or green and blue corridors structure these relationships and ensure a coherence between all these institutional constraints and the various levels of decision making but at the same time one has to cope with the issue of the multiple planning documents and the governance structures that support them,11
+a third of the bds organisations offering entrepreneurship training report that up to of their beneficiaries are women but another third estimate that women make up less than or fewer of these trainees figure on the other hand a majority of the organisations offering management consultancy services estimate that fewer than of their clients are women similarly in about of bds organisations women represent less than of clients receiving advisorycounseling services,5
+however average female representation was still below per cent in northern africa per cent eastern and western asia and per cent respectively and oceania per cent the highest proportion in the world was registered by rwanda in its elections the first country ever to have achieved a gender balance in national parliament rwanda s achievement per cent is a marked increase over the per cent representation of women in and can be attributed partly to focused and coordinated efforts to address the issue of gender balance during postconflict reconstruction and might also be associated with the fact that the majority of survivors of the preceding conflict were women in fact a number of postconflict countries rank high with regard to women s participation in both lower and upper chambers of legislative bodies see statistical annex this development stems from the countrys shift towards merit and political competency from an association with tribal ties and expediency that all four hold phds have a formidable reputation for professionalism and now represent of eligible voters points to a radical shift in opinion across kuwaits society,5
+they specify the requirements of the lead firm at the buying end of the chain for supplier firms to ensure systemic chain competitiveness they are industry specific or relevant across a range of sectors such as is on quality and is on environmental management they include food safety and energy efficiency and those set by international bodies include the eu farmtofork food standards and vehicle emission standards they include labour standards organic standards and fairtrade certification,7
+there are national committees for gef and for biodiversity to enable communication cooperation and collaboration among the nfps of these and other areas the committees meet regularly to discuss projects of national importance provide follow up and discuss national reporting on biodiversity the agenda of the committees recently expanded to include the country s nbsap the effectiveness of these committees is reasonable,15
+target not only recognizes and values unpaid care and domestic work but also indicates the ways in which this recognition should take place namely through the provision of public services infrastructure and social protection policies unpaid care and domestic work therefore must be recognized reduced and redistributed by means of care policies see also box providing for the care needs of children frequently makes women the main unpaid care providers both income and time poor and can carry longterm labour market penalties if they interrupt their employment careers in order to provide care box what are the innovations that can arise when a care lens informs social policies,5
+results also point to the fact that symptoms and work functioning are two different areas with betterment of work functioning lagging substantially behind symptoms improvement this is significantly less than the to fold risk for serious and severe mental disorders however due to the much higher prevalence of mild and moderate disorders in the general population their overall impact is likely to exceed the burden stemming from severe mental illness this was already found more than twenty years ago by broadhead et al again due to their high prevalence the milder forms of depression accounted for a much higher amount of total disability days,3
+together with the reduction of subsidies for public transport this has resulted in deteriorating service quality and a dysfunctional fragmented transport market and system today the city of krasnoyarsk alone counts almost private transport businesses in addition to several municipal public transport companies operating buses on various routes in the city krasnoyarsk b such factors are not unique to krasnoyarsk but they have a particular impact on congestion there because it is a regional transport hub in its own right and it straddles a major river,11
+higher energy consumption rising greenhouse gas emissions road congestion and deteriorating water quality are the negative externalities that have come with urban growth the city of chicago has declared its ambition to become the most environmentally friendly city in the us and has grown into a model for green buildings and infrastructure the chicago tristate metroregion is home to important and growing green clusters particularly in the professional energy services,7
+while senior managers lead many gender units some are not allocated large enough budgets to operate to plan nor do government departments assign them the same mandates authority or functions mexico is however stepping up efforts to establish a unified approach to defining the functions of gender units as advisory units that help fpa departments incorporate the gender perspective into their activity,5
+the ukrainian part of the basin of the san river is characterized by a high content of organic substances ammonia sulfate total iron and petroleum compounds in recent years in the shklo river in the san subbasin crossing the border there is a steady tendency for quality to deteriorate with increase in nutrients concentration associated with an increase in discharges of untreated sewage the town of yavorov in ukraine has virtually no working sewage treatment plant,6
+average gasfired generation efficiencies in the region improved from in to in the highest globally electricity transmission and distribution losses declined from in to in globally the least among all world regions while natural gas transmission and distribution losses fell from to the reasons for this outcome include strong support mechanisms in addition the increased application of more flexible marketbased support mechanisms such as auctions the overall decrease of installation costs and increased awareness of the feasibility of renewable energy projects across most of the region all contributed,7
+this underlines the importance of balanced rural development in order to create opportunities outside as well as within agriculture and ensure that labour is pulled rather than pushed out of the sector attracting private investment in agriculture relies on a wide set of policies that go beyond agricultural policy including macroeconomic and sectoral policies a coherent policy framework is an essential component of an attractive investment environment for all investors be they domestic or foreign small or large,2
+for example all agree that scaledup climate finance is needed that both public and private sources can play a key role and that the self sustainability of a project and transparency is important however different communities may naturally place greater emphasis on different aspects of effectiveness these differences in emphasis and priority could make distilling a common definition of climate finance effectiveness challenging and whilst common and clear understanding is important it is not clear that a single definition is necessary,13
+similarly input subsidies are often considered an instrument that can support both rural incomes and productivity improvement yet as shown in brooks both of these types of measures are too blunt price support is not only inefficient resulting in market distortions and a consequent waste of resources that poor economies cannot afford it is also ineffective if not counterproductive because many rural households are net food buyers and are worse off when they have to pay higher prices,2
+for preventive activity such as the general health check however they are paid an additional fee incentivising them to offer this service this focuses on improving health and reducing health inequalities across four priority areas investing in a lifecourse approach tackling the major noncommunicable and communicable diseases strengthening health systems and creating resilient communities most of the content around tackling noncommunicable diseases however focuses on implementation of existing declarations and strategies such as the framework convention on tobacco control or the global strategy on diet physical activity and health,3
+a analysis found similar substitution among agricultural outputs in spain custa etal this economic behavior has implications for choices in which surface water versus groundwater infrastructure could each be improved or restored for example irrigators will invest today in a water conserving land improvement like drip irrigation if net farm income increases by more than over time in present value terms if not irrigators will avoid making the investment a range of resource allocation management decisions faced by farm managers can be addressed by applying one or more of these budgeting economic principles,6
+second welltargeted investment can be antiinflationary if it addresses supply bottlenecks that drive up prices to discuss the potential to address gender inequality it is useful to divide public investment into two subcategories physical infrastructure investment and social infrastructure investment targeted investments can reduce womens unpaid labour burden freeing up time to spend in remunerative labour activities with benefits for gender equality and intrahousehold bargaining power chiappori and meghir johnston et al children s wellbeing and economywide longrun productivity growth also benefit in economies at all levels of development transportation improvements reduce the time women spend in marketing goods and in provisioning for households they also enhance women s ability to access services and labour markets,5
+at the same time new jurisdiction or wider jurisdiction is given to other bodies thereby increasing their involvement in the licensing process it should be pointed out that municipalities are currently responsible for licensing establishments that process fisheries and aquaculture products the general directorate for fisheries and aquaculture is no longer responsible for licensing industrial activity this breakdown is much the same as in previous years facilities for preparing and conserving fresh and frozen fish are still most numerous followed by those for producing dried and salted products,14
+estimated environmental benefits yield up to million tonnes of saved c during the year lifespan ofthe plants get fit the program has already delivered mws of commissioned capacity with mw in construction which created jobs in the scale ofthe impact is amplified because through usd million in premiums get fit has leveraged an estimated usd million of investments get fit strategically ndfs focus is on being catalytic supporting innovation and private sector development project development and piloting of highrisk interventions,7
+in practice several schemes are hybrids there are also regulations mandating specific actions such as labelling requirements for energy efficiency one unusual aspect of the uk policy framework is that since it has been underpinned by a climate change act which gave statutory force to domestic carbonreduction budgets the act also set up an independent body the committee on climate change with statutory responsibilities to propose appropriate carbon budgets assess progress towards the statutory longterm emission reduction targets and give advice to government on climatechange policies in general covering both mitigation of and adaptation to climate change originally intended to support nuclear electricity generation the nffo and sro were expanded in to include renewables,13
+further capacity building cf the text on adaptation is rather conceptual and sets out principles for adaptation action but it gives no mechanism for action adaptation in the frame provide by the pa appears as an opportunity for agricultural action but the agreed wording of the pa does not facilitate or support concrete action if no decision is taken to use any of the opportunities all climate action taken by all parties in orderto deliver on the ndc can be targeted at other sectors such as energy or transport,13
+this has happened in croatia which has switched to a summer peaking system in recent years to respond to the growth in tourism and accompanying demand for air conditioning while the six see economies typically have significant hydropower generation capacity the increasing extremes of weather associated with climate change may render these electricity systems vulnerable in prolonged periods of very dry weather especially as they are likely to coincide with heavy demand for air conditioning during the summer months the second factor is the need to replace the large proportion of the generation capacity that is due to retire in the next ten years while simultaneously building an energy system that allows the economies of the region to comply with their sustainability obligations under the paris agreement by investing in new clean energy technologies no data available for kosovo one of their roles is to ensure a stable and predictable regulatory environment so that investors are confident that they will be subject to the consistent application of rules and regulations including for example the licencing and permit granting procedures undertaken by regulators,7
+individuals groups or cooperatives are eligible to access this program with maximum credit amount of idr million usd per customer for agribusiness the eligible fields range from production inputs to the procurement of agricultural tools and machineries onfarm activities and processing and marketing of the agricultural products only of the credit taken out through kur is used for agribusiness activities,2
+an alternative view however favoured by the united states and the australian law commission is to hold that patent incentives to medical treatments are too important to exclude them from eligibility instead while broadly allowing the patentability of medical tools and techniques to encourage investment in rd the united states has adopted a narrow exception to shield medical practitioners and for example the hospital employing them from patent infringement when carrying out pure medical methods integra sued merck for patent infringement,3
+this project consisted in upgrading infrastructure providing housing improvement loans and building capacity in four selected cities which led to the upgrading of lowincome areas benefiting million people this demonstrated the benefits of a more flexible approach to informality and of trying to enable people to stay in their homes through upgrading following the success of the project the government upscaled it in into the national urban upgrading programme to the programme covers cities of class iv and above which has reached households servicing unplanned housing areas and providing financial assistance for housing improvement and tenure regularisation world bank b,11
+in australia mandatory corporate ghg reporting commenced two years before the establishment of a national carbon price which helped to minimise data problems prior to carbon pricing coming in prag et al as noted in kauffmann et al key steps to address these challenges include using standard methods of measurement eg ghg protocol streamlining regional and local reporting schemes with the national scheme aligning the frequency of ghg reporting with that of financial reporting to provide a stronger signal to investors and establishing the reporting scheme in an inclusive and transparent manner to ensure buyin from all stakeholders if so how have these been defined,7
+even if school leader appraisal results successfully feed into a school leader s professional development opportunities for professional development may fail to support school leaders in the improvement of their leadership practices and behaviours and the development of their pedagogical leadership school leaders in various oecd countries have often reported a feeling of inadequate preparation for their roles a lack of continuous feedback on their performance and a lack of opportunities for professional development pont et al to give an example the management of resources needs to be sufficiently aligned with pedagogical purposes to improve teaching and learning however school leaders in many contexts often lack adequate training opportunities to enable them to do so pont et al the czech republic for instance passed new legislation in that changed the regulations for the dismissal of head teachers while school organising bodies could previously only dismiss head teachers in the case of gross violations or their failure to fulfil their legal obligations school organising bodies now decide on head teachers reappointment after a term of six years as informed by the appraisal process he institute for information on education,4
+in brazil accounted for over of the global new terrestrial area placed under environmental protection the national system of protected areas snuc established in laid the groundwork for this remarkable expansion of official protected areas or conservation units as they are known in the country it consolidated the preexisting highly fragmented assortment of federal state municipal and private protected areas into one consistent framework,15
+the results presented here also illustrate the data gaps additional breakdowns by ethnic and religious minorities disabled people immigrants or indigenous populations are not available as no internationally comparative data exist about their representation in public employment in oecd countries in the last three decades efficiency became one of the most important guiding principles of how governments operate and how services are delivered in oecd countries often putting equity or fairness considerations on the back burner in pursuing inclusive public policies and practices efficiency and equity are not viewed as mutually exclusive rather inclusiveness becomes a key dimension of effectiveness in an inclusive approach to public policies equity and fairness considerations are introduced by looking at the impact of various policy options on different groups in society,10
+the asean economic community aec framework launched in creates opportunities for advancing energy efficiency deploying renewable and alternative energy and ensuring individual and regional energy security both resources must be developed aggressively to enhance energy security and reduce the environmental impact of energy use in the region energy efficiency and conservation is viewed as one of the most effective ways to meet the growing demand in terms of energy supply security and to reduce the environmental impacts of development energy efficiency and conservation can contribute to economic savings energy security and climate change mitigation,7
+in this sense retrospective reimbursement could support broader portability of services in mexico by facilitating compensatory payments between purchasers when users are treated outside the geographical area covered by their insurer as currently the case in countries like sweden significant savings have already been realised through consolidated purchasing of pharmaceuticals the comision coordinadora para la negociacion de precios de medicamentos y otros insumos para la salud ccnpmis the coordinating commission for the negotiation of prices of pharmaceuticals and other health inputs has helped standardise the prices paid for patented or singlesource drugs by sp and the ss institutes,3
+their significant role in this region is well known despite in some cases limited available data for this sector since millennia the smallscale fishing sector has supported livelihoods within coastal communities the role it plays in sustaining economic activity and ensuring food security within vulnerable coastal communities is not to be overlooked particularly in the current context of everincreasing rural to urban migration furthermore ssf play a key role in maintaining local traditions and culture creating added value for other sectors such as the restaurant and tourism industries,14
+founding member states are australia cook islands the european union france on behalf of its overseas territories mauritius and the seychelles the convention text on the conservation and management of high seas fisheries resources in the north pacific ocean was adopted in february the commission covers all species except tuna and tuna like species salmon and pollock in the north pacific area species of particular interest include pacific saury neon flying squid and splendid alfonsin,14
+this provides an opportunity to streamline the main marine programmes and improve coherence with policies in other sectors for example the exemption of fisheries from the fuel tax can encourage largescale fisheries at the same time a variety of grants are provided to fishers for the protection and sustainable use of fish stocks,14
+the great lakesst lawrence river basin sustainable water resources agreement was signed in by eight us states and two canadian provinces to regulate and promote cooperation as regards diversions and water withdrawals in this vast and complex hydrological system in australia the federal government has no competency to manage rivers under the constitution but has recently been referred powers by the state governments to assume some responsibilities for the murraydarling river basin box,6
+it is therefore necessary to adjust international comparisons to get an accurate picture of the workload one of the areas in which school directors have the least authority compared to other countries is in managing human resources strengthening school leadership is one of the most crucial challenges for education reform however the third year counts as two in term of points gathered as an incentive which also means that at the end of the third year teachers in undesirableremole schools are more likely to leave and be transferred to big urban centres since they will have accumulated more points than other teachers in more desirable schools,4
+if large portions of these customary lands are leased to private holders it affects food security and all subsistence activities for those who have previously relied on these natural resources the dispossessed then squat in urban areas close to the capital twentyone per cent of the participants did unpaid voluntary work in a church or ngo only per cent had regular wage employment and the majority of these were men twentyfive per cent said they had a bank account and per cent said there was a bank near their home these last considerations are very important logistically when deciding whether or not social protection interventions should be cash transfers,1
+at the same time clean transport such as rail systems ferries ejeepneys and sharedbike schemes need to be encouraged with the supporting infrastructure current consumption pattern still follows a linear trend with the end fixated on disposal as opposed to a circular consumption pattern where resources are continuously reused the no separation no collection policy encouraging waste segregation is a laudable strategy but suffers from a number of implementation challenges which urgently needs to be addressed,11
+five mutually exclusive forms of work including employment work are identified in this resolution which are distinguished by the intended destination of the production ie whether for own final use or for use by other economic units and the nature of the transaction ie whether monetary or nonmonetary transactions and transfers employment work refers to work performed for use by other units in exchange for pay or profit the form of work identified as employment at the same time sets the reference scope for the definition of the labour force,8
+with national data from oecd countries between and thevenon analyses how aggregate levels of female labour force participation respond to policies that support the worklife balance the analysis takes in variables on paid leave public spending and duration child care serv ices for children under the age of public spending and enrolment rates public expenditure on other family benefits and financial incentives to work such as tax incentives that encourage both partners in couple families to go out to work the results reveal in particular that expansions in child care service provisions significantly boost women s labour market participation and exert a greater positive influence on female employment than variations in the weeks of paid leave child care provision for the under s doubled on average betw eenthe mid s and the late s producing an estimated percentage point increase in the employment rates of to yearold women a quarter of the total increase between and,5
+in parallel the company has rolled out a wimax network several other internet service providers have also rolled out their own wireless infrastructure which improved overall wireless networking that raised the internet profile of the country given the widespread penetration of wireless technologies throughout the ldcs lte is the logical next step and provides a solid platform for the dataintensive applications that could hugely impact social and economic development in the worlds most vulnerable nations,9
+several studies point to the importance of family engagement in monitoring service quality practices edwards et al research has indicated that family involvement in early education has a great influence on children s learning and development hidalgo epstein and siu found evidence that family involvement is highly important in helping children succeed in education,4
+price vs nonprice conservation programs a pioneer institute white paper no in this amounted to eur million of which were earmarked for flood prevention compare with eur million secured to cover the costs of natural disasters it reviews empirical evidence on the actual performance of economic policy instruments for the management of water resources the interim report builds on over case studies in europe and in selected non european countries,6
+without oversight and accountability mechanisms w ith adequate authority gender equality work can stall once mechanisms are established and may fade from the legislative agenda the presence of sound accountability and oversight that involves reporting to the highest possible level of government maximises the opportunity for gender mainstreaming initiatives to be successful and sustainable and for gender equality to remain a legislative priority this requires sound policy coordination vertical and horizontal and collaboration mechanisms which are also noted as important enablers for gender mainstreaming,5
+substitution of occupational care which is partly financed by employers or private care with large copayments for public care reduces costs for municipalities user choice which has so far been very limited in the public system is thereby expanded at a limited cost for public finances however the system produces incentives for costshifting between activities financed through different channels which lead to suboptimal decisions regarding the provision of care and large inequalities in access between socioeconomic groups with different coverage and financial resources and regions with varying health care supply,3
+in nepal was hit by a devastating earthquake and in by severe floods fuelwood accounts for percent of household energy and for the vast majority of harvested wood forests and trees also play a key role in watershed protection and climate resilience and are important for biodiversity and agricultural landscape management,15
+moreover while a majority of countries have included some information on adaptation in their intended nationally determined contributions indcs their scope timeline and clarity vary considerably many indcs indicate that their country does not yet have systems methods or indicators by which progress with these adaptation contributions can be identified some indcs also imply that certain indicators may relate to those needed to track progress under the other development processes such as the un sustainable development goals sdgs,13
+the lesson its leaders have drawn is that a high income doesnt compensate for shortcomings in education but that isnt the case for example one in four yearolds in the united states does not successfully complete even the most basic tasks in pisa so even highincome oecd countries would gain significantly if all of their students left school with at least basic knowledge and skills for this group of countries the average future gdp would be higher than it would be without this improvement,4
+but as countries adopt more energy efficiency technologies and energy conservation measures their energy intensity tends to fall as it has in the us over the past years it is reasonable that as a country develops its economy it will need to supply more energy to its citizens to raise their standards of living in this regard countries with very large populations have much further to go to deliver economic growth china and india may have moved far up the development scale in recent decades but they still have very low consumption of energy per capita,7
+australia to future challenges the model breaks down total health expenditure into several subcomponents corresponding to a combination of financing agents and functions depending on the nature of the subcomponents cihi employs various forecasting techniques ranging from the use of provisional public budgets to pure extrapolation of past trends,3
+in mexico social security covers more than half the population second those not covered by health insurance have open access to a public provider network financed out of general taxation this appears to be the case particularly in india where the public health infrastructure is underdeveloped and given that health expenditures are decentralised at the statelocal level very inequitably shared across states and regions pricewaterhousecoopers but lack of physical access in some regions is observed in many countries,10
+consequently the optimal level of subsidies for rd on lowcarbon technologies depends on the magnitude of knowledge spillovers from these technologies relative to the spillovers generated by other technologies in particular the fossil technologies they replace it also needs to cover not only the public sector but also the private one the intellectual property argument while valid in some cases should not impede the development of standardised mechanisms to collect compile and publish urgently needed global data on budgets for energy technology innovation,7
+similarly a study by the commonwealth fund of care management programmes that spanned care settings and engaged interdisciplinary teams across the continuum of care found that multifaceted boundaryspanning approaches were associated with reduced hospital use and readmissions mccarthy et al the reforms undertaken to date clearly reflect this moreover the strengthening of primary care continues to be supported by the state health development programme of the republic of kazakhstan densaulyk for key measures envisaged include reducing the size of patient lists for generalists from the current to and the increased delegation of tasks to nurses,3
+in addition air pollution monitoring per se is not clearly mentioned in mot s mandate the mandate only includes establishing vehicle standards and energy efficiency labels this also creates some confusion about which actual policies can be decided by mot department of transport dot under mot is not in charge of urban transport,11
+for information our national poverty rate per cent based on the latest available household survey and calculated with a per capita equivalence scale for the whole population is very close to the official one per cent world development indicators numbers in parentheses refer to the baseyear values as already discussed above the lower rates in cameroon might be at least partly due to the better quality of data used to calculate hunger rates however the simulated changes still give some rough basis for discussion in terms of bau hunger rates figures for cameroon are broadly in line with those for monetary poverty rates on the other hand burkina faso and to a greater extent ghana show a trend in hunger rates to some extent different from that discussed above for monetary poverty figure,1
+all over south asia the ideal of purdah seclusion of women which assigns a symbolic capital of honour and respectability to the control over womens realms of action has hampered women s mobility only in recent years have india eg kerala and nepal witnessed a feminization of international migration linked to a global demand for domestic workers reproducing the traditional gendered division of labour the government of nepal issued temporary bans on womens labour migration in and this last ban was eventually lifted in yet as compared to other countries in the region see table in nepal there are fewer age restrictions and in women officially accou nted for per cent ofthe total absentee population this figure certainly underestimates the magnitude of female migration as it does not account for crossborder migration to india and restrictive provisions on the mobility of women migrants often increase undocumented migration,5
+first of all employment opportunities despite their expansion may not be sufficient to employ all those who are willing to work second certain segments of the population may not be for various reasons in a position to take part in the labour force and thus benefit from employment expansion and wage income third even the employed may experience the need for extra protection when wages are too low which creates the problem of the working poor while most of these programmes were launched and used as ex post measures to help affected people cope with economic downturns in more recent years they have been increasingly used ex ante as measures to reduce the exposure of the poor to insecurity,1
+while efforts are under way to develop common strategies to tackle priority issues such as local air pollution national environmental authorities are often unaware of the state of environmental management in the evergrowing number of municipalities from in to at present the adoption of the balanced regional development act in encouraged better cooperation among regional development agencies rdas councils of regions and associations of municipalities and towns however oversight by the national government is still insufficient to ensure that environmental requirements are implemented consistently,6
+we first present the social institutions and gender index sigi as measure for social institutions iiil as well as our data and estimation model iii we start our empirical analysis by estimating the impact of the sigi and its five subindices on womens labour market participation iii to see whether social institutions generally affect womens activity patterns then to test our hypothesis that social discrimination against women leads to an overrepresentation of women in bad jobs and an underrepresentation of women in good jobs we estimate the impact of the sigi and its subindices on the gender segregation by sectors iii and on the gender segregation by working status iii the five components of the sigi ownership rights civil liberties son preference family code and physical integrity each measure one dimension of the underlying concept,5
+however their combined value could be strengthened if the rsas were more effective and there were more opportunities to share good practice across the higher education system however there is limited use of this practice and no institutional plans to use it beyond a few key fields where it is wellestablished frplich etal this type of arrangement may be constrained by the appointment and promotion regulations for teaching and research academic posts such as the requirements of a certain minimum qualification to teach and the role of research in career progression should social partners personnel wish to stay longterm in the academic profession,4
+if anything the present report helps to identify priority areas such as limiting air pollution reducing greenhouse gas emissions and properly allocating system costs that warrant specific new research this report highlights the importance of full cost accounting in particular in the context of the energy transitions under way in many countries ideally it will contribute to generating new and more comprehensive research in the area of the full costs of electricity to allow policy makers and the public to make better informed decisions along the path towards fully sustainable electricity systems,7
+a prerequisite to benefit from all schoolrelated foundations for success is to be in school therefore access pertains to equity do children from various subpopulations differ in their access to inclusive environments quality instruction learning time and material resources thus access also has to do with equality do children from various subpopulations differ in their distribution of attainment and performance they are mainly from rural settings and more likely to be girls youth with disabilities and those belonging to minority ethnic linguistic or religious groups are also more likely to be oulofschool all of these factors are usually confounded with poverty carrhill,4
+in australia honos is mandated as a standard outcome measure for all patients using in or outpatient mental health care it is expected that all patients should have the honos completed at least twice jacobs in the dutch government introduced a competing insurance market for health care including mental health,3
+finally these children are less well covered by social assistance than children in the previous group since about in children in this group are in a family who receives a social assistance allowance against one third in group only a very small minority of children about children ie of all children aged to experience deprivation in all areas but some of their characteristics single parenthood unemployment or joblessness low parental education make them more vulnerable than others very lowincomes lack of employment and the presence of parents bom outside canada are factors putting children at a greater risk of facing multiple deprivations although the families of these two groups of children usually receive financial assistance child tax credit social assistance benefit a significant minority of them still face multiple deprivations,1
+a significant part of the efforts to meet those commitments should be focused in the rural areas of the developing world where of the worlds extremely poor people live including most of the hungry improving rural peoples livelihoods and smallholders capacities is a central element in ending hunger achieving food security and improved nutrition and promoting sustainable agriculture in fact over recent decades weve seen the socioeconomic benefits of for example mobile telephony in improving the lives of many poor rural people,2
+this is in contrast to countries such as germany where returning foreignborn students and native students of mixed heritage were respectively and percentage points less likely than native students to do so firstgeneration immigrant students are foreignborn students of two foreignborn parents secondgeneration immigrant students are swedishbom students of two foreignbom parents,4
+the number of oncologists has also been increased in france and korea in norway due to the growing demand for cancer care the number of radiotherapists has been increasing in the past five years and the number of training positions at hospitals has been also boosted for oncologists and pathologists similarly to cope with an expected shortage in singapore more radiologists have been trained in recent years and the numbers of other medical specialists including medical surgical oncologists have also increased since the early s for example canada developed a certification programme in oncology for registered nurses and the netherlands also utilises nurse practitioners in oncology hungary is trying to use its professionals more efficiently and primary care personnel ie nurses and midwives are now doing smeartaking which was traditionally done by gynaecologists this is undertaken not only to tackle the shortage of doctors in cancer care but also to reduce costs related to cancer care delivery,3
+the tariff collection rate fell to and user charge revenues covered just of water production costs tariffs were increased only once in april the tariff for domestic customers was increased from uah to uah per m respectively eurm and eurm whilst the tariff for public organisations was increased to uah per m and for other customers to uah per m at the same time the lease agreement did not contain requirements to invest into the development of utility infrastructure facilities for instance in the russian federation some ppps were cancelled after municipal elections possible solutions entail consolidating utilities at regional level or pooling services to invite one operator in a larger area,6
+policies to promote a girlfriendly school environment such as hiring more female teachers has also proven to have a positive impact on girls attendance the evaluation of a randomised programme in india found that hiring additional female teachers increased girls attendance by glewwe and kremer this is true especially in rural areas and for married girls,5
+the world values survey for example found that a majority of respondents from arab countries believed that men should be given priority in hiring in times of economic hardship presumably due to their traditional role as breadwinners legal frameworks in most arab countries that require employers to bear the costs of maternity leave discussed in more detail below may also act as strong disincentives to the hiring of young women only a handful of arab countries currently meet the international standard of ensuring a minimum of weeks of maternity leave and the duration of maternity leave established by the law falls below this mark in most arab states see table the challenges faced by women who are contending with short maternity leave are further compounded by the limited availability and costly nature of early child care and education services in the region which leave many women with limited options to care for their children until they reach primary school age,5
+the existing appraisal system is not used as a genuine development opportunity over of teachers receive an excellent or very good rating despite clear evidence of knowledge gaps the low level of teaching knowledge in core subjects points to serious weaknesses in the initial selection and preparation of teachers just out of initial teaching programmes are qualityassured through accreditation,4
+this is likely explained by the characteristics of the services sector in ldcs wherein a large part consists of traditional and mostly informal services which tend to consume more traditional forms of energy and fuel as compared with modern forms of energy the reciprocal causality between electricity supply and structural transformation is found for agriculture and industry for both ldcs and odcs for those sectors which are most dynamic in odcs manufacturing and services however there is a difference between these groups of countries,7
+more precisely of the firms kept all of their apprentices while kept more than two thirds of them among respondents slightly more than said that they would like to have more apprentices in the future and the same amount only said that they did not want apprentices in the future in line with previous oecd findings oecdilo the vast majority of respondents stated that apprenticeships contribute to maintain and improve skills levels of the firm,8
+it stipulates developing an overarching framework of qualifications for the european higher education area notably comparable degrees organised in a threecycle structure and a common definition of learning outcomes in this threecycle structure ii a common quality assurance system iii the recognition of foreign degrees and other higher education qualifications graduate studies lead to a specializacija one to two years after earning an undergraduate degree in the prebologna system and does not exist in the new system magisterij equivalent to the master of science degree in the prebologna system and earned after one to two years in the new system and doktorat degrees doctor of science there are three main ways for continuing education and training first for adults who failed to or did not complete their upper secondary education it is possible to continue vocational and matura preparation courses allowing them to obtain upper secondary school certificates,4
+its approach to urban planning is a natural outgrowth of this view the lesson is clear where the political interests of national governments are at odds with the objectives and efforts of city authorities urban development is retarded where national governments offer support and autonomy to local authorities rapid and significant change is possible,11
+these include the use of algae and mussels nordic innovation initiative in trout and tilapia farming and changing feed compounds for turbot aquaculture such substitution of novel feed sources can also provide significant costs savings recirculating systems and integrated multitrophic aquaculture productions systems are among the ways proposed to capturing the nutrients that would otherwise be discharged to the environmental box,14
+section on the economic potential of small modular reactors in integrated electricity systems is based on a study by dr sara boarin professor marco ricotti and professor marco mancini of politecnico milano for the wpne finally chapter on modelling the systemwide interaction of nuclear power and renewables a case study of germany was contributed to the work of the wpne by dr rudiger barth dr heike brand dr jurgen apfelbeck and professor alfred vois institute for energy economics and the rational use of energy university of stuttgart the members of the wpne as well as the participants in the workshops and the roundtable are acknowledged in annex,7
+in addition indigenous lands cover about of the territory mostly in the amazon region brazil thus has already exceeded the aichi target of protecting at least of its terrestrial and inland water areas by the amazon region protected areas arpa programme launched in has been at the heart of this progress one of the world s largest tropical forest conservation programmes it created more than km of federal and statelevel protected areas in the biome including along the socalled deforestation arc and in areas expecting road infrastructure development the arpa programme complemented the ppcdam in reducing deforestation in the region figure and in turn greatly contributed to the achievement of brazil s climate change goals see also sections and more efforts thus are needed in areas outside the amazon biome if brazil is to meet its ambitious targets of protecting at least of the amazon and of the other terrestrial biomes by,15
+the implication is that more than elsewhere in the oecd german women work short paid hours per week for the united states the fulltime equivalent is calculated from usual working hours for dependent employees only for korea data reflect actual rather than usual weekly working hours most men work fulltime,5
+although public hospitals are nominally evenly spread across the country current efforts to give better access to medicines are complicated by concerns that the low prices of some medicines compared to other eu countries may lead to parallel exports undermining access within romania in response the ministry of health has obtained eu approval to stop parallel exports of vaccines for a limited period there is also some anecdotal evidence that cost is creating a major obstacle to access for certain new treatments reforms are expected to reduce pharmaceutical expenditure as well as to improve overall health system funding,3
+as for other infrastructure projects the multiplier effects of energy investments in ldcs are expected to be particularly pronounced at least during the initial phase owing to the labour requirements for the construction of power plants especially large hydroelectric dams and transmission and distribution networks energyrelated infrastructure could thus play a prominent role in a big push strategy for ldcs in the average ldc less than per cent of people in rural areas have access to electricity compared with per cent in urban areas since populations in most ldcs are predominantly rural this means that per cent of those currently without access to electricity in ldcs live in rural areas chapter,7
+formative assessment is a theoretically and empirically wellestablished concept in educational research and can be viewed as the bridge betw een teaching and learning wiliam it is thus an integral part of the microadaptations of adaptive teaching mandinach and lash though the term itself is not used by como when she describes the necessity for teachers to make informal assessments in microadaptations however formative assessment does not necessarily imply that teachers will adapt their instruction,4
+if looking at the baltic countries estonia latvia and lithuania onshore wind has the highest abatement potential of net ghg emissions in in estonia in latvia and in lithuania in relative terms these percentages are the highest abatement potential in the studied countries hence the big amounts in absolute terms do not necessarily mean high potential in relative terms and vice versa as can be seen the highest abatement potential is derived from the buildings and household sector together these would amount to about mt c eq,7
+in sum the gap is a result of gender differences in key strategic choices women s choice of industry their preferred size of business the level of risk they are willing to accept and the hours they can devote to their business further analysis of the reasons behind these different approaches can help policies to target specific market failures and the stereotypes that affect women more than men a mix of general policies for smes and instruments explicitly targeting women can be effective in prompting interest and entry into entrepreneurship the small business administration sba in the united states has explicitly explored a mix of general gendermainstreamed programmes and womenspecific policies and has continuously experimented with new ones,5
+many highincome countries have already implemented the kyoto protocol by implementing lowcost emission reduction strategies as lowincome countries in an early stage of industrial development are still at the beginning of establishing their industrial activities they are key players for reaching a global emissionper capita convergence target one essential factor for reaching this global goal of emission reduction is technology transfer from developed to developing countries,9
+moreover the indicators should be developed which support the monitoring of the global goals for sustainable development sdgs adopted in by the un general assembly this will ensure more accurate assessment of sustainable development progress and if necessary lead to adjustment of urban development policy for example a private construction practice of building several houses on sixacre rural areas and fouracre urban areas plots exists it is essential to monitor this process and update development density and infrastructure indicators,11
+schools with a specific educational orientation are allowed to hold entry tests a survey found that the two most important criteria used by parents when choosing a school for their children were the distance from home and the quality of the teachers ncese this hides considerable variations across oblasts and cities from students in primary education in north kazakhstan to students in primary education in almaty city the average class size in smallclass schools students more than halves that of other schools students see table,4
+there are two types of public stocks that can influence prices namely buffer stocks and social safety net stocks dependent on their size and operation emergency stocks have no impact on prices since they are only released to respond to humanitarian emergencies and the stocks held are usually not sufficiently large so that acquisition or disposal of stocks has any significant price effects on markets buffer stock programmes influence prices directly as they aim to stabilise prices andor alter the level of producer and consumer prices social safety net stock schemes aim to assist the impoverished and chronically food insecure by distributing food at subsidised prices,2
+in that case the petitioner challenged the application of article of the peruvian civil code which stipulated that when a woman is married only her husband is entitled to represent their matrimonial property before the courts it also stated that in countries undergoing agrarian reform or land redistribution the right of women regardless of marital status to share such redistributed land on equal terms with men should be carefully observed in some instances women are granted limited and controlled rights and receive income only from the deceased s property,5
+efficiency should be assessed by considering the contribution of health inputs to the ultimate goal of improving the population s health status rather than the mere production of health services which in some cases might not be provided in an optimal way or may even have limited effect on health the analysis estimates that if finland reached the efficiency frontier the performance achieved by the most efficient oecd countries life expectancy could be more than years higher for the same level of spending figure panel b a scenario assuming a move towards the efficiency frontier over a ten year horizon suggests that health spending could be about points of gdp lower at the end of the period compared to a noreform scenario,3
+the following sections analyse progress made in four key policy areas underpinning the transition to green growth section discusses japan s use of environmentally related taxes other marketbased instruments and subsidies to create market signals that could encourage more environmentally friendly decisions section presents the evolution of public and private expenditure to control and abate pollution section presents the trends on environment and climaterelated innovation activity through patent counts and assesses the role of public policy in determining such trends,12
+as of june indcs had been submitted covering out of unfccc parties parties are the un member states palestine cook islands and the european union which submitted a single indc on behalf of its member states to date only seven parties have not yet submitted an indc the democratic republic of korea libya palestine syria timor leste and uzbekistan,13
+the term gender refers to socially constructed identities attributes and roles for women and men and societys social and cultural meaning for these biological differences resulting in hierarchical relationships between women and men and in the distribution of power and rights favouring men and disadvantaging women the politics of rights dilemmas for feminist praxis d tsikata announcing a new dawn prematurely london zed books p oxford and portland oregon hart pp,5
+by improving the understanding of what climate finance is and tracking its flows it can help countries integrate and mainstream climate change considerations into fiscal policy expenditure planning and programming and to align national climate policies with development policies and budgets the information and analysis from cpiers can also provide a useful basis for a more open and transparent discussion on climaterelated activities and finance to date cpeirs have been carried out in bangladesh cambodia nepal thailand samoa and indonesia,13
+the project berufsbildungskooperation schweiz indien which offers vocational education and training is led by the swisslndian chamber of commerce in cooperation with the swiss federal institute for vocational education and training svivet and swissmem the association of the swiss mechanical and electrical engineering industires the swiss federal office for professional education and technology opet supported the pilot phase of the initiative by providing funds and access to government agencies in the first students completed their training as production technicians according to swiss standards the project started as a publicprivate partnership with at least of the costs in the launch phase covered by private industry,4
+the profitability of the fishing industry rose from to in the years and investments doubled as old vessels were replaced with new ones and gear upgraded with fishers focusing on value rather than volume of catch from that date licensed fishers have been allowed to transfer their quotas sprat in skagerrak kattegat and the baltic sea fishing is just one of many activities that take place in the world s oceans,14
+for example in recent years the european union has adopted two instruments the eu recommendation on integrated coastal zone management and the marine strategy framework directive which offer a comprehensive and integrated approach to the management of all european coasts and marine waters and set medium and longterm objectives to and beyond for member states for managing their ocean activities east asia has its partnerships in environmental management for the seas of east asia pemsea an international organisation focused on coastal and ocean governance in east asia scaling up integrated coastal management initiatives and aiming to improve technical cooperation in ecosystembased management of watersheds estuaries and adjacent coastal seas in addition to the lack of protection that such gaps afford the ocean environment and its biodiversity they create a decisionmaking vacuum for many ocean industries notably in respect of future investment by way of illustration the negotiations around the implementation of the un agreement to protect marine biodiversity promise to usher in a period of considerable uncertainty for those ocean industries operating in the high seas,14
+some other european countries show similar patterns but in most of them the gender gap in working hours is much narrower in all european countries except to a certain extent the netherlands see box in chapter and in the united states working fulltime is the norm among men of all ages when it comes to women though the picture is much more mixed as examination of the variety of working arrangements for men and women in selected oecd countries,5
+as the strategy was only approved in it is too early to assess its implementation however the process of its development has demonstrated some clear strengths as well as challenges that will need to be overcome in order to achieve the strategy s objectives climate change observations future scenarios and a qualitative vulnerability assessment provided a sound basis for adaptation planning a statusquo report about ongoing adaptation initiatives highlighted gaps,13
+this can be achieved through a variety of measures such as improved forecasting more rapid scheduling ancillary services and demand response and storage greater focus must be placed on building national technical capabilities in asia and the pacific for more sophisticated grid management more attention must also be directed towards establishing institutional arrangements and coordination between grid balancing authority areas including crossborder coordination through multilateral market integration unevenly distributed regional renewable energy could be delivered more broadly while wider balancing areas can be created to enable an increased uptake of renewables,7
+although developing countries initially appeared to be shielded from the sudden stop in private capital flows that characterised the financial crisis from october they were later affected as the financial crisis spread to the real economy in developed countries household incomes are also stretched and consideration will need to be given for people on low income or with special needs who face increases in the cost of their utility bills and other costs in general according to oecd a the allocation of public funds to wss can be justified for a number of reasons including to promote the consumption of merit goods whose value consumers may not fully realise such as household sanitation and hygiene or to compensate for market failures by rewarding wss providers for supplying public goods public health and external benefits such as avoidance of groundwater pollution,6
+they also come with challenges as to the definitions used and purpose and scope of the analysis for which there are differences between the development and sti communities the approach taken in this paper is to assess sti financing based on individual development activities using the crs as the main data source as such the analysis conforms by the available information on the purpose and implementation of development activities and the structure and definitions of the crs however the crs is neither designed nor tailored to identify development activities according to official sti definitions such as the definitions of rd and innovation as described in section the description field in the crs provide valuable information about the specificities of development activities,9
+will blockchain technologies become widely accepted if so for which uses when making investment decisions tipos have to assess the likelihood that specific technologies or tools will continue to be used over time while they will be able to find guidance and information they will have to take risks as to the timing of investments and the selection of technologies,9
+in the caribbean countries have begun playing an increasing role as secondary distribution points for cocaine shipments to europe impunity corruption and weak institutions undermine drug control efforts and the rule of law in the region despite attempts to reform law enforcement and judicial systems drug trafficking activities are often carried out under the protection of local gangs maras operating in border areas especially in el salvador guatemala and honduras there are indications that links have been established between drug cartels and criminal organizations operating in the region drug trafficking has become a major security threat and is contributing to an increase in drug abuse in the subregion,3
+in this respect the case of ghana shows that rapid decline in household income poverty and caloric undernourishment can be insufficient to address malnutrition leach enduring malnutrition is generally linked to either ineffective utilisation of food due to poor health and environmental conditions eg absence of clean water and sanitation or to the unequal distribution of power within the household those who prepare and serve a meal are often the last to eat swacoecd,2
+many of the proposals made with a view to improving both surveys in general and multidimensional measurements of poverty would not necessarily incur greater costs and could bring significant benefits for poverty measurement and for public policymaking the dimension of health which is conspicuous by its absence from this index is a salient example the only indicator which is widely available in surveys is access to health insurance and that fails to take account of effective use of services or health outcomes,1
+in england for example initial teacher training programmes have been described as too generic and theoretical and insufficiently related to the professional and occupational expertise of college lecturers lingfield in contrast to secondary school initial teacher training where trainees are grouped by subject programmes for teachers in often vocational further education cater for a huge diversity of trainees and subject and occupational areas programmes designed to teach how to go about conveying practical and vocational skills are rarely available,4
+whereas the employment rate for people not experiencing any type of mental health disorder was nearly for those suffering from a moderate disorder that number dropped to approximately the percentage plunged even further for individuals experiencing severe mental health disorders to a employment rate oecd a a difference in the level of income can also be noted,3
+in brazil peru and uruguay data for urban areas the poverty rate fell by at least three percentage points in costa rica and paraguay it declined by more than two points and in the bolivarian republic of venezuela and panama it dropped by around one percentage point only in mexico did the situation worsen as the poverty rate rose by percentage points between and reflecting the first effects of the economic crisis that began late in see figure for their part the bolivarian republic of venezuela the dominican republic ecuador mexico and panama posted increases of between and percentage points while costa rica and uruguay recorded slight increases in colombia indigence increased by percentage points between and which is the equivalent of a point annual increase because eclac has not finished processing the new surveys the data for have been preliminarily estimated by applying the percentage variations implied in the figures officially published by the country for as estimated by eclac all countries in the region reported poverty rates that for the first time were lower than those of,1
+in contrast north america with percent of events experienced percent of fatalities similarly the solutions employed to address climate change whether technologybased or not have differing impacts for different groups of people social issues cannot be disassociated from their ecological context and environmental repercussions the chapter thus explores the role and scope of ecosocial policies in addressing climate change and other forms of largescale environmental degradation in conjunction with social justice issues drawing on different country and city examples from the global north and the global south,13
+the policy interest rate has been maintained at since march when it was cut by basis points after the earthquake in australia and new zealand the policy interest rates at end were similar to the troughs observed during the global financial turmoil in as a result australia s output growth is expected at in supported mainly by mining exports to asian countries particularly china,8
+first built in ulsan in s industrial complexes totalling across the country has significantly contributed to the korea s industrialisation and economic growth to date the investment in building industrial complexes was followed by heavy investment in infrastructure particularly in transport such as expressway networks and rapidtransit railway ktx while the central government support had been focused on large scale complexes usually located in cities since the s agricultural and industrial complexes have also received the government support as ways of revitalising small and mediumsized cities and regions,11
+careers new zealand provides career support and guidance services for individuals and schools and schools employ specialist career advisers still a slightly smaller share of yearolds in new zealand has attained upper secondary education compared to the oecd average of see figure the government indicates lower and pasifika students academic performance and completion rates in ncea level completing this level can help prepare youth for employment or further learning,4
+agreements to do so can be reached at the bilateral regional or multilateral levels the pursuit of food selfsufficiency to mitigate international risks is a costly policy that undermines the function of the international trading system making markets thinner more volatile and therefore riskier than if countries were to adopt open trade policies in the face of both international and domestic risks such as that of a failed harvest a country which uses trade barriers to promote selfsufficiency because of the fear of trade interruptions may find itself exposed to greater potential losses than if it had remained open to international trade at the national level some developing countries may be vulnerable to imported instability notably if their consumption is centred around just one or two food staples and if their imports are sourced from just one or two countries these risks can be mitigated by promoting more diversified diets something that happens naturally to a degree as incomes rise and by diversifying trading partners,2
+the economical benefit resulting from the reduction of variable cost can be estimated at eur million if nuclear production were replaced by coal and eur million if replaced by gas this corresponds to a yearly benefit of eur and eur mwh respectively however this last consideration applies only to a situation in which nuclear energy is often at margins and is therefore peculiar to countries with a large share of nuclear power table summarises the results for the period,7
+in conducting these benefitcost assessments the focus should be on final environmental outcomes eg expected or actual improvements of water risks and on the impacts of these outcomes eg in terms of changes in health conditions rather than on intermediate outputs eg the sharing of water volumes among stakeholders the idea is to quantify how much the publicatlarge value changes in water security this quantification can facilitate analysis and policymaking in situations where some water impacts pull in opposite directions eg riskrisk tradeoffs it can also make it possible to compare the private costs and public benefits of a given target for water risk,6
+this better captures the active involvement of the educator in their own learning stoll et al as easton p argues that it is clearer today than ever that educators need to learn and that s why professional learning has replaced professional development educators must be knowledgeable and wise,4
+the learning environment recognises the learners as its core participants encourages their active engagement and develops in them an understanding of their own activity as learners the learning environment is founded on the social nature of learning and actively encourages wellorganised cooperative learning the learning professionals within the learning environment are highly attuned to the learners motivations and the key role of emotions in achievement,4
+climate change impacts agriculture in many ways with changes in temperature precipitation and climatic variability affecting the timing and length of growing seasons and yields and thereby exacerbating land degradation and contributing to water scarcity agrawala and fankhauser eds as a proxy the remotely sensed ndvi which has been shown to be related to biophysical variables that control vegetation productivity and land atmosphere fluxes is also used to estimate vegetation change bai and others for instance it is estimated that in southern africa yields could fall by up to per cent between and intergovernmental panel on climate change b and that by million additional people could be at risk of hunger as a direct consequence of climate change united nations development programme overview p they also impact landsurface albedo so as to engender adverse weather patterns university of east anglia overseas development group,2
+several types of cash transfers are covered housing benefits unemployment and incapacity benefits family and parental leave benefits and pension benefits two different sets of measures are used to capture social cash transfers a series of measures of aggregate social spending per capita on each type of cash transfer and a series of measures of social cash transfer payment rates measured as the average payment rate for a twoparent family moreover the estimates are based on two indicators of child poverty the relative poverty rate calculated on the basis of a floatingpoverty line i e which changes annually but therefore ignores the upward or downward variations in living standards that are absorbed by the annual variations of the poverty line to take this into account the estimates are also made using a poverty rate obtained with the poverty line and kept constant over the years after adjusting for changes in price levels,1
+unlike other ghgs methane is the primary component of natural gas and can be converted to usable energy the reduction of methane therefore serves as a costeffective method to reduce ghgs and increase energy security enhance economic growth improve air quality and improve worker safety the programme achieves this objective by supporting the creation and sharing of knowledge approaches and practices related to climate change adaptation,13
+dotted lines indicate per cent confidence intervals for market and net gini coefficients global market and netdisposable inequality indices are computed as populationweighted averages of withincountry gini indices as defined in the swiid database see figure for an illustration of the difference between market and disposable net income,10
+government spending on health care and utilisation rates are very low because of the low coverage of public health care programmes health care expenditure is mostly privately financed with outofpocket payments accounting for the bulk of it in the government introduced the requirement to spend and of central and local government budgets respectively on health care excluding wages and salaries,3
+however the diversity of adaptation priorities and plans as well as of possible criteria to monitor progress may make it difficult to assess overall progress at a national and a global level in a complete and consistent manner see eg ac the paris agreement only states that e ach party should also provide information related to climate change impacts and adaptation under article as appropriate the cma currently plans to undertake the first global stocktake in and every five years thereafter article,13
+all of the countries assessed experienced growth in capital formation in other machinery and equipment category but only did so with a reduction in ghg emissions the nations achieving green growth in this sector included both western and eastern european countries the oecd estimates that less than of pension funds assets globally are allocated directly to infrastructure investment let alone to clean energy projects likewise insurance companies direct allocations to infrastructure projects remain in the billions of dollars compared with total industry assets of around trillion,7
+however as the share of renewables increases baseload plants such as coalfired and nuclear power plants are increasingly called upon to contribute to the flexibility of the electrical system this trend will continue in the future however these options are frequently still more expensive than traditional backup by dispatchable power plants chapter discusses how these various options can be combined in order to arrive at a leastcost provision of flexibility,7
+these principles will contribute to policy coherence at the global regional national and subnational levels and ensure that development activities are mutually reinforcing family planning is therefore a matter of equity and social justice a human rightsbased approach to family planning entails for more than solely protecting the right to access family planning services,5
+responsibility for balancing urban and green areas at the regional level is left to the provincial authorities to this end the central government has abolished the national landscape policy and reduced the number of nature management regimes the government also strengthened the cohesion between the various modes of transport and between spatial development and mobility,11
+furthermore in all five countries agricultural policies are normally embedded in a broader national strategy of social and economic inclusion and poverty reduction the budgetary allocations spent on smallscale farmers in this table only consider agricultural programmes that are part of the pse calculations an estimation on how much of each programme is directed to smallscale agriculture cannot be obtained,2
+further the paper attempts to bring forth various debates associated with nostakes standardised tests and it summarises empirical evidence on the effects of testing on teaching and learning outcomes standardised testing is often used in oecd countries as a means to assess students teachers and schools however across countries substantial differences exist in test purpose design implementation and use of test results kellaghan et al the term standardised test refers to tests that are designed externally and aim to create conditions questions scoring procedures and interpretations that are consistent across schools popham wang et al,4
+the new biofuel sustainability criteria in the us and the eu could thus drive the development of secondgeneration biofuel production in the longterm however they do not currently provide sufficient certainty to producers in order to invest into secondgeneration biofuel production this is particularly true when it comes to secondgeneration biofuels which require more advanced feedstock logistics and highly skilled labour,12
+therefore the proportion of patients readmitted to hospital within days has been used and collected by the oecd as an indicator of the lack of proper management of mental health conditions outside of hospital oecd a whilst there are some limitations with regards to this data including the small number of countries able to distinguish between planned and unplanned readmissions to hospital this can be a useful indicator oecd b unplanned readmissions to the same hospital for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in norway are quite high,3
+most of the values have been derived from national reports or international studies however the nea developed its own method based on a monte carlo analysis of the reported production from variable renewables during in france to estimate capacity credits when no other detailed studies were available the assumed unplanned outage rate is of for nuclear and gas power plants and for hard coal power plants,7
+the committee has applied this principle to state parties failure to prevent and protect victims from genderbased violence such as rape domestic violence female genital mutilation and trafficking according to the special rapporteur the powerlessness of the victim and the purpose of the act are the most decisive elements to determine whether an act amounts to torture or other cruel inhuman or degrading treatment the special rapporteur has further pointed out that given the particular vulnerability of women with disabilities forced abortions and sterilizations of these women if they are the result of a lawful process by which decisions are made by their legal guardians against their will may also constitute torture or illtreatment violence in the name of honour sexual violence and harassment as well as slaverylike practices often of a sexual nature domestic violence in the form of intimate partner violence female genital mutilation and human trafficking can also constitute genderbased torture or other cruel inhuman or degrading treatment according to the special rapporteur ahrc,5
+in these systems health care is mainly provided by the public sector and financed through taxation two distinctive features of the finnish system are a high degree of decentralisation and a parallel system of funding combining taxation and national health insurance figure excluding occupational and student health care as well as dental care gross health investments occupational and student health care and therapeutic appliances,3
+in addition the government made maternal health and family planning priorities within an expanding health budget and health spending per capita doubled between and during roughly the same period antenatal care coverage increased fivefold the number of births assisted by skilled attendants doubled between and to per cent of the total,3
+once all sites are fully established headspace centres aim to help up to young people each year and headspace services should be accessible to almost every young australian this has resulted in better reported mental and physical health and reduced psychological distress muir et al approximately half of the clients surveyed also considered that headspace had a positive impact on their willingness to be in education or employment,3
+wide areas were closed for production by sanitary authorities an extremely high concentration of toxins in harvested fish and cultivated mussels months after the outbreak resulted in a series of modifications in sanitary control and surveillance processes the transfers to sector numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures where missing,14
+in such an economy the value of cr is critical to the potential for long run growth in this economy if firms and households can take advantage of the increasingly abundant capital to invest in watersaving or reuse technologies and if these technologies are sufficiently effective then growth will proceed apace this is indicative of an economy with a large value of a indeed provided j even in the absence of watersaving technological change the share of water in gdp will diminish over time as the economy becomes more and more waterefficient through capitalwater substitution,6
+in honduras and mexico the poverty rate rose by between and a year see table i the poverty gap indicator weights the percentage of poor by the average gap between their incomes and the poverty line thus it considers how poor the poor are the squared poverty gap or poverty severity index shows something similar while also considering how this income is distributed among the poor,1
+there are technical synergies between production and transport not only in the provision of network services such as load balancing but also in the localisation of production andor transport facilities the debate about ownership unbundling severing not only the managerial but also the financial link between producers and transporters has destabilised transport operators who no longer know how investment decisions will be coordinated between owners and regulators the progressive integration of national electricity markets poses the question of investment in transnational interconnection capacity and its financing,7
+this is significant since it can take more than five years to develop permit and construct a new renewable energy plant even where policies survive attempts at legislative intervention agency andor court rulings can significantly alter a policy s applicability and implementation table adapted from szabo et al,7
+source portuguese environment agency the cecac recently launched an innovative emissions monitoring and forecasting website wwwcumprirquiotopt monitoring indicates that the implementation of some measures has outperformed expectations for example in the case of the promotion of electricity generation from renewable energy sources and the reduction of electricity consumption by about gwh by table the vehicle scrapping incentive programme has also been more successful than anticipated,7
+not only fish stocks are at risk harmful fishing practices can adversely impact aquatic environments and harm nontargeted species this adverse impact to the overall marine environment is troubling for many reasons but it also ultimately reduces the capacity of the ocean to produce the fish sought after by fishers,14
+the great majority of countries also centrally regulate the total working time of teachers which averages hours a week on average teaching time constitutes of a teacher s total working time in education systems teachers obligatory time of availability at school is contractually specified either in addition to or instead of teachers teaching time andor working time,4
+this chapter therefore focuses on those linkages where maximum benefit can be derived in terms of water for people for a healthy environment and for the economy this reflects the integrated indivisible and interlinked nature of all sdgs water and sanitation have a particular role to play in the agenda because of their centrality to each of the three dimensions that cut across all sdgs society economy and environment,6
+buildings energy accounts for onequarter of greenhouse gas emissions and if todays context continues this share is predicted to rise the lowcarbon transition can be accomplished through energyefficiency measures behavioural interventions and incorporating carbon sinks such as urban parks cities and their energy systems should be resilient to natural and human threats,11
+it contains more than islands hundreds of rivers and lakes and during the dry season white sand beaches in the early s an ecological station was established to strictly protect the area and allow access only for scientific purposes in recognition of the area s tourism potential the protected area was reclassified as a national park in,15
+overmedication has been reported as an area for concern in japan and is an area on which the ministry is taking fee schedulebased action through adjusting prescribing fees and prescription fees when more certain drugs are prescribed simultaneously in cases where more than three anxiolytics or sleeping drugs are prescribed or more than four antidepressants or antipsychotics such policy and indeed quality efforts more widely would be very much supported by a broader arrange of relevant quality activities for example systematic collection of data on prescribing practice and good clinical guidelines a number of quality indicators are in fact under development by a small but impressive group of hospitals led by national centre of neurology and psychiatry and such efforts should be promoted,3
+it is set in the context of the oecds wider work on skills and job quality the perspectives of national tourism employment and labour administrations the tourism industry and other relevant experts including specialised labour market skills and human resources agencies and academics are captured short case studies from australia canada and denmark are also presented which may serve as learning models,8
+existing evidence shows that female students are less likely than males to study disciplines with higher labour market returns eg stem subjects as discussed above oecd b a special efforts should be made to get girls more interested in mathematics and science and boys more interested in reading gender bias in curricula should be removed eg by phasing out gender stereotypes from textbooks promoting female role models and using learning materials that appeal to girls awareness should be raised on the likely consequences of choosing different fields of study for careers and earnings oecd,5
+the development of recycling systems for irrigation is particularly promising in that it does not increase water withdrawals rainwater harvesting can also provide simple solutions israel is using treated wastewater to recharge groundwater and for irrigation oecd c and has developed water harvesting in individual households to combat water scarcity ronen et al,6
+at present approximately of agricultural products are exported in the form of raw materials with only in processed form at the end of the target is to have of agricultural exports in processed form improvement in the quality of agricultural products fresh and processed is measured through the increased number of agricultural products that receive certification for quality guarantee sni organic good agricultural practices good handling practices and good manufacturing practices at the end of all products of organic agriculture fermented cocoa and processed rubber bokar must be certified and a mandatory certification policy will be in place moa as the primary source of rural income returns from agriculture have a significant bearing on rural poverty,2
+agricultural production expansion in ldcs since the early s has occurred partly as a result of extensive growth ie the expansion of the area used for agricultural production in ldcs as a group it has grown by per cent slower than in odcs while in developed countries it actually contracted by per cent the extension of agricultural land use has been strongest in african ldcs and haiti and in island ldcs,2
+focus on the functional relationships and processes within ecosystems carry out management actions at the scale appropriate for the issue being addressed with decentralisation to lowest level as appropriate it will address issues related to goals a and e of the strategic plan for biodiversity and the relevant aichi targets in particular aichi targets and as well as target see annex aichi biodiversity targets one example of earlier developments that related to the potential nordic assessment is the ecosystem approach see box which has been developed under cbd and supports a landscape and seascape perspective on ecosystem management strategic partnerships and collaboration will help deliver the nordic assessment,15
+the system of social protection in health also sought to inject new resources into the health system and improve resource transfers between federal government and the states indeed public investment in the health system rose from to gdp between and having operated as a pilot programme between and and following reforms to the legal framework underpinning mexico s health system seguro popular sp was fully launched in january some important highcost interventions remain excluded from the sp package as discussed in chapter the significant increase in sp affiliation also represents a significant increase in total population coverage and an important step towards universal health coverage uhc,3
+in around individuals equivalent of of the population of grade students were enrolled in preuniversity colleges or courses such courses the vast majority were aged under oecd the only open access higher education institution is the open university in this percentage was compared with only in,4
+in south africa the situation is even more extreme with million young people in neet and unemployed university graduates versus vacancies the economist a a survey among recruitment and temporary work agencies conducted for this report in nine african countries shows that such agencies have a greater struggle to find suitable candidates with tertiary education in south africa and tvmisia than in countries with much lower incomes such as kenya ghana and even niger taking into consideration neet youth figure,8
+the difference between this indicator and the beginning poverty rate is the distribution effect the two effects can also be calculated with the beginning and ending periods interchanged first it is not exact the residual has no analytical interpretation the changes examined therefore encompass a longer period than the crisis itself of particular interest are labour income as the primary source of household resources and public transfers,1
+an example could be to progressively move to a mixed payment system that provides some capitation payments for patients that register with a medical practice as their chosen first point of call for health care services and feeforservice for important services like measuring blood glucose levels and lowering it for patients with diabetes the national health insurance corporation s nhic activities are focused on reimbursement and claims process and it has little scope to use the financing of health care services to drive policy changes this is instead located in another agency the health insurance review and assessment service hira whose mandate as the assurer of insurance claims limits it to paying small amounts of funds to providers the consequence of this functional separation between hira and the nhic is that no one organisation has the inhouse capacity or incentive to proactively design and implement a payment arrangement that embeds quality into purchasing,3
+for example thailand s nd national communication outlines the models used to develop higher resolution climate impact projections mnre some national climateadaptation action plans also include indicators used to assess climate impacts or vulnerability for example the nd brazilian national communication to the unfccc summarises information on expected changes under different climate scenarios in the extent of lowrisk areas for growing particular crops,13
+there is a sharp ruralurban divide in the utilities dimension per cent of children in rural areas are deprived in utilities a combination of poor access to water and heating however there are no differences in leisure deprivation rates by area of residence at the same time there are no significant gender differences either in deprivation distribution or particular dimensions these children are the most vulnerable and should be prioritized by social policies,1
+in respect of mdg target d by to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least million slum dwellers belarus s indicator has increased from m of residential floor area per capita in to m in the new energy efficient housing output in and followed the planned volumes of the integrated programme for design construction and reconstruction of energy efficient residential buildings in the republic of belarus for and until however in it was per cent less than the planned m these norms depend on the type of residential building and structural solutions used ie heat recovery ventilation,11
+wheat farms with an arable land area of up to hectares are considered to be small few of these farms have drying facilities and storage space mediumsized producers operating on to hectares are typically equipped with a fleet of modern machinery grain storage and other facilities large producers with over hectares often have direct contracts with buyers overseas either foreign traders or mills,2
+clearly there is no onetoone relationship between health care functions and the provision and financing categories the same type of health care goods and services can be consumed from different types of providers and at the same time purchased using various types of financing schemes but to achieve the triaxial perspective consumptionprovisionfinancing the starting point is to measure consumption see chapter which in a health functional approach describes the direct consumption by the population according to the type of health purpose the boundaries of health care are set based on this consumption purpose,3
+ethiopia climate project receives africa s first forestry carbon credits under the cdm ethiopia a country study on the economic impacts of climate change washington dc world bank sustainable development department africa region they also draw on the information kindly provided by individuals interviewed separately in the same week,13
+research found that students who opted for the apprenticeship track do not feel well prepared for the labour market the apprenticeship track contains general education while the technical track has according to government sources the dropout rate in apprenticeships is high and the government is concerned that occupations that used to be covered by this track will not find sufficient numbers of skilled workers in the future improving the quality of teaching the relevance of different options as well as the quality of and access to workplace training can help strengthen this pathway,4
+anyone whose income is less than of the median equivalised income is said to be at risk of poverty the european union uses a cutoff point before housing costs while lower thresholds give rise to what is sometimes termed severe poverty measures brewer et al a headcount ratio in the late s revealed that of the over s were poor in the oecd area figure,1
+individual micro data is used to analyze the statistical properties of the farming environment risk exposure that can hinder or facilitate the management of risk at the farm level it is found that the individual risk environment can significantly differ from sectoral or aggregate risk and that farmers can benefit from some correlations to manage their risk eg imperfect correlation between yields and negative correlation between price and yield a microeconomic model is then used to simulate farmer response to different risk related policies,2
+the latter remained actively involved throughout all stages of the project from planning to evaluation the number of schools involved in the project increased because of demand from parents and communities although selfdetermination is frequently associated with access to lands territories and natural resources it is also extremely relevant to indigenous peoples education throughout the world indigenous peoples have experienced education as an outside influence something that has been imposed on them without consulting them or seeking their consent,4
+considerations include the effects on the animal eating the feed and on consumers eating the resulting animal product worker safety and other environmental aspects of using the feed as the production process for the enzymes used in animal feeds takes place under controlled conditions in closed fermentation tank installations and eliminates the modified dna from the final products these products do not pose any risk to the animal or the environment the enzyme phytase has particular benefits in feeding pigs and poultry including a significant reduction in the amount of phosphorus released to the environment,2
+in fact taxation may have much to offer and even be a more desirable instrument than trading examples are feed in tariff systems to stimulate decentralized power generation insurance or guarantee systems to cover policy and economic risks social impact bonds related to climate and agriculture tax credits on investment production sectoral crediting mechanisms for reductions beyond a certain baseline credits related to namas nationally appropriate mitigation action suppressed demand and blue carbon storage extensions of clean development mechanisms cdms countries may find certain types of instruments to be more or less compatible with prevailing political andor sociocultural conditions new instruments sometimes aggravate power asymmetries in relation to resource use,13
+the nbap was updated with an addendum in containing national biodiversity targets along with relevant indicators and monitoring frameworks based on stakeholder consultations and a review of the programmes and activities being undertaken by ministries departments of the government of india and state biodiversity boards the review process included interministerial meetings and public stakeholder consultations the nationallevel consultations involved government and nongovernment agencies including meetings with the ministry of finance and the national planning commission,15
+poverty rates also rank among the highest across the oecd area figure the relative poverty rate as measured against of equivalised median household income was around in this is comparable with relative poverty rates in chile mexico turkey and the unites states but not as high as in israel oecd a and a available income data based on a small paneldata set suggest a gini coefficient that is about percentage points higher figure than the rosstat statistics on income distribution and poverty box,1
+these have often been through publicprivate partnerships with health insurance companies issa rising government spending is paramount to improve health care provision financing the expansion of the public health care system through general taxation may be more effective to reach universal coverage and increase risk pooling given the large labour market informality and the high number of selfemployed,3
+the hassle of upgrading technology or modifying established operations was considered to offset the potential cost savings but it is important to distinguish between relative and absolute savings for example a colombian coffee producer was spending more than million a year on energy only percent of production costs but clearly a substantial absolute sum and potential cost savings were large relative to the profit margin,7
+rural centres of excellence france france s rural centres of excellence programme were inspired by the idea of competitive urban clusters projects under this program are awarded state funding for economic development projects in rural areas that involve a partnership between local authorities and private firms this program was created to support the law on the development of rural areas,11
+in decentralised countries such as the united states germany and australia it is the local authorities who decide what components of teacher performance are to be assessed and how in england and chile teacher evaluations are defined by the central government manzi sclafani in addition and contrary to what was believed a few decades ago teaching performance can be assessed in valid fair and reliable ways more importantly it can be carried out in such a way as to be acceptable to teachers even when the results have an important impact on their professional careers,4
+in the health care sector reforms have aimed at introducing more competition despite major changes and some positive effects the reforms run the risk of getting stuck in the middle between a centralised system of statecontrolled supply and prices and a decentralised system based on regulated competition providing insufficient incentives for provision of quality services and expenditure control the main challenges are to complete the transition to regulated competition in health care provision to strengthen the role of health insurers as purchasing agents and to secure cost containment in an increasingly demanddriven health care sector,3
+many offshore wind farms have already been built and some governments are actively pursuing the largescale deployment of this technology other lowcarbon technologies such as ccs which has a huge potential are less mature and require a longerterm vision even where carbon pricing has been introduced these technology policies have been kept or even accelerated,7
+on average developing countries in asia and the pacific collect per cent of gdp from cit which is more than the oecd average of per cent of gdp however average pit collection in the region is merely per cent of gdp compared with per cent in oecd countries however in an increasingly integrated world where capital has greater mobility there is growing pressure on the tax due to tax competition and the risk that cit burden could be shifted to labour harberger the united states tax reform is a latest initiative in this direction however past experience also shows that pit only performs if it is welldesigned and welladministered and has sufficient coverage bird and zolt,10
+if china is excluded from this calculation real average wages contracted by per annum some countries have only one national minimum wage rate whereas others have multiple minimum wage rates by districts occupations age available from tontoeiadoegovdnavpetpetprispts dhtm and ceic data company limited available from accessed on march note lhs panel yaxis refers to monthly values of fao food price index and crude index rhs panel yaxis refers to the yearonyear monthly values of cpi of the selected economies available from accessed on march,10
+new applications and tailored ict tools can be developed to improve communication enhance data collection on results and geographic location of development projects and strengthen monitoring and evaluation for better analyses and more effective development cooperation the oecdwto aid for trade monitoring exercise found that ict is already prioritised in the development strategies of twothirds of donors and that nearly all developing countries anticipate the need for future assistance in this area aid commitments to ict project stood at usd billion in mostly in the form of technical assistance for regulatory form oecdwto oi,9
+moreover there are concerns that the current framework for teacher professional development is not responding adequately to teachers needs there is little flexibility in the current provision it is unclear whether adequate learning opportunities for teachers are available and incentives to engage in professional development seem to be increasingly related to salary increases and career advancement finally kazakhstan shows a clear commitment to external accountability based around school evaluation with a regular cycle of external school evaluations school attestation and a formal certification process for teachers teacher attestation however the review team formed the impression that there is an overemphasis on the accountability function of both teacher evaluation and school evaluation with less attention paid to genuine professional discussions about effective teaching the standard staffing of public educational organizations and list of teaching positions and equalstatus employees decree no,4
+in particular topics like politics women the economy women and crime women feature low proportions of women in the gmmp when looking at danish web news on politics the proportion of female news subjects was only in the latest gmmp jarndrup bentsen only of the guest politicians in factual programmes were women even though at the time of the study nearly half of all danish ministers and of the members of the parliament were women andreassen,5
+this section identifies adjustments that might be needed for leap to be more effective in the urban context looking at the areas of communication and outreach targeting and registration and benefit packages the ideas and suggestions presented here emerge partly from assessments already conducted in ghana and partly from the above review of experiences and lessons in other countries this is reflected in the use of social networks in rural communities for outreach initiatives and the use of glss data to identify indicators for proxy means testing which has resulted in underperformance of pmt in urban communities and low qualification rates,1
+it also promotes improvements in prevention diagnostics treatment and rehabilitation for targeted diseases construction and renovation represent about of the total budget at the same time regional governments are supposed to develop regional programmes aimed at reaching the goals under the demographic concept action plan mentioned above and are required to transmit information on fertility morbidity etc they also cofinance number of target federal programmes from regional budgets initially this programme covered million public sector employees and million persons who work in jobs with harmful or hazardous working conditions sheiman and shishkin,3
+students who successfully complete their programme and pass rigorous assessments should obtain a credential that is recognised by employers as a meaningful proof of occupational skills depending on whether a unitary system is chosen or not this may be called a nq or a degree the crucial point is that junior college graduates should hold a credential that is widely recognised in the labour market to address these issues the chapter recommends further enhancing the career information provided to prospective students and balancing student choice with signals of employer needs,4
+if they do not the answer is considered favourable the directorate of planning is the strategic advisory body of the mop in matters of planning policy definition and general coordination it is in charge of proposing policies and development plans in such infrastructure as roads ports and airports or water resources,11
+in addition the law on narcotic drugs psychotropic substances and their analogues and precursors the main drug control legislation of kazakhstan was also strengthened and supplemented with provisions on analogue scheduling in july in the government of kyrgyzstan approved a counternarcotics strategy and implementation plan which defined measures and activities in the field of drug control for the period the strategy also aims to strengthen the law enforcement agencies of kyrgyzstan and enhance drug demand reduction and prevention efforts including the implementation of tertiary prevention measures such as needle exchange counselling the provision of health care and educational activities as well as treatment and rehabilitation programmes,3
+tugliq sells the electricity generated under a longterm ppa to glencore operating in severe climatic conditions of up to c the project is a firstofitskind and was completed in a record time within a short arctic summer it costs nearly cad million with a frontend engineering design feed study worth further cad million nrcan a b,7
+the new zealand treasury set up the following key principles for public management in all state agencies clarity of objectives freedom to manage accountability effective assessment of performance and adequate information flows new zealand treasury cook for the education sector this means that different education agencies need to coordinate their strategic direction so as to ensure that monitoring of education quality is related to high level goals of system performance the management for outcomes framework provides a common model of a quality management cycle for all state departments,4
+the high quantities of protein up to half of their weight make algae one of the most interesting emerging food sources algae are simple singlecell organisms that can grow very rapidly at sea in polluted water and in places that would normally not generate food crops ranging from giant seaweeds and kelps to microscopic slimes algae would be a costeffective landand climateneutral alternative to meat proteins while at the same time fixing large amounts of c from the atmosphere,14
+naturally computers have become widespread and are used for a wide variety of purposes beyond solving computationally difficult problems gilders law a conjecture like moores law predicts that total bandwidth a measure of the carrying capacity of a communication system will grow at least three times faster than computing power gilder thus if computing power doubles every months as projected by moores law then gilders law predicts that bandwidth will double every six months,9
+in china was the th most important import market demanding less than usd billion or of the total by china was the largest demander of brazilian agricultural produce buying almost usd billion or of the total the second biggest market for brazilian agricultural goods in was the european union importing almost usd billion almost of total followed by the united states importing roughly usd billion,2
+the slovenian education system has a combined school and workbased apprenticeship programmes but only of upper secondary education pupils participate in such programmes although around of them are enrolled in vocationallyoriented programmes the reform of vet allowed of the curriculum to be flexible based on local needs and conditions the authorities should introduce sufficient incentives to ensure greater involvement in the determination of curriculum and workbased study programmes international evidence suggests that the employment performance of vocational upper secondary education graduates tends to be correspondingly favourable where participation in apprenticeship programmes is particularly high,4
+all these challenges must be tackled within a context of climate uncertainty which poses its own particular problems with respect to the assessment of policy options different climate scenarios may require different policy options making decisions under scenarios characterized by uncertainty may increase the risk of path dependence and under or overinvestment depending on whether or not the climate hazards actually materialize and if they do on their characteristics proper timing and phasing of actions including the separation of those requiring immediate attention from those that can be deferred or that cannot be pursued without additional information is a first step towards incorporating uncertainties into the process of designing and implementing policy interventions watkiss wong and others,13
+according to the ieanea projected cost study load factors in oecd countries vary between italy and united states for wind and between netherlands and france for solar photovoltaic pv assuming an entirely realistic average load factor for windpower turbines of this means that the share of wind on windy days is fourfold its average figure this means for instance that the danish system can only be balanced by being closely integrated with the nordpool electricity market with its ideal balancing conditions due to the almost exclusive reliance on hydropower by norway,7
+females are less likely to engage in vigorous exercise figure in every oecd country with an oecd average difference of pp successive governments have implemented policies and programs aimed at supporting families with children sometimes building in progressive adjustments to increase allocations for families with low or modest incomes in november for instance the house of commons adopted a unanimous allparty resolution to strive to eliminate poverty among canadian children by the year this commitment has been reiterated with the aim to put in place a longterm investment plan to allow poor families to break out of the welfare trap so that children bom into poverty do not cam the consequences of that poverty throughout their lives lefebvre and merrigan,1
+every worker is entitled to a minimum wage this is the lowest pay that the worker must receive for the services rendered during an ordinary workday the powers and functions of trade unions include advocating for the creation and improvement of systems of protection against workplace hazards and prevention of accidents and diseases and requiring that their members use protection mechanisms,8
+ecommerce though not entirely a new subject area in international trade discourse is coming to the forefront now given its rapid expansion and the need for governments and the global community at large to look more carefully at the implications of this and to come up with relevant policy measures this chapter does not purport to build the case for a particular stance by these countries on ecommerce but rather looks at the potential benefits that could accrue from ecommerce development and at the same time the serious challenges they face given the constraints that exist as well as ways to address these while the focus is on small developing countries many of the issues covered will be relevant to the larger group of developing countries,9
+these regions within the scope of their competence ensure planning and coordination of regional development and cooperation between local government and other parts of the administration in accordance with the law on regional development the riga planning region as an institution is a derived public entity supervised by the ministry of regional development and local government its decisionmaking authority is the riga planning region development council whose members are appointed at a meeting of all heads of municipalities in the planning region,11
+these results hold for both genders even when we distinguish between onthejob and offthejob training interestingly the negative effect of a vocational curriculum is larger in absolute value in countries with higher employment protection it is often said that the presence of vocational tracks helps keeping students with limited academic attitudes in school our empirical evidence shows that upper secondary vet is associated to substantially higher hourly earnings employability and skills with respect to lower education,4
+in sierra leone women are involved in political peacebuilding initiatives at both the local and regional levels on its dedicated webpage it documented some ofthe facts and figures relating to violence against women in elections to operationalise this service victims andor witnesses were directed to send a brief text message to a dedicated number describing the violence and providing the location of the incident,5
+compared to other types of statistics few manuals and training resources have been dedicated to the development of gender statistics the united nations statistics division led many of the technical developments in the field of gender statistics mainly during the period from to before the fourth world conference on women united nations economic and social council the division provided leadership in the production of technical materials and the compilation of statistics on women and men,5
+the funds will support aquaculture in the aim of making the sector more productive without compromising sustainability and conservation goals the total budget for the operational programme op is approximately eur million usd million for the period world s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the fao yearbook fishery and aquaculture statistics,14
+in order to assess the effects of a lower availability of wind and solar resources on the configuration of a leastcost electricity system operation the annual electricity generation of wind and pv power plants is reduced by for the scenarios with a renewable share of with the reduced availability of variable renewables pump storage is used less but curtailment of wind and pv power plants still amounts to approximately of their annual electricity generation in total renewables show a share of in the annual electricity demand,7
+at the same time the higher market participation brought about by higher wages for women actually lowers human capacities production because of the time squeeze type effects of the low road these effects can be so pronounced that human capacities investment plays no role in moderating profitled growth thus the term exploitation refers to how production and growth are predicated on exploiting women s reproductive labour and human resources in general,5
+these models can generate valuable information on the prospective costeffectiveness of nuclear as well as its contribution to future supply security the indicator aims at identifying shortterm actions that can obtain results within weeks rather than months the indicator combines an assessment of a member country s risk to be confronted with sudden supply interruptions and its potential impacts the risk assessment ra and the capability of that country to mitigate these impacts the mitigation assessment ma if the risk is high more emphasis should be put on effective crisis capabilities than when this risk is low,7
+the mdb methodology by focussing on specific climate components differs from the crs rio markers which capture total project costs the mdbs and the international development finance club idfc have also established common principles for climate finance tracking for mitigation mdbs and idfc nd the principles consist of a set of common definitions and guidelines including the list of activities this is a publishing standard that aims to make data on aid easier to use access and understand iati a data from more than organisations many not working on climate but some working specifically or partially on climate issues such as the adaptation fund and agence franqaise de developpement is available in theory the dataset allows searches via a policy marker such as climate,13
+the data analysis modelling engineering planning designing construction and operations expertise that will be developed by local and regional firms just to implement the green transformers concept alone if appropriately nurtured and marketed could be the foundation for making sydney one of the leading centres in trigeneration technology the city recently released a decentralised energy master plan one of five master plans that together will comprise the green infrastructure plan that determines the pathway for achieving the city s vision although the green transformers concept was the brainchild of uk energy expert allan jones the decentralised energy plan was prepared by a consortium of three australian companies using metered electricity and gas consumption data that was provided by energy australia and jemena by building the expertise of local companies rather than by continuing to import knowledge from abroad the city is creating the beginnings of a local supply chain of talent and experience,7
+this represents a large share of all methane emissions as a powerful greenhouse gas methane emissions must be significantly reduced coal miningrelated activities extraction crushing distribution etc as with coal the geological formation of oil can also create large methane deposits that are released during drilling and extraction,7
+urbanization also requires a governance system that we hope and dream of as democratic open transparent and caring for the common interest while respecting privacy this is why urbanization is guided by policies and is governed by the principle of the rule of law being the most fundamental element of urbanization as embraced in the new urban agenda the achievement of a model of urbanization that induces prosperity and wellbeing demands a relative degree of participation and social consensus on the aim of enhancing the positive effects of urbanization,11
+in addition local labour markets can differ in their skill requirements most countries have projections of future skills needs from independent or public institutions international organisations also undertake these types of analyses but few countries use this information to evolve their education systems,4
+therefore the third cntp set four targets regionally decentralised development efficient land use improvement of the quality of life and enhancing amenity and unification of south and north korea the intention was to balance regional development by strengthening industrial centres along the west coast and the regional and provincial cities in order to ensure support for less industrialised areas the law on regional balanced development and promotion of local small and mediumsized firms was enacted establishing eight areawide development plans,11
+this allowance is given to teachers in isolated rural culturallydiverse and disadvantaged schools see chapter school leaders working in schools with a high concentration of vulnerable students also receive a higher compensation see chapter mineduc ace and es privatesubsidised schools can charge tuition fees to families through the shared funding system see chapter,4
+however based on the criteria used the analysis can be considered to both under and overestimate the available amount of resources the quantitative data here presented is indicative or best effort due to the lack of precise identification of sti in the underlying statistical classification while lots of detailed information exists on development activities through the crs the lack of adequate classifications that conforms to official sti definitions and standards pose a challenge in assessing the portion of development finance targeting sti,9
+however the institutional framework for coordination of sdg implementation and monitoring still needs to be operationalized a weak point of the planning system especially from the environmental perspective is the nonapplication of the strategic environmental assessment sea tool for evaluation of environmental impacts of future sectoral policies the environmental legislation is largely consistent and coherent furthermore enforcement of environmental laws and environmentrelated provisions in sectoral legislation often represents a serious challenge nevertheless there are still a number of deficiencies the environmental impact assessment eia is conducted late in the permitting process,15
+it can also vary by skills level and is more likely to be lower for managerial levels than for line employees in france for example an estimated positions are unfilled in the sector at any one time even though the number of tourism graduates is at a sufficient level to meet the vacancy rates in australia the turnover rate is and is more pronounced in regions where tourism is competing with other higher paying sectors notably the resources sector while the job vacancy rate in tourism is almost five times the rate for the overall economy,8
+as a matter of fact who estimates that meeting that goal would yield annual average benefits of billion worldwide cited in iea table however these costs concern exclusively biomass and cooking fuels and not the costs of providing other types of energy eg electricity in fact other than projectspecific information there seems to be little information available on the costs of rets as a source of household energy relative to fossil fuels moreover the training technical assistance and capacitybuilding that are needed to support rural electrification schemes add to capital costs given large capital costs and high associated risks service providers would need to charge high connection fees and monthly rates to recover their investments which would undermine the affordability of electrification for poor consumers,7
+it is also consistent with the results of recent oecd research which showed a strong positive relationship between the amount of developed land per capita and the number of cars per residents see annex a however korea s motorisation rate is below what many european countries the united states and canada registered at comparable income levels figure it also remains one of the lowest in the oecd figure this is likely the result of a comparatively efficient public transport system coupled with population densities that allow for widespread use of public transport which indicates bus and rail hereinafter except some cases including the national public transport master plan in table korea s low motorisation rate relative to its income level bodes well for its capacity to prevent further congestion and to enhance ecological sustainability orgl en,11
+the demand for nonagricultural use of water is calculated at the world region level and downscaled to gridcell level using the spatial distribution of people and gdp as a measure of human activity together with demands for irrigation per gridcell see below the runoff is then corrected for the total withdrawals in the cell the resulting runoff is passed on to the next downstream cell and so on until the entire water basin is covered the gap is filled by irrigation using surface water and groundwater available in the same or neighbouring grid cells,6
+in the united states the violence against women act and its reauthorizations provides a significant source of funding for nongovernmental organizations working on violence against women it is important that any budgetary allocation be based on a full analysis of funding required to implement all measures contained in the legislation when public officials involved in the implementation of the law are not comprehensively trained regarding its content there is a risk that the law will not be implemented effectively or uniformly,5
+renewable energy sources represent a very small share of the metro region s energy supply in march of the power supply sold within the comed service area was derived from nuclear power plants from coalfired power plants from natural gas and only small amounts of wind power biomass hydropower and assorted other sources comed however wind power is a growing industry that is attracting headquarter functions to the chicago tristate metroregion together with other great lakes states such as michigan and ohio the chicagoarea county region has one of the highest concentrations of wind energy component suppliers in the us thirteen wind industry corporations have set up their headquarters in the chicago tristate metroregion including some of the major international firms involved in turbine manufacturing and renewable project developers such as goldwind acciona suzlon nordex or eon the chicagoarea county region counts over wind companies which cover a large part of the supply chain including turbine and tower makers manufacturers of gears couplings bearings and fasteners as well legal financial and engineering consulting and diagnostic software designers elpc,7
+the potential of these already fragile economies to produce allocate distribute and regenerate is significantly compromised in the presence of hivaids the literature and the experience of other countries which have previously walked this path paint a very grim picture for the caribbean not only do high prevalence rates hurt the economy but economic stagnation provides an ideal breeding ground for the spread of the disease research into the effects of hiv aids reveals that its impact in terms of its social human and economic costs is perhaps much more significant than previously thought bell et al,3
+one notable experience benefiting older adults and other groups has been under way in argentina since the national medication policy which promotes the prescription of generic drugs this gave rise to the remedy programme which provides free outpatient medication through primary health care centres while the ministry of health monitors prices to detect any unjustified increases escobar some medicines are supplied free of charge in the bolivarian republic of venezuela and in paraguay with the latter supplying free drugs to vulnerable individuals aged over through the institute for welfare of the ministry of health in june people were benefiting from the programme which aimed to reach people by the end of the year,3
+this important project is promoting the advancement of sdgs and making communities resilient inclusive safe and sustainable with the continuous growth of mobile broadband worldwide and the continuous enrichment of digital services mobile broadband services are the key drivers of the digital economy however there is still a large number of subscribers in some developing countries who cant afford a mobile broadband terminal due to the price of mobile broadband smartphones or other factors,9
+lessons can be learned from applying traditional knowledge involving fishers and building on practices supported by those individuals while not extensively discussed the need for adequate fisheries data in light of climate change may be an important consideration given that many fisheries management practices are based on historical single species data sets if the ocean changes beyond our historic scientific experience managers and scientists may have a weakened foundation for making predictions and assessing which management actions to take and also in terms of developing ecosystem strategies a number of developed nations are actively anticipating designing and implementing actions to deal with expected climate change impacts on fisheries,14
+in addition to agriculture and cattle ranching pressures include forest fires land grabbing timber extraction road construction hydropower and mining projects together with forest fires these activities pose a serious threat to species and ecosystems the cerrado has been losing original vegetation cover at a faster rate than all other biomes and it has suffered a vegetation loss amounting to an area roughly the size of egypt it is one of the richest xeric shrub lands in the world and the only biome exclusive to brazil,15
+it represents a wider grouping of stakeholders including agricultural industrial urban and environmental organisations with interests in water management the aim is to conduct a collaborative governance process led by stakeholders to recommend reform of new zealand s fresh water management the forum leads a consensus process to identify shared outcomes and goals for fresh water as well as relevant policies to achieve them coordinating strategic planning of water policy oecd examples cont,6
+paradoxically the water that once afforded venice its power as a maritime empire now compromises its physical integrity periodic flooding threatens both the historic city and the mainland specifically the increased frequency and severity of flooding is perceived by many as a threat not only to public health but also to the liveability and economic viability of the historic centre floods have both shortterm implications reduced tourismrelated income increased costs of routine logistics and longterm implications notably damage to the citys building fabric and architectural heritage for the venice cityregion,6
+overall the paucity of awarenessraising measures means that opportunities to reduce emissions and improve the welfare of large numbers of households are being missed it is obvious from the average score of for this subdimension that the development of third energy packagecomplaint polices and action plans is a significant challenge for several of the assessed economies for those with compliant policy frameworks renewed emphasis on full implementation of existing policies and revision of those which are not delivering is the only way that they can achieve the transition to a sustainable energy sector,7
+overall framework conditions for innovation have improved notably through the opening of the colombian economy the commoditybased export boom while it has slowed recently offers a window of opportunity to tackle some of the major issues facing the colombian innovation system in particular the policyrelevant knowledge base of indicators and analysis should be extended beyond manufacturing this would preferably involve more internationally comparable data and indicators in the oecd framework of sti statistical manuals,9
+despite such initiatives respondents noted that applications of genomics for stratified medicine delivery remain somewhat limited at present however they did mention some important innovations notably in the field of cancer therapeutics while national audits show an increase in the provision of novel drugs requiring companion diagnostics stratified medicine was seen as helping to address these problems by transforming understanding of the role of genetic variation in disease and enabling more accurate disease classification diagnosis and targeting of drugs and other interventions,3
+the public sector has an important role to play here to improve knowledge and build capacity it comprises five flagship projects in three categories nordic green nordic food and welfare and nordic gender effect each based on different nordic core competencies such as the prime ministers globalisation initiative toplevel research initiative on climate energy and environment prime ministers program nordic region leading in green growth prime ministers program on ustainable nordic welfare as well as current key themes within nordic cooperation including among other new nordic climate solutions and nordic bioeconomy,13
+updated in this policy targetsnearly zero energy buildingsin by meps for buildings and certification of building energy performance building codes and labelling emphasizes market preparation activities an increased focus on code requirements for building retrofit projects better efforts to track actual building performance improved third party inspection and enforcement measures to minimize peak electrical demand as well as building thermal energy measures to encourage better design as well as prescriptive and performance measures better enabling of new technologies minimum energy performance standards meps for buildings in denmark are at a relatively high level and keep being regularly tightened and can be considered as an example of good practice furthermore future standards are defined well in advance making the transition easier,7
+second spectrum is a limited resource and telecommunication operators compete with other actors in the use of spectrum as such the capacity of mobile broadband is limited and more traffic can affect speed and quality of service itu therefore it is imperative for developing countries longterm development to also invest in fixed infrastructure and offload traffic through mobile networks by half of the world s population is using the internet,9
+tajik women in labour migration forced tactics of survival or choice of emancipated women globalizing postsocialism mobile mothers and neoliberalism on the margins of europe gender inequalities in labour markets in central asia available from wwweurasiaundporgcontentdam rbec docs gender inequalities in abour markets in central asiapdf,5
+these datasets are very complete but they were not created for the purpose of describing people s perceptions of deprivation we therefore decided to use a methodology similar to the one proposed by alkire and foster the first step was to define the main dimensions of the functionings and capabilities to be studied housing conditions health education and participation in the labour market these dimensions were then divided into indicators as shown in table,1
+thirdly rural households are often able to pay for their electricity consumption lack of payment for electricity use not only weakens the financial stability of the electricity provider world bank but also discourages investors to join in on the rural electrification efforts because of uncertain revenues adequate metering billing and payment recovery are fundamental to a sustainable electrification system,7
+one key finding is that education and antidiscrimination policies welldesigned labour market institutions and large andor progressive tax and transfer systems can all reduce income inequality on this basis the chapter identifies several policy reorms that could yield a double dividend in terms of boosting gdp per capita and reducing income inequality and also flags other policy areas where reforms would entail a tradeoff between both objectives in some countries top earners have captured a large share of the overall income gains while for others income has risen only a little,10
+these are interlinked areas yet there are power dynamics that can undermine cooperation efforts for instance peripheral communes tend to want to retain influence and related to this tactics may waver from subordination to cooperation with the main city depending on the issues at hand box smaller communities may feel like they will be subsumed by urban priorities for growth and thus seek to maintain independence,11
+this can refer to a situation in which many students have a different mother tongue than swedish and thus requires the teacher to have a certain knowledge in order to incorporate their mother tongues into their learning processes it can also refer to schools with weak skills outcomes in which the students need extra support to be able to complete their studies teachers average wages have risen at a higher rate than in previous years which has led to stable conditions including long term wage progression lofven and knutsson i i statskontoret the swedish agency for public management n i,4
+heavy sulphur diesel fuel is imported for electricity generation and in times of drought diesel generation is increasingly relied upon however fea has made efforts to increase energy supply through biomass from independent power producers including from the stateowned fiji sugar corporation which generates electricity from bagasse cogeneration plants rural electrification efforts over the last two decades involving grid extension and solar home systems have increased electricity access to per cent of the population figure,7
+this instrument establishes landuse planning and zoning principles to promote development that simultaneously protects and conserves the environment by july semarnat had supported the development of elups at different geographic scales of which were decreed in the last six years further efforts are needed to ensure that the regions with the highest development potential for tourism industry agriculture aquaculture and fisheries are covered by elups,15
+the number of women in inatsisartut the parliament of greenland after the two elections were in and in whereas the proportion of women in naalakkersuisut the cabinet was two including the first female premier in greenland in and out of nine in inatsisartuthomesammensaetningafinatsisartutaspx the women have reached a considerable and slowly increasing proportion of the seats in the greenlandic parliament although there is still some distance to an equal gender distribution in both the greenlandic parliament and the cabinet of greenland this may or may not be paid work,5
+the conference of the parties at its sixteenth session agreed to establish a climate technology centre and network which aim to support technology transfer and local technology innovation capacity efforts of emerging and other developing economies to support clean energy technology have typically focused on domestic research development manufacturing and export capacities china s twelfth fiveyear plan endorsed in march encompasses a green growth strategy geared towards building technology leadership through special efforts to develop and deploy wind solar hydro nuclear energy efficiency electric cars smart grids infrastructure and highspeed rail it includes a plan to install million charging stations for electric cars and to increase installed renewable energy capacity by per cent by,7
+around of principals in intervention schools estimated that the project led to collaboration between teachers in unusual and positive ways and that the project provided professional development opportunities that their teaching staff would not have otherwise had the survey instruments measure both the local contexts in which the intervention takes place and the effects of the intervention on a series of outcomes of interest for students and teachers including the change in teachers pedagogical practices attitudes and beliefs as well as the effects of those practices on their students tests scores their understanding and attitude towards creativity and critical thinking their engagement in school and their scores in standardised creativity tests while the results are tentative the initial analysis of the pilot student data shows that the intervention has promising effects on the outcomes of interest the next phase of the project should entail a validation or efficacy study before countries scale up the effective approaches,4
+therefore they need to develop strong collaborative links with each other in order to improve their education service and applied research capacity recognising the need to increase geographic accessibility some colleges have proposed extension centres located in arab villages but authorities have rejected these initiatives authorities should consider providing support for specific higher education extension learning centres served by several different colleges and possibly universities and the open university in villages with low tertiary education participation rates however there are considerable gaps in terms of regional delivery and the galilee and particularly its arab population appears to be underserved by the open university provision,4
+in addition the country faces severe water scarcity issues adding to the pressure put on water resources and systems the clean water act of requires lgus and water districts to create septage management programmes in areas without sewerage systems however most lgus and water districts have lacked the capacity technical knowledge or funds to take action since the passage of the act,6
+they also imply however that for an important group of young neet lowintensity shortterm interventions like jobsearch assistance workshops are unlikely to be sufficient to increase the chances of employment to the extent that a lack of professional training or even basic numeracy and literacy skills is the reason for a young person s neet status more intensive and likely more expensive programmes may be needed to bring a young person back into education or employment a range of different such interventions that have proven successful are discussed in section,8
+this chapter discusses the progress of escap member states in asia and the pacific on the three sdg targets energy access renewable energy and energy efficiency financial viability of policy options therefore consideration has been given to technological and policy options that support the achievement of other sdgs including social equality increased jobs better health and improved access to education,7
+information given above derived from ipcc summary for policymakers the government has stated that it would be irresponsible to acknowledge this reality and not do anything to prepare our community for eventual migration see republic of kiribati office of the president relocation kiribati climate change available at accessed january,13
+deforestation can also exacerbate food insecurity as forests provide food inputs and services that support crop and livestock production food and agriculture organization of the united nations in a casestudy analysis of seven developing countries berry olson and campbell estimated that problems of sustainable land management reduced agricultural gdp by between and per cent poor people are likely to be farming steeper land and drier less fertile soils and in more remote areas world bank,2
+reporting and progress reports were made to the minister for women and equalities and the overall report and recommendations of the wbc were delivered to the government and disseminated across uk ministries the wbc approach is built on the idea that improving gender diversity will lead to greater creativity problem solving and flexibility all muchneeded skillsets for the uk to adapt to the changing economic environment aiming to both increase resources and change organisational culture wbc took a longterm view ensuring that longevity and continuity be applied to all suggested strategies,5
+where applicable the alternative fuels to gasbased generation such as diesel fuel oil or coal are mainly stored on the site of ccgts the period of load duration depends on a number of factors including the ability to restock backup fuels generator characteristics the type of gas supply contract either firm or interruptible and expectations about the variability of electricity prices as these determine the installation of backup facilities berr however when information on this indicator remains disaggregated the overall picture for the national energy system may be less clear,7
+although the mailbox obligation does not affect the ldc members right to refuse to issue or enforce patents on pharmaceutical products until it does require them to install and maintain administrative procedures that permit the receipt and retention of pending pharmaceutical patent applications for the purpose of later examination ie from on that decision extended the transition period under trips article in the decision on the extension expressly refers to the ldc transition period under article of the agreement ie the transition period that had to respect the mailbox obligation under article a this reference has to be understood as carrying over into the original mailbox obligation under the original transition period,3
+this is in line with the previous conclusion that youth with limited or no work experience are usually not entitled to these benefits disability benefit receipt rates are much lower averaging only around of all youth in oecd countries exceptions are norway of all youth and finland and ireland social assistance housing and family benefits play an important role for youth living in lowincome households and those lacking work experience,8
+to reach this goal parties agreed on the need for global emissions to peak and start declining as soon as possible recognising that this will take longer for developing countries and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with the best available science nevertheless both the text and the countrylevel strategies for emissions reduction which are outlined in the forni of intended nationally determined contributions indcs recognise the threat which climate change poses to sustainable food production and offer opportunities for agriculture to be an active part of the solution to climate change article for example states governments aim to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century reference is made in article to carbon sinks which should be conserved and enhanced these include financial support by developed countries such as the ongoing collective goal to mobilise usd billion per year until for adaptation and mitigation in developing regions a figure which should be increased from onwards,2
+the requirement to demonstrate labour market relevance is thus one of several quality criteria examined during the accreditation process conducted by norwegian agency for quality assurance in education nokut at the institution level and by accredited institutions at the programme level in addition the regulations state clearly that institutional accreditation conducted by nokut must include one representative from social or working life which ensures that the perspective of social partners is captured during the accreditation process norwegian ministry of education and research b the rsas were created in by the norwegian government to facilitate a more structured and binding collaboration between higher education and the world of work and strengthen the labour market relevance of degree programmes and continuing education and share information,4
+it is a strategy for making women s as well as mens concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design implementation monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated the ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality united nations general assembly ch in addition paragraph b recommends that national women s machineries have clearly defined mandates and authority critical elements would be adequate resources and the ability and competence to influence policy and formulate and review legislation many of these institutions actually engage in a full range of research and operational activities as is described in detail below,5
+investment is being mainly used to purchase water entitlements for the environment and infrastructure upgrades and reconfiguration with water savings being returned to the environment on a shared basis under australia s national water act the federal bureau of meteorology is authorised to collect and publish highquality water information the publications will include an annual national water account and periodic reports on water resource use and availability,6
+the example of the yunnan province demonstrated that rural endusers limited their monthly electricity consumption to a level that makes it completely unattractive to the electricity company to invest further in infrastructure and maintenance according to the chinese one county one supplier policy the supplier is to provide the full range of services at a given price market access by other investors is difficult if not impossible this along with rigid rules on production supply and marketing of electricity prevents innovation competition and reform,7
+enforcing standards on fuel quality and vehicle emissions can reduce dangerous emissions from motor vehicles many countries in the region follow european standards for emissions which define maximum acceptable emission rates of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide per kilometre travelled vehicle retirement or scrappage programmes are another way of reducing air pollution and road safety,11
+in its various multilateral forms ictenabled engagement can improve inclusiveness by providing a shared ground where exchange of knowledge and opinions is possible box webbased water information systems the case of italy and portugal cont in this regard the pawa project developed water accounts through recognised standards and activated an inclusive decisionmaking process as regards the selection of the most appropriate measures to face water scarcity and drought conditions the information system not only contributes to information exchange among different stakeholders and public authorities responsible for the directive s implementation ie regions water utilities etc,6
+impact evaluation focuses on disentangling the effects attributable to a particular policy intervention eg protected areas on an outcome variable eg deforestation from broader changes in a region eg widespread development or government policies ahmadia more generally according to one source the resources currently allocated to monitoring and evaluation on average less than of a conservation project s budget do not come close to what is needed to satisfy the increasing demand from policymakers for more and higherquality evidence on the impacts of conservation and development interventions mckinnon et al this involves the main impacts and effects resulting from the activity on the local social economic environmental and other development indicators,15
+one widely used indicator is women s life expectancy relative to men s a crude summary of gender differences in overall health status women generally live longer than men a matter of genetic makeup and less unhealthy lifestyles they exclude much of the informal work that makes up labour force activity in poorer countries and should therefore be treated with caution,5
+with the dynamic limit of kmh there was a further reduction of kmh in those situations when the lower limit was accompanied by the slippery road warning sign the prevailing weather and road surface conditions reduced traffic speeds by kmh with the combination of lower limit and slippery road warning bringing about a further reduction of kmh there was also an effect that the signs reduced speeds on adjacent road sections,11
+this problem is further compounded by the lack of competence of employment services centres that fail to channel vet graduates to employment or further training resource mapping identifies funding available for a specific purpose eg workforce development that various parties receive from the central government local government ngos and other sources in a region this exercise helps level funding surplus and deficit of programmes since some funds are flexible in its usage successful management of these processes and customisation to the needs of local communities and markets is a complex task but certainly one that will result in advancing growth rates and employment levels more importantly providing professionals in private and public organisations with the knowledge to collect and analyse relevant labour market information and the capacity to put strategic plans into place to address emerging issues can help to prevent stagnation of economic sectors underemployment rising unemployment levels and social exclusion industry transformation towards a lowcarbon economy challenges traditional labour market measures and emphasises new needs and priorities to be taken into account for workforce development and for the support provided by strategic employment services,8
+this paper was developed following a threeday workshop organised by the commonwealth secretariat and held in nairobi from to february the purpose of the workshop was to review and validate a commonwealth judicial benchbook jbb on violence against women and girls vawg for east african jurisdictions the participants comprised mainly judges from the four east african commonwealth jurisdictions and other experts who deliberated on the adequacy of the jbb in addressing judicial intervention in tackling vawg in east africa,5
+this is particularly of concern where contaminated water resources are used for municipal water supply crop irrigation and for recreational purposes amirat et al furthermore microbial contaminants from wastewater can exacerbate biodiversity loss european commission despite the investment in and establishment of wastewater treatment plants many developed nations still suffer from microbial contamination due to sewage spills and diffuse agricultural pollution particularly during high rainfall events when combined sewer overflows operate more frequently and runoff from agriculture is induced,6
+the metroregion s large architectural and engineering community overall accounted for more than jobs in including more than leedcertified experts in the city of chicago alone there are currently members of the chicago chapter of the us green building council usgbc energyrelated activities account for the secondlargest share of the green sector and include nuclear energy biofuelsbiomass wind battery technologies smart grid solar photovoltaic renewable energy services solar thermal geothermal and fuel cells,7
+as a result global sms revenues fell from usd billion in to usd billion in and analysts expect that global sms revenues will continue to decline in the next few years investments in developing economies are largely driving this growth with capex increasing by usd billion during this period compared to a usd billion reduction in the developed world growth of the internet of things lot and machinetomachine m m communications is creating revenue opportunities for service providers operating in mature markets which may help to offset declining revenue trends in core business segments,9
+in the second phase which will commence in late to coincide with the introduction of the green deal households will become eligible for longterm tariff support currently awaiting report stage in parliament this bill includes provisions for a green deal on energy efficiency greater security of energy supplies and more lowcarbon electricity more detailed secondary legislation for the green deal will be prepared during with a formal consultation process recently completed secondary legislation will be laid before parliament in early with the first green deal expected to be available in late this policy will be accompanied by funding for training for up to green deal apprenticeships,13
+japans kddi sumitomo corp to invest bln in myanmar telecoms although tanzania has long had a competitive mobile market the entry of vietnamese owned viettel operating under the brand halotel in october caused disruption it launched a g only service on the back of extensive investment in a fiber optic backbone emphasizing that it was possible to bridge the internet gap in a short period of time halotels entry triggered a price war with a mb mobile internet package dropping between and resulting in affordability reaching the threshold of less than of gni,9
+their primary objective is to help conserve and ensure the sustainable use of marine ecosystems these environmental objectives can for example be to protect depleted threatened rare or endemic species or populations conserve habitats or prevent outside activities from adversely affecting the mpa in the galapagos for example the marine reserve introduced in was intended to reduce conflicts between uses principally tourism fishing and scientific research protect marine biodiversity and promote sustainable uses the goals of other mpas are highlighted in annex a in terms of zoning for example if an area is to be designated as an mpa with the sole objective to protect vulnerable corals and sponges on a deep ocean bottom there would be little or no risk posed by allowing nonbottom contact fishing in the area,14
+the law on ambient air protection is the legislative base for implementing measures for climate change mitigation several articles relate to ghgs for example according to article the state committee for nature protection scnp sets the atmospheric air protection standards for all kinds of objects ozone preservation and climate change article focuses on enterprises and lists their responsibilities in terms of mitigating the adverse effects of ghgs,13
+while cereals remain a key dietary component particularly in least developed countries rising protein consumption in other developing regions will require an increased production of livestock and dairy products which also implies greater demand for feed grains and oilseeds these factors are particularly relevant in most developed countries and some highly populated developing countries limiting expansion in these countries while presenting opportunities to regions that are less affected by these limiting factors as in the past decade projected production growth through the outlook period will be led by latin america subsaharan africa eastern europe and parts of asia with production growth in western europe increasing only marginally,2
+these include executive secretariats councils social ministries and others eclac a which form part of the construction of a longterm strategy and represent a stable component of the regions social institutions this not only means formal articulation so that care programmes can be officially included in social protection systems but also the possible redesign of instruments to guarantee gender mainstreaming for example cash transfer programmes may involve conditionalities that reinforce the unequal division of productive and reproductive work eclac b especially if there are no incentives for care to be provided jointly by men and women,5
+in most oecd and partner countries boys are at least more likely than girls to enrol in vocational education figure a and students whose parents did not attain tertiary education are more likely to choose upper secondary vocational programmes than general programmes box b by including formal and nonformal education this indicator captures participation in any type of programme that aims to improve knowledge skills and competencies from a personal civic social or employmentrelated perspective unesco in most oecd and partner countries at least of yearolds have participated in formal or nonformal education and training in the previous months with participation among men and women varying greatly across countries,4
+each member can update the ledger to reflect the most recent transactions therefore revolutionizing the way that products can be tracked and traced moreover the broadcasting of all transactions to all members makes the system transparent at least to its members and thus easily verifiable at the same time encryption of the transactions ensures privacy making the application difficult to hack and thus highly secure,9
+the matura examinations appear to create in most instances incentives that are at odds with the stated goal of providing a competencyoriented education furthermore policy makers and educators recognise that matura examinations focus the effort attention and investment of learners disproportionately at the end of studies while the preceding years of study such as grades and in the gymnasium are weakly incentivised students would be required to plan implement and present a project and to be assessed on this work by their teacher and an independent assessment board of subject professionals it is hoped that this projectbased learning w ould encourage not only the development of subject knowledge but wider competencies including creativity analytical skills critical thinking and communication skills,4
+it has great potential and can advance gender equality by empowering migrant women since many migrate independently nowadays and become the main breadwinners for their families however migration can also increase vulnerabilities and put migrant women at risk of discrimination and violence women and children who migrate also become more vulnerable to other forms of exploitation those in an irregular situation are particularly vulnerable the special rapporteur on the human rights of migrants noted in his report to the human rights council ahrc that migrant women who are detained may be vulnerable to sexual violence committed by male detainees or guards the special rapporteur encouraged states to give particular attention to the situation of migrant women in detention,5
+here equality refers primarily to what can be considered relative equality in the distribution of incomes rather than absolute equality in terms of civil rights on the one hand buyers and sellers in different markets are formally equal they are free to accept or refuse a transaction at a given price in addition market institutions assure justice through the equivalence of exchanges habermas,10
+this initiative is implemented under the op ie submeasure support for network of investor and exporter service centres they cooperate in developing and financing some projects to coordinate research and the implementation of projects of special importance to the national economy the arp supports investment and advisory projects connected with the creation of science and technology parks industrial parks and technology incubators the polish patents office carries out activities to create more awareness of the importance of intellectual property protection ipr issues and facilitates the patenting process,8
+the c emissions increased even less indicating a pervasive historical trend towards decarbonization of the global economy at about per cent per year the share of fossil energy sources taken together increased from to per cent between and now as did the emissions of c as an unavoidable byproduct of combustion consequently energyrelated emissions of c increased fold to about billion tons of carbon gtc in nevertheless their increase has remained at a substantially slower pace than that of energy requirements indicating a strong historical trend towards decarbonization of societies,7
+aiming to increase forest cover by to per cent by sflc is one of the largest pes projects implemented in any developing country the central government paid for the environmental services using cash and grain as a result this programme has also been referred to as the grainforgreen policy,15
+a social cohesion strategy must therefore tackle exclusion by means of both prevention and cure during the twentieth century western european states came to accept responsibility for achieving a balance between economic growth and social justice despite the considerable variations from country to country the european approach is sufficiently distinctive when compared with other world regions that it has often been referred to as the european social model,10
+this chapter discusses the context main issues and policies adopted across oecd countries to promote development of skills required for postsecondary education or for entering the labour market the policies examined comprise those ensuring effective completion of upper secondary education delivering quality vocational education and training vet improving the quality of tertiary education and strengthening and facilitating transitions across education pathways and into the labour market the reforms vary across countries as they are influenced by context traditions institutional settings and specific national and regional challenges,4
+the gender profile for deaths from diarrhoea due to poor water and sanitation is consistent across most regions more males suffer and die from diarrhoea everywhere except southeast asia where the share of female deaths and illness is notable and produces a global tilt towards higher female deaths and dalys overall table the world health organization who estimates that this is the main cause of around of child deaths worldwide wateraid a among children under five diarrhoea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality responsible for of total deaths in this age group who walker et al,6
+the system effects of variable renewables although discussed here under a separate category are a fine example of this progressive organisation of the search for conceptual and organisational responses new technologies create new effects and new impacts many of which are not foreseeable and can thus not be taken into account in their conception and implementation an externality is then the impact of a new process on aspects of life which has had no prior consideration,7
+andrews et al found that of individuals with a mental disorder had this disorder a year earlier already hughes and cohen found a majority of patients with a depressive disorder still suffering from recurrent depressive episodes ten years later chronicity has also consistently been found to be strongly related to a high utilisation of medical services eg fasel et al and to be a decisive factor for longterm sickness absence and disability eg bergh et al in schizophrenic disorders for example around show substantial social and vocational impairments or residual symptoms moller et al,3
+recent surueys of adult skills and educational performance suggest that younger cohorts are doing less well than their predecessors many immigrants struggle both in school and in the labour market partly because of low skills and language difficulties educational outcomes could be improved through raising the attractiveness of the teacher profession improving teacher education and increasing support for struggling students a more flexible labour market would facilitate access to jobs for youth with low qualifications and immigrants the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law,4
+infonnation on the quality of care is also limited on this website for example it reports on preventable hospitalisations unplanned hospital readmissions and separations for falls resulting in patient harm in hospitals by remoteness however data on sentinel events adverse events and episodes of staphylococcus aureus including mrsa bacteraemia in acute care hospitals are not provided by remoteness,3
+it was nevertheless considered important to include it here so as to allow policy makers to understand the broader economic impacts of energy policy beyond cost factors coming first in mind innovation is perceived as a key enabler for the transition to lowcarbon energy systems illustrated for example through the launch of the mission innovation initiative announced in november as world leaders were coming together in paris for the cop innovation that curbs or eliminates emissions with harmful effects on human health and climate by promoting clean ways of energy production and use as well as energy efficiency support the decoupling of economic growth from damages to the environment and hence relax an important longterm constraint on growth modelling needs to be improved and enlarged to provide policy makers with tools allowing them to take informed decisions on energy investment strategies that best promote global growth and competitiveness in a sustainable future,7
+the agency is the national administrator of the national registry for ghg emission allowance trading the institute has several weather stations included within the regional basic synoptic network and regional basis climatological network in ra vi europe about synoptic and more than climatic stations across the country there are no global surface network and global upperair network stations in bulgaria,13
+this is not a comprehensive review and we have not considered open ocean ecosystems but for a fuller treatment see stenseth et al catches of small pelagic fishes have been as high as million tonnes per year representing more than of world capture fish production fao however these show pronounced fluctuations often associated with enso effects on upwelling dynamics and productivity lehodey et al the strength of upwelling off the south american coastline is strongly determined by the enso phase with warm phases associated with a lower thermocline which reduces phytoplankton production through inhibited upwelling of nutrients,14
+the data do not support the virtual water hypothesis waterscarce northern china exports a range of waterintensive goods and services while waterabundant southern china imports waterintensive goods the authors suggest that several factors influencing agricultural input use and productivity water price labor availability and soil and land quality might be responsible for the results they have observed,6
+desert forests are of great significance to the inhabitants of sandy regions koomly as they supply them with pastures firewood and on a small scale household construction materials as for sandy areas continuous sowing and planting have resulted in ha of woods and pastureprotection forests according to nonofficial sources including experts estimates the annual supply of wood from sanitary cuttings does not currently exceed some m while demand is estimated at about m the provision of free natural gas to the population has proved to be an important means of preventing illegal logging,15
+people with preferential reimbursement status have lower copayments box the thirdparty payment system is gradually being enlarged to improve access to ambulatory care notably for vulnerable people since july patients with preferential reimbursement status only pay copayments for gp consultations,3
+where both income and consumption data are collected at household level attribution to individuals is impossible but these measures are still unable to take into account the distribution of resources within households in households above the poverty line resources may not be shared equitably between women and men by the same token even though a woman without her own income may lack financial independence and agency she may still benefit from collective goods such as housing,5
+emerging and developing countries are searching for new policies and practical responses in order to promote decent work for millions of young men and women who are engaged in the informal economy these two policy instruments align with each other and reinforce the clear policy guidance on youth employment and their transition from the informal to the formal economy this is the first international labour standard to focus on the informal economy in its entirety and diversity and to point clearly to the transition to the formal economy as the means for realising decent work for all and achieving inclusive development the recommendation of universal relevance acknowledges the broad diversity of situations of informality including specific national contexts and priorities for the transition to the formal economy and provides practical guidance to address these priorities,8
+cependant le developpement de mecanismes de remuneration a la capitation qui permettent d avoir moins d incitations a multiplier les actes et d encourager les professionnels de sante a s occuper plus longtemps des patients tout comme les paiements en fonction des resultats dans les soins primaires doivent etre renforces afin de faire face a la prevalence croissante des maladies chroniques et de reduire la demande induite par offre et les disparites sociales en terme d acces aux soins various measures of life expectancy are among the highest in the oecd notably for women figure panels a and b these measures have also shown steady improvement blanpain,3
+climate change was well suited to this paradigm and emerged from it as a key priority as advances towards global public goods such as global health poverty eradication and alleviation of humanitarian crises are impossible without ambitious action to combat climate change and build climateresilient societies the first commitment period of the kyoto protocol was to begin in and extend until while negotiations had been launched under the ad hoc working group on further commitments for annex i parties under the kyoto protocol awgkp aiming to negotiate a second commitment period under the protocol the broader question remained how to address climate change at a global scale post,13
+its importance as a pressure factor according to belarus is local but severe chemicals are transported to the river from agricultural facilities and pond fisheries are a major source of pollution industry in lithuania is mainly located in alytus kaunas and vilnius in belarus mainly around grodno assessed as local and moderate by belarus,6
+such a foundation is essential to ensure that policy can be guided by a strong evidence base for vet knowledge of job prospects allows students to make informed choices about training programmes and policy makers to see whether graduates are obtaining relevant work clear information about learning outcomes helps employers to understand what qualified recruits have learnt better data and information can be provided either through oneoff surveys of those leaving vocational programmes or by tracking cohorts of individuals through vocational programmes into employment,4
+first there are strict boundaries between school networks and sometimes even between school groups and school associations concerning the acquired statutory rights of teachers while teachers moving to a school in another network generally keep their pension rights and salary level they will lose their permanent teacher status sometimes this is the case if they only move to another school board in the same network,4
+as a result teachers may perform at a level lower than expected at the concerned career stage for a number of years while it is a strength of the system that processes exist to move ineffective teachers either out of the school system or into nonteaching roles there remain opportunities for underperforming teachers to remain in the system for long periods of time if sustained underperformance by teachers is not tackled this has adverse consequences not only on student learning but also on the reputation of both schools and the teaching profession,4
+according to maria brandstrom a news presenter at svt nyheter vasterbotten also responsible for gender equality at the workplace the editors count women and men in the news on a daily basis the reporters are also required to try to find women for interviews both when working outside the office and when making telephone interviews in the autumn of the newsroom also started counting women and men in web news using the web tool prognosis the share of women in television news was in and,5
+while it is ultimately disposable income inequality ideally adjusted for publiclyprovided inkind services that matters labour income inequality is one of its major sources and thus warrants a distinct analysis the focus on labour income implies that important population subgroups such as retirees and income sources such as capital income are ignored in the discussion moreover tax and transfer policies are only briefly touched upon in this paper as a thorough elaboration of their inequality effects can be found in joumard etal the authors would like to thank jprgen elmeskov jeanluc schneider peter hoeller romain duval isabelle joumard mauro pisu and kaja fredriksen for their useful comments and suggestions and susan gascard for excellent editorial support,10
+still the pollution of surface water and groundwater that comes with industrial wastewater discharge remains a problem air quality remains satisfactory in cities with heavy industries and high traffic concentration ie minsk mogilev novopolotsk and soligorsk although there are problem areas within these cities more than half of the major cities monitored in the period have reduced emissions from stationary sources while zhlobin city gomel oblast and novopolotsk vitebsk oblast have remained the major contributors of pollutants from stationary sources,11
+it elaborated further on sdg to make cities and human settlements inclusive safe resilient and sustainable unplanned urbanization is causing cities to choke with congested traffic and air pollution basic services like water and sanitation are not reaching citizens particularly the poor joblessness crime conflict and social strife are major problems including in socalled developed countries and natural disasters are becoming more destructive as people concentrate in dense areas the relevance of cities in economic terms is absolutely remarkable considering they occupy only between of the worlds available landmass,11
+this strengthening of internal coordination not only encourages the dissemination of genderrelated knowledge within institutions but also promotes the emergence of clearlyidentified communities able to forge links with other specialists working on the promotion of womens economic empowerment in the region the mystery of capital why capitalism triumphs in the wesf and fails everywhere else basic civitas books new york global food security vol,5
+this paper outlines the changes expected in the field of development cooperation post as development is recast as sustainable development and coherence between policies at the international level is expected to improve from onwards the focus is on implementing these new agreements and shaping coherent and effective domestic policies and plans in all countries the role of development finance is changing as domestic resources and private finance play a larger role and the links between finance for sustainable development and climate finance become more evident the paper presents key factors that can strengthen coherence between development finance and climate finance and explores the role that development cooperation providers and their partners can play in this process,13
+section a outlines the prerequisites fa effective innovation systems in terms of capabilities connections and the enabling environment and addresses key policy issues in the areas of innovation financing and intellectual property protection sectbn b places sti policy in the wider context of overall development strategies highlighting the importance of policy coherence and coordination and section c discusses the reorientation of sti towards the goals of sustainable and inclusive development in the context of the agenda the latter is now the main theoretical foundation of innovation policies in developed and developing countries alike such systems develop over time coevolving with their economic political social and environmental contexts they are less developed and more prone to systemic failures and structural deficiencies in developing than in developed countries chaminade and padilla perez,9
+other parties approach the dschool weekly about possibilities to create similar educational programmes and the staff has helped construct curricula demonstrate classes or offer workshops in more than countries for example schwartz lindgren and lewis p argue that direct instruction tends to focus students attention to the toldsolution procedures not problem situations so students learn answers to a problem space they never come to understand with conventional approaches students risk noticing only the eyecatching surface features of a problem and fail to recognise the structure beneath as a result they might not be prepared to transfer their knowledge and skills to new situations schwartz lindgren and lewis,4
+however these arrangements pose distributional dilemmas transfers from single individuals to married couples and tend to reinforce traditional family patterns and gender roles other arrangements such as contribution credits that compensate for the impact that time dedicated to take care of children or elderly members of the family can have on women s pension entitlements are a positive measure but may not overcome all gender gaps in pension benefits on their own policies need to includes package of measures to address inequalities from their origins ie reducing gender gaps in the labour market promoting a more equal distribution of care work in the family and avoiding genderblind policies as well as to compensate for gender gaps in old age protection when they emerge,5
+the ministry of health is also currently responsible for nearly all aspects of the current public health care system under the new national health system the health insurance organisation will take on a key administrative role the success of this shift in responsibility will be dependent on clear distinct lines of accountability mortality rates for common causes of death such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers are below the eu average,3
+unemployment is included in this index because of the risk it implies of social exclusion and detachment from the lifestyle and the prevailing culture of society atkinson and others recent practice in the multidimensional measurement of poverty in the region has been to consider lack of access to social protection in terms of health insurance coverage affiliation to social protection schemes and receipt of pensions as deprivation see coneval angulo pardo diaz and finch eclac households in which no member has any form of contributory insurance based on mandatory or voluntary contributions from individuals are considered to be deprived in respect of social protection this cutoff is used for both social security and health and has the advantage of using a constant delimiting criterion across the different indicators of social protection receipt of a noncontributionbased pension such as a solidaritybased or basic pension is thus insufficient to prevent an individual being considered deprived in respect of social security this definition was adopted on the basis that to a greater or lesser degree fees in the health systems of all of the countries covered by this indicator are adjusted for purchasing power,1
+the smooth implementation of market liberalisation in order to increased infrastructure investment in the region requires adequate and effective mechanisms to protect consumers countries that are selfsufficient in energy production may have concerns about preparing for energy emergencies and their ability to react to growing demand countries which import energy may be vulnerable if they rely predominantly on imports of a single fuel or from a single countty in the long term it is principally about investment in energy infrastructure so that energy supply keeps pace with economic development clear policies and measures to increase energy security improve the competitiveness of the sector and send positive signals for investors across the energy system and economies more generally however economies across the region have ambitions to create gas markets and are developing enabling legislative and regulatory frameworks in preparation,7
+similarly highly educated foreignborn persons were more likely to be employed than their lowereducated peers the advantage of persons with high educational attainment also holds when comparing highly educated foreignborn persons with lower educated nativeborn persons across the nordic region the latter group overall had lower employment rates than the former,8
+the overwhelming majority per cent of the world s undernourished people live in developing countries with two thirds of them concentrated in seven nations bangladesh china the democratic republic of the congo ethiopia india indonesia and pakistan most hungry people million reside in asia and the pacific although the highest share per cent or million people are found in subsaharan africa figure iii the proportion of undernourished people ranges from under per cent in cote d ivoire to almost per cent in the democratic republic of the congo food and agriculture organization of the united nations a,2
+mexican parents of boys are more than percentage points more likely to expect their sons to work in stem occupations compared to mexican parents with daughters although it is a small area of study women account for of bachelor graduates from computing in mexico compared to on average across oecd countries figure the fact that women are nearing gender parity in this field is a promising sign given the importance of computing in the growing and globalised digital economy oecd c,5
+the ministry has a duty to provide the policy framework and legal means for the institutional development of the energy sector of georgia as of the ministry has no formal sustainable energy executive agency within its responsibility or budget provision for the implementation of sustainable energy programmes its main responsibilities include promotion of the programmes and projects supporting the development of energy efficiency and use of renewable energy resources and cdm projects both times masses of mud blocked the only road connecting georgia with the russian federation while the disasters were not caused by the hpp construction they do indicate the high geological instability of the area in may just days before the first landslide the ebrd approved a us million loan for the development construction and operation of the dariali hpp which is a part of a larger plan to develop the hydropower potential of the tergi river and its tributaries,7
+courses are assessed for their public value taking into account a number of factors including alignment with government priority industries industry growth prospects and the extent of the employment outcome from the qualification the list is routinely updated they also include a measure related to the rates of graduates employed in their field of study,4
+while interconnection of urban clusters and their linkage to international transport networks is invariably crucial to national economic development this review will focus more specifically on transport within urban areas as opposed to interurban transport given the urgent transport challenges observed especially within large urban areas in viet nam taking a balanced approach to transport development this policy framework gives attention to transport needs in rural as well as urban areas while also acknowledging the interdependence of rural and urban transport systems the adjustment has given priority to the development of mass transit systems initially in ha noi and ho chi minh city in order to decongest these cities and to improve safety,11
+many universities have not yet aligned their programmes to the new curricula though as noted efforts are underway to encourage more institutions to update their courses the operating requirements and oversight for private universities in costa rica are extremely low see chapter of the initial teacher education programmes that are accredited only two are from private universities in contrast more than twothirds of oecd countries have some form of quality accreditation requirement for initial teacher education programmes oecd,4
+often they are ostracized by their own families friends and community first judicial practice does not grant them redress for rape as long as graphic evidence is not brought out into the open when the conflict was over these women were abandoned by the militia because of the social stigma their families and communities did not accept them back in guatemala mayan women who witnessed violence or lost family members have suffered from psychological and physical ailments tristeza such as chronic headaches gastritis chest pains visual problems respiratory infections and psychological manifestations such as recurring dreams and nightmares sadness and depression,5
+the technique assumes in particular that the conditional quantile of an individual remains the same when hisher characteristics change since this assumption may well not hold in practice the results of conditional quantile regressions must be interpreted with caution koenker unconditional quantile regressions by contrast allow estimating the effect of a small change in workers characteristics on each quantile of the overall distribution since uqrs allow assessing the impact of a particular variable on overall earnings inequality they are also more suitable than cqrs in the context of this article and are thus used as the baseline method,10
+fishing activity with bottom trawlers is prohibited in these fras in order to the conserve and manage demersal stocks including european hake and deepwater rose shrimp the three fras cover a total area of km on average km each with a mean depth of m ranging from to more than m the proposed areas were selected on the basis of the extensive scientific knowledge on the importance and stability of the nursery areas found on the ecological and biological particularity of the areas for critical life history stages of commercial stocks and on the long history of overfishing of demersal resources in the northern sector of the strait of sicily vessels authorized to fish in zone b are subject to fishing effort restrictions,14
+this approach is common in the assessment of economic impact of infrastructure given that no deployment has an immediate economic impact however the premise underlying the lagged effects assumption comprises a more complicated process of broadband adoption first of all purchasing ict is not the only requirement for improving productivity in fact both management and economics literature have shown that it is necessary to modify business practices in order for information technology impact firm efficiency,9
+in those countries the proportion of couples where the male partner works to hours per week and the woman over is also higher than in other european countries results not shown the mainbreadwinner model is at figure grey bars the most common in german couple families followed by the traditional malebreadwinner model where the mother is inactive or unemployed white bars in france the combination of two fulltime earners is much more common with couples most likely choosing dual reduced fulltime or one partner working fulltime and the other partner working between and hours the third most common practice in france is the dual fulltime earner model the distribution of work arrangements in which the male partner does not work is much the same in both countries,5
+in the period six of the years and were either very dry or extremely dry in and there were large to disastrous floods extreme climate events were especially pronounced during the last eight years in and major floods were recorded in and there were severe droughts and waves of hightropical temperatures early saw a wave of extreme cold and there were windstorms in mid,13
+it remains however that fleets continue to search globally for new fishing opportunities the following will look at three principal ways that this takes place through investing abroad in foreign countries through bilateral fisheries arrangements and through fishing on the high seas within or outside rfmos both of which may include legitimate fishing or iuu activities while the reasons for seeking new opportunities may be the same in the three cases more profitable fisheries operations spreading activities and thus reducing risks different policy challenges are associated with the three methods of going global government policy in respect of these areas in the country to be invested in is therefore crucial in enabling an investor to gauge the risk of investing,14
+but a note of caution is important when considering the discussion here as the potential impacts on water quality from growing agricultural feedstocks for bioenergy production have not been fully evaluated national research council a oecd since many of the known adverse impacts on water quality from bioenergy production are due to the type of feedstock cultivated there is potential to mitigate these impacts through the adoption of conservation practices and systems usepa changes in climate and climate variability that affect the profitability of agriculture will in turn lead to changes in locations of crop and livestock production and technologies and management practices used to produce individual crops and livestock abler etal,6
+dignitaries in attendance included the former us secretary of state hilary clinton the former head of un women michele bachelet and five female presidents and heads of government at the time the resulting joint statement signed by female world leaders resulted in the adoption of the unga resolution on december although institutionalised deputyship for women is not a desirable phenomenon more women running at this level can have the potential to normalise their presence at the top,5
+instead of directly appraising teachers a more appropriate role for the school board would be to ensure that school staff are complying with the legislated requirements of the appraisal system they might also determine how to make the appraisal process more relevant to their school for example by supplementing common professional teaching standards with other appraisal criteria that are particularly important to their context this is not a good setting for open feedback,4
+the opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the organisation or of the governments of its member countries in turn effective appraisal and feedback for teachers is essential to increase the focus on teaching quality and teachers professional learning teacher appraisal can also support the effective organisation of schools by allowing teachers to progress in their career and take on new roles and responsibilities based on a solid evaluation of their performance this chapter describes the approaches that countries take to appraise individual teachers,4
+differences in the gini coefficients between any two periods are decomposed into the composition and the wage effects as mentioned nine groups of covariates of interest are considered in the decomposition demographic education of the head household structure employment men and women work intensity men and women and skilled occupation men and women we focus in particular on three composition effects due to changes in women s employment characteristics composition effects due to changes in men s employment status are also discussed then a standard stata programme oaxaca is used to perform a ob decomposition using the rif as dependent variable,5
+about of the population reports some unmet needs of this type with a considerable gap between high and lowincome groups figure and between regions about of highincome households report unmet medical needs compared to in the lowest income bracket costs and waiting times are the greatest contributors to unmet needs in poland while most conventional medical procedures are included the list of reimbursable drugs is nanow consequently the share of outofpocket expenditure on pharmaceuticals in poland is the fourth highest in the eu after romania bulgaria and croatia and considerably higher than the eu average,3
+for poorer retirees public pensions and other income transfers are generally the only source of income other sources of income are private pension schemes and the workplace since older people in many countries continue working to earn part of their retirement income but that is not the whole picture,1
+secondary prevention thereby increases opportunities for less costly and invasive interventions in order to prevent the progression of the disease and the emergence of symptoms or the stock of illness examples include screening for diseases such as tb diabetes and breast cancer one characteristic of secondary prevention is that it occurs before the diagnosis has been made often these early case detections involve laboratory and imaging services,3
+they are classified as mixedowned if the shares of women and men are the same eg companies owned by couples and if neither men nor women alone account for more than of the shares eg a company owned by women by men and by a nonphysical person in order to assign a gender to the different owners an algorithm was developed to identify male and female owners on the basis of their first name the algorithm matches the first names of the owners in the orbis database with a database of unique male and female first names by country compiled by the oecd and which expands the one used in frietsch et al in each country at least of the owners names are identified as masculine or feminine the main comparability issue is represented by the fact that orbis s coverage of firms is still uneven across countries,5
+in brazil for example private investors are asked to collectively elaborate a planning proposal for the grid connection before they bid on upcoming renewable generation projects incentives for clean energy production vary from one state or province to another for example in the chicago tristate metroregion which straddles three us states illinois indiana and wisconsin different targets for the share of renewable sources of energy in the state energy mix together with different criteria for deciding which projects qualify as renewableenergybased electricity generation undermine efforts to attract clean energy investments to the metroregion oecd e in other cases national laws may undermine locallevel investments in clean energy for example until polish national policy prevented municipalities from taking ownership of waste generated by their inhabitants and businesses,7
+it would be important to recognise various forms of human trafficking as a separate offense in the penal codes of mena countries however some countries have taken appropriate measures to overcome genderbased violence other mena countries have abolished legal provisions offering a pardon to the abductor who marries his victim egypt,5
+legally the uzr data system should be created based on information extracted from the approved urban design projects cartographic materials geological surveys environmental and statistical data and other information important for regulation of city development the uzr must be used not only for implementation of architectural and construction control but also for property taxation and development and implementation of urban design projects such as general plans not all city administration can afford to have workable decision support systems,11
+people also modified their habits turning off lights when not needed discarding freezers that were barely used and reducing their use of air conditioning this market shrinkage had longlasting effects postponing the need for investment in new supply facilities it was the largest experiment of its kind in the world and it showed conclusively that conservation measures can be very effective in meeting society s energy needs,7
+management plans are proposed by the relevant management committees with participation of the relevant scientific and technical committees and approved by the undersecretary of fisheries and aquaculture these licenses are divisible and last years after this period they can be renewed or rendered expired depending on the owners behaviour regarding environmental fishing and labour matters licence holders are required to pay annually a fee for each vessel registered in a fishery managed under tql if the owner operates with the same vessel in a fishery that is not under tql the owner is only required to pay the nontql fee which has a lower value than the tql fee,14
+the seminal contribution by arrow underlined how the pervasive market failures in health care markets lead unfettered competitive forces to lower rather than raise welfare nonetheless several oecd countries have recently strengthened competition by introducing regulated choice mostly among providers and to a lesser extent among insurers these reforms are based on the presumption that competition coupled with a good regulatory setting will improve health care service quality while limiting the adverse effects of unfettered market forces most notably cream skimming selective coverage and unequal access to services recent evidence mostly covering the united kingdom and the united states shows that competition among hospitals if accompanied by strong and effective regulation can lower expenditure andor enhances quality of care gaynor etal an early evaluation of the reforms initiated in sweden in with the goal of increasing choice of primary care doctors indicate that they have improved access to health care anel et al for a panel of oecd countries de la maisonneuve et al,3
+greenpoint was hit in the late s by a major oil spill of an estimated million gallons predominantly from facilities owned by what is now exxon mobil decades of environmental activism by longterm residents and collaboration with more recent and often wealthier inmovers have led to a cleanup process that does not automatically or exclusively lead to the parks cafes and a riverwalk model of a green city but instead makes room for continued industrial use and bluecollar work the core feature of a just green enough strategy aims at the existing workingclass population and industrial land users not just new development activists in greenpoint want to achieve the cleanup of newtow n creek while maintaining its industrial base a strategy designed to put a stop to speculative development attracted to a neighbourhood experiencing environmental improvements initiatives ranged from the recent declaration of newtown creek as a superfund site to historical battles against a waste incinerator and a new power plant to other interventions such as the construction of a local nature trail newtown creek nature walk,11
+the net wage gap which controls for observable differences sits at more often than men women tend to leave their jobs or fail to move up the pay scale a phenomenon known as the the leaky pipeline or the glass ceiling as a result the share of women in managerial or direction positions at in switzerland does not match their share of the labour force,5
+in other words governing through laws can easily be interpreted as lack of trust in teachers which may in turn lead to feelings of being controlled which could potentially harm their creativity motivation and selfrespect on the other hand if the quality of the teaching is not good enough and parents and students do not feel that teachers are following the education act public trust in schools may decrease the way forward seems therefore to be to continue to support those teachers who seem to have taken up the four principles in the education act and support the good schools and teachers as examples for other schools,4
+various aspects of policy debate and policy formulation in colombia view science technology and innovation sti activities as a distinct domain of the economy other perspectives see a central feature of effective innovation systems and hence also of stirelated policy as involving sti activities that are deeply and pervasively embedded in all areas of the economy and society an extension of this idea views the national system of science technology and innovation as a collection of actors that is distinct from and provides support to sectors of the economy such as agriculture manufacturing or energy,9
+information provided by the government of bahrain the millennium development goals and the post policy agenda for international development represent an opportunity for increasing the focus on nationallevel implementation of the beijing platform for action and through the specific targets and indicators established for measuring progress and outcomes while almost all mena countries have ratified the cedaw convention review of their national legislation however shows that despite a number of steps taken to promote gender equality and address gender discrimination in law most mena countries do not fully comply with their international commitments the international covenant on civil and political rights was ratified in and the cedaw in,5
+furthermore the allocation of the elements to the three levels will to some extent depend on the institutional and cultural context taking the perspective of the individual worker should not be confused with establishing indicators only at the micro level any assessment of quality of employment will to some degree depend on the point of view taken,8
+les documents peuvent etre telecharges a partir de ou obtenus via le mel devcontactoecdorg fontana and paciello show for kenya that the participation of women in sugar production has entailed a decrease of their body mass index because additional work exceeded the increase in caloric intake in the same country most women belonging to teaproducing households have a high level of malnutrition because they have not enough time for their own crops whereas husbands tend to spend the income from tea for their own consumption,5
+sponsors included the fao the world bank undp donor countries and other international institutions this was the original movement for the creation of cgiar it is important to note that it was written in the midst of cgiar reform each cgiar center is an independent institution with its own charter administrative board head of the secretariat and staff members,2
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law the climate change expert group oversees development of analytical papers for the purpose of providing useful and timely input to the climate change negotiations these papers may also be useful to national policymakers and other decisionmakers,13
+robotics includes approaches in which an al system engages with and responds to environmental conditions symbolic systems attempt to represent complex concepts through the logical manipulation of symbolic representations samuel butlers erehwon is sometimes identified as the first literary work to allude to artificial intelligence in the th century authors such as isaac asimov and arthur c clarke wrote compelling works of science fiction on the subject of al,9
+climate change is likely to influence fisheries and aquaculture production in various ways for capture fisheries climate change affects fish productivity and distribution through changes in recruitment growth rates and mortality rates as well as in the migratory patterns of some stocks from an economic point of view these changes will result in losers and winners between regions or countries as well as within national jurisdictions with respect to aquaculture production climate change may necessitate changes in the species composition farmed in some areas depending on tolerability of the species to temperature and other changes,14
+she was denied a legal abortion the committee found a violation of article of the covenant torture or other inhuman or degrading treatment since the states failure to guarantee her right to a termination which in this case would have been in accordance with argentine law had caused lmr physical and mental suffering constituting a violation of article of the covenant that was made especially serious by the victims status as a young girl with a disability the committee called on the state party to provide the victim with redress including adequate compensation she requested an abortion but the service was denied since abortion was legal only to save the mothers life but not in cases of foetal impairment,5
+adolescents are able to critically address the gender roles and expectations they are exposed to and can benefit from learning new roles and expectations as they transition into adulthood adolescence is seen as a second window of opportunity to build on earlier investments or to change behaviour and provides new opportunities for those who have not fared well in childhood numerous efforts are being made to transform gender norms or rules that socially regulate gender roles and expectations and these can work alongside policies and programmes that enable women and girls to gain the necessary knowledge and skills to improve their health economic or social status,5
+in the public enterprise oskemenvodokanal was transferred to trust management for years to almaty company irgroup llp during the tendering process the rules of transfer of water supply facilities for lease and trust management were violated government expectations about enhance d efficiency and reliability of ustkamenogorsk water supply and sewerage networks were disappointed,6
+the majority of metro cebu population owns pourflush toilets the remaining population uses flush toilets pit latrines or do not have any toilet at all only of households evacuate black water ie wastewater with human wastes through sewers while is evacuated into septic tanks and through drainage and therefore have no treatment in addition only of grey water ie wastewater without human wastes is evacuated through sewerage most being evacuated through drainage with no treatment or into septic tanks figure,6
+its current research includes work on the development of wind solar and oceanic energy this financial support has allowed indonesia to organise workshops train staff in key institutions develop the national redd strategy and set up a unredd project management unit in the ministry of forestry but unlike indonesia it is a middleincome rapidly industrialising more urbanised country that hosts a large exportoriented electronics sector several decades of sustained economic expansion have greatly changed its natural environment especially in east malaysia where logging operations have led to deforestation,7
+most ghg emissions attributed to the industrial sector and a significant share of those attributed to the residential commercial and other buildings sectors result from the use of oil natural gas and coal as a result more than half of all anthropogenic ghg emissions can be traced back to the energy sector specifically electricity and heat generation as well as industry are the major sources of carbon dioxide c emissions accounting for per cent and per cent respectively of ghg emissions,13
+research in both the us and europe has demonstrated the link between certification of lower energy consumption and higher real estate values popescu et al policy makers in the chicago tristate metroregion could take this one step further by requiring a full assessment of the viability of clean and renewable energy retrofits any time a commercial or industrial building is sold the new owner would not be obliged to pursue any specific installation but ready access to this information could incite owners to voluntarily take action shortly thereafter,7
+devising a stable funding stream is critical to ensuring a realistic planning process and encouraging coordinated decisions an example is found in the united states where metropolitan planning organisations mpos were explicitly created for planning and programming federal transport funds box the goal was to ensure that existing and future expenditures for transport projects and programmes were based on a continuing cooperative and comprehensive c planning process one of the most sophisticated examples of metropolitan transport coordination can be found in germany all large metropolitan areas in germany have set up a metropolitan transport authority called verkehrsverbund such transport authorities usually bring together all local governments located in the metropolitan area as well as the corresponding land or lander if there are several of them as in the case of hamburg,11
+the following groups tend to be at a higher risk of poverty andor deprivation in the eu workless households large families with three children or more lone parent families households with lower educated adults see fusco et al furthermore there may be substantial differences between migrant and nonmigrant households and between rural and urban households the unicef office of research presents the moda results on an interactive webportal the dashboard the underlying statistics are visualised in charts and tables primary sampling units and primary strata are recreated in the eusilc user database file according to goedeme a work intensity index value of corresponds to no one being in employment ie a jobless household this helps users zoom in on the results they are most interested in,1
+finally the largest generating units owned by italian utilities are shown in table in the current situation and according to the two scenarios analysed the construction of a large nuclear unit in every area would require on average a increase in spinning reserves while the construction of smrs would not vary the current situation in this context the choice of smrs would therefore result in lower system costs,7
+partial information is available on infrastructure needs and on the costs of water resources management in the oecd and big economies annual expenditures in the range of usd billion are projected up to and over usd trillion by see oecd not least in oecd countries environmental pressures will continue to grow as will the expectations of the general public with respect to environmental protection and natural resource management these factors are expected to add significantly to the costs incurred in the supply of water services and wastewater treatment,6
+as an illustration households net worth in france is five times higher than gdp and it has grown by over on average per year and in real terms between and compared to a increase for gdp conseil des prelevements obligatoires taxing wealth at a rather low rate should thus generate large and rising tax revenues second real estate accounts for a large share of household net worth fredriksen and the tax can thus hardly be avoided third inheritance and gift taxes not only on immovable property but on all net assets could offer an alternative to the taxation of lifelong saving,10
+between the social and the spatial exploring multiple dimensions of poverty and social exclusion pp using nonmonetary deprivation indicators to analyse poverty and social exclusion in rich countries lessons from europe journal of policy analysis and management paris organization for economic cooperation and development,1
+the food and agriculture organization foodprice index rose to a record high in february topping the previous alltime high set in june following unexpected shortfalls in major cereals owing to bad weather in food riots and protests threatened governments as well as social stability in africa asia the middle east and latin america and the caribbean massive public protests in response to higher food prices erupted in very diverse countries such as burkina faso cameroon egypt guinea haiti indonesia mauritania mexico morocco nepal peru senegal uzbekistan and yemen baker food and agriculture organization of the united nations international fund for agricultural development and world food programme the number of people in need of emergency food aid in lowincome fooddeficit countries also increased according to the famine early warning systems network of the united states agency for international development an estimated million people in niger were likely to be highly or extremely food insecure in and an additional million people were at risk of moderate food insecurity altogether about per cent of the population would face food shortages,2
+in the case of income deprivation the headcount ratio decreased from in to in transfer axiom given other things a pure transfer of income from a person below the poverty line to anyone who is richer must increase the poverty measure sen p these figures show that one third of the population has income below the official poverty line us per capita per month in and half the population in rural areas suffers from monetary deprivation,1
+panel a of figure addresses this question by showing that the majority of informal workers who transit to formal jobs moves into fixedterm employment in urban colombia and urban china while the opposite holds for south africa and hirkey low transition rates from informality to fixedterm contracts in hirkey and south africa can be at least partly explained by the relatively restrictive legislation on fixedterm employment in the former and the very light employment protection rules applying to permanent contracts in the latter this evidence points to the potential existence of a vicious cycle in countries like urban colombia where some workers may be stuck in a backandforth between informality fixedterm formal jobs and joblessness such a possibility weakens the claim that informal employment typically serves as a stepping stone towards good careers,8
+women are now being oppressed by their own men who do not believe that we are capable of contributing meaningfully to the society in more ways than being child bearers achieving the goal of equal participation of women and men in decisionmaking will provide a balance that more accurately reflects the composition of society and is needed in order to strengthen democracy and promote its proper functioning united nations paragraph if local government is to meet the needs of both women and men it must build on the experiences of both women and men less work has been done on the actual impact of women on the nature and work of legislated bodies,5
+as such what parties can report will be constrained by their domestic capacities to gather and process information support for improving these fundamental capacities which in some cases may take years to develop fully will be essential for the paris agreement s enhanced transparency framework to function and to actually enable the sharing of information that parties want from each other,13
+therefore to attract more women as clients bds organisations should make extra efforts to give their services higher visibility among women as well as educating them about the value of their services however mainstream bds providers often do not have enough information on the specific needs of women entrepreneurs or how to effectively respond to those needs to provide such information for example women often lack innovative ideas for businesses because their past experience has been limited to traditionally female areas of the economy,5
+the ldcs could also explore ways of improving access to it products in their own markets thereby benefitting the consumers while none of the ldcs are currently members of the ita expansion agreement as part of its wto accession package afghanistan committed to joining the information technology agreement ita of wto b the telecommunications services sector is one of the most committed services sectors under the gats van grasstek et al twentytwo ldcs have not taken any commitments in the telecommunications sector under the gats,9
+similarly investors in the philippines are struggling with a slow regulatory approval process this does not only restrict project developers of renewable energy but potential investors in any type of power plant who are requested to sign a large number of permits from multiple government agencies before becoming operational pangalangan with the philippines suffering from frequent electricity outages and some of the highest electricity prices in asia there are multiple economic benefits to be reaped by simplifying permit procedures and easing restrictions on foreign investments,7
+while the first one covers the care and treatment of mentally disordered offenders sou the other concentrates on developing psychiatry in general sou the second report focusing on the needs for development in the field of psychiatry made several propositions for instance it suggested that government funds and supports local counties to establish housing sensitive to the needs of various subgroups of people with mental health disorders,3
+the oecd applauds these efforts and outcomes some of which exceed oecd averages as this report details the social and economic ills of the development process including pervasive informality high rates of poverty weak rule of law and inadequate institutions affect everyone but hit women especially hard men in pacific alliance countries are at least percentage points more likely to be in the labour market than women this is a daunting gap,8
+for example in mps for rice alone represented onethird of total pse budgetary support to agriculture has increased from of gross farm receipts in to in the vast majority of this in is provided through payments for variable or fixed inputs that are known to have low transfer efficiency meaning that typically a small portion of the transfers from taxpayers ends up as additional farmers income oecd and,2
+statistics on water resources include the volume of water generated within the country or territory as the result of precipitation the volume of water lost to evapotranspiration the inflow of water from neighbouring territories and the outflow of water to neighbouring territories or the sea the statistics are sourced from hydrometeorological and hydrological monitoring measurements and models statistics on the quality of water in water bodies are discussed under topic freshwater quality and topic marine water quality,6
+genderresponsive oversight can ensure inclusive needsbased security policies strengthen the operational effectiveness of security system institutions through monitoring and evaluation and enforce equitable budgeting this can include providing training on gender and security issues to parliamentarians and their staff especially those on defence and security committees supporting gender impact assessments of proposed and existing security legislation and policies and supporting mechanisms for public debate and consultation such as a national consultation on security that includes urban and rural womens and human rights organisations supporting electoral and party reform can ensure greater participation of women and other underrepresented groups in the political process constitutional electoral andor party quotas can help to achieve this,5
+africas municipal authorities have growing knowledge of what they can achieve by rethinking how they design buildings public spaces and energy water transport and waste systems the city of durban south africa shows what can be done by careful planning for resilience to climate impacts in ways that generate jobs and security for the urban poor starting in durbans municipal climate protection programme has prioritized the need to tackle the challenge of climate risk within the context of poverty escalating urbanization and deteriorating environmental conditions and has become a national and international leader in the field of climate change adaptation planning and implementations roberts,7
+this standard represents the target for energy efficiency that has to be reached by all products of a product category within a certain time frame for example the energy efficiency of air conditioners improved by between and electric refrigerators by passenger vehicles by and computers by overall the top runner program is expected to achieve exa joules ej of energy savings between and,12
+teen mothers are allowed to continue their education at the centre location nearest to them for at least one school term and then return to the formal school system after the birth of their babies to survive with my children i work in peoples gardens for rwandan francs about a day or wash peoples clothes compared with adolescent mothers not participating in the centre s programme the rate of repeat pregnancies has been lower among girls in the programme and more girls have continued their education including sitting exams and reentry into the formal education system the more successful interventions have promoted gender equality helped keep girls in school or reduced poverty and the economic incentives for child marriages among the most disadvantaged segments of society blum et al developed by the institute for reproductive health and implemented in rwanda in conjunction with catholic relief services the project increased knowledge and improved childparent communications about sexuality and gender roles,5
+in particular the analytical solution by glover and balmer while being one of the simplest has been widely applied in a policy context eg jenkins nebraska dnr this equation allows to derive the stream depletion caused by a specific well after a defined pumping period at a constant rate of impacts based on pumping rates distance from the stream aquifer coefficients storage transmissivity and a complementary error function see annex a for details the equation can be modified to account for seasonal pumping similarly other more sophisticated versions are available for surfacewater groundwater interactions such as partially penetrating wells or streambed clogging eg hunt hunt,6
+comprises all pharmaceuticals including branded and generic pharmaceutical products which are provided in response to a prescription issued by a licensed medical practitioner or pharmacist comprises all pharmaceuticals including branded and generic pharmaceutical products which may or may not be available without prescription but have been purchased independently includes adhesive and nonadhesive bandages hypodermic syringes firstaid kits hotwater bottles and ice bags medical hosiery items such as elastic stockings and knee supports condoms and other mechanical contraceptive devices,3
+pressurised fluid storage often referred to as compressed air energy storage represents a very small percentage of the total there has been no obvious acceleration in the rate of invention the converse is true of france both sweden and switzerland have relatively higher counts than is generally found in other fields in terms of technology types active power filtering superconducting transmission lines and flexible ac transmission systems make up almost twothirds of the total claimed priorities figure this is a first and necessary step in determining whether public support for rdd in the area of energy storage and grid management will lead to increased penetration of renewable energy in the grid,7
+necessary responses include increasing geographical accessibility to higher education improving preparation for higher education through longterm investment to schools and closer linkages between schools and higher education institutions and improving campus culture and academic and social support measures to improve retention and success in higher education considering the current underrepresentation of arab population in tertiary education steps should be taken to provide adequate support to nai which is the first comprehensive arab higher education institution in israel see box support should also be provided to the arab colleges of education to help them to diversify their teaching portfolios,4
+however cities also present potential opportunities such as increased economic independence and capacity to challenge rigid gender norms at the same time inequalities in access to health care between migrant and nonmigrant populations exist in many urban locations which affect the individual and public health of urban communities migrants themselves can play a key role in building resilience,11
+for a more accurate prediction other factors should also be taken into account such as resource use and distribution in the society availability and affordability of public and private goods and services legislation and legislative accountability as well as societal behaviours beliefs and traditions among others deprivations measure the individual deprivation status in each of the various sectors considered as crucial for individuals survival and development deprivations can stem from the lack of financial means ie monetary poverty but they can also be the result of unavailability of basic goods in the market the lack of service provision or societal beliefs customs and behaviour among other reasons especially regarding children some differences between deprivation and monetary poverty are expected as children need goods and services that are more likely to be subject to missing or incomplete markets eg health care school or nutritional needs,1
+since the mid th century education systems have expanded enormously and human populations have never been more highly educated than today emerging economies and developing countries are now also relentlessly expanding their education systems seeing education as an indispensable ingredient of modernisation and progress indeed the benefits to individuals and societies of ever more education remain very impressive,4
+energy costs will be controlled through improvements in energy efficiency and the limits that higher energy prices put on economic growth there will be continued reliance on fossil based sources scarcity will exist for those without indigenous resources but those with indigenous resources will progress creating tensions on resource availability,7
+the netherlands has the lowest incidence rates in terms of monetary poverty financial strain and housing problems but slightly higher proportions of children experiencing neighbourhood problems or difficult access to basic services than other countries deprivation patterns in germany and france are also mixed with their ranking visavis other countries being very dependent on the domain under consideration financial strain is the most prevalent problem in all countries with incidence rates ranging from per cent in the netherlands to per cent in france and the uk,1
+adequate transport infrastructure is vital to overcome this gap and connect smes in lowdensity remote areas to hubs ports and airports the lack of such infrastructure results in a business ecosystem with higher costs than that of urban businesses in addition the goods and resources that provide the necessary value fail to reach the next step in the value chain or end up being more expensive and of lower quality,9
+as shown in figure of mitigation finance flows goes to middle income countries this imbalance in climate related oda has come under scrutiny by some commentators steele sachs and schmidttraub meanwhile adaptation receives of climaterelated development finance with of these resources targeted towards leastdeveloped and low income countries,13
+of all commitments in the eecca countries in the six largest projects were directed to either uzbekistan or ukraine ie those supported by japan the world bank group and the european investment bank this has significantly affected the entire landscape of climaterelated development finance committed to the region in such projects include highefficiency gasfired power plants district heating energy efficiency transport sector infrastructure investment and water resource management for adaptation,13
+although progress has been made in the last few years and despite largescale deployment of renewables the share of renewables in the energy mix remains low exacerbating continued air pollution problems across the region and putting stress on emerging economies as a result of fluctuations in oil prices furthermore the rate of energy efficiency uptake still needs to be accelerated in order to unlock the immense crosssectoral benefits financial barriers are of particular concern as energy transition strategies require vast sums of investment in order to bridge this financing gap governments need to leverage funds for increased privatesector investment which requires more stability and predictability in policymaking and the introduction of financing tools that help manage the often high investment risk,7
+regular household surveys are not yet undertaken in many countries especially ldcs and do not always follow the same guidelines for data gathering on icts the rapid pace of change in technology and markets also affects the comparability of data so that targets and indicators need to be kept under review and updated from time to time to meet changing data availability and policy requirements more attention also needs to be addressed to building the capacity of national statistical offices and others concerned with data gathering and analysis,9
+there are also structural challenges such as the domination of subsistenceoriented producers in key product sectors the weak integration of domestic food chains and difficult access to external markets qualified labour is scarce commercial credit markets are narrow and much of the credit resources especially for longterm investment depend on state provision public resources should be shifted to remove significant deficiencies in transport infrastructure water and land management plant and animal health and food safety systems information research education and knowledge dissemination policy reform should not only include a stronger emphasis on the provision of public goods but would also require developing new policies to manage risks in agriculture and promoting sustainable use of agricultural resources,2
+the process of achieving more sustainable urban transportation systems designed with the principle of accessibility at their core is dependent on the participation of all stakeholders in cities the authorities the private sector and the citizens along the lines of principles of democracy a successful process will depend on effective governance of land use and transportation where new housing and commercial planning will entail simultaneous transportation systems design careful neighborhood design strategic infrastructure investments and fair efficient and stable funding the accessibility in turn is influenced by the availability of an efficient and effective transport system,11
+this is because brazil is finally approaching the hard core of extreme poverty those who are lacking in everything limited access to infrastructure and public services low levels of education precarious relationships with the world of work minimal and unstable income and little or no knowledge of their civil rights are some of the characteristics that combine to keep these people in poverty left to themselves they do not have the necessary tools to break this perverse cycle nor do they possess useful skills to offer the market,1
+these include measures for residential ee driven by utilities or local authorities and public buildings boiler replacement programmes lights and appliances eg utilitydriven and a switch to cleaner cars fleet renewal bowen et al several countries provide or are considering support for the construction of new energy infrastructure especially renewable sources of energy and incentives for ee improvements as part of their fiscal stimulus programmes the latter include tax credits for the purchase of energyefficient furnaces windows and insulation billion for ee improvements in over one million lower income homes and billion for improving energy efficiency in public housing in the european commission decided to allocate billion to clean energy projects gas and electricity infrastructure offshore wind energy and ccs but not to ee projects european parliament,7
+public goods for agriculture such as rd education and rural infrastructure are a fundamental part of the enabling environment described in earlier chapters and they are essential for agricultural growth and poverty reduction however governments everywhere face financial constraints and competing demands so they must make difficult choices in allocating public resources which public investments have the highest returns in terms of agricultural growth and poverty reduction,2
+by way of example projections based on this method are set out below for brazil colombia peru and the plurinational state of bolivia the forecasts are based on both future changes in educational distribution across the population and changes in fertility rates within each education group changes in the educational composition of the female population of childbearing age were based on projections made by iiasa,5
+at a minimum the high expectations for the process and the comparatively weak outcome combined with the significant lack of trust generated by an opaque negotiating process led in the following months to a lack of confidence in the unfccc process the resulting mobilization across the system helped to demonstrate critical linkages between climate change and sustainable development disaster risk reduction and humanitarian efforts as well as the feasibility and readiness of the multilateral system to support countries actions on climate change in addition building on the commitment in the copenhagen accord to increase funding for climate change adaptation and mitigation in developing countries to billion by ban kimoon launched the highlevel advisory group on climate change finance to assess potential sources of climate finance,13
+for example some climate funds focus on adaptation some on mitigation some on specific geographical regions this means that it would be challenging to distil a common definition of climate finance effectiveness for example climate finance that is also oda is required by definition to promote the economic development and welfare of developing countries as well as leading to climate benefits thus existing approaches and frameworks in use to assess effectiveness at the level of specific interventions are often multidimensional the range of objectives of different sources and channels of climate finance can also influence assessments of climate finance effectiveness this is because managing the results of an intervention to meet multiple goals eg carbon sequestration improved local livelihoods increased biodiversity may lead to different choices in allocating climate finance to specific intervention types andor locations than managing an intervention to maximise an individual goal eg carbon sequestration,13
+for instance a drone delivery service provided by the united statesbased company zipline in partnership with the rwandan health ministry has slashed the delivery time of lifesaving medicine to remote regions of rwanda from four hours to an average half an hour see case study on rwanda in chapter unassisted robots for some time have been planting seeds and picking weeds and agricultural aircraft are spraying crops with precision to reduce chemical infiltration of groundwater in some parts of the world nevertheless adoption of aerial survey vehicles is not yet within the reach of most farmers with low purchasing power,9
+bars and diamonds indicate ranges and averages across models respectively the three world regions are defined to include the americas europe africa and the middle east and asia and oceania changes shown are relative to the respective scenario without policy change a wellfunctioning trading system has an important role to play in cushioning local and regional supplyside shocks such as those related to extreme weather or civil unrest and in mitigating their adverse impacts on food security baldos and hertel,2
+another would be for tipos to team up with platform providers for the provision of market information and matchmaking any move in this direction would be aimed at ensuring that big data will ultimately be used to the benefit of small firms and in the interest of the objectives pursued by individual tipos chapter shows platform providers to be increasingly bundling matchmaking services financial services and logistics services some of them are already doing this chapter,9
+this definition of food security is the translation of changes in food insecurity driven by market dynamics to grasp the major transformations and consequences inherent in the emergence of an agricultural market economy a clear understanding of what the market actually encompasses is crucial box this narrow view biases analyses of agricultural transformations in important ways,2
+nearly four million m of timber are processed currently in the concern s factories and mills it is the largest single consumer of timber in the country despite the effort to outsource forest products and nonforestproducts harvesting only a limited share is undertaken by private companies eg per cent of forest products harvesting it organizes see of forest management projects,15
+effective screening programmes for these cancers can aid detection at an earty stage and potentially reduce mortality specialist nursing positions in diabetes and cardiac care for chronic patient groups have also been introduced in a list of activities for which primary care facilities are paid a small fee was introduced which complements the primarily capitationbased reimbursement system,3
+it aims to improve the responses that people in mental health crisis situations receive from services and in particular to keep people in mental distress who have committed no crime out of police cells the amount of activity from local leads on mental health and policing is unprecedented and people are set on finding local solutions and agreements through joint action planning there were cases in down to cases in the department is working closely with the police to monitor further progress this year previously some trusts did not treat these cases as emergencies now all have signed up to provide initial clinical assessments within minutes,3
+of note however sonpreference in urban areas lias declined over the years due to the empowerment of women and higher gender equality they are found to be lower than their maximum value as a result of delayed marriage and marital disruption the use of contraception and induced abortion and postpartum infecundability bongaarts the indices of marriage contraceptive use induced abortion and postpartum infecundability as well as the tfr and tf as obtained from the bongaarts model for the years and by residence are presented in table,5
+according to one of the authors of the ipccs special report on the impacts of global warming of c above preindustrial levels reaching this target is technically possible but its extremely improbable absent a real sea change in the way we evaluate risk we are nowhere near that drew shindell in milman september the fulfilment of its goals depends on creating a positive cycle of climate action that will raise ambition over time among state and nonstate actors,13
+in its th electoral term the bundestag set up permanent committees including the committee on family affairs senior citizens women and youth it shares its opinion on all bills motions reports resolutions and european union issues that concern families senior citizens women and youth it focuses on support for children and families measures to help parents balance their work and family lives promoting equal treatment of men and women helping senior citizens to lead independent lives and involving youth in communities advisory and consultative councils particularly widespread in latin america also are useful in maintaining relationships between national gender institutions and civil society actors and women s organisations such councils can exert soft pressure on governments to help hold them accountable for gender equality commitments,5
+denmark performed around oecd average in problemsolving in pisa less yearolds in denmark are excellent problemsolvers compared to the oecd average preprimary education in denmark includes kindergartens and preschool classes children have guaranteed access to day care as local councils must ensure the necessary number of places for children in their municipality,4
+there is also the wubao programme that aims to maintain the basic living standards of the elderly the disabled and some children those with no supporting family no income and no ability to work often through the provision of inkind services benefits usually include food clothing medical care housing and burial expenses depending on the physical condition of the person care can be given either separately or collectively such policy instruments are important for safeguarding the living standards of vulnerable members of the rural population,2
+it aims to connect the various parties involved in international trade in order to cut the filing verification processing and coordination costs associated with crossborder transportation according to maersk documentation and bureaucracy can represent up to onefifth of the total cost of moving a container many startups are developing autonomous robots that operate alongside humans and track inventory on shelves in warehouses factories and distribution centres a german online retailer that uses machinelearning algorithms to predict what customers are going to buy has developed a system so reliable that it can predict with per cent accuracy what will be sold within the following days the economist b this results in better supply management by cutting down inventory and reduces the time required for delivery,9
+under preindependence customary law women s access to land was primarily through their husbands fathers or some other male relative under the communal land reform act of there are no bars to gender equality in the allocation of communal land but there is no direct articulation ofthe principle of nondiscrimination nor any affirmative action for women land continues to be allocated by traditional leaders with the allocations being ratified by community land boards about one third of whose members should be women,5
+multilateral oda are official contributions to multilateral agencies whether negotiated assessed or voluntary for which the governing boards have the unqualified right to allocate as they see fit within the organisation s charter however dac statistical system also tracks flows from multilateral organisations to countries or multilateral outflows the use of multilateral agencies as an intermediary is illustrated in this figure as the provision of fixed broadband right side in which a router transforms the signals coming from cables and creates a wifi network,9
+as illustrated in the example of frankfurt the creation of such metropolitan transport authorities has facilitated fare integration and expansion of the public transport supply which can support more inclusive economic development box a few authorities also enjoy competencies in terms of public parking and sometimes urban spatial planning which can help guide an integrated urban development strategy and promote inclusive growth throughout the entire metropolitan area the widely documented experience of bogota and seoul in conducting extensive reforms of their public transport systems suggests that urban transport systems can help reconcile economic social and environmental objectives box,11
+it compares these financial needs with expected biodiversity expenditures over a medium to longterm planning horizon national biodiversity targets are typically articulated in nbsaps and other key national strategies such as ndps sectoral development plans and climate change plans the plan proposes steps to implement a balanced mix of prioritised finance solutions to sustainably manage biodiversity finance and achieve national biodiversity targets based on the findings from the biodiversity expenditure review and the financial needs assessment the amount that is currently financed is of the total annual requirement,15
+in addition the use of products and energy from sustainably managed forests to substitute for nonrenewable materials and energy sources contributes to climate change mitigation there is potential to further develop all these approaches although there are tradeoffs between these strategic objectives as well as with other forest management objectives the benefits for biodiversity can already be seen in the recorded increase of the dead wood component in commercially managed seminatural forests in some ece countries the international commitments on biodiversity notably the aichi biodiversity targets are being implemented although there is no authoritative progress report yet,15
+in particular participants underlined the need to engage stakeholders through fisheries comanagement processes and to develop synergies between ssf and other related sectors such as tourism and recreational fisheries as such the need to develop indicators to measure the economic and social impact of ssf both in quantitative and qualitative terms was highlighted including the impact of ssf on coastal communities and the interaction between ssf and other marine industries transportation tourism oil and gas etc the need for a characterization of ssf was also discussed and was highlighted in the context of improving ssf data collection participants also called for a study on social protection programmes for smallscale fishers recognizing the importance of these programmes in supporting management measures in addition best practice guidelines for the enforcement of ssf comanagement schemes in the mediterranean and the black sea should be produced,14
+this is one of the highest rates in the oecd similar to other latin american countries income inequality in mexico is also very high in the average income of the top in mexico was times greater than that of the bottom this is the largest difference in the oecd and compares unfavourably to an oecd average of to for the highest versus lowest decile oecd d poverty is more pronounced in femaleheaded households usaid,5
+however the economy will need much more in the way of investment technologies technical knowhow and market access from the developed countries that have made repeated promises to earmark resource transfers to support the transformation process in developing countries green globe members save energy and water resources reduce operational costs positively contribute to local communities and their environment and meet the high expectations of green leisure and business travelers see accessed february,12
+resistance among people living in risk zones to moving to secure places is another example citizens are aware of environmental problems but not of their role both in creating the problem and resolving it the strategies for development and climate change in both mexico city and the state of mexico promote the need for public consultation in forums and seminars but there is little evidence of a strategy to actively engage the public in policy decisions and the voluntary sector s involvement in climate change actions is limited,11
+in particular they do not link to the extensive field of the energy technology innovation system etis and do not fully touch upon how innovation is financed adopted and diffused technology push and market pull policies need to be properly modelled because it is the proper combination at both ends of the innovation chain which offers the best prospect of accelerating the pace of innovation this is equivalent to a technology supplypush and contrasts with the accumulating evidence around marketbased technology learning,7
+the act gives the authorities the ability to regulate recreational fisheries by foreign tourists as well as by norwegian citizens each recreational fisherman may combine these types of gears according to the number of gears listed norwegian citizens may sell the fish through the sales organisations,14
+if these improvements would have taken place anyway using them to offset biodiversity losses jeopardises the equivalence of an exchange conservation measures already required by law such as noxious weed control may be required even in the absence of offsets programmes so allowing them to contribute to an offset overstates their actual contribution to conservation the principle of ensuring that offsets comprise demonstrably new contributions to conservation is known as additionality icf ghk and bio intelligence service in the netherlands for example the additionality of biodiversity offsets is a legal requirement under the dutch nature conservation act de bie and van dessel and in england the guiding principles for biodiversity offsetting state that offsets should not being used to deliver something that would have happened anyway,15
+ecotourism is an important sector with green growth potential and should be further promoted in addition to access fees for federal protected areas and reserves other instruments to capture the international public good benefits provided by protected areas should be explored see also alpizar for instance in belize an environmental tax is levied on visitors upon departure,15
+oftentimes women start businesses to be personally challenged and as a way to balance work with family demands women are therefore more likely to set limits on the growth of their businesses in order to maintain this flexibility third women tend to start smaller businesses in sectors where the barriers to entry and consequently the potential for growth are lower hadary ernst young kepler and shane,5
+available from i a lj ji ql jjijl jjuo zawya accessed march to mitigate these losses aoad identified several measures that need to be implemented among which are the development of storage and transport infrastructure such as refrigerated warehouses silos and refrigerated transport means and the improvement of marketing services and information systems an example of the last is the establishment of the egyptian food bank in aimed at ending hunger by by limiting food waste and distributing saved food to the needy it is logical and fruitful to think of the marriage between natural resources land and water that are available in some countries such as mauritania sudan and the syrian arab republic and the economic capacity of the gcc countries,2
+with the possible exception of subsaharan africa the prevalence of stunting is rapidly decreasing but child overweight is increasing undernutrition in children is expected to be associated with greater child food insecurity the magnitude and direction of any association of overnutrition with child food insecurity probably depends on the severity of the food insecurity in part the slippage among these constructs reflects limitations in the data that are currently available,2
+indeed the number of hospital admissions is high and the duration of stays remains relatively long figure adjustments for care quality have been piloted and scaled up though their amount remains below of the participating hospitals medical spending in grants for acutecare equipment increased to better take into account fixed maintenance costs in addition the authorities plan to develop bundled payments for acute care and rehabilitative services to improve pathways for patients with chronic illnesses,3
+the definition good status follows the eu water framework directive a quantitatively good status requires that abstractions do not have a significant impact on related surface water bodies these wetlands and their small ponds make a very large contribution to biodiversity in semiarid climates by offering breeding grounds for migratory species they also have considerable international significance,6
+as with many of the determinants of adolescent pregnancy longterm solutions must be multidimensional and address underlying problems such as gender inequality negative attitudes of boys and men towards girls norms that perpetuate violence and impunity poverty that compels girls to engage in sex as a survival strategy and inadequate protection of human rights narrowly focused interventions are not enough and efforts centred on changing a girl s behaviour fail to reflect the multidimensional nature of the challenge keeping girls on healthy safe and affirming life trajectories requires comprehensive strategic and targeted investments in adolescents that address the multiple sources of their vulnerabilities which vary by age income group place of residence and many other factors,5
+studies of changes in epl for chile and colombia do find that weaker epl is associated with declines in job tenure higher separation rates and increased hiring in the formal sector freeman using a firmlevel dataset for a set of industrialised and developing countries haltiwanger et al if labour legislation reduces the ability of firms to adjust their workforce accordingly particularly in downturns it may have effects on aggregate performance,8
+their ability to consider multiple independent criteria in evaluating the acceptability of a given policy strategy does not require the heroic assumptions necessary for formulating an aggregated welfare function in policy optimization models because the algorithms applied by policy guidance models are similar to those of optimization models they also require a highly simplified representation of dynamic system components optimizing models either apply global averages or distinguish a limited number of geopolitical regions most policy evaluation models in contrast determine climate impacts on a geographical grid often latitude by latitude,13
+the lack of social supports combined with mexican women s disproportionate responsibility for unpaid work chapter inhibits women s labour market entry permanence earnings and career progression the gender gap in neet rates in mexico is percentage points also the second highest figure in the oecd the vast majority of female neets are inactive of young women rather than unemployed of young women,5
+the most structural reformer in the region was hungary which in effectively closed down the systems of individual accounts implemented in calvoetal in latin america argentina also ended the private system of individual accounts in to return to a fully public defined benefit and payg pension model arza b however since women are more dependent on public support in old agetheyare likely to suffer most from pension cuts including less generous indexation rules because they live longer receive benefits for a longer period and thus face higher risks of benefit depreciation over time,5
+unless otherwise noted comparisons of student performance refer to the performance of students on the mathematics scale the analysis is conducted both before and after accounting for the school systems per capita income ie per capita gdp the analyses are undertaken first for oecd countries and then for all countries and economies that participated in pisa tables iv iv,4
+nevertheless capacity credits remain low in the best of cases usually in the range or below furthermore the capacity credit declines with increasing penetration of variable renewable resources as stable hour demand needs to be met and the system no longer can rely on the fortuitous matching of intermittent supply and peak demand their advantage however is that such outages are rarely correlated and can frequently be coordinated over time see chapter,7
+the australian industry group aig is concerned that there is a lack of comprehensive skill development pathways for the emerging technology sector with sustainability one of the key areas the report argues in relation to construction for example that the design and construction of energyefficient buildings is emerging as a major driver for skills including the design of new buildings and components as well as the installation of new technologies and retrofitting or upgrading of current or old technologies skill demands vary with some tasks requiring a variation of existing skills whilst others require a set of new skills and knowledge as well as integration of skills from different trades such as electrical and plumbing skills sustainability has become a high priority training area for the communitybased registered training organisations rtos interest in sustainability skills is also increasing in most disciplines,7
+men are most often the main earner and women the main carer however opinions towards working mothers have become more positiveparticularly in countries where the government has increased support for parents seeking to combine work and family commitments men especially the highlyeducated are increasingly involved in parenting the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law,5
+the international covenant on economic social and cultural rights adopted in states in article that marriage must be entered into with the free consent of the intending spouses in its general comment no it also notes that states parties are obliged to prevent third parties from coercing women to undergo traditional practices such as female genital mutilation in addition the convention contains specific provisions in relation to forced marriage article i lb and early marriage article,5
+only in the dominican republic and uruguay did gdp rise by more than see table the countries drew on solid macroeconomics built up during the economic and financial boom applying countercyclical fiscal and monetary policies the simple average inflation rate for the region as a whole was in,1
+education systems can also consider providing financial incentives for oversubscribed schools to enrol migrant students field et al for example school funding may be weighted according to sociodemographic characteristics of the student population the idea is that good schools will seek to enrol migrant students from low socioeconomic backgrounds because they know that with the additional money provided they will be able to provide additional support for the child to show improvement trends and reach performance levels hoxby,4
+the average income of people with a moderate mental health disorder is slightly below of the average income of the total population the figure for people suffering from severe mental health disorder is lower at around as a comparison however australia and the united states exhibit figures below oecd a,3
+in other words at the global level there has been no decoupling of material footprint growth from either population growth or gdp growth it is imperative that we reverse that trend in about metric tons of natural resources were used to satisfy an individuals needs in that rose to metric tons an increase of per cent,12
+spending one hour per week on homework is associated with a reduction in the probability of scoring poorly in mathematics compared to doing no homework devoting two hours per week on homework is associated with a reduction in that likelihood and three hours per week is associated with a reduction the probability of scoring poorly continues to decrease as the number of hours spent on homework increases but only up to a point after which there are nil returns on the investment oecd c they can include the lack of a suitable quiet place at home to study the need to contribute to family and other activities inadequate parental guidance or supervision in students younger years lack of confidence in their ability to understand or complete the homework and lack of interest in the task andor subject matter,4
+speeds are enforced with automatic enforcement videobased time over distance cameras in the more recent schemes the use of the hard shoulder for through traffic at times of high congestion is a common feature the aim of isa is to discourage or even prevent speeding by informing drivers about the speed limit for a road warning them about excess speed and in the most sophisticated systems preventing speeding by use of an electronic speed limiter the fundamental distinction in isa is between advisory warning systems which typically beep at the driver when speeding over a certain threshold is detected and intervening systems which typically limit speed at or just over the speed limit,11
+thus all countries need to borrow results of either cost or effectiveness studies from other settings but the fact that most published studies are very specific to a particular context makes this difficult to address this need whochoice reports results by global subregions ie sets of similar countries and has developed tools enabling countrylevel analysis too like all costeffectiveness analyses gcea focuses on only one outcome population health,3
+while not as high as some of its european union eu neighbours the result is nevertheless encouraging africa has also been a world leader in gender diversity at the corporate board and chief executive officer ceo levels with african women holding per cent of positions in executive committees in at the ceo level women occupied per cent of positions compared with a global average of per cent that same year it also reviews womens ownership of companies and agricultural holdings and the extent to which they are overcoming barriers to ownership such as inheritance,5
+private sector development in the mina region oecd d untapped skills realising the potential of immtcrant students information on the number of international students that is students who obtained prior education abroad is not available for all oecd countries but the available evidence suggests a strong increase over the past decade to make better use of this important source of skills several oecd countries have eased their immigration policies to allow international students to work during their studies and encourage them to remain after their studies to work box the overal i percentage of those who remain in the host country after their studies varies averaging in among international students who did not renew their student permits it is above in australia canada the czech republic france germany and the netherlands since not much is known about the career paths and mobility of this highskilled group the oecd unesco and eurostat are working together in the careers of doctorate holders project to provide statistics for this specific group,4
+in relation to supporting skill development and training provision for people working in the tourism sector servicelq also facilitates a sector skills advisory group activity which identifies goals strategies and actions for the tourism sector aligned to this servicelq facilitates an industry advisory group one of the functions of the industry advisory group is to prioritise projects resulting from the sector advisory group activities this has helped to enhance the visibility of the qualification and was achieved in dialogue with the training and educational institutions and industry to ensure the training programme meets the needs on the ground these mechanisms help to identify training pathways guide training programme design and support skills recognition nationally and internationally,8
+the total net government financial expenditures in support of the fishery sector were of the total export value in its purpose is to provide for the utilisation of national fisheries resources while ensuring their sustainability and avoiding remedying or mitigating any adverse environmental effects the act and the subordinate fisheries regulations provide for the fishing interests of commercial recreational and customary maori fishers,14
+for instance the itfs proposed benchmark makes it possible to combine information on the levels of access to services by different transport modes with data on income distribution of an urban population this type of analysis sheds light on the link between income inequality and access to opportunities in urban areas similarly this approach has potential for analysing links between transport accessibility and greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector,11
+this information was previously requested on a voluntary basis and may be challenging to provide the paris agreement also includes various qualifiers related to climate finance for example financial resources provided must be scaled up and take into account developing country needs and strategies mobilisation should also represent a progression beyond previous efforts,13
+these studies are based on household data for ethiopia chamberlin et al they observe that the distance to a passable road and the cost of transporting rice significantly decrease the use of fertilizer in rice production controlling for soil fertility they demonstrate that crop yields for the three major staples in madagascar rice maize and cassava are lower in isolated areas in other words reducing travel time to major cities has significant effects on agricultural productivity in subsaharan africa it has been found that investments in corridors have a limited effect on smallholders and agricultural production a study of corridors in mozambique and united republic of tanzania suggests that these routes are likely to be corridors of power that benefit relatively few rather than corridors of plenty with per cent of smallholders likely to be left out of value chains,2
+for reforms to take root and bear fruit however aspirational legal commitments to equality must permeate national laws and eventually evolve into social norms states that commit to international conventions and principles establishing general standards must incorporate them through their constitutions and amendments to domestic legislation they are also committed to regional standards on gender equality and nondiscrimination in libya the ratification of a permanent constitution is expected to replace the provisional constitutional declaration in place since august,5
+at the moment female educational attainment clearly dominates male educational attainment in a majority of industrialized countries this is true for several measures of attainment women are in a clear majority among secondary school graduates among students enrolled in tertiary education and among tertiary graduates furthermore judging from recent trends it seems likely that the gender gap in educational attainment will keep on widening in favor of women in the future,5
+in contrast usm school of computer sciences had extensive collaborative relationships across its teaching and research mission in addition to wide research collaboration the school has extensive linkages related to human resource development including industry involvement in curriculum development the school also provides industrial training and certificate programmes to upgrade the knowledge and skills of existing of multi national corporations in the ee industry,4
+emergency care units in hospitals mainly those in big cities consult with ambulance teams to identify the appropriate hospitals for transfer and if needed doctors are sent from large cities to care for patients coming from other regions emergency care is provided based on guidelines and the compliance to guidelines is monitored although this is a promising achievement it does not yet appear to be reflected in key indicators of the quality of acute care,3
+these include the development of comprehensive coherent policies as well as a stable policy environment and wellfunctioning institutions iigcc mani developing an agreed national strategic vision and systematic response to climate change across government and within national plans encourages donors of international climate finance to respond to demanddriven country priorities this facilitates the ability of countries to meet aid effectiveness principles for example donors can only meet the paris declaration principles of aligning climate finance behind domestic objectives and ownership if national strategies plans and priorities have been developed many developing countries eg brazil india indonesia kenya have established such strategies and plans but they are not yet place in all countries benefitting from international climate finance,13
+however crude hospital mortality rates do not account for the complexity or severity of the cases treated are thus too blunt an instrument to measure or compare the quality of hospital services across facilities in kazakhstan around one person dies for every hospitalised this does not mean that hospitals in kazakhstan are times safer a more reasonable interpretation would be that the nature of hospitals and the range of treatments they provide in kazakhstan differ profoundly from those of oecd countries that patients in kazakhstan hospitals are likely to be less unwell or are admitted for the treatment of less serious conditions that in oecd countries might not be considered to require hospital admission,3
+the share of tradable goods and services explains more than half of the gross value added of three chungcheongnamdo gyeonsangbukdo and jeollanamdo out of five predominantly rural regions in in contrast to the remaining two rural regions jejudo and gangwondo which depend more on nontradable sectors have recorded lower rates of gdp per capita growth over however challenges related to the quality of environment are not rural specific per se in korea as it concerns the country as a whole the level of air pollution is slightly lower in the selected tl region than at the national level,11
+already the nsfled programmes in the united states in the s and s relied heavily on the expertise of academic specialists and to a lesser extent on teachers in designing a new type of content and novel strategies for its delivery cuban elmore and sykes elmore in korea the recent curriculum development process built on commissioned research and was conducted by a working group composed largely of experts from the korea educational development institute box indeed in most oecd countries experts tend to participate in curriculum development work undertaken within specific governmental committees or working groups sometimes even within agencies particularly specialised on curriculum in ireland curriculum development is undertaken by the national council for curriculum and assessment an advisory body to the minister of education unesco f,4
+development charges that reflect the true cost of providing services can buttress planning tools by guiding development away from highcost areas to more efficient locations tomalty and skaburskis pricing policies can be an effective planning tool because they directly engage developers they make them accept the full project costs they recognise and publicise the need to correct for the external costs of development by increasing the cost of land and they raise funds for infrastructure development and compensation programmes skaburskis for example the extension of the metroline in copenhagen was financed through fees from the development of the restad area of copenhagen oecd in order to have the required effect the charges have to be differentiated by location to reflect the different infrastructure costs,11
+the developed economies are in a technological race to develop more efficient electricity generating systems without c emissions and governments are providing major support to rd in this sector the united states energy secretary has recently said that the country could either develop the next generation of clean energy technologies which would help to create thousands of new jobs and export opportunities in the united states or else it could wait for other countries to take the lead see online http energygovarticlesenergydepartmenttakesfirststepspurusmanufacturingsmallmodularnuclearreactors clean energy technology transfer is one of the negotiating points in international conversations on climate change mitigation and although no specific proposal has yet emerged in this regard fdi in renewable energies can be expected to be one of the main vehicles for this transmission peterson,7
+in there were an average of beds across the small clinics hiranhic despite the fact that korea population is concentrated geographically the tendency towards having the physical infrastructure for complex services readily available suggests that these facilities may be delivering services of a higher clinical intensity than may be medically appropriate clinics and general hospitals provide basic surgery and limited inpatient services and most major hospitals have large outpatient departments over time these hospitals have benefitted from a prestige factor amongst consumers who often turn to the most qualified medical specialist they can access rather than general practitioners who specialise in managing the range of a patient s needs,3
+however in absolute terms new immigrants add to the net inflows of every major occupational group this means that the inflow of new foreignbom workers deviates from the nativeborn pattern of occupational growth considering gender differences the same pattern is observed for both men and women occupations are ranked in order of increasing average annual employment growth rates from to a positive difference in shares means that proportionally more new immigrants entered the group ol legislators senior officials and managers professionals technicians and associate professionals clerks service workers and shop and market sales workers skilled agricultural and fishery workers craft and related trades workers plant and machine operators and assemblers elementary occupations,8
+more funds should be provided however to help implement these strategies and support the development of new ones so as to reinforce the resilience of the food production system several policy scenarios illustrate the potential of government investments in physical infrastructure to drive productivity growth and enhance food production capacity the first scenario assumes an increase of public investment in agriculture by the government equivalent to percentage points of gdp over the period,2
+moreover reserve seats on local councils should have the same status as general seats with clear mandates and roles gazetted for all decisionmakers and with equal access to resources and funding financial resources many women are limited by financial resources which further inhibit their effective participation in politics a dedicated fund should be set aside through state or party mandates to support womens advocacy and political campaigns,5
+high judicial appointment records show minimal if any consideration for gender balance as a criterion for selection overall women held less than onethird of senior positions in the judiciary in and occupy only of the supreme court s seats figure it has also contributed decisively to a series of reforms that have introduced and effectively implemented quota requirements in the federal electoral law,5
+by uclg ed that local expenditures in brazil were to per cent of its gdp the highest n latin america while it has waxed and waned in many countries as central governments have failed to fully relinquish financial control over municipalities even when directed to do so by legislation cities have emerged with generally stronger financial tools than they had going into the period but as their growth has continued to outpace their ability to provide services for their citizens they have had to deal frontally with one of the central issues of the habitat agenda the need to provide adequate housing particularly for the poor,11
+the private sector is very limited in providing inpatient care but plays a substantial role in other areas such as primary care and dental care total health expenditure per capita is half of the eu average figure one third of health spending comes from private sources largely outofpocket payments although most of the public spending on health comes from the nhif a substantial share in of nhif revenue comes from the state s budget nhif which funds the insurance coverage for the nonwoiking part of the population see section,3
+turkmen gas has high hydrogen sulfide content and therefore requires considerable processing to be marketable and more environmentally friendly apart from the southern korepzhekurt kui pipeline a spur to the islamic republic of iran with relatively low capacity that was constructed after independence the only export route was an old pipeline via kazakhstan and the russian federation turkmenistan remains confident that it has enough gas reserves to serve all potential customers in the medium to long term,7
+these product groups end up in mixed waste fractions to energy recovery or in waste fractions subject to recycling the data presented is not always the most recent but is regarded accurate enough to give an overall picture of the plastic waste streams in the studied countries and their quantities in relation to each other a more detailed review of the existing collection and recycling systems for plastic waste in the nordic countries is found in frane et al,12
+agricultural modernisation inevitably leads to farm consolidation and the release of labour which creates a clear employment problem for current small farm operators and farm workers these points to the need for broader rural development initiatives that can provide a more diversified regional economy in rural areas to absorb these released workers this has been the experience of oecd countries over the last years as they increased agricultural output reduced the number of farm workers and increased the financial wellbeing of farm households to close to or even above the level of their urban population,2
+in portugal patient experience indicators are among those used to contract primary health care while most oecd health care systems have at least few surveys to collect prems it is often not done in a standardised way as seen in korea and australia and it is often collected infrequently in japan for example prems are collected once every three years in a system where prom data are publicly reported they can be used to help patients make betterinformed choices ideally prom data should be fed back to clinicians to help them improve the care and outcomes of patients,3
+putting mexican water policies on a sustainable financial basis can effectively contribute to several commitments of the pact for mexico in particular the one related to the national system of programmes to combat poverty commitment and the one related to making farming a more productive activity commitment should this initiative be revived it would be an opportunity to ensure that the framework conditions are set to enhance the costeffectiveness of water policies in mexico and to make sure that initiatives in other sectors do not work against and add costs to water policies it would aim to make the best of public budgets and to enhance the financial contribution of water users welldesigned and targeted accompanying measures would be needed to facilitate transition,6
+ill health is both a consequence and a cause of poverty yet globally adult wellbeing this is the grim picture for the general public the situation among youth is likely worse the relationships can be controlled by adults or youth or the control can be shared for example a variety of youthled initiatives have been developed in the arab region such as the ypeer network the arab network for sexual and reproductive health and rights and the middle east and north africa youth network of the international federation of red cross and red crescent societies,3
+while the undp s gender empowerment measure and the world economic forum s global gender gap index take such factors as accessibility of skilled or highpaid jobs into consideration the indicators used here cover the majority of the elements of the un s gender related development index and the replacement gender inequality index one issue with internationally comparable indicators is that they are insufficient for many purposes because they do not provide information on the sociocultural environment including culture and embedded social relationships malhotra schuler and boender bartlett oxaal and baden ibrahim and alkire for a more detailed discussion of the issue see branisa et al the year men were granted the right to vote is defined as the year where universal suffrage took place meaning all men could vote regardless of their income ethnicity or any restrictions whereas such a distinction has not been made for women,5
+the report is published under the responsibility of the author and does not necessarily reflect the views of the oecd or its member countries there is notable variation also in irrigation strategies and in water supplies and demands in eastern and western regions of the united states in western states irrigation provides most of the crop water requirements while in eastern areas irrigation is largely supplemental,6
+this structural feature of the system makes it difficult to create school units of appropriate size efficiency although there are many basic schools with only primary education classes years to furthermore the slovak republic similarly to other central and eastern european countries inherited a very extensive sector of secondary vocational schools providing specialised training in many rather narrow vocational areas in there were secondary vocational schools education in secondary vocational schools is typically more expensive than in schools providing general education and the relative isolation of this sector from the world of work especially when compared to workbased or companybased skills development forms the often high dropout rates and the relatively high proportion of graduates who find jobs in areas that are different from the profile of their original formal vet qualification shows serious efficiency problems in this typical central and eastern european model of skills development world bank,4
+yet the distance of the gender equality unit from the apex of decision making has significantly curtailed its influence it has been transferred to the presidential office of the court to increase its leverage but its influence on decision making is still uneven and depends on the personality of the president of the court its task is to assess gender equality in the activities of the three branches of the judiciary the supreme court the federal judicial council and electoral court and play a coordinating role among the three branches of the judiciary parliament uses such gendersensitive practices as flexible working arrangements and teleworking,5
+it is intended to inform professional learning to guide selfreflection selfimprovement and development and to guide the management of self and others the development of the standard lasted from early to mid and involved research drafting critical review feedback and testing through a series of pilot studies guided and supported by an external expert steering group the group included expert representatives from state and territory government employers the catholic and independent school sectors national professional associations and education boards leadership institutes and commonwealth and national school leadership experts,4
+social integration is essential for the entire population to participate in the development process otherwise the demographic bonus will be lost as a result of a failure to plan well for integration once the demographic dividend ends a country faces the burden of an ageing population in a situation of weak social and economic development with the dependency burden on workingage adults increasing the focus needs to shift towards increasing labour force participation by providing training and more job opportunities for women persons with disabilities and older persons social integration issues can and do coexist with high per capita incomes and an absence of poverty,1
+the increased volume of old inefficient vehicles in georgia supports the increase of total final energy consumption levels by the transport sector from onwards figure after the repair of gas pipelines and improvements in accounting losses decreased to per cent in kaztransgaz the tbilisi gas distribution company launched a project in to reduce methane leaks in aboveground infrastructure in the tbilisi gas distribution system under the unfccc clean development mechanism cdm,7
+the current challenge is to practically and effectively implement the principles advocated in these agreements diverse ecosystems are considered to be more resilient and have a greater ability to withstand changes in the environment such as ecosystem shifts and climate change for example the abundance of northern shrimp and crab stocks in the north east atlantic may be a result to some degree of the overfishing of their predator atlantic cod in addition to potential changes in oceanic conditions for example large sharks which are slow maturing long living species play a role as a key predator in the ecosystem,14
+decisions should rely more on analysis including the calculation of co abatement costs to identify the least costly options for mitigation and to target measures accordingly in addition evaluations of different programmes were initially not designed to strongly influence decisions on environmental policies as the monitoring process did not rely on interim targets and indicators which would facilitate continued assessment of the impact of policies thus the recent decision to evaluate the implementation of the energy concept every year based on selected indicators in order to make rapid adjustments to the policies possible is a step in the right direction,7
+another common practice within this ethnic group is where a victim of defilement is required to get married to the perpetrator this practice is extended within the buganda region and in some clans in acholi region whereby when a girl is defiled the parents will offer the girl to the defiler for marriage even if the girl does not wish to marry her defiler among the baganda prior to the enthronement of the king it was a customary requirement that he have sexual relations with a virgin girl commonly known as nakku,5
+overall responsibility for the health care sector rests at the national level with the ministry of health and care services which determines national health policy prepares legislation and allocates funds the ministry of health and care services owns four regional health authorities which are responsible for the provision of specialised somatic and mental health care the norwegian counties are responsible for the provision of statutory dental health services while the municipalities have responsibility for primary somatic and mental health care as well as nursing care,3
+it presents a conceptual framework for indicator use and building on the indicator frameworks under the aichi biodiversity targets and the sustainable development goals sdgs provides an overview of indicators that are beginning to emerge the chapter concludes with an overview of possible indicators that could be used to monitor and evaluate mainstreaming biodiversity efforts across the range of different types of policy responses other structures see failure to deliver expected results as an opportunity for learning national climate change adaptation emerging practices in monitoring and evaluation,15
+it thus pays to have highly qualified teachers who address genderspecific attitudes within the classroom many studies and test results show gender differences in competency levels in these subjects according to the oecd programme for international student assessment pisa an evaluation of competencies in reading mathematics and science for yearolds on average students in oecd countries perform better than students across the asiapacific region table,5
+the currently available inventories statistics and other official documents do not yet follow the protected area categorization mentioned in the law and continue to use previously assigned traditional designations eg national park or historicalnatural park instead of state nature park this is probably caused by the fact that the area of muzkul nature preserve entirely located within the boundaries of the tajik national park is always counted separately which adds to the total other protected area categories occupy much smaller territories as the total area of five botanic gardens botanic stations and field nurseries and three touristrecreational zones amounts to ha ha and ha respectively the area of all state monuments of nature is so small that it is not even indicated in statistics,15
+the peruvian case shows that when agricultural programmes aim to reach the poor the targets of these interventions could overlap with social protection programme targets ministerio de desarrollo e inclusion social gobiemo del peru the synergies created by the targeting system in peru allow for implementation of a more costeffective targeting strategy and also for improved monitoring of the coverage of social protection and agricultural programmes cirillo gyorgi and soares the options range from standalone sectorspecific social protection or agricultural programmes to integrated interventions that combine social protection and agriculture to sectoral interventions that are aligned to maximize complementarities in certain circumstances categorical targeting can be costeffective for selecting programme beneficiaries based on easily observable characteristics,2
+due to the absence of widely available and economically feasible storage each electricity system has to maintain a constant balance between supply and demand by adapting the generating power load also needs to be adapted to forecasted and unforecasted changes in supply and demand as well as to unexpected faults in the system such as the unscheduled shutdown of a generating unit or transmission line such load following allows the alignment of the overall system supply with daily weekly and seasonal demand variations,7
+by imposing an additional constraint on the way aid money is spent aid for trade has the potential to have a negative impact on developing countries more importantly aid for trade may not be addressing the fundamental concerns with the global trading system and aid system that gave rise to it and instead has become a means for both the aid and trade communities to paper over their weaknesses without doing much for the fundamental concerns of poor countries our proposal is to make aid and trade liberalisation work for poor countries and tied directly to specific development objectives in fact perversely the global trading system is still stacked against the poorest the areas of trade where barriers are the highest agriculture textiles etc,10
+while economists have tools to provide proxy values for these nonmarketed goods and services eg contingent valuation there application to guide policy decisions can be difficult as a consequence the shortrun marginal cost of water supply for irrigation systems can be very low except for the costs of pumping water through the delivery system these characteristics of water supply make it likely that there will be a monopoly supplier in any given area requiring a high degree of managerial and social control,6
+it then looks at the evolution of inequality across the groups of countries defined by the fourspeed world classification presented in chapter in many cases fast growth has been accompanied by increased inequality further complicating the challenge of poverty reduction the chapter further looks at efforts to make growth propoor and goes on to argue that measured in relative terms poverty remains a significant obstacle even in converging countries that have successfully reduced absolute poverty,1
+the management system and tools used in a multispecies fishery can have large impacts on the cost of rebuilding using economic incentives such as those created by individual or group quota systems can reduce rebuilding costs by harnessing the knowledge and skills of fishermen to the task of reducing catch rates of a rebuilding stock most fish stocks are still managed as if their productivity is static and unaffected by the dynamic ecosystems of which they are a part,14
+indigenous representation and participation in decisionmaking with regards to health policies planning and evaluation at the national level and their right to participate in decisionmaking in local health facility management are critical to improving indigenous access to health services indigenous peoples seems to fall behind in all major health indicators employed by the existing mainstream health policies and programmes even when the state has made significant progress in economic growth and social development irrespective of the hdi of the country and growth rate indigenous peoples have a lower rate of life expectancy higher infant and child mortality poorer maternal health outcomes and lower levels of access to health services provided by the government including development of and access to information on indigenous health and health services,3
+it is important to keep in mind however the limitations of using survey data for such an analysis first household surveys typically provide reliable information only on the amount of different types of benefits received by an individual or household over the period of a year the measured share of youth who receive benefits at any time during the year will generally not be a good estimate of the benefit receipt rate at a certain point in time ie in a specific month unless if benefits are typically paid for periods of close to a year for this reason receipt rates estimated using annual survey data may be different from those obtained from administrative records where shorter spells of benefit receipt can often be observed for a discussion see immervoll jenkins and konigs,8
+in latin america and the caribbean the five countries with available data show a wider spread of the proportion of female candidates from a low of per cent in belize to a high of per cent in costa rica for the more developed regions the proportion of women candidates ranged from per cent in japan to per cent in belgium and tended to cluster within the range of to per cent regionally the average likelihood of women candidates winning a seat in the lower or single house of parliament is higher than that of men candidates only in africa by a factor of,5
+the situation is similar at the level of local government female elected councillors are underrepresented in all regions of the world and female mayors even more so furthermore the glass ceiling has hindered women s access to leadership positions in private companies this is especially notable in the largest corporations which remain maledominated,5
+mismatches between employers needs and what the education and training system provides lead to skills gaps overreliance on imported labour domestic unemployment and economic underperformance the position in of oecd member accession and enhanced engagement countries is shown for comparison in column from the exceptions are the rate for belarus which some independent commentators suggest is lower than in reality and georgia s rate which is not only much higher than the oecd average but also twice as high as the highest of the four partner countries shown,4
+if education were all about imparting content knowledge developing and evaluating pedagogy would be all about establishing the best methods to promote memorisation and understanding of knowledge and concepts but disciplinecentric pedagogies cover only part of what a teacher school or system might want to develop in students and there has been a concerted shift towards pedagogies which develop higherlevel personal and social competences driven by at least four factors second societies and industries founded on digital technologies require people to manage and use a more complex array of information and increase the value of social skills third societal changes have increased the complexity of choices and tasks young people face as they transition from adolescence to adulthood finally in some quarters there has been a pushback against the intensified focus on standardised assessments of cognitive skills,4
+notably development processes must be adopted to take account of the connections and disconnections among developmentrelated actors policies and laws in a nonhomogeneous and nonharmonious society social exclusion results from either the systematic exclusion of poor people from having choices and using their capabilities or more circumscribed social political economic or cultural barriers to their participation whether through deliberate or circumstantial marginalization social exclusion reinforced and perpetuates poverty temporary access to income or a temporary fulfilment of basic needs does not generally address such deeper facets of poverty,1
+a pilot of this programme in supported nine projects the extent of the benefit depends on the score obtained in the university selection test psu it includes at the minimum the payment of of tuition fees if the student is above a given cutoff score but it can also include a monthly stipend if above a higher cutoff score and a semester studying abroad if above an even higher cutoff score there are indications that as a result of this initiative the average psu score of students entering teacher education has increased in a further initiative is the choose to teach elige educar campaign which seeks to promote teaching through a variety of actions including the monitoring of the social status of teaching scholarships for individuals with experience outside education who would like to join teaching and interventions in schools to provide information about teaching and raise awareness among school agents of the importance of teaching as a profession,4
+these new charters were enacted following citizens calls throughout the region for greater democracy better governance and reduced inequalities they guarantee gender equality and set the basis for a more balanced involvement of women in their countries economies nevertheless governments may engage in further efforts to align with international instruments and work towards equal access to economic opportunities for women and men,5
+in kansas analytical methods have been used to determine whether additional groundwater is available for appropriation for the lower republican river basin and belleville formation in kansas the jenkins method a graphical approach based on the gloverbalmer equations jenkins has been used to estimate the cumulative volume of stream depletion that occurs in one year after the day pumping begins for an application to appropriate groundwater to see whether the new appropriation is acceptable kansas department of agriculture the glover and balmer method has been employed in colorado to evaluate the current and projected stream depletion impacts of water pumped and discharged during coalbed methane production papadopulos and associates and colorado geological survey,6
+for example if most of the costs fall on students as in some forms of postsecondary training in some countries then it is reasonable to expect that student choice will dominate the mix of provision but in tunisia the cost of providing vet at upper secondary level mainly falls on the government rather than employers one very constructive way for employers to make more of a contribution to training and at the same time obtain many benefits for themselves might be through the provision of workplace training and experience which they already do quite successfully in the programmes under the atfp but that could be replicated in the rest of the system in particular in the licences appliquees professional bachelors in universities in this context box provides some interesting examples of mechanisms to influence the mix of provision drawing from the experience of oecd countries,4
+as mentioned in the adb asiapacific energy outlook energy efficiency and conservation is a means of enhancing energy supply security especially for countries facing limited resources it is affected by various factors including industry structure technology lifestyle and climate conditions in addition energy prices as well as access to infrastructure can also affect energy intensity energy efficiency is positively correlated with economic competitiveness thus economic development in countries such as armenia the islamic republic of iran kazakhstan kyrgyzstan and tajikistan are hampered by energy usage inefficiencies figure implementation of the framework agreements on trade in services trade facilitation and investment will promote intraregional investment flows as well as establish backwardforward linkages between industries and a regional supply chain,7
+cities are essential actors in stimulating green infrastructure and urban finance is one of the promising ways in which this can be achieved cities are key investors in infrastructure with green potential such as buildings transport water and waste their main revenue sources such as property taxes transport fees and other charges are based on these same sectors cities thus have great potential to green their financial instruments,9
+the association holds conferences and forums launched the qatar business women award in to recognise qatari women who contribute to qatari society and the economy through their professional and entrepreneurial achievements the qbwa announced a partnership with the qatar businessmen association in a partnership that aims to extend its platform to include different sectors and build relationships with qatari organisations to support its vision and help achieve its objectives these committees provide support for existing businesses help establish new ones identify the obstacles to women s enterprise development lobby for the removal of these obstacles so women can become empowered both economically and socially seek to reform current legislations and policies to become supportive of women s advancement and provide networking and educational opportunities for women entrepreneurs working women job seekers and potential entrepreneurs the mandate of these committees is to enhance the role of businesswomen promote skills development and assist women to establish their own businesses,5
+on average for every of additional precrisis health expenditure growth there was a drop in health expenditure after the crisis this recession was in many ways deeper has lasted longer and has experienced weaker recovery than previous recessions such as those experienced in the s and s oecd patterns of health care expenditure have also been remarkably different during the psot recession,3
+in some contexts rural nonfarm activities are also major sources of local economic growth eg tourism mining and timber processing the rnfe is of great importance to the rural economy because of its production linkages and employment effects and the income it provides to rural households represents a substantial and sometimes growing share of rural incomes often this share is particularly high for the rural poor,8
+criteria on the attribution of costs to services with public goods characteristics such as flood control should be harmonised according to transparent criteria higher costreflective prices for irrigation water would also go a long way in reducing groundwater pollution through the use of chemicals numerous studies have shown that more efficient water use reduces agricultural pollution eg calatrava and garrido a recent government report mma a shows that access to these data needs to be improved,6
+while the share of the population in extreme poverty in each region has fallen since with important variations across countries the decline has been faster in south asia subsaharan africa looks set to be the only region that will not achieve the first millennium development goal target of halving extreme poverty at a s day level by of the remaining extreme poor million live in east asia and the pacific with the largest number in indonesia other regions together account for less than million just percent of the worlds extreme poor,1
+during an electricity overproduction phase hydrogen is produced by electrolysis compressed and stored for later use in a fuel cell for electricity generation the disadvantage of hydrogen is the tow energy efficiency of the storage system at slightly above per cent when electrolysis is applied for hydrogen production in comparison to per cent for psh batteries or compressed air hammerschlag and mazza the biggest advantage is the longer time horizon over which energy can be stored,7
+formerly known as durban the city has been praised for a renewal project warwick junction which has opened spaces to informal businesses such as street vending the new planning approach was a joint cooperative initiative between public officials and organized street vendors highlighting the suspension of traditional master plans in favour of a more collaborative approach this included the type of interdepartmental coordination and participatory planning needed for street trading bringing public agencies which otherwise work in silos into collaboration with one another the municipality also made sure that street vendors and their preferences guided the lowbudget design facilitating project ownership,11
+it would be beneficial for central asian railways to offer integrated freightforwarding and logistics services across the region practically this means they are organised around a significant number of terminals which in turn are connected to warehouses within the urban railway network moving a single wagon typically requires a long series of logistics operations the wagon is first loaded at a warehouse connected to the railways it is then sent to the main terminal of its city to be consolidated into a freight train it might then go through successive marshalling before reaching the terminal of destination,9
+second due to a significantly narrower tax base in emerging economies than in most oecd countries a switch towards general taxation might not be as advantageous in terms of reducing the distortionary effects of taxes on labour raising income and corporate taxes which weigh mainly on the formal sector would limit the reduction in disincentives to formality there is thus room for more risk pooling as it would reduce the overall cost of contributoiy programmes risk pooling refers to the collection and management of financial resources in a way that spreads financial risks from an individual to all members of the programme from a policy perspective riskpooling arrangements attempt to manage the need to subsidise care for people with the highest health risks horizontal redistribution the lowest ability to pay vertical redistribution or both when facing a health shock baeza and packard besides by exploiting economies of scale risk pooling can reduce the average cost of the benefit package compared with multiple programmes each with their own administrations and information systems,10
+the key finding was that students general cognitive abilities interact with the level of structure provided by the teacher students who score lower on measures of general ability do better in teachercontrolled learning environments in which teachers maintain a high level of control lessons are broken down into small units with direct instruction and frequent feedback the contrary holds for students with higher general ability who benefit from socalled discovery or learnercentred learning environments the concept of adaptive teaching was a response to this realisation in which teachers are seen as best able to make momenttomoment decisions about what works for each of their students as learners gain in aptitude through experience with respect to the instructional goals at hand such teaching adapts by becoming less intrusive,4
+this envisages all children with different impairments being integrated in regular schools the policy requires differentiation and work against the stigmatisation of disabled children the commonwealth education fund cef was set up in to coordinate international nco funding for education in commonwealth countries,4
+the maritime sector a truly global industry can directly support the achievement of the sdgs as shipping has a significant role to play in helping create conditions for increased employment prosperity and stability through promoting maritime trade much of what happens within the oceans is in fact hidden so it can prove challenging to engage people compared with other goals where the objectives may be far more visible and relatable but given that ocean life supports all forms of life on earth goal is an important goal nonetheless,14
+according to climate experts this would result in a surface temperature increase of c over the period as against the average for a rise in sea levels of almost one metre the proliferation of extreme climate events such as droughts torrential rainfall and stronger hurricanes together with worsening food insecurity measurements at the mauna loa observatory in hawaii went up by more than three parts per million ppm in the spike is due to a combination of human activities and the el nino weather pattern,13
+another example of requirements within this category could be to set a requirement to an automatic detergent dosing system for washing machines avoiding overdosage and overconsumption of detergents by including requirements to the manufacturing the labels expand the scope from a product focus towards a production focus the ecodesign directive as the name states mainly sets requirements to the design of the product however targeting the environmental performance of the entire product life cycle therefore setting direct requirements to the manufacturing process might be outside the scope of the directive,12
+waara concludes that the gender identity of the youth contributes to their feeling of being in or being out of the local context thus he finds that the young people who have a traditional gender identity to a greater extent are involved in and connected to the local community as opposed to the young people with a modern gender identity who display a weaker place attachment waara additionally concludes that young women feel more tied up with the locations and the gendered position they are offered and that this contributes to their desire to move insofar as young women have more to gain than young men by leaving the asymmetric gender roles an explanatory dimension around the skewed sex ratio is established at the cultural level waara own translation,5
+in line with this approach it is the sexual exploitation that is central for the violation in sex trafficking not the actual movement of crossing borders the exploitation of women in prostitution is considered as the most severe form of male domination and can according to the approach in this study not be separated from sex trafficking a methodological consequence of this is that both sex trafficked women and what others perhaps would define as migrants for sex work and sex workers are categorized together in the study the thematic fields and the questionnaires that were formulated in the study reflect this approach,5
+some colleges developed partnershipteaching in w hich basic skills specialists and course tutors worked together to offer support as part of a course this approach had two advantages it allowed to support those who were reluctant to attend targeted workshops and it related basic skills development to the student s course those who received basic skills support were three times less likely to drop out they also had better completion those on a twoyear course and qualification rates those on a oneyear course than those who did not receive support the relationship between basic skills support drop out retention and achievement in further education colleges basic skills agency london,4
+in mathematics of students scored at level or below which indicates that they struggle to undertake very basic operations and interpretations pen the oecd programme for international student assessment pisa which focused on the performance of yearolds in science in shows that costa rica performs well below oecd countries and at no more than the average level for latin america see chapter the high proportion of yearold students who lack basic skills in science and do not reach the level of achievement level regarded as the minimum needed for full socioeconomic participation is one of the largest among pisa participating countries and more than double the average across oecd countries,4
+a strong mismatch in russia between needed investments in road infrastructure and growing car ownership results in congestion overused roads in poor conditions and deteriorating public transport systems the share of car trips in russia is still lower than in such oecd countries as france sweden and belgium and it is likely to increase further to similar levels donchenko investments in transport particularly urban public transport infrastructure are insufficient to accommodate growing urban mobility needs and to compensate for chronic underinvestment during the late soviet period subnational investment capacity for urban transport infrastructure is low and federal investment programmes are too sparse to have a sustainable impact on municipal transport systems box,11
+but reported cases of lowering water tables ecosystem damages saline intrusion stream depletion and land subsidence observed in some of the most important oecd agricultural regions provide evidence of highly damaging external effects that call for policy responses lack of information on groundwater resources is bound to lead to an inability to identify and adequately treat groundwater problems information collection is costly and needs to respond to a demand but insufficient investment in groundwater information and data will prevent effective management,6
+innovative pedagogies can play an important role in this assessment of such competences demands the use of complex and authentic tasks rather than being excessively focused on discrete knowledge teacher modelling demonstrations and the presentation of information remain highly relevant but framed with the ultimate objective of promoting students performance and their active role in solving tasks,4
+hong kong china as well as japan the republic of korea and singapore have developed wellfunctioning integrated urban transportation systems that are based on attractive pub lie transport and restricted use of private vehicles country and city authorities could initiate policies to promote their use through providing tax rebates many guidelines technical standards case studies and sourcebooksl that focus on a particular aspect of urban transport and mobility are readily available,11
+waddington points out that while water supply interventions appear ineffective averaging a negligible and insignificant impact on diarrhoea morbidity compared to controls water quality interventions on average lead to a relative reduction in child diarrhoea morbidity with a confidence interval such authors argue that treatment at point of use is more efficient than treatment at the point of source via a community water treatment plant for example given that there are many opportunities for treated water to become unsafe alongside the transportation process waddington wright et al these interventions can include ceramic water purifiers sodis sand biofilters etc an example of efficient water treatment interventions at household level is described in box only certain areas are affected by high arsenic levels but tens of thousands of people have already been showing skin discoloration and other more serious manifestation of chronic poisoning including neurologic vascular and carcinogenic effects water quality interventions conducted over longer periods tend to show smaller effectiveness while impact appears to fall markedly over time,6
+the myanmarchina km gas pipeline with a capacity of bcm per annum became operational in october furthermore china started construction of the eastern russiachina gas pipeline for importing bcm per annum from the volume will increase to bcm per annum from the length of the chinese part of the pipeline is km which extends to shanghai and the russian part is the km power of siberia gas system connecting the irkutsk region to vladivostok,7
+a one point increase in perceived income inequality on a scale of reduces life satisfaction by points this is lower than the oecd average but consistent with findings in other anglosaxon countries di telia et al unemployment inequality and wellbeing cont however the literature provides clear evidence that unemployment operates also through nonpecuniary channels,10
+pharmaceuticals on the pbs are provided to patients of aboriginal health services at the time of consultations and at no cost to the patient by a suitably qualified and approved health professional in accordance with state law pregnant women are exempted for inpatient and outpatient care related to the pregnancy children under only pay eur per prescription medicine and no coinsurance,3
+accompanying measures can play an important role water pricing in jersey or southern water s transition scheme in england education and information in australia and competition for nondomestic consumers in scotland the netherlands singapore israel and ontario have worked on linkages between their utilities industries and universities to develop innovative water enterprises both for the home and international markets the response from the private sector comes from several perspectives,6
+on the export side the increases in trade were driven principally by wheat exports for which the annual volume almost doubled and annual value more than tripled between and kazakhstan ranks today among the world s top ten wheat exporters sixth in on the import side trade growth was underpinned by the improvements in incomes and the strengthening of the national currency,2
+the average size of offshore wind turbines installed at windfarms across europe in was mw progress in foundation design means that installation can be considered for a range of environments from traditional hammer piling of monopile turbines into sandy sediments in shallow waters metres water depth concrete gravity bases for harder seabed types and jacket structures for deeper water depths secured with smaller pin piles recent developments in floating wind use tensioning cables to install turbines in water over metres deep see figure extending the possibility of wind farm construction to deeper offshore areas,7
+this has led to inequalities in opportunities and outcomes for personal and professional development research on time use and particularly the analysis of timeuse survey data has revealed patterns of inequality in time distribution and allowed the quantification of time allocated to daily activities it has also identified the conditions that affect time distribution and allocation for specific tasks according to the rules of the patriarchal system within families and the dominant gender system in the public arena providing statistics to reflect unpaid domestic and care work and their effects on the lives of women and on gender relationships,5
+while most developing countries have more youthful populations and hence more demographic momentum declining fertility rates mean that they too will increasingly face the phenomenon of population ageing however a narrow focus on contraception and family planning overlooks the complex interplay of social economic and cultural factors in demographic transitions to lower birth rates family planning policies should be situated within a broader sexual and reproductive health and rights and gender equality framework rather than solely focusing on fertility reduction,5
+the canadian federal government provides financial incentives for the period for the amount of litres produced in canada under its established the ecoenergy for biofuels program natural resources canada in addition there are programmes at provincial level in alberta manitoba ontario quebec and saskatchewan the duration of which varies per province laan et al at federal level for example these are the national biomass ethanol programme which accepted applications until the ethanol expansion programme which ran between and the ecoagriculture biofuels capital initiative which lasted from to and the biofuels opportunities for producers initiative which provided grants to biofuel producers between and laan et al,2
+the programme has grown to in in in and is projected to enrol in the project involves students from all israeli universities and colleges with children from disadvantaged socioeconomic background in undertaking cultural and educational activities perach student mentors work in all sectors of israeli society jewish arab secular and religious,4
+this calls for the adoption of clear responsibilities for financing investments that would better take into account the bigger picture it declines when several levels of government are involved in key healthcare decisions as is the case for example for financing new hospital building and highcost equipment in several countries including poland oecd a according to zukowski the nfz should play such a coordinating role including planning of longterm needs prevention and financial and quality supervision,3
+this makes the analysis of time use patterns and the role of bargaining power vital for understanding household dynamics and womens labour market participation in china these insights will contribute to the development of policies that promote gender equality and improve womens wellbeing more specifically we examine whether womens relative bargaining power decreases their time or share in domestic and care work we focus on a sample of couples drawn from die china national time use survey ctus data,5
+the brokers overcame this by engaging directly with frontline advisors locally and developing a range of marketing tools outlining the offers and scale of the potential future job opportunities currently there is a strong focus across the city on retrofitting brown buildings and investing in the infrastructure to improve energy efficiency for instance in the city of sydney authority alone there is a particular focus on installing new photovoltaic sites and a commitment to further lowering the carbon footprint of large commercial and public buildings through the better buildings partnership,7
+the central government would need to keep a certain level of authority to monitor its development to hold akimats to account for their handling of their delegated authority the ministry of the civil service that traditionally controls hrm in central and subnational levels of government would need to redefine its role and functions its role could be more strategic and less managerial as seems to be the case so far and as is typical of oecd countries such as finland ireland japan the united kingdom and the united states,11
+the unsold recyclables are stored at the sorting plant daily coverage by inert material is not regular because the landfill is lacking stable supply of inert material therefore there is a restriction to receive only municipal waste and the need for supply of cover material was omitted the rustavi landfill is the ideal place to test new approaches on how to change the current practice of waste management on a small scale the cost of the first phase which includes landfill infrastructure roads buildings leachate collectiontreatment gas collectiontreatment fencing gate weighbridge and first waste disposal cell was us million million lari the second phase was budgeted at us million,12
+the latter is innovation that adapts existing technologies for local uses making those technologies more widely available dutz and sharma one is the new market mechanisms that will be set up as a result of the agreement under the kyoto protocol the clean development mechanism cdm proved to be an important mechanism for delivering investment to developing countries in areas that mitigated climate change chapter of the agreement provides for a market mechanism that will be further elaborated by the parties in subsequent meetings commonwealth secretariat,13
+this first step section is needed to obtain a quantitative and objective index of vulnerability which could be used to monitor the actions recommended by the ipoa revealing the overall characteristics of the ldcs in terms of vulnerability to climate change as well as their heterogeneity in this respect and consequently in the required adaptation policies constitutes the first step of this chapter we highlight the highest vulnerability of ldcs to climate change compared with other developing countries and we analyse the heterogeneity of their vulnerability profiles progress has been achieved in this regard under the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc through the adoption of decisions at the sixteenth conference of the parties to the convention in cancun mexico in,13
+referral for familyplanning services and further diagnosis and treatment for complications of pregnancy delivery and abortion infertility reproductive tract infections breast cancer and cancers of the reproductive system sexually transmitted diseases including hivaids should always be available as required active discouragement of harmful practices such as female genital mutilation should also be an integral component of primary health care including reproductive healthcare programmes reproductive healthcare programmes should be designed to serve the needs of women including adolescents and must involve women in the leadership planning decisionmaking management implementation organization and evaluation of services,3
+the nsc approach has been piloted in several countries including botswana colombia ecuador and tunisia many of these tools were refined and modified in readiness for supporting the global monitoring of the urban sdgs other united nations bodies have developed complimentary initiatives to support sdg monitoring one of the most recent being the united for smart sustainable cities initiative,11
+it is driven by the intersection of hazards exposure and vulnerability water shortage arises from conditions of scarcity which can be defined as an imbalance between the supply and demand of freshwater as a result of a high level of demand compared to available supply under prevailing institutional arrangements including price and infrastructural conditions winpenny economic scarcity exists when there has been underinvestment in water infrastructure to supply sufficient amounts of water absolute scarcity exists when there is no affordable source of additional water or where the costs of additional water supplies exceed the benefits of their provision,6
+however hertwich and peters state that of global ghg emissions are related to household consumption and the rest to government consumption and investments the potential of mitigating climate change by changing consumption patterns is modelled by girod and colleagues who propose that low ghgintensive choices in housing passenger transport food and other goods and services would make it possible to reach the c climate target by in addition to the endofpipe emissions of production we should focus on the unsustainable footprint of our normal everyday life,12
+in india for instance factories employing more than employees are required to gain permission from the ministry of labour before making any dismissals figures from the ministry of labour s annual report show that in only firms were given permission to dismiss a total of workers despite this job destruction rates in large manufacturing firms are relatively high suggesting that many enterprises are able to evade this requirement venn a survey of judges labour inspectors employment centres employer organisations and trade unions in russia shows also that labour law enforcement is seriously lacking almost of respondents think that nonobservance of labour law is a serious or very accute problem with hiring contracts dismissal pay and working time being the areas of labour law most frequently violated gimpelson et al,8
+a wide range of studies agree that involving stakeholders in the design of policies such as the development of teaching standards is a crucial element of effective governance burns and koster oecd inclusive stakeholder involvement was also identified as one of the four key elements of effective education policy implementation in a recent oecd working paper viennet and pont teachers taking ownership of the standards is also thought to contribute to recognising their professionalism oecd,4
+it would need to include targets for mixes of landuses density and access to services including transportation and education a national landuse framework that encourages municipalities to increase their share of flexible mixeduse zones would also facilitate this in areas of conditional planning that lack zoning an alternative set of standards would need to ensure a minimum level of services and manage negative externalities,11
+from to average daily calorie intake per capita has fluctuated in the range of to kcal average intake of calories in in india was about and by it was of oecd levels for protein intake was of oecd levels in and by while some progress is evident over time the extent of the difference has not changed rapidly however there does appear to be an upward trend in this ratio since the middle of the last decade,2
+there is recognition within the mep that the reformed assessment should move from assessing content knowledge to examining students skills in applying and using knowledge in ways that demonstrate higherorder competencies this will be a significant improvement on the previous assessment which captured only a limited range of learning activity but the new assessment should include other modifications as well,4
+lastly ribas and soares show that in poor areas bolsa familia negatively affected the hours worked but impacted positively on the participation of other household members in the labour market chile solidario promotes public work projects or facilitates the process of looking for a job via enrolment at the local employment office omil indeed table shows that the programme is successfully achieving this aim given that the share of households working thanks to chile solidario or omil per cent is higher than for the control group per cent the difference being statistically significant a similar pattern has been observed by galasso who showed that the programme directly increased employment among beneficiaries in urban and rural areas by and per cent respectively,1
+threat levels are particularly high in countries with high population density and a high concentration of human activities sharp declines in many formerly common and widespread species signal wider environmental problems and the erosion of biodiversity as a whole a wild bird index combining data from europe and north america shows that specialist birds have declined by nearly in years,15
+in about of lonemother households received their main income through wages and salaries japan statistical yearbook table in the singlemother employment rate was the secondhighest reported by an oecd country oecd b sekine and zhou although many single mothers work full time their earnings and incomes remain relatively low see chapter,8
+what kinds of interventions are most effective for these schools teacher shortage and disciplinary climate are interrelated most teachers tend to avoid schools with more disciplinary problems while a shortage of qualified teachers adversely affects disciplinary climate what is needed in these schools is an intervention to break this vicious cycle countries that have improved their performance in pisa like brazil colombia estonia israel japan and poland for example have established policies to improve the quality of their teaching staff by either adding to the requirements to earn a teaching license providing incentives for highachieving students to enter the profession increasing salaries to make the profession more attractive and to retain more teachers or by offering incentives for teachers to engage in inservice teachertraining programmes,4
+in a previous oecd review of evaluation and assessment in denmark shewbridge et al it could draw on the professional teaching standards that denmark once these have been developed but also take schoolbased indicators and criteria as well as school objectives and contexts into account it can be lowkey and lowcost and include selfappraisal peer appraisal classroom observation and structured conversations and regular feedback by the school principal and experienced peers,4
+they can also be obliged to do so if the aquifer they exploit is declared overexploited the associations establish norms for distribution and control regulate the use and maintenance of shared hydraulic systems organise the shared payments and resolve problems among members they play an important role in the rbas to which they assign members in the users assembly which in turn elects at least a third of the members of key decisionmaking units in the rbas including the governing board,6
+they describe several challenges that might limit the ability of some countries to implement virtual water strategies such as the potential risk of losing food sovereignty the lack of markets for nonfood crops and inadequate infrastructure in rural areas the authors suggest that improvements in water management practices might be more helpful than implementing virtual water trading strategies in some countries one goal of such improvement in the discourse might be considered as determining how to utilize the attractiveness and compelling nature of the virtual water and water footprint metaphors as starting points for enhancing public interest in water resource issues while not relying on virtual water discussions alone to guide public policy decisions since the mid s these metaphors have generated notable public attention and interest in one of the world s most important yet limited resources,6
+countries who are in the phase of building up their research capacities often begin by establishing projects with teams in scientifically advanced countries both in the global north and south programmes such as the european union s marie curie grants have helped promote collaboration and mobility and created regional and international scientific networks of researchers the sti policy review framework is being revised to strengthen the focuses on sti for the sdgs the united nations economic commission for europe unece carries out reviews of innovation policies in countries with economies in transition for which the question of the absorption is particularly relevant,9
+in parallel hungary reformed its subsidy system today the subsidy is targeted towards areas that face very high costs of service municipalities can apply for central subsidies if the costs before subsidy faced by the residents exceed a certain threshold in the threshold was huf m eur m for bulk water bought huf m eur m for total residential water supply costs and huf m eur m for combined residential water supply and sanitation costs subsidy claims are resolved by an interministerial committee led by the ministry of rural development which allocates the total available budget appropriation taking into account criteria such as the residential water consumed during the previous year the expected changes in water consumption the effective and predicted costs of service and whether the claims of concerned municipalities are supported by the board of representatives,6
+importantly it also looks at the role of specific health system characteristics and policies to determine their importance in explaining crosscountry variation in the quality of cvd acute care it examines crosscountry variation in recommended heart failure practice and analyses whether the degree of adherence can be explained by health system characteristics and policies these data provide a comprehensive picture of health care expenditure health care use and resources lifestyles and risk factors health care quality and health outcomes the statistics that relate directly to cvd and diabetes care and outcomes provide the basis for the statistical analysis presented in this report,3
+regulations from setting maximum allowable biomass have been effective in addressing eutrophication for older fish farms in several fjords forthcoming new regulations will increase the monitoring obligations mofi a meanwhile further efforts are needed to regulate cod farming given the magnitude of its environmental impact relative to the current size of the business,14
+the latter are headed by lntendentes who are the direct representative of the president of the republic in each of the regions councils consejos regionales cores supervise the lntendentes duties and approve the regional plan for urban development plan regional de desarrollo urbano prdu as well as the intercommunal or metropolitan master plan plan regulador intercomunal o metropolitano pri or prm as proposed by the seremis in addition communal master plans pmc need to be submitted to core s approval if they are not included in existing pri or prm,11
+the new mental health indicator was designed to measure the response to anxiety and depression disorders through the delivery of the improving access to psychological therapies programme nhs outcomes framework spending on disability benefits represents a significant economic burden on the public finances of many oecd countries on average spending on disability benefits is equal to of gdp in all oecd countries with spending as a percentage of gdp as high as in norway the netherlands and sweden oecd,3
+proper treatment at the right place and right time summary in english report no changes in the state budget for proposition no om psykiske lidelser og tjenestetilbudene openness and comprehensiveness mental disorders and service provision sosial og helsedepartementet white paper no,3
+by comparison households of couples with or without children in the same region that are headed by women tend to have lower or similar poverty rates compared to those headed by men figure for example in the plurinational state of bolivia households of couples with or without children have a poverty rate of per cent when headed by women considerably less than the per cent poverty rate when headed by men in contrast households of lone mothers with children have a poverty rate of per cent higher than the per cent poverty rate for lone fathers with children their proportion in total households varies from per cent in belize to per cent in haiti they may include de jure femaleheaded households where women do not have a male partner or de facto femaleheaded households where the male partner is temporarily absent and may or may not contribute remittances to the households welfare,1
+in contrast the mediumterm outlook predicts that the absolute number of undernourished people in africa will remain relatively stable whereas in india falls in undernourishment are expected to occur but at a later point while incomes are increasing across the asean region so too are populations with a rapidlygrowing population the absolute number of undernourished people in the philippines for example actually rises even though the undernourished share of the total population falls figure such differences mean that food security will remain a concern for a number of countries in asean over the medium term,2
+the shortterm intermittency of wind and solar plants puts great demands on the dispatchable providers of residual demand to vary substantial portions of their load in very short time frames the ability to follow load will become an increasingly important criterion to choose between different backup technologies in this context only nuclear and hydro do not emit any greenhouse gases during electricity generation,7
+some moderate deterioration of groundwater quality is expected even though indirect or secondary impacts are expected to be appreciable in armenia water use will not be greatly influenced the lake is basin of lake jandari with a maximum depth of m and average water comes mainly through the gardaban m capacity m s from the kura river and arting from the tbilisi samgori water rcscrquite rich in fish carp and catfish there are no direct wastewater discharges to the lake in georgia the lake is an important area for commercial fisheries,6
+large developing countries may be especially well poised to adapt advanced technologies to developing country skills labour markets and natural resource endowments but few international efforts focus exclusively on rd for industrial energyefficiency technologies perhaps the only exception which focuses on the full range of energy technologies is the iea s technology cooperation programme bringing together member and nonmember countries in joint technology development projects,7
+as inflationary pressures continued to abate the central banks of kyrgyzstan and tajikistan cut their policy rates sharply since the beginning of with economic growth slowing and policy rates already low the prospect of a rise in food price inflation in late created a potential policy dilemma although the refinancing rate has not been changed since september the banks conduct of monetary policy would have only a limited impact on inflation due to its weak institutional capacity and the relatively undeveloped domestic debt market,8
+however bringing together a variety of different stakeholders views and experiences on how to effectively manage international climate finance can help to identify points of common interest and agreement where further discussion is needed and where best practices can be identified and shared across countries and communities of practice a key benchmark for climate finance is the commitment taken by developed countries under the unfccc to mobilise usd billion in support for developing countries to act on climate change the usd billion climate finance goal is to be mobilised from a range of sources public and private bilateral and multilateral,13
+young people between and years of age are more likely to be among the working poor per cent of employed young people were living in poverty in compared with per cent of working adults a total of per cent of people received social assistance or social protection benefits in lowincome countries compared with per cent in uppermiddleincome countries by poverty rates using the income measure of day in africa excluding north africa had been reduced by at least per cent from the rate of per cent to per cent world bank b with the fastest reductions occurring between and,1
+girls are disadvantaged in regions with low overall enrolment rates while in regions with higher rates such as south america central america and southern africa it is the other way round as girls educational expectations rise at a faster pace than boys so does their academic performance once they have gained access to higher education women outstrip men in grades evaluations and degree completions unesco a regions are in descending order of enrolment ratios,5
+the imperative of affordable clean and renewable energy access to all should be acknowledged moreover the recent evolution of financing structures along with substantial policy support to ress has boosted increased investment in renewable projects and contributed to decreasing technology costs global new investment in renewable energy has reached an alltime record of usd billion in with a shift in geographic deployment towards asia fsunep collaborating centre,7
+from the early s energy consumption in households experienced high rates of growth in fact household energy consumption continued to increase albeit at a slower rate the number of vehicles in sydney increased to almost million in with the number of vehicles increasing at almost twice the rate of population and household growth over the past decade more people in outlying areas are dependent on cars for commuting shopping and education because public transport services are poor,7
+investmentled green and climatecompatible innovation strategies need sectoral policies and overarching structural or industrial policies to encourage market development where this is appropriate and necessary such arrangements can be based on local individual entitlements or communal use rights and develop collective systems of rewards incentives and penalties in relation to the use of collectively used resources such as land water systems forests which are significant in the face of the climate challenge either because of mitigation or in view of adaptation options ostrom in order to make these common pool systems work states would have to protect the rights of smallscale producers to their resources direct interventions include i public programmes for reforestation and technological innovation and ii regulatory measures such as the setting of targets or caps on ghg emissions zoning standards on emissions products and technology,13
+the figures presented here include parttime partyear employment male earnings inequality rose by on average compared to for females or by gini points for men and points for women in some countries such as australia and norway earnings inequality declined for women while it increased for men,5
+only a small amount from retail shops mainly food producers and wholesale companies allwin support mostly charity organisations in the gothenburgh region and do also receive most food from the retail sector and food industry in the same region allwin is planning to establish redistribution activities also in stockholm in the future s eisner pers in oslo matsentralen deliver to as many organisations around oslo as within oslo although this not necessarily reflects the amounts being redistributed,2
+between and the two upper secondary education options were technical vocational school tee and the integrated lyceum eniaio lykeio before four upper secondary routes existed ranging from entirely vocation to entirely academic to this date all available studies on vocational education refer to this earlier structures first greece is one of the countries in the oecd with the lowest age of compulsory schooling,4
+some of the brands are also designing products for ease of recycling through avoiding fibre and material blends or design for ease of separation of different materials these require not only designing of products from which materials can be recovered for the next generation but also systems to collect postconsumer products all the brands we spoke to have committed to moving more deeply into circular thinking in the future for many the starting point has been to use readily accessible and consistent quality recycled fibres such as recycled pet or preconsumer cotton waste from factories design for recycling may eventually lead to takeback systems which once in place can act as a catalyst for spreading closedloop thinking to other products,12
+as expected low birth weight is associated with higher infant mortality as is being part of a multiple delivery mortality rates also vary with birth order infant mortality is highest for children of birth order four or higher and is lowest for children of birth order two or three while this is in line with other studies on infant mortality it contrasts with the findings of an earlier study on jordan by shakhatreh abbas and issa analysing mortality statistics for the period these authors find that infant mortality rates were lowest for firstborn children,3
+preschool and kindergarten teachers must have a bachelors degree every spring thousands of high school graduates submit their applications to the departments of teacher education in eight finnish universities normally its not enough to complete high school and pass a rigorous national matriculation examination successful candidates must have the highest scores and excellent interpersonal skills,4
+some other countries such as australia prepare the same foundation education for primary and preprimary teachers but a specialisation is to be selected for one of the two qualifications licensing can be obtained by demonstrating the abilities to practice the profession or duties in ecec in for example finland no renewal is required,4
+a smart grid demonstration project is currently underway in the island of jeju the ability to collect and transmit realtime data as well as measurement devices permitting twoway communication allow for remote reading and greater demandside participation smart meters also offer a broader set of tariffs based on realtime prices distributed energy resources are smallscale power generation technologies typically in the range of to kw located close to where electricity is used eg a home or business to provide an alternative to or an enhancement of the traditional electric power system california energy commission,7
+it first describes the project on assessing the economic contribution of labour migration in developing countries as countries of destination eclm it then addresses the economic impacts of immigration on the country the chapter presents the report s key results regarding the foreignbom population in ghana such as the labour market and fiscal impact of immigration and regarding the broad contribution of immigrant workers to gross domestic product the chapter ends with policy implications related to how immigrants affect ghana s economy,8
+differences are lowest in the public sector and the rural employment programme provides equal pay for both genders the differences in wages can partly reflect overall education levels and the types of sectors where women work world bank but discrimination by gender is also likely to contribute the legal framework for equal pay is not always enforced equal remuneration act of partly reflecting the large share of the informal sector about of employment unpaid family workers do not report wages therefore they are not included,8
+it is generally measured as energy consumed divided by gdp or in a given sector it is the energy consumed divided by valueadded for the sector energy conservation implies meeting our needs with less energy consumption energy conservation is measured in terms of reduced energy units alone or the ratio of before and after energy consumption,7
+the growth concept emphasises coordination of land use and transport in order to preserve the region s locational advantage as a relatively uncongested hub for trade it also states that the preferred form of regional growth is to contain growth within a carefully managed urban growth boundary ugb a landuse planning line to protect farms and forests from urban sprawl and orient growth in the form of infill and redevelopment with higher density where it is appropriate the ugb has been expanded more than times since it was first drawn up in accordance with forecasts of land supply needs in its quality as an mpo metro is also tasked with preparing a regional transportation plan rtp which evaluates federal state and local funding for transport improvements estimates project costs and proposes funding strategies,11
+information reported directly by patients offers insights that cannot be identified through other means it empowers patients to play a greater role in decisions about their health care fujisawa and klazinga there is great promise in translating these metrics into actions that can improve patients experience and their clinical outcomes,3
+previous oecd work has shown that access to a job is a major factor limiting the risk of poverty but being employed per se is often not sufficient to escape poverty while the poverty rate among jobless households is more than double the rate observed among working households there are also significant inwork poverty risks in many countries indeed of individuals living in households with at least one worker are poor in the oecd and the working poor comprise more than of all the poor individuals of working age oecd a to address this issue a conventional poverty threshold is used with of the median equivalised household disposable income the analysis presents the proportion of households falling below the poverty line for various household work types figure,1
+so the degree to which a country values education seems to depend at least in part on the countrys view of how knowledge and skills fit into the way it fills its national coffers placing a high value on education might thus be a prerequisite for building both a topnotch education system and a thriving economy again this is just the direct economic benefit imagine the social impact on large parts of populations that currently lack basic knowledge and skills,4
+wide inequalities exist in the prevalence of these chronic conditions by education level however differences in selfrated health by socioeconomic status are observed of people in the highest income quintile report being in good health compared to of those in the lowest quintile figure yet this gap is smaller than in most other eu countries accoiding to estimates over of the overall disease burden in derenark in could be attributed to behavioural risk factors including smoking alcohol use diet and physical inactivity with smoking and metabolic risks eg obesity and high cholesterol contributing the most ihme,3
+this is particularly the case in countries where the level of social spending is comparatively low as for instance in greece and mexico andor where support already targets poor families as for instance in belgium and slovenia to reduce poverty effectively a redistribution of benefits also involves correcting the losses of income that can be induced by interactions between different benefits andor with tax rules bradshaw et al in addition while a redistribution of child benefit andor housing benefit may provide a greater income to the poorest children it should be accompanied by a reinforcement of measures enabling parents to take up a job and reconcile work and family life in the more or less short term so that such a redistribution is not a factor discouraging work,1
+this centre is a pioneering tripartite industryled skills training and education centre it has now attained both national and international recognition as a model of shared learning among the manufacturing and service industry and one stop human resource development entity the centre has an international consultancy programme and it has exported its expertise in places such as chittagong and manaus see box as a result its international network appears to be more established than the links with the higher education institutions in penang it aims at promoting linkages between mncs and local companies and to promote fast track for radiofrequency computerembedded and green technologies initially there were participants to the programme,4
+however reported methane emissions are often based on production volumes and standard emission factors in large part derived from us epa work iea the year global warming potential cited here is most commonly used but in scenarios where climate change impacts become severe already in the near term one could argue that a higher value shorter time scale should be used according to the industry itself this is not primarily the result of a specific focus on reducing methane leakages but rather due to strict safety regulations and highquality equipment statoil all oil and gas production in norway also takes place offshore which requires greater attention to pipe sealing and equipment durability than onshore production we do estimate what the impact of this would be but do not use it as the main scaled abatement potential for this solution by this had gone down to kgch tj an average reduction of peryear,7
+it also sets out the importance of defining different stages in the creation and implementation of a strategy for financial education in schools create awareness of the need for financial education and secure the support of the educational system and of teachers in particular within each state and territory there are also three sectors of education government catholic and the independent school sector in each jurisdiction schools systems and individual schools have to juggle and respond to local state and national priorities these priorities impact on jurisdictional curriculum frameworks and require states and territories to make difficult decisions on how these priorities will be addressed,4
+this is partly due to worries that a persistently unbalanced sharing of the growth dividend will result in social resentment fuelling populist and protectionist sentiments and leading to political instability recent discussions particularly in the us about increased inequality being one possible cause of the financial crisis also contributed to its relevance for policymaking is inequality a prerequisite for growth or does a greater dispersion of incomes across individuals rather undermine growth,10
+men are more likely to be in informal employment in all countries in north africa and eastern europe and in more than twothirds of countries in the arab states and northern southern and western europe in iraq and jordan the proportion of men in informal employment is percentage points more than the proportion of women in poland slovakia and the russian federation the gap is between six and ten percentage points to the disadvantage of men,5
+the main findings and recommendations have fed into the internal discussions leading to the definition of an oecd green growth strategy launched at the oecd ministerial council meeting the project has benefitted from the participation of extremadura spain london uk podlaskie and pomorskie poland and sydney australia it has also received financial support from the european commission i am convinced that the content of this report will be a valuable tool not only for sydney but also for other cities and regions seeking to improve their environmental impact while creating jobs and economic growth,7
+lost in dimensions consolidating progress in multidimensional poverty research working paper unicef office of research florence stepbystep guidelines to the multiple overlapping deprivation analysis moda working paper unicef office of research florence crosscountry moda study multiple overlapping deprivation analysis moda technical note working paper unicef office of research florence,1
+these changes include the calibration of expansion factors the method used to correct for nonresponses to the income questions and the construction of income aggregates for items that are not of monthly recurrence the various changes such as enlargement of the domains studied the change in informant type and the increase in the number of questions and alterations in their wording made it necessary to splice the employment income and poverty figures from the two sources a task which was carried out by the mission for the splicing of employment poverty and inequality series mesep the methodological changes introduced mean that the findings of the new enaho are not directly comparable with those published on the basis of the previous survey the country expects to produce a spliced historical series soon,1
+competence in the use of ict in the classroom is one of the many competences that must be demonstrated by student teachers during their periods of school experience as a result of these measures all teachers reached a basic minimum competence to use ict in their teaching by march at all stages of teacher education teachers are required to use ict to enhance children s learning,4
+often they are also unable to engage in productive economic activities and along with their dependent children elderly or sick under their care subsequently suffer from abject poverty and deprivation chapter marginalized by their community some women support polygamy in the oftenvain hope that it will offer protection for themselves and their children chapter recruitment practices often fail to reach out to pools of qualified and interested female candidates as is demonstrated by strikingly low rates of female participation within many of the institutions of the security sector including the police services and armed forces even when women do gain access they face considerable difficulties in coping with discrimination harassment and violence all of which pose formidable barriers to women s retention and promotion,5
+the crs sector classification aims to responds to the question which specific area of the recipients economic or social structure is the transfer intended to foster traditionally only the primary sector of the activity was reported however it is possible that one activity can support multiple sectors in members at the working party on development finance statistics wpstat agreed to introduce a new system allowing multiple purpose code reporting to better track activities benefitting several sectors the introduction of this new system will facilitate more granular reporting as activities will be able to be split upon several sectors rather than only one sector and is expected to increase the quality of the data and provide better estimates of the aid volume targeting different sectors,9
+the share of teachers leaving the profession has been stable over the last years adermon and laun nevertheless a survey of trained teachers who had left the profession indicated that more than of respondents cited the work environment such as stress and heavy workload among the main reasons for leaving the teaching profession followed by working conditions and salary statistics sweden around of those who left the teaching profession would consider returning for a more reasonable workload in relation to working hours a greater opportunity to control the work situation and a higher salary statistics sweden m teachers in sweden also work longer hours than their colleagues in many oecd countries,4
+overwhelmingly there appears to be national consensus in making quality and safety a policy priority this is marked by an improving culture of transparency and a move towards compulsory standards and hospital accreditation this work needs to be evaluated and refined to ensure that quality improvement evolves from measurement to change management while much of the attention has been on hospitals quality in primary health care has received less consideration,3
+this breadth and depth of autonomy has fostered high teacher professional selfesteem and the internal motivation for continuous professional development even with lowperforming schools the government does not intervene in school management it relies instead on the decisionmaking power of the school administration and teachers oecd a by contrast in shanghai china the municipal government designs the policies manages the schools and improves instruction oecd a,4
+however the degree to which they face particular vulnerabilities is often contingent upon their intersectional gendered identities girls for example are at an elevated risk of early and forced marriage single women including widows risk various forms of sexual exploitation and persons of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities sogi face a whole range of risks from extortion to targeted killings men and boys may seek to control women s and girls access to services in particular in situations of fragility and conflict where men may seek to increasingly control women be it out of a sense of protection andor to compensate for their own loss of control,5
+the country background report noted that proportionately fewer students enter smk schools because of a lack of information on the potential job opportunities their programmes offer since the number of smk institutions in indonesia has increased from to the majority of smks are located in java and sumatra,4
+the main section section provides an account of the available knowledge concerning health effects and the corresponding impacts on healthcare costs of the following healthrelated behavioursconditions smoking alcohol consumption obesity nutritional choices and physical activity in section i go through the available evidence regarding the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of public policies constructed in order to modify health behaviours primary and secondary prevention and to reduce weight the paper ends by a summary of the findings and an identification of important issues and challenges for future research performing systematic reviews of the evidence published in the different research areas spanned is considered to be beyond the scope of this study,3
+in of the unemployed had only attained primary education secondary education and only of them had attained tertiary education world bank at the same time female workers seem to be more likely to be in vulnerable employment than males understood as unpaid family workers and selfemployed workers in of the male employed are in vulnerable jobs compared with of female workers world bank extracurricular organisations orphanages and boarding schools ensure preschool provision to those children left without parental care,4
+although these policies can have a profound effect on urban development there is currently no explicit national urban policy framework in the netherlands with a holistic and strategic focus aimed at enhancing the growth potential of fuas it then focuses on the impact on and the role of regions in the newly created top sector policy the analysis also considers innovation in broader terms examining additional domestic and european policies the presence of several policies with a potential impact at the regional level requires an understanding of the possible complementarities that should be taken into account when designing the policy regional development elsewhere is seen as the responsibility of provinces and municipalities,9
+these often involve standards or regulations designed to take into account customer expectations industry standards and national policy objectives such as public health or national security collectively these are often known as quality infrastructure the returns on investment are likely to be significant,9
+the results emphasise the importance of the patient opinion and experience in obtaining a fuller picture of patient harm and lapses in safety this is a key ingredient of learning health systems at local and aggregate level in developed countries education of professionals and systematic patient reporting were the most frequently selected followed by improving organisational culture an integrated national incident database more incentives for teambased care and patient involvement strategies,3
+thus all projections assume current technology and treatments are maintained in the future other drivers of health care expenditure seen in other models are not included such as administration infrastructure and human resource costs associated with a growing burden of disease there is an assumption of constant prices london government office for science,3
+one goal is to help them independently manage their resources through free weekly financial literacy training at integration centres vulnerable groups including children women and persons with special needs are prioritized for personalized assistance iom the swedish financial supervisory authority in a programme called dina pengor och din ekonomi your money your finances provides a film a brochure and other resources for teachers working with migrants on personal finance modules cover swedish economic terms and the swedish banking and payment system and clarify rights and obligations in the financial marketplace in plain language oecd a,8
+it will however provide multiple social economic and environmental dividends and constitute muchneeded first steps towards lowcarbon social and economic development a marked shift from the rio earth summit to the rio summit has been the role of emerging economies although the five countries have different economic endowments they are facing similar challenges to sustain economic growth save natural resources and protect the environment reflecting the broadening of the brics agenda since the first brics summit was held in the first ever meeting of brics environment ministers was held in the russian federation in april,7
+in fact there is a disincentive for the municipality to strongly advocate for its priorities this puts municipal planning in a passive role and in the worst case can undermine the municipality s autonomy and credibility for planning with citizens and businesses antofagasta will have to continue working within these constraints moving forward while it cannot change the frameworks it can be more strategic in what it implements take a better approach to prioritising its initiatives identify strong mechanisms by which to advocate priorities and build multistakeholder interest and support for its programming,11
+for example the poorest of farm households in the philippines tend to be smallscale producers and landless workers whose rice production does not satisfy their own needs and who therefore purchase of the rice that they consume on average chapter regional levels of stunting among children under five years of age for example remain worryingly high figure while economic growth has enabled significant declines in populations suffering from chronic poverty for some households it may have only altered the nature of food insecurity from permanent to transitory rather than eliminate it entirely,2
+in the slovak republic for instance overall youth employment in had declined by compared to while employment among highlyeducated youth rose by percentage points in portugal the decline in youth employment was with employment of highlyeducated youth remaining stable only in ireland greece and spain where the decline in youth employment was strongest the number of jobs for highlyeducated youth also fell,8
+the case of bangladesh is important because it highlights the role of supportive technological innovation investment and rural infrastructure policies in promoting rural nonfarm employment and diversification however a lack of investment in public goods especially in remote rural areas high barriers of entry for the poor or vulnerable groups to various dynamic rnf markets high transaction costs for access to existing markets and a general asymmetry of market information may limit this potential the services sector has accounted for a greater share of the ldc labour force over time and that share is probably underreported since much of the sector is composed of informal activities,8
+the oecd average is nonweighted declines in neet rates are observed for turkey percentage points germany and israel percentage points and austria percentage point the decline in youth employment affected most severely individuals with low educational qualifications as illustrated in figure the number of youth in employment was lower in than in in most oecd countries declining by on average,8
+yet people can live long lives without being healthy thus an important task in the case of iceland and as well in the other nordic countries is to add life to years rather than years to life to take an example in the period the increase in lifeexpectancy for a year old swede is estimated to be years regeringskansliet the challenge for the government is thus to compress morbidity in this final stage of life,3
+since the number of permits authorising cuban vessels to fish in mexico s eez has decreased as a result of a reduced surplus species and the consolidation of mexican vessels during this period metric tonnes were caught and mechanisms were implemented to verify cuban vessels operations such as vms national scientist observers on board for sampling capture statistics records fishing logs capture reports arrival announcements per fishing trip and others additionally permits were issued at the san diego international office of conapesca sport fishing permits can be obtained by fishers through conapesca web site,14
+box presents some initial lessons learned from development provider efforts to work with small businesses for climate change adaptation development partners support projects that are building resilience capacity and piloting risk transfer approaches among firms as well as building awareness of the risks of impending climate change on business supply chains in developing countries trabacchi and mazza one example is the private sector adaptation to climate change psacc programme implemented by giz on behalf of the german federal ministry for economic cooperation and development bmz whose fourpronged approach focuses on raising awareness providing advisory services including on vulnerability analysis and adaptation financing capacity building and dissemination of knowledge giz a b,13
+in conflict societies a strict division of sexual labour is enforced and highly dichotomic understandings of femininity and masculinity become hegemonic gendered dichotomies self other friendenemy masculinityfemininity just warrior beautiful soul elshtein contribute to postulate the other as an existential threat the warrior the conflict s hegemonic masculinity is a male identity karner shaped by purging on individual symbolic and structural levels typically feminine characteristics such as compassion feeling and forgiveness,5
+when she started she set herself a target to prove to the male councillors and others that i could deliver during gender links study at the coalface gender in local government she said that she is more confident because of the support offered to her by the multiparty womens caucus mwc and a unique capacity building project that she participated in the gender local government and communications pilot project undertaken with gender links and the university of witwatersrand from october to may also i have learned more about policymaking and implementation and the processes that are involved in coming up with policies,5
+if employers cannot perfectly observe an applicant s productivity but believe that women are on average less productive than men they will tend to discriminate against female employees so as to enhance the overall productivity of their workforce this type of discrimination might progressively disappear as women close the skills gap but if stereotypes and social norms adjust with a lag change will be slow to materialise employers perceptions may be particularly hard to change in countries where discrimination is strong in such contexts the fact that women are unable to access the best jobs itself a result of discrimination may reinforce employers misperceptions and fuel a vicious cycle of selfreinforcing discrimination and stereotypes,5
+the goal is to work more closely with community partners to meet the diverse needs of families in need of support the programme is being expanded to more communities and organisations throughout the province several teachers we met discussed the strain teachers face in isolated settings and an increasing focus on the mental and physical health of teachers one approach being developed is the mindfulness programme which is accessible online to all teachers,4
+primary care staff in both public and private health centres are predominantly salaried employees licences are not timelimited and gps do not have to reapply to keep their licence as with other health care staff there are no formal national systems of continuous medical education and professional development for gps and other primary care staff or for recertification,3
+an objective gap is often experienced in the areas of tariff setting zoning and construction policies electricity subsidies and irrigation while conagua and municipalities have different approaches for atrisk settlements in urban areas or the connection of new settlements to infrastructure networks eg potential flooding there is no mechanism compelling municipalities to follow conagua s guidance and declare atrisk zones as dangerous for settlement construction permits are issued in an uncoordinated manner and unsafe human settlements have proliferated increasingly in recent years,6
+an action plan to reduce the use of antibiotics in animals was also introduced in dgav dgs the standardised inhospital mortality rate per patients for acute myocardial infarction ami in portugal in has halved since and is similar to that of spain but higher than in other countries such as italy and france a similar scenario can be found for day mortality after admission to hospital for ischaemic stroke and haemorrhagic stroke with regard to the quality of primary care in dealing with chronic diseases portugal has some of the lowest age and sexstandardised rates per population for avoidable admissions due to asthma copd and congestive heart failure chf figure suggesting that these conditions are being effectively managed at the primary health care level and that such care is of good quality,3
+it discusses the different mechanisms through which learning support staff can have an impact on teachers work and student achievement and reviews the related empirical evidence while the available research provides mixed evidence on the impact of learning support staff on student achievement it suggests that learning support staff may improve teaching and learning as long as adequate strategies for their training deployment and use are implemented there are several ways through which learning support staff may have a positive impact on student attainment students receive more individualised help and attention from either the support staff or the teacher and the learning environment can be made more flexible possibly leading to increased engagement and inclusion of children in classroom activities,4
+while there is considerable debate as to whether households headed by women are overrepresented among the poor chant there is evidence of a strong association between household poverty and sole or primary reliance on female earnings kabeer a chen and others sender research carried out in the aftermath of financial crises in asia and elsewhere confirmed that in the absence of social security provision for informal workers womens paid and unpaid labour helped to sustain their households united nations economic and social commission for asia and the pacific unescap womens access to land and housing has been shown to have important implications for household productivity deere and others katz and chamorro,5
+this approach examines the contribution of adaptation initiatives in keeping development on track brooks et al in doing so it uses bottomup countylevel indicators to assess the level of integration and capacity of climate risk management processes at the same time resilience outcomes and development performance are assessed using topdown national level indicators see chapter instead developed countries commonly outline how the broader objective of reduced climate vulnerability and enhanced resilience may be achieved casadoasensio and steurer,13
+these contrast with technologybanded policies which set differential support for technologies depending on their market readiness eg germany s feedin tariffs largescale energy modeling studies described compare the most influential technological and market uncertainties across a set of scenarios nakicenovic et al scenario analysis can also be used to explore how optimal energy technology portfolios change under different socioeconomic technological and climate outcome assumptions,7
+nevertheless even at that level the figures show convincingly that system costs are heavily contextdependent this requires considerable resources and such studies would best be done at the level of the single country according to a common methodology it does however provide numerical examples of this process as the arrival of intermittent renewables has an important impact on the absolute and relative profitability of existing dispatchable plants both in the short run and in the long run,7
+it is important to ensure that holders of knowledge are obtaining meaningful outcomes from the process in relation to their livelihood realities in the consultation process within the ilk part of the scoping study many ilk representatives mentioned linguistic barriers in participation of the work there is a need for a series of nordic national and local dialogue workshops to be held in local languages in order to obtain an initiated understanding of the reality of the different local communities and a diversity of inputs regarding the use of ecosystem services as well as their local status and trends,15
+in subsaharan africa the overwhelming majority of ldcs have a fixed broadband penetration of less than one percent two ldcs among the arab states djibouti and yemen have fixed broadband penetration of more than one percent there are four asiapacific ldcs bangladesh bhutan tuvalu and vanuatu where fixed broadband penetration is greater than one percent,9
+this is mostly due to the inaccessibility of larger forest complexes on account of the underdeveloped forestry road network as well as the general absence of modern optoelectronic equipment for early detection reporting and warning of forest fires and limited technical capacities resulting from the lack of modern firesuppressing equipment vehicles and special aircraft estimates from show that on average over tons valued at us million are exported each year control over unauthorized collection of such plants has improved in recent years and the pressure has slightly decreased which is also due to the educational campaigns training and technical assistance provided under the private forestry development programme,15
+article of the algerian family law thus in tunisia both spouses must fulfil their conjugal duties in accordance with custom and usual practices and the husband as head of the family must support the needs of the spouse and the children within his capabilities and in accordance with their status in the context of maintenance payments the wife must contribute to family expenses if she has the means while the woman should have a certain autonomy in her decision making and ability to work the change may not immediately affect social behaviours box,5
+at the same time it concerns the coverage and qualifying conditions of the insurance schemes financing of the schemes and worker contributions and the level and duration of the benefits furthermore the public social security expenditure as a share of gdp is another type of context information that provides an indication of the overall public redistributive effort of a given country yet its interpretation presents inherent difficulties indicators regarding social protection eg unemployment insurance might be correlated with the economic cycle and countries may consider to analyse the indicators together with gdp growth eg if employment growth after a recession concerns predominantly jobs that are not covered by parts of social protection further potentially relevant context information includes the percentage of persons at or above the statutory retirement age or and over who are employed the percentage of unemployed persons receiving regular periodic social security unemployment benefits contributory and noncontributory schemes as well as the percentage of the population above the statutory pensionable age or aged or above benefiting from an oldage pension,8
+chronic conditions such as cancer heart disease or diabetes also known as noncommunicable diseases ncds now place the greatest demand on colombia s health care system accounting for of all deaths figure at the same time deaths due to communicable maternal perinatal or nutritional conditions and deaths due to injuries remain substantial cancers were the second most common cause of death amounting to of all deaths in,3
+at the same time citizen engagement requires governments to share in agenda setting and to ensure that policy proposals are collaboratively generated and citizens needs are taken into account in making decisions citizen engagement is best incorporated into every stage of the policy development and implementation process oecd b the oecd s guiding principles for successful citizen engagement in policy making include commitment rights clarity time objectivity resources coordination accountability evaluation and active citizenship oecd,11
+poverty also rose among the working population indeed not all of the poor are out of work as the poverty rate of among those in work demonstrates this can be explained by the significant number of lowpaid workers many of which work less than full time retirees by contrast saw their relative poverty levels decline as median incomes fell comparing different household compositions poverty rates are highest and have increased most among families with children with families that have more children being particularly affected by poverty the poverty line is of median disposable income in each year adjusted for household size,1
+also significant are the timeliness of employment in relation to seasonal income and food fluctuations the scale of interventions as well as the appropriateness of assets created there will be limited impact on incomes and food security unless the programmes are implemented at scale and are operating longterm opportunities to improve the contribution of community assets to increasing productivity include ensuring that assets are built based on need and that they are of quality accessible to the poor and sustainable,2
+on average school associations comprise between and schools in the vast majority of schools belonged to a school community and most of the schools that have not joined a school community provided special needs education the key goal of this initiative is to strengthen schools organisational and leadership capacities through increased cooperation,4
+most of the discharges into lake peipsi chudskoe arc insufficiently treated other pressure factors unauthorized dumping discharge of untreated mine waters from oil shale mines and deforestation also in protection zones of water resources contribute moderately and locally to the nutrient loading of similar impact is unorganized recreation on the banks leading to detritus getting into the watercourses see the assessment of the ramsar sites according to the estonian classification it is moderate,6
+the analysis was ultimately aimed at achieving insight into the policy ways of stimulating the use of lng as clean shipping fuel access to capital is not as easy as it was in the prelehmann times consequently tax incentives are not an instrument to promote using lng as ship fuel the additional investment for the lng equipment needs to be financed from the price differential of lng and other low sulphur fuels based on market prices cases where product specific aspects have not been understood by authorities such as flammability dispersion etc a similar situation was seen with authorities who did not accept ships as safe even though they had been certified according to imos international convention for the safety of life at sea solas and class rules,7
+youth lfpr refers to the sum of persons aged in the labour force as a percentage of the workingage population the youth employmenttopopulation ratio also referred to as the youth employment rate is the number of employed persons aged as a percentage of the workingage population in the philippines and thailand the female youth lfpr and employmenttopopulation ratio is lower than that of males,8
+a report by the high level panel of experts on food security and nutrition of the committee on world food security rome economic policy research institute commissioned for dfid a report by the high level panel of experts on food security and nutrition of the committee on world food security rome,2
+land allocations remain similar to their current form in oecd countries wheat continues to be produced predominantly in europe and australia while maize is produced in north america and rice in korea and japan figure the impact model shows relatively modest effects on land expansion in comparison to other models included in the agmip project,2
+this raises the question to what extent the conditions and circumstances of early life constrain success in adulthood particularly inequality of educational and health opportunities increases in the perceived returns to education and health might be accentuating the diverging fortunes of children from advantaged and disadvantaged households as more advantaged households invest more heavily in their children s quality of education and their health inputs this chapter looks at intergenerational mobility in terms of both health and educational outcomes,4
+revenue from a dedicated transport tax versement transport levied on employers and based on payrolls has enabled the stif to extend and maintain the public transport network and nonmotorised transport facilities the city s success results from close cooperation between its urban transport planning authority urbs responsible for transport and the urban development authority ipucc which is in charge of landuse planning from its start in the curitiba brt was notable for its careful alignment with the curitiba master plan which focused the city s growth along major corridors through landuse and zoning regulations,11
+trial installations started in with smart meters being offered to all households from on a voluntary basis the dutch public and private sectors have established the netherlands water partnership nwp the principal aim of the nwp is to coordinate dutch activities abroad and to promote dutch expertise in the water field worldw ide the netherlands is seeking to be seen as a world leader in sustainable water management as customer interests are not normally taken into account utilities can encounter unexpected opposition and not be able to respond to it therefore rendering policy impotent,6
+in addition local governments provide a direct contact point for residents on questions of water conservation in this sense they have a greater ability to adjust policies to adapt to changing behaviour and are more likely to influence popular water habits than higher levels of government while each province of argentina has its own set of laws outlining water roles and responsibilities most lac countries have a national water law to allocate roles and competences in water to lower levels of government more than half of the lac countries surveyed have also enshrined subnational responsibilities in the water sector in their constitutional arrangements,6
+specifically the results have been used to design development indicators for national policy for example the national program for equal opportunity and nondiscrimination against women included the estimate of womens contribution to gdp by the economic value of unpaid household work globally the ilo estimates unpaid care work to be around usd trillion or of global gdp when using hourly minimum wage ilo,5
+the major advantage of external assessment is their reliability they ensure that all students are assessed on the same tasks and that the results are measured by the same standards moreover external assessments are usually conducted under supervision which ensures that what is assessed is the students own work,4
+expansion efforts should do more to build on the existing capacity in primary schools as a means to expand access in underserved remote rural regions the new child identifier should be used to ensure that care sendees provided for children over the age of four complement but do not replace participation in preschool more emphasis needs to be given to developing the capacity of teachers to implement the new preschool curriculum in particular in the domain of early literacy this will require both a review of initial teacher education programmes and more inservice training opportunities together with measures to reduce childteacher ratios where this is an issue and provide more reading resources,4
+these adults need training that is adjusted to their interests and their previously acquired competences finally competitive enterprises that are keen to improve the skills of their staff represent another highly demanding group of users a quick look at figures shows that vet i schools are indeed already offering training to nontraditional groups as well table conveys official statistics from sapte that might not include nonformal training taking place in some vet schools and some rare partnerships with local authorities and ngos in the framework of projects sponsored by international donors,4
+mexico however still has the lowest percentage of top performers in mathematics in among oecd countries and the third lowest percentage among the participating countries with comparable data after indonesia with and tunisia with pisa results volume vtablev similarly of the canadian students who performed below level in over had not gone on to any postschool education by the age of by contrast more than half of the students who had performed at level as their highest level were at college or university students proficient at level in mathematics can employ basic algorithms formulae procedures or conventions,4
+these three countries seek to integrate education and care in order to provide holistic child development this means that the development of children is seen as a dynamic and closely interwoven interaction between their physical and mental circumstances and the environment in which children grow up the school starting age may differ in sweden it starts at the age of seven while in norway it starts at the age of six and in new zealand at the age of five many countries with a split system have created a learning framework for children in the older age bracket of ecec only from around age twoandahalf or three to compulsory schooling portugal s core curriculum guidelines for preschool education issued by the ministry of education covers children from the age of three until the age of six the compulsory schooling age in portugal,4
+changes in water quality and ecological status are considered likely but have not been investigated current practical information needs as demonstrated by the case of the tisza include the quantification of the predicted impacts on water resources and a better knowledge about their spatial distribution a number of research projects funded in particular by the eu aim at strengthening the knowledge base the necessity of strengthening interdisciplinary research of climate change impacts on waterrelated sectors of the economy requires coordination between different sectors and agencies,6
+it presents indicators for women s participation in economic and production activity and analyses the characteristics of womens employment it also includes an analysis of female and male time use in paid and unpaid activities an issue connected to the sexual division of labour and the reinforcement of traditional gender roles something that affects the real potential for women to enter and remain in paid employment accordingly the third and fourth sections examine respectively women s participation in jobs with higher average pay executive positions and womens empowerment and economic autonomy female entrepreneurs,5
+in the situation is most acute in northern africa and western asia where the proportion of young people that is employed is only half of that of the entire workingage population in close to half of the workers in the developing regions were living with their families on less than per person per day this rate has dropped to per cent in corresponding to a twothirds decline in the number of extremely poor workers from million in to million in however progress across regions has been uneven,1
+emissions of greenhouse gases ghgs arising from the combustion of fossil fuels have been the main cause of anthropogenic global warming energy use has reached a scale at which planetary boundaries are being breached for a range of essential earthsystem processes including in terms of global warming and biodiversity loss which is likely to lead to catastrophic environmental change rockstrom and others in fossil fuels accounted for per cent of the global primary energy mix while lowcarbon nuclear power accounted for per cent hydroelectricity for per cent and biomass for per cent,7
+approaches varied but countries such as cambodia and the lao peoples democratic republic combined grid extensions with broad solar home system distribution efforts to boost rural electrification other countries such as india and nepal have demonstrated the potential for microgrids to offer higher quality and economically sustainable offgrid power publicprivate and publiccivil society partnerships have also emerged pioneering new models to incorporate the latest technologies and approaches to offgrid renewable power systems,7
+this course of action remains of course within the moneymetric approach itself this involves a rejection of targeting the poor in favour of profiling and addressing deprivations for the entire population in each of a wider range of specific dimensions of wellbeing the monetary approach assumes that all dimensions can be measured and accessed in money terms it is then assumed that if a household has enough money to procure its basic needs it is up to that household to make its own consumption choices,1
+better data on health care outcomes at the system level are being developed by the oecd in particular on amenable mortality and health care quality box because their coverage is still limited these data cannot replace health status indicators when assessing health care efficiency but they can complement them first panel data regressions have been run to shed light on the contribution of health care and other determinants to the health status of the population joumard et al this empirical work suggested that changes in health care spending lifestyle factors smoking and alcohol consumption as well as diet education pollution and income have been important factors behind improvements in health status,3
+nonknowledgeintensive services corresponds to electricity gas and water supply construction trade hotels and restaurants skill intensity is based on the distribution of average wages across firms where low skilled refers to the first quartile medium skilled to the second quartile moderatelyhigh skilled to the third quartile and high skilled to the fourth quartile standard deviations are first averaged within each group and country and subsequently averaged across the following countries belgium the czech republic finland france germany italy the netherlands spain sweden and the united kingdom using weights by firm size category and industry within each country does not qualitatively change the results,8
+for example the forum for environment s green award scheme has been encouraging of leaders in the industry more could be done for government officials and scientists thus incentives aimed at individuals will need to be followed up in a stepwise manner by sectorwide schemes that shift subsidies from bads such as fossil fuel use to goods such as energy efficiency and renewable energy and offer payments for defined and verified environmental services through both domestic and international payment mechanisms such incentives can have a wideranging impact and be a costeffective and sustainable complement to implementing specific green growth projects designed topdown richer households spend a proportionately larger amount on fuel products this would indicate that they benefit more than poorer households from any universal fuel subsidy on these products mekonnen et al,13
+incentives enable isolated initiatives the impact of which is diminished by their noncoordinated character tertiary education institutions are each delivering their own range of activities and services with limited coordination collaboration and sharing of good practice leading to duplication of efforts and difficulties in monitoring the results the coordination of information and action on the part of the public agencies tertiary education institutions as well as various stakeholders is also in need of improvement,4
+this is lower than the total impact for eu countries of gdp and for the new eu member states in poland s case those challenges seem to be manageable given the tight grip on the supply of health services and the currently low level of and controlled growth in healthrelated public spending relative to other oecd countries public health spending is also low relative to total general government outlays figure which suggests that public finance consolidation efforts should as needed be directed towards other expenditure items,3
+the latest three volumes focus on quality monitoring and transitions from ecec to primary school they have been influential in the development of the talis starting strong survey and have informed this conceptual framework the analysis and reporting of the survey data will be embedded in the policy insights from the starting strong series drawing on contextual information and concrete examples as applicable,4
+the highest scoring education systems at th grade maths singapore korea hong kong and japan were all above average in terms of innovation at th grade the following figures indicate that there is a positive association between overall innovation and trends in th grade mathematics outcomes between and figure however positive change has also occurred without such high levels of innovation chile is an example of a country that has improved performance whilst levels of innovation remain below the oecd mean this may indicate that the marginal return to innovation has been diminishing ontario is also characterised by above average levels of innovation and negative trends in maths performance,4
+an integrated territorial approach to the development of those policy areas would require that different elements be taken into account such as the alignment of spatial and land use planning with transportation objectives and investments and environmental strategies for example the development of a brt network is promising yet too often remains divorced from broader urban planning efforts the use of the metropolitan fund could be improved to serve metropolitanwide challenges and advance crosssectoral integrated solutions to them from transportation to environmental and spatial planning issues effective governance at the metropolitan level can reduce policy fragmentation and raise the productivity of cities it can also provide the right conditions to take advantage of agglomeration effects from its proximity to mexico city how governments regulate land use and address public and private investment how competencies are allocated across levels of government and how land use is taxed is critical,11
+curricula should include multiculturalism and diversity as content topics in language classes history and civic education sweden should apply and implement a diversityconscious curriculum consistently across schools for immigrant students inclusive schools can increase their opportunities to learn because they are able to interact with other children which in turn can promote their family and community participation,4
+eventually this could become a significant drag on the economy in the literature review provided here it appears that at the level of individual sectors this relatively inelastic response to water scarcity is indeed prevalent however it remains to be seen what scope there is for the economy to substitute more aggressively away from water intensive activities and consumption goods quantifying this potential should be part of the research agenda undertaken with the kind of global cge model discussed in this report,6
+the youth labour market problem its nature causes and consequences university of chicago press chicago pp evidence from a panel of oecd countries oecd economics department working paper no a review of oecd countries experiences with active labour market programmes swedish economic policy review vol,8
+hi ksjstjja first despite certain variations between countries in the proportion of w omen employed in the care sector and other sectors in all cases the share in the former is at least double the latter second the overwhelming presence of women among paid care workers has changed little in the last decade in terms of the regional average and for individual countries see figure iii the proportion of women is higher among domestic workers in and in than among other care woikers and it is higher in education services and community and household services than in health services and respectively in compared with in,5
+from a qualitative viewpoint however reservoir hydro is used in the left part of the load duration curve and thus reduces the peak load that must be met by dispatchable technologies the overall effect is a reduction of the capacity of peak technology needed by the system interconnections and electricity trading help to smooth the load curve and ease the balancing challenge,7
+with that aim reporting item hcri equates to hc in sha and is within the boundary of health care the proposal is to keep them as is so as to promote a continued reporting practice notably during the transition to sha see table for a mapping of these categories this includes basic medical treatment such as dental treatment if provided as an integral part of the public health function it excludes however remunerationinkind of health care goods and services that constitute household actual final consumption rather than intermediate consumption of business as the health care components of longterm care are contained in hc the complementary social components are included as a health carerelated category that is further subdivided into inkind and incash components the health and social care components hc and hcrl can be summed up to obtain a total value of longterm care ltc,3
+while the mdgs started from ground zero creating a baseline for global hunger and poverty targets the sustainable development goals sdgs will hit the ground running propelled by over a decade of lessons learned given this experience the coming years offer unprecedented potential for human development nutrition has captured global attention and has remained a featured agenda item for most development partners a number of international initiatives multistakeholder processes and commitments add fuel to the fire anna lartey is director of the nutrition division in the economic and social development department at the food and agriculture organization of the united nations,2
+on both metrics the largest poverty reductions above are observed in slovenia and spain by contrast imputed rents have almost no effect on reducing exposure to poverty in the czech republic estonia germany or luxembourg portugal s adoption of a floating poverty line actually leads to a greater risk of relative poverty among the elderly,1
+using data from the integrated living conditions surveys of and this report also assesses the overlap between child multidimensional and monetary poverty as measured by the national poverty line almost one in three children are both poor and deprived per cent of children are deprived in two or more dimensions and live in monetarypoor households these children are the most vulnerable and should be prioritized by social policies,1
+the positive trend is particularly visible for the legal designation of protected areas corresponding to iucn category ii national parks category iv habitatspecies management areas and category v protected landscapesseascapes such new developments included the national parks butrinti ha mali i dajtit ha divjakekaravasta ha shebenikjabllanice ha bredhi i hotovesdangelli ha and karaburunsazan ha as a result the proportion of national parks in the surface area of the ecological network of albania has more than triped from per cent in to per cent in,15
+cameroon s interministerial biodiversity committee was created in response to the minister of environment s coordination mandate and the national committee on biodiversity and combat desertification of the united arab emirates uae was created in to tackle the national responsibilities of biodiversity protection the committee has since functioned in an ad hoc manner and is yet to have statutory or permanent status by a decision of the prime minister however the minister of environment protection of nature and sustainable development has the mandate to carry out consultations on crosssectoral issues,15
+continued employment participation may also open up career opportunities and will in all events strengthen pension entitlements so reducing the risk of poverty in old age oecd a there are intergenerational effects on future gender inequality when mothers are in paid work as egalitarian attitudes are shaped both at home and in the public sphere equal sharing of unpaid work between mothers and fathers is also associated with more genderequal attitudes and behaviours of children once they grow up mcginn davis and greenstein,5
+further steps need to be taken to halt excessive groundwater abstractions including through improved monitoring and the introduction of charges on abstractions from overexploited aquifers its climate and the physical characteristics of its environment such as the prominence of mountain ranges close to the coasts or soil characteristics make natural water endowments highly unequally distributed across space and time these characteristics have determined water policies which used to aim at increasing supply by constructing large dams with government support with over dams spain is estimated to be the country with the th largest number of dams in the world after the united states india and china martinezcortina over the past century this policy increased water abstractions per inhabitant to a higher level on average relative to renewable resources than in most other oecd countries figure relatively low population density notwithstanding,6
+since the bureau of energy efficiency bee has been the governmental agency responsible for implementing the energy conservation act the rggvy also planned to communicate massively through the media in rural areas in order to promote energy efficiency and sound management of the local electricity distribution system first indias rural distribution system is essentially lowdensity with high technical and commercial losses leading to a high delivery cost for this reason utilities were generally not inclined to take up rural electrification projects through funds arranged on a commercial loan basis for fear of further deterioration in their financial health during the lh fiveyear plan fyp there was only limited financial outlay for the implementation of the rggvy and some cases of government corruption and mismanagement of funds have plagued the system,7
+widowhood can bring economic hardship and vulnerability for women the conditions for entitlements also relate to more specific pension rules for instance how many years of contributions are required the socalled vesting period the income or asset threshold for meanstested benefits and whether benefits are rightbased or depend on resources available and waiting lists the conditions of entitlement define who can get a benefit and how coverage is ultimately distributed,5
+in ohio treatment admissions for the drug increased by per cent from to in the county of san diego deaths related to methamphetamine increased by per cent from to south america has a relatively strong institutional capacity in the wider context of latin america and the caribbean and countries in the region have been making considerable efforts at the national and international levels to curb the illicit supply of drugs and address the increasing rates of drug abuse,3
+while danish residents currently experience low unmet need for medical care this skills mix provides opportunities to expand the scope of practice of nurses to better respond to growing and changing requirements many nurses work with more advanced tasks under delegation from a physician in a legal framework established to improve the scope of practice for nurses this and other possible extensions in scope of practice will require revision of curricula or investments in more postgraduate education and training for nurses in denmark as scope exists in the danish primary care payment schedule for nurses to perform some tasks traditionally done by physicians oecd a,3
+the project was put on hold in the government said they planned to scrap the entire programme outraging the women of ain elsira i got a phone call from the head of security at the ministry of social affairs telling me that these women were protesting and were barricading the building hania smiles,5
+the share of all women in the labour market age and over grew from in to in indeed mexico has the secondlowest rate of working age female labour force participation in the oecd after turkey mexican women also participate at lower rates than women in colombia and peru two other uppermiddle income latin american countries oecd b there is a percentage point gap between mexican women and men s labour force participation rates,5
+according to the study ten years of excellence in research policy in swedish research funding has had serious negative consequences for gender equality in academia it also appears that these initiatives have so far avoided an analysis of the measures they themselves have planned to initiate to improve gender equality the european commission focused attention on the genderrelated ramifications of the excellence in research initiatives and the definition of scientific excellence as early as and established the expert group gender and excellence which studied research funding in european countries in a gender perspective eu there is good reason to raise the issue of quality criteria and excellence in research in the nordic countries and at the joint nordic level as well,5
+blood pressure screening also increased from to of the undiagnosed population between and in contrast adequate control of cholesterol levels was achieved in only around people with dyslipidaemia the evaluation considered reasons for falling short of the target including poor adherence to clinical guidelines or deficient information systems,3
+modern science can exploit the qualities of these marginal crops and deploy it in varieties that will be more widely grown the international center for agricultural research in the dry areas icarda has one of the world s largest gene banks in the world for dryland crops excessive rainfall could wash away soils from the land to complement the impacts of degradation of the natural resource base due to agrochemicals overcultivation of soils deforestation slashandburn agriculture and deterioration of water sources,2
+increased publicprivate collaboration can also contribute to investment riskhedging and confidencebuilding in investors training and education including data and information sharing serves to increase capacity building among investors and lenders especially in emerging economies evidence similarly suggests that ee stakeholders are looking for increased guidance from government before scalingup private investment in energy efficiency the study calls for the creation of an energy efficiency action network eefan an international platform to enable regular cooperation and information sharing between the public and private sectors financial instruments that guarantee ee projects address such risk perception,7
+the energy sector solutions would present abatement potential of about mt c eq mainly resulting from onshore wind and solar power in the studied five countries onshore wind which can provide the biggest impact in the baltics has an abatement potential close to mt c eq in total solar power mt c eq and bioenergy for heating about mt c eq the transport sector and the agriculture and forestry sector would provide mt c eq and mt c eq abatement potentials respectively,7
+greater coordination among state agencies may well help get several pending projects off the ground the pnd is also missing a more integrated tourism strategy conceived around the development of specific areas as tourism priority economic hubs allowing for tourism opportunities to be exploited in coordination with other policy areas and sectors rural areas would lend themselves particularly well to such a strategy drawing on their connection to the agricultural sector yet the inclusion of mral communities is not perceived as an objective of tourism policy despite the high potential that exists in making mral communities direct beneficiaries of major tourism attractions around the country,11
+such youth are more at risk as they are unable to secure enough work and income to climb out of poverty even in the developed world young people seeking initial employment are increasingly at risk in terms of underemployment as employers respond to weak demand or avoid the costs of formal employment including healthcare and social security mandates by providing parttime work to new entrants moreover quality parttime workincluding internships that provide no monetary compensation but offer jobrelevant skills development often excludes the poorest youth who cannot afford to work for little or no pay,8
+the public works component also aims to create infrastructure and community assets including roads water and fuel sources all of which potentially benefit women the design of the psnp takes account of their practical needs on a number of levels it foresees the provision of communitybased childcare services and reduced working time for women with children and provides for women to receive direct support without work requirements before and after childbirth some governments are responding more effectively to this challenge than others as this section will show,5
+in the end the infrastructure needed to support significant and sustainable tourism growth is sizeable and will take years to be in place private investment has an important role to play the focus of the government on four new balis box is a positive step even though sustainability remains an issue see below,8
+the high yield variabilityexport availability from this region has already demonstrated its impact on world commodity price volatility agriculture consumes about of the world s freshwater withdrawals in oecd countries water use projections to suggest that the water supply to some of the world s population mostly in developing countries will be under severe stress largely because of developments outside of agriculture in some instances supporting agricultural production may not be regarded as the most socially or economically desirable use for scarce water supplies,2
+it is moreover possible that schools share the same kit across classes so that the above figure constitutes a lower bound for exposure some schools purchased mobile kits mobile iwb and laptop or share classrooms between different classes although traditionally each classroom is used by a single class group and pupils stay with the same class group throughout the day and school year schools are free to adopt a different organisation of their space of all iwbs purchased with funds from the piano lim are mobile kits and are located in dedicated labs science music or arts labs multimedia rooms etc,4
+between january and february universiti sains malaysia received citations per paper with two other malaysian universities universiti malaya and universiti kebangsaan malaysia receiving approximately the same wong and ho this was lower than the other comparison asian universities such as seoul national university and university of hong kong in terms of commercialising of research output usm had three us patents cumulative to compared with seoul national university s and university of hong kong s ibid nationally however penang as a region is a key player in the development of malaysianinvented patents granted by the united states patent and trademark office reviewing malaysian patents by region penang residents invented onethird of all malaysian patents however on examination the bulk of these patents were owned by foreignbased multinational companies wong and ho,4
+women entrepreneurs who registered through the programme report improvements in their business operations costs of credit and work security one risk of the programme is that it might create incentives to underreport real revenues in order to benefit from the special mei status and reduce the attractiveness of other legal forms of business limitedliability companies and corporations that are generally more conducive to enterprise growth complementary measures are needed to enable higher growth in femaleowned enterprises,5
+however as prices of natural resources and commodities rise as climate change deepens and accelerates and as mountains of waste overflow landfills and stretch municipal budgets sustainable consumption is emerging as a necessary condition for continued economic growth even in developing countries but as incomes in the region grow consumption patterns become less and less ecoefficient sustainable consumption strategies make it possible to achieve ecoefficient economic growth while people rediscover reinstate and revitalize rich asian and pacific cultural values and traditions,12
+in particular the world bank b estimates that price volatility between january and may reached in kenya and in zambia while it was only in south africa in kenya average price levels increased around between and jayne et al however the food security impacts of the stocks are not unanimously positive,2
+it is important to note that multidimensional poverty remained unchanged in the urban amazon between and which ties in with the increasing deprivation levels gaps in all dimensions other than work and social security while relative poverty among afroecuadorians decreased from times the national level in to in the relative level for indigenous people increased from times the national level in to in meaning that despite the absolute reduction in the level of multidimensional poverty the indigenous population was worse off in than in in terms of equity rural areas and especially the rural amazon have the highest levels of poverty but a lower absolute number of poor if the figures are broken down by age group children and adults together accounted for of multidimensional poverty in and respectively both by number of poor people and by poverty level while the elderly are the group with the highest level of multidimensional poverty,1
+a sharp fall in tpes and tfc in was also linked to decreased use of energy products as feedstock especially in the petrochemical industry in portugal consumed toe per usd of gdp prices against an oecd europe average of toe the difference is less when gdp is corrected for purchasing power parities,7
+most of the aid to countries in protracted crisis is humanitarian notably food aid while much less is development assistance afghanistan and iraq are exceptions relatively small amounts of aid flow to agriculture and education two sectors of particular importance for food security and nutrition for example only percent of overseas development assistance received by countries in protracted crisis in the period was dedicated to agriculture fao and wfp,2
+therefore road safety advocacy and information should focus on informing those fleet operators in general in this increasing pace of life many citizens desire to go faster and as discussed earlier often an individual s appreciation of the risk of speeding and crash risk is not well informed and the collective risk accumulating in society and the resulting speed related crash problems is one of the classic public health dilemmas or disconnects as described earlier by prof kare rumar for example in the enforcement of low level speeding by many more people vs a focus on catching the high end speeding motorists who are relatively few,11
+for customized printed objects the potential differences between the d printing cost and the equivalent retail price are anywhere between eight and times dhl a small firms trade smaller quantities than big enterprises do this suggests that fixed trade costs such as logistics costs often make up a greater share of the unit cost of their goods as compared to their rivals which export larger volumes,9
+implementing a national payment system for mental health is understood to be a key enabler to achieving parity of esteem between mental and physical health and is expected to help drive up the quality of mental health services a national payment system for mental health would enable better commissioning and more efficient services by incentivising the provision of services that achieve the best outcomes for patients a national payment system for mental health would ensure the best services that deliver the highest quality with best outcomes receive the most funding many adults receiving care are allocated to a mental health cluster based on their need services are then tailored according to the needs of the people they treat in some local health economies clusters are also used as the basis of payment replacing a system of block payment arrangements based on historical funding rather than current service provision,3
+this is true in the nordic countries which were among the first to make the change in the s one of the most recent reforms was undertaken in poland where early tracking was postponed one year until the age of the reform raised students performance substantially particularly for those students who would have been assigned into vocational tracks without undermining the performance of top achievers wisniewski,4
+this has contributed to the fall in death rates related to external causes although these remained above the eu average in since then lung cancer mortality has decreased although this probably partly reflects a decline in smoking prevalence that started even before these prevention measures the same restrictions apply to ecigaiettes herbal smoking products and novel tobacco merchandise,3
+they are involved in producing staple food crops that are among the top ten crops grown in the region in acreage millet sorghum cow peas maize groundnuts cassava rice and yams world farmers organisation website accessed on february the horticulture sector mainly employs female labour as well cereals roots and tubers fruits and vegetables are essential for food and nutrition security and have a growing regional market,2
+for example in australia the early psychosis prevention and intervention centres eppic scheme was extended to young people to improve their access to mental health care the motivation for doing this came from survey findings that of people reporting mental disorders in australia have their first mental illhealth episode before the age of and before the age of and that a large treatment gap existed for this group to take an example from finland when survey information highlighted groups with a particularly high suicide rate suicide prevention was appropriately tailored towards these groups and successfully contributed to a reduced suicide rate investments in populationtargeted surveys are most fruitful if such surveys are used to promote access to appropriate treatment which necessitates investment and reflection around good referral and treatment pathways,3
+the first is our greater appreciation of the importance of how schools relate to their communities contexts and other social services such as those that exist in extended or fullservice schools cummings et al the second is the need for schools to be interconnected and to collaborate in order to maximise positive outcomes across communities and enhance social justice hadfield and chapman there is however growing though contested evidence of the relationship between collaboration and school improvement chapman and muijs croft and of the challenges collaboration poses for school leaders not least in moving from hierarchical to equal peer leadership relationships muijs west and ainscow the increasing call for leadership across systems and networks of schools provides impetus to include items on this new topic in talis,4
+it shows that indirect carbon emissions of all technologies are at least an order of magnitude lower than the direct emissions from fossil fuel combustion it includes the warming of rivers and lakes due to the cooling requirements of large thermal power plants in particular nuclear plants as well as the landscape impacts of renewables with large requirements in terms of land use such as wind solar and hydro in case of biomassfiring it is important that woodlands are forested sustainably the european project on the cost assessment for sustainable energy systems cases draws together much of the available information on the external effect of power generation in monetised form while here is not the place to discuss the merits limits and proper utilisation of the monetisation of external effects such synthetic estimates if carefully prepared provide a good qualitative indicator of the areas in which policy action might be needed,7
+these modelling exercises typically follow a pattern of reporting with aids and without aids scenarios an example is the widely dted ing barings model produced for the july hivaids conference in durban which showed that longterm economic growth in south africa would decline by per cent per year due to hivaids recent research however suggests that these studies may be too optimistic,3
+at present individual parties report on their contributions ie climate finance provided to mdbs but not on private finance mobilised by the finance they channel through mdbs further as mdbs are not parties to the unfccc they do not have reporting obligations under the unfccc although they are accredited entities of the gef and gcf which are to report annually to the cop it is therefore unclear how any quantified collective estimates of climate finance reported by mdbs would feed in to the unfccc process,13
+foreign vessels would be subject to the same effective system of surveillance as icelandic vessels to hinder illegal catches and unreported landings in a committee appointed by the minister of the environment published a report on reducing ghg emissions ministry for the environment according to the report from a purely technical viewpoint the fishing industry can contribute considerably,14
+while reliable data are lacking the agriculture and fisheries sectors represent around of gdp moai around of the labour force is engaged in crop and livestock production or depends to a significant extent on it for its income moai b a significant proportion of industry is also related directly or indirectly to agriculture,2
+however clearly energy efficiency improvements that do not lead to reduced fossil fuel energy consumption will not cut greenhouse gas emissions for this reason it is important to be able to accurately assess the outcomes from energy efficiency measures in order to plan realistic greenhouse gas emissions mitigation strategies all else being equal if the demand for energy services decreases energy prices should fall and energy efficiency improvements are expected to deliver the necessary energy demand reductions,7
+they act as a forum for aligning interests and timing across ministries and public agencies a prominent example of a highlevel structure acting as coordinating body is conagua the national water commission in mexico box and many lac countries have also set up national water agencies including brazil cuba the dominican republic guatemala panama and peru box it follows previous waterrelated administrations such as the direction for water land and colonization the nation irrigation commission the ministry of water resources and the ministry of agriculture and water resources this decentralised agency of semarnat is the highest institution for water resource management in mexico including water policy water rights planning irrigation and drainage development water supply and sanitation and emergency and disaster management with an emphasis on flooding the amended national water law nwl restructured conagua s key functions through the transfer of responsibilities from the central level to subnational entities,6
+family planning policies and the availability of contraceptives provide households with more control over their fertility decisions which can also help reduce poverty risks the assessment of key drivers of child poverty is based on a time series analysis of pooled crosssection data for oecd countries for the mid s to period for the first stage and for countries for which data for the secondstage analysis are available for the same period the data on child poverty are taken from the oecd income distribution database,1
+because gender may not be the most pressing source of inequality in every situation however there have been calls to shift focus from gender to diversity mainstreaming thus taking a wider approach to inequality siltanen p high quality readily accessible genderdisaggregated data supplies the foundation for both sound evidencebased policy making and gender monitoring and evaluation and is integral to gender impact assessment conversely the absence of differentiated data box makes it very difficult to understand the impact of gender equality and mainstreaming strategies and efforts,5
+in some countries girls are not able to inherit property while in others women are required by law to obey their husbands their voices stifled and their agency eroded the recognition of families as a contradictory space for women and girls is at the heart of this report therefore the urgent challenge for policymakers activists and people in all walks of life is to transform families into a home for equality and justice a place where women and girls can exercise voice and agency and where they have economic security and physical safety meeting sdg gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls for example demands the elimination of violence and an end to harmful practices ensuring women have access to economic resources including through equal inheritance rights and equality in family laws and promoting shared responsibility for the provision of unpaid care and domestic work which falls disproportionately on womens shoulders,5
+there are many clear benefits to improving energy efficiency including increased energy security a more sustainable environment improved quality of life and economic competitiveness however attempts to increase energy efficiency are undermined by inadequate national policy and legislative frameworks or a failure to implement them fully to overcome this inertia countries have developed ambitious but ineffective energy efficiency polices aimed at households and utilities there is clear evidence that energy efficiency measures can be cost effective for example starting in italy offered a tax deduction for energy efficiency investments in the residential sector subsequently increased to for some measures between and more than million applications were approved and households accessed around eur billion of investments at a cost of about eur billion in undiscounted forgone tax revenue,7
+in the share of longterm care recipients aged and over receiving care at home was below the oecd average oecd b they had planned to raise homebased longterm care to of hospital stays by however it remains less developed than in most other comparable countries and past measures have failed to raise the level of home care and to reach a balanced geographical supply cour des comptes b,3
+still lgbti persons in contexts of conflict are often neglected and violations against them underreported efforts should be made to actively seek information on the situation of lgbti persons including through organizations that protect their rights while ensuring confidentiality and the safety of the persons concerned the team might need to consider different approaches in order to ensure that womens and mens voices are equally represented the team might choose to map out possible challenges and develop appropriate strategies in order to gather information as indicated in the examples below,5
+it examines colombia s biodiversity policy and institutional framework and the priorities and actions outlined in the national policy for the integral management of biodiversity and ecosystem services the chapter assesses progress in using various instruments including payments for ecosystem services and biodiversity offsets it also examines measures to integrate biodiversity conservation into other key policy areas such as agriculture forestry and mining much of the biodiversity resides in forests which cover more than half the territory considerably more than in most oecd countries,15
+for children it means unhealthy and unsafe environments limited options for walking and playing limited connectivity to social networks services and local economy although mostly overlooked inequity has a spatial dimension that makes children vulnerable spatial inequity manifests itself in various ways and reveals the importance of land value land tenure land use and the planning and management of the spatial characteristics of the built environment,11
+this shows the existence of ethnic and gender inequalities but on a different level it is important to note that the coefficients remain unchanged when the regression is not controlled for time effects which means that despite the reduction in the level of multidimensional poverty the level of inequality did not change between and one additional point on the household dependency ratio is associated with a multidimensional poverty level that is points higher a singleparent household has on average a level of multidimensional poverty points higher than that of a household with two parents,1
+this framework identifies seven coordination and capacity challenges that countries frequently face regardless of their institutional setting unitary federal hydrographic characteristics waterrich waterscarce and organisation of water policy centralised decentralised table the degree to which effective coordination and implementation of integrated water policy may be hindered by multilevel governance gaps varies across italy s regions but common governance challenges can be diagnosed the following sections address key governance issues in italy s sector through the lens of the gap framework,6
+whilst in some parts of the world malnutrition affects maternal and infant health and child development in other regions it contributes to an increasing prevalence of noncommunicable diseases such as obesity diabetes and cardiovascular disease among indigenous peoples in the state of arizona in the united states for example the pima indian tribe has the highest rate of diabetes in the world as some per cent of the pima between the ages of and have diabetes the contamination and destruction of natural habitats and the disappearance of wildlife plants and animals have resulted in the erosion of traditional food systems and decreased food security,3
+consequently cities should support the business services development including finance and information technology and their linkages to industry this requires both targeted and integrated urban economic policies governments attempting to select a location for industrial development should for this reason consider natural locationbased characteristics as well as the powerful forces of infrastructure and agglomeration,11
+these initiatives were mostly implemented in the northern part of the country where areas suffer from water shortages especially surface water as groundwater is already overexploited and provided enough experience to launch similar desalination plants in other cities such as arica where the positive consequences in terms of water resource management and territorial planning lowered the pressure on groundwater as well as the contamination levels this experimentation also illustrates the effectiveness of a combination of local government and private companies in financing this kind of initiative on the one hand the basin perspective makes it easier to integrate physical environmental social and economic influences on water resources,6
+the authors would like to thank andreas schleicher dirk van damme deborah roseveare viktoria kis benedicte bergseng francesco avvisati and deirdre hughes for their valuable feedback on drafts of this report gender ethnicity and socioeconomic factors all strongly affect these choices career guidance is both an individual and a social good it helps individuals to progress in their learning and work but it also helps the effective functioning of the labour and learning markets and contributes to a range of social policy goals including social mobility and equity this justifies the public investment in career guidance activities,4
+it has a major potential role in reducing poverty and contributing to green growth green growth issues in aquaculture differ from those in fisheries and the role and sphere of policy is different a major concern for green growth in aquaculture is the stress it creates on feed resources as aquaculture is the biggest fishmeal and fish oil consumer in the world,14
+the committee can like the regional committees issue licences endorsed by the government for certain fisheries the regional and local sea fishery committees for their part provide the industry with technical assistance and information and are actively involved in drawing up measures taken at the national level regarding regional committees issuing of licences and social initiatives,14
+in lower secondary schools a stronger emphasis on distributed leadership is also related to teachers who are more often involved in reflective dialogue and collaborative actions however these findings were not corroborated in primary and upper secondary education induction and support programmes for beginning teachers can improve the effectiveness and job satisfaction of new teachers and thus make it less likely that those teachers will leave the profession at the first hurdle,4
+under the itpgrfa s multilateral system parties to the treaty agree to make freely available genetic diversity and related information stored in gene banks concerning at present forage species from genera and an undefined number of crop species from genera covering the vast majority of plant crops consumed by humans but with important exceptions such as cocoa coffee cotton soya or tomato breeders and scientists who wish to utilize the plant genetic resources and improve on these varieties are required to seek access in accordance with a standardized material transfer agreement mta article itpgrfa those who access genetic materials through the system are required not to claim any rights that limit the facilitated access to the plant genetic resources for food and agriculture or their genetic parts or components in the form received article d itpgrfa,2
+this trend was disrupted by the agricultural price spikes of and to a lesser extent owing to a variety of factors including major droughts bioenergy policies and price increases for agricultural inputs the oecdfao agricultural outlook projects that prices for crops and livestock will remain at high levels for the next decade oecdfao the prices of grains are expected to remain near their levels but the prices of oil seeds may increase towards owing to increased demand in the food and energy sectors as a result of increasing demand for meat the price of livestock will also be pushed upwards,2
+guatemala and puerto rico have mechanisms to oversee longstay institutions in guatemala longstay institutions are monitored by the ombudsman for older persons and in puerto rico the governors office of elderly affairs has a longterm care ombudsman programme in demographic terms the country s low fertility levels and low birth rate are expected to fall further and mortality will likely continue to be pushed towards older ages with the combined effects of fertility mortality and migration population growth will be slow and could even stop or go into reverse in coming years,3
+so far only australia italy and the united kingdom have invested in such tools while japan has started to publish a list of choosing wisely recommendations not only do they help deliver better patientcentred care they can also help ensure that the benefits of clinical guidelines or standards of care are not lost at the point of care the campaign hinges on changing doctors behaviours and practices and the publics knowledge and attitudes,3
+among the eight remaining countries belgium bulgaria croatia greece italy portugal slovakia and switzerland there have not been any significant changes in the multidimensional child poverty rate between and except marginally in bulgaria and portugal figure assuming that there were no real changes in multidimensional child poverty between and in these countries this suggests that the multidimensional poverty measure is robust to changes in the underlying sample of children however another two countries saw significant increases in the multidimensional child poverty rate iceland and italy so did the united kingdom but the trend may be driven by the break in the series due to changes in data collection methods,1
+on the other hand poorly managed urbanisation generates significant economic social and environmental challenges urbanisation is a complex process requiring a coordinated policy approach as such a national urban policy can bring together national sectoral policies which affect urban development and help to clarify roles and responsibilities across ministries as well as between the central and local governments the role of national urban policy was widely recognised during the habitat iii process,11
+for those in developing countries who do have access to electricity the supplies are often sporadic which imposes economic costs due to reduced production and the need to invest in backup supplies most developing countries are also substantial importers of energy so the economic cost and security of supply are important issues many subsidize energy production or consumption yet these subsidies are costly economically inefficient and generally provide least benefit to those in greatest need,7
+canadian data include only alberta manitoba nova scotia and yukon the extent of a later start in education is much smaller and participation levels throughout schooling remain higher however retention at senior secondary schooling in new zealand drops when students reach age falling below the participation rate for canadian indigenous students at age figure,4
+several countries have ministries that explicitly include water in their prerogatives but also embrace other policy areas such as rural affairs or agriculture in most cases these have wide responsibilities over a broader set of areas than water policy positive implications in the concentration of different waterrelated responsibilities within the same line ministry include a more open coherent view for water policies the concentration of technical and administrative skills and the possibility for a more integrated programming approach examples of line ministries in water policy making can be classified into three main categories a first category where water policies are encompassed within broader environmental issues a second category where water policies are included with infrastructure and public works and a third category where water policies are grouped with environmental challenges and specific rural concerns this categorisation does not necessarily imply that the allocation of water responsibilities will generate a situation where one sector plays the dominant role in water policy making although the assumption can be made providing an adequate response to the needs of water policy therefore requires an association of the how which ministry,6
+finally given the current saturation of public transportation in cities like santiago such a fee reduction policy should be introduced with measures to increase the system s capacity and improve intermodal coordination this is less costly than singleticket prices in madrid between eur and eur or paris eur however a traveller buying a set of tickets in these two european capitals can lower the cost per trip to a price almost equal to that of santiago s during peak hours close to eur both in madrid and paris,11
+in recent years some cities in belarus have become pioneers in integrating some elements of a green city approach into their urban planning and development practices to address some of the problems they face in a more systematic integrated way box multifamily housing constitutes about million m or per cent of the total private dwellings made up per cent of the total housing,11
+this chapter presents common factors across oecd education systems that contribute to develop successul innovative learning environments as identified from the research literature and from ile programmes implemented in recent years reviewing past experiences in innovative learning environments can help policy makers seeking to design and implement reforms it defines and reviews the main purposes and contextual features of iles identifies the key elements of successful policy design and explains through the analysis of past reform experiences which practices and factors can contribute to efficient policy implementation,4
+the city is located in the middle of korea reachable from seoul within an hour by express train it resulted from the merger of yeongigun and several towmships of gongjusi and cheongwongun mainly on what used to be agricultural land today of the city s land surface remains fields and farmlands and over half will be reserved as parks and green space according to the sejong urban master plan,11
+the lesson from this experience is that family law and property law need to be in harmony for there to be effective protection similarly namibia s national gender policy provides for removing all components that discriminate against women to bring customary laws in line with the namibian constitution in india the national policy for the empowerment of women of encourages changes in personal laws such as those related to marriage divorce and maintenance so as to eliminate discrimination against women,5
+in france bouygues telecom and sfr concluded a networksharing agreement in february enabling them to reduce cell sites by about per cent this has generated savings of about eur million per year for bouygues telecom and eur million per year for sfr tech city is a cluster of technology companies and supportservice firms based in east london and endorsed by the uk government and the mayor of london,9
+the contract for the supply base is still under negotiation local workers are said to account for percent of the construction workforce women out of local employment nine of which were in domestic roles but local communities hody deny this local women s groups have complained that indonesian women were being brought in to cook for the official launch of the suai airport project depriving local women of economic opportunities a community on the land designated for the airport is being relocated new housing is being built employing local workers predominantly men who arc being trained in brickmaking and building skills that they can use in the future thereby offering new skills to the community,8
+the metropolitan area acts as an environmental authority and has created a metropolitan environmental council it has established a transport authority in charge of mass public transport in particular the bus rail metro and metrocable systems in the medellin area the metropolitan area also promotes coordination across levels of government to align development objectives,11
+interviewed women explain that the gender division of labour shifted since they now have to take over several malespecific activities moreover wives in migrant families state to have higher decisionmaking power with the decision of how much money to invest and what crops to grow lying in their hands similarly evidence from nicaragua shows that fathers assume new gender roles when their spouses migrate taking charge of the housework and children avellan,5
+this should including availability to less mobile populations for example with practitioners with mental health training going into elderly care facilities or psychologists visiting the elderly in their homes or in care settings nonetheless japan s mental health system lags behind those of other oecd countries which japan would usually see as peers in health system quality inpatient care is still dominant information on quality is poor and patient wishes and demands are not put at the centre of care delivery to build a modem high quality patientcentred mental health system japan must be ambitious ready to make difficult choices and drive important and significant change patient wishes should be the centre of the mental health system which can be helped by making a range of services available in inpatient settings and in the community where they should be easily accessible and close to population centres,3
+to reduce migration to the city and to favour local income generation the government also introduced the one tambonone product programme in which provides people with advice and technical assistance for the sale of their homemade products finally in the government implemented the special purpose vehicle programme which focuses on the creation of a state enterprise for supporting agricultural activities through the provision of inputs see prabhu for details about the many schemes at the state level optimal capital income taxation with incomplete markets borrowing constraints and constant discounting journal of political economy social protection index for committed poverty reduction,10
+some of them mainly consist of input or output indicators eg introducing x km of irrigation systems while others are outcome or impact indicators eg improving water access of populations in the arid area by x thousands people for instance malawi s indc adopts mainly qualitative input or output indicators such as action plans for capacity building and policies for supporting construction of climate resilient infrastructure vietnam s indc contains indicators that can be considered to be quantitative impact indicators such as decreasing average national poverty rate by per year and in the poorer districts at least of citydwellers and of rural inhabitants to have access to clean water and increasing the population with access to health care services to for instance indonesia s indc takes into account the post sustainable development goals on for instance climate change food security and agriculture amongst others,13
+due to accumulation of problems in the past current activities are focused on the most severe and visible cases and the results are positive currently all waste streams and waste accumulated in the past have a welldefined owner this has positively influenced the situation with regard to old accumulated waste as well as waste currently generated by old technologies and will continue to do so in the future the industrial area of baku is being replaced by residential buildings,12
+at the same time it is mandatory to acknowledge and recognize the differential knowledge in the community while reviving interest in traditional knowledge the vertical and horizontal stratification operating in a given society defines the access to various resources including cultural and natural resources the approaches of organic farming and leisa are potential alternative systems and more environmentfriendly forms of agriculture which provides scope to create links between traditional and scientific knowledge systems the promotion of organic farming and its standards needs to respect the traditional ecosystems and knowledge of the farmers it is important to assimilate strategies that combine traditional knowledge and modern sciencebased practices to achieve sustainable and equitable use and development such changes would require a shift in research and development approaches towards farmeruserled participatory development which is right now being practised among developmental agencies,2
+this shows no change from the previous data point when the indicator was introduced the indicator is a score between and but not a percentage value with higher score representing better outcomes since this level has fuctuated betwen and for example in the case of health careacquired infections the website explains that improvements can be achieved through measures including hand hygiene hospital cleanliness equipment decontamination and optimal antimicrobial prescribing the data for this indicator however relate to and some of the other indicators are also based on old data making them less useful,3
+green growth has been recognised as a key policy as it can address economic growth social inclusion and environmental sustainability at the same time especially fostering green growth in cities is critical because cities play disproportionately large roles in the economic and environmental performance of countries oecd box to do this it must catalyse investment and innovation which will underpin sustained growth and give rise to new economic opportunities oecd the global green growth institute gggi defines green growth as a development approach that seeks to deliver economic growth that is both environmentally sustainable and socially inclusive gggi,11
+in the netherlands the ministry establishes norms and policies and supervises while schools are highly autonomous regional governments deliver education with different degrees of autonomy and with the support of coordinating institutions germany also has the standing conference of the ministers of education and cultural affairs of the lander in the federal republic of germany kmk which defines agreements and reviews and shares information intergovernmental arrangements and cooperation exist while sovereignty is maintained at the federal level responsibilities are limited to broad education issues such as age of compulsory education federal systems may look for different options to steer the system as states or provinces have responsibility for delivering education and therefore require different types of policies or institutional arrangements for their education systems to progress,4
+as shown in figure in countries such as czech republic finland and korea the percent of variation of students scores on the pisa test explained by their ses status has increased since this means the educational systems in these countries have become less inclusive andor supportive to students of disadvantaged backgrounds in contrast countries such as chile mexico and the united states improved on this measure,4
+the results are based on a number of simplifying assumptions described in section and should interpreted in that light in this case the times model was specified with focus on technology choices in the absence of distortions from taxes and regulation the results will point to trends in the relative cost of different technologies and how a green transition can be achieved in the least costly manner,7
+of course the incentive to overfish and sell the fish outside the set of monitored ports in the case of norway this means outside norway remains the same so that the equilibrium may well involve more overfishing even if it does result in higher overfishing the advantage of a better recording of catches is not insignificant conservation efforts depend on accurate statistics and biological models that properly reflect stock dynamics even with accurate statistics on catches estimation of the underlying stock is still difficult,14
+it should be noted that gender inequality can also be used to denote a situation where men are disadvantaged visavis women as nowadays can be observed in some countries in the case of certain measures of educational attainment or of health status however as this is historically almost never the direction in which the inequality runs the bulk of this chapter looks at how gaps disadvantageous to women have been closed over the past century this is also to address an imbalance in the rest of the book by which almost all the other chapters either are focused on men or provide no data on indicators disaggregated by gender others include the gender empowerment index by the undp the social institutions and gender index by the oecd the global gender gap index by the world economic forum and the women s economic opportunity index produced by the economist intelligence unit the un uses a correction of five years because there is some evidence to show that at a biological level women have a greater life expectancy,5
+the sna data on household income are first divided by the population size they are then multiplied by the ratio of the average household income of each decile to the average household income in the idd to give an estimate of an average household income by decile that is consistent with the sna totals unemployed persons are defined as those who are currently not working but are willing to do so and actively searching for work,8
+the service sector however is highly uneven higher valueadded services eg information and communications technology tend to generate very little employment relative to their added value in emerging economies unctad the programme is also a major employer of women in a country where employment opportunities for women are rather limited,5
+the strong desire to remain at home is outweighed by the need to alleviate poverty and overcome vulnerability emigration destinations of those in pics are largely connected to past and present political affiliation of the countries for example there are more niuean in new zealand about than niue similarly about tokelauan are in new zealand and nearly cook islanders are living outside the country,1
+the fourth approach added to training sessions and followup mechanisms the shaping of a professional learning community school meetings school visits and digital platforms allowing teachers to share lesson plans and exchange on their practice the only approach that was arguably not very effective was the first one limiting professional development to induction training while this could work with expert teachers who are very motivated and already master most of the teaching repertoire that fostering creativity and critical thinking calls for this approach proved less effective in sustaining teachers engagement with the project ideas and materials over time across teams more than primary and secondary level teachers were involved in intervention classes thereby gaining access to new materials and training opportunities,4
+children living in households with no income from employment as well as in households that experience a drop in employee income of at least per cent are consistently at a high risk of entering poverty meanwhile employment events have less of an impact except reductions in the number of employed adults which consistently increases the risk of poverty entries demographic events which are quite rare in the short eusilc panel have little bearing on child poverty transitions in the eusilc,1
+according to the russian longitudinal monitoring survey between and the share of the population which paid for medical services increased from to for doctors consultation from to for diagnostic procedures and from to for hospital stays with a peak of in survey was not conducted in and roughly of patients paid something for hospital stays although the average size and distribution of the payment is not known figure,3
+the united kingdom also plans to develop proposals for the government s biggest suppliers to publish data and provide action plans to address key social issues and disparities such as ethnic minority representation in the workforce the gender pay gap throughout the company and the actions undertaken to tackle inequalities they could also be governed by lighttouch regulatory approaches and policies as in the case of australia canada and spain in australia the workplace gender equality procurement principles is a procurement connected to social inclusion policy,5
+the involvement of numerous stakeholders results in a multiplication of evaluation and assessment mechanisms for example schools report information to their board to the windows for accountability website to the inspectorate and to the ministry of education they receive evaluative feedback from the school boards the inspectorate external consultants of the schools have the initiative project for participating schools and in many cases other experts and service organisations hired to support internal quality care and school development,4
+this includes the creation in collaboration with leading united states institutions of three major programmes aimed at development of molecular diagnostics the integrated biobank of luxembourg the luxembourg centre for systems biomedicine and a pilot programme to find and validate biomarkers for use in disease management and therapeutic followup in lung cancer in these and a number of other research programmes were brought together to create the personalized medicine consortium to coordinate and support research in the areas of cancer type diabetes and parkinson s disease respondents also mentioned that commercial development in the area of molecular diagnostics is also promoted through the luxembourg biohealth cluster,3
+the university sees rd as a means of diversifying funding and taking advantage of its researchers commercialisation of research is a crucial activity results are substantial but limited in the technion research and development foundation was directly involved in initiating six new companies in areas such as medical equipment environment embryonic stem cells alternative energy and imaging system in addition licensing agreements were signed by the faculty,4
+recognising these challenges japan plans to introduce a distinct specialist primary care workforce throughout the health care system as of this chapter examines the steps that are needed to achieve this and to embed quality monitoring and improvement activities from the start the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law rather than having a dedicated workforce with specialist training in the functions described above primary care in japan is delivered by a cadre of semigeneralistsemispecialists that is physicians who leave hospital practice after an unspecified amount of time to set up as generalists with no compulsory further training in the community,3
+with this kind of balancing market market participants prefer to have gate closure closer to real time in order to adjust their generation plans and reduce their exposure to the imbalance risk moreover regional integration of balancing markets and even other reserve markets over wider geographical areas could yield efficiency gains this includes the definition of reliability standards the publication of adequacy projections or the definition of technical requirements such as flexibility of power plants controllability of wind and solar power plants or controllability of electrical appliances even where operations and investment decisions are marketbased governments and system operators will continue to define in one way or another the reliability criteria some dispatching capabilities and requirements for new generation capacity and electrical appliances connected to the grid,7
+some eecca countries eg moldova georgia and armenia have already been developing nationallevel climate strategies that can serve as action plans for their ndcs such as lowemission development strategies leds and national adaptation plans naps as well as countryspecific national or sectoral plans on climate change including nationally appropriate mitigation actions namas some of the results from the technology needs assessments tnas in many eecca countries should be better used to improve actual uptake and market penetration of technologies needed for lowcarbon climateresilient development further work is needed for key institutions of the eecca countries to better access and absorb international financial resources to implement climate actions,13
+past experience has shown however that such an approach can result in agricultural policies that are dominated by distorting forms of support including price support which in turn threaten the food security of poor consumers these negative consequences are particularly acute when food shortages occur for other reasons like an economic downturn or a natural disaster the apec policy partnership on food security ppfs formed in is a forum for discussing issues related to food security bringing together individuals from the private and public sectors to help facilitate investment liberalise trade and market access and support sustainable development,2
+preparation is critical to anticipate the intensity frequency and extent of environmental hazards as well as to identify vulnerable urban population groups assets and infrastructure a vra and asset inventory would provide such information and provide a basis to manage and limit damage while also considering the cost and time required to recover from a natural disaster among other factors bandung s approach to hazard assessment could expand upon that of other southeast asian cities such as cebu box,11
+social protection in poor countries practice paper social protection briefing note series no civil society and the maintenance of peace and good order in papua new guinea paper presented at the suva symposium on civil society and governance the university of the south pacific suva october fiji australia association of tasmania services accessed from tasmania annual report suva fcoss report on ngo activity on social welfare in fiji suva fcoss,1
+the second focuses on an analysis of the relationship between poverty and inequality the third covers the literature on the relationship between economic growth and income inequality these studies findings corroborate each other to the extent that they all indicate that as noted by araujo tabosa and khan there are two fundamental factors at work the average growth rate and the initial level of income inequality,1
+access to irrigation reduces the risk of crop failure encouraging the adoption of higheryielding varieties of food crops diversification into highervalue cash crops application of fertilisers and pest management and intensification of farm labour and practices van koppen et al according to the world development report world bank irrigated land does not exceed of total agricultural land in subsaharan africa compared with in east asia and in south asia in areas where farmers mostly rely on rainfed agriculture water availability is one of the most binding constraints on agricultural production,2
+the government tries to reduce the number of fatal road traffic accidents by awarenessraising campaigns in public places and a national day of road safety the vaccination coverage rate against dtp measles and hepatitis b for infants stood at in while vaccination coverage for influenza among people above years stood at only but this is comparable to rates in neighbouring countries however there seems to be room for improvement regarding care of acute myocardial infarction ami as the day case fatality rate is above the average the dsp enables patients and professionals to access all relevant medical data it is currently in a pilot phase involving patients with multimorbidity and chronic diseases before being extended to all insured people see also box below,3
+insecurity and risk undermine the longterm sustainability of cities worldwide the spread of disease in cities often occurs as a result of inadequate infrastructure and services high incidence of traffic fatalities air pollution related respiratory infections and premature deaths and communicable vector and waterborne diseases can all be related to inadequate poor or inefficient urban infrastructure the number of ebola deaths in that slum will likely never be known as bodies have simply been thrown into the two nearby rivers,11
+from to the position of women in leadership positions increased from per cent to per cent and is projected to reach per cent by while increasing numbers are a positive factor this example illustrates the very marginal gains women are making in leadership positions particularly in private sector management for example due to heightened awareness and attention brought by mwa the state services commission in partnership with public service chief executives has developed a centrally coordinated talent identification initiative for senior public servants,5
+it is likely these two funds can utilise their superior financial clout to drive health providers to improve performance more effectively than the smaller plans may be able to evidence of improvement across key indicators highlights that monitoring and feedback is a useful force in driving improvements in the quality of care as a start israel should expand the number of domains covered to include major chronic conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease heart failure and mental health,3
+the spectrum of poverty measurement approaches varies from purely monetary to nonmonetary aspects with much variation see table measurement choices are often implicit and can have a profound impact on results and related policies the first choice is what to measure income consumption or broader capabilities the most common approach is to measure monetary poverty based on indicators of income or consumption as proxies for material living standards,1
+while it is desirable for predictive models like weather forecasting models to produce projections that are as accurate as possible the most important feature of a longerterm health forecasting model should be its ability to influence policy makers to do that health expenditure projections not only need to be scientifically sound but must also be considered credible zucchelli et al the credibility of health expenditure forecasting models in turn relies on their validity accuracy tractability and transparency harris et al the validity of a model refers to its ability to address the request of policy makers a model is valid if its structure reflects relevant features of the policy environment and avoids nonessential elements,3
+energy production from waste is far from reaching its potential in the chicago tristate metroregion the early generation of wastetoenergy incinerators that were built in the chicago tristate metroregion during a period of limited landfill capacity in the early s have proven to be environmentally and financially unsustainable tighter federal environmental regulation led to their closing or to costly retrofitting sendzik et al,7
+but much more needs to be done to remove gender biases and move towards universal coverage there are many ways to do this minimally policy and programme features that perpetuate gender stereotypes or social stigma need to be removed social transfer schemes for example should not impose conditionalities that increase womens unpaid care and domestic work and should gradually work towards universal coverage in order to avoid stigma,5
+the conclusion of their work is that that the benefits of management or groundwater irrigation will not always be significant and that they depend highly on economic hydrologic and agronomic parameters koundouri there has been significant discussion in the literature on possible criteria to define when groundwater pumping is detrimental see chapter and llamas and garrido in particular fighting against stock depletion is rarely found to be appropriate giordano gwp,6
+for nearly half of the genderspecific indicators the methodology is developed but countrylevel data are limited as of december the framework contains indicators classified as tier i as tier ii and as tier iii in addition five other indicators are classified as multitier with different components of the indicator classified into different tiers additionally the laegsdgs is currently liaising with custodian agencies to discuss available data sources and methodology to improve the availability and quality of countrylevel data related to tier ii indicators,5
+this provided an opportunity to align biodiversity outcomes with an important business outcome the reduction of risk from improved regulatory predictability the development of guidelines for biodiversity mainstreaming in the mining industry was therefore a strongly userdriven project in response to a specific sector need this provided a synergistic window of opportunity when the dea and sambf approached sanbi to be involved in a mining and biodiversity guideline,15
+this is because electricity generation is likely to be affected by a decrease in precipitation more inconsistent rainfalls and a decrease in spring runoff from glaciers and snow caused by climate change about of climaterelated development finance was committed to agriculture forestry and fishing which is almost the same share as the global level a range of actions in agriculture can contribute to poverty alleviation and lowcarbon and climateresilient development in the rural areas in some eecca countries,13
+under these criteria local communities are recognized as the front line in the search for solutions to reduce their disaster vulnerability and increase their resilience gaillard accordingly gaillard argues that an approach that considers the community entails working both to strengthen individuals means of subsistence and also improve their capacities to cope better with disaster situations both disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation use geographic areas or population groups as their units of intervention in contrast to work at the individual or household level which generally is applied in intervention specific to social protection unlike disaster risk reduction which seeks to minimize the effect of extreme phenomena the climate change adaptation approach develops intervention tools to deal with immediate upheavals floods droughts epidemics wars civil violence and ethnic or other types of persecution and gradual situations of short or longterm tension such as increases in temperature or rainfall that cause soil degradation demographic pressures or temporary resource shortages stemming from a change in normal weather conditions chambers and conway,13
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law recent data indicate that about of colombians are now covered by health insurance arrangements progress in formal coverage has been accompanied by remarkable improvements over the last years in access to services by disadvantaged populations and increased health sector funding while reducing the participation of outofpocket payments as a source of health care financing with likely positive implications for overall levels of financial protection some of these challenges are common to countries at similar stages of economic development as colombia including a rapidly ageing population and declining workforce,3
+the best way to do this is to calculate tax burdens and benefit entitlements for representative samples of households for different periods this permits straightforward identification of the relative contribution of policy changes and trends in marketincome inequality on redistribution box provides an illustration of such an approach using data for the united states,10
+however the analysis did not address important parameters for the planning of wind energy projects such as security and environmental protection based on the data in the wind energy atlas the technical potential of wind energy was assessed the calculations have shown that about mw of capacity and twh of energy per year can be obtained,7
+slums may be housing a gradually reduced portion of the urban population as local policies take effect and as incomes increase however for the hundreds of millions at the bottom of the urban system garbage pickup and removal is almost nonexistent toilets let alone public toilets are rare running water to ones premises is an impossibility wellfunded public education is unavailable and the quality of health services transport facilities leisure and open spaces and even good local food markets is low investing in infrastructure is therefore an absolute necessity for the new urban agenda in this regard goal of the sustainable development agenda which urges countries to take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts could not have come at more auspicious time urban areas concentrate economic activities households industries and infrastructures which are hotspots for energy consumption as well as key sources of greenhouse gases,11
+however tfr was applied only to of generics in drees c they should be applied much more widely france s prescription rate is one of the targets of addon payments to physicians who can compare themselves to regional averages cnamts b moreover the antibiotics strategy aimed at reducing resistance to antibiotics foresees additional information campaigns training of healthcare professionals and higher spending on research and monitoring cis,3
+the proportion of women who run their business at a loss is somewhat lower than for men in the united states of women versus for men the reason for their careful risk management may be greater concern about the consequences of failure chapter indeed the small business service in the united kingdom found that women with family responsibilities were particularly wary of extending commitments and that any business venture they embarked upon would need to be independent of family finances and selfsufficient however there is no conclusive evidence that women entrepreneurs are always less willing to take risks than men croson and gneezy on average of selfemployed women across oecd countries work less than hours a week against only of selfemployed men,5
+finnish experience and international research show that investment in primary education pays off in later grades through better aptitude and learning skills as well as through positive overall outcomes schools are typically small with class sizes ranging from to students in more than onethird of finnish comprehensive schools had fewer than pupils just of all schools had or more pupils statistics finland,4
+however some national studies show that up to per cent of women have experienced physical or sexual violence from an intimate partner in their lifetime who there is also a high prevalence of psychological violence against women as per cent of women in the european union have experienced this form of violence from an intimate partner in their lifetime afr as a result significant progress has been made regarding the institutionalization of development and management of public spaces over the past decade several global and local movements have been formed to demand more friendly living areas attainable through public space provision,11
+for neda was tasked to start the prework of drafting the philippine development plan pdp up to for the next presidential term this w ill serve as the basis of the philippine investment plan and all other regional provincial and local development plans and investment programmes in the section on priority legislation biofin lobbied for the inclusion of the expanded nipas national integrated protected areas system act philippine genetic resources access and benefit sharing and proposed amendments to the use of the malampaya fund towards biodiversity conservation as priority environment and natural resources legislation supporting pdp,15
+china is promoting the use of telemedicine for medical institutions as a core element of the healthcare system reform among enacted policies thus far the national health and family planning commission has responsibility for establishing the basic principles and guidelines related to telemedicine the notice on multiple tasks of doctors allows doctors in medical institutions to freely perform remote medical services in addition to their hours of consultation,3
+most of that volatility originates on the supply side output depends on the vagaries of weather and other natural factors which vary from year to year cyclical swings of output reflecting lagged response of supply to price changes can inject an additional degree of volatility into agricultural markets as it happens such output fluctuations on agricultural markets hit a demand that does not respond much to price variations,2
+they result from the research project the innovative behaviour of womenled young firms submitted by mario piacentini in august and approved by the centre for european economic research zew in september womenfounded businesses are those which have been founded by one woman or by an exclusively female founding team enterprises founded or owned by mixed teams are excluded the variables relating to founderowner characteristics are calculated as averages for the individual members of the founding team,5
+the most advanced country in this area is algeria which does not impose any conditions in either case it is critical to protect women s rights in all areas of life including economic participation access to justice mainly means legal mechanisms and legislations that establish a right to access to court and to a fair judicial remedy that promote legal and judicial assistance to women that help them become aware of their rights to access justice and that provide legal services and advice it also means the right for women to go to court the right to work in a legal profession a chance for women to access the same positions as men in the judiciary according to principles of equality and fairness,5
+nuclear power also has negligible greenhouse gas emissions these targets both decrease dependence on fossilfuel energy resources and deliver energy with significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions riso the main opportunities to mitigate climate change in the energy sector are decarbonisation of the power sector and enduse energyefficiency investments for developing countries these options should also lead to enhanced energy security reduced dependence on foreign imports of fossil fuels and creation of local economic activity through renewable power investments in microgrid systems,7
+over the last years a whole body of human rights and entitlements which have been defined and accepted by the international community and the african region transcend political economic social and cultural differences among countries these international and regional legal standards set the bar for gender equality and women s empowerment leaders and policymakers therefore need to understand the longterm nature of deconstructing harmful social norms and replacing them with positive social norms,5
+a worsening external environment dampened demand for mining quarrying and metallurgy products and poor weather conditions weighed down the growth of agricultural output available from accessed on march and economist intelligence unit country reports remittance inflows from italy greece and the russian federation the main destinations for georgian workers also slowed but held up relatively well,8
+interestingly it uses the example of international commission for the conservation of atlantic tuna iccat management of atlantic bluefin tuna which it depicts as a success story of rationale fisheries management because the bluefin stock assessment revealed a surge in the atlantic bluefin spawning stock leading to an increase in the total allowable catch in the fishery part of this process includes technical briefing sessions with the food and agriculture organization the united nations conference on trade and development the united nations environment programme the world bank and rfmos what sorts of fisheries subsidies should be prohibited,14
+significant at the level the mobile sector has also been subject to more incentive regulations rather than obligations imposed as in the case of fixed networks these are wellknown facts remedied by regular reviews and upgrades of existing policy and regulatory settings as well as by the adoption of new measures and policy initiatives to address the changing nature of the digital ecosystem it is worth noting nevertheless that the impact of urbanization on the take up of mobilecellular services is lower than on fixedbroadband penetration levels mobilecellular being less infrastructureintensive and thus deployed at a lower cost beyond urban areas,9
+their prices given the informal nature of production are lower than those of charcoal from planted trees although the latter is generally produced in industrial more efficient facilities worse still there are no incentives for the industries to exploit the gases from combustion which can be used both for energy and nonenergy production purposes the rudimentary kilns used in the forests to carbonize native wood are unable to preserve the fluid byproducts of charcoal production but neither is this done even in the majority of the relatively modern facilities,7
+there are many other possible outcomes people care about such as inequalities in health responsiveness and fairness of financing murray evans accordingly the results of gcea cannot be used to set priorities by themselves but should be introduced into the policy debate to be considered along with the impact of different policy and intervention mixes on other outcomes the analysis was undertaken by developing a microsimulation model of the health outcomes arising from lifestyle risk factors typically associated with obesity,3
+these children and young people can become subject to physical and sexual abuse psychological problems addiction and other harmful consequences women are acutely affected by particular consequences of drug abuse such as sexually transmitted diseases and the consequences of domestic violence in addition to being more likely to be affected by drugfacilitated crime drug abuse and poverty are often linked in multiple ways,3
+however compared with the international average twice as many primary teachers in mexico participate in formal induction programmes if they have access to them even for the teachers who do have access very few participate in mentoring in most countries primary teachers receive peer support from elsewhere,4
+in figure the cases are clustered in categories of action that all account to addressing the three main challenges described in section one of blockchain technology s most promising applications is the idea of a decentralised financing platform for infrastructure chapter of this report presents an original case study on this subject,9
+for example the republic of korea suspended production in the kaesung industrial zone in february to protest nuclear testing by the democratic people s republic of korea on the outlook for the future the economy is likely to experience a slowdown in mainly due to china s lower demand for minerals growth performance was nonetheless weaker than expected amid the economic slowdown in china which constrained business investment and exports,8
+team learning therefore is not collaborative learning per se but the collective learning of minds coming together neuroscience confirms that we learn through social interaction dumont istance and benavides as knowledge is socially constructed and sociocultural theories also highlight the importance of learning through par ticipating in communities of practice wenger reflecting what learning science informs us about effective learning of students so a slo encourages collaborative work and collective learning among its staff this makes teaching more than a process experienced by professionally isolated individuals in their respective classrooms and instead enables a professional growth process in which teachers learn from and with each other by sharing of knowledge and expertise husband and short kruse and louis newmann king and youngs but teamwork and collaboration can be shallow,4
+the expansion of technology particularly the advent of digitalisation presents new opportunities and challenges to prepare students to be lifelong and lifewide learners students now need to not only learn information but also understand how to use it they need to interact successfully and respectfully with others and take responsible actions and work together towards collective wellbeing equipping students with these skills requires innovation and a change in the approaches towards teaching and learning,4
+access to water is fundamental for productivity in agriculture in most of spain contributing to total agricultural value added while some new irrigation projects for example in the ebro river basin were maintained in the revised national hydrological plan the government does not expect further expansion water abstractions for irrigation remained broadly constant until these developments resulted in a reduction of irrigation water application rates between and,6
+as a consequence lowcarbon growth as an alternative to business as usual is fast becoming the preferred model for major economies in both developed and developing countries its relevance lies in the fact that one of the objectives of lowcarbon growth of the green economy is to manage risks posed by global warming and climate change and to take advantage of the opportunities that they offer in terms of new technology development and greater efficiency in industrial processes it has now been clearly demonstrated that sustainable development makes economic sense as more jobs are created and the externalities that traditional models of development generate are limited,12
+the process could be made more effective if the performance of new teachers was assessed jointly by the school principal and a qualified external authority such as the school supervisor or regional pedagogical advisor once clear terms for the probation appraisal are established costa rica could introduce a requirement that all teachers must complete the probation to a satisfactory standard before being confirmed in a permanent post in most countries probation typically takes place alongside a structured induction programme,4
+the architects and families developed a unit configuration that provided residents with the most essential half of the housing unit the remaining components were incrementally expanded and customized by the residents after only one year property values increased dramatically and residents reported the desire to stay and continue to improve their homes and strengthen their community the mixedincome residential development incorporates urban agriculture into affordable housing practices via verde brings together residents of varying income levels to engage in civic management in onsite community service programmes,11
+companies with appropriate certification can register as diverse suppliers in a supplier diversity registration portal its global supplier inclusion and diversity programme started in in the united states and now spans more than countries and three regions the focus is to integrate more womenowned businesses into supply chains,5
+the six countries have amended or adopted new constitutions since that incorporate the principles of gender equality or nondiscrimination they recognise that the participation of women in the economy is key for growth and shared prosperity this recognition at the constitutional level sends a strong and encouraging signal as it is incorporated and implemented through the domestic legal framework it will facilitate women s involvement in the economy,5
+alcohol abuse is a cause of presenteeism the aftereffects of heavy drinking include inability to concentrate at work deterioration in job performance and relationships with colleagues higher safety risks and reduced overall output these in turn can lead to disputes grievances loss of working time and reduced productivity ilo,3
+although these comments refer specifically to the world bank it would not be unreasonable to assume that other donors are also experiencing similar issues relating to me in general and related to cde specifically as well poor linkages between environment and other ministries in government can result in poor coordination and noncomplementary or competing objectives this is a challenge for donors since ideally energy policy should be integrated with key national policies such as poverty reduction strategies economic development strategies and other national policies it is vital that donors support strategies and policies are harmonised and that they work together to avoid duplication given the diversity of the energy sector and the wide economic reach of the sector this can be a challenging goal this may be especially the case in the area of subsidy removal,7
+in addition to domestic backup capabilities international interconnections thus play an important role in maintaining the supply and demand balance in some cases this allows countries to gain reciprocal benefits from complementary structures of both production and demand french nuclear baseload production exported around the clock can thus be exchanged against german or swiss electricity produced by wind gas or hydropower at peak times,7
+liberalisation and an increasing share of renewables created more volatile production patterns and have made load management a greater challenge vertical separation has brought new responsibilities and financial constraints new technologies such as real time metering and smart grids offer new opportunities for clients but their integration and financing creates put the mangers of transport infrastructures to the test,7
+en lugar de centrarse en una critica por otro lado muy necesaria de los mercados detrabajoyen los elevados costos humanossocialesy financieros de la migracion este estudio pretende dar voz a las subjetividades de las mujeres migrantes en nepal dado que por el momento este aspecto no ha recibido tanta atencion el estudio pone de manifiesto las razones que tienen estas mujeres para emprender la migracion internacional y sus esfuerzos por adquirir capacidades que les permitan ganarse la vida en el contexto de la globalization sus experiencias revelan como se aprovecha la experiencia migratoria para re negociar el papel de estas mujeres en el seno de sus familias y comunidades asi como para cuestionar el estigmay la mistificacion que todavia hoyacompahan a la migracion de las mujeres in recent decades with rising new demands for cheap labour worldwide along with the continued inadequacy of rural employment opportunities and increased connectivity increased male outmigration has brought transformation at many levels including in gender power relations,5
+iran has an percent subsidy on gasoline venezuela has a percent subsidy on diesel fuel progressively phasing out fossil fuel subsidies could cut global primary energy demand an estimated percent by equivalent to the current consumption of japan the republic of korea and new zealand combined iea e phasing them out immediately could reduce global energy demand percent by unreliable energy supplies encourage firms to invest in expensive and inefficient standby power systems thus raising energy costs,7
+as has been highlighted industry good bodies are one of the principal providers of market information and analysis for farmers section as discussed earlier these bodies are part of the national adverse events committee and participate in the assessment of adverse events and the establishment of any eventual government assistance to farmers finally in the wheat sector the only function of the industry good body is to act as the farmers agent in contracting yield insurance with the commercial insurer the primary role of the government has been to develop and enforce basic rules and regulations and to ensure that the economic system remains competitive and the macroeconomic framework stable,2
+the exhibit shows the treatment costs additional health care spending and cost per additional life year associated with ten promising medical innovations treatment costs refer to the costs of providing the listed breakthrough technology and are based on comparisons with existing technologies as identified by expert panels costs per additional life year do not include improvements in morbidity and disability during a irfeti me and hence should be thought of as upper bounds on a costeffectiveness ratio,3
+improvements in climate resilience can support development while inclusive development can help to build climate resilience achieving this will not only mean climateproofing existing development pathways but also considering how the pathways themselves may need to change in light of the challenges posed by climate change this chapter outlines the need for climateresilient development which provides a strategic approach to addressing current vulnerabilities while preparing for the effects of a changing climate,13
+technology transfer offices should be strengthened and organised at an arms length from the university in order to be managed as a quasi market service reporting to the university but independent from it incentives for higher education institutions should be strengthened to increase their capacity to act as technology transfer agents to bring nonlocal knowledge to the region and to create community partnerships incentives for higher education institutions and their staff to engage in local and regional development should be developed the government should seek to encourage greater collaboration between higher education institutions through joint investments in rd facilities and incentive programmes,4
+while not being specifically classified in the crs as research activities it can be argued that these activities support sti development and therefore should be included in the analysis of external support towards sti this included activities supporting the understanding and use of icts and broader projects such as the fhi mobile solutions technical assistance and research mstar a technical assistance and research program which aims to fostering rapid adoption and scaleup of digital finance digital inclusion and mobile data in developing countries many of these additional activities have an ict or technology component but are classified in the crs according to a different sector eg the mstar project is classified as business support services and institutions,9
+the transportation sector other energy category and buildings account for per cent per cent and per cent respectively emissions from the agriculture forestry and other land use afolu category represent per cent of global ghg emissions some in the form of methane and nitrous oxide in addition clearance of forests for agricultural expansion or mining projects releases c to the atmosphere thus also contributing to climate change for example heatwaves floods hurricanes and rising sea levels and sea temperatures destroy crops or reduce crop yields and fish production,13
+data visualization examples include maps poverty composition graphics bubble charts of incidence and intensity and so on because the mpi is additive and decomposable and because the data it uses are directly comparable across populations the mpi headcount ratio percentage of people who are poor intensity average deprivation score among poor people as well as all indicator levels and trends can be disaggregated by any subgroup for which the data are representative such as subnational region ethnic group age group or other social categories this supports the sdg goal of leaving no one behind and seeing whether the poorest groups are catching up over time,1
+fourth amenable mortality like longevity indicators does not account for health care interventions aimed at improving the quality of life without prolonging it eg pain relief therapies and mental care to reduce this data gap the oecds health care quality indicators hcqi project that started in is developing a set of indicators garcia armesto etal the edition of health at a glance presents a selection of hcqis including screening survival and mortality rates for selected cancers vaccination rates and avoidable inpatient admission rates for several chronic conditions,3
+and second it is key to minimize the mismatches between new opportunities created by the growth process and die level and structure of endowments of die poorest groups however it may not be adequate to help die most disadvantaged groups via growth alone this would require context specific complementary policies to remove the constraints that prevent them from accessing and benefit from the emerging opportunities,1
+producer organizations can help build farmers skills provide information and knowledge help them tackle legal issues certification and registration and give them some voice in national and sometimes international fora governments can support producer organizations by providing enabling conditions and a supporting policy and legal framework as well as economic incentives fao among the betterknown producer organizations is the indian dairy cooperatives network,2
+the information reported by israeli school principals as presented refers to the time before implementation of the new system and relates mainly to informal appraisal processes at a local level it was established in to provide elements of the education and library boards training programmes which can most effectively be undertaken on a regional basis undertake responsibility for the longterm management training of principals and senior staff of schools and provide training for school governors and for education and library boards staff and its members the arrangements for professional support are envisaged to transfer to the new education and skills authority from onwards department of education northern ireland forthcoming congruence between principal evaluation and performance standards international journal of leadership in education vol,4
+to assess the effectiveness of projects in reducing longerterm vulnerability the fund tracks headline numbers such as number of people with reduced risk to extreme weather events thus adaptation interventions often use results frameworks that contain indicators that are relevant to broader development objectives while some sources of climate finance have a narrow focus eg specifically on climate impacts others are much broader,13
+the programme is being implemented with the support of the inter american development bank wwf and the fundacion gonzalo rio arronte and is also focusing on establishing and protecting eflow reserves for the environment and reducing the vulnerability of river basins to climate change during that time up until the s water rights allocation was essentially done on a first come first served basis and it was shaped around strong social concepts of equity the water licenses granted by the country were allocated based on the pre th century economy and did not foresee the huge demands the new economy would stake,6
+in addition international cooperation for eaf needs to be strengthened furthermore the korean government has made practical efforts to manage and recover fishery resources through the fish stock rebuilding plan communitybased fishery management systems and the active participation of fishers those measures that were implemented have had different effects on other fishery resources and have become less efficient in managing the resources and aiding their recovery from over fishing,14
+lowregret interventions reduce peoples vulnerability including to climate hazards while contributing to the closure of development gaps that remain this could generate a virtuous cycle of lower vulnerabilities and exposure better socioeconomic opportunities and outcomes and a greater resilience of livelihoods to climate the various facets of these objectives are well reflected in the sustainable development goals which constitute an important global framework for national policy decisionmaking however meeting the goals of sustainable development and climate resilience will require a systemic improvement in policymaking systems particularly in those countries where population groups are most exposed and most vulnerable to climate hazards,13
+however women are significantly less likely to work as employers in those three countries figure iva shows that this is true of all european countries except luxembourg figure iva shows the proportion of female and maleowned enterprises in three size classes of the number of persons employed or more,5
+the list in saunders and wong comprises items ranging from clothing medical needs housing social participation and savings to car insurance and holidays the authors stress that the list reflects community views rather than the decisions of experts and researchers for example the ontario material deprivation survey omds prompted respondents who did not possess listed items to state whether it was because the household could not afford them it covers around people in more than countries see boarini and mira d ercole,1
+nevertheless the rise in operating costs and increased competition are weighing on the financial position of french fisheries businesses moreover the fisheries trade balance remains in deficit the introduction on january of the initial provisions of the landing obligation will require more detailed catch documentation,14
+the idea is to match comparable people based on their individual characteristics to create two groups the treatment group chronicallyill people and the control group nonchronicallyill people and then compare the labour market outcomes in the two groups for instance cawley uses this technique in examining differences between siblings or twins two main types of matching are generally employed the exact matching or the propensity score matching psm,3
+it considers the level and distribution of resources within the education system and reviews the main time trends it analyses the operation of the school grants system and considers both its strengths and challenges special attention is paid to incentives for effective use of school funding and the accountability mechanisms in place to achieve it,4
+is there a clear legal definition of water entitlements are appropriate abstraction charges in place for all users that reflect the impact of the abstraction on resource availability for other users and the environment are obligations related to return flows and discharges properly specified and enforced,6
+as such the targets in place to monitor the progress made in these areas cover the following resilient and upgraded infrastructure inclusive and sustainable industrialization financial support for smallscale enterprises enhanced scientific research development of domestic technology and increased access to information and communications technology first issues concerning reliable infrastructure with respect to the movement of passengers and freight will be discussed with a focus on port container traffic and passenger movement by air next issues pertaining to progress in research will be addressed by examining changes in countries expenditure on research with respect to gdp and the nuber of researchers per capita over time in the region,9
+compacts are agreements at various levels that seek to generate institutions in the broadest sense that is to say a set of rules or patterns of behaviour around which the expectations of social and political actors converge and that effectively structure or coordinate their interactions these compacts must change the policy and incentive framework to transform the existing structure and old institutions they are a new point of social and political engagement for the stakeholders to achieve a collective vision on a path of high productivity with equality and environmental sustainability,10
+increased participation in health promotion activities and development of disease management programmes for chronic conditions have also been observed as strategies to reduce future treatment costs second insurers have been more active in pushing for lower prices when contracting with individual providers an outcome facilitated by the low level of vertical integration the costcontainment measures adopted by dutch health insurers do not seem to have had negative effects in terms of the quality of care provided,3
+cotton is cultivated in south kazakhstan and rice in kzylorda both of which depend on irrigation systems based on the syrdarya river almaty oblast has mixed farming with both irrigated agriculture in the south and rainfed agriculture in the eastern foothills for example wheat yields vary strongly within the northern grain region in the parts of north kazakhstan and kostanay adjacent to the russian border with more reliable rainfall and better soils wheat yields are two to three times greater than in the southern part of kostanay oblast or in akmola oblast from to there was a pronounced downward trend in both crop and livestock output the only years when positive growth occurred were the good grain harvest years of and,2
+collection is organized mainly in urban areas while rural areas are less well covered the majority of local governments have equipment and vehicles for waste collection but various vehicles are used ranging from specialized waste collection vehicles with a press to ordinary trucks and tractors with a trailer only the bigger cities have specialized waste management companies,12
+all decisions relating to the education of disabled students should lead to a high standard of education for such students as reflected in improved educational outcomes and the best possible quality of life for example as outlined in the uks every child matters outcomes for children and young people the rights of disabled students to a quality education and to be treated with respect and dignity should be honoured national curricula and assessment regimes should be accessible to disabled students taking account of the principles of universal design for learning,4
+furthermore agricultural insurance schemes are not widespread due to the myriad of associated information problems indexbased insurance schemes can help overcome some of these problems most common are weather indexbased schemes where the contracts are based on deviations from some weatherrelated index such as rainfall overtime,2
+the capacity of testing agencies is limited leading to inconsistent enforcement that adds to uncertainty for foreign producers arita and dyck depending on the product these may include a certificate of free sale cfs from the competent authorities of the exporting country stating that the product is produced and freely sold in the country of origin in terms of agriculture the goods affected are mostly nonfood agriculture and fishery products but all products containing genetically modified materials products that were irradiated and products that were produced by new technologies require a cfs when imported to viet nam wto,2
+since for example an annual ecosystem status and trends document has been prepared to inform the fishery management process especially with respect to stock assessments definition of a longer term apparent pacific decadal oscillation mantua et al these and other studies have led to detailed multinational efforts to document climate variability in the northeast pacific through fisheriesoceanography coordinated investigations foci macklin the north pacific science organization pices and the north pacific anadromous fisheries commission npafc beamish ed,14
+i had completed years of schooling so i joined high school which i have completed successfully i am positive that with my work experience and qualification i can get a good job and provide a good future to my children as noted above a symbolic capital of honour is attached to household ability to control women s mobility the higher the status of the household the less the freedom to leave it and be seen outside alone in nepal things are changing fast and women have always been involved in agriculture at the farmhouse level,5
+small lowincome countries in particular often cannot rely only on domestic demand and supply of inputs and human capital hence regional policies and a focus on regional integration may pay off in terms of developing a sustainable industrial sector by enabling access to larger markets unido box illustrates an example of unidos support for trade facilitation and regional integration through the establishment and capacity development of a regional accreditation body while lowtech industries such as food and beverages might only involve a limited number of stages of production in the value chain medium or hightech industries like automotive or machinery often entail a high number of value adding activities for the production ofthe final good,9
+column describes the poverty rate if there were no singleparent jobless households the following columns consider different scenarios regarding the situation of families with two parents this scenario indicates that poverty reduction would occur if working par ents were not penalized for job quality or received benefits to compensate for this penalty in table the order of magnitude of the reduction in child poverty rates induced by the different scenarios depends on the proportion of the population represented by each family category to complement this information the reduction in poverty rates that can be expected within each category is presented in table for singleparent families and table for twoparent families across all scenarios the poverty line is unchanged at its current level which makes it possible to estimate the benefit of a change in the employment status of parents,1
+many young women are lost in the transition from secondary education to tertiary education or the labour market and girls and women are underrepresented in potentially lucrative fields such as science technology engineering and mathematics stem nearly of working women are trapped in informal jobs without social protection a rate that has changed little over the past decade poverty rates are especially pronounced for rural and indigenous women,5
+for students from disadvantaged backgrounds in australia canada and new zealand this performance penalty was higher than the oecd average disadvantaged students in australia canada and new zealand were also more likely to arrive late for school than disadvantaged students in other countries in new zealand more than one in two socioeconomically disadvantaged students reported having arrived late for school at least once in the two weeks before the pisa test in some countries disadvantaged students may have no private means of transportation to school and may need to use public transport or be responsible for getting themselves to school even at a young age,4
+understanding the dynamics of masculinity and femininity is pivotal to bringing about progressive gender change and building more equal societies in conflict and in peace in peacetime as well as war gender is structural to the definition of ethnicity and culture in contemporary western societies minority groups have often claimed rights on the base of their ethnicity,5
+today it is by far the largest crediting agency for publicly supported investment projects in the agrofood sector investment grants would be limited to several priority areas of investment these programmes are implemented under the umbrella of the ministry of economic development and trade public support in this case is provided in the form of interest rate subsidies on investment credit,2
+the programme of making further reductions in subsidies has been halted now the economy is estimated to have contracted by in compared with its growth rate in to promote economic selfsufficiency the government discouraged the export of agricultural goods such as wheat flour and sugar and industrial products including steel aluminium and other metals the government is prioritizing investment in the oil and gas sectors to arrest falling output,8
+over past decades almost all oecd countries have seen significant increases in educational attainment especially among the young and among women the size and the characteristics of this group vary across countries and it is important to analyse these elements to better understand the composition of a country s population it is also important to consider how a country s geographic location or proximity to other countries affects the demographics of the country s foreignborn population,4
+it conducts gender sensitization training of officials dealing with women in trade for customs licensing and inspection more details on the work of matrade can be found in annex ii the organization supports their members women coffee growers roasters exporters and buyers to achieve the best quality in producing and processing ot coftee,5
+another is the highly sectoral organisation of the public administration system in which water resources management responsibilities are scattered amongst a plethora of government departments and statutory authorities that restricts the systematic application of these official policies the dichotomisation of policies and fragmentation of responsibility is clear the ema also noted that there is no coordinating mechanism to ensure that all relevant agencies are operating consistently with these policies or to make use of synergies or manage tradeoffs among their objectives finally the discordance in policy and action arises from the nonexistence of practice in the public sector to monitor and evaluate outcomes and impacts of activities on water resources management,6
+the monthly minimum income threshold value for each adult equivalent was eur for a family consisting of two adults and two children the rsi would lift the monthly income to eur if the household s own resources fell below that level the two reforms reduced the weight of adults beyond the first one to and the weight for each child to,1
+montenegro s lower secondary school network has the most advanced integration of entrepreneurial learning into its curricula perhaps in part due to the size of the school network it is one of the few countries to have organised specific training on entrepreneurial learning for school management and teachers the former yugoslav republic of macedonia has also included entrepreneurship as a compulsory part of the curriculum in secondary education both as a separate subject and crosscurricular competence and has begun training teachers and school management,4
+the indicators are a mix of measures for procedural quality eg number of hbalc tests and intermediate outcomes eg share of diabetics below hbalc thresholds they also include cholesterol thresholds and indicators to measure the intake of statins and aspirin among diabetics at high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases cnamts cashin et al the bonus payments gps can generate through the rosp accounted for of total gp payment in rapport de la commission des comptes de la securite sociale in the average bonus was around eur cnamts,3
+recently the australian institute for teaching and school leadership aitsl developed a national set of professional standards for school principals to provide a national framework for use in all of the country s schools and education systems as a step towards a more consistent nationwide approach the national professional standard for principals aims to define the role of school principals and to unify the profession nationally to describe the professional practice of school principals in a common language and to make explicit the role of quality school leadership for improving learning outcomes the national content standard is designed to assist in attracting developing and supporting aspiring and practising school principals,4
+countries should consider improving reporting of these categories by all means as they will continue to face budget constraints and everincreasing financing needs policymakers might have to operate choices concerning the range of benefits covered or the level of coverage of covered benefits yet increasing costsharing and restricting the range of benefits covered to priority areas to be covered collectively are not equivalent choices in a society,3
+in uganda for example although wage jobs grew at every year between and they only accounted for one out of five of the new jobs created world bank c according to gallup world poll data only of those aged under with at least secondary education work for the government compared to among adults aged and over or almost double in many countries this discrepancy is even larger,8
+even if the need for integrated and coherent approaches to address the multiple threats to the oceans is well understood there is no state organization or other institution that bears the overall management responsibility for abnj and the current regulation and institutional arrangements with the exception of the united nations convention on the law of the sea unclos are sectoral in nature thus the decision by the united nations general assembly in resolution to establish a preparatory committee to provide the assembly with recommendations on the elements of a draft text of an international legally binding instrument under unclos on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity of abnj presents an opportunity to greatly improve ocean governance this is due in large part to the considerable practical difficulties of implementation including the availability of suitable information and lack of analytical and scientific tools to support the process,14
+in countries such as cambodia indonesia lao people s democratic republic mongolia the philippines and viet nam despite the high unemployment rate among college graduates vocational training paths are not chosen and high school graduates and their parents value academic studies over vocational studies and aim at white collar jobs unrelated to industry demands to improve the status of vocational training and attract youth to where there is demand competency based training is needed a national qualification system nqs needs to be constructed,4
+indirectly women play an even more important role through their support for poor family members in rural areas a garment worker received an average monthly wage of usd in such workers send about half of their monthly wages to their families back home typically supporting another four or five members,1
+as part of this analysis these variables are disaggregated by gender so that the differing responses of women and men to deindustrialization can be tracked the level of remittances as a percentage of gdp was one of the independent variables that has been factored into the equations with a view to determining what role it plays in the labour market within a deindustrializing economic system section iv presents the results of estimates arrived at using cointegration equations to gauge the impact of deindustrialization on the behaviour of the labour market section v explores the role that deindustrialization may play in heightening social exclusion and the prevalence of violence over the period the agricultural sector s share of value added in gdp fell from to while the services sector s share expanded,8
+access to banking services for women has increased over the years even though this has favoured more urban women in more developed regions and socioeconomic groups chavan the indian national bank for agricultural and rural development nabard has various initiatives to promote the financial inclusion of women for instance facilitating selfhelp groups shgs which are mostly composed of women to access credit from formal banking channels nabard similarly many women face difficulties in accessing credit at sustainable interest rates to alleviate this constraint the government provides credit guarantees through the trade scheme with a specific target for womenowned enterprises,5
+this is seen to be necessary in order to devise integrated strategies and policies that foster synergies across different goals and explicitly address tensions and potential tradeoffs among them the editions of the un global sustainable development report published in and adopted the sdgs as an integrated network of goals as their basic framework united nations and a generic network maps of the sdgs were proposed in le blanc systematic lists of relationships among the targets under one sdg and other sdgs have been published for sdg unwater sdg vladimirova and le blanc and similar work is ongoing in other sdg areas icsu forthcoming,14
+for instance there is a risk that decisions at river basin level fail to take into account national policy priorities this is the case when the costs of using the resource including environmental or opportunity costs are not reflected in the price paid by users this is also the case when subsidies originate in nonwater policies,6
+the lack of poorfriendly services at the facilities is another major factor impeding access to services the health service institutions particularly the public facilities are allegedly not poorfriendly for a few reasons in part the service providers are not properly educated about patients rights as this vital component is missing from the medical training curricula doctors are also apathetic about their duties due to low salaries and a lack of incentives another reason may be that the facilities are overcrowded due to the lack of a referral system which overburdens the providers,3
+data from england show a premature mortality rate among people with severe mental illness that is threefold higher compared with the general population in australia a life expectancy gap of almost years for males and years for females has been observed oecd a this excess mortality is due to a complex combination of factors related to mental diagnosis and psychopathology adverse side effects of psychotropic medication lifestyle and health behaviours professional attitudes and roles and health system organisation and funding oecd a japan would do well to explore the extent to which such health outcome and life expectancy differentials exist amongst the japanese population with severe mental illness the oecd reports on excess mortality for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder but japan is not yet submitting data for this indicator due to the lack of regular data linkage as discussed in chapter action is needed in order to properly address these disparities,3
+these studies have been less successful at evaluating differences in the mental health of young people who are with or without the programme however some countries have initiated large randomised control trial rct evaluations of programmes targeting disadvantaged youth two recent programmes are discussed australia s yp programme in victoria and the united states nationwide youth transition demonstration project which both produced mixed or insignificant results participants receiving treatment were assigned a case manager,3
+romanias commitment to tackle climate change continued it was the first annex i country ie a developed country or a country in transition to ratify the kyoto protocol via law no the year of was selected instead of the standard because it was thought to better reflect romanias potential economic output and hence its potential emissions,13
+this work found that active spending is associated with higher growth whereas more passive social spending is associated with lower growth while the approach is different from the one followed here it suggests that not all redistribution is necessarily equally good for growth a further step in the empirical analysis is to look at the growth consequences of inequality in different parts of the income distribution see also voitchovsky,10
+this led to a shared understanding of the need to integrate the gender perspective throughout the education system if we are to change ideas about gender we need to change the way we behave we need to provide examples from daytoday life because these are more important in the lives of children unlike adults whose characters have already formed,5
+however the largest differences tend to be gender rather than migrationrelated and because such countries also have high overall rates of education the gap between migrant and native women may stem from other causal factors in a forthcoming publication the oecd compares the employment rates of four cohorts of family migrants in europe between and they were significantly higher among female family migrants in than in in all four cohorts,5
+an expert workshop in morocco in may discussed validated and agreed on the project approach methodology and issues to address in order to identify and quantify the current extent and impact of fisheries discards throughout the world the workshop also identified a range of potential data sources for the project a global assessment of fisheries bycatch and discards,14
+the intention is to ensure that employers have a clear understanding of the competency mix and professional development needs in their schools the competency files should also help create greater transparency about each teacher s career development and potential and ensure that all teachers meet minimum competency requirements when there are indications that a school s quality of educational provision may be at risk the inspectorate examines whether the school board has fulfilled this obligation based on the idea that teacher peers are best placed to evaluate teaching practice and provide constructive feedback the peer review project comprises teams of teachers visiting each other s schools and developing tools to observe and evaluate teaching practice,4
+yet in the longer term approaches which better address goals of green and inclusive growth should offer the surest paths to lasting and sustainable development for all urban areas addressing this challenge necessitates the timely application of a clear and workable urban policy framework however the adoption of ambitious national level urban policies since s has not necessarily been successful at least in two ways first the succession of plans and programmes has introduced complexities that had the net effect of allowing ad hoc approaches to urban development to prevail,11
+once identified gaps could be addressed either through an effective community nurse outreach scheme or through appropriate training for care providers in longterm care settings however despite more frequent gp visits low income patients still have worse health outcomes given the high access to gp services this is likely to be due to lifestyle factors treatment adherence delays in diagnosis and referral considering that lowincome groups are less likely to see a specialist in denmark see above there may be disparities in referrals and treatment from gps that warrants further examination,3
+at the institutional level the foundation of the st austria has been a prominent example of funding excellence recent initiatives are addressing a number of issues of relevance for research excellence across institutions developments that can be expected to contribute to overall research excellence include the increased university funding over the performance agreement period disbursed under the new university funding model an increase in the budget for competitive funding of basic research through fwf albeit less than expected and recent reforms towards an austrian tenuretrack model,9
+its second phase integrated a personal health record containing diagnoses and treatments with the national appointment system for planned elective care importantly edus also contains a family record for each individual systematically recording broader determinants of health and wellbeing such as other family members with complex illnesses and any financial or housing difficulties this allows a fuller assessment of the individual s needs as well as enabling local population health profiles to be built and needs predicted future development will link edus to digital imaging laboratoiy records pharmacy records and inpatient clinical notes nursing as well as medical,3
+the th fiveyear plan for fisheries development has come into effect and provides the main policy directions for fisheries it sets out policies for the transformation and upgrading of the fisheries sector which means accelerating the reform of fisheries management and providing a new industrial policy for the structure of the sector the introduction of output controls in the form of total allowable catch tac is a priority,14
+health providers have been trained with support from unfpa and the auckland university of technology to follow a womencentred approach allowing survivors to speak finding solutions that they feel are safe for them and connecting them with other services special measures have been put in place to reach adolescents through community outreach peer education and comprehensive sexuality education programmes this connection is particularly visible in the case of care for people with hiv and aids,5
+on average in the countries covered of women compared to of men reported getting support from their spouses in looking for a job while of them declared relying on a friend compared to of their male counterparts however significant variation exists across countries in france finland ireland and italy women tend to rely equally on both partners and friends while in austria germany hungary the netherlands sweden and the united kingdom women report getting far stronger support from their spouses than from friends,5
+despite a higher c content diesel is less taxed than petrol contributing to a lower diesel price in germany compared to other oecd countries also many exemptions are targeted to energy intensive sectors and sectors exposed to international competition for example the eco tax is not applied to energy intensive industries and is refunded to export manufacturing firms under a peak equalization scheme which guarantees a refund of of eco tax payments exceeding the relief on social contributions such tax exemptions aim at limiting the negative impact of the tax on firms competitiveness while concerns about international competitiveness are legitimate the risk of competitiveness losses in some exempted enterprises is likely to be overstated oecd if thone etal,7
+transport is another sector where ghg emission reduction can be made quickly more fuelefficient environmentally friendly cars would lower ghg emissions such cars are more likely to be made and bought if taxes and subsidies encourage the production and purchase of green cars the ministry works with the key on development planning agency the national economic and social development board nesdb on climate issues it is tasked to expand research and adaptation capabilities for climate change and to promote public awareness on climate change within the next five years thailand will focus on the alternative energy technology industry,7
+there is a clear need for increased coordination and exchange of information between actors in particular between designersbrandsproducers and sorters recycling companies and technicians developing new recycling technologies elander ljungkvist a reliable supply of recyclable used textiles needs to be secured and the demand for fibres yarns and fabrics with recycledcontent needs to be increased of special interest are examples of full closed loops this is explained in more detail in the next chapter,12
+these provide cash to households conditioned on their investment in their children s education health and nutrition in most cases ccts are channelled through women heads of households who are then responsible for compliance with the conditionalities the conditionalities often called coresponsibilities refer to activities such as taking children for vaccinations and health checkups andor ensuring children s attendance at school in most cases noncompliance with these requirements is penalizedsanctions range from warnings and temporary loss of benefits to permanent exclusion from the programme,5
+interestingly the basic family policy schemes have changed little in the recent past even after the fall of communism indeed countries introduced paternal leave mainly upon pressure from the european union and except for hungary the cut support for nurseries so producing further obstacles to the resumption of work among mothers with children under years of age sweden has historically encouraged women to work and could rely on a traditionally unified highly regarded child care system of nurseries with no minimum age requirements,5
+identifying progress towards such goals or efforts would require regular reporting by countries whose performance significantly contributes to meeting those efforts for example a commitment by developed countries to mobilise climate finance would logically lead to a commitment for all developed countries rather than annex ii countries as at present to report on the climate finance they have mobilised similarly identifying progress towards a commitment to longterm emission reductions would require information on current and projected emissions from all but the smallest emitters,13
+governments can and do take steps that are remarkably successful in counteracting child poverty the principal league tables of child poverty with which this report began provide one overview of the record of different governments in helping families to protect children from the sharpest edges of poverty but the available data also allow more specific comparisons to be made,1
+as shown in subchapter these industries use more biofuels and electricity than their european competitors first using c intensity involves debatable assumptions about the c content in electricity the european commission uses an average c content across the eu which is much smaller than the marginal and actual c content thereby they underestimate the risk of carbon leakage in industries using electricity,7
+overall twothirds of nonregular workers are women data from business and labour force surveys since the s jilpt a indicate that an increasing proportion of employers cite reducing labour costs as the most important reason for hiring nonregular employees regardless of their particular category indeed firms can save wage and nonwage costs by paying workers less on an hourly basis eg in parttime workers were paid only of hourly wages of fulltime workers by paying lower or no bonuses and retirement allowances and by using current exemptions of certain worker categories from health pension and el contributions,8
+governments in countries provided only indirect support for family planning through the private sector or nongovernmental organizations the remaining governments did not support family planning including the holy see which did not allow family planning programmes or services within its jurisdiction by contrast the percentage of governments in developed regions providing direct support for family planning declined from per cent in to per cent in but then increased to per cent in thus governments in developing regions were more than twice as likely as those in developed regions to provide direct support for family planning in,3
+total employment in all sectors was approximately persons in professional personal fishing licenses for inland or marine fisheries were held by persons were employed in aquaculture and were employed in fish processing the general principles governing national policy are established by a parliament act which authorises the government to supplement the eu legislation and to regulate fishing outside the scope of the cfp,14
+demand for redistribution has increased in some of the same countries which have experienced growth in inequality figure shows that in china and india the percentage of individuals who feel that there should be action to equalise incomes has increased since the early s the russian federation a country which has undergone dramatic structural transformation in the last two decades has seen inequality both rise and fall and a growing number of people feel that incomes should be made more equal,10
+in this paper this coverage is considered to be a secondary source of coverage depending on the scope of basic health coverage on countryspecific regulations and on demand for additional coverage vhi as a secondary source of coverage covers costsharing left by basic coverage andor benefits that are not covered by basic coverage hence the boundary between what is basic and what is additional is not universal and varies across countries,3
+black and hispanic adults are substantially overrepresented in the lowskilled population in the united states the odds of being in poor health are four times greater for lowskilled adults than for those with the highest proficiency double the average across participating countries the results show that overall there is a reasonably close correlation between countries performance across the successive pisa assessments and the proficiency of the corresponding age cohorts in literacy and numeracy in the survey of adult skills,4
+providers of development cooperation have experience in mainstreaming environment and climate activities in their development cooperation portfolios the need to improve the sustainability of all development activities will necessarily imply an opportunity to integrate environment and climate into all activities among oecd dac members the majority have defined environment or climate change as basic pillars of their development strategies some countries have chosen to set specific targets for green sectors,13
+care policies impact the balance of responsibilities among the family the community the state and the market and should seek to balance the resources allocated to each age group public policy impacts monetary and nonmonetary transfers between generations this is a complex aspect of the social contract for care while there have been no substantial systemic changes in some countries the consolidation of national systems and care service networks is making its way onto the policy agenda in other countries the discussion centres on making care one of the pillars of social protection,1
+it also establishes sectoral policies which have spatial implications in the areas of economic attractiveness and competition transportation local digital development public services and finally higher education and research the ministry of housing and territorial equality also has an important role to play in shaping spatial policy objectives at the local level this is a particularly french institution although it also exists in chile where a national official exercises direct authority in parallel with local elected government on various matters some of which have overlapping jurisdiction,11
+as a result of the minimal storage capacity most of the power produced must be immediately consumed as it is generated otherwise the system will become unstable still the electricity market is driven by power consumption therefore this balance is typically achieved through the control of power generation in order to follow electricity consumption while consumption can differ significantly on an hourly basis individual power plants depending on the technology used require considerable time to ramp up and down generation and thereby cannot match the swings in demand,7
+results for countries using national panels added additional controls industry firm size and job tenure for australia germany and the united kingdom the wage differentials between other ageskillcontract groups can be obtained in a similar way table provides information on annual changes of contract and the unadjusted rates of moving updown or staying in the same earnings quintiles over any two consecutive years,1
+all existing technologies experience a reduction of load factors this reduction is relatively more significant for peak and mediumload technologies than for baseload power plants since they are penalised by their high variable costs which will push them out of the merit order finally both electricity prices and c emissions decrease in the short term due to the integration of a low marginal cost lowcarbon emitting technology such as wind or solar,7
+this could in turn enable public finance to provide more targeted support through grants for low carbon climate resilient development in ldcs this guidance suggests the need to increase the emphasis on gender mainstreaming and propoor human rightsbased approaches to development and climate action likewise the role of social protection systems in safeguarding poor people from both the negative impacts of climate change and climate responses eg rising energy or food costs will also be a focus as the sdgs and climate policies are implemented the agreements have direct implications for the work of development cooperation providers and for the use of development finance,13
+the obligation of states to respect human rights including womens rights referred to the obligation to refrain from doing anything that could violate those rights any wrong committed within the private sphere without any direct intervention by state agents was not considered a human rights violation the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women covers both public and private acts its article e specifically addresses the obligation of states to address discrimination against women perpetrated by any person organization or enterprise and its article f concerns the modification and abolition not only of discriminatory laws and regulations but also of customs and practices its article a requires states to modify the social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women with a view to achieving the elimination of prejudices and customary and all other practices which are based on the idea of the inferiority or the superiority of either of the sexes or on stereotyped roles for men and women rutgers university press,5
+this application relates to both fresh lampreys and cooked lampreys in aspic european commission fishing and especially fish processing is traditionally exportoriented economic activity and forms a significant share of total exports table latvia has stable demand for seafood products and welldeveloped fish consumption traditions latvian fishers and fish processing companies provide a wide variety of fish products and canned fish for the domestic market,14
+in southern asia the birth rate dropped from to births per girls which was accompanied by an increase in school participation an increase in the demand for contraception and a decrease in the proportion of adolescents who married however the birth rate dropped only slightly in subsaharan africa and remained at births per girls in a much higher rate than in other regions the adolescent birth rate also stayed high in latin america and the caribbean at births per girls in,5
+prospective studies which compare early career aspirations with actual careers observed during followup surveys for the same individuals confirm the importance of adolescent career aspirations for career choices more generally ashby and schoon on in pisa teachers reported whether pursuing a career in the teaching profession was their goal after completing upper secondary school on average across countries that distributed the teacher questionnaire in and that have available data in both pisa and about of yearold teachers who teach yearold students had chosen to become teachers by the end of secondary school figure the data also highlight substantial variations across countries,4
+this groundbreaking piece of legislation will greatly improve the way the united kingdom uses its marine resources and maximises the benefits it gets from them through the act uk administrations are now in the process of introducing new systems for marine planning and licensing within the policy framework provided by a uk marine policy statement adopted by all uk administrations in march england s first marine plans and a national marine plan for scotland will be published for consultation in verified by the international council for the exploration of the sea ices,14
+depression has also been shown to increase risky and unhealthy behaviours including smoking naylor et al work in scotland by barnett et al people with mental disorders especially with anxiety disorders have been found to be more likely to divorce and to be married for a shorter period of time than populations without a mental disorder kessler et al mildtomoderate mental illnesses have been shown to have a strong relationship with higher unemployment higher absenteeism lower productivity in the workplace and a rising burden of disability benefits claims alonso et al,3
+these efforts strengthening care in the community provided by municipalities increasing specialist services increasing resources going into the system and making mental health a policy priority suggest that norway is moving towards having a strong and comprehensive mental health system in terms of collecting indicators of mental health care quality norway is also making impressive progress in many respects there are opportunities for norway to further strengthen data collection and to use data to help drive improvements in outcomes to ensure that all mental disorders are appropriately treated to make sure that responsibilities for service delivery amongst health authorities are clearly established and followed through to promote better coordination and to assure high quality of mental health care across the country,3
+this case study highlights mechanisms for identifying board ready women and tracking appointment to boards strengthening private and public sector partnerships and developing an evidence base to demonstrate the importance of women in leadership for both organisational productivity and the wider society awarenessraising challenges stereotypes and myths around women s lack of skills or the association of leadership qualities to specific gendered characteristics and helps to overcome invisible barriers to women s participation this requires shifting employer attitudes to breaks in employment to support women to maintain an upward career trajectory informal social norms attribute women s role to be as primary caregivers these need to be challenged or at least matched by flexible arrangements enabling women to meet family or childrearing responsibilities unless these barriers are addressed pipeline challenges will continue for women including at the height of their careers,5
+in addition as fiveyear budgets involve planning spending in given areas within education eg staff compensation there is greater room for stability in industrial relations with teacher unions to the potential benefit of the daily operation of schools in fact in this context teacher remuneration would not need to be negotiated every year nonetheless conflicts with teachers over salaries and working conditions are somewhat common ineed,4
+these efforts will help establish practical policies to prevent ecological and economic overfishing this result has significant implications for those assessing fisheries management measures and developing alternative measures to adapt to climate changes based on the results of the iframe analysis alternative measures of fisheries management need to be used to reduce the fishing effort fishing capacity in order to decrease the level of fishing mortality by these measures could include a reduction in the tac in order to decrease the number of fishing days when vessels are operated a revision of licensing limits to reduce the number of fishing boats and limiting the number of fishing days per trip,14
+authorities of the state of mexico have announced they are developing their corresponding new mobility law and programme but details are not yet available this section analyses the changes introduced by the federal district the new legislation reflects a shift from a transport policy focused on road management evident in article of the former law for transport and roads ley de transporte y vialidad ltyv to a mobility policy focused on providing the necessary means to the population so that they can choose freely between different modes of transport in order to access goods services and opportunities offered by the city government of mexico city a article according to article priority for the use of road space and distribution of budget resources will correspond to the following hierarchy of mobility i pedestrians especially disabled people and people with limited mobility ii users of public transport services iv,11
+the paris agreement calls for a balance between adaptation and mitigation finance and establishes an adaptation goal raising the profile of adaptation and encouraging developed countries to increase support for adaptation particularly amongst the most vulnerable developing countries this emphasis on ldcs and sids is a recognition of the needs of countries that are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change in the case of small island developing states sids strong growth has been registered in the volume of official climaterelated development finance received over the past decade reaching an alltime high of of total oda they received in oecd g the share of climate finance targeting adaptation activities which support many key development challenges facing sids has progressively increased as well,13
+municipalities usually in charge of public services of water can also have planning functions departments subnational government between municipal and regional layers contribute to territorial development and rural equipment through a series of financial subsidies to municipalities for investments related to water and sanitation infrastructure and regions can also cofund water and sanitation networks in the framework of the contrat de plan tatregions as water is a regional issue in belgium flanders and wallonia replied separately in unitary countries such as japan regional offices of individual ministries israel israeli water authority and korea representatives of line ministries in regions are the main actors in charge of implementation at subnational level central services representing line ministries in regions can also play an important role in countries that have somewhat decentralised their water policy making whether these are federal states belgium or unitary new zealand,6
+national parks attract by far the most visitors iguaqu and tijuca national parks alone accounted for nearly of visitors in public investment in infrastructure and services under programmes such as parks of the world cup and tourism in the parks and concessions to private operators have helped increase tourist arrivals icmbio b,15
+genderbalanced leadership and genderresponsive policy making are more likely to ensure that the benefits of growth are shared equally women s full involvement in decisionmaking and agendasetting are crucial for adequately reflecting the priorities and needs of all members of society it also contributes to generate greater trust of citizens in public institutions women s participation has been increasing in middlesenior management levels in many oecd countries,5
+it shows how fisheries can contribute to the overall ggs for a country and how the ggs as a strategy can be applied to fisheries itself it emphasises the need for a strong sciencebased approach to stock management as the foundation of resource sustainability combined with a transparent and reactive policy development cycle to ensure that fisheries deliver maximum possible benefits the ggs offers a structured approach to help policy makers identify and overcomes current problems and establish a policy development process that is focussed on achieving clear objectives through pragmatic reforms identifying current problems and risks is the first step in demonstrating the potential gains from improvements overfishing and illegal fishing overcapacity waste and inefficiency are problems faced by all countries to some extent and this section w ill discuss the costs of these problems,14
+their new or amended constitutions since include provisions in support of gender equality or nondiscrimination that strengthen the status of women and set the basis for their more balanced involvement in the economy in light of this progress governments could engage in further efforts to strengthen alignment with international instruments and ensure equal access to economic opportunities for women and men while women in the six countries have access to courts in principle they face various barriers in practice from lack of knowledge among judges of current standards to slack enforcement by courts of law and a deficit of women judges women themselves are often not aware of their rights and social norms and financial constraints may discourage them from going to court,5
+they also have access to various eu funds that are made available outside the national budget process the regional level in france plays a major role in planning large infrastructure investments and in constructing strategies for economic development education and environmental protection the role of regions in spatial planning has recently changed,11
+at the same time medical students themselves seemed to be disenchanted and bored with their education because they had to absorb vast amounts of information of which much was perceived to have little relevance to medical practice spaulding cited in barrows addressing many of the concerns of traditional instruction pbl was designed to foster problem solving critical thinking collaboration and selfstudy skills as well as to increase the retention of facts and their recall in clinical situations barrows the medical schools at the university of limburg at maastricht in the netherlands the university of newcastle in australia and the university of new mexico in the united states were among the first that adapted the mcmaster model of problembased learning in the s and s,4
+expenditure on formal healthrelated ltc represents of gdp in poland and is fully publicly funded this level although potentially underreported is relatively low within the oecd but similar to other less affluent member countries figure in approximately of the over polish population received longterm care in an institutional setting well below the oecd average of oecd lb reflecting a lack of supply,3
+life expectancy gains have mainly been driven by reduced mortality rates after the age of stroke is decreasing as a cause of death but a growing number of people are dying from alzheimers disease and other dementias overall alcohol consumption per adult has increased and onefifth of adults report heavy alcohol consumption on a regular basis,3
+in addition fishing fleet capacity or fishing effort should be maintained at the levels authorized and applied in recent years a total allowable catch tac is set at tonnes for and each authorized vessel shall not exceed a maximum number of fishing days per year in addition the status of the turbot stock must be regularly assessed and the level of current fishing mortality established in order to provide the gfcm with necessary elements for setting target reference points,14
+additional stakeholder interviews and desk research were conducted to outline the role of specific policies and governance frameworks to highlight practical solutions and to make recommendations for improving urban road safety yet counting fatalities may not tell the full story of a citys road safety performance in addition fatalities are challenging to analyse statistically because of the relatively small numbers at the municipal level,11
+chapter describes reform initiatives to reduce this bias in three african countries where there are limited rights to family capital for collateral women have difficulties accessing credit among women entrepreneurs in five countries bahrain jordan lebanon tunisia and the united arab emirates applied for external financing for their businesses and the majority were not successful,5
+another common assumption is that victims of sexual violence have suffered only this form of violence and may not be regarded as good sources of information for other types of violations at a later stage of the interview order the interview chronologically and return to points that need clarification be aware that if the person being interviewed experienced trauma it may affect their ability to coherently or fully recount an event,5
+the share of individual facing different employment barriers is lower than or broadly in line with the sixcountry average for most of the indicators in particular the recent strengthening of the labour market in estonia led to relatively few individuals in the target population being affected by scarce job opportunities or no past work experience an exception is the share of individuals facing health limitations which is significantly higher in estonia than in other countries the six country average is,8
+school principals must also have had training in administration supervision evaluation or vocational guidance for the privatesubsidised sector the training and qualifications requirements are not specified further in public schools the recruitment and selection process is specified through the teacher s statute,4
+in the interest of effective transport planning it is important to measure the theoretical walkability of an environment based on geographic indicators the amount of walking activity that is actually undertaken as well as the perceptions that people have regarding the feasibility and enjoyment of walking as these factors strongly influence decisions to undertake trips on foot another challenge for transport planners is improving walking infrastructure and encouraging greater walking at the expense of individual motorised transport specifically while maintaining or increasing the ridership and mode share of public transit options this means making walking spaces more enjoyable and improving the connectivity of and ease of transfers between modes it is important to recognise that greater walkability in cities will not be achieved one street at a time but through comprehensive strategic planning in urban transport design regarding the location of places of employment transport hubs education sites sports and leisure sites health care sites and retail locations,11
+different groups are not affected in the same way by epl strict epl for permanent jobs has negative employment effects for vulnerable groups oecd vulnerable groups are more likely to be on temporary jobs and when there is an asymmetry in the legislation between temporary and permanent contracts are more likely to be hit harder by job destructions in times of crisis they are also less likely to get training wallette and earn less than workers with similar characteristics on permanent contracts oecd f,8
+the high rate of transmission of educational capital between parents and children and hence job opportunities is one of the greatest influences on the glaring socioeconomic inequality and high levels of absolute poverty prevailing in most latin american countries in higheducation households on the other hand both in higher and in lower per capita income countries the incidence of extreme poverty is no greater than this shows that household educational capital is an appropriate dimension for identifying population strata with different probabilities of being extremely poor,1
+similarly for stroke case fatality within days of hospital admission is the third highest in the oecd per patients following mexico and slovenia these data signal the need for prioritising monitoring and improvement initiatives there is still insufficient collection and public reporting of quality measures including from the private sector this might mitigate efforts to further drive quality gains in healthcare services,3
+there is a great deal of variation in the design of such measures in the choice of the payment base which may be area livestock numbers farm income or receipts as well as to whether these parameters correspond to current or base historic levels in addition there are different conditions attached to the granting of payments farmers may or may not be obliged to actually produce agricultural commodities in order to become recipients of payments,2
+while political cycles create incentives for focusing policymaking on short to mediumterm measures in chile the challenge is particularly acute because of the fouryear electoral cycle combined with the single presidential term chile s government lacks institutions and a culture that promotes more longterm thinking and evidencebased policymaking two key competences required for developing the sort of infrastructure that will prepare the country for the future source oecd a oecd suivey of infrastmcmre governance,9
+the new zealand data covers only specialised meat and wool farms thus the analysis for this country focuses on risks in livestock farming this differs from other countries where databases include mixed farms and the risk assessment is mainly focussed on crop farming the fact that data for new zealand concerns only livestock farms somewhat limits the scope of the analysis thus no attempt has been made to assess output risks as was done for other countries due to the difficulty of disentangling normal variations in the numbers of livestock sold that arise from stock cycles from any other output variations the farmlevel risk analysis for other countries also included stochastic simulations of risk management strategies this is not done for new zealand as the model used is not adapted for livestock farming simulations these limits notwithstanding the analysis of farmlevel data provides interesting insights into farming risks in new zealand,2
+for instance the value of an agricultural plot of land rises dramatically if it receives a building permit the key point is that this urban profit is created discretionally depending only on landuse planning criteria therefore this added value should not go into the hands of the private sector but be redistributed and used for the public good in catalonia s urban system there is a minimum public participation in the uiban profits established by law green spaces and streets with all its infrastmctures systems needed sanitation electricity and water supply are built and paid by real estate developers in addition the public administration will receive a portion of land where it will be able to build up to of the permitted square meters free of charges,11
+these proportions greatly outnumber any domain incidence rate including monetary poverty and financial strain and underline the degree of mismatch when identifying poor children on the basis of single domain indicators low proportions of cumulative deprivation in the netherlands hold across all levels of accumulation in the uk however children are more likely to experience or deprivations compared to children in the other three countries but this result no longer holds for higher levels of accumulation,1
+nevertheless the issue of competition between development and climate finance is a contentious and highly political aspect of climate and development financing and leads to continued calls in the unfccc negotiations for climate finance to be new and additional to oda given the limitations of an analysis of the data at the global level further studies are needed at the national level to have an accurate assessment of the situation the role of international public finance versus other forms of climate finance will be an important consideration in the coming years,13
+control is always charged in finland and control costs would be too expensive for these premises with the consequence that they could not operate every food operator in food producing chain who donates foodstuffs to charity purpose has its responsibility of the food safety also food banks and charity organisations are responsible for the safety of the foodstuffs they handle,2
+raymond et al analyzed black carbon bc emissions and found a proportional relationship with the aromatic content of alternative jet fuels the rf of aviation bc emissions is approximately of the aviation co rf stettler etal the results indicate a need for further research and development of a holistic framework for quantification as an extension to the current ghg metric before absolute comparisons of the climate impact of alternative jet fuels can be fully trusted,13
+these are designed to facilitate adaptation to the existing and expected effects of climate change and to help anticipate and mitigate future impacts thus in relation to the tourism industry unep developed from and several seminars on climate change adaptation and mitigation in the sector with the university of oxford as academic partner and unwto as cohost on frameworks policies and practices targeting government and industry experts additionally unep in partnership with the caribbean alliance for sustainable tourism produced in a handbook to support climate change adaptation efforts in tourism destinations and communities,13
+the additional demands on women s time created by these programme requirements have a discriminatory impact on women and on their enjoyment of several rights on an equal basis with men eg right to education and health and further deprive them of scarce leisure time these have included the provision of higher transfers for schoolaged girls who are more likely to drop out of school particularly in secondary educationand the provision of free health care for pregnant adolescents and women these features have great potential to improve gender equality within the family,5
+not surprisingly therefore research suggests that the social political and cultural expectations regarding a women s responsibilities for the home and family is one explanation as to why womenowned businesses do not grow as large as those owned by men ernst young in general women are less confident than men about whether they have the knowledge skills and experience required to start and run a new business kelley et al differences between genders are particularly stark in developed economies such as japan western europe and the united states in addition women tend to be more riskaverse than their male counterparts and more likely to let fear of failure prevent them from starting a business kelley et al not surprisingly there is a direct correlation between capability perceptions and the rates of earlystage entrepreneurship in other words in those economies where women have less confidence in their ability to startand run a new businessthey areinfactstarting and running fewer businesses,5
+taking this double certification into account the worlds total certified forest area as of may was about million hectares which is of the total global forest area billion hectares nevertheless substantial growth in these regions seems far away and it may be time for diversification and new approaches to certification for example a monitoring tool for redd is under discussion the drivers and incentives of certification could be enhanced if certification schemes could be used simultaneously to ensure sustainable forest management monitor illegal logging and deliver other accountability benefits the igis are now available to be used in the development of national or subregional fsc standards fsc b this resulted in the immediate termination of dlhs fsc membership while the suspension of its fsc certificates was to take effect within three months,15
+unlike what happened in the late s when asian governments severely cut national budgets in reaction to regional financial turmoil most governments made efforts to maintain or even increase their social spending in the wake of the global economic crisis measures involved among others the strengthening and scaling up of ongoing programmes for poverty alleviation in particular innovative programmes that had been launched recently that proved successful and could be replicated rapidly and with minimum administrative costs both approaches moreover build on the common underlying notion that social insurance and social assistance are not just redistributive welfare measures but are integral to economic growth and social development in other words they are about investment as much as about consumption,8
+water abstracted for hydropower is even smaller at of the base fees amounting to eur m and eur m in the black sea and caspian sea basins respectively all hydropower schemes for instance disrupt river regimes to different degrees and in different ways projects involving water storage interrupt the downstream flow and the timing and location of releases may be inconvenient for other riparians annual evaporation from reservoirs typically amounts to several percentage points of the stored water volume and larger rates in warm climates,6
+both direct and studentoriented instruction methods can be used box direct instruction is built around problems with clear correct answers that can be learned quickly studentcentred instruction is associated with the teacher facilitating students own inquiry by allowing them time to find solutions to problems on their own before the teacher demonstrates how a problem is solved while there is no consensus in the literature on which approach is better an overreliance on either approach is not recommended oecd b rowe as much as possible classroom activities related to the curriculum should develop student knowledge of realworld problems dumont istance and benavides faubert oecd a,4
+in subsaharan africa for example a countrys population will tend to have a higher proportion of children especially in subsaharan africa and parts of asia urbanization rates are high and must be coupled with better efforts in urban expansion planning and slum upgrading based on the concept of the demographic dividend however this rising urbanization phenomenon could be called the urban dividend urbanization as a window of opportunity to improve peoples wellbeing when planning is properly undertaken,11
+see c correa protecting test data for pharmaceutical and agrochemical products under free trade agreements in negotiating health pp as mentioned before however it is widely recognized that this obligation creates insurmountable barriers for generic producers in terms of financial resources and time where the protected data concern offpatent substances a data exclusivity regime therefore erects an important new market access barrier for generic producers,3
+every year the ministry sets objectives in a statement of intent a planning and accountability document with a fiveyear horizon since there has been a devolution of management responsibilities to schools along with increased power for the ministry to intervene in failing schools since in of decisions at lower secondary level were taken centrally with schools taking the remaining of decisions see figure for oecd average from available data only english and dutch schools had higher decisionmaking capacity elected governing boards run individual early childhood education providers and are responsible for staffing financial management compliance reporting and setting and measuring performance targets,4
+one possible approach that is beginning to be explored is to place baiting stations cotton balls soaked with sugar and bacteria and placed in clay jars around villages where malaria is prevalent other major topics that need to be addressed are the resolution of regulatory ethical and social issues related to the release of genetically modified bacteria in nature first results of phase trial of rtssas malaria vaccine in african children new england journal of medecineno,3
+in the coming years all familyplanning programmes must make significant efforts to improve quality of care governments should take appropriate steps to help women avoid abortion which in no case should be promoted as a method of family planning and in all cases provide for the humane treatment and counselling of women who have had recourse to abortion in order to meet the substantial increase in demand for contraceptives over the next decade and beyond the international community should move on an immediate basis to establish an efficient coordination system and global regional and subregional facilities for the procurement of contraceptives and other commodities essential to reproductive health programmes of developing countries and countries with economies in transition,3
+this variation is shown in various studies demand for high quality transport service such as eg express commuter buses or frequent rail transit with public transportoriented development tends to increase with income until a medium to mediumhigh income is reached moreover the demand for a high quality public transport service is potentially much greater in total than for a basic service furthermore even if as suggested in other studies changes in income affect public transport demand either directly positive impact or indirectly through increased car ownership negative impact the indirect impact may be negligible for urban public transport this is because car owners may still choose to use public transport for urban mobi lity instead of the car or use both,11
+in this sense attaining an egalitarian distribution of human capital is similar to attaining an egalitarian distribution of physical assets through propoor distribution of incremental income both are timeconsuming processes however allowing more people to acquire more human capital by providing them with access to education and training may be less of a source of conflict than directing more incremental income to the poor in order to build up their physical assets in this sense acquisition of human capital may provide an easier route to the attainment of a more egalitarian distribution of assets,1
+the market value of clean development mechanism transactions had reached billion in but dropped thereafter by about per cent as a result of the financial crisis and uncertainty about the future climate policy regime looking ahead to renewable energy projects are estimated to make up per cent of the total number of cdm projects accounting for per cent of certified emissions reductions cers with industrial gas and methane projects accounting for just under half of the remainder of cers if fully implemented cdm projects contracted during the period would require billion worth of lowcarbon investment primarily in clean energy kossoy and ambrosi in the world bank also established the climate investment funds which represent a collaborative effort among the multilateral development banks to address climate finance gaps,7
+both calculations also show a rapid decline in wholesale electricity prices as a function of the increasing share of low marginal cost renewables electricity systems with very high renewable shares will have electricity prices equal to or below zero during a high number of hours of a year this remains a major challenge for dispatchable technologies which unlike renewables do not receive any subsidies currently dispatchable producers ensuring the public good of security of electricity supply are exposed to increasing commercial pressures due to the lower wholesale electricity prices and reduced load factors resulting from the influx of large amounts of electricity from subsidised renewables electricity price is assumed to be the cost of the marginal technology plus a markup of usd per mwh,7
+in addition by putting less weight on the upper part of the earnings distribution the gini index of the logarithm of earnings may yield a country ranking that differs from that of the gini index the logarithm of the percentile ratio does not have these two weaknesses and is therefore preferred in this article the main limitation of this measure is that it only builds on the estimated effect of explanatory variables at the th and th percentiles and leaves aside effects on the middle class,10
+the continental free trade area cfta is a more ambitious undertaking see box in chapter the figures are computed by eca using data from unctadstat with the industrial revolution the urbanization process and its speed went through a dramatic shift ultimately forming today s megacities transforming the worlds population to a predominately urban one and now rapidly transforming africa,11
+the human rights committee has joined other rightsmonitoring bodies in recommending legal reform to eliminate child marriage the decline which has been rapid in some countries is attributed largely to a decrease in very early arranged marriages world health organization lb still one girl in has a child before the age of in bangladesh chad guinea mali mozambique and niger countries where child marriage is common in this region such births are projected to rise slightly through,5
+the federal republic owns less than of the forest area german federalism and the resulting division of powers assign power of legislation in forestry to the german federal states they set up states forests and nature protection acts landeswaldgesetze landesnaturschutzgesetze which govern forest management on state level,15
+members of the subcommittees usually hold monthly meetings in lebanon or syria to discuss issues related to the basin and exchange hydrological data and results of water quality analysis syria and turkey launched a joint dam project on the orontes river in syria in both countries signed a memorandum of understanding for the construction of the syrianturkish orontes river friendship dam to provide water for irrigation and hydropower,6
+interference in macroeconomic stability may come directly from inflation that can redistribute income towards the rich capital flight that can trigger exchange rate instability and balance of payments crises that can limit essential imports or indirectly from expectations of instability that can erode support for the policies of the government while the rightsbased goals should be described in detail and achieved within a given time frame the optimal policy stance with respect to macroeconomic stability is countryspecific macroeconomic imbalances need to be addressed on a case by case basis in order to minimize the economic and political costs of achieving distributive goals,8
+s years in up from years in and swedish men another years up from years in in people died from cardiovascular diseases accounting for of all deaths among women and of all deaths among men and from cancer accounting for of all deaths among women and of all deaths among men the strong rise in the number of deaths from alzheimers disease and other dementias reflects population ageing better diagnosis lack of effective treatments and more precise coding of these conditions as the cause of death major depressive disorders are another leading health problem that even if not fatal have serious lifelimiting consequences,3
+however the level of education is also a way to a good marriage so that the simultaneity issue with a high level of education remains limited the number of children could also be determined simultaneously with participation in the labour force didier et al the probability of participation of each woman using the linear model and the proportion of individuals whose probability of participation is not comprised between and extreme values were predicted these latter individuals were removed and the results were reevaluated a prediction is considered accurate if the predicted probability of participation is below and the woman actually does not work or the predicted probability is more than and the woman actually works,5
+figure shows how the value of the state old age pension has changed over time in the size of the state old age pension for a white person was more than seven times the value of the pension for an african this gap narrowed rapidly to a ratio of just over three in partly through a reduction in the real value of a white pension but also through real increases in the size of the pension to africans the social assistance act finally did away with all racially discriminatory provisions,10
+in addition initial preparation could prepare school principals better for their role and there are no further development opportunities for school principals also the administrative responsibilities of principals and the lack of a stable teaching body may make it difficult for principals to develop learning communities in their schools finally school principals could require further support from teacher leaders and the high degree of centralisation makes it difficult for principals to build a leadership team in addition it is important to keep the curriculum of general programmes relevant for the continuation of studies at a higher level while increasing the flexibility of its delivery to take into account the increasing diversity of student achievement as students make progress within the education system,4
+for instance there could be agreement that renewables constitute epps based on the source of energy ie the resource rather than on the use of the products as their categorization is not so much based on the specific category of technologies eg electricitygenerating motors power converters or inverters as it is on the source of the power eg biofuels lowhead hydro solar wind or geothermal other goods using a particular source of energy could be classified as a single source within a category eg electric cars or trains which fall under hs or hs however the majority of these goods owe their environmental performance to a combination of features and can only be definitively identified through testing,7
+particular attention should be paid to targeting investment towards populations care segments and regions which lag behind quality improvement measures must be implemented at all level and their impact on process and health outcomes better monitored payforperformance arrangements could be based on improvements in these health outcomes rather than on process measures or the occurrence or avoidance of rare events quality improvement initiatives should also prioritise further modernisation of health information systems in order to integrate health care data and support continuity and coordination of care for patients to accelerate improvement in health outcomes and close the gaps in key health indicators greater public funding is likely to be required,3
+fiscal administrative data sources for the last centuiy indicate that the widely observed rise in top incomes in the rich countries oecd forthcoming is also true of china india indonesia argentina and south africa alvaredo et al figure shows that the richest s share of national income has grown significantly in those countries over the last two decades on the one hand there are those who perceive high earnings as the right reward for talent or hard work and who see the possibility of high earnings as an opportunity,10
+however it is important that public participation does not turn into an obstacle to urban projects in some cases citizens who have opposed plans have taken the case to court to block infrastructure projects this indicates how important it is to get citizens involved in public deliberations from the earliest stages for that purpose local communities need to be given a variety of tools and mechanisms to participate in resolutions adopted by the akimats to engage the broader public focus groups media campaigns and an interactive website could be considered,11
+they also thank marfa cristina alcantara felipe sterquino itaborai and especially diana le n for their rigorous and enthusiastic research assistance any error of assessment is the sole responsibility of the authors second women with income of their own are overrepresented among the selfemployed and in domestic work in the latter occupation three quarters of individuals almost all of them women had no pension provisions in ilo women in the labour market thus have less protection than their male peers in urban areas only of women have social security provision compared with of men iloundp third those who shoulder heavier care burdens have less social protection in latin american countries women with incomplete primary schooling have between and more children than those who have secondary schooling or more eclac p,5
+the company started a project for development of a wpp near gori this is the first attempt at introducing windpower technology in georgia although cooperation among ministries has improved since there is still not enough consideration given to the potential effects of energy sector development on other sectors of the economy,7
+the purpose of the analysis will be to identify commonalities and divergences where possible within the available comparative data as already noted in the introductory chapter the commonwealth membership has a limited number of countries in the global south where the feminisation of the teaching profession is widespread of those that do have indicators that warrant investigation there are some clear similarities between them this study has sought to maintain a crossregional approach and within the limitation of countries available for study has tried to offer varied experiences however it is noteworthy that three of the countries are small island states within the commonwealth samoa dominica and sri lanka making the study representative of the majority of commonwealth countries where high female teacher percentages are a distinct characteristic of their education systems see chapter,4
+the application of clear licensing criteria should underpin this in practice creation of academic departments ofprimary care in mexican medical schools to undertake research in primary care develop clinical guidelines specific to primary care as well as teach the speciality would support this development of the information infrastructure underlying primary care will also be critical so that a richer picture of the effectiveness safety and patient centredness of primary care can be built candidate indicators would be around prevention and management of chronic diseases elderly care child health and mental health care as well as patient experience linked to this mexico should consider the introduction of a system to allow all patients to register formally with a named primary care specialist as happens in the ss institutes and in many other oecd health systems,3
+the impact of the retirement reform which increases the minimum legal age of retirement from to by would be to increase the supply of nurses in public hospitals and in all settings by by etudes et resultats no the objective of the qube project is to simulate complex interrelations and effects of political decisions and social measures on the national education system and the labour market in addition to the analysis and results described below occupational mobility was measured for the occupational field health care professions without license to practice medicine and assigned to the nursing professions and its effects were assessed,3
+the developed gulf economies and syria were the latest to agree to the convention sometime between saudi arabia and qatar they often commit to actions to increase women s participation in the labour force and different sectors of the economy as an example policy statements in favour of the advancement of women in employment and entrepreneurship in qatars national development strategy are highlighted in box,5
+the effect of these low screening rates is seen in the modest impact that these screening programmes have had in diagnosing cancers at an earlier and more easily treatable stage with the exception of breast cancer given increasing rates of smoking obesity and alcohol abuse including among children more effective means of primary prevention of ill health must be found additionally although guidelines for secondary prevention of cardiovascular risk exist nothing is known about adherence to them in terms of preventive interventions for cancer linking screening data to clinical outcomes held in the national cancer registers is an obvious necessary first step,3
+we first present the thoughts of these stakeholders regarding the predicted and possible energy mix in before discussing perceived barriers to a transition towards sustainable energy systems figures and breakdown the predicted and possible energy share by sector and reveal that opinion is often divided among the stakeholders as to which technologies will prevail in fact even among survey participants from within each sector opinions on technology choice varied quite substantially some experts predict that geothermal will form a substantial share of the energy mix while others opt for otec wind energy or natural gas the one technology almost all stakeholders agree will play a significant role is solar pv,7
+in particular climate risks need to be considered in development planning oecd a it is therefore important that monitoring and evaluation systems for adaptation responses are developed in coherence with systems tracking the progress of development plans or of broader sustainable development goals under agenda national approaches to adaptation monitoring and evaluation pioneered to date can provide examples and insights to the many countries interested in developing their own approaches,13
+occupational injury any personal injury disease or death resulting from an occupational accident an occupational injury is therefore distinct from an occupational disease which is a disease contracted as a result of an exposure over a period of time to risk factors arising from work activity if a person is injured in more than one occupational accident during the reference period each case of injury to that person should be counted separately incapacity for work inability of the victim due to an occupational injury to perform the normal duties of work in the job or post occupied at the time of the occupational accident nonfatal occupational injury a nonfatal injury caused by an occupational accident,8
+this policy target might face resistance from local power generators and utilities claiming system capacity will remain the same while the demand will fluctuate during day and night although this policy might reduce revenues for utilities the longterm benefits are paramount and such commercial concerns should not hinder the further expansion and integration of the electricity grid and trade infrastructure including natural resources country overall infrastructure grid capacity market infrastructure electricity access rate and projected demand institutions public and private institutions related on renewable energy key policies access to renewable energy finance macroeconomic environment,7
+according to the ministry of environment and natural resources protection currently operating gasfired power plants do not cause local air pollution due to the height of stacks and natural gas consumption however due to the fact that more coalfired tpps are currently in the pipeline an increase in effects on the environment might be expected to take place in the future however the limited capacity of the country s electricity transmission grid prevents this natural advantage from translating into major economic benefit,7
+all three competencies are important in order to understand and engage critically with issues that involve science and technology which are fast becoming ubiquitous they also show that engagement with science and positive attitudes towards science are strongly related in ways that also depend on students proficiency in science in particular the positive relationship between performance in science and expectations of future careers in science is strongest among students who enjoy learning science the most,4
+a world bank study has found that subsidising the upfront capital costs rather than consumption is more effective to promote investment in electrification projects world bank in general tariff subsidies disproportionately benefit the higherincome and higherelectricityconsuming social classes in fact connection costs to the electricity grid are still a major barrier ieg alternative tariff structures could include the cost in monthly payments access to electricity increases economic output and income in some cases the benefits resulting from connection enable the user to later upgrade to higher power the projected increased demand provides strong incentive for private companies however the need to transform the entire energy system creates additional risk,7
+it is a framework that is centred on the rights and freedoms to which all are entitled by virtue of being human the focus is on womens socioeconomic disadvantage but economic social civil and political rights are deeply intertwined economic and social rights are closely interlinked with all other rights especially the civil and political rights that enable womens organizing and claimsmaking,5
+instead remedial support for established migrants whose foundational skill requirements exclude them from educational and labour market programmes must be built into the integration infrastructure and systematically available for those that need it in december a new curriculum guideline to create literacy training for adult migrants within the education system was issued by the finnish national agency for education the new training is part of a more extensive refonn transferring responsibility for literacy training to the ministry of education and culture,4
+there is also a risk that they will give rise to a corresponding fragmentation of investments in recipient countries at the expense of more systemic and holistic approaches and that investment programmes will become driven by the priorities of funders rather than countries own needs and priorities however the limited progress made towards fulfilment of commitments in these areas in the decade since the paris declaration oecd indicate the need for an alternative approach if this is not to be a serious obstacle to the achievement of the sustainable development goals it could greatly enhance the efficiency of the process by which the investment needs identified by each country are matched with funders priorities reduce funding delays and uncertainties lessen the administrative burden on ldcs associated with securing investment financing and support the movement towards greater country ownership and more countryled development strategies as envisaged in the paris declaration and the agenda it could also play an important role as an advocate both for improved delivery on financial commitments to financial isms and for improved donor coordination and harmonization,10
+about credits were issued and the credits were purchased by the world bank s biocarbon fund which generates income for humbo residents world bank the sustainable land management slm programme was initiated by the government of ethiopia in collaboration with donors eg world bank finland eu and germany and other stakeholders to reverse land degradation and improve agricultural productivity this kind of programme could form the core of any local green economy protecting the natural assets that underpin development and livelihoods,13
+as in other oecd countries technology is expanding possibilities for life extension and quality and spending is rising steadily while an ageing population requires substantially more and different services the main challenges are to promote prevention and costefficient behaviour by care providers tackle the high spending on pharmaceuticals strengthen the role of health insurers as purchasing agents and secure cost containment goodquality information and appropriate financing schemes would ensure stronger efficiency incentives,3
+out of this figure half was contributed by mothers aged between and and the other half by mothers aged between and iran civil registration organization considerable health risks are associated with unintended pregnancy and clandestine abortion where there are no routine pre or postabortion healthcare services hosseinichavoshi and others among teenage women in developing countries health risks associated with unintended pregnancy include higher rates of anaemia preterm labour and low birth weight p rezlopez moreover in the event of an unwanted pregnancy being carried to term the risks to the child include stillbirth low birth weight mental and physical dysfunction or neonatal death due to neglect marston and cleland a,3
+as the supply of affordable housing is also expanding more slowly than demand social renting is an increasingly restricted alternative fiscal consolidation since initially reduced inequality as tax increases hit highincome households the most but phasedin benefit cuts may have the opposite effect going forward jin et a i the council tax which is regressive should be replaced by a property tax based on market values with safeguard mechanisms for housing rich but income poor households as well as reducing inequality this could improve the stability of the housing market oecd a chapter,10
+substantive equality may consequently require positive action by the state to address the specific disadvantages and needs of women the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women encompasses substantive equality recognizing that genderneutral laws can have discriminatory effects and that formal equality is not enough to address them its article on temporary special measures the committees general comment no in the committees view the convention requires that women should be given an equal start and also that the state should create an enabling environment for the empowerment of women in order to achieve equality of results also referred to as equality of outcome equality of results is the logical consequence of de facto or substantive equality according to the committee,5
+norway can do more to makes sure that quality of mental health care is not uneven across the country that coordination between services is good and that all mental disorders are appropriately treated governance responsibilities for mental health care are an area for attention and there is a need to ensure that responsibilities for commissioning and delivering services are fulfilled and that coordination between administrative bodies is strong section then looks at available information on mental health care and suggests that whilst norway has a quite impressive array of available indicators there is the potential to further improve data sources to give better information on quality of care finally the chapter takes a systemlevel perspective and addresses the need to improve coordination of service provision and care delivery across governance bodies and to better define service responsibilities so as to maximise the use of existing resources to guard against gaps and duplication in care provision and to promote highquality care at all levels,3
+however the intellectually coherent manner to proceed towards this internalisation would have been to tax the externality itself ie to impose taxes on ghg emissions and the use of imported fuels rather than to impose certain technologies on the market guaranteeing longterm revenues to vres only whether through feedin tariffs or other instruments is thus at the origin of the technical and pecuniary externalities that are created by the variability of wind and solar pv this reduces the profitability of alternative means of electricity production which nevertheless remain indispensable to ensure the security of supply and thus will require additional revenues through capacity mechanisms,7
+concentration of refugees in remote camps as in kenya may result in only partial inclusion and geographical separation resources can be a key constraint lebanon and jordan with the most refugees per capita have adopted doubleshift education producing temporal separation in several contexts refugees continue to be educated in separate nonfbrmal communitybased or private schools the largest recent displacement of rohingya fleeing myanmar for bangladesh being a prominent case,4
+if a demand exists for unnecessarily resource intensive products then one manufacturer or the other will meet the demand resource efficiency is thus inextricably linked to both consumption and production although the target has proved difficult to meet automobile manufacturers have made great strides in facilitating compliance for example by using recycled material improving material identification improving ease of dismantling ease of reuse and ease of recycling environmentally harmful materials and ingredients in materials are being eliminated entirely or their usage minimised,12
+decentralised power in the school system can provide good conditions for efficiency and high performance barankay and lockwood clark falch and fischer hanushek et al the danish system is highly decentralised in the sense that the central government does not interfere in specific municipalities and schools but governs the system mainly through general guidelines agreed in national negotiations central funding is related to national goals and targets as negotiated in the annual agreements between the central government and lgdk a key central initiative to reduce spending following the financial crisis was the introduction of multiannual expenditure ceilings for the central government municipalities and regions by the danish parliament,4
+these are the basis for annual publications with indicators on education at the national and regional levels both the central government and regions prepare annual editions of the status report on the development of the education system to assess progress towards their respective longterm policy objectives also international benchmarks of student performance provided by international student surveys such as pisa and timss have been influential in driving policy development at the system level,4
+austria and iceland reported using gender diversity preference in hiring in but not in while france and japan said they had discontinued preparatory training for civil service entrance examinations specifically targeting women candidates france did however report in that it rewarded public service departments that had recruited more women andor meet gender diversity targets ireland for example established a judicial appointments commission in which states that one of its priority goals is gender balance in judicial office,5
+unfortunately several oases are suffering from the abandonment of traditional agricultural practices because of the soil salinization and water quality degradation allowing desertification to proceed in the southern ouarzazate region per cent of soils are affected by salinization certainly between per cent and per cent of economically accessible surface water resources have already been regulated through dams and interannual storage reservoirs in morocco,6
+for example ethiopia which is home to an estimated million yearolds half of whom are girls has a gender parity index of for secondary school a marked decline from parity in primary school in addition to shouldering the burden of unpaid work such as household chores many yearold girls and older adolescents also work in family enterprises or wageearning activities these responsibilities invariably mean less time for schoolwork place them at risk and may contribute to their dropping out of school,5
+in fact of romanian respondents compared to across eu countries said that they felt they had to make the extra payment or gift before the care was received in contrast said they made the informal payment or gift after care was provided moreover about one fifth of respondents in romania said that they had been asked to go to a private consultation with the doctor in order to be treated in a public hospital there have also been some unfavourable trends including rising mortality rates for the most common causes of death cardiovascular diseases and lung breast and colorectal cancers increasing numbers of new hivaids cases and falling immunisation rates,3
+this is most visible in coumon d auvergne which has grown from an agricultural village to become the second largest city in the departement the city in the countryside feature has had a major influence on the eastern side of the limagne plain but also on the hills after the collapse of wineproduction this has led to a need for new infrastructure alongside these main channels in order to service new developments in turn this opens up the area for development and leads to further urbanisation including in areas that are costly for the municipality to provide services to and that impose environmental costs eg the cost of expanding infrastructure and the costs of commuting,11
+considering the weo data of usd trillion for the building sector and usd trillion for other major economies and assuming the ratio allocated to the building sector across region one estimates that usd billion should be spent in the building sector in other major economies from to hence an estimated usd billion year should be spent from to while usd billion should be spent from to do the low levels of ee investment result from a lack of financing or is more complex decisionmaking behaviour at play what do business and asset owners and households really consider in deciding whether or not to invest in an energy efficiency asset with apparently high returns observed incongruity between paper assessment and physical results raises the question of whether ee investments are about more money public or private being made available or whether other factors such as risk perception and project complexity are at play,7
+each minister in sweden is responsible for fulfilling the gender equality goals in his or her specific policy area in the pursuit of gender equality korea has focused on developing women s capacities increasing women s political representation and improving the welfare and civil rights of women to ensure gender equality korea actively promoted gendermainstreaming strategies in the policymaking process,5
+the formal sector or workers with social security benefits covers less than of total employment despite different methodologies in collecting the data the main trends of low and declining female labour force participation are similar in the different sources this study uses the nsso data as it provides the most recent information and is broadest in coverage given the large regional differences in india the analysis is also conducted by region and between rural and urban areas,5
+while poverty rates remain high in a significant number of countries the rate for the region as a whole is the lowest to be attained in the last years while this was lower than the per capita growth rate posted in it nonetheless consolidates the regionwide recovery from the downturn seen in argentina and panama boasted the highest per capita growth rates followed by ecuador pem uruguay and chile per capita output rose less than only in brazil el salvador guatemala and honduras see table the steady downtrend in this rate seen in every year since except has yielded the lowest figures since the mid s and almost all of the latin american countries had rates below,1
+both rural incomes and food supplies would improve as a result of well targeted investments to achieve that vision a reorientation of policies is necessary in most of the countries covered in this report creating an environment in which farmers have the greatest possible freedom to respond to market signals will allow farmers to become more innovative and competitive and will reduce many of the distortions associated with the current policies,2
+the gcf s support can be in the form of loans loan guarantees equity financing or outright grants it has always been recognised that creating resilience involves economic diversification in some economies particularly in countries that are overdependent on exports that are exposed to climate risks eg hydrocarbons agricultural commodities in areas of climaterelated water stress in addition and linked to this rationale countries could make the case for investments to protect traderelated infrastructure from the impacts of climate change to protect ports from storm surges for example these sorts of investments would fall under the theme infrastructure and built environment,13
+this means that multidimensional poverty declined in brazil between and this shift is attributable to two different trends the relative number of people in deprived households dropped and the proportion of deprived households that were experiencing deprivation in respect of a single indicator rose the proportion of the urban population of brazil experiencing deprivation h as measured by at least one indicator amounted to in and in if the cutoff is deprivation as measured by at least two indicators the figures drop to and respectively,1
+some people in rural areas are still highly dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods and reducing poverty in these areas is a key concern for the government unsustainable use of natural resources has resulted in increasing degradation and pollution these trends are exacerbated by the countrys vulnerability to climate change which threatens progress made towards economic growth and poverty reduction attracting investment in areas such as renewable energy energy efficiency or waste management could help create jobs and spur growth and development,8
+a widely recognised qualification framework and a register of professions are also currently lacking in the slovak republic in contexts such as the slovak republic where formal qualifications in some study fields are poorly understood in the labour market work experience may be used by employers as a screening tool for a set of skills and characteristics kurekova et al the ministry is in the process of developing a qualification framework in cooperation with stakeholders and this may contribute to correcting the existing information asymmetries and improve labour market matching first more substantial workbased learning throughout the slovak vet system would improve school to work transition,4
+we have established such partnerships in several areas water technology and windmills for example and it seems that former competitors are now willing to cooperate on new solutions there are substantial benefits from taking environmental sustainability systematically into production strategies,12
+because of the surge of new demands for rural electrification not identified when the programme started and for other reasons the original lpt deadline was postponed to eletrobras and mme this includes carrying out the technical and financial analyses of the connections to be installed by the service providers the allocation of funds to these actors and the supervision of the installations as with lnc the mme coordinates the development of the lpt programme and sets its general policies,7
+world s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the fao yearbook fishery and aquaculture statistics both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production aquaculture lias also been adjusted to account for the value of chinese production reported to the oecd fostering the implementation of the integrated maritime policy imp up the total budget allocated to these priorities is eur million usd million of which eur million usd million is contributed by emff innovation and investments wall be supported to achieve this goal,14
+by mid million elderly people around of all eligible individuals were receiving a monthly flatrate benefit nontaxed mxn payable every two months sedesol however y mas overlaps with other transfer programmes also intended to tackle old age poverty including apoyo para adultos mayores itself a component of oportunidades programa de apoyo alimentario liconsa procampo and acuerdo national para el campo the most important among these are schemes to improve education and employability often targeting women more specifically programa de infraestructura basica para la atencion de los pueblos indfgenas programa de education initial y basica para la poblacion rural e indigena programas albergues escolares indfgenas and programa organization productiua para mujeres indxgenas,1
+the work of the decisionmaking body is supported by a permanent secretariat with a staff of approximately one of the central tasks of orok is the preparation of the austrian spatial development concept orek osterreichisches raurnentwicklungskonzept which covers a planning period of approximately ten years and provides a vision and guidelines for spatial development that is shared by all levels of government beyond the preparation of the spatial development concept orok also monitors spatial development across austria,11
+the government of india through laws and reforms which have shaped the countrys institutional and legal framework and through the establishment of dedicated rural electrification institutions has opted for longterm planning with centrally determined objectives and target years without firm implementation policies and goals that can be enforced through legislation the electrification process will fall through before lack of sufficient funds was the main reason for the slow implementation of rural electrification in india during the th fiveyear plan moreover if secure and dedicated funds are not available for the longer term once the project is implemented there will be financial losses and perhaps the depage electrification of previously newly electrified villages,7
+entire institutions have been designing pbl curricula and new pbl programmes and courses have been adopted and further developed by institutions and educators around the world shifting the curriculum from a facultycentred approach to a more studentcentred interdisciplinary process barrett and moore barrows and tamblyn in the united states stanford university is involved with pbl in several departments in varying degrees for example at the pbl laboratory department of civil and environmental engineering multidisciplinary geographically distributed teams each project team member has a unique area of expertise stanford university has also launched a specific nondegree teaching centre the dschool to unblock students imagination creativity and innovation box,4
+intervention does not guarantee success and as argued earlier some may be perfectly unjustified economically but there is no evidence of an evolution in public policy interventions with the severity of stresses spains experience following its water act has shown that implementing this type of reform is challenging especially in areas with past intensive use of groundwater for irrigation by thousands of farmers llamas and garrido,6
+the authorities need therefore to look for solutions that secure investments into public transport infrastructure and vehicles and keep the ticket fares at an affordable level this would be important for all cities however it may be of particular importance for cities where the proportion of public transport in comparison to car use is still negligible to balance the needs for economic and social sustainability cities have tried setting fares for costrecovery and offering targeted subsidies for specific segments of the population,11
+in essence this means that an outside actor the government the regulator or the system operator needs to step in to ensure that such external costs are not overproduced and are correctly internalised economic theory has devised a number of corresponding instruments including standards and technical regulations pollution taxes new markets such as emissions trading better information and research as well as an overall strengthening of the legal system overcoming the knowledge gap is also part of moving towards sustainable electricity systems,7
+it was the second ieo exercise dedicated to the theme the first an evaluation of gender mainstreaming was in the evaluation covers two distinct but linked results areas as framed in the ges development results and institutional results specifically the evaluation assesses the extent to which the ges functioned as an integrating dimension of undp s work in implementing the strategic plan instead it serves as an inquiry of the extent to which the ges played a role in guiding the institutional and development contributions undp made to gewe during the implementation of the strategic plan,5
+with a length of km the odra is the sixthlargest tributary of the baltic sea the average area size of the established groundwater bodies varies in poland it is approximately km in the czech republic km and in germany around km this variation is due to the aggregation procedure of the groundwater bodies transboundary groundwater bodies have not been determined,6
+in the school year such hobby groups which operate on schools premises offered activities to nearly enrolees since some students may participate in more than one hobby group the number of enrolees may be greater than the number of individual students these afterschool hobby groups or clubs engage students in such activities as fine arts choreography vocal and choral groups and performance groups in addition more than children participate in sports clubs throughout the country and a growing number of extended education institutions in provide further extracurricular activities in areas such as ecology technology tourism music and fine arts recreational camps and sports,4
+in addition with cmuc patients do not have to pay upfront which is the common rule in france lowincome patients and recipients of social benefits have reduced copayments on pharmaceuticals the government subsidises socalled verylowcostaccess vlca practices which typically serve disadvantaged areas under the condition that they forgo revenue from patient fees,3
+this is below the per cent withdrawal threshold that defines the start of physical water stress but this global figure masks large differences between regions and within countries in countries experienced water stress up from in of these countries from the arabian peninsula northern africa and central asia withdrew more than per cent of renewable freshwater resources,15
+investing in and enfranchising smes in developed countries and ldcs will encourage growth investment and jobs the successes of turkeys tenure will be enduring that is why in may we set up the world sme forum to be a permanent structure in global economics since the first g business summit in seoul in the b has called upon the g to address the constraints smes face in the global marketplace,9
+the teachers forum at ccem called for a renewed focus on teacher professionalism within the broader context of the impact of the global recession and the potential changes in the migration patterns of teachers in the secretariat commissioned saqa to conduct an eight country pilot study the commonwealth has benefitted from the professional expertise of saqa which is responding to national regional and international needs in the area of professional qualifications and accreditation,4
+disturbances due to increased traffic or caused by rotating turbine blades in wind farms can render areas near roads rails and wind turbines less usable to species even if there are no physical changes to the habitat hence the effects of the risk of fatal collisions can basically be neglected on a larger scale on a regional scale the effects of urbanization on biodiversity may be insignificant and impossible to measure on a short time scale,15
+communication education and public awareness are critically important together with the need for transparent information about the state and trends of ecological economic social and culturalspiritual dimensions of landscapes as socialecological systems the term landscape approach captures this and can be operationalized by applying concepts such as model forest biosphere reserve and traditional village systems in this paper we advocate an approach that supports communication education and public awareness and that relies on landscapes as laboratories for learning and knowledge production we stress that to implement policies about sustainable development and sustainability the context of landscapes in terms of environmental history biophysical conditions cultural heritage and modes for government and governance in the landscape need to be considered,15
+teachers might focus on higher performing students and thereby direct less effort to lower performing students schools tend to group students by ability a practice that doesn t improve the overall performance and can be particularly harmful if lower quality teachers are allocated to lower performing children in addition schools that cater to gifted students such as the nazarbayev intellectual schools receive considerably higher levels of funding than mainstream schools,4
+the food safety and animal and plant health programme provides services for the food safety and animal and plant productive projects that help farmers to deal with livestock diseases and plagues that may affect the crops avoiding further spread and financial losses commercial farmers also receive an implicit subsidy through preferential rates of electricity electricity is used in agricultural activities particularly water pumping for irrigation,2
+both waiting times and copayments can help contain excess demand though the demand is generally inelastic with respect to waiting times and copayments elasticities of or this does however defeat the very objective of health insurance which is to reduce out of pocket expenses when the need arises information problems imply that it is not always easy for the patient to know the true benefit,3
+in most countries public sanitary facilities tend to be regulated at the local level such facilities are inadequate especially for women and girls almost everywhere in the world including in markets train and bus stations and public event venues the problem is compounded for women and girls living in slums and informal settlements without access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities or to durable housing sufficient living area and security of tenure in the netherlands a law passed in prohibits drinking water but not sewerage or wastewater treatment services from being privately owned hall ef al,6
+common features of the project were strategic use of data strong leadership curriculum staff training mentoring and parental involvement there was also some evidence that educational attainment of african caribbean students had increased furthermore in some schools the gap in performance between african caribbean and native students was closed although these improvements were not consistent across all the aiming high schools the aim of the emag is to raise the achievements of particular underachieving ethnic minority groups,4
+the energy action plan for its implementation of was updated in june the primary objective of the strategy is restructuring of energy sector based on market economy principles and developing a modem energy policy the main goals of the law are the reduction of transmission and distribution losses enhanced enforcement of the energy provisions of the building code greater use of solar power for water heating improved use of decentralized heating and hot water systems and the promotion of public transport this law stipulates that the designing and construction of buildings should meet necessary technical parameters for conservation saving and efficient use of energy,7
+in learning about their rights and active citizenship girls can bring fresh perspectives to family and school issues and even to the development of their communities unicef school speaking or debate clubs community forums with space reserved for girls to voice their ideas and youth parliaments that include younger age cohorts are among the options processes to foster participation need to be carefully managed however since many end up dominated by adults and even among young adolescents girls are already likely to be more reticent than boys one essential protection from these risks is as simple as a birth certificate,5
+ensuring that these guidelines remain uptodate and relevant however appears to be an ongoing challenge several activities help build awareness to support the implementation of clinical guidelines they are designed to draw on current evidence to assist in meeting the aims of reducing variations in practice and improving patient outcomes guidelines are disseminated to health care professionals and organisations in scotland and patient versions are available,3
+many countries with low access rates also have large disparities in access between urban and rural areas while per cent of urban residents in cambodia had access to electricity in this was the case for only per cent of rural residents solid fuels such as wood and other types of biomass is the primary source of energy for four out of five people per cent in low income countries nearly two thirds per cent of people in lower middleincome countries and more than a third per cent of people living in upper middleincome countries this situation is caused largely by the unreliability and lack of affordability of electricity services in some places however people find that cooking with traditional fuels and technology makes the food taste better,7
+by reducing or eliminating import tariffs and nontariff barriers for renewable goods services and technologies the sector can avoid bureaucratic redundancy and reduce the transactional costs of renewable energy to be deployed throughout the country at the same time major obstacles still remain to be overcome in order to boost investments in renewable energy further in emerging asia in asean china and india grid issues are a key barrier to renewable energy generation albeit in various ways first physical issues stemming from underdeveloped grid infrastructure and the lack of investment in grid upgrades are restraining investors from developing renewable energy projects,7
+imports to china ballooned from to alongside dwindling exports their combined coal exports of million short tons in represented and of the world and region s total exports respectively coal exports from those three countries increased by from to due largely to the high growth of coal exports from indonesia from to,7
+according to forecasts it is estimated that africa will have almost million more young people by department of economic and social affairs the continent has however struggled to provide employment opportunities for youth while unemployment is a widespread phenomenon in africa figure demonstrates that young people are particularly affected in the last years the youth unemployment rate in africa has fluctuated around per cent,8
+the marginal effect of ownership status on the probability of adoption is approximately to the effect relative to households who do not pay for their water at all is similar in magnitude to the effect of being an owner rather than a tenant if the respondent stated that they took the appropriate environmental label into account in their purchasing decisions this also increased the probability of adopting indoor waterefficient equipment particularly for waterefficient washing machines and water flow restrictor taps there are of course likely to be significant interactions between these three factors,6
+this allows the parent company to pursue an asset light capital structure freeing up the capital invested in plants so that hyflux can develop new projects which is where its managers see hyflux s greatest value added it has concessions to operate these under year contracts with minimum offtake agreements for of total output since its establishment it has acquired stakes in four further project companies including both water and wastewater treatment,6
+from a recreational fisher may realize sales up to a maximum of kg of cod this will be reduced to kg for as a part of the measures to rebuild the coastal cod tourists are not allowed to sell the catch in june there was introduced an export quota on fish and fish products for personal travellers,14
+gender equality also depends on how markets and formalinformal institutions have evolved how growth has played out and how all these factors have interacted with household decisions world bank interestingly rees and riezman wonder whether globalisation may influence gender equality following this intuition and the migration literature on transfers of norms the paper assumes that beyond the movement of people migration involves norm exchanges,5
+thus the poorest groups have the greatest imbalance in terms of the distribution between the sexes of unpaid domestic work which is yet another factor that militates against these households ability to lift themselves out of poverty in the other groups the largest proportion are employees for the nonindigent poor for those at risk of poverty and for those not at risk this nevertheless indicates that being employed as a wage earner does not provide protection against the risk of poverty renters account for between and of the total and there is no clear correlation between these figures and poverty status the only kind of situation in which the type of tenure appears to correlate more directly with income levels is when ownership is unclear or undocumented since the percentage of people in this situation descends from in the lowestincome group to in the highestincome group,1
+it also reviews how greenhouse gas emissions and removals from the agriculture sectors contribute to climate change the implication is that the agriculture sectors need to both adapt to climate change by building resilience and contribute to climate change mitigation as well as providing a better understanding of potential changes in precipitation the report uses improvements in modelling and data collection to make better mediumterm projections accordingly the cascading impacts of climate change can now be attributed along chains of evidence from physical climate through to intermediate systems and then to people kirtman et al several studies document the biophysical impacts of the expected changes specifically on agroecosystems box the impacts range from yield reductions and increased yield variability to displacement of crops and the loss of agrobiodiversity and ecosystem services,13
+they want to understand how to ensure the safety of their business information in cyberspace generating trust will be one of the key roles of business ecosystem players in years to come if new technologies are to be embraced by businesses and societies are to accept change both the digital and platform economies are drastically altering the way the business ecosystem is structured and are also changing the functions of these institutions within that ecosystem,9
+their main focus was to compile inventories of marine life and resources particularly fisheries the situation is different today as the number of academic and research institutions that deal with different aspects of marine science has increased significantly with all the wio countries having more than one institution table various capacitybuilding activities have been undertaken within and outside the region under the auspices of a range of donor organisations,14
+the landscape of these high applied tariffs levels has changed since trends in high applied tariff levels defined as those either or times or higher above the world agrofood average simple average in any given year indicate that there has been an increase in the number of bilateral flows that are attracting high tariffs figure for example in around bilateral trade flows at the hs digit level attracted applied duties that were at least ten times higher than the world average tariff applied to agrofood trade by this had doubled to around bilateral trade flows a similar pattern exists for tariffs times the agrofood average in any given year,2
+first employers participation reinforces the value of certification second additional routes to prepare examinations to obtain certification facilitate the recognition of prior learning and other forms of learning criteria and procedures for federally regulated examinations are defined by top level employer and trade union organisations german employers organisation for vocational and further training and confederation of german trade unions hippachschneider et al,4
+governments can also promote transparency and access to information to unveil barriers to equality and enable women to act based on the knowledge of their rights they can stem or prevent corrupt practices that constrain womens access to public senices and introduce accountability mechanisms to engage women and girls in decisions that affect their lives the array of instruments that governments have used to foster gender equality is vast and ranges from constitutional and legal approaches to regulatory frameworks to reform within organizations to the use of instruments such as genderresponsive planning and budgeting to broader attempts at shifting social norms it documents various institutional mechanisms tools and instruments used by countries to this end,5
+science technology and innovation sti must play a central role in the achievement of these goals however new technologies threaten to outpace the ability of societies and polbymakers to adapt to the changes they create giving rise to widespread anxiety and ambivalence or hostility to some technological advances big data analysis can help to manage or resolve critical global issues create new scientific breakthroughs advance human health and improve decisbnmaking by providing realtime streams of informatbn the internet of things allows the conditbn and actbns of connected objects and machines to be monitored and managed and allows more effective monitoring of the natural world animals and people these two technologies have important applications in health care agriculture energy and water management and quality as well as in monitoring devebpment indicators to assess progress towards the sustainable devebpment goals governments should consider developing strategies to harness these technologies towards their devebpment goals,9
+the laws should empower embs to demand accountability on key parameters including women s representation as candidates and party leaders the laws should also ensure adequate independence of embs and require gender parity in the composition of key election management personnel this will help in tracking progress and documenting compliance with international and national norms,5
+with international help power production from the nurek hpp has been improved by replacing the generators the country s northern and southern networks were not directly interconnected bulk transfer of energy between the north and south was achieved by power exchange using a kv transmission line through the territory of uzbekistan,7
+the distribution of disposable income may then give a reasonable indication of the distribution of economic welfare or the base on which to allocate public support jantti et al as mentioned earlier with respect to ub benefits there are pros and cons associated with the implementation of discretionary policy changes after a recession has begun in the past decades most structural adjustments have aimed at reducing the role played by assetstesting in determining overall benefit entitlements under the last tier of income assistance,10
+the government has adopted a wide range of measures to restrict the promotion of alcoholic beverages and onand offpremise sales of alcoholic beverages eg to minors and in petrol stations however compared to other oecd countries france maintains lower levels of tax on alcohol particularly on wine oecd c it is also noteworthy that taxation has been independent of the degree of alcohol since panel b,3
+workers will benefit from that right and will comply with the duties of social security pursuant to the law a fine will be imposed on employers that pay a wage below the minimum wage or fails to pay the wage on time in addition to vacations establishes among other working conditions a healthy work environment and the protection of life health and safety at work,8
+through installation of sufficient storage near to the generators a constant power output renewables storage can be delivered to the grid in such a system the grid investments to the main grid can be minimised a special case is a small city neighbourhood or other subgrid that tries to have a balanced energy supply and demand so that in case of problems the subgrid can even be decoupled from the main grid and be operated as an independent island grid or microgrid,7
+this number increased to slightly over in in algeria of magistrates are female similarly egypt and jordan have undertaken strategies to increase their number of female judges see chapter given that there is officially no requirement for gendersensitivity training some police officers may lack sensitivity and understanding when dealing with women who are abused in some mena countries initiatives to support reform of the police and security sector are provided mostly on an ad hoc basis with the support of donors,5
+in view of the relatively high costs of desalination the provision of desalinated water to agriculture risks generating inefficiencies and costs to public finances unit costs are a multiple of current prices typically paid for the supply of fresh surface water even in these areas mma a even though technological progress has allowed the production cost to be reduced by about over the past ten years according to government estimates desalinated water is supplied at subsidised rates the high energy intensity of the production process may continue to constrain its development as a large scale water resource base and the environmental consequences of the residues of desalination are not yet fully understood,6
+the report of the secretarygeneral a prepared in response to this resolution was presented to the second committee of the sixtyfourth session of the general assembly in october and forms the basis for the present publication the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women requires states parties to take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women and ensure the practical realization of the principle of the equality of women and men in the political economic social cultural and any other fields states are obligated not only to refrain from engaging in acts of discrimination but also to eliminate discrimination against women by any person organization or enterprise,5
+socioeconomic and ecological processes are susceptible to external shocks and turbulence which has prompted an approach to sustainability that is less interested in a system s final state than in its resilience defined as its capacity to survive adapt and develop in the face of exogenous changes it is the opposite of vulnerability in this resilience perspective policies for sustainable development aim at enhancing adaptive capacities and inducing behaviours that anticipate future events or trends sustainable development is to be guided by the rio principles of sustainable development unced which include poverty eradication as a priority no,13
+however preliminary information points to a nonnegligible impact of this sector both in biological and economic terms here too the contribution of these fisheries to local tourism has enormous potential this chapter seeks to review current available knowledge on ssf and recreational fisheries and provides an overview of the actions being taken at the regional level to address these two important fishing subsectors,14
+six countries stand out with ratios significantly over the oecd average of these mexico italy and japan are also relatively large users portugal also presents important irrigation intensity but without specific information for groundwater irrigation area not being the reference values national statistics comparable to the present study the united states turkey greece spain and australia on the other hand despite being among the largest users have a groundwater irrigation intensity under the estimated oecd average of m ha in,6
+the initiative seeks to make significant progress in addressing the obstacles to effective environmental policy implementation by setting out standards and assessment mechanisms these include the shift away from using economic growth as the sole criterion to assess the performance of government officials and creating a strict accountability and penalty system another important feature of the document is the collective responsibility for ecological advancement in which all actors from the government to the private sector to individuals are expected to contribute their share,15
+systematic health planning and needs assessments do not figure in the purchasing decision of the national health insurance fund administration nhifa in addition systematic performance measurements are also lacking with accountability measures being restricted to audits that chiefly focus on legal and financial aspects of the operations of providers gaal et al the authorities should allow the nhifa to engage in selective contracting to avoid oversupply while building commensurate capacities in the nhifa to enable it to perform the new tasks,3
+the discussion covers a variety of international and national actors including development finance institutions international climate funds governments and relevant government agencies data regarding global finance flows are mostly drawn from the climate policy initiative cpi reports as they represent the most comprehensive source of such flows to date second the paper focuses on the regional landscape of climate finance in the asiapacific region with particular attention given to active climate funds multilateral development banks the distribution of climate finance across countries and nationallevel initiatives,13
+as odasupported activities potentially relevant to building capacity for climate change activities can be quite extensive reporting in brs may only present a partial picture of such support capacitybuilding support in adaptation is increasingly linked to support for broader development priorities for example recognising the need for enhanced capacities across a broad set of economic actors donors integrate capacitybuilding into all funding programmes as a matter of good development practice making support for climaterelated capacitybuilding more difficult to independently track and report ellis et al germany notes in its third br that technology transfer and capacitybuilding are components of virtually all of the german government s bilateral cooperation projects and cannot be categorised separately federal ministry for the environment nature conservation i denmark raises this challenge in the context of its biennial reporting its second br does not distinguish between public and private sector activities unfccc igj,13
+g poverty gap fgt foster greer and thorbecke squared poverty possible degree of regional comparability the aim being to maintain a common methodological st they use in their own official measurements as a first step the anainment figure for quintile i aqi is expressed as a proportion of the figure for quintile vaqvthe gap is then calculated using the following formula haqiaqv the annualized relative gap is calculated using the formula i aqlaqvi at,1
+and cyberjaya is using district cooling to reduce and shift electricity demand by using highly efficient chillers with ice and cold water storage district energy is the only way to utilize lowexergy lowgrade waste heat or free cooling sources for these enduses in buildings port louis will pump water from metres below sea level to provide cold water for a new district cooling system to replace decentralized air conditioning powered by fossil fuelbased electricity,7
+the dynamic framework ages the individual through their lifecycle and allows for time spent with multiple health conditions recent cancer models project expenditures in constant dollars the time horizon of the projections is usually twenty to twentyfive years w ith recent projections from to this differs from other models where future health status is incorporated as a model assumption,3
+inequality is a threat to social cohesion empathy and shared responsibility because it generates and exacerbates social segmentation a broadly educated healthy secure and empowered population is the goal of development and also necessary for inclusive economic growth young women and girls may experience the most severe forms of inequalities often reflected in sexual coercion and violence including domestic violence child marriage female genital mutilation and other harmful practices that violate human rights and lead to blocked access to sexual and reproductive health information and education including comprehensive sexuality education,5
+as a practical example guidelines were established in finland in involving the cities of helsinki espoo joensuu tampere turku and vantaa project helsinki for all the guidelines form the basis for the city of helsinki accessibility plan and are freely available for use by other municipalities corporations and planners the guidelines contain criteria for evaluating the accessibility of outdoor locations pedestrian crossings and pavements pedestrian streets and squares public courtyards park paths and resting places public bus stop areas etc,11
+market failures result from asymmetric information between health insurers and care providers and between care providers and patients creating scope for supplierinduced demand and upcoding classifying patients into higher priced diagnostic codes empirical analysis suggests that no health care system performs systematically better in addressing these failures and delivering costeffective health care joumard et al the netherlands has opted for a system of regulated competition and private insurance with wideranging reforms implemented since the mid s to reinforce the role of market mechanisms,3
+states with fairly large fisheries agencies include maine massachusetts new york new jersey virginia florida texas california oregon washington alaska and hawaii these agencies generally deal with both freshwater and marine fisheries and are funded from both state and federal sources it is assumed that the large bulk of their programs fall in the general services category of transfers,14
+of these million were refugees million were internally displaced and million were asylum seekers many displaced children travel alone or are separated from their parents among the children making the dangerous passage from north africa to europe the vast majority per cent of those who arrived in italy in and the first two months of were unaccompanied in for instance almost pe of women aged were married before the age of a pra commonplace in southern asia and subsaharan africa women spent almost three times as many hours on unpaid domestic work as men,5
+in its broadest sense health is a state of complete physical mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity who while this definition does not lend itself naturally to measurement it illustrates well that the concept of health is a broad and overarching one and that health affects many aspects of life this definition also highlights that objective health conditions and subjective aspects of health are important for everyone developing better measures would help not only to better assess people s health status but also to gauge the performance of health systems in preventing or treating ill health and to design more effective policies,3
+the monetisation reform has improved the reporting of social spending for example see table nevertheless experience with oecd countries that have a federal constitutional setup suggests there is likely to be underreporting of social spending by lower tiers of government adema and ladaique in the case of disabled children up to years this is calendar days for example there are benefits for war veterans and disabled children while the pension fund of russia also pays oldage survivor or disability pensions based on employment records to people who are categorised as disabled,1
+funding is provided for projects and activities that align with these regional plans the government appropriates sek billion annually to support regional growth measures and is mostly used alongside other funding sources from the region municipalities and the european union rural policy in sweden is defined in a narrow sense at the moment to a large extent around the parameters of cap pillar funding,11
+section summarises today s representative use cases and application areas of blockchain based on the challenges in the lowcarbon transition as observed in other areas in the public and private sectors managing climaterelated action will require the adoption of innovative digital enablers interoperable and wellentrenched endtoend digital data services will be required to increase efficiency,9
+financial incentives could assist owners to replace their vehicles with low emission vehicles or even electronic jeepneys ejeepneys metro cebu could set a target and support such transition globally under the urban electric mobility initiative city governments have pledged that electrical vehicles will account for of light duty vehicles plying their cities by uemi,11
+should the vre in one region have tow output other regions experiencing overgeneration can transmit excess electricity in germany produced twh of electricity which gives an average power consumption of about w per capita implying that a city of one million inhabitants needs on average nearly gw of electricity supply with considerable variations the highest capacity transmission project being constructed is for the capacity of about gw of high voltage direct current hvdc overhead line which could sene a region of about ten million inhabitants transmitting hydropower over long distances is common in brazil china and india due to inexpensive electricity and remote locations of hydropower current electricity storage capacity is usually nearly negligible in comparison to instantaneous power generation and due to nearly instantaneous power transmission,7
+more needs to be done to exploit satellite images to monitor changes in land cover wetlands are highly valued habitats for biodiversity and their loss is of international significance the area of other types of seminatural agricultural habitats farm woodland and fallow land has increased or remained stable farmland has mainly been converted to use for forestry and urban development despite this overall trend agriculture remains the major land use for many countries representing over of the land area in twothirds of oecd countries,15
+mongolia established basin councils for the eroo river in and for the tuul river in with the support of a project for strengthening iwrm in the country however further efforts are needed in this area and where established councils need to be strengthened to function properly afghanistan is also making preparations for their establishment the emergence of the water user cooperatives illustrates a shift to a more decentralized operation of irrigation facilities an important step in reforming the irrigation and agriculture sectors,6
+since the government has progressively revised the system requiring local authorities to provide education to migrant children abolishing public school fees for them and decoupling registered residence from access to education for migrants in india the right to education act legally obliged local authorities to admit migrant children while national guidelines recommend flexible admission seasonal hostels transport support mobile education volunteers and improved coordination between states and districts they may be kept in preparatory classes too long for instance,4
+next a brief description of major policy instruments directed to smallholders are described the agricultural and livestock insurance support programme facilitates access for producers of crops fruits and livestock to insurances related to climate risk or livestock diseases the insurance indemnifies the beneficiary up to two thirds of the insured annual production beneficiaries receive technical advice and financial support for their projects the main purpose of the technical training services sat is to provide small farmers with technical support in order to improve their productivity and their responsiveness to technical and climatic challenges the management and productive development services progyso aims to improve small farmers communication with both public and private sectors and to promote extension activities oecd b,2
+although blockchain technology presents interesting features in terms of security immutability transparency traceability and automation its widescale deployment currently hinges on various challenges scalability remains limited existing blockchain networks and platforms do not talk to one another and there are a number of unresolved legal issues ranging from the legal status of blockchain transactions to the question of liability companies also rely increasingly on artificial intelligence al and big data to analyse consumers online shopping experiences in order to profile preferences and adapt products accordingly digital technologies such as d printing are making it feasible to supply customized goods and services to consumers who show a preference for personalized products,9
+for the poorest households social assistance accounts for almost per cent of total household consumption looking at the different programmes separately social allowances have the largest impact they account for per cent of total consumption among the poorest households that receive social allowances in the absence of social assistance the poverty rate would have been three percentage points higher representing a relative reduction of per cent,1
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law infrastructure designed to deal with periods of water scarcity reservoirs and investments in flood management have a public good nature and tend to be under provided by private markets this leaves a significant role for government shaw grafton,6
+first making such arrangements universally available would be prohibitively expensive as the default risk is assumed by the public sector rationing such loans on the basis of meanstested parental resources is a solution but it raises difficulties for students that do not have access to either these loans or the resources of their welloff families second as the repayment of such loans does not take into account the future capacity of borrowers some riskaverse students would be unwilling to undertake these loans especially if defaulting is costly third graduates facing high loan repayment obligations would be more likely to choose careers with high earnings rather than lowpaying but socially productive ones the defining characteristic of icl schemes is that the collection of debt is tied to the borrowers future capacity to pay repayments are not required in periods of low income ensuring that borrowers are able to meet their repayment obligations and to smooth their consumption across periods of high and low income,4
+for example the productive territories programme in mexico which critically relies on experts to implement business plans suffers from shortage of staff in regions the kiut programme also proved difficult to implement because of the wide range of skills required to field workers as they were requested to act simultaneously as mentors community workers and loan agents such experts have a good knowledge of local conditions that might hinder adequate deployment of programmes and of how to address them and are likely to be more committed to the objectives of the programme the ict solutions may include online databases maintained by central or regional bodies to register experts and online platforms,9
+while gaps still persist across certain policy sectors the trend is to increase the availability of data disaggregated by gender to enable a sound assessment of the impacts of policies and laws on men and women figure there is significant progress globally in terms of the development of gender indicators and the collection and dissemination of gender statistics among eu countries several national mechanisms for example in finland france ireland latvia portugal and sweden report close cooperation with national statistical offices and the regular gathering and publication of statistical profiles of women and men tavares da silva sweden s ordinance of official statistics stipulates that all official statistics concerning individuals or groups must be presented disaggregated by sex horsburgh,5
+in addition we met a woman on the national soccer team who told us that even the national team had to fight to have access to the fields primarily used by boys and men the trip reaffirmed my belief that access to sports can be a lifechanger for young people and after this experience i know more than ever to look at it through a gender equality lens todays youth have the power to bring about systemic change for generations to come as we work towards achieving gender equality,5
+these receive anyone who wishes to be examined and obtain information on health risk factors and personal advice on leading a healthier lifestyle data from the authorities suggest that these have been widely used with over million contacts in and an additional centres have been opened for children,3
+for the same reason the uncertainty surrounding the conditions for the united kingdom leaving the eu brexit continues to be a downside risk rising housing wealth combined with continued very low interest rates resulting from the currency peg to the euro could trigger a boom in private consumption resulting in overheating w ith higher wage and price inflation a faster and largerthanexpected interest rate hike on the other hand risk prompting large property price drops in some parts of the country with macroeconomic spillovers and financial sector losses,8
+because it catalogues where these partnerships have been deployed it focuses largely on north american examples where many of these pilot programmes have been initiated examples include lyft and uber at the outset offered as an option in los angeles department of transport go la app designed by xerox and in the dallas area rapid transit trip planning app these initiatives are analogous to those offered by several commercial thirdparty routing apps described in chapter,11
+in other words the lack of exclusive rights means there is a lack of incentives for fishers to exert the socially optimal amount of fishing effort the problems arising from these negative externalities are not solved through market channels because there are no property or access rights in many fisheries for this reason several management systems seek to assign exclusive rights to fishers in order to internalise the negative externalities,14
+even if r which means that there are no income constraints these vegetables are not allocated any areas this is because these vegetables provide only economic benefits they do not provide any energy nitrogen or feed cows can effectively increase income as the number of cows increases pasture andor dent corn areas also increase,2
+consequently the carec countries have refined their strategy by shifting the focus to improving the quality of logistics services and increasing the level of connectivity for hard infrastructure there is a new emphasis on longdistance freight movement in services the need to connect the six carec corridors and major seaports is emphasized the refined strategy also stresses the importance of extending and completing the six strategic multimodal corridors oecdwto aidfortrade monitoring exercise public sector case story,9
+a rather large number of species of birds invertebrates and plants as well as a few species of mammals are closely connected with such habitat structures in most cases originally found in steppe or dry grassland habitats fields under regular cultivation hold just a fraction of the biodiversity generally found in farmland landscapes with an increased fragmentation and reduction in size of natural and seminatural habitats in the farmland landscape it has become increasingly difficult for farmland biodiversity to persist in the gradually smaller and fewer suitable habitats and to spread between habitats of sufficient quality to maintain viable populations,15
+progress is slow however as illustrated by the difficulties in reaching consensus even in areas such as transparency and notifications financial and technical assistance as well as technology transfer target a will be important to many sids and ldcs as they look to create and implement national and regional strategies for sustainability preservation and protection of their fisheries industries these interlinked goals provide a new framework for advancing sustainable development over the next years today the global population is about billion a figure projected to reach about billion by undesa some billion more people will populate the earth in years from now,14
+infrastructure provides the basic physical facilities essential to business and society industrialization drives economic growth and job creation thereby reducing income inequality and innovation expands the technological capabilities of industrial sectors and leads to the development of new skills however inequalities in the value added in the manufacturing sector point to the steep challenges faced by the most disadvantaged countries as well as their potential for growth for example in manufacturing value added mva per capita was less than us dollars a year in the least developed countries ldcs compared to us dollars in developed regions,9
+the contribution of aquaculture to the global food fish supply for human consumption reached in fao an impressive figure especially in view of the g leaders consideration of food security after the food crisis these figures decreased to and respectively in underscoring the increasing importance of developing countries are aquaculture production figure in terms of value japan norway korea usa and canada produce of the total in the same year figures and,14
+one of the first tasks of the iatt was therefore to assess different sti initiatives conducted by iatt members the mapping included activities across different un agencies with a total budget of around usd billion the mapping revealed that the primary objectives of more than half of the initiatives were related to technology onethird sciencerelated and roughly related to innovation iattsti the mapping also showed differences in priorities across agencies other agencies such as wipo and the world bank have a more diverse focus,9
+one of the most important policy documents is the energy strategy of the republic of moldova until which has been published in and has three strategic objectives security of energy supply promoting energy and economic efficiency and liberalization of the energy market and restructuring of power industry the ministry of economy monitors the progress of strategy implementation on a quarterly basis energy efficiency is a priority in the republic of moldova and strategic policy objectives for energy conservation have been defined in the national programme of energy conservation,7
+water problems will also hinder the ability of countries to produce food on the other hand water plays a central role in oecd s green growth strategy because wellmanaged water systems can generate huge benefits for our health and our economy see oecd water and green growth forthcoming in several recovery packages included investment in water infrastructure,6
+the lack of a unified transboundary monitoring programme and gis system for the basin is a shortcoming surface waters are monitored for pollutants and groundwaters are surveyed for possible impact of landfills radioactive elements are periodically monitored a new scheme of complex use and protection of water resources of the don including the siversky donets is planned for in the russian federation,6
+such arrangements are also common in eastern and southeastern europe and central asia abdurazakova ministers or deputy ministers usually lead national gender institutions that function as separate ministries or those that function as part of another ministry providing highlevel support attention to women s equality may be sidelined by the competing demands of other portfolios additionally institutions that combine gender equality with either family or children s affairs may risk defining women narrowly in their roles as mothers and caregivers this affords excellent access to the apex of decision making and facilitates coordination monitoring accountability and policy development,5
+by contrast infectious diseases pose potentially global threats and the benefits of genomics for infectious disease control may therefore be felt on a global as well as a local scale meanwhile richer countries appear more inclined to invest in lines of genomic research and development that orient them chiefly towards domestic matters and that provide less incentive to collaborate internationally in research and implementation also the findings represent only a snapshot of a rapidly developing field as of summer,3
+for the poorest and the hungriest in most ldcs being assetless means being landless in addition to low income poor households are constrained in benefiting from land due to a lack of access to credit and savings a weak land rental market and other social factors in many ldcs women are constrained in acquiring land ownership rights,1
+the substantial mitigation potential of forestry will not materialize without appropriate financing and enabling frameworks that create effective incentives for example policies in the european union to increase the use of biofuels including wood fuels for energy generation are affecting how foresters in the region manage their forests and how land in developing regions is used ec there are several reported cases of land grabs for biomass production which has implications for food security losses can be lowered or soc returns to the soil increased by reducing fires overgrazing and soil erosion or by recycling crop residues and manure large gains in crop carbon balances can also be achieved with improved crop varieties nitrogenfixing legumes and organic and inorganic fertilizers which boost the amount of crop residues available for returning to the soil improved water management is also a strong driver of primary productivity and complements all of those practices,2
+the rubrics aim to help teachers be more systematic and intentional about the teaching and learning of creativity andor critical thinking the examples of lesson plans provided to the project teachers included a mapping of the different steps of the lesson against the subskills of the conceptual rubrics teachers were requested to do the same for their own lesson plans at least those they submitted to their local project coordinator before possible further transmission to the oecd building a professional language around creativity and critical thinking actually requires more than just good definitions and descriptors of the skills to develop,4
+source oecd a largely due to its small population size compared to other regions such as south of sahara south and central asia excluding eecca and southeast asia the eecca region receives a relatively large amount of climaterelated development finance per person however needs socioeconomic circumstances and populations differ significantly across countries,13
+in the same year undps executive board reported that since undp has invested great efforts in strengthening capacity for gender mainstreaming and requests undp both to continue to maintain and to increase its investments to accelerate the strengthening of capacity and the delivery of programming for gender equality and the empowerment of women in line with the gender equality strategy it also cochairs the united nations development group subgroup on accounting for resources and will serve on the unswap gender marker help desk in the global gender team also provides technical support to the world food programme in its development of a certificate of excellence similar to the gender equality seal and has advised on its gender policy the vast majority of this support was policy advice and advice on piloting new approaches and tools,5
+in order to ensure a proper cooperation between the different levels of government in the management of water resources the constitution of the committees of competent authorities should be accelerated this enhanced participation should take place through the appropriate institutions including in the river basin authorities the law should allow the inclusion of environmental and scarcity costs in water prices,6
+the potential for countries in transition is provided in the following table the numbers in the table are total numbers for the whole region for example potential of forestry measures in central and south america is mt c year in africa mt c year and mt c year in east asia in countries of transition the potential is mt c,15
+along the texas and louisiana shelf of the gulf of mexico interannual variation in landings of brown shrimp farfantepenaeus aztecus is negatively correlated with size of the hypoxic zone o connor and whitall however texas fisheries regulations may contribute to the apparent strength of this correlation as fishing is prohibited on the inner shelf that serves as a refuge from hypoxia during much of the summer when northern gulf of mexico hypoxia is most extensive hypoxia already forces movement of wild stock from large areas both inshore and offshore and at times can cause extensive mortality,14
+monitoring of spatial disparities in income and nonincome dimensions of wellbeing is essential to establish the extent of territorial imbalances and to support the formulation of more balanced and coherent development policies at sectorial and regional levels there are large regional and ruralurban disparities in education health and employment outcomes in the tertiary attainment rate ranged between in the red river delta area to in the central highlands and from in urban areas to in rural areas,10
+other services of medical diagnostic and curative care are virtually free of charge in addition copayments paid by patients enrolled at a gp practice offering the vlca scheme are capped to nzd usd for an adult annual cap on copayments for pharmaceuticals set at sek usd,3
+prisons in several states have allowed indigenous inmates to practice sweat lodge and other tribal religious ceremonies as part of their rehabilitation traditional medicine uses a holistic model of wellbeing through the integration of emotional physical mental and spiritual aspects of being even though specific practices vary between different tribes all traditional medicine is based on the understanding that humans are part of nature and health is a matter of balance therefore there is respect for the land and all of her offerings traditionally elders understood the importance of respecting and using their environment for foods medicines and ceremonies for overall health,3
+the predominantly marketdrive nature of icts means that companies are seeking to compete by looking for new niches in the variety of services or the expansion of geographical areas even without incentives this sector has seen rapid growth there are different views about how icts will influence the nature of human settlements on one hand telecommunications could facilitate access to services when living in low population density areas enabling the continuation of urban sprawl and suburbanization,11
+linking existing education information systems to labour market information and making better use of assessment information are needed to raise performance and greater attention to presently overlooked disadvantaged students is needed national education policy makers in lithuania sometimes lack the organisational and analytical capacity to play the convening and steering role for which they are responsible likewise education institutions sometimes lack the capacity for selfmanagement they need in a system providing wide autonomy,4
+the current longterm plan rencana pembangunan jangka panjang nasional or rpjpn covers to and is translated into the national mediumterm development plan rencana pembangunan jangka menengah nasional or rpjmn currently in its third period most of the sdg targets are aligned with national targets under the president s agenda known as nawacita and the mediumterm development plan thereby securing resources for their achievement related tourism planning is also well established see above,8
+the peak in expenditure on passive measures in reflects the rise in unemployment during the s while the subsequent fall despite still rising unemployment was also strongly influenced by the and reforms of the el system see chapter there has also been a longterm trend reduction in expenditure on pes administration expenditure on other active programmes has increased roughly in line with gdp between and although nearstability of expenditure as a percentage of gdp contrasts with the increase in the unemployment rate total expenditure in fy and fy on active programmes other than pes and administration was about jpy billion this was mainly for the hometown employment revitalization special grant to conduct projects that will create stable job opportunities for regional jobseekers jpy billion and the emergency job creation programme temporary jobs of less than six months created by prefectural governments or silver human resource centres for nonregular workers and middleaged and older people etc,8
+several recent initiatives have begun to introduce such activities in a successful way these include forward contracting and warehouse receipt programmes that can serve as collateral for loans and supporting valueadded production and local food processing other options include improving tendering systems so that smallscale farmers are in a better position to compete for locally issued contracts supporting producers access to market information systems and improving regulatory structures to govern quality standards and address the problem of speculation in commodity markets,2
+american journal of managed care the community care act and the effect of financial incentives on delays in discharge from hospitals in england journal of public health payforperformance and the quality of healthcare providers rand journal of economics journal of the royal society of medicine,3
+how successful this is depends on market concentration and how vigorously these measures are pursued by the countries where the major markets are to the extent that fish migrations into the high seas increase fish stock management is bound to become more difficult that difficulty is due to the fact that it is more difficult to reach agreement the more parties that must agree and on the high seas there are more parties to be reckoned with than there are for stocks that stay within the eezs this problem is aggravated to the extent that the number of parties with an interest in a high seas stock is indeterminate while the number of countries with an interest in stocks that stay within eezs is either just one or at any rate defined by the migratory habits of the stock in question and which may change as already argued,14
+since its introduction in the psah has been adjusted several times to improve its costeffectiveness by targeting areas with high biodiversity benefits areas with high risk of loss to ensure additionality and areas with low opportunity costs given that there were million hectares enrolled in the programme its conservation impact has been fairly low this can be partly explained by the low weight given in the design of the programme to environmental criteria visavis social and administrative criteria such as complementarities with other programmes environmental criteria represented of the weight in and in,6
+when political pressures interfere with the distribution planning they cause financial difficulties to the utilities or distribution companies if they are forced to operate in a noncommercial manner or are unable to cut the power supply to nonpaying customers for this reason rural electrification efforts should follow a predetermined inviolable plan that involves a structured institutional setting an apolitical monitoring of how rural electrification progresses is recommended this task can be undertaken by independent institutions created or designated for that purpose,7
+emerging technologies such as forensic methods remote sensing and dna analysis can aid in verifying the origin of wood and wood products wwf a key output of the eu forest law enforcement governance and trade flegt action plan which marked its tenth anniversary in is the signing of voluntary partnership agreements vpas between the eu and tropical timbersupplying countries by may six exporting countries had signed vpas cameroon the central african republic the republic of the congo ghana indonesia and liberia,15
+this leads to inefficient resource management that ignores the environmental impact of the waste and in addition provides a commodity which is an economic resource to be taken advantage of children who are already exposed to contaminated environments bear the burden of poor waste management as they will have to deal with the waste in the future this results in polluted and unsafe settings often in dense informal settlements in urban and periurban areas,11
+amended law of july on water protection and management following a formal notice from the european commission the regulation was modified in to strengthen the role of the commission in granting derogations to water suppliers for non compliance with chemical parameters under the regulation such derogations may be granted on request provided they do not create potential human health hazards and where there is no other reasonable means to maintain water supply in the area directive ec retains only two of the three bacteriological parameters included in the old directive eec namely intestinal enterococci and escherichia coli which are assimilated with the parametres for thermotolerant coliform and fecal streptococcus,6
+first was the food and fuel price crisis which seemed to have abated in but resumed in late the global economic and financial crisis which affected households through incomes employment and remittances is presumably over as indicated by positive growth rates and recovering remittances finally natural disasters and internal conflicts further threaten fragile economies the multidimensionality of the crises and the volatile economic environment challenge vulnerable households ability to cope and maintain their living standards,1
+structural change with equality cannot be achieved without widespread participation in the information society it is therefore a strategic element in structural change that permeates the whole of society rather than being confined to sectors al the technology and production frontier figure shows how for the nine countries for which information was available the usage rate for highincome segments is on average compared with in the lowincome segments,10
+this could potentially cover the provision and mobilisation of support as well as indicative information on support to be provided article this section provides an overview of how climate finance information has been reviewed or considered to date and how this could be strengthened in future the focus of these reviews is whether countries report mandatory information in a complete and transparent manner,13
+in addition the college provides collegelevel opportunities for special needs adults who by israeli law are entitled to statesupported education till the age of the college also has a centre for giftedness and excellence which prepares students to teach these special needs students and provides services to the regions teachers and schools in this field key needs of the arab community in israel were recently identified in a market survey that helped the institution to identify its focus areas occupation therapy computer science environmental science entrepreneurship and business management theology and holy land studies speech therapy biotechnology and nutrition science study programmes integrate practice education and theory,4
+victoria in australia has just conducted a trial with recidivist speeders that combined a course with installing a voluntary isa system on the vehicle results will be available shortly the review should focus upon legislation and penalties fines driver demerit schemes relating to alcohol impaired driving speed offending failure to wear safety beltsutilise child restraints commercial vehicle safety standards and permissible maximum driving hours walking is generally the most common mode of transport for the elderly and particularly for the very old although they tend to accumulate less mileage than other age groups,11
+as a result densities are declining cities that use land more efficiently have far better conditions to provide public goods and basic services for example water and sanitation transport at a lower cost such areas can consume less energy manage waste better and are more likely to maximize the benefits of agglomeration,11
+migration to and from ghana has been predominantly regional in scope but this deportation also marked the beginning of a broader dispersion of ghanaian emigration with many highlyskilled workers moving further afield in search of employment to countries such as germany the united kingdom and the united states many nigerians have been involved in trade in diamonds vehicles building materials and related activities nigerian banks telecommunication and other companies have also invested in the ghanaian economy,8
+a further refinement is proposed by the uk hm treasury model which distinguishes between the use of acute and longterm care the dynamic equilibrium is assumed in the solid progress scenario whereas the expansion of morbidity hypothesis is assumed for both acute and longterm care in a pessimistic scenario using a microsimulation approach individuals current and future health status can be projected conditional on their background characteristics such as ethnicity and socioeconomic status as well as their exposure to risk factors such as obesity and smoking and their current and past health status and chronic health conditions see annex a and a as an example the ministry of health and social affairs in sweden see annex a forecasted the potential impact on health and elderly care expenditures under different scenarios of the future health status of the population,3
+regulatory uncertainties including liability issues and the lack of interoperability of existing platforms remain challenges that stand in the way of widespread deployment of the technology until these are addressed key players providing for legal security to a very large market of us trillion annually will not commit manders although the technology holds interesting promises to cut a variety of costs associated with crossborder payments its disruptive effect will only be felt if and once these challenges are addressed,9
+the oil price increases of the s the high capital costs of increasing electricity supply and the need to cope with a serious power supply crisis in led the brazilian government to adopt several programmes and legislation which were designed to promote enduse efficiency managed by brazil s economic and social development bank bndes it was discontinued when international oil prices fell under the programme types of appliances are currently labelled,7
+even if at first the ecological development of this new freshwater basin seemed to develop favourably from the beginning of the s this water body was confronted with unexpected water quality problems especially during summer these circumstances culminate in extensive blooms of toxic cyanobacteria which severely destabilises the ecosystem and poses a danger to human and environmental health it can also pose a health risk to inhabitants and makes the water unsuitable for swimming and drinking water for cattle,6
+istanbul technical university women s studies center and the levy economics i nstitute unconventional monetary policies recent experience and prospects how can a currency transactions tax stabilize foreign exchange markets agriculture gendered time useand nutritional outcomes a systematic review womens economic empowerment and inclusive growth labour markets and enterprise development gender equality and economic growth is there a winwin,5
+it requires a sufficient number of nurses and other specifically trained ltc workers to meet the needs of dependent people compared to other oecd countries there are relatively fewer nurses and other caring personnel providing formal longterm care for people at home or in ltc institutions but this may be due partly to the fact that a large share of ltc services are also provided in hospitals these hospital staff are not counted here this was up from ltc workers per people and over in but nonetheless remains below the number in japan and the oecd average around,3
+such programmes typically aim to build women s social capital but need not be limited to that objective for example they may be coupled with training and upskilling programmes a prominent example is the self employed women s association in india which gathers together a large number of informal sector workers and entrepreneurs in order to represent their interests and provides support information and training all the countries analysed in this chapter except argentina chile china morocco and the russian federation have an antidiscrimination clause in their constitutions and that clause typically mentions gender explicitly except in costa rica and indonesia,5
+this has been attributed to a number of interconnected factors including the lack of mothertongue education for most san communities cultural differences between home and school cultural practices such as hunting trips and initiation ceremonies that keep students from attending school frequent abuse at the hands of school authorities and other students and the experience of alienation in boarding schools the aim of this initiative is to support teachers in applying mother tonguebased bilingual approaches to literacy and numeracy development and to provide tested tools for strengthening the childs learning of the home language and acquisition of english available at unicef languageandlearningsouthafricapdf,4
+with the application of fertilizer and irrigation this has produced more grain than the traditional varieties to some extent particularly in its initial stages the green revolution apart from boosting national production also benefited the rural poor who are foodinsecure first the new technology could be used not just on large farms but also on small ones,2
+the other is for outcome testing through bilateral or plurilateral discussions as members seek to clarify the deal its value and the scope for flexibilities on a technical level there are open questions relating to product coverage and negotiating modalities is there a scope for a sectoral agreement on tariff reduction or elimination are there alternatives considering climate friendly goods are by definition environmentally preferable products epps can they be redefined as a class of their own based on the source of energy ie the resource rather than their use and would it not make more sense to refocus the negotiations on nontariff barriers to trade does a straightforward approach to the liberalization of trade in climatefriendly goods and services square with the real life economics,7
+the points are distributed across three main domains level of seniority up to points attendance up to points and the assessment of the actual work of teachers this annual score the teaching aptitude is needed for each teacher s record scores for teachers need to be approved in an annual meeting at the school level with participation from the school principals who have a voice but no vote inspectors are supposed to express their views about the performance of each teacher to the school principal,4
+explaining the reason for eating unsafe food a respondent said that it was cheaper to eat a purchased bun than making one at home and that the poor had to live with this food and shouldn t be bothered about freshness or hygiene a good number of people per cent also admitted to having had diarrhoea while per cent reported vomiting and another per cent reported having had both diarrhoea and vomiting caused by the purchased food in fact the deprivation of the urban poor is worse than that of the rural poor,3
+the traditional measures of poverty have been based on household income or consumption as welfare indicators obtained through household surveys in table brief definitions are furnished as well as the advantages and disadvantages of these two indicators of welfare relative poverty lines that are usually used in developed countries are based on a selected cutoff point in income distribution or consumption such as the level below which one third of the population finds itself or that proportion earning half of the median income the most common basis for constructing an absolute poverty line at the national level is the use of the basic needs approach,1
+if the board comprises eight directors or fewer the difference between the number of directors of each gender should not be greater than two listed firms are required to reach a preliminary objective of minimum male and female participation the programme includes coaching initiatives and establishes a public database of male and female candidates for directorships,5
+myanmar is one of the main destinations for trafficked preparations containing ephedrine and pseudoephedrine and precursor chemicals seized in myanmar mainly originated in nearby countries primarily china india and to a lesser degree thailand to circumvent national legislative controls on precursor chemicals more nonscheduled precursor chemicals andor preprecursors are being used in more than half of the crystalline methamphetamine in the country was synthesized using bromopropiophenone,3
+inversely where the solid line is outside the oecd average the variable is above the oecd average the cash transfergdp ratio in germany is higher than the oecd average tor example the indicators are presented in units ot standard deviation less income inequality and more growth are they compatible,10
+budget allocations have facilitated the strengthening of forestrelated institutions and governance there are however further opportunities to enhance the regulatory and cultural services of forests and trees especially in watershed protection and for tourism and recreation guatemalan landscapes have a very rich cultural architectural and natural heritage so there is potential to have integrated landscape approaches that combine humanmade and natural environments,15
+importantly it is expected in a drought year that all inputs will decrease but that both crop and vegetation water demands will increase leading to reductions in streamflow for rivers that are hydrologically connected to the aquifer as well as reduced water availability for other groundwaterdependent ecosystems these spatial externalities may include stream depletion and local water table lowering for example ongoing pumping by well b will lead to stream depletion and reductions in streamflow,6
+these imply rates of domestic savings which are exceptional by international standards particularly for an economy at china s level of per capita income such high and rising rates of domestic savings in turn imply a suppression of domestic consumption out of incremental income which reflects a combination of the sheer rapidity of the growth itself as well as growing income inequalities especially in the functional distribution of income the available evidence clearly suggests worsening inequality in china as shown in table,1
+it includes genderspecific indicators see figure and covers areas such as unpaid care and domestic work and violence against women and girls that are new to global monitoring efforts while the global indicator framework is an important tool it is only the tip of the iceberg of what is necessary below the surface is an urgent need to construct and improve statistical information at national and international levels areas traditionally underfunded and deprioritized including gender statistics are most in need of attention,5
+as in the strategy the public buildings sector is not a separate sector but falls under the commercial and services sector it also emphasizes that capacity for ee needs to be built in both the ministry of energy and the energy agency and that an ee fund should be established so far no evaluation on the level of implementation of the first neeap has been prepared by the energy agency mandated by the energy law the second neeap has to be adopted by the end of december it also includes the establishment of a concept of energy security strategy for development of energy potential national programme on energy saving for the period of national programme on development of local renewable and unconventional energy sources in national programme on development of local renewable and unconventional energy sources in decree of the president of the republic of belarus on development of entrepreneurship and business activity stimulation in the republic of belarus,7
+as an island nation surrounded by the sea we are on the one hand at the mercy of the ocean but on the other hand the custodians of its resources changing winds ocean currents hurricanes and storms are all a result of the interplay between the ocean and the atmosphere in addressing these issues reference is made to the pacific sids as a whole since the challenges identified are not unique to fiji but common to all pacific sids currently the pacific sids do not enjoy equitable economic and social benefits derived from the use of living marine resources despite our overwhelming dependence on them the disconnect between the international instruments governing oceans on the one hand and sustainable development on the other hand has created barriers to the full realization of development aspirations of sids and in many instances is a primary barrier to the achievement of national economic development goals,14
+in addition there is no system or institution responsible for collation aggregation and maintenance of reliable biodiversity information either for the entire country or for the entities this makes any analysis of or reporting on biodiversity very challenging however the epr mission demonstrated that there is a lot of information on many aspects of biodiversity spread around different institutions governmental bodies museums research organizations ngos projects and programmes etc sometimes it appears in a form which requires additional work to make it usable predominantly in local languages veiy often only in hard copy,15
+the fund provides accessible and affordable credit to women to start a new business or expand an existing one cwes ensures that all women at the constituency level especially those living in areas not well served by financial intermediaries are not disadvantaged in accessing the fund it recognises that women and men have different needs regarding entrepreneurship support and that until women s needs are addressed they are unlikely to be able to start sustain or grow their enterprises,5
+groundwater pumping can result in desiccation of natural reserves as seen in the netherlands and contribute to the drying up of wetlands as seen in southern europe with significant loss for water quality filtering hellegers et al in mexico and western united states it has resulted in significant land collapses foster sneed et al intensive pumping in coastal aquifers or aquifers connected to saline water bodies is a significant source of salinization of groundwater affecting the crop choice for agriculture and ecosystems in particular in the wetlands rivers ponds springs and streams to which it is connected schoengold and zilberman fuentes unece amores et al farmers using groundwater beyond recharge may lose a source of future income an option value eg howitt et al,6
+in addition to conventional gas india has estimated coalbed methane cbm resources between of tern and tern mainly in the east in the area of the coal resources just bcm of cbm have been produced in but it is planned to expand production to bcm by srivastava the damodar basin in west bengal and the cambay basin in gujarat are according to the stateowned oil and natural gas corporation of india ongc promising formations for shale gas in november the us and indian governments announced that the us geological survey will help india to assess its shale gas reserves,7
+they also enable farmer groups to bulk their crop into economic lot sizes that can be sold further down the marketing chain to processors millers and other large traders developing a greater direct involvement of smallholders used as collateral warehouse receipts provide easier access to commodity finance help reduce trade margins and seasonal price variability and enhance the involvement of the financial sector in agricultural marketing confidence in the reliability of the receipts is an absolute prerequisite for such schemes to succeed and the lack of confidence has led to the failure of previous attempts to introduce a warehouse receipt system in zambia,2
+as in other countries counsellors in liberia say it can take much longer for a man to seek help liberian women many of them from among the market stallholders who are the backbone of much west african commerce demonstrated in that the seemingly impossible could be achieved by a mass peace movement that relied heavily on broad solidarity persistence song and prayer but almost no money their story told in the dramatic documentary pray the devil back to hell shows how women were able to demand an end to civil war,5
+in addition limited autonomy disempowers school and local actors and makes it more difficult to hold local players accountable in particular school leaders as they do not have the responsibility to take most of the decisions besides as local actors namely school principals have limited leeway on the operation of schools they have few opportunities to build their capacity to guide and lead school development in such a context the few initiatives such as the regional campuses for technicalprofessional education providing some leeway at the local level merit support indeed teachers elect representatives to codicen and to each individual education council,4
+while about half of female movers first enter inactivity this percentage is much lower for men with the exception of brazil a high percentage of young men manage to enter into employment ranging from in mexico to in brazil but many of them find an informal job particularly in argentina additionally a conspicuous percentage around for both men and women of young people ends up in unemployment,8
+situated km from ngaound r on the old route its supply of ngaoundere was based on two practises urban wholesalers and semiwholesalers came to the weekly market wednesday while motorists and travellers made daytoday purchases as they passed through the village roadside stalls had sprung up along the road through the village bringing local residents additional daily income traffic on the unpaved tcholliretouboro regional road which used to carry of foodstuffs from touboro has fallen by over in favour of the new paved road touborongaoundere making ngaoundere a major redistribution hub between north and south cameroon,2
+however funding from international partners is likely to gradually decline in the years to come funbio was mandated by the mma to carry out the financial management of the programme box which receives large international donations germany is the largest donor the amazon fund also helps finance the arpa programme and other activities to control deforestation including in protected areas chapter,15
+constructive coordinated action between all of these actors is therefore key general economic policies and investments including macroeconomics general education growth policies and broader rural development can all have significant positive spillovers for a number of challenges identified above such as food and nutrition security for example this is also evident from comparisons of the fast globallydriven growth and individual fossil fueldriven growth scenarios international cooperation in various areas trade and technological developments included has major implications due to the generation of income opportunities not least in developing countries agricultural innovation systems comprise not just investments in rd but also crucially include the whole framework of institutions and infrastructure which enable private and public rd as well as privatepublic partnerships to develop futureproof methods and technologies test and showcase these developments within the agriculture and food sectors and ensure their broad and international application,2
+the oecd with its strength through diversity project stands ready to support sweden in developing an education system that promotes the integration of immigrant and refugee students into its education system special thanks are due to swedish team members kjell nyman veronica borg asa kallen charlotte persson cristina pontis amanda johansson and lovissa lh heiberg for their guidance and support in developing this report we are also grateful to katalin bellaagh anna ambrose anders auer therese ahlqvist ingalill hagglund camilla holmberg eva lundgren maria schwartz and isabell zupanc from the national agency for education for organising the meetings with stakeholders and for their comments and to kjell nyman peter johansson in early stages and veronica borg for coordinating the whole process,4
+as the organisation of assessment for qualification and certification in upper secondary education is a very fast changing policy field this paper only refers to recent studies for the comparison of policy practices section presents key features of upper secondary education that influence student assessment practices at this level section then looks at the design and governance of assessment for qualification and certification in different contexts,4
+inevitably this increase in obesity will result in more koreans suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes cancer cardiovascular and respiratory conditions berry et al while having fallen considerably from very high levels during the s korean males still have smoking rates that are among the highest across oecd countries figure while the proportion of women who smoke is the lowest in the oecd those that do are likely to start at a younger age and are therefore exposed to the harmful effects of smoking earlier in life,3
+austrian policymakers have helped create centres of research excellence including through the greenfield founding of the institute for science and technology st austria which was recently included in the nature index of the top universities under years old up to eur million are budgeted for a period of five years at the end of which around researchers in the fields of electronicsbased systems and microelectronics are expected to be employed at silicon austria labs policy makers recognise the transformational importance of digitalisation and through many channels act to accelerate its diffusion there has been considerable experimentation over decades with varied institutional models to support innovation and evaluation of innovation policy instruments is a widespread practice,9
+the ambitious mission included a target to connect health centres and hospitals the health sector is recognised as information intensive processing the vast volumes of data generated can no longer efficiently be done manually today ict is becoming central to the effective operation of health systems and services although progress is uneven facilities can vary within and between countries thus making standardization of measurement difficult,3
+many scientists say that emissions must peak within the decade given that climate change and its adverse effects are driven by the cumulative buildup of greenhouse gases that remain in the atmosphere for many years and in the case of c for centuries the challenge now is to scale up ambition and to immediately accelerate the transformation towards lowemission climateresilient sustainable development that supports the health and wellbeing of all people and of our planet as the secretarygeneral has often stated we cannot achieve the agenda and the sustainable development goals without reducing the risks of climate change to make lasting progress in eliminating poverty reducing hunger and achieving all the other sdgs we must radically decarbonize our economies to protect the earths climate and ecosystems that are essential to our survival,13
+the chapter concludes with a set ofpointers for policy development the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law it focuses on how student assessment influences the learning experience of individual students and considers both summative assessment assessment of learning and formative assessment assessment for learning of students,4
+in southern europe the czech republic and poland more than of family carers provide intensive care with the share even higher in spain over and korea over while care can alleviate the poverty risk to which old people are exposed it jeopardises the adequacy of carers future retirement entitlements as the vast majority are not sufficiently covered by pension systems healthcare services in particular lift incomes by an average of particularly in france and sweden but much less in the netherlands everywhere eldercare services still account for a small share of public expenditure however,1
+better incentives for both insurers and insurees are required to encourage managed care products that are successful in improving quality efficiency and care coordination managed care products should encourage care providers to work as teams to deliver coordinated care driven by incentives for quality and evidence on bestpractice medicine they could also be used to encourage the introduction of alternatives to feeforservice payment arrangements in switzerland the health insurance benefit package is centrally determined and the health insurance law requires effectiveness appropriateness and efficiency for inclusion of goods and services in the benefit basket,3
+transactions by the official sector with countries on the dac list of oda recipients which do not meet the conditions for eligibility as official development assistance the puipose codes are also commonly referred to as sector codes as they provide a classification of the sector of the activity in total there are purpose codes with mandatory and new voluntary codes which have recently been added to the crs to more easily link development activities to developing country budgets these activities are considered core sti activities as their ultimate aim are clearly focused on obtaining new knowledge through scientific studies in their respective sectors all activities reported under these codes are considered as core support to the ict sector,9
+if we consider only deprivation per cent of children are deprived while their head of household does not consider the family to be poor in fact the mismatch is quite substantial and secondly adults can have a different opinion of a childs wellbeing that may disregard the objective situation and most importantly childrens rights,1
+in five countries the gap widened in the remaining four countries out of the reductions in the national u mr had a neutral impact on health distribution indeed such societywide improvements seem as likely to be accompanied by increasing as decreasing inequalities moreover reaching some groups requires efforts in other areas such as improving communications between local authorities and targeted groups facilitating increased participation by local communities and greater access to education and information so as to increase people s awareness of health issues among others,3
+in oecd countries there is a trend to move away from compulsory towards elective courses which are open for students from different faculties and schools this approach facilitates the formation of teams of students with different backgrounds and interests interdisciplinary team efforts allow individuals to concentrate on what they know and like best and at the same time become familiar with new knowledge that can be associated in a new way of solving a problem or creating a new product or service to what extent these courses use creative teaching methods and are tailored to the needs of the undergraduate graduate and postgraduate students is not clear,4
+these have done much to stimulate public awareness of evaluation and assessment and to develop an evaluation culture within school systems it includes national student assessments at key stages of education a range of user surveys a webbased school portal and a range of tools for schools selfreview eg diagnostic mapping tests with the establishment and development of nkvs policy makers aimed to move policy attention away from inputs and processes to focus more on the outcomes of education nusche et al,4
+it holds the overall responsibility for schooling and is in charge of developing the curriculum national objectives and guidelines for the education system to reduce the gap between immigrant and native students sweden s government will need to use tools such as funding and guidelines to promote policies to reduce it one of the core components school choice was a radical change from the previously enforced locationbased system the reformed policy mandated the provision of vouchers for any school public or independent regardless of geographic location in order to create a more democratic educational system by introducing freedom of choice and allowing local schools a higher degree of autonomy lund,4
+japan has successfully developed several subsidy programmes for solar installations since however the peak in the pacific region might be a result of recent tax incentives coming in to force in south korea the total gross capacity entering the market in the three pacific countries is rather low compared to europe and north america,7
+klein and wayman and bauer found that training programmes improve both the economic and noneconomic lives of women who own small and micro businesses international networks such as the world association of women entrepreneurs fcem have the potential for transferring knowledge and experience between north and south and east and west finally many top performing women entrepreneurs in growthoriented firms have senior management experience in corporations where they gained experience in leadership and acquired access to valuable networks,5
+on the other hand affirmative action by imposing gender quotas in the labour market can entail greater efforts of firms to identify qualified women holzer and neumark and can encourage more women to participate in the competition for jobs niederle et al it distinguishes between legitimate differences in outcomes due to different choices made and illegitimate differences in outcomes that arise from discrimination or other impediments beyond one s control robeyns the pursuit of equality of opportunities between the genders means to strive for equal access to education health and the labour market and in a nutshell the elimination of any barriers that may hamper men and women to realise their individual aspirations,5
+a user satisfaction survey showed that of export drivers and of import drivers were satisfied with the infrastructure changes changes oecdwto aidfortrade monitoring exercise public sector case story afghanistan iran and india recently finalized the trilateral transport and transit pact that regulates infrastructure improvement in the seaport of chabahar located on irans southeastern coast india had previously invested usd million to build the zaranjdilaram highway connecting the kabulherat highway to chabahar port providing landlocked afghanistan with access to the arabian sea and the persian gulf,9
+though the share of food and agricultural products in global trade is small and declining agricultural trade continues to play an important role for both overall economic development and food security in many developing and emerging economies moreover in multilateral trade negotiations tensions over agriculture have time and again caused particular difficulties and retarded progress in other sectors the agreement on agriculture aoa concluded in the uruguay round was a milestone in multilateral efforts to create operationally effective disciplines governing agricultural trade it established firm rules and clearly specified quantitative reduction commitments,2
+first for financial sustainability to be respected a nonmarginal number of users will have to pay more than the longterm average cost of service provision a second key aspect is the capacity of the structure to appropriately target the poor defined by komives et al this tariff structure does not qualify as a social tariff as it has not been established that poor households consume much less water than more welloff ones empirical research tends to indicate that income elasticity of water demand is low in other terms the poor do not necessarily consume less water than the rich,6
+young women in conflict situations suffer from higher rates of genderbased violence such rates are usually even higher if the women also belong to a minority or marginalized group no stratum of society is immune to genderbased violence however the ability to seek judicial redress or medical treatment or the opportunity to seek services to escape from genderbased violence depend heavily on a woman s social standing and access to economic resources box,5
+however there is evidence that voluntary participation may not reach the major polluters and subsidybased programmes can have limited impact due to public budget constraints and a lack of environmental regulations on diffuse pollution the greatest challenge of regulating outputs of diffuse pollution is how to allocate a pollution cap or maximum permitted load to individual land owners in a way that is equitable and costefficient a natural capital based approach to allocating diffuse pollution limits is an emerging development that has the ability to reach the full economic potential of natural resources based on the underlying capacity of the soil to filter and retain water and nutrients water quality trading offers a way to promote practices that reduce pollution at least cost to society by revealing preferences and water pollution costs markets and payments for ecosystem services are not a perfect substitute for robust regulations equity and fairness in burden sharing do not preclude efficiency,6
+burned areas also increase risks of invasive plant species proliferation of pyrophytic species soil loss and depleted seedbank and regeneration potential although the extent of open landscape affected by wildfires has declined in the past decade figure the number of fires per year has recently shown a notable increase this trend warrants further monitoring especially in light of increasing temperatures and drier winters due to climate change,15
+this made negotiations more complicated when negotiations over the euphrates between iraq syria and turkey were initiated in the early s turkey insisted on including the shared waters of the orontes while syria at the time refused to discuss orontes water with turkey the river protection and environmental preservation subcommittee is responsible for coordinating and supervising issues related to river hydrology river pollution and river infringements the subcommittee for the expropriation of lands in the vicinity of the zeita canals figure addresses issues related to lands that straddle the lebanesesyrian border in the vicinity of the zeita dam the parties have agreed that syria is to compensate landowners for work related to the canals on lebanese territory while lebanon is to enlist its local authorities to enforce the rule of law and prevent damage to the infrastructure of the canals,6
+starting in which was also international womens year mexico city hosted the world conference on the international womens year which resulted in the world plan of action and the designation of as the united nations decade for women in another international conference on women was held in copenhagen and the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women was opened for signature the third world conference on women was held in nairobi with the committee on the elimination of discrimination against women having begun its work in,5
+resources also should be allocated to various public institutions for developing and implementing a holistic prevention strategy and actions that proactively engage women as well as men and the government sector as well as the nongovernmental sector advertising and national campaigns may be used to spread information about hotlines for reporting violence the education system and the news media are also well positioned to raise understanding and awareness of the unacceptability of violence against women france offers an example of a communications strategy that also incorporates government directives and the establishment of an emergency helpline ministere des droits des femmes nd,5
+when located in the arable fields the nest may be destroyed by vehiclesand other agricultural equipment used in the cultivation ofthefields ifthe nest is located in permanent habitats such as field edges and road sides etc to some extent both elements are controlled by the chosen agricultural scheme organic farming or intensive farming in organic farming no pesticides are applied and thus there is no control of the availability and production of noncrop plants and invertebrates,15
+these facilities can deliver pharmacological treatments and some talking therapies such as counselling depending on capacity and can refer people to specialised mental health providers family doctors and other physicians performing a primary care function in japan can provide care to patients with mild and moderate mental disorders and can prescribe a fairly standard range of pharmaceuticals for mental health care however in reality unlike in other oecd countries generalists or primary care physicians except for those specialised in psychiatry do not play the central role in the provision of care for mildtomoderate disorders,3
+the swedish municipal federations are legal entities whose tasks and obligations are formally agreed upon by their members these intermunicipal cooperative organisations are usually run by boards whose members are not directly elected but instead nominated by the member municipalities over the years intermunicipal collaboration among swedish municipalities has increased steadily in there were municipal federations and by the number of federations increased to regeringskansliet oecd,11
+this estimate is based on two alternative experiments that show respectively that the impact of ui on unemployment duration is greater in liquidityconstrained than in unconstrained households and that sp also increases the duration of unemployment despite not being conditional on being unemployed chetty similarly card et al moreover an extension of the maximum duration of unemployment benefits from to weeks lowers the jobfinding rate in the first weeks of search by,10
+the sector emits three types of anthropogenic greenhouse gases carbon dioxide co the hydrocarbon methane chj and nitrous oxide n the main sources of those emissions are deforestation enteric fermentation in livestock manure left on fields applied chemical fertilizers and rice cultivation practices carbon dioxide and methane account for and percent respectively of the emissions generated by agriculture forestry and land use this represents percent of total anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and percent of all methane emissions,13
+production of poultry meat will be responsible for more than half of the projected increase in meat production fuelled by both domestic and international demand the remaining expansion of the meat sector will be shared between beef and pigmeat figure when adjusted for inflation however prices mostly rise at a modest rate in general per capita consumption of the three primary meat types is poised to increase reflecting brazil s continuous economic development per capita consumption reaches kgp in adding kgp to each person s diet relative to the base period driven primarily by additional consumption of poultry meat,2
+this is demonstrated in the science technology education and mathematics stem industries where women make up only per cent of engineering and per cent of technology placements at universities yet hold per cent of nursing and per cent of education positions wbc a the wbc has also created tools and resources to counteract some of these discriminatory practices for example the wbc website provides different interventions that have been used in order to support young girls in broadening their career goals and challenging gender biases that keep them from stem activities,5
+provider coverage is initially limited but envisaged to cover all providers in future years of note latvia has been working closely with estonia to leam from their experiences in introducing ehealth system for instance health care providers can issue eprescriptions so that patients can purchase medications in any pharmacy in the country and this will enable providers to monitor medication safety when multiple drugs are prescribed for patients likewise coordination across providers is expected to improve by avoiding for example duplicated diagnostic tests and informing gps when their patient is discharged from hospital,3
+by then nearly onethird of the total primary energy supply was generated by the ignalina nuclear power plant located at the eastern border of the country closedown of this plant was completed in as part of the country s accession agreement with the european union in order to reduce lithuanias dependence on fossil fuel imports for energy production plans call for the opening of a new nuclear reactor by,7
+when a disaster occurs based on the functions and tasks of the branches and units the committee is responsible for coordination creating favourable conditions for the effective collaboration of all agencies in the response activities members of the committee are heads of hai phong departments agencies and government units every year they are asked to prepare local plans for natural disaster prevention and submit them to the committee so it can prepare a master plan for the whole city,11
+as such the consumption of goods manufactured in asia and the pacific has created a large material footprint across the manufacturing sectors supply chain involving many different kinds of material the growth in material use by the manufacturing sector has resulted in economic growth in many parts of the region the less developed countries are now starting to catch up with the living standards enjoyed by their more developed counterparts an expanding middle class has increased the demand for and consumption of materialintensive products such as cars furniture and household appliances,12
+for example decision cp does not specify when the first national inventory reports and progress reports under the paris agreement are to be submitted however the timing of final biennial reports brs and biennial update reports burs has not yet been set further decision cp does not include any guidance regarding the future frequency of national communications for developed and developing country parties,13
+in peru development cooperation has been a key partner in creating the ministry of environment and developing a policy framework to promote public investment in biodiversity a number of initiatives that have become important enablers of mainstreaming such as the world bank waves programme the undp biofin and financing from the global environment facility gef have been implemented through continued development cooperation support there are also examples of rigorous screening systems being implemented to realise biodiversity cobenefits or at a minimum to identify and mitigate potential risks to biodiversity in development projects and programmes despite the progress achieved considerable potential remains for further support to mainstreaming efforts of partner countries and better biodiversity mainstreaming within development cooperation operations and portfolios,15
+but it is also recognized that the costs and benefits of a sustainable system must also be reflected in decisions made by consumers and producers as well as policymakers fao b sustainable diets are protective and respectful of biodiversity and ecosystems culturally acceptable accessible economically fair and affordable nutritionally adequate safe and healthy while optimizing natural and human resources burlingame and dernini p they also mean a reduction of losses and waste throughout the food system such profound changes are likely to require significant changes in the food systems themselves,2
+when cyclone pam struck vanuatu in for example it affected about per cent of schools some were damaged and others were turned into evacuation centres the problem exists throughout the pacific region where many schools in small island states are unavoidably located near coastal areas throughout the region climate change and weatherrelated emergencies have hindered efforts to provide children with goodquality learning opportunities less than per cent of the funds raised by humanitarian appeals went to education this figure suggests that education is considered a low priority in humanitarian contexts a viewpoint that is curiously out of step with the aspirations of parents and children affected by crises for them a return to school can help restore a sense of security normalcy and above all hope for a better future,4
+in addition to strengthening automatic stabilizers to reduce vulnerability to shocks and job losses governments should also adopt short and longterm policies to mitigate the adverse impacts of economic reforms the fact is that there are many targets and there are many instruments how you map the instruments onto the targets and how you use these instruments best is a very complicated problem as noted earlier social wage provisioning through subsidized public education health care housing etc therefore fiscal policy should be judged from the perspective of its impacts on productivity and employment and not merely from a simplistic accounting perspective of balancing the budget in all circumstances,8
+the method of calculating this new measure involves replacing total inequality in the denominator of the conventional ratio with the maximum betweengroup inequality that can be obtained given the criteria above elbers lanjouw mistiaen ozler this has the added advantage of allowing for a more natural comparison of inequality across different times and settings because the measure itself is normalised by parameters present in the data calculating the achieved betweengroup inequality as a percentage of the maximum possible betweengroup inequality yields some very interesting results see annex iii table a,10
+it is therefore critical for policy makers to help adults improve the skills and educational qualifications they need in the job market this includes helping them find jobs for example through career guidance and mentoring and also motivating employers to invest in their workforce and especially in the disadvantaged population adults with a higher level of education have a higher chance of being employed and earning higher wages,4
+clearly meeting this goal will entail stepping up the pace of shortterm efforts to achieve the millennium development goals as they are defined today this is a necessary prerequisite to full implementation of a green and sustainable economic model in terms both of social inclusion and of economic development consequently it would not be usd billion in grants that would have to be harnessed for africa but at least some billion throughout the world the amount currently wasted in the water sector through lack of efficiency was evaluated in a report by the world bank and the french development agency at around usd billion,6
+except in some specific cases this increase in unskilled and semiskilled labour supply does not appear to have displaced domestic workers instead immigrants appear to have generally replaced domestic workers in jobs left vacant due to a decline of the local labour force higher education of local workers and expectations of finding employment in higher paid jobs migration may therefore have contributed to the observed rise in the skilledunskilled wage ratio by causing a stagnation in the unskilled labour wages in countries of destination as observed for instance in italy in contrast inequality rose in the majority of the developed developing and transitional countries between and,10
+there are considerable differences in the use of forced admissions both between counties and between hospitals this trend is difficult to explain fully and various explanations have been proposed including different treatment cultures and different attitudes to the use of compulsory admission among referring physicians in hospitals and in dpcs differences in competence cooperation procedures and personnel resources differences at a municipal level and unequal access to hospitals and mental health specialists between geographical areas and differences in rates of mental ill health across the country reduction in involuntary admissions is a priority but greater coordination across regions is likely needed to better understand the root causes of these disparities a national network for research led by the southeastern region is looking to register involuntary treatment and use of seclusion and restrain nationally which could be fruitful,3
+in addition to these facilities some pourashavas have specialized hospitals such as tuberculosis and diabetic hospitals in pourashavas other than the government facilities there are on average private clinics ngo clinics and diagnostic centres in addition there are urban dispensaries across the country that provide primary health services mainly to the urban poor many private forprofit and notforprofit hospitals also provide health services in urban areas private hospitals are mostly located in big pourashavas or city corporations to provide insight into this deprivation the following two sections depict the nature of urban poverty and the limited access of the urban poor to the existing services,3
+the government has worked to improve the participation of children in education but participation rates in early childhood education and care are low compared to the oecd average turkey has a higherthanaverage proportion of underperforming students and academic achievement is particularly low amongst disadvantaged students from low socioeconomic backgrounds systemlevel policies such as the use of academic selection to select and sort students into specific pathways at an early age hinder equity,4
+the future challenge for the nhs is to be able to maintain the motivation of its workforce and to contain and reverse the drain of professionals the low number of nurses however is not likely to grow in the near future while the number of medical graduates has increased consistently over time the number of nurse graduates has been decreasing since in particular health gains and increased activity in the nhs were obtained without extra resources indicating both an improvement in value for money as well as the existence of large inefficiencies in the system,3
+traditional medicine is also said to be more effective in the treatment of psychic and psychosomatic conditions this is because the healers have knowledge of the patients background while conserving african culture there are countries where traditional medicine practitioners have been registered and have associations,3
+furthermore industry and member states of itut can benefit from converged and aligned standards the platform can realize data parsing data storage and data management thus achieving the comprehensive telecom operation analysis among users services networks and terminals based on the china unicom xingkong big data platform some cuxbdpsupported products were produced for a series of industries including finance transport tourism government etc,9
+if supported by extension services they could more effectively help farmers access agricultural inputs training technology and market information while the waiver of irrigation service fees has increased farmer income it has reduced the incentive for farmers to save water made the national budget fully responsible not only for capital investment but also for financing operation and maintenance costs and diminished incentives for irrigation and drainage management companies to provide quality irrigation services while the government could remain responsible for all capital investment in the irrigation systems farmers should cover all operation and maintenance costs,2
+the perception that there was a need for the study of the full or external costs of electricity generation beyond its plantlevel production costs was very much motivated by concerns about the external cost of air pollution while in the meantime climate change risks have assumed comparable importance the costs of air pollution remain a top priority in the planning and regulation of sustainable electricity systems these emissions arise during the combustion of fossil fuels coal oil gas or biomass that impact primarily the respiratory system leading to bad health morbidity or premature death mortality economics has long attempted to monetise these impacts by assessing an individual s marginal willingness to pay for marginal changes in the probability of incurring mortality risk from which the notion of the value of a statistical life vsl can be derived methodologies for monetising morbidity damages also exist but are less stabilised,7
+artificially low disclosures of experiences of intimate partner violence and sexual violence can be associated with the way in which the introduction to the survey is framed as well as the framing of specific modules of questions concerning experiences of violence surveys that ask respondents in the early stages to think about crime in the neighbourhood for example may orient respondents away from thinking about intimate partners when asked to divulge experiences of violence introductions also provide essential instructions to respondents concerning measures that have been put in place to ensure their safety while they respond to sensitive questions such as rescheduling to another time or switching to a neutral questionnaire if a family member comes on the scene,5
+it argues that education systems and learning practices need to adapt education services to fit local needs and conditions the report advocates a shift from viewing knowledge as a standardized commodity to seeing it as a distributed resource that has led to pressures for decentralization of control and decisionmaking local adaptations and increased use of technology to access knowledge the attainment of education whether formal or not is an investment in human capital the outcome of this investment is knowledge production and transfer that ensures the livelihoods and prosperity of arctic communities,4
+in such countries as india and thailand a large net positive contribution was more a reflection of weak domestic demand particularly investment rather than strong exports in particular bangladesh cambodia and myanmar have benefited from increased inflows of foreign direct investment fdi in recent years partly due to relocation of production from china the inflows have supported relatively strong manufacturing growth in these economies see figure a,8
+the respondent has to reason from a metaperspective taking into account an entire system of problem solving states and possible solutions often the criteria and the goals have to be inferred from the given information before actually starting the solution process the study design combined educational testing techniques with those of household survey research,4
+this would help to facilitate the achievement of viet nam s ambitious goals on both trade and food security the current system creates a conflict between the objectives of improving the market orientation of the sector and ensuring food security it limits competition creates market uncertainty and reduces the incentive to develop longterm marketing arrangements the result is a continued focus on supplying lowquality rice the failure of the system to prevent the transmission of rising world prices onto the domestic market in suggests that the rational for maintaining the policy in place is not sound,2
+however the percentage of computers connected to the internet in socioeconomically disadvantaged schools is lower than in advantaged schools and is also lower in rural than in urban schools table there are considerably more education systems where school computers in private schools are more frequently connected to the internet than those in public schools than there are education systems where computers in public schools are more frequently connected to the internet there is a similar number of pisaparticipating countries and economies where the relationship is positive as education systems where it is negative after accounting for the socioeconomic profile of students and schools,4
+a further is technical the remaining is technological while this is a small proportion of senas total effort it accounts for over half of the national effort in the area important efforts are under way guided by the ministries of labour and education to develop and implement a national competency framework to integrate the national training effort,9
+rd gaps limit the ability of developing countries to assess not only the technological but also the economic social and environmental opportunities challenges and risks that may emerge from frontier technologies and put in place the relevant policy frameworks synthetic biology for example is a key frontier technology with significant potential impact on food security health and the environment as discussed in chapter i digitalization and automaton will give rise to profound changes across many sectors including manufacturing which has historically driven structural transformation and provided better jobs for workers displaced from lower productivity sectors a labour force with skills that are complementary to technological advances is essential if technological change is to be compatible with social inclusion rapid technological progress requires the labour force to devebp a broader range of skills focusing on humans comparative advantage to increase empbyability,9
+emphasising nonclimaterelated policy benefits can be an effective way of building local support for measures such as congestion charges and land value capture tools ang and marchal environmentally related taxation ensures market prices reflect some proportion of the environmental costs associated with economic activity by adjusting relative prices it helps shift producer and consumer behaviour towards more environmentally beneficial activities and products,7
+because of both public health and clinical advances there have been tremendous reductions in the rates of infectious diseases in all eight countries similar reductions are seen in other oecd countries over different time periods note the number of deaths from infectious diseases include aids as the prevalence of infectious diseases declined more attention turned to acute illnesses in most oecd countries all five components of the health care system became focused on preventing and treating acute illnesses acute illness became the primary concern of the latter half of the th century,3
+it gives more time to fathers to spend with their children which also supports child development while it gives mothers more scope to pursue their labour market aspirations and career opportunities strengthen their longterm labour force attachment and pension entitlements enhancing both their financial independence and their families resources it could also have benefits for the economy and society as a whole as a better allocation of labour market resources can spur on economic growth both are in a similar work situation and are eligible for paid leave,5
+nevertheless some groups are exempted from these user fees such as children under the age of and people over the age of lowincome groups pregnant women people with severe disabilities and people with many different medical conditions concerns are growing regarding individual regions ability to provide the services that the benefit package defines at the national level when the first essential levels of care were published in the legislation only provided a general description of the sublevels of care that regions had to provide,3
+so sids have the ocean space with its living and nonliving resources that can be developed sustainably to support economic growth trade and development at present some steps are being taken especially as regards common fisheries agreements for their common benefit such agreements could also be applicable to the management of other living and nonliving resources including genetic resources algae for biofuels and food production and even mining in the seabed in the case of sids the joint development of joint oceans space can enhance the scope for sustainable management of oceans resources,14
+however in general inthe th century access to the marine resources in nordic countries has been based on principles of equal and free access for all coastal dwellers in addition and also based on an economic motivation the time limit on quota shares were lifted to increase the stability and base for investment the inclusion of vessels under gt meant that more than a further vessels now entered the itq system which was now mainstreamed across species and subsectors,14
+reports indicate that acid attacks are on the rise in pakistan ilahi in alone the human rights commission of pakistan found that women in pakistan suffered acid attacks or were burned the majority by someone they knew international crisis group eight female parliamentarians have dedicated the development funds allocated to them to establish burn units in their respective district hospitals for example in wpc convened the first convention of women parliamentarians on the role of women parliamentarians in peace security reconciliation which included women legislators from federal and provincial assemblies,5
+one way to solve this bottleneck is for actors in the food supply chain charity organisations and especially national authorities food security social security and environment to make a clear statement and develop guidelines supporting food redistribution as a positive activity as long as the food in question is not fit for selling in ordinary ways it is important that the well established systems for local direct redistribution especially from retail shops and other local sources primary producers local food producers food markets festivals etc food redistribribution is a very cost effective way to prevent food waste and increase the quality of life of lowincome and social clients which should imply that both the food donors the social welfare authorities and governmental authorities could have a role to contribute to a long term and more solid financial situation price per meal distributed for serving through the food banks operations will be about nok based in net costs for food banks in see table which is a quite low cost for the society,2
+in total around of total eu emissions are covered by the eu ets ec installations are required to measure direct emissions each year and provide emissions reports verified by an accredited verifier in addition the eu directive on financial reporting was amended in to require large public interest entities with more than employees to also report on nonfinancial information ec,13
+larger firms are more likely to be partnering for innovation than smaller firms while the same holds for exporters and crossborder traders compared to domestic firms exporters have a systematically higher rating in all kinds of business innovation attributes than crossborder traders while the latter display higher ratings than domestic firms these relationships are focused heavily on clientscustomers and suppliers with collaboration generally much less widespread for other partners overall international partnerships are more widely reported than crossborder relationships for links with suppliers higher education institutes intermediaries and business services,9
+portugal italy and sweden should also foster leadership of pcps in prevention programmes oecd b c d these countries lack measures to support pcps to take on responsibilities for managing chronic conditions england s qof is one of the largest programmes worldwide to embed evidencebased measures for secondary prevention in chronic disease management in primary care the programme gives gps a financial incentive to provide evidencebased care for a wide range of ltcs including diabetes,3
+as the formula already includes a weighting for teacher qualifications on the grounds that schools with higher qualified teachers should not be penalised for having higher per teacher costs so the same argument applies to higher per teacher costs due to experience unless the data on years of teacher experience are difficult to collect a further consideration that would militate against this proposal is if the ministry of education wishes to give schools a financial incentive to employ younger teachers especially given the provision that retired teachers can continue in post without foregoing any pension this would be contingent on regular school attendance and satisfactory progress an example of such a grant is the united kingdom s education maintenance allowance replaced in england in by a bursary scheme see nidirect which evaluation studies showed to be effective middleton et,4
+there are therefore many documented examples of how different countries in the commonwealth use sport to support some of their main policy priorities for health the network believes that sport and physical activity are effective ways of attracting youth while serving as creative mediums to facilitate and share positive messages about hiv and aids and other critical health issues affecting youth sport and physical activity are used to build awareness about hiv and aids while also encouraging peers to discuss issues affecting their lives and their communities,3
+incentives to delay early marriage and curb teenage pregnancies are also critical to keeping adolescent girls in school policy should also ensure that women have the same chances as men to develop the skills they have acquired in school the workplace and everyday life a systematic review of the evidence eppi centre social science research unit institute of education university of london london et al pdf,5
+third national report or i biodiversity conservation i n kyrgyz republic according to the new forest policy the state is going to broadly involve local population in joint forest management this process is aimed at mobilization of international efforts of governments producers consumers and donors to combat illegal logging and corruption in the forestry sector,15
+for instance in finland the reduction in the number of doctors enacted in the early s to curb health spending resulted in a steep drop in the number of medical students resulting in an insufficient number of doctors in the following years that is slowly being reversed oecd a drug price controls usually fix a maximum price for drugs or set a cap on the profits of pharmaceutical firms the vast majority of oecd countries apply some form of pharmaceutical price regulation paris etal,3
+while it is still early days for measuring the impact of the legislation studies are showing some positive signs public support for the australia s antitobacco policies is also high with of survey respondents supporting or feeling neutral about plain packaging and only one in three smokers opposing the measure rosenberg et al furthermore the decline in the proportion of daily smokers appears to have accelerated in period during which plain packaging was introduced in australia aihw while further evidence about the effectiveness of plain packaging is still being gathered these initiatives may provide the next set of policy instruments for governments to help further reduce the harmful impact of smoking in society,3
+the total system costs include also the complete list of nonmonetised externalities that are not mediated by the electricity grid and that affect a country s wider economy and wellbeing beyond the electric power system itself to the extent that such externalities are monetised and emitters are held responsible for their emissions they can also be integrated into plantlevel cost accounting the edition of the projected costs of generating electricity ieanea thus imputed a tax of usd per tonne of c on the emissions of fossilfuel based generators,7
+woodbased energy comprises over percent of wood removals and percent of household energy consumption deforestation rates are about percent per year related mostly to the expansion of subsistence agriculture the national forest programme promotes forest management within the context of the overall development vision and provides for crosssectoral linkages with the environment agriculture energy health lands minerals water wildlife and gender,15
+in the program was better established in north and central india where it was also initially started figure among the women in households that participated to nrega program many are hindu have relatively low education or technical or vocational education and scheduled castes and tribes are overrepresented see annex labour force participation is significantly higher for women whose household participates in the program versus for those who do not when a woman lives in a household that participates in the program her probability of participation in the labour force increases on average by,5
+on the other hand necessary steps should be taken to ensure support to users who do not have access to services online and to users who face challenges when going from weekly to monthly budgeting finn and tarr takeup of benefits will increase after reform since households who are today taking up only part of the benefits are eligible to will automatically receive their full entitlement under universal credit the integrated nature of the reform will also remove the need for separate applications when moving from one benefit to another and when moving in and out of work as the separation between outofwork and inwork benefits is removed this represents a takeup rate in the range of to dwp b,10
+today a pervasive network of linkages exists between philips with private organisations smes and multinationals and research and academic institutions across the three countries of the ttrelat belgium germany the netherlands those crossborder areas often have a long history and sometimes represent historical regional definitions for example the swedish part of the oresund was part of denmark until the end of the th century and danish remained an official language for two centuries,9
+education policymaking environments have become increasingly complex due to increased decentralisation institutional autonomy and greater accountability furthermore educational contexts and institutional and policy approaches vary depending on a countrys historical development and political and institutional frameworks as do distribution and approaches to education funding to do so a range of policy options are available to them of which funding mechanisms and incentives are key,4
+many estimate that this will result in care that is of higher quality safer and more responsive to patients needs as well as more efficient appropriate available and less wasteful in areas with large rural or remote populations broadband is enabling increasing use of telemedicine to overcome the impact of the shortage of physicians and improve access to care this is particularly important as the percentage of the population over age rises significantly electronic health records can make medical information on individual patients readily available and can be used to follow the effects of disease and therapies on the patient over time and to detect and prevent medication errors oecd c,9
+dahl for example finds that teenage marriage leads to increased risk of poverty for young women in the fiiture several researchers have however suggested that the relationship may work in the opposite direction with the falling rate of marriage resulting from the poor economic prospects of lowskilled men blau et al other studies have linked declining marriage rates to rising inequality gould and paserman while improving employment and earnings opportunities for women has further reduced the incentives for women to marry lundberg and poliak however there is very little evidence that marriage would lead to better outcomes if cohabiting couples were to marry,1
+today around of the heat consumption in the baltic countries is served by biomass mainly wood chips and wood waste the development of heat pumps and municipal solid waste is driven by the economic competitiveness of heat pumps and the requirement to incinerate municipal solid waste at the same time efficiency measures reduce overall heat consumption in district heating systems,7
+the report recommended various incentives for excellence in research and teaching in universities a separate staff bonus system for other institutions and a special budget for encouraging poorly performing staff to take early retirement in addition to these recommendations there is a need to reduce the demarcation between the colleges and universities to improve the capacity of the colleges to respond to the regional needs and build their capacity in applied rd continuing disparities in educational attainment and labour market outcomes also call for a structural change in education increasing vocational training opportunities stronger efforts in upgrading the skills of the adult population and equitable investment in education between population groups the population is characterised by a high degree of ethnic diversity and considerable presence of arabs who represent about of the total population,4
+where data are insufficient or differences small lower and upper middleincome countries will be looked at as a single middleincome country mic category then the definitions are detailed for each labour market concept used in this report which concludes with an explanation of the data used young people under fall under the ilo s child labour convention and should not be working,8
+country offices should prepare gender plans that identify gaps and needs in technical support capacitybuilding joint action and advocacy and collective monitoring that facilitate stronger gender programming this process should be supported monitored and reported upon annually by the respective regional bureaux to the gsic however to ensure more even attention to all countries and because country offices are expected to prepare gender plans it is suggested that regional bureaux take specific measures to support the preparation of these multiyear countryspecific gender plans and monitor and report on their formulation and implementation to the gsic this process will provide an opportunity for offices to assess their needs and gaps at the country level and to articulate expectations for support from the regional service centres in promoting gender equality and women s empowerment,5
+some countries are raising the relevancy of career guidance services by developing indicators of labour market outcomes of alumni by institutions and programmes box these indicators have to be of good quality and easy to understand to ensure transparency they should exist at institution and programme levels,4
+between and it increased by million and between and it is expected to grow by a further million equivalent to per cent of the labour force to reach million chart a significant share of the per cent increment in the total labour force between and will occur in ethiopia accounting for per cent bangladesh percent and united republic of tanzania per cent however all ldcs will experience substantial growth in their labour force during the same period,8
+a clear objective is to lower the cost of capital for infrastructure projects along with improved liquidity transparency and expanded access to finance blockchainenabled platforms are a way to standardise data assess asset performance and enhance compliance which may be further augmented when they are integrated with remote sensors internet of things or linked to deep analytics like artificial intelligence application ns for further consideration four original case studies with the highest expected impact for achieving longterm and sustainable provision of infrastructure services are discussed acting as an open application platform analogous to android a diverse set of enabling functions can be handled on the globally interoperable data infrastructure,9
+macroeconomic policies shape the overall economic environment for realizing women s economic and social rights through their impact on employment creation and fiscal space in particular how macroeconomic policies are designed and implemented will thus have a direct impact on the likelihood that gender equality is achieved two broad categories of macroeconomic policies are fiscal policy and monetary policy,5
+this deficit is particularly acute in rural areas where a large proportion of the inhabitants have to travel a long distance to reach a road or railway transport infrastructure and services play a critical role in reducing rural poverty in addition to facilitating access to schools medical clinics hospitals cultural and religious institutions and other facilities thus transport infrastructure and services in rural areas have a major impact on food prices and on food security they also provide physical access to markets and employment while opening up previously closed markets to competition,9
+there are also opportunities such as with the reform of environmentally harmful subsidies to both reduce demands on public finances and improve climate resilience estimating needs and identifying funding sources is an essential element of the planning process and for successful implementation options may require mobilising sufficient funding or ensuring the effective use of existing resources,13
+population growth correlates closely with the number of square metres of new housing space both at the regional level and in the cities of regional significance see figure however some smaller towns where population is stagnating or falling are nevertheless seeing significant housing stock growth in the city of shu karaganda oblast where population is stagnating the housing stock has increased by every year since,11
+in order to prevent the abuse of substances not under international control turkey placed new psychoactive substances under national control in in addition article of the national law on the control of drugs was supplemented with provisions on generic scheduling in january the government of israel has taken legislative measures to curb the growing market for new psychoactive substances and their popularity among the youth in particular in new synthetic cannabinoids and their derivatives were listed as narcotic drugs in the national legislation,3
+life expectancy among yearolds was years in and had risen to only by in a comparable time period life expectancy among yearolds increased from to years in neighbouring syria which had not yet experienced violent conflict during the invasion of public institutions including health care facilities were frequently looted,3
+romania reported that the quantity of amphetaminetype stimulants seized in was almost times greater than that seized in in austria reported the detection of three amphetamine and nine methamphetamine laboratories while german authorities dismantled amphetamine laboratories and three laboratories that had been manufacturing methamphetamine from pseudoephedrine extracted from nasal decongestants in the czech republic the number of dismantled methamphetamine laboratories slightly increased to in compared with laboratories dismantled in,3
+they were in fact direct translations of the english items used in the englishmedium sector the ministry is now collaborating with maori assessment experts to develop a national monitoring study for the maorimedium sector however it remains voluntary for schools to purchase and implement student management systems in a survey almost a third of the responding primary school principals reported that they had no sms yet hipkins et al,4
+they are complemented by regulations on land use the specification of which agricultural zones are suitable for given crops and therefore more likely to receive official credit as well as regulations on biofuel use and organic production brazil also directs substantial public funds into land reform to empower the poor to generate better incomes these funds provide disadvantaged groups with access to agricultural land financial resources and the knowledge and skills necessary to undertake farming and other economic activities support is classified according to its tendency to distort production of trade but it also gives an indication of how policies priorities vary across the sector,2
+in india for example the bangalore electricity supply company allows customers with no arrears on electricity bills to purchase compact fluorescent light cfl bulbs from approved retailers either via direct purchase at a discounted price or via payment in instalments over months through electricity bills arquit niederberger in mauritius the central electricity board provides cfls at half price supported by a government grant under the maurice isle durable programme decoupling reverses that logic by providing an incentive for utilities to promote ee,7
+the oecd principles on water governance rather than providing a general toolkit unfit for most situations deliver and widely diffuse recommendations to policy makers to consider when reviewing existing policies or defining new ones table moreover rules are not necessarily embedded in laws in many countries they are rooted in customary water rights however there is an institutional layer mesoinstitutions which is often either neglected or even missing and that links the macroinstitutional layer at which rules are defined and the microinstitutional layer at which implementation takes place,6
+the total annual flow is billion m year with per cent of the annual flow in the humid winter season octobermay and the remaining per cent of the annual flow in the dry summer season julyseptember overall renewable water resources amount to m per capita of which per cent is generated within albania and the remaining per cent from countries upstream in combination with the characteristic porous karstic and fissured aquifers this results in huge renewable groundwater resources of an overall million m year in seven main geological strata,6
+between now and the urban population of africa is likely to triple and that of asia to increase by per cent so that by most of the world s urban population will be concentrated in asia per cent and africa per cent in urban agglomerations were characterized as megacities with each hosting more than million inhabitants together they accounted for per cent of the global urban population,11
+the local education council advises the municipal government and its education department on regional matters of education policy such as the consolidation of the school network in the alytus region for example the review team met with representatives of a local education council that brings together more than members representing teachers parents and students of all general education institutions though councils are more often comprised of approximately members nearly all schools delivering the primary and lower secondary curriculum are subordinate to municipalities the main public school founder,4
+the risk of a limited integration is that there is little guarantee that evaluation and assessment procedures in the catholic and independent sectors are sufficiently aligned with student learning objectives and educational targets at the national and systemic levels evaluation and assessment practices in australia benefit from outstanding expertise in areas such as standardised test development common reporting frameworks national comparable data on student outcomes and externallybased student assessment and relies significantly on the investigation generated by a large and active educational research community an example is the development of teacher capacity to assess against the whole range of curriculum goals to ensure consistency of ae ratings across schools see chapter,4
+notably the united nations economic commission for asia and the pacific escap founded the original mekong river committee in and continues to support the commission established in it assists in the development and strengthening of multicountry river basin institutions fostering policy and legislative reforms and promoting broad stakeholder involvement in addressing key threats and priorities it has allocated usd billion supplemented by more than usd billion in cofinancing for more than projects in over countries for example gwp has been leading since the dialogues on effective water governance with the international council for local environment initiatives iclei,6
+a gender perspective calls attention to these differences and seeks to ensure that the security needs and capacities of women and girls circa of the population are not excluded acknowledging and responding to the different security and justice needs of women men boys and girls for instance women face a higher risk of domestic violence and men face a higher risk of gun violence only through fully understanding and responding to these contextspecific differences in security and justice needs can ssr initiatives increase security and justice equally for women men boys and girls ensuring the full and equal participation of men and women within security decisionmaking as well as within security system institutions,5
+early investment in lowcarbon climateresilient infrastructure will avoid lockin to systems of markets urban density and distribution which confer a heavy environmental burden and constrain future options a great deal of policy on energy generation in advanced economies has focused on the need to reduce carbon emissions and that focus has promoted major investments in developing and deploying renewable energy the facilities to produce renewable energy are generally smaller than those for carbonbased generation and they offer the combined advantage of decentralized production and offgrid access that supports greater social inclusion and security in supply the rollout time for renewables is quick requiring much less basic infrastructure than does energy generation based on fossil fuels and hydropower rwanda chapter renewable energy production also tends to be more employment intensive than traditional forms of energy generation ilo however the takeup of renewable energy has been hindered in some countries by a policy regime that favours traditional large electricity generating systems,7
+the average annual percentage point increase was calculated from the initial year to the end of the period this target is supplemented by ambitious targets for the energy mix and electricity mix that are defined as a share of different metrics in particular thailand aims to increase the share of renewable energy to of electricity capacity by while the share of largescale hydropower is expected to be in addition,7
+summary of recommendations for increasing labour utilisation cont one issue that appears to have caused the jump in labour force participation and employment at the time of the replacement of the october household survey by the labour force survey is that coverage of agriculture especially subsistence agriculture improved among the many analyses of south africa s unemployment problem are bhorat kingdon and knight and baneijee et a i the low unemployment rate shown in table for those with no education and to a lesser extent to those with some or completed primary but no secondary education probably reflects the greater tendency of those groups to be in subsistence activities or discouraged and thus classified as not in the labour force,8
+mexico s banobras national bank of works and public services and turkey s ilbank bank of provinces are examples of development banks that provide financing to local governments for investment projects and that could be of inspiration to kazakhstan these banks finance public investment in infrastructure and public services that contribute to social development and competitiveness local authorities are accountable only to higherlevel government bodies and do not serve at the will of citizens makhmutova in sngs expenditure accounted for of gdp average in oecd countries and of public expenditure in oecd countries in table,11
+nevertheless there are frequent cases of late payment of wasterelated invoices by municipalities and an associated accumulation of arrears in a similar vein a financial guarantee is required for the operation of installations of treatment and processing of hazardous industrial medical and pharmaceutical waste there are provisions for fines in the event of noncompliance with the established legal standards,6
+however these results only indicate the existence of some sort of collaboration not its frequency or intensity nevertheless they are noteworthy because most innovation is incremental and involves smallscale change which would not necessarily require collaboration with universities and government research institutions there is also considerable diversity in all countries with available data large firms report more cooperation with higher education or government institutions than smes,9
+individuals are considered as fuel poor if they have required fuel costs that are above the median level and would be left with a residual income below the official poverty line if they were to spend that amount the number of households in fuel poverty is of the same order of magnitude under the current official measure where fuel poverty is defined by required fuel costs exceeding of income more than million individuals in nearly million households are affected in and the fuel poverty gap is billion defined as the amounts by which the assessed energy needs of fuel poor households exceed the threshold for reasonable costs hills current policies are estimated to reduce the fuel poverty gap by only,10
+in terms of value the biggest export market for chinese taipeis fisheries products was japan followed by thailand and the peoples republic of china in while in terms of export volume thailand was the biggest market china was the biggest exporter to the chinese taipei s market followed by viet nam japan peru and noiway,14
+it promotes the implementation of a strategy that considers both consumptive uses of water and the protection of the environment within a framework of public participation the plan also lays down the principles of a management of water at the river basin scale with a priority regarding the conservation of land and aquatic ecosystems as part of the large hydrologic cycle covering the extraction of water to its discharge the strategy explicitly underlines the need to set official prohibition for maximum extraction to ensure water balance,6
+also national food security evaluations depend on this information since they determine the quantity of food that is actually available for consumption intraregional flows are particularly important as they impact availability in importing as well as in exporting countries even in the absence of trade or with only small quantities traded across borders market integration creates interdependence,2
+per capita fish consumption is expected to increase in all continents with asia showing the fastest growth in contrast with previous outlook reports for the first time a slight increase is projected for africa lower feed and crude oil prices reduced production and transportation costs enhancing african aquaculture production and imports,14
+in addition to difficulties linked to implementation there are other barriers to learning from me processes box in the context of crosssectoral mainstreaming the convention on biological diversity cbd th conference of the parties cop decision xiii invites parties to enhance monitoring of the use of natural resources such as land soil and water in all sectors including agriculture forests fisheries and aquaculture and tourism among others and to improve data collection management and public access to monitoring data cbd c para g though it is difficult to determine whether more recent biodiversity mainstreaming efforts have been effective indicators to monitor this are beginning to emerge this chapter therefore examines the types of indicators that could be used to track progress on biodiversity mainstreaming,15
+for example fastgrowing cities in viet nam as elsewhere lack public transport to accommodate travel from suburb to suburb as opposed to a purely radial system designed to move people only between a given suburb and the core of the city in addition silo approaches in which the transport sector lacks coordination with other sectors such as construction land use and housing development often create a spatial mismatch between the demand and supply of public transport resulting in inefficient public transport networks and perpetuating inequality housing will be built in areas where land is cheaper meaning most frequently that lowincome residents will be located in outlying and peripheral areas where public transport is either nonexistent or is so expensive that ridership is limited and investment is accordingly difficult to mobilise indeed nearby municipalities may come into conflict with one another if they perceive that a neighbour is lacking in commitment to transport integration or is unwilling to invest in a way that is equitable to all partners,11
+bosnia and herzegovina montenegro and serbia for for tire former yugoslav republic of macedonia and for for kosovo as seen from their average score of figure the see economies need to improve their legal institutional and policy frameworks for employee training doing so would encourage enterprises to offer regular training to their employees while there are legal provisions in their respective labour laws which either oblige an employer to provide training under specific circumstances or not to discriminate against an employee who would like to take on training there are no other measures in place that offer incentives to enterprises,8
+the policy measures suggested below however are those specifically related to food access and availability it is particularly important to address the multiple food insecurities that women and girls face this may require among other measures the review and amendment of legislation and practices to ensure gender equality concerning inheritance and ownership of productive resources so that women s equal right to food is explicitly protected public distribution systems should offer a wide variety of locally produced foods and also include secondary crops such as corn millets and sorghum,2
+they then assume that the needs of the recipients of these services are the same across all countries by using the average of per capita spending amounts they recalculate the equivalence scale and test the sensitivity on inequality outcomes of this adaptation of the equivalence scale below these approaches are applied empirically in order to test the sensitivity of the results for applying alternative equivalence scales figure a shows the gini coefficients for cash and extended income with three equivalence scales for this last income concept this is the case for all countries,10
+problems emerged in situations where irrigation expansion followed individual plans and decisions as individual entrepreneurs failed to factor in the consequences of their decisions on the local community the objective was to define an institutional framework or policy tool that could provide for the revision of water entitlements revisit the first come first served practice and grant local farming communities the capacity to selfmanage the policy positions were developed arising from the consultative process and under the strong political guidance of the minister of water affairs to guide the reform the department of water affairs in consultation with stakeholders on a national and regional basis developed a set of underlying principles,6
+the highest unemployment rates are among the younger people to years of age and are four times those of the adult population see figure a the unemployment rates reported on the basis of household surveys in colombia panama and the dominican republic included hidden unemployment the figures for argentina correspond to greater buenos aires for bolivia to eight main cities and el alto for uruguay to urban areas and for paraguay to asuncion and central department as reported in a recent study by eclac and the iberoamerican youth organization ou on the current situation of young people eclacoij it is precisely the poorest young people who are most affected by unemployment around the average rate of unemployment among young people between and years of age belonging to the poorest per capita income quintile was slightly over a percentage which decreases gradually to reach among young people in the richest quintile,8
+between and the incidence did not vary significantly from one group to another so the gaps remained constant in the incidence among couple households without children was around while it was among singleperson households the highest incidence of extreme poverty was found in singleparent households,1
+as the penang selfevaluation report notes higher education institutions in the region do not have courses that are especially designed to meet the needs of the penang region or are drawn upon based upon the specific characteristics of penang there is no systematic regional strategy at the federal supraregional northern corridor economic region or state levels to engage higher education institution in addressing the region s human resource challenges the engagement of the universiti sains malaysia usm in the region is largely a consequence of being the largest institution in the region not a result of deliberate strategy of the institution or region,4
+the cocaine was found diluted in drums of sunflower oil believed to have originated in the plurinational state of bolivia the seizure seems to confirm the existence of new routes and markets for cocaine which recently seem to be finding its way into countries in south asia according to experts most of the heroin seized in bangladesh was either manufactured in india or originated in afghanistan and smuggled through india,3
+with the advent of digital and computational technologies tv sets extended their capabilities to become a more general user interface for selecting and retr ieving content such collaboration does not mean replacement of one network by the other rather it creates an environment in which both systems can coexist independently or cooperatively a telecommunication service on the other hand provides personalized delivery of data requested by the users or by extension their media systems nowadays consumers expect this to be available irrespective of user location any place and at any moment of time any time,9
+their findings indicate that the methodology that is generally used in empirical studies on growth poverty and inequality usually overestimates the effects of growth on poverty this implies that economic crises or economic booms have less of an influence on poverty than they are generally assumed to have this supports the focus on raising incomes which has been the preferred strategy for fighting poverty in brazil they find that the growth of mean income and income distribution are sufficient to account for a large part of the variations in poverty rates observed at the state level in brazil,1
+in order to estimate the financial burden of ades in germany stark et al based the cost study on a model originating from the american healthcare system their estimations quantified health care costs related to ades emerging from ambulator care settings to a total of million or of german health expenditure in almost was due to hospitalisations to emergency department visits and the remaining from expenditures made in longterm care however these costs are only approximations,3
+all requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to riehtsoecdore the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law much of this rise has reflected a widening dispersion of labour income it seems that the benefits of economic growth have not been shared equally across all parts of the population,10
+a national monitoring programme for biodiversity in israel marag was also completed in the red book of vertebrates has been published and updated periodically and the red book of flora has been compiled with data collected from a year monitoring field survey of israel s botanic heritage the survey was conducted by the rotem israel plant information center which developed an ecological database of israel s flora including some records concerning the distribution and phenology of native plants,15
+in all these cases a clear target and transparent plan of action should be set over a longterm horizon in california the sustainable groundwater management act relies on semiautonomous management in groundwater bodies all groundwater bodies have to reach sustainability objectives by but they have the liberty to decide how to get there see box in the case of water quality risks denmark has been introducing a targeted regulation for nitrate pollution into groundwater imposing more strict oversight on farming zones that are more likely to lead to increased groundwater pollution hojberg,6
+measures to address and eliminate vaw are discussed in the context of national legislation national policy instruments and country reports submitted by states to the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women cedaw committee among other measures taken by individual states rapedefilement any form of nonconsensual sexual intercourse this can include the invasion of any part of the body with a sexual organ andor the invasion of the genital or anal opening with any object or body part,5
+a prominent example is the track and trace case for tuna to combat illegal fishing using devices for tracing eg rfid tags qr codes nfc devices or cameras information about the fish can be collected at almost any point throughout the supply chain visser and hanich as the data is recorded on a transparent and immutable registry each fish can be tracked back to its origin by respective regulators ngos and consumers the technical implementation of this use case can be applied to other natural capital in agriculture livestock and forestry,9
+properly interpreted these data should also reveal the relationship between informal working and childcare likewise more general timeuse data need to be considered in public employment programmes ensuring that the policies needed to accommodate womens situation do not tend to reinforce gender roles and maintain the current distribution of time use in households furthermore these data should provide the state with the information it needs to encourage greater participation by men in care and parenting for example by means of paternity leave which is part of labour regulation policy employment is what gives access to social security in latin america and disadvantages women in the labour market because the time they spend on unpaid work also undermines their social security position the average economic value a housewife generates each month by her unpaid work should underpin such integration unescap,5
+since its founding the university has made great strides in the quality and breadth of its academic and research programmes quality of its academic staff and in undergraduate and graduate enrolments designation as an apex university a designation to become one of the top performing higher education institutions worldwide in international ranking is a singular achievement mohe in its vision as an apex university the universiti sains malaysia has set forth an impressive agenda transforming higher education for a sustainable tomorrow usm,4
+and it requires a keen focus on social issues so that it is not only wellplaced people and businesses that can benefit from newlyfavoured areas for example the proposal to reduce ghg emissions from the livestock sector makes broad sense in principle given its contribution to ethiopia s ghg emissions but in practice some of the crge s plans notably to shift beef producers to poultry production are extremely challenging,13
+another bds service that needs to be expanded is support to help women transfer their businesses from the informal sector to the formal sector they could also leverage technology and social media as vehicles for providing support to women who wish to manage work schedules and family commitments more successfully by starting a homebased business in addition bds staff directly involved in delivering training advisory counselling or other bds services should be given opportunities to gain experience and knowledge and learn about best practices in the promotion and support of small businesses and women entrepreneurs in particular,5
+government health services principally serve those from the low and middleincome strata whereas private facilities mainly serve the smaller subset of wealthier households and take up a significant share of overall health spending indeed south africa relies more on voluntary private health insurance financially than any other country in the world yet experience from both oecd and nonoecd countries shows that voluntary private health insurance rarely provides adequate coverage for the poor and those most prone to serious illness and often has high administrative costs,3
+indeed in the united states and in europe the average probability for male founded companies to receive any funding is equal to however in the united states the gender gap is slightly less pronounced female founded companies are likely to get funding while in europe they are less than both male and female founded companies in asia have a lower probability to get funding around and the difference between both types is not significant in europe this figure is similar but the gap is not significant in asia,5
+the czech republic cancelled plans to temporarily increase duration and replacement rates for some unemployed because of pressure on public finances poland continued with a reform to improve the effectiveness of activation by increasing benefit levels in the first three months of receipt a change in early reduced duration from to months since mid income support specifically targeted at workers receiving training was introduced or extended in several countries australia japan turkey and the united states,8
+in much the same way that shifting wealth raises concerns about inequality in countries with strong growth notable reductions in absolute poverty levels prompt questions about the evolution of relative poverty these comparisons are all the more interesting given the wide variation in relative poverty within the group of oecd member countries see oecd a figure displays measures of relative poverty for selected emerging and developing countries that have achieved significant reduction in absolute poverty and compares them on the same measures with a variety of oecd members,1
+shortly after on september he hosted a summit on climate change to promote leaderlevel engagement in the final push towards a global agreement in copenhagen the summit presided over by danish prime minister lars lokke rasmussen attracted what was then the largestever number of heads of state and government to gather and focus specifically on climate change while negotiations made little progress throughout the fall the unprecedented engagement of global leaders the private sector and civil society on the issue the unequivocal urgency of the issue according to science and the election of barack obama as united states president led many to think that an ambitious outcome to cop was assured while this was beginning to change world leaders still lacked confidence about what or how their country could contribute to climate change mitigation in addition deep mistrust prevailed between developed and developing countries,13
+governments are advised to intervene when there is evidence of underinvestment in education and training repayments are not required in periods of low income and the costs of investment are repaid when the returns materialise spain new zealand south africa and the united kingdom also have successful schemes this direct funding is justified by the benefits that skills development brings to society,4
+on average across the countries for which data are available of workers earned at or below the minimum wage in the latest year for which comparable data are available at latvia s share was more than twice as high and also higher than in any other of the european countries shown in figure as a result changes in minimumwage provisions can be expected to have a strong impact on the labour market,8
+national parks had a physical plan which the government recognized was inadequate in providing management solutions the management authority and protected area directors are now responsible for developing protected area management plans protected areas in croatia are obliged to have management plans of the eight national parks five have management plans two have plans in the final consultation phase and one is establishing a draft management plan eight of the eleven nature parks have management plans visitor management is included in the management plan framework,15
+among other good practices this also required changes in species composition such as replacing hybrid poplars which have damaged the soil with willows and prunus avium wild cherry tree the agreement of the cocacola bottling plant with local forest owners in portugal is a good example payments were made for the owners to maintain their forests in good condition to keep thetagua reservoir pure,15
+in the second year the programme was funded by private donations the programme has already attracted international attention winning the sozialmarie prize for social innovation in unruhe privatstiftung oi the programme seeks to help participants orient themselves in the school system while also gaining further qualifications,4
+this provides a powerful impetus for the traditional drr community seeking to redress practice that has for many years seen ex ante action articulating the complex risk drivers from which disasters materialize eclipsed by action responding to the manifestation of disasters translating this shift into informed systemsbased decisionmaking investment and practice in all contexts and at all scales and reflecting this in local to national strategies is arguably the principal preoccupation of this community contexts in which humanitarian response and drr are implemented are therefore more complicated and challenging than is often acknowledged or represented in policy and programmatic documents,11
+an example is the maharashtra life skills programme in india which taught girls about social institutions life skills and health including child health and nutrition pande et al quality schooling provides a viable alternative to marriage for some girls by providing them with social networks and raising their expectations of their own lives weak schools can contribute to parents views that marriage is the best place for their daughters,5
+this could suggest that the high level of points attributed to gps for mental health services successfully rendered encourages patient selection and the deliberate exclusion of more difficult cases from the data concerns have also been expressed that gps are directing attention away from activity not rewarded by the qof and as such care delivery quality is declining in some areas cashin in june there were concerns raised about the depression indicators and their incentive to improve diagnoses of depression the qof indicators included incentives to follow up assessments and depression checks following diagnoses and to perform depression screening for patients on the diabetes register but they offer no incentives for increasing or improving depression screening across patients,3
+water governance gaps in the venice cityregion cont but coordination capacity horizontal or vertical is relatively weak the region is responsible for monitoring water quality in areas upstream from the lagoon whereas discharges and enforcement including finespenalties are the responsibility of the provinces water quality monitoring in the lagoon on the other hand is carried out by a combination of central government regional and municipal agencies in this context the link between upstream and downstream impacts and coordination of effective monitoring and enforcement is attenuated,6
+the ministry of transport and the ministry of environment and physical planning are responsible for improving water supply and the ministry of health is entrusted with monitoring the quality of drinking water through the public health centres water is managed in cities and some rural areas through the public enterprises of communal hygiene under the ministry of transport while of the population relies on piped water systems managed by the municipalities and on local sources of water but water quality is often not a priority for rural municipalities,6
+costa rica is considering for example whether local taxes could fund some health care services such as primary care sin taxes on alcohol tobacco and other products are also being discussed formally defined user charges or copayments may also be an option at the margin to substitute and better target rising levels of oop spending by encouraging use of highvalue services and discouraging unnecessary care,3
+in contrast while least developed countries and small island developing states are more likely to need to improve their physical infrastructure to primarily strengthen social infrastructure landlocked developing countries need to join regional infrastructure networks as part of regional connectivity and integration and thus improve the flow of goods and services across borders for example of the million people living in the csn of the region million people still lack access to improved water sources in rural areas million people lack access to improved sanitation million people lack access to electricity and million people out of million people in csn lack access to the internet the csn therefore need to improve the availability and quality of infrastructure thus even though some countries may face greater development challenges than others they may demonstrate better infrastructure performance than countries that are naturally more advantaged,9
+evidence and data for gender equality edge is a threeyear initiative led by the united nations statistics division and un women in collaboration with the food and agriculture organization of the united nations the world bank the asian development bank the african development bank and the organisation for economic cooperation and development oecd one example is the measurement of gender pay gaps besides the difficulties in measuring these gaps for selfemployed workers the raw unadjusted gender pay gap as presented in annex captures the difference between mens and womens earnings but does not tell us enough about the underlying drivers of gender inequality in pay,5
+since this effect implies a transfer of norms from host to sending country the sign of the correlation is expected to differ according to the discrimination levels in destination countries according to these expected links male and female migration may have the same effect on gender inequality at home with a higher effect of female migration due to the first channel of transmission more precisely the net migration flows by sex and country of origin in are used as dependent variable to distinguish the effect of discriminatory social institutions between female and male emigration subsamples are used,5
+constant changes in law structure and leadership as well as the lack of investment in human and technical resources had a negative influence on the forestry sector of georgia due to a lack of a clearly defined strategy and action plan the establishment of a sustainable forest management system was impossible during this period in december the parliament of georgia adopted the national forest concept georgias first national forest policy which was developed with strong stakeholder participation,15
+a closer look at these differences will be pursued in greater detail below third there are perception factors which play out at the household level females are seen as a smaller loss for an agricultural household more reliable remitters more assertive in collecting their earned salary from their employers and being less frequently harassed by police than males,5
+hungary has among the highest rates of amenable mortality in the eu suggesting large scope to improve access to timely and effective health care for lifethreatening conditions strengthening primary care and prevention is are key challenges to improve population health and reduce health inequalities the life expectancy at birth of hungarian men is almost seven years shorter than that of women years compared to years,3
+within those states water is withdrawn and delivered for irrigation by both private and public purveyors many landowners withdraw groundwater from private wells and irrigate without restrictions on pumping rates or volumes some states have groundwater management programs in which withdrawals are limited and new wells cannot be constructed without permits while other states do not impose restrictions many private and public irrigation entities also withdraw groundwater often for supplementing surface water supplies boards of directors comprised of landowners in the district hire managers who are responsible for hiring staff members to operate and maintain canals and deliver water to farmers at reasonable cost and with good reliability these companies and districts must charge prices for water and service that enable them to recover their costs of securing water operating maintaining and repairing their systems and also generate capital replacement and reserve accounts,6
+these strategies should be viewed as complements to the suggested reforms to the housing finance system generally speaking this can be achieved by encouraging withincity development activity andor discouraging construction outside the existing city limits to that end policy makers could make infill and redevelopment cheaper by reducing regulations and streamlining permits and other administrative procedures,11
+the new basel iii banking regulations are expected to have a very negative impact on the type of longterm project financing required to fund clean technology the new requirements will force banks to hold more equity on their balance sheets for higher risk lending and it is predicted that the longterm capital commitments associated with clean energy infrastructure projects could become too expensive for banks to finance current expectations are that conditions for bank loans and refinancing will likely become much less favourable and more expensive,7
+the trend of the prevalence of overweight is almost stable with a slight decrease in and with respect to the previous rounds the prevalence of obesity shows instead a steadily decreasing trend however profound regional differences still remain with southern regions such as calabria campania and molise showing rates of overweight and obesity above while northern regions remain below the okkio report identifies large regional differences in the availability of gyms in schools initiatives for the promotion of healthier eating habits and the percentage of schools that offer lunch which is generally thought to result in healthier meals below in the south compared to in the north,3
+building on this reform kazakhstan may consider in the long term the election of akimats at all levels including those of astana and almaty through the maslikhats rather than appointment by the central government a reform of this kind would increase the responsiveness of local governments to their citizens through democratic institutions since members of the maslikhat are publicly elected the aim would be to reinforce the weak local authorities and councils this would be comparable to the netherlands where mayors are indirectly elected,11
+the mosaic enterprise challenge of the prince s trust in the united kingdom is an annual interschool competition where students aged years with mentor support learn about establishing and running a business through a business simulation game the winning team is then supported in developing and launching their business idea prince s trust these courses allow reaching more disadvantaged groups that are less likely to attend higher education institutions,9
+in the highest sti incidence rates were registered in bayankhongor cases per domod sukhbaatar khuvsgul govialtai tuv govisumber and domogovi aimags and ulaanbaatar city the morbidity of trichomoniasis was higher in domod bayankhongor bulgan and sukhbaatar aimags and ulaanbaatar city and was higher there than the national average and aimag average the incidence of hiv infection has slowly increased in mongolia since,3
+it discusses how innovation is defined and measured and how the concept has broadened to include nontechnological activities such as organisational change and marketing it presents a selection of data and indicators which show that not only rd but various other inputs are needed for effective innovation it looks at how the innovation process has opened up and why collaboration has become a key to innovation,9
+it can facilitate costeffective access to energy in rural and remote areas improve energy security and decrease excessive reliance on fossilfuel imports and stimulate technology transfer and innovation across the clean energy value chain given the current strains on public finances reform options must focus on ways of leveraging private investment at an unparalleled scale and pace an important challenge is the need for coherent and consistent signals across different policy areas which traditionally do not take climaterelated objectives into account,7
+recognition of the urgency of moving towards sustainable development pathways comes at times when warming of the climate is unequivocal intergovernmental panel on climate change l e p spm and is increasing the likelihood of severe pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems ibid the evidence points to the great economic human and environmental losses brought about by climate hazards which if left unattended are likely to continue the survey addresses the challenges of strengthening the capacity of countries and people to avoid development reversals from those hazards recent data suggest that the world has already warmed celsius from preindustrial levels and will continue to experience warming even if greenhouse gas emissions were immediately brought to a complete halt intergovernmental panel on climate change,13
+partly owing to the invention of the techniques described above partly owing to renewed concerns about the social costs of energy production and consumption ranging from local air pollution over climate change to security of supply a number of largescale studies on the external costs of energy were thus funded and undertaken estimating fuel cycle externalities coordinated by the oak ridge national laboratory ornl and funded by the united states department of energy usdoe new york state environmental externalities cost study coordinated by rcghagler bailly and funded by the new york state energy research and development authority the empire state electric energy research corp and the electric power research institute epri all these studies are part of a first wave of social cost accounting that had united a sizeable community of competent and committed researchers,7
+similarly imf found that on average about per cent of the potential benefits of public investment are lost due to inefficiencies in the investment process between and the impact of better governance on public sector efficiency was as high as per cent in georgia in the health sector and as high as per cent in indonesia in the education sector escap a moreover as will be discussed in chapter ii good governance could help better leverage private capital for infrastructure development,8
+the original contributions can be found in full in an oecd education working paper peterson a et al amelia petersons first contribution on pedagogy and purpose and hanna dumont s contribution on adaptive teaching are wideranging in scope and cover a broad range of pedagogical approaches these are followed by amelia petersons analyses of combinations of pedagogies where it is discussed the role of networks promoting particular innovative approaches,4
+in the value of tractors leased by agricultural producers was kzt million usd million machinery leasing was concentrated in the grain and oilseed oblasts of akmola region eastkazakhstan and kostanay in the late s the government introduced a state leasing programme which offers preferential leasing and taxation terms for producers chapter production and use of high quality seeds is supported by a number of government subsidies chapter,2
+over that period expenditure per student in primary secondary and postsecondary nontertiary levels increased in most oecd countries by an average of across the oecd with an average increase in expenditure of and a slight decrease in the number of students due to smaller cohorts reaching school age oecd however as noted earlier differences in the quality of education systems can lead to significant differences in the level of skills attained by people with the same level of educational attainment according to findings from the survey of adult skills the magnitude is such that university graduates from countries with lowperforming education systems have skills levels similar to those of students who have attained only secondary education in topperforming countries figure,4
+recently progress has been made to harmonise reporting methodologies used by bilateral and multilateral development banks as well as national development banks in developed and developing countries a common standard and system for tracking international climate finance between its providers and recipients is yet to be developed forstater and rank most respondents regard the development of a monitoring system and impact measurement framework as a precondition for effectively allocating finance,13
+therefore mass media provide an incomplete indication of correlations between events and resulting actions finally human interpretation of specific events could influence data processing and the results of the assessment although this can be reduced somewhat through expert participation among the security of supply aspects evaluated were included cost effectiveness and fuel reserves besides reducing national co emissions nuclear energy in the japanese situation decreases fossil fuel imports and total power generation costs which consequently boosts national macro economy by stimulating consumption through increased investment and lower consumer electricity prices,7
+those schools and projects that participate in innovation programmes with additional funding may be required as a condition of their participation to write up their approaches and materials into handbooks to be shared with others as in the experimental schools chosen by the experiments and entrepreneurship division of the israeli ministry of education the identified longerterm impacts included the value of literature and research as the basis for discussions about innovative practice the validation of innovative practices and in general for enhanced understanding and better design in the case of the austrian nms reform this was achieved through the creation of the national centre for learning schools cls similarly in slovenia the national education institute has been crucial to the reform in partnership with the ministry and the consortia of gymnasia,4
+teaching standards could help to give impetus to reform but only if all stakeholders in the system universities administrators supervisors principals and above all teachers are accountable for putting them into practice there is also a strong perception that the teacher recruitment process is neither fair nor well designed to identify those candidates with the requisite qualities to become a good teacher costa rica has already taken steps to address these challenges in the last five years these need to be accelerated if the country is to ensure that all students are taught by a teacher that is qualified to teach unlike many oecd countries most of the largely private universities providing teaching programmes in costa rica do not have a selective admission process and the number of places available in initial teacher education programmes is not based on a projection of teaching needs,4
+the highest owneroccupancy rates are found in easter european countries largely as a result of the massive selloff of the stateowned housing in the s the social rental housing sector is largest in the netherlands denmark and austria while it basically does not exist in chile mexico and turkey the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law data refer to for austria denmark estonia finland latvia new zealand and the united states to for france and the netherlands to for australia canada the czech republic england germany hungary norway portugal sweden and turkey to for mexico and for japan,11
+for germany the eu commitment is of final energy consumption from res by from in the government fixed a target for electricity consumption by by and by and a target for final energy consumption by by trying to overachieve the targets fixed by eu commitments is inefficient if it requires reducing emissions in those sectors that are already covered by the eu ets on top of the abatement induced by the ets allowance price oecd lb as emissions are capped under the scheme such a policy would not have any impact on total ghg emissions at the eu level as lower german emissions create room under the cap for higher emissions elsewhere,7
+among these resources only shrimp stocks in nafo l and m are in good shape fisheries permits are to be issued for at least ten nets at a time this requirement entered into force in there are no restrictions for foreign capital and foreigners can freely invest in the fish harvesting and processing sectors,14
+the sectoral vision is focused on the agricultural sector rather than on the rural territory a subregional perspective in rural policy is recognised in budgetary planning but a similar recognition does not serve urbanrural project developments one reason for the sectoral approach at the state level is that federal resources to support state and municipal governments are defined according to sectoral objectives rather than in a way that could contribute to consolidating strategic development projects in specific rural areas,11
+governments have a key role as platform and broker as stimulator incentiviser and enabler and they can focus resources set a facilitative policy climate and use accountability and reporting to encourage new practices governments can support the shift in paradigm by setting ambitious goals that foster innovation providing opportunities for autonomy choice and competition empowering agents of change encouraging risktaking and rewarding and giving exposure to success the good news is that our knowledge about what works in education has improved vastly,4
+disputes over water are often related more to the social economic and institutional context than they are to the technical factors governing the availability of water resources in many countries enforcement of legislation is weak and judicial systems are inadequate this is detrimental to sustainable water use and service provision in many ways it reduces economic growth undermines performance and effectiveness discourages investments in the water sector and frustrates stakeholder participation in the decisionmaking process in most oecd countries decisionmaking power over water has been delegated to lower levels of government bottomup demanddriven approaches that combine the experience knowledge and understanding of various local actors need an overall framework for managing mutual dependencies and creating synergy,6
+they show that in the medium term that is until about the positive and negative effects on yields could offset each other at the global level the balance after this date would be increasingly negative as climate change accelerates the data also show that projected impacts of climate change on yields of maize wheat and rice in the second half of the st century are more often negative for tropical regions than for temperate regions however in many locations in temperate regions as well crop yields may decrease porter et al,13
+independent panel review of the doing business report available at http pubdocsworldbankoigen doingbusinessreviewpanelreportjune pdf growth and distributive effects of public infrastructure investments in china in cockbum j dissou y duclos jy andtiberti l infrastructure and economic growth in asia cham,9
+providing safe transport system is an objective for sustainable transport because risk of injuries and deaths from traffic crashes has become a major public health concern worldwide who at the same time safety of pedestrians bicyclists and public transport users also has an impact on the choice of these modes risk to pedestrians bicyclists and public transport users can be reduced by appropriate street designs and neighbourhood environment safer pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure results in increased use of these environment friendly modes tiwari jain,11
+this caveat must be kept in mind while reviewing the results of modelling exercises including those described below the international centre for trade and sustainable development s ictsd recent work focused on ldcs shows that the aggregate impact of a successful doha round on ldc exports will be a measly per cent with wide dispersion of gains and losses across countries figure even if overall gains could be assured for the ldc group the ex post distribution of gains and losses and the absence of a mechanism to compensate losers could effectively wreck support for a doha deal the losses to lesotho and madagascar see figure are precisely due to such preference erosion but it is also clear that not all countries that will see their preferences eroded in an eventual doha deal will actually lose in terms of exports,10
+first because as explained above it may provide a much too low standard of living in a country relative to what is considered freedom from poverty in that country second because it may only identify the very poorest which are not the sole object of antipoverty policy in countries with substantially higher poverty as measured by national criteria and with substantially greater potential for the mobilisation of domestic resources through redistribution that is not to say that a policy maker would not want to know the effect of social policies on the dollaraday poverty headcount but they may not be willing to judge the success or failure of social policy on that count alone however such a solution is impractical because it requires the definition calculation and estimation of poverty depending on the group of countries studied moreover if poverty has an inherent relative component the necessity of using a common absolute poverty line is not borne out by either practice or theory the preference for absolute rather than relative lines to compare poverty between developing countries is often justified by the lexicographic relationship embodied in the hierarchy of capabilities described by atkinson and bourguignon and world bank,1
+similar nimby movements exist against power transmission lines and pipelines in germany there is already a nimby movement against ccs long before its commercialization roehrl and toth in poorer countries higher energy prices typically mean higher food prices and potentially lead to increased poverty social conflict and even revolts,7
+with the introduction of the ehealth system in the availability and use of health information is expected to increase as the system will record health services delivered tests and their results costs and prescription information for each patient by using unique patient identifiers provider coverage is initially limited but the system is envisaged to cover all providers eventually it is intended that the information systems currently used by different providers will be integrated into a single national system,3
+the approach to municipal mergers is a combination of voluntary and forced voluntary mergers include some that cut across county boundaries stfoldakershus and akershusbuskerud sweden has established a parliamentary committee in charge of investigating ways to strengthen the capacity of municipalities to meet new societal needs which is scheduled to submit its proposal by,11
+average farm size in china has been at slightly more than half a hectare for some time around hectares more interestingly and important in terms of improving family welfare the average dependence of farm families on production income has steadily declined in china and now represents less than a third of household total income huang wang and qiu nonfarm income shares for chinese farm households increased from in to in to in table,2
+the oecd environmental outlook to oecd b projects that by the number of people living in areas affected by severe water stress will increase by another billion from the baseline to an estimated billion people of the world population mostly in nonoecd countries over the last century water use has increased sixfold while population has increased at only a half of that rate bergkamp and sadoff changes in patterns of withdrawal from nature and consumption are therefore also a major part of the problem while this may have partly resulted from policies that favoured more efficient water use and its decoupling from economic and population growth in some countries demand has had to shrink in response to drought,6
+the use is mainly for domestic purposes for industry for agriculture and for thermal abstraction x mj groundwater is used mainly for drinking water supply as well as some for irrigation and industry population density inhabitantskm some of the aquifer area is cropland and urban industrial area,6
+the interviews demonstrated that the more closely teachers and school leaders worked with the det the stronger this perception was some teachers and school leaders even said that due to the afl programme they had a better impression of the directorate than ever before some school leaders stated that they felt that for the first time someone from the central level was actually interested in what they were doing one school leader was also actively involved in a det resource group,4
+indicators of monetary poverty and multidimensional poverty are the most important poverty can be measured in absolute terms a cutoff income line below which individuals are not able to afford a bundle of predefined basic goods or in relative terms with the relative poverty line defined as a percentage usually or of median income in addition sen argues that the right approach for assessing the standard of living is to focus not on basic commodities or utility but on capabilities or functionings,1
+relying on a very small fraction of staple crops for our diet has dire implications for both food security and nutrition the lack of genetic diversity within the gene pools of the dominant cultivated crops leavesagricultural systems vulnerable to pests diseases and other abiotic stresses agricultural sustainability relies on a healthy interaction between agriculture and nature,2
+they can easily undermine reforms in the implementation phase while blaming policy makers for having attempted misguided reforms in the first place and teachers in many countries are well organised but in fairness many teachers have suffered from years of incoherent reforms that disrupt rather than improve education practice because they prioritise variable political interests over the needs of learners and educators many of these efforts to reform do not draw on the expertise and experience of teachers themselves,4
+consequently the fora in which energy issues are identified and potential solutions proposed are likely to have an inadvertent male bias unido and un women in addition to the leadership gap the share of women in the workforce in the energy sector is generally quite low reflecting gendered social norms women and children perform a large share of the unpaid work required to collect biomass fuels with differences according to regions and types of fuel depending on region season and availability average biomass collection time in africa is estimated at four to ten hours per week world lp gas association matinga,7
+taking a close look at the interplay between different public actors involved in water policy making the chapter diagnoses seven major multilevel governance gaps based on selected indicators and data collection from the oecd survey on water governance taking stock of existing principles guidelines indicators indexes and checklists for good governance in the water sector the oecd has designed a framework that identifies seven common multilevel governance gaps these have been used to assess based on selected proxies the relative importance of the different multilevel governance challenges in the water sectors of oecd countries oecd this chapter uses the same framework to appraise the level of territorial and institutional fragmentation in the lac countries covered by this study,6
+the plans have to specify the information to be provided to the public in the case of an accident some cities such as barranquilla and cartagena have successfully implemented the unepapell awareness and preparedness for emergencies at local level programme led by the business sector however it is not clear if the cars are sufficiently equipped to provide adequate oversight of industry s efforts to prevent and respond to chemical accidents the existing arrangements and associated resource requirements should be reviewed and strengthened,12
+more generally access to credit for business startups should be improved for example by easing collateral constraints in order to reduce labour market frictions south africa continues to need more urban housing and public transport infrastructure financial assistance with transport for job search could also help overcome capital constraints faced by poor jobseekers in remote locations,8
+in a dynamic dialogue with their own female representatives the legislature and the public parties gradually grasped that gender quotas matched public expectations the realisation was driven home by mounting evidence as female representation in elected bodies started gradually to grow in the wake of parties voluntary adoption of quotas in the s and to dismantle the stereotypical view of women as incapable of leadership reacting to the public and to the legislature s enabling culture parties came to recognise gender quotas and gender equality as an issue and managed to include it in national legislative debate,5
+when we examine the ols results for all women together and do not differentiate between the informal and formal sectors we find a motherhood wage penalty that increases with the number of children for one child for two children and for three or more children as predicted the estimated coefficients associated with motherhood and children are not significant in the formal sector in other words the hypothesis that there would not be a motherhood wage penalty in the formal sector is consistent with the empirical evidence,5
+in the past decade kazakhstan made important gains in gender equality with the enactment of the law on state guarantees of equal rights and equal opportunities for men and women and the law on the prevention of domestic violence there have been also important advances in women s participation in public life in kazakhstan with the current share of women in the house of representatives at other areas of achievement include womens integration in the labour market and entrepreneurial activity and significant drop of maternal death rates kazakhstan is close to gender parity in access to primary and secondary education with net enrolment of girls in primary education in and ranks among the top countries in this area,5
+this means that it is possible to work with key stakeholders and gain experience in the development of watersharing regimes in a few trial areas trading in entitlements and in allocations would be allowed and encouraged once experience is gained and the capacity to manage the transition from the current regime to a more flexible one is improved the approach could then be rolled out across all regions in the netherlands where water use needs to be limited as appropriate,6
+barriers can also emerge when mobility within shorter distances is low due to lack of mass transit which can limit job opportunities and also access to retraining due to the heterogeneity of challenges across states and localities policy tailored to the local level is needed but coordination is also required to ensure policy effectiveness unemployment which had jumped to of the labour force at the worst of the crisis has receded to close to slightly below its precrisis level,8
+men and boys are much more likely to collect water when they can use mechanized transport like bikes scooters and trucks a survey of water collection in mongolia showed that in ulaanbaatar men made up the majority of water collectors across all forms of water collection but were particularly prominent in water collection by vehicle and by animal hawkins and seager in of urban households that collected water by vehicle men were the sole collectors and in urban households that used horses to collect water only men performed this task,6
+but as absolute poverty began to recede into history the idea of measuring relative poverty was struggling to be born todays comforts and conveniences he argued are yesterdays luxuries and tomorrows necessitiesthis proposal has yet to find full acceptance in the united states see box the united states redrawing the line townsend also pioneered the use of nonmonetary indicators to measure poverty and deprivation,1
+the experience with the surge in international market cereal prices illustrated the unreliability of some of these trading relationships as export restrictions by india and pakistan contributed to higher prices for consumers in bangladesh and afghanistan dorosh liberalising agricultural trade within a regional agreement needs strong political will and countries have to be prepared to give up some autonomy in designing and implementing their domestic food policies with governments committed to pursue interventionist policies to stabilise prices regional trade flows are often sacrificed when they appear to stand in the way of national food security despite the longerterm costs,2
+the rightsbased approach is also used for the study comparing child wellbeing in oecd countries carried out in the context of the unicef innocenti report cards and on child wellbeing in rich countries bradshaw et al many studies have used relative deprivation by defining deprivation based on the overall distribution of the indicators selected eg barnes and wright bradshaw et al notten and roelen zelinsky similarly barnes and wright define child poverty as the lack of items essential for children to have an acceptable standard of living,1
+significant increases in water tariffs have taken place or are planned in all sectors and lower prices for effluent and brackish water encourage their use for irrigation a quota of potable water is allocated to the agricultural sector each year farmers who opt to exchange part of this quota for alternative sources can secure the volume of wastewater they will procure at a fixed price the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law,6
+evidence demonstrates that when a critical mass of women participates in decisionmaking their contributions and needs are more likely to be recognized and addressed even though attention has largely focused on womens leadership and participation in national parliaments there is a pressing need to realize women s leadership throughout the daily lives of all africans in the home in the economy and markets and in society as broadly defined reducing inequalities in access to health and education in addition to giving women greater choice in family decisionmaking can have significant benefits for women and important intergenerational benefits,5
+finally to unleash the full potential of universities in regional and local development it is necessary reform the university governance in spain by strengthening the institutional autonomy of universities and building effective accountability structures continuing collaboration between regional and local governments private sector and tertiary education institutions is necessary,4
+in addition in a large group of countries electricity is in state hands apart from the bolivarian republic of venezuela which renationalized the private firms the public sector tends to dominate in the smaller economies where monopoly situations are also more likely to exist owing to the difficulty of introducing competition between participating agents in ecuador and paraguay state domination is complete whereas in the case of uruguay the public enterprise administration nacional de usinas y trasmisiones electricas ute controls transmission distribution and all generation except that using biomass and wind power although no new privatizations or nationalizations of electricity firms are foreseen in many economies of the region private investment has increased in the markets that were open to receive this encouraged by promising sector growth prospects and stable regulatory frameworks that are attractive for investors moreover the emergence of new renewable energy sources has also opened up new opportunities for private participation see section e,7
+women in politics are sometimes portrayed as being morally loose they face sexual harassment and other threats young unmarried women are especially susceptible to such threats some women who aspire to go into politics may face violence from their own parties and opposition candidates in some cases women often must hire their own security this adds to the costs of campaigning beyond that it raises the importance of girls education it has been a psychological torture to tolerate such humiliation,5
+however women s labour market participation and employment still remains significantly lower than men s in the oecd area the gender gap in employment tended to converge in the s thanks to higher employment growth rates for women compared to men and to remain constant in the period from to in the early years of the recent economic crisis in most oecd countries gender gaps in employment shrank mostly due to heavy job losses in maledominated sectors,5
+these concerns were already raised at the early stages of nuclear energy development and have contributed to the creation of special liability regimes and international conventions applicable in the case of a nuclear accident the analysis is limited to a subset of damage ie fatalities morbidity evacuation costs and economic consequences of oil spills conventions the international convention on civil liability for oil pollution damage civil liability convention and the international convention on the establishment of an international fund for compensation for oil pollution damage fund convention together with the protocol of to the fund convention supplementary fund protocol,7
+in the forest sector accounted for of gdp employed over people and had an annual turnover of nearly usd billion about twothirds of the flora and fauna found in poland are associated with forest environments the bialowieza forest is the only primeval forest remaining in europe,15
+entrepreneurship support activities at the gdarisk university of technology date back to the faculty of management and economics played a leading role promoting this field of activity recent faculty efforts to gather individual activities have led to the creation of the entrepreneurial vehicle initiative which seeks to increase the number of students interested in entrepreneurship as a career option to enhance entrepreneurial innovative and creative ways of thinking amongst students professors and researchers and to develop entrepreneurial skills and knowhow,8
+the mbisc delivers green skills training with a focus on ecofriendly building techniques and sustainability the northern sydney institute for example has adopted an environmental policy committing it to establishing promoting and maintaining a culture of environmental responsibility both within the institute and in the wider community nsi this institute has been accredited with iso for environmental management systems observing on its website that it is the only tafe institute to achieve and maintain this international standard the sydney institute publishes a sustainability report card on its website sydney institute which includes highlights such as the establishment of green skills forums and projects to work with industry annual reductions in its environmental footprint and the creation of new training facilities for workers in the green economy,7
+many african countries have made either slow progress in this regard or experienced stagnating neonatal mortality rates the situation is worse for the large rural populations of africa that have poor access to and utilization of maternal and newborn health services health problems from dangerous alcohol use arise in the form of acute and chronic conditions and adverse social consequences are common when they are associated with alcohol consumption world health organization,3
+the recent issuance of new licenses that address earlier differences among gsm license terms while authorising the introduction of broadband wireless services can boost the level of competition the government could consider unifying licenses to make them technology and service neutral to encourage service providers to develop innovative services and leverage advanced technologies the license award process should be transparent and competitive,9
+collection systems dedicated for plastic waste can be organised and practically operated in different ways dependent on the country the legislation behind the collection and recycling and the actors involved plastic waste can also be collected for recycling as part of another waste stream where the target fractions might not necessarily be plastics this is the case for example endoflife vehicles elvs and waste electrical and electronic equipment weee the opposite is when the waste stream is meant to completely constitut of plastics such as the plastic packaging waste stream,12
+standard services include but are not limited to marketing assistance legal and financial advisory mentoring and access to business networks the ability to acknowledge and highlight existing gender differences issues and inequalities and integrate these into strategies and actions world bank gender and development a trainer s manual gendersensitive approaches use specific methods and tools to provide women more opportunities for their participation in the development process,5
+this more open approach to innovation however is not without transaction costs eg sourcing and processing of new knowledge and even financial costs eg purchasing of knowledge quilts of denmark collaborated with nasa in order to optimise inhouse innovation the quilts made by quilts of denmark are based on knowledge provided by sleep researchers who tell quilts of denmark about the real needs for quilts eg temperature regulation in relation to insomnia quilts of denmark worked on a technology for regulating the temperature in quilts but it was not completely successful,9
+health and public assistance programmes are also extended to the municipalities and locations with the highest incidence of extreme poverty achieving the goal of overcoming extreme poverty makes it necessary to break with many other paradigms for example poor and extremely poor microentrepreneurs have no knowledge of financial services nor do they feel comfortable in a banking environment,1
+develop an efficient affordable and cleaner transport system that is flexible enough to adopt and integrate at the appropriate time new transport technologies eg efficient andor electric vehicles cleaner fuels efficient ships utilising renewable energy that are proven and commercially viable review import regulations and taxes to promote imports of energy efficient cars and introduce improved fuel standards closely monitor international aviation and shipping emission agreement negotiations and electric vehicle developments picking any single technology winner eg electric vehicles marine energy biofuels or offshore wind should be avoided,7
+for example premiums from agricultural producers mainly largescale rubber plantations and dairy operations make up only of revenue for the stateowned bao viet group tran c the high risk of natural disasters and epidemics mean that insurance premiums are quite high out of reach for many farm households at the same time insurance offers an attractive policy option for dealing with risk and thereby encouraging production to overcome this dilemma a threeyear pilot insurance programme was introduced in and provided through two stateowned insurance companies bao viet and bao minh the established insurance premium is subsidised by the government on a progressive scale for poor farming households for farming households just above the poverty line for other farming households and for agricultural production organisations,2
+it promotes downshifting exoticism or agricultural experiences using the learning by doing method finland and sweden are members of eceat and have national websites which present resorts available it promotes local travel experiences by creating innovative packages customized to the needs of the customer,11
+these plans are the primary instrument for planning managing and coordinating local development they integrate a diagnosis of the socioeconomic characteristics strengths and challenges of the municipality and identify its main development priorities in such aspects as infrastructure productive development education and the environment see box given their comprehensive approach pladeco represent an interesting management tool to promote coherence between urban development landuse planning and general economic development,11
+policies that ignore or oppose market forces tend to deliver unexpected side effects stemming from the decisions and actions of those they affect on the other hand policies that take advantage of the ability of markets to allocate resources can increase the efficiency sustainability and profitability of a fishery these systems convert fishing possibilities individual catch quotas into fishing capacities individual effort quotas and may be most appropriate for sedentary species such as crab and lobster the situation may also arise where fishers pay nonfishing rightholders for access this can lead to conflict and disputes,14
+the life expectancy of latvian women at age reached yeais in up from in whereas the life expectancy at for men reached years up from in however not all of these years gained are lived in good health at age latvian men and women can expect to live four years of their remaining years free of disability which corresponds to less than of their remaining years if the health and functional status of the latvian population does not improve as they grow older population ageing will inevitably put additional pressures on health and longterm care systems,3
+for example the federal district should assign new brs corridors to serve this area coordinating with train schedules this could contribute to tackling congestion which in the case of santa fe has become a major issue affecting economic activity such a transformation would also greatly improve access for lowincome residents and workers commuting to these areas careful analysis of full origindestination demand patterns will shed light on the extent to which planned upgrades such as the extension of a second underground line to reach the train station in mexico city can solve accessibility problems especially at times of high demand,11
+particularly around the issue of violence against women civil society activists organized tribunals to put the spotlight on violations of womens rights previously unaddressed because they were considered part of the private sphere taboo or simply accepted as an inevitable part of womens lives the conference was successful in adopting the vienna declaration and programme of action which stated that the human rights of women and of the girlchild are an inalienable integral and indivisible part of universal human rights para importantly the programme of action also called for the eradication of any conflicts which may arise between the rights of women and the harmful effects of certain traditional or customary practices cultural prejudices and religious extremism para,5
+the establishment and management of regional food security policies an indepth evaluation and an understanding of the role and functioning of the informal economy are essential as meagher emphasises some of those in the informal sector who are involved in the parallel trade are very powerful their power and control over the cereal trade in particular give them an influential role in food security,2
+for instance in the eur european utilities requirements the nuclear industry and utilities defined specifications in terms of flexibility for nuclear reactors pouret and nuttall but governments can also play a role in promoting specifications that reinforce future system flexibility in consultation with technical bodies renewable plants should be equipped with devices to control their output in real time,7
+japanese firms are increasingly adopting performancebased human resources management strategies jilpt a in over a quarter of japanese workers worked hours or more a week compared with less than onesixth in the united states and between and in many european countries lee by the situation had improved only slightly as of all workers still worked or more hours furthermore underutilisation of eligible annual leave is characteristic of japanese employment practices according to a survey carried out in japanese workers in private companies with or more regular employees took on average days of annual leave jilpt b reasons for not taking annual leave are anxiety about a negative personnel assessment the perceived high workload and strong workorientation as a cultural feature mainly among men in their forties ogura the introduction of performancebased wage systems seems to further promote long working hours ogura,8
+although there are programmes to specifically become a mother tongue teacher or a sas teacher also only through subject teacher programme they are not integrated in other teacher programmes utbildningsdepartementet ministry of education and research in a special committee was set up by the government to investigate this matter the committee s report included several proposals for how sas mother tongue and language knowledge could have a larger presence in teacher programmes,4
+though these are not the countries where the enrolment of lowincome children is the highest they have the highest shares of beneficiaries of ecec services in lowincome households the bottom in hungary and luxembourg and the bottom in iceland due to data constraints estimates for longterm care are available only for oecd countries gross and net indicators in the oecd social expenditure database socx oecd social employment and migration working paper no,10
+first women tend to live longer than men second they have less access than men to land and other assets that could help them maintain an adequate standard of living in old age in india for example per cent of women compared to per cent of men have no valuable assets in their name and few widows can count on family or community support even in countries with good pension coverage women are significantly more likely to suffer poverty in old age than men,5
+in many developing countries a significant number of poor families face poverty hunger food insecurity and malnutrition which intensify with adverse biophysical growing conditions and poor socioeconomic infrastructure wani etal crop production which is vital to global food security is already being affected by climate change more so in impoverished communities it has been predicted that over the next decades billions of people especially those living in developing countries will face water and food shortages and greater risks to health and life because of climate change,2
+central determination of curricula and other institutional policy promotes uniformity and hinders adaptation to the unique needs of regions as a consequence there is limited alignment of education provision to regional needs public and private institutions operate under different regulatory and financing rules resulting in the absence of a unified education system to date development plans for these two sectors are undertaken separately,4
+however they have no significant impact on male migration suggesting that male and female incentives to migrate differ migration towards countries having low levels of discrimination promotes gender equality in social institutions in the origin country while migration towards countries having high levels of discrimination has the reverse effect whatever the gender of the migrant these results are robust to changes in specifications and controls for potential endogeneity and simultaneity bias,5
+apart from this finding the women rank their contributions primarily among the soft and nonmaterial kinds like domestic duties and taking care of children the largest group of men aged mentions job income and paying bills as do their female counterparts whereas it was assumed that the different age groups among women would rank showing love and affection significantly higher than men it might come as a surprise that also the men all age groups perceive showing love and affection as an important contribution to the household,5
+the first part of the analysis is to estimate how many children persons are multidimensionally poor andor deprived under the definitions used knowing how many people children are multidimensionally poor and deprived is very important however multidimensional poverty research goes beyond mere adding up of individuals,1
+it is measured by agespecific mortality rates for selected causes of death eg asthma below age there is no universal definition however as the selection of death causes and agelimits often vary from one study to another nolte and mckee as well as tobias and yeh have proposed different lists of death causes and agelimits,3
+both power plants draw water from reservoirs and their drainage basins include glaciers mel uses water from four reservoirs in vetlefjordvassdraget the drainage basin includes part of the glacier jostedalsbreen water from three smaller magazines is transported in tunnels to nedre svartevassvatn reservoir which is regulated between and metres above sea level,7
+if these were excluded young women age cohort are actually more likely to complete both secondary and tertiary education than their male counterparts oecd c if the trend continues there will be an average of female students for every male by and almost twice as many women in tertiary education in austria canada iceland norway and the united kingdom table iia,5
+these indicate the extent to which women could inherit and are available at three time points and murdock s atlas includes information on societies for the period it provides information on the gender distribution of inheritance of land and inheritance of movable property both are split into possible classifications missing data absence of individual property rights matrilineal sisters sons other matrilineal ie youngest brothers children with daughters receiving less children equally other patrilineal and patrilineal sons,5
+in addition to president banda of malawi in commonwealth africa president monique ohsanbellepeau of mauritius was also serving as head of state commonwealth secretariat she assumed the presidency after he died of heart attack in becoming the first female president in malawi s history this was relatively short lived two years from to these range from arguments that women are unsuited to decisionmaking and are their own worst enemies to the gender roles that define what women and men do effectively excluding women from decisionmaking,5
+in addition to the administration of environment there are two more units in the state inspectorate of environment for inspection supervision and inspectors coordination the law on water provides a basis for a consolidation in this sector by stipulating transferral of competence to moepp within the water department the organizational units responsible for river basin management need to be properly established,6
+nearly per cent of the ultra poor in rural bangladesh do not own any land the poorest also lack complementary assets like draft animals or agricultural implements this means that they are also constrained to work as sharecroppers and these households livelihoods mostly dependent on wage labour in farm and nonfarm activities,1
+they also must be available for and willing to accept suitable work including parttime and casual employment and attend all scheduled interviews with centrelink the benefit administration agency and with their employment service provider while centrelink is a publicly managed agency employment services to jobseekers are provided exclusively by a mix of forprofit and notforprofit private providers contracted by the commonwealth government through a system called jobactive box as discussed in chapter labour demand and labour supply factors drive regional labour market outcomes in australia,8
+most of the funds are leveraged in the water supply and sanitation subsector mxn billion in and mxn billion in in constant prices however in leverage rates in the irrigation subsector were higher the additional resources leveraged by conagua reached of conagua s support in the case of investments in water supply and sanitation and for investments in irrigation,6
+research findings show that in addition to fulfilling fundamental human rights addressing gender discrimination in social institutions is needed to improve individual outcomes for women and ultimately enhance the wellbeing of current and future generations ferrant and nowacka if discriminatory social institutions are associated with lower levels of longterm growth after accounting for the standard determinants of growth and gender differences in key socioeconomic outcomes then the case is strong for including policies and programmes that directly target discriminatory social institutions in national development strategies little is known however about the effect of genderbased discrimination in social institutions on economic growth,5
+the awami league which was not allocated any of the reserved seats demanded direct election parliament passed the th amendment bill of the constitution on june and increased the number of seats for women from to deccan herald if direct election in the reserved seats is introduced then women members dependency on their male colleagues will no longer exist and they will be accountable to the voters,5
+hence in global water use would have been higher and irrigation water depletion would have been higher if not for international trade de fraiture et al the authors caution against inferring that trade will be helpful in mitigating global water scarcity however given that water savings cannot always be reallocated to beneficial uses and that political and economic considerations might have greater influence than water scarcity in determining national trading strategies in their analysis of data describing water availability and international trade for countries the authors find that observed trading patterns are not consistent with those predicted by the virtual water metaphor,6
+as figure illustrates a positive relationship exists between the growth of manufacturing value added mva and of gross domestic product gdp higher productivity growth in the manufacturing sector makes it an important factorfor developing countries to shift activities from agriculture and low productivity services towards manufacturing to achieve growthenhancing structural transformation figure in countries that have successfully industrialised the growth in manufacturing and related services sectors has led to the absorption of large numbers of workers from the agriculture and informal sectors into productive jobs and has increased the prosperity of those workers families and communities unido based on the importance of the manufacturing sector this chapter explores the processes behind industrialisation and how sustainable and inclusive economic development can be achieved through the development of this sector,9
+adjust the drg system to better account for the severity of cases dealt with by university hospitals so as to compensate them implement the planned corporatisation or commercialisation of hospitals carefully in a way that does not threaten equal access to care especially across regions carry out a thorough study of those investments that would correspond to the most pressing needs of the population across the country to ensure that ageing hospital infrastructure is modernised,3
+growth models measure improvement by looking at how a school has improved student performance independently of the level of achievement figlio and loeb within each model teachers are motivated to focus attention on different student groups in status models lowperforming students receive greater attention to bring them up to proficiency levels in growth models teachers are rewarded for improving student outcomes for any level of student hence in growth model systems teachers are less likely to exclude underperforming students as any improvement in outcome is measured,4
+in order to be valid instruments must be uncorrelated with the error term in the explanatory equation and have no direct effect on female male migration to be relevant the instrument must be correlated with the endogenous independent variables that is the sigi previous studies on gender inequality rarely shed light on the possibility of endogeneity issues and the validity of the instruments to solve them a prominent exception is represented by dollar and gatti who instrument gender inequality in a growth equation by religious affiliation and civil liberties,5
+the government s investment in the system is considerable in terms of both infrastructure development and various types of subsidies to promote the purchase of electric vehicles and renewable electricity generation the challenge is to further mobilise the private sector electric utilities and rd institutions the electric mobility plan and c based vehicle taxes while commendable are examples of this underlying thinking,7
+it is plausible that a mismatch could exist between aspirations understood as the level of wellbeing that people desire and expectations of wellbeing in terms of the socioeconomic position that individuals actually hope to achieve this would be the result of an evaluation of their personal capacities and the opportunities provided to them by the social structure in the case of expectations the data are consistent with information that shows that these vary according to the individual s position in the social structure eclac a nonetheless this does not mean that the association between welfare expectations and the household s economic situation has the properties of a direct relation,1
+the services included are those identified as the most important and essential for residents daytoday wellbeing eg the nearest lowqualified and highqualified jobs or the nearest three primary schools secondary schools and further education institutions this approach reveals users ease getting to essential services while considering a degree of choice in the services to which they are likely to go inayathusein and cooper for instance the highest score a means travel times to relevant destinations are more than one standard deviation below the average score while e means travel times are more than two standard deviations above the average it is particularly helpful when making decisions about the best places to introduce new services such as health or education with an aim to locate them in places with good connectivity,11
+it explains what psv stands for and how it relates to other components of the education systems it highlights examples of transition pathways and collaboration across tertiary education systems it provides comparable international data on entry to and graduation rates in psv and university education as well as information about distribution of students in different field of studies across selected oecd countries,4
+this exercise revealed a poverty incidence of per cent this ranking was then compared with the one obtained using the other criteria the lesson that emerges from this multimethod field research is that different approaches lead to very different estimates of poverty for the same set of households this no doubt reflects the very low poverty line,1
+the latvian ministry of health has developed an action plan to reduce the risk of contracting a communicable disease promoting early intervention and diagnosis which was submitted to the cabinet of ministers for approval in latvian men tend to perceive their health as being better than women with reporting to be in good health compared to only of women there are also large disparities by income group only about one in three latvians in lowincome households report to be in good health compared to two in three in highincome households,3
+one major reason for this in rural china has been the relatively equitable distribution of land which has tended to offset other inequalities while this has been a major factor in poverty reduction as well as discussed below there are some areas of concern relating to recent tendencies in displacement of the peasantry as land is converted for nonagricultural uses provincial and local governments in some of the more economically dynamic provinces have played a growing role in this,1
+women s participation in labour markets can occur at the expense of their unpaid care and domestic work which can lower the production of human capabilities that ultimately impact growth an effect that is frequently overlooked when women s employment rises they point in particular to the need for a sustainable and caring economy where care is recognized and valued and the burden is redistributed equally this is essential in particular for women in the global south who spend vast amounts of their time fetching firewood fuel and water and carry out other activities related to unpaid care and domestic work and smallholder farming figure,5
+some countries use audits to ensure implementation of gender equality for example morocco the palestinian authority and yemen conduct audits or inspections to ensure implementation of gender equalityrelated legislation policies and programmes the ministry of women s affairs in palestine contracts external parties either from civil society or the private sector to conduct participatory gender audits on line ministries using the international labour organisation s framework for gender audits,5
+the objective of the strategy is to reduce the vulnerability of natural social and economic systems to climate change and to enhance their ability to effectively adapt to a changing climate the strategy includes a risk assessment of action fields and crosssectional fields that are expected to be positively or negatively affected by climate change the assessment is complemented by corresponding action points and goals to be developed and implemented together with the lander and relevant social groups the complementary action plan published in outlines how the objectives of the strategy can be achieved both the strategy and the action plan are intended to facilitate an integrated approach to adaptation the assessment will draw on climate projections and information provided by relevant government entities on their awareness of climate change and on their complementary adaptation measures,13
+a model for understanding the scalability of tepis needs to include mechanisms for change in the innovation adoption process by teachers and schools training models focusing on imparting knowledge and skills are not effective in bringing about change in pedagogical practice models that report successful change provide experiential actionoriented learning with teachers collaborating in communities of practice looi lim and chen,4
+in many countries trade liberalization has led to a reduction in government revenues with implications for policies to support gender equality trade agreements between countries also often have provisions that limit the policies that individual governments can adopt such as measures that aim to promote and support domestic productive activities and investment such agreements frequently have different consequences for women s and men s employment yet issues of gender equality are rarely considered therefore it should incorporate additional targets such as real productive activity employment or incomes in addition central banks can use their regulatory power to channel credit to uses that support the realization of rights and promote gender equality policies and regulations can also encourage credit to be extended to improve housing stimulate jobcreating investments or promote access to loans for selfemployed workers in informal activities many of whom are women,5
+for instance the linzs austria barrierfree travel ungehindert mobil for individuals with special needs project created a transport system friendly to individuals with special needs by a widespread installation of wheelchair ramps designated spaces in public transport and ground markings to assist individuals with impaired vision and the availability of public transport maps and timetables in braille in another example an adequately equipped and staffed waiting room for people with impaired hearing was set up in the main train station of dusseldorf germany in unece analysis of the challenges and efficiency of such efforts as well as the dissemination of the lessons learned can provide valuable insights into the different approaches to improve transport accessibility,11
+however the level of satisfaction with the education system and schools among the poorest of the population in korea has fallen to about only the share of private spending on educational institutions is higher than in the majority of g and oecd countries high enrolment in private nontertian and tertiary educational institutions combined with higher private spending for outside school classes increase the share of household expenditures on education at the tertiary level private expenditures represent more than of total expenditures with most of these expenditures coming directly from households,4
+this collaborative mechanism provides incentives for developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from their forest and peatland sectors a key focus of many of these activities is to help countries establish the necessary institutional structures to reduce their national deforestation rates once countries can verify their emission reductions they qualify to receive resultsbased payments and other financial support to date many countries have come a long way in getting systems and policy reforms in place to reduce deforestation and in mapping and measuring their emission reductions brazil is one example it receives resultsbased payments based on verified emissions reductions through reduced deforestation guyana a country that has a high forest cover but a very low deforestation rate receives payments for emissions avoided thanks to its continuing low deforestation see the in my view box,15
+in the medium term a full review of secondary education pathways and certification could help to create a more comprehensive education system where students have equal learning opportunities and teachers have the space to focus on assessment for learning rather than external summative examinations initial and continuing teacher education need to focus on developing teachers assessment literacy including practising formative assessment changes in assessment practice will not happen without stronger pedagogical skills and teachers need to be given the room and support they need to develop their professional judgement and capacity to give feedback on student learning,4
+however more recently it has channelled labour towards manufacturing activities and urban areas but preserved highly differentiated wages and pay structures that permit firms and public entities to realize large savings and investments this campaign launched in is targeting the eastcentralwest divide the movement of constructing a socialist new countiyside formally initiated in aims at bridging the urbanrural gap,10
+neither population size nor the size of economies necessarily covaries with river basin size nor do conflicts over water or complexities of interactions over space variations in geography and human occupation of river basins are great some such as those in central asia are in semiarid regions where water scarcities have become chronically severe and where crossborder governance has faced serious challenges in taking remedial actions others are facing the portent of their watersheds being below sea level as the oceans continue to rise from global warming,6
+with the provision of new infrastructure such as high bandwidth fibre optic submarine cables it could greatly expand the use of icts for vet particularly in extending access to rural and remote areas such as in the papuan provinces harding balikpapan with its growing manufacturing sector and proximity to the mining industries is modelling itself on becoming a vocational city the lack of a feasibility study underpinning its most ambitious project building a super integrated smk school on its northern outskirts is of concern however this is true of indonesia particularly in vocational schooling where the gender gap has been widening over the past years,4
+section two examines marketbased reforms to encourage energy and water conservation as well as how pollution pricing can be used more effectively the complementary role of stronger standards and better enforcement are discussed in section three while section four concludes progress was especially notable during the th fyp period,6
+external assessments may be applied to a full student cohort or only in some schools and classrooms for example ondemand assessments that schools can use to measure their own progress and benchmark themselves against national averages for example there are also hybrid forms of assessment that are developed externally but implemented and marked internally by the students own teachers how to best design assessment frameworks drawing on a mix of internal and external approaches in order to achieve stated summative and formative purposes will be another guiding question throughout this chapter these terms are briefly defined below as they will be used frequently throughout the chapter,4
+some of the water agenda s initiatives aim to establish a mandatory ecological land management programme in all mexican municipalities initiative strengthen capacities of municipalities as regards civil defence initiative and increase fines to civil servants who allow the noncompliance of landuse plans in urban development initiative however beyond the contemplated creation of a ministry of territorial development the agenda does not explicitly address the need to align objectives across multiple authorities with regard to zoning and construction policies there are multiple areas where conflicting goals and targets work against water policy objectives,6
+in part this rise is likely to reflect the growing incidence of diabetes as well as improved access to dialysis care nevertheless the increasing number of patients on dialysis also indicates the potential for reducing the burden of disease through effective preventive actions aimed at reducing disease incidence as well as better management of disease to minimise the risk of serious complications such as esrf there is a much greater reliance on dialysis in countries such as greece italy japan and korea where over of patients are treated this way,3
+there is however concern that the benefits of technology may not be available to all however innovation is not limited to new breakthroughs most innovation involves incremental improvements and adaptations of existing technologies processes and organizational structures china and india in particular have become global leaders in some sustainable technologies such as solar and wind technology and electric and hybridelectric vehicles in part because they were able to improve existing technologies and production processes some ldcs have also begun to develop domestic technological capacities and successfully build new industries such as the solar photovoltaic industry in bangladesh this technology makes transactions possible without an intermediary and thus has the potential to reduce service costs and increase financial inclusion however it is important to note that blockchain services are still in early stages and a number of issues including data and privacy protection regulatory oversight and the overall contribution to sustainable development need further discussion especially at the international level due to their crossborder nature,9
+this improved achievement had positive flowon effects to students enrolment and attendance rates graham and berman children are assessed when they start school and these results are shared with parents parents are asked to undertake learning activities with their child every day after six months the child s assessment results are again shared with parents,4
+new forms of management for example case and disease management programmes are being developed in some county councils but the extent to which the reforms will deliver on the goals of usercentered wellcoordinated care for older people and people with complex care needs is unclear this could potentially have negative consequences,3
+in some cases the savings in water achieved by more efficient irrigation have been used by farmers to irrigate larger areas of land investment in detecting and repairing leaks is important and improvements to the construction and maintenance of water supply systems have reduced leakage losses throughout the subregion in the past to years reductions in leakage have been achieved in the czech republic denmark england and wales germany malta the netherlands and spain,6
+the same holds a fortiori for water bodies in nature protection areas that need to achieve high status good and high status rivers typically record less than and mg nl respectively statutory instrument surface water regulations ireland s aquifers are predominantly bedrock aquifers they have fissure permeability only where water flow is through fissures or fractures and not through pore spaces in the rock itself and hence lack the pollution filtering function typical of the sand aquifers that prevail in most oecd countries ireland is under the threat of being referred back to the ecj,6
+the doe has assessed that the inep will have created an estimated jobs in financial year compared to jobs created in department of energy i the cumulated number of jobs that have been created so far by the electrification programme has reached department of energy j by declaring that all citizens have an equal right to basic services such as clean water electricity access to schools and clinics the challenge there becomes an issue of delivery not just allocation of funds,7
+providing greater opportunities for informal collaborative learning within schools and through peer networks will be important to support continuous professional development the current lack of a standard process to address an unsatisfactory regular appraisal result means that weaknesses in teaching may not be addressed romania should set out a fair stepbystep response to underperformance which could include the development of an improvement plan additional appraisals and ultimately dismissal if performance does not improve,4
+however in amsterdam the share of the property tax to total revenue is in fact substantially lower than the national average the per capita property tax in was eur while the average for the netherlands was eur per capita part of the explanation for this is that amsterdam gains revenues from its ground lease system in the financial statements from amsterdam over the total net revenues from ground leases were eur million amsterdam this is also explained by the city s relatively low property tax rates,11
+it should be the goal of public private and nongovernmental familyplanning organizations to remove all programmerelated barriers to familyplanning use by the year through the redesign or expansion of information and services and other ways to increase the ability of couples and individuals to make free and informed decisions about the number spacing and timing of births and protect themselves from sexually transmitted diseases specifically governments should make it easier for couples and individuals to take responsibility for their own reproductive health by removing unnecessary legal medical clinical and regulatory barriers to information and to access to familyplanning services and methods all political and community leaders are urged to play a strong sustained and highly visible role in promoting and legitimizing the provision and use of familyplanning and reproductive health services,3
+by providing coverage for risks which are new and are not currently covered by financial actors or are simply too costly for investors risk mitigants increase the attractiveness and acceptability of sustainable energy projects these include a range of targeted interventions generally aimed at reducing reassigning or reapportioning different investment risks eg credit enhancements cornerstone stakes and tools targeting different challenges across stages of the project lifecycle as a subset of risk mitigants techniques facilitate institutional investment in sustainable energy infrastructure projects by reducing the transaction costs associated with these investments while also mitigating risk in some cases eg warehousing securitisation and supporting coinvestment and collaboration among institutional investors,7
+the fact that many households report negative net worth is probably linked to the tax deductibility of interest payments and student loans are also important but given the different starting points in terms of household market income distribution and the differences in redistribution via the tax and transfer system joumard et al in around the gini index ranged from somewhat below in slovenia to in chile figure,10
+the rationale and purpose of the transition activities should be explicitly explained to children and parents before during and after the transition parents should be aware that starting school is one of the most exciting but also one of the most challenging experiences for young children they should be aware that while preparing for the start of school children may experience stress and present some behavioural changes and difficulties being prepared for these will help enormously these include regular discussions with parents and children to familiarise them with the process activities new learning environment and staff of primary schools,4
+recent oecddac data show that of climaterelated oda flows address both mitigation and adaptation reflecting the multiple objectives of donors interventions oecd c a more concrete understanding of the specific results from such projects could also serve to better highlight the synergies or tradeoffs that exist between mitigation and adaptation table presents a number of example indicators in use across governments in developed and developing countries and institutions for monitoring the performance of mitigation activities,13
+to protect spawning aggregations of fish the area is protected from possible increase of fishing pressure fishing effort on demersal stocks by vessels using towed nets bottom and midwater longlinesandbottomsetnetsmustbekeptatits evel when the recommendation entered into force relevant cpcs were asked to submit to the gfcm secretariat the lists of authorized vessels fishing in the area at that time and were required to prohibit new vessels from fishing in the fra so as not to increase the overall fishing effort no studies of deepsea ecosystems in the area were available at the time but the presence of rare deepwater corals such as lophelia pertusa and madrepora oculata was considered possible given their recorded presence in similar areas in the western part of the gulf of lion gfcm,14
+second a minimum wage system might foster labour market rigidity and thus reduce labour demand which accordingly might increase income inequality in the ministry of labour and social security issued a notice on building a wage guideline system on the labour market which is important for labour market development and the reform of enterprise wage systems the wage guideline system is helpful for formulating justified wage levels on the labour market providing external reference standards for employers and employees to determine wage levels increasing information for employers and employees and improving the success rate for workers job applications and promoting overall efficiency in labour market operations,10
+with finance is the gini coefficient in the raw data without finance is the gini coefficient when all financial sector employees are removed from the sample without financial sector wage premia is the gini coefficient when the earnings of all financial sector employees are corrected for the wage premium,10
+furthermore because of their success in disbursing funds there is a risk that revolving funds might crowd out commercial sources from serving water and wastewater providers especially since the volume of funds made available through this mechanism has recently been increased by the us stimulus package chapter bond banks also have the capacity to prioritise development projects according to their financial profitability developing the more profitable projects first can secure the initial capital and generate new sources of revenues which can be used to mobilise new financing for developing a second generation of projects this process can be repeated several times so as to increase the number of projects financed in such a way,6
+finally indonesia has made an effort to combat illegal logging and corruption in the forest sector with many arrests and prosecutions already made in the past development meant that the forests were cut down or burned now development means that people take care of the forest in this way we can fight poverty and at the same time protect the rainforest mangkusobroto norway has also been saluted for its handsoff approach to its forest partnerships lash and dyer with limited intervention in countries processes as long as basic social environmental and fiduciary standards are met experience shows that this approach works well and helps to develop a true partnership among equals,15
+the double subsidy issue arises in this context also as the federally supported price of ethanol in the united states generates higher market prices for com thus attracting greater production inadequate prices for water and other inputs can increase the public costs of maintaining the ethanol program a corollary objective is to describe the range of irrigation water prices and other farmlevel costs of obtaining irrigation water in the united states prices and costs vary substantially throughout the country ranging from very low in some areas at some times of the year to quite high in other locations particularly during periods of peak demand prices and costs are increasing over time in most areas with notable implications for water use efficiency water allocation economic efficiency and farmlevel costs and returns there is notable variation also in irrigation strategies and in water supplies and demands in eastern and western regions of the united states,6
+the european environment agency reports that most eecca countries have problems with the quality of their drinking water supplies the percentage of samples of drinking water not complying with microbiological standards is between five and this excess being higher in noncentralised drinking water sources primarily in rural areas this situation leads to significant negative health impacts as illustrated by two charts below based on who data who,6
+as reported in oecd b plans could shift from a programme approach which always requires someone else to implement to a target approach an example would be to define water quality targets limits in water consumption and pollution loads and standards for water use efficiency to be reflected into water permit systems targets not met could then be subject to sanctions,6
+examinations are a common feature of careerbased teacher employment systems like france japan korea or spain oecd examinations play a vital role in countries where there are concerns about the quality of initial teacher education or an oversupply of teachers both of which are the case in costa rica while examinations cannot fully discriminate all the requirements for effective teaching they can be a valuable tool for ensuring that all teacher candidates have a minimum level of know ledge and skills established teaching standards would help to define the parameters of the exam a minimum level should be established that all candidates should reach independently of the availability of teaching posts,4
+in particular africa excluding north africa had fulltime researchers per million inhabitants in while other groups had more researchers in place developed countries had researchers per million inhabitants developing countries researchers and the world in general researchers during the period multilateral organizations consisting of the world bank afdb and the european union provided more than half the official development financing oda plus nonconcessional funds among the bilateral donors the highest contributions came from japan france and germany and the arab states,9
+section analyses how aid for trade can help strengthen the impact of trade on growth and poverty reduction and which policy tools can best reinforce the impact of trade on poverty reduction such as by building productive capacities connecting the poor to markets and mitigating the costs of adjustments section underlines the need for a tailored countrybased approach to economic integration section concludes by summarising the main policy conclusions and the potential gainsfromtrade that are at stake,1
+in mena countries the economic cost foregone extractive uses of full groundwater depletion was estimated at of gdp excluding in situ values ruta figure c in china the cost of groundwater depletion excluding the existence value was estimated at cny usd billion based on the scarcity value of water world bank this is a major concern in nine of the european countries where coastal groundwater overexploitation was reported figure c,6
+country ownership is a principle of the busan partnership for effective development cooperation building on the paris declaration and the accra agenda for action while the past years have tended to separate development finance to achieve the mdgs from climate finance to achieve the goals of the unfccc agenda and the paris agreement place climate action into the context of sustainable development in addition the emphasis in all the outcomes on country ownership provides an opportunity to increase coherence at national level especially if partner countries are supported to strengthen human and institutional capacity,13
+the existing shape of the latvian workforce which is set out in chapter presents a number of challenges including the geographic distribution of health professionals the ageing workforce the challenge of low salaries and outmigration of health professionals and of the need for the workforce to adapt to meet changing population health needs such a plan should consider training needs based on expected retirement rates geographical shortages of health professionals should be considered and latvia could consider targeting recruitment for training towards populations in rural and underserved areas who may be more likely to wish to return to practice in the area see section financial incentives for physicians nurses pharmacists and other health professionals to serve in rural areas could be again considered although so far higher salaries in rural areas does not appear to have encouraged specialists to relocate other incentives such as access to a broader range of services such as accommodation and child care may prove more attractive,3
+housing and transportation programmes are also in place so that rural students have access to schooling despite living in remote areas there is also a monetary incentive to attract teachers and school leaders to remote areas furthermore the creation and operation of rural microcentres represents an opportunity to share best practices and challenges rural teachers face,4
+the commitment of organizations in a variety of fields such as development trade disaster prevention and security are needed for an all hazard responses to ensure such a commitment from a diverse range of organizations this commitment must be endorsed not only at the level of the health minister but also from the top national level international organizations active in the field such as undp and unicef need to acknowledge that enhanced ihr core capacities contribute to the overall strengthening of the health systems in developing countries and play a role in monitoring whether the ihr requirements of core capacities are met in each country,3
+students who have not made the transition from learningtoread to readingtolearn are unable to handle the demands for understanding increasingly complex subjectmatter content morris bloodgood and perney longitudinal studies that have followed students through to the schoolleaving age have identified a number of demographic and schoolrelated factors related to completion barrington and hendricks crane ensminger and slusarcick fagan and ftibon gilbert et al literacy skills grade repetition attendance engagement and positive behaviours are among the most important determinants and nearly all studies emphasise the role of family socioeconomic status and parental engagement recent advances in neurobiology molecular biology and genomics have provided compelling evidence that childrens early experiences interact with their genetic disposition in ways that affect brain development as well as other neurological and biological systems associated with healthy child development boyce sokolowski and robinson,4
+estonia introduced a copayment for inpatient nursing care van ginneken spain introduced incomedependent copayments for medicines including for most pensioners with limits depending on their pension level casino australia introduced caps on the public contribution for specific outofhospital services including private obstetrics and assisted reproductive technology services in which has resulted in higher copayments for these services van gool et al,3
+nuclear power plants sited in the vicinity of a large source of water either a sea lake or river are generally cooled by running a large amount of water into the condenser and discharging it back to the original source a few degrees warmer with little or no evaporation this is known as oncethrough cooling the water withdrawal requirements for a nuclear power plant of gw employing this cooling method are about m s which corresponds to billion tonnes of water per year if the water availability is limited heat removal is generally accomplished via evaporation in cooling towers with a recirculating system water passes through the condenser is pumped to the top of the tower and is sprayed downwards to a collection basin while being cooled by an updrought of air in a wet recirculating system about of the water evaporates and must be replaced,7
+the fertiliser registration process takes about one month in both economies and costs only bosnia and herzegovina and serbia of income per capita in both economies there are hardly any regulatoiy obstacles for agribusinesses in producing marketing and exporting fertiliser in bosnia and herzegovina only one day is required to obtain pershipment export documents which is among the most efficient in the world they should redouble their efforts to enforce them,2
+it is a key source of food energy minerals health leisure and transport upon which hundreds of millions of people depend however the maritime industry landscape is poised to undergo a profound transition long considered the traditional domain of shipping fishing and since the s offshore oil and gas new activities are emerging that are reshaping and diversifying maritime industries while traditional maritime industries continue to innovate at a brisk rate it is the emerging ocean industries that are attracting most of the attention these industries include offshore wind tidal and wave energy oil and gas exploration and production in ultradeep water and exceptionally harsh environments offshore aquaculture seabed mining cruise tourism maritime surveillance and marine biotechnology the longterm potential for innovation employment creation and economic growth offered by these sectors is impressive,14
+problems of access faced by women in the credit market are likely to be exacerbated by the tightening of banks credit conditions public interventions to strengthen banks balance sheets and extend credit guarantees have generally lead to improvements in the financing prospects of small and mediumsized enterprises where female ownership is more widespread however data monitoring the financing of enterprises in europe show that at the end of access to finance was the most pressing problem for more than of femaleowned enterprises and rejection rates were significantly higher for women than for men,5
+more recently a new paradigm has emerged to make room for the river combining innovative architecture urbanisation and landscape solutions to build with nature and live with water this new adaptive perspective building with nature living with water also called the delta works of the future partly motivated the adoption of the delta act in the act established the delta programme the delta commissioner and the delta fund to advance an adaptive governance approach to respond to the country s current and future challenges on water safety and freshwater supply,6
+how do we reduce the prevalence of genderbased violence most of these countries are also confronting the increasingly important issue of ageing populations and devising policies to meet the needs of older people while keeping them engaged in their communities each society each community must prepare and put in place structures that can accommodate older people and treat with dignity those who have earned their age osotimehin says,5
+by contrast several countries with rich naturalresource endowments both the more and less advanced ones have seen an improvement in their terms of trade over the past decade under certain circumstances this improvement has facilitated the adoption of policies designed to reduce income inequality it starts with a brief account of the tradeinequality debate of the early s which emphasized the rise in wage inequality between skilled and unskilled labour in developed countries,10
+during the special session on the review of five years of implementation of the agenda the united nations general assembly identified transport as the largest end user of energy in developed countries and the fastest growing one in most developing countries the general assembly also noted over the next twenty years transportation is expected to be the major driving force behind a growing world demand for energy subsequent global agendas have increasingly reinforced the significance of transport to global and local development,11
+however the gender gap is narrower for attempted suicide as women tend to use less irreversible methods than men and are thus more likely to survive oecd a oecd c in europe a measure of healthy life years hly has been endorsed as an important indicator to monitor whether years of longer life are lived free of disability thus while women live longer than men a higher share of their lifespan is limited due to disease and injury of years lived as opposed to for men,5
+in saudi arabia the late king abdullah declared in a speech held in that women will be allowed to vote and stand for municipal elections in saudi arabia s royal decree a of regarding the amendment of article of the statute of the shura council also helps to guarantee a certain amount of female representation women s right to vote and to run for elections was also established or reestablished in bahrain kuwait and the united arab emirates between and,5
+patient opinion an online portal enables people to post their experiences of nhs services anonymously people who wish to give feedback on a service can leave a comment and can expect a reply from a member of nhs staff often from the institution concerned in a recent example a patient wrote on the online forum about a negative experience with a rheumatology service,3
+such a response includes the development and implementation of gendersensitive programmes and policies central gender institutions are expected to exercise a leadership role and serve as advocates and catalysts for action with other government agencies to support a consistent national response throughout government to the needs and priorities of women and men and mainstream gender concerns into legislation and public policy central gender institutions can also be located within the office of the head of government or state as in the united states,5
+consequently this has resulted in an upsurge in the numbers of road accidents in several countries within the region particularly within metropolitan cities worldwide road traffic takes the lives of nearly million people every year and injures million more according to the world health organization road traffic fatalities are predicted to rise to become the fifth leading cause of death by resulting in an estimated million fatalities per year roads that are not capable of handling levels of traffic volume are inadequate for the terrain are poorly maintained and have poor visibility can all contribute to road fatalities and injuries,11
+she built a methodology identifying peoples needs using travel survey data including data on mobility patterns and peoples satisfaction with their trips in terms of travel time box a lower value indicates that peoples need for a certain activity eg access to employment school or hospital is not met due to long travel times related to poor transport provision by eliciting users unmet needs the indicator also served to identify the transport user groups that are particularly vulnerable due to limited accessibility to activities with of retirees assessing their satisfaction negatively analysis showed that retirees need to reach health facilities by public transport is largely unmet while of housewives feel their need to do daily shopping is unsatisfied,11
+lowerincome men and women cease being single and form conjugal unions early while their peers in highincome households postpone the age of first conjugal union see figures iv and iv one involves staying in the education system for most of adolescence and youth although this may be combined with entering and leaving the workforce this makes it possible to maximize the accumulation of opportunities for entering the labour market and taking on other adult roles,5
+international conventions guide signatories to emphasise women s equality and promote a vision of inclusive governance for women in both rural and urban areas many countries aim to advance gender equality through national reform agendas that adopt new laws and institutional arrangements aimed to increase women s access to justice and protection of their physical integrity civil society organisations in the region are active in promoting awareness of women s rights and advocating for greater gender equality these efforts need further strengthening to be sustainable to have a genuine impact on eliminating discriminatory provisions embedded in many laws across the region and to build institutions capable of protecting women s rights and granting equal access to justice this chapter assesses the legal policy and institutional frameworks guiding some of the key areas of family relations and private life in the mena region which ultimately impact women s ability to fully participate in economic and public life,5
+at the same time these measures can support domestic demand and boost growth and employment creation in the economy as a whole however there are limits to achieving greater equality in personal income distribution in this way a comprehensive policy approach to reversing the trend towards greater inequality will require a broader reorientation of economic policy that takes into account the dynamics linking productive investment growth and income distribution which are influenced by labour market and macroeconomic policies these aspects are discussed in the next chapter,10
+however recent studies have come to other results based on the fact that the number of servings in the cost sector is at least twice as many eg more than one million servings per day this gives a total of tons food waste from the hospitality sector in denmark if we combine these data with the key figure from miljostyrelsen of food waste per meal eg g this gives a rough estimate of the amount of food waste,12
+article bis of the national water law establishes that those who make an efficient and clean use of water will benefit from economic incentives article iv establishes that water right holders will have the right to transmit the rights of the titles that they possess as well as the duty to install water meters and pay water charges thus paving the way to water markets the federal level has traditionally been the main actor in financing water resources management and irrigation but this role has been evolving first with the transfer of irrigation districts to water user associations in the s and second with the current transition towards river basin management,6
+in urban china too access to residential housing has been an important equalizing factor as the policy of providing title deeds to residents of public housing has led to a more equal wealth distribution however actual wealth inequality is likely to be higher because of the underestimation of other forms of wealth among the rich yet in fact it illustrates quite sharply the crucial importance of growth in agricultural incomes for poverty reduction in a context of relatively equitable distribution of land,1
+it does not have the negative connotation of the word subsidy sometimes interpreted as government handouts government support also has a broader scope and defines a variety of government policies that benefit various types of energy this report uses the terms subsidies and government support interchangeably,7
+many of these define her subordinate position at home and elsewhere population reference bureau harmful norms result in parents thinking that school is not for girls in educators steering girls into lowpaying feminine jobs in healthcare providers refusing to provide reproductive health information and services in police choosing to believe a parent who claims not to be abusing a girl over the testimony of the girl herself failing to recognize the power of norms to shape behaviour can undercut the effectiveness of all interventions otherwise aimed at greater wellbeing for the yearold girl,5
+the highest density of pet scanners is per million populationin denmark followed by the netherlands and japan italy japan korea and the united states have aboveaverage densities for all these devices in addition greece has high densities of diagnostic equipment except for pet scanners and switzerland also has a relatively large volume of diagnostic equipment although data are not available for mri scanners on the other hand the central and eastern european countries ie the czech republic hungary poland the slovak republic and slovenia and turkey have low densities of diagnostic equipment,3
+during this time period the foundations of good physical and mental wellbeing are being laid halfon et al consequently it is important to nurture positive lifeexperiences from birth and even earlier during pregnancy marmot allen goldblatt et al due attention should be given to inequality and its negative impact on the longterm health of children unequal access to education influences negatively their physical and mental health and their possibilities for higher income and good employment at an older age,3
+for agriculture it includes irrigation to smooth water supply across the production seasons water management in rainfed agriculture management of floods droughts and drainage conservation of ecosystems and meeting cultural and recreational needs linked to water oecd a for most countries agriculture is largely rainfed but in areas susceptible to variable precipitation irrigation is used to supplement rainfall mainly drawing on freshwater from surface and groundwater sources ie shallow wells and deep aquifers and to a lesser extent recycled wastewater and desalinated water water resource management in agriculture also operates in a highly diverse set of political cultural legal and institutional contexts encompassing a range of areas of public policy agriculture water environment energy fiscal economic social and regional,6
+while abortion rates usually decline with increasing usage of modern contraceptives westoff shah and ahman they may rise due to a strong desire for smaller family size during periods of rapid fertility decline studies have shown an association between fertility transition and unwanted pregnancy in some developing countries indicating a rise in unwanted pregnancies during the fertility transition and remaining relatively high until the end of the transition period bankole and westoff bongaarts contrary to other countries the substantial fertility decline in the islamic republic of iran has been accompanied by only a moderate rise in the age at first birth which increased from years in the s to years in the s abbasishavazi and hosseinichavoshi,3
+intimate partner violence against women experiences from a womanfocused development programme in matlab bangladesh journal of health population and nutrition combating genderbased violence and enhancing economic empowerment of women in northern uganda through cash transfers love on the rocks domestic violence and alcohol abuse in rural mexico the be journal of economic analysis policy article,5
+outofpocket payments generate additional welfare losses for riskaverse individuals health care financing is no exception abstracting from any tax incentives private insurance outofpocket payments and medical saving accounts are likely to entail less deadweight losses than general taxation and social insurance contributions as they reflect personal choices glied,3
+some utilities have maximum demand andor service charges fiji png and vanuatu to ensure that larger users pay the appropriate proportion of the use of the grid and total cost of supply others fiji nauru png samoa tuvalu and vanuatu have lifeline tariffs which lowers the cost for a specified usage amount to assist with affordability of what is an essential service for lowincome households all the other commonwealth pacific small states have renewable electricity generation rates of less than per cent,7
+institutional coordination is especially needed with respect to migrants including greater vertical cooperation between centrallevel agencies and municipalities as well as horizontal coordination at the municipal level to avoid overlap oecd sweden has all types of rural areas within its national territory from those with proximity to functional urban areas to remote rural areas the southern part of the country is more densely populated than the north while the north is characterised by different areas such as a sparsely populated interior with population concentrated in cities along the coast in remote rural areas there are places which have very concentrated populations in few centres such as norrbotten and other where the population is more evenly distributed such as jamtlandharjedalen,11
+they are planned so as to recover the cost of producing effluent to a quality level enabling unrestricted irrigation or investment and maintenance related to the effluent pipe grid to finance investments in wastewater treatment municipalities receive grants and soft loans through various funds including the national sewage fund it partly reflects the scarcity value of water resources with a higher rate charged for the extraction of groundwater than for that of surface water oecd a,6
+several developing countries view their financial support as horizontal cooperation activities between countries providing assistance to each other as partners including through emphasising investment in productive sectors notably infrastructure technical cooperation and training this would recognise the contribution of other climate finance providers that do not necessarily provide funds that match these definitions or specific categories over the past several years improved transparency of public climate finance provided by developed countries and multilateral development banks has helped with understanding what types of projects and sectors are being financed in which countries and to which actors they are being channelled oecd a having a more complete overview of such information would help identify gaps needs and ways to improve the provision of funds,13
+employment agencies together with education and training institutions and others can help localities move towards a highskills equilibrium collaboratively they need not only to better adapt the supply of skills to the demands of the local economy but also to improve local skills utilisation through providing incentives for employers to invest in new technology helping local enterprises to identify weaknesses in their production processes promoting effective and innovative forms of work organisation facilitating technology transfer and encouraging uptake of training for both managers and werkers the skills development council in pakistan a selfsustained private organisation illustrates this point the council s board consists of four employer members one worker representative and five government officials,8
+data on msw generation published by nepa show the structure of msw generation by individual streams table collected msw is stable at around million tonsyear and estimations of uncollected waste are around million tonsyear the growth of waste in individual categories reflects improvements in monitoring waste amounts more than actual higher waste generation available statistics on service coverage are based on individual contracts on collection as a result of which actual coverage is probably higher in reality than reported figures table,12
+but as vet systems gain importance maintaining relevance is one of their central challenges while all educational programmes should build relevant skills vet providers are under particular pressure to ensure that their programmes teach skills that are aligned with the needs of local economies and employers a positive factor is that the generally shorter length of vet programmes compared to more academic ones makes it easier for the government to implement these changes rapidly and effectively,4
+similarly the water requirements needed to support large agricultural or mining concessions can be significant but are often left undocumented and can affect the usage rights of adjacent communities disputes are inevitable when the available water is insufficient to satisfy all existing legal rights especially in situations of high natural variability for example one jurisdiction may manage on the basis of integrated water resource management whereas another jurisdiction may use a more narrow sectoral approach that focuses on managing water flow and quality,6
+in other words according to the results presented here economic growth policies that promote both an increase in income and a reduction in inequality for example policies targeting the poorest segments of the brazilian population such as the bolsa familia programme tend to reduce poverty more than economic growth policies whose sole aim is to raise mean income levels journal of economic growth vol serie ensaios sobre pobreza no asian development review vol,1
+standard neoclassical theory would suggest that the rapid increase in supply of more educated labour should have constrained real wages andor that diminishing returns to a factor that is human capital should have set in again resulting in a reduction in real wages for the more educated the second principal paradox in the labour markets of developed economies is that despite an increase in the demand for skills there has been a decline in the share of middle skill occupations in total employment and a rise in the share of lower skilled occupations goos and manning the latter include occupations such as cleaners drivers department store sales people fast food operatives and other personal service workers technological change causing growth of employment at the top and bottom of the labour market and decline in the middle is also a factor in growing income inequality in countries such as the us johnson the factor that is behind this increase is skilled biased technical change sbtc a pattern of technical change over several decades which has favoured the wage and employment prospects of relatively skilled workers while simultaneously damaging the wages and employment of the less skilled machin and van reenan,4
+this is especially useful since some women entrepreneurs report that the process of applying for a loan appears too complicated vital voices in addition the information sharing and networking possibilities generated by such technologies could further pave the way for innovation in the field of sme finance for womenowned businesses the uae is an interesting example see box of the focus of the national reform agenda for bank financing on smes as well as women banks can take actions to enhance their transparency improve information sharing and their outreach efforts to deepen their penetration of this new market segment,5
+the typical story is that higher female labourforce participation is associated with lower fertility but this result partly depends on the extent of public supports for the reproductive work of women involved in paid work for instance the high fertility and low female employment in ireland or the high fertility and high female employment in scandinavian countries can be linked to differences in the structures of their social welfare systems espinganderson the simple reason is that the time and financial burdens of social reproduction are spread among more contributors so increasing female labour force participation can be counterbalanced by supports in the family community and state the more complex reason involves how wages and prices change in ways that support more human capacities production when both women and men devote resources both private and public to it,5
+a total of per cent of the worlds preterm births are found in only countries of which are in the asian and pacific region bangladesh china india indonesia pakistan and the philippines the countries in the region with the highest preterm birth rates in were pakistan per live births indonesia per live births the philippines per live births bangladesh per live births and nepal per live births estimates of this indicator are produced from data collected from such surveys as demographic and health surveys and multiple indicator cluster surveys interpretation should therefore be considered with caution,3
+during the first five years as the organization is growing and building capability the asiapacific energy centre will be unable to attract voluntary contributions or earn revenue from the sale of publications like the iea so contributions from members will need to cover the full annual budget an annual contribution totaling million from apef members is considered reasonable considering die role diat die autonomous organization will be vested with the existing power pools oil and gas trading hubs are markets diat have a revenue stream based on the transactions that go through them,7
+these measures exclude mothers from decision making on the welfare of their children as a result of this uneven treatment women may receive a smaller share of the husband s or father s property at his death than would widowers and sons in some instances women are granted limited and controlled rights and receive income only from the deceased s property,5
+it should also be mentioned that the capacity ceiling established by the european commission ec for the german fleet has not been fully utilised by application the notification gives fisheries enterprises the opportunity to make investments modernise their fishing vessels or replace them with more efficient vessels without suffering a reduction of the quantity of quota they are assigned over the period to five proceedings were successfully completed in accordance with the notification rule,14
+the indicator thus provides information on the impact of policies which reduce the occurrence of such influencing factors in particular air pollution it can be based on a variety of information including data on forest health the extent to which forests fulfill targets related to their environmental economic and social functions and on forest management practices sustainable forest management for a variety of uses is essential to achieving sustainable development it is a critical means to eradicate poverty to significantly halt deforestation and to halt degradation of natural resources and the loss of biodiversity,15
+it compels political parties to ensure gender parity when they nominate candidates in federal and local congressional elections and that they alternate male and female names on their lists of candidates the move was a critical improvement on the previous constitutional requirement that at least of deputies in the assembly should be of the same sex oecd b however between and no further countries joined the that reported practicing legislative quotas although france did embrace them in at the subnational level,5
+the commission has recently stressed the importance of education and health literacy in improving health outcomes over a lifetime with particular focus on adolescents and youth resolutions on particular population groups such as migrants adolescents and youth older persons or urban and rural residents have recognized the health care needs of those groups and related implications for health systems resolutions have also drawn attention to the negative effects of the emigration of highlyskilled workers on development in countries of origin often in the healthrelated sectors and called for ethical recruitment of healthcare workers,3
+gravity models which estimate traffic flows between transport zones determined by the korea transport institute and similar to administrative tl areas while accounting for local characteristics should be used to estimate traffic volumes between the areas affected by the new infrastructure including adjacent zones that are not directly affected to account for expected changes from other projects the constructor should review current national or regional plans for land use transport and industrial complexes based on these plans the constructor should estimate the basic traffic volumes that are expected to result from the plans projects,11
+it is crucial to make the connection between gender responsiveness and operational benefits rewarding and publicising gender champions women and men who have shown dedication to integrating gender issues has the added advantage of providing role models to other personnel what are the advantages of using a gender lens,5
+although india has a national health care system granting free consultations in public hospitals these have usually long waiting lists are short of staff and drugs often unable to meet the rising demand for health care as a result effective health care coverage is low covering only of the population with only government or employees of large firms enjoying comprehensive health insurance kumar et al private health care has partially filled the gap left by the low public sector provision,3
+system costs in this study are defined as the total costs above plantleuel costs to supply electricity at a given load and given level of security of supply in principle this definition could include costs external to the electricity market such as environmental costs or security of supply impacts this study however focuses primarily on the costs accruing inside the electricity system to producers consumers as well as transport and distribution system operators a large subset of these costs are the monetisable system costs that are mediated by the electricity grid and are referred to in the following as gridlevel system costs or grid costs,7
+these attitudes need to shift to open up new opportunities not only to engage youth in economically productive activities but to contribute to rural development in a country that is principally dependent on agriculture for livelihoods it considers how to respond to the growing youth bulge and in particular how to promote youth wellbeing and a transition towards a demographic dividend through social enterprise development in rural areas the concept emerges from his idea that individuals are more than merely economic actors,8
+under federal legislation all australian based companies with energy consumption of more than pj per annum are required to report on energy use and energy savings under the energy efficiency opportunities program hence these companies have established systems and training to improve energy efficiency resulting in a reduction in carbon emissions but many large firms rely on inhouse and specialist training organisations rather than using tafe programmes smaller companies are not subject to the same requirements so there may be a role for partnership networks made up of regional development agencies local government agencies and tafe institutes to address this universal issue,7
+the amount of the monetary reward depends not only on the avdi rating but also on the teacher s rating in the performance evaluation system as indicated in table also if the teacher is employed in a school with a high concentration of priority students the reward is increased by the duration of the avdi reward varies between two and four years depending on when the avdi test is taken visavis the next evaluation planned in the context of the teacher performance evaluation system,4
+research based on the heart failure survey in israel which examined the quality of care for patients with heart failure found that mortality rates increased sharply after discharge from hospital inhospital mortality was however mortality increased to at six months post discharge and to at oneyear post discharge garty et al the high risk of longterm mortality indicates the urgent need for developing more effective management strategies for patients with chf discharged from hospital,3
+both can include forwardlooking projections in addition to historical trends variations of this ndc type include emission reductions from a base year eg a reduction from levels emission reductions to a specified emission level eg mtc eq or achievement of carbon neutrality by a given date ie the specified net emissions level is zero some countries had previously expressed goals for carbon neutrality under the cancun agreements maldives and costa rica,13
+the top environmental issues related to mining include uncontrolled chemical waste from leachate and poor rehabilitation of abandoned mining sites an estimated ha of land have been degraded by coal and gold mining activities only a minimal amount of the land degraded by mining activities has been restored,15
+overall structural fiscal balances were little changed between and with a mixed picture across countries the revised jobs strategy reiterated the basic recommendations of the original strategy as regards macroeconomic policy ie that it should aim at price stability and sound public finances so as to keep interest rates low and encourage investment and labour productivity with potential beneficial effects on employment macroeconomic policy is also to be used to help stabilise the economy in order to reduce the risk that transitory increases in unemployment due to adverse shocks become persistent and to ensure that the benefits of structural reforms are brought forward,8
+work in the focus areas on poverty and the mdgs and democratic governance can deepen intentions and action towards genderresponsive and gendertransformative results all undp programming and policies should be attentive to framing women as agents and active citizens if undp aims to contribute to transformative change it will need to accelerate efforts in all focus areas to more strategically target the roots of inequalities structures of unequal power participation and relations and address and transform unequal norms values and policies,5
+the work was overseen by simon buckle head of climate biodiversity and water division and anthony cox deputy director environment it is based on the oecd environment working paper climateresilient infrastructure getting the policies right by lola vallejo and michael mullan extreme events illustrate the extent of this potential exposure,13
+in this way policy coherence can be instrumental to generate comprehensive policy solutions and contribute to a sustainable and more inclusive development the development strategy which has been endorsed during the ministerial council meeting of may advocates a more comprehensive and inclusive approach to development in which policy coherence for development is a core element it is an essential tool to ensure that the organisations contributions to development efforts are strengthened and respond to fastchanging global realities where countries at varying levels of development can contribute to global sustainable growth,9
+moreover a third in both groups had higher career expectations than what their present positions provide the large gap between expectations and actual tasks leads to high job turnover of vocational college graduates quit their job within half a year after graduation and so do of university graduates the overwhelming majority quit voluntarily and primarily because of a lack of development opportunities and low salaries the lower turnover among university graduates and especially among top ones suggests that a stronger education background improves labour market matching,4
+this chapter reviews the existing sets of indicators that help them track and benchmark their environmental performance there is no ideal single set of indicators which covers all of the aspects which companies need to address to improve their production processes and productsservices an appropriate combination of elements of existing indicator sets could help them gain a more comprehensive picture of economic environmental and social effects across the value chain and product life cycle many manufacturers have had to deal with increasing environmental regulatory measures but have also realised economic benefits by reducing resource use and waste operating their production processes more efficiently and promoting environmentally sound products and services,12
+an optimal allocation of aquaculture sites is also important for the preservation of biological diversity and habitats in general and of particular importance for norways wild atlantic salmon this is particularly true for traditional salmon farming but also for new species such as cod and mussels this development has probably contributed to major fish health problems experienced by the industry in recent years particularly concerning the impact of pancreas disease and sea lice in western norway where the density of farming facilities is the highest,14
+they have vastly increased digital interconnectedness digital data storage and analytics capabilities at declining cost artificial intelligence al in particular which allows machines and computers to learn to solve problems on their own could have transformative effects across many sectors of the economy making it essential that innovations are in the public interest and guided by the agenda for sustainable development and the addis agenda the rapid pace of technological change puts great adaptive pressure on economies and societies while our understanding of their socioeconomic implications tends to develop more slowly than technology itself,9
+the legal mandate for the public institution administering and carrying out management of a national park includes monitoring and direct protection of the national park implementing the management practices stipulated in the management plan and enabling and facilitating scientific research moreover the national park administrations are selffinanced and currently depend on revenue generated by such economic activity as timber harvesting sanitation harvests they are moving towards finding other funding sources and mechanisms,15
+the latvian measure for commencing commercial activity or selfemployment programme which aimed to support business creation by unemployed individuals encountered similar challenges oecdeu in other cases some firms might define as innovative some of their usual activities or introduce changes to comply with requirements but with no effective longlasting impacts on inclusiveness and the innovation performance of firms such as recruiting workers from minority groups without giving them the opportunity to engage in research with benefiting from funding the only objective for example some benefitiaries of the hungarian innovation voucher programme were found to use vouchers to finance their usual innovation activities this is known as the crowding out effect of public funding,9
+this is consistent with the point made previously it is more difficult to reduce relative poverty because it requires the incomes of the poorest not only to rise but to rise by more than die incomes of the wealthiest so insofar as the trend towards lower absolute poverty continues in the region it becomes increasingly important to take the relative perspective into account in poverty measurement these baskets originated in the works of booth and and rowntree and and included basically subsistence goods for example rowntree s work of included i intake of food to maintain health and the ability to work ii a house with three bedrooms a living room kitchen and bathroom iii clothing fit to maintain bodily health and iv cleaning materials and repair or replacement of household utensils,1
+it contributes to the policy dialogue on inclusive growth through two key findings this negative influence appears stronger in lowincome countries and seems to affect growth by lowering both female human capital acquisition and labour force participation as well as total factor productivity at the same time it shows that reducing genderbased discrimination in social institutions through the right policy measures could yield substantial economic benefits leading to an annual increase in the world gdp growth rate of to percentage points by depending on the scenario we hope these findings will make the case for including policies and programmes that directly target discriminatory social institutions in national growth strategies and as such help countries identify ways to reach the ambitious targets of gender equality as sustainable development goal captures,5
+the major problems are caused by the filtration beds of sugar factories wineries and electronic enterprises there are plans to create water basin management offices for two watersheds the dniester and prut rivers map the slowing down of economic activity and a focus on transboundary rivers has resulted in the stabilization of the level of pollution of the big rivers dniester and prut,6
+the introduction of new landtax rates in the lake issykkul area increased and better differentiated would help capture a proportion of the rent related to the high environmental and recreational value of land in the issykkul biosphere reserve eventually increased land tax revenues estimated at kgs million per annum could be used to improve water resource management and for other local environmental and social priorities the financial sustainability of water services irrigation as well as water supply and sanitation services is addressed primarily through the restructuring of water tariffs the introduction of twopart tariffs with fixed and variable volumetric components as well as an increase in tariff rates a wellthought staged approach to reforms will also help mitigate or reduce eventual political resistance to the proposed options,6
+not all adverse events can be prevented given the knowledge information and the state of the art of medical care at the time of the incident for example an allergic reaction to a drug administered for the first time is an adverse event but would be considered unpreventable given the lack of preexisting knowledge of the patient s idiosyncratic allergy however any subsequent administration of this drug to this patient would be under most circumstances considered a preventable medication error and constitute a clear safety failure it is incumbent on providers to ensure this information is recorded and verified with the patient or their surrogates prior to administration for example the incidence of some types of healthcareassociated infections previously considered unpreventable has been reduced and even eradicated berenholtz et al pronovost et al in the previous drug reaction example preventabilitv may improve through precision medicine the ability to predict the likely outcome of administering a medication based on the patient s unique genetic or biological characteristics,3
+see the methodology chapter for information on the competitiveness outlook assessment and scoring process as contracting parties to the energy community all the see economies are required to adopt and implement electricity and gas legislation which complies with the eu third energy package requirements this is a substantial undertaking particularly given the relatively small size of the economies and governments and widespread concerns over institutional capacity overall the gas supply infrastructure is poor over large areas of see and the provision of gas to consumers is patchy at best although albania kosovo and montenegro have no gas sectors at present they have ambitions to create them,7
+however heavy physician caseloads mean that consultation times are short averaging less than ten minutes and there is inadequate time to address mental health and health promotion issues in many respects therefore israel s primary care system is well placed to meet future health care challenges that are common to most developed countries including adverse changes to upstream health determinants such as obesity lifestyle habits that damage health such as smoking an ageing population and the mounting burden of chronic disease all the funds have comprehensive electronic medical records emrs in community care which support the sharing of information among physicians laboratories diagnostic centres and patients,3
+paper submitted to the faoifadilo workshop ongaps trends and current research in gender dimensions of agricultural and rural employment differentiated pathways out of povertyrome march april d sahn gender and education impacts on employment and earnings inwest africa evidence from guinea economic development and cultural change pp evidence from cotedivoire oxford bulletin of economics and statistics pp,5
+initially most ofthe panel components were imported but today all the parts are produced domestically in this regard rahimafrooz a local firm that initially manufactured leadacid batteries for the systems has expanded its operation to include exports to nepal and bhutan more recently rahimafrooz set up the first solar panel assembly plant in bangladesh parvez and has begun to export panels to africa ahmed in addition it has signed a memorandum of understanding with tata bp solar on building a megawatt mw solar power plant in bangladesh daily star thereby further building international linkages,7
+the federal water engineering administration coordinates the construction and operation of flood management structures and the designation of hazard zones and flood discharge areas in many areas its tasks also include reimbursing losses incurred by people who live in designated flood discharge areas its activities are carried out at the lander level from the perspective of aligning responsibilities with control it is helpful that the ministry also has responsibility for some key climatesensitive sectors water forestry natural hazards and agriculture,13
+it is argued that aggregating information on deprivations into one index is inherently problematic in terms of weighting and for the risk of masking deprivations in particular dimensions with the performance of the other dimensions included in the index most of these comments are addressed within other parts of the moda methodology ie the single deprivation analysis and the overlap analysis moreover the indices used in the moda studies allow comparing outcomes between countries regions and population groups in order to profile children and their families belonging to various groups of the population following alkire and foster a the adjusted headcount is decomposed to answer such questions as what is the contribution of specific population groups to the total deprivation level,1
+this programme is based on a partnership with local ngo s and aims to temporarily employ months around lowly skilled and unemployed individuals in projects while also improving the local infrastructure base the projects will be identified by the ngo s in collaboration with the local population such partnerships with the ngo sector are a promising way forward as they allow the tunisian government to rapidly compensate capacity constraints it may face in its own administration they are usually the primary government institution responsible for implementing active labour market programmes tunisia s pes the agence nationale pour i emploi et le travail independant aneti national employment and selfemployment agency was established in,8
+this means that one in six children is extremely poor and the scourge of poverty affects more than million children and adolescents see figure and table ii these children experience one or more severe deprivations in terms of dwellings with unsafe construction materials and overcrowding lack of access to drinking water or sanitation facilities in the home general andor chronic undernutrition lack of access to the education system children who have never attended school or lack of access to communication and information systems including lack of electricity in the home an average of children in countries with the highest total child poverty levels el salvador guatemala honduras nicaragua peru and the plurinational state of bolivia were extremely poor million in these six countries among the countries with the lowest total child poverty levels argentina chile costa rica ecuador and uruguay a simple average of of children were extremely poor million,1
+in nonoecd countries demand growth is expected for all dairy products with wmp and butter consumption growing the strongest both by followed by cheese to world exports of dairy products are anticipated to recover and grow mainly for cheese and wmp both at milk producers and the dairy industry will increasingly need to take a more proactive role to adapt to changing input markets demand conditions price fluctuations and increased pressure to assure quality safety and traceability of their products environmental constraints and climate change related issues and policy will pose further challenges for the sector in the future,2
+it examines the balance between the leadership management and administrative functions of school directors and argues for greater local decisionmaking and accountability this would involve the development of leadership within the teaching profession among directors atps and school supervisors and a greater clarity about the role of school directors and other leaders and higher expectations of their contribution to improving teaching and the performance of schools without further delay a national framework for school leadership which sets out the criteria for effective leadership and establishes performance standards is needed,4
+a national centre of expertise in assessment could work to build capacity on a large scale it could also support cooperation between researchers and facilitate the development and implementation of assessment models as knowledge and capacity grows new highquality tools and networks can be developed and promoted by and for teachers and school leaders,4
+the advertising is supported by a programme of events a website and an instagram presence with over followers to engage with young women and encourage them to find their thing engagement across these media platforms responds to sdg target b which aims to enhance the use of enabling technology to promote the empowerment of women it has been assessed as highly novel captivating and atypical of traditional government advertising,5
+the reliance of adultlearning policy on european structural funds is substantial which raises concerns about the longterm sustainability of the system financing mechanisms to stimulate private investment and promote the quality and relevance of adult learning are limited first the current financing landscape is addressed,4
+western scandinavia features two successful examples of such packages in oslo and in west sweden see the summary in table and a description in box both political agreements allow for substantial national investment in urban transport infrastructure under the condition that the metropolitan areas create a new tax or a charge a ring road toll in oslo congestion tax in gothenburg and use the revenue to match national funding city packages are longterm plans for the development of transport systems in a city or in a metropolitan area typically over a period of years which are cofiinded with road tolls,11
+for example the great pacific garbage patch in the north pacific ocean accumulates a huge amount of litter covering a surface estimated to be at least equal to the size of texas the coasts are popular tourist destinations with numerous opportunities for recreation and relaxation recreational fisheries are an important economic activity for many local communities,14
+for example two out of three informal jobs are in the informal sector in india ilo nonetheless a significant number of workers in formal enterprises are informally employed a significant share of femaleowned businesses in many emerging economies are homebased and have no employees other than the owner herself,5
+in low and lower middleincome countries on the other hand small and medium sized farms are significant also in terms of share of land and food production in lowincome countries farms smaller than hectares occupy about of the farmland and farms smaller than hectares about in lower middleincome countries these shares are about and respectively as can be observed in figure from lowder skoet and singh most farms are in east asia south asia and the pacific more than a third of the world s farmers live inthe people s republic of china herafter china and slightly less than a quarter live in india,2
+it would be very useful that an agreement could be reached on the competence of evaluators and on the criteria and consequences of evaluation a lengthy negotiation may be preferable to a more forceful implementation of teacher evaluation especially if school evaluation is under way because there are no goals benchmarks or modes of evaluation for efficiency and performance at any level of the system there are no means to hold individuals accountable,4
+those fisheries targeting wintering migratory species including the paired purse seine and mackerel purse seine fisheries are struggling to survive and have almost collapsed in recent years as shown in table the historical el nino and la nina events have resulted in very high interannual fluctuation of eel and mullet catch such changes were induced by the warm pool movement in the tropical pacific,14
+physical infrastructure must support the capacity of african countries to rehabilitate and develop rural and agricultural infrastructure through investments in a marketing processing and storage facilities c irrigation facilities and d relevant modes of transportation investment in essential infrastructure and senices for rural communities can provide considerable potential for rural job creation in farming agroprocessing and rural industry policies can also focus on identifying and promoting the use of simple technologies that can increase farm outputs and link farmers with agricultural research institutions and markets for example buyerseller networks for agricultural produce can be organised through mobile phone networks and such schemes have been introduced in some countries such as bangladesh,2
+risks are also faced by consumers generally in the form of unexpected fluctuations in food availability or volatile food prices and as real threats are largely limited to developing countries and poor households others such as the occurrence of transboundary livestock diseases or the spreading of pests to other countries could become more important as international trade in agricultural products increases on the other hand a wellfunctioning international trading system is capable of acting as a buffer against regional shocks and hence of reducing the exposure of farmers and consumers within the affected region,2
+opening for trade the domestic economy may have a positive effect on workers wages and firms profits through two channels second the increasing demand for existing product varieties leads to a massification of products however increased global participation may come at a cost and may limit future economic growth,9
+the committee replaced the former department of water resources the ministry develops policy documents and legislation in the field of groundwater and surface water management and protection controls the enforcement of eu directives concerning water management and protection and collaborates with other relevant ministries and environmental institutions the ministry also participates in the eu working groups and processes in this area and coordinates cooperation with neighbouring countries on transboundary river basins,6
+as such the study calls for the creation of an energy efficiency action network eefan an international platform to enable regular cooperation and information sharing between the public and private sectors the absence of microlevel data on energy use and investments significantly undermines policymakers abilities to take informed decisions and implement most effective policies this study was able to provide insights into the realities of ee markets by conducting a series of surveys and oneonone interviews with financial institutions and stakeholders in the market,7
+many small schools are located within a distance of less than one kilometre of each other pen although geography and the transportation network need to be taken into account this suggests considerable scope to foster mergers of nearby schools to the benefit of quality without putting students access at risk this should be the preferred option where feasible unless the school could be restructured to expand access to preschool and secondary education in canada and portugal see box transporting students to bigger schools is preferred to ensure quality and small schools are limited to remote areas with low enrolment,4
+the patterns are very similar with the exception of a few cases for ethiopia and the democratic republic of congo the contribution to the total deprivation level in the region is smaller when using the deprivation ratio h and than when using the adjusted deprivation ratio mo and respectively this is because the adjusted deprivation ratio takes into account that the average number of deprivations children in these countries experience is relatively higher compared to other countries with a similar deprivation headcount ratio for nigeria on the other hand the contribution to the total deprivation level of the selected countries is slightly smaller when using the adjusted deprivation ratio mo than when using the deprivation headcount ratio h vs due to the differences in the average intensity of deprivation across countries,1
+this provides for both remedial and accelerated learning for all students in any subject area in recent years several oecd countries including austria the czech republic france and luxembourg have narrowed the circumstances in which grade repetition is applied academic progress alone may provide too narrow a set of information on students improvement,4
+in terms of policies the change of focus from women to gender stemmed from a recognition that isolating women s concerns from mainstream development policies and strategies limits the impact of such policies and strategies whereas paying more attention to the roles and responsibilities of both women and men and their interrelationships can make policies and strategies more effective gender statistics are about everybody women and men the production of gender statistics has the role of informing the public and the media raising consciousness encouraging public debate and promoting change in society the dissemination of gender statistics to a large audience is crucial in reducing both gender stereotypes and the misrepresentation of the roles of women and men and their contribution to society and in promoting a new gender balance in the distribution of roles within the family at the workplace and in positions of decisionmaking,5
+rural communities consume little electricity and have little or no disposable income to pay for electricity services lack of access to electricity is also due to the difficulties in providing electricity to households scattered in large isolated or remote geographical areas many governments have invested in the extension of national grids over the past three decades in many cases reaching a large segment of urban populations,7
+conversely an inability to achieve a wholeofgovernment approach was cited among the top barriers to achieving gender equality by about onequarter of respondents to the oecd survey on national gender frameworks gender public policies and leadership the absence of a coordinated approach in dealing with gender equality issues is often one of the major obstacles to the development and implementation of gender policies in the case of spain for example the gender institution s coordination function involves distinct institutional components johan overall at the horizontal level in oecd countries the most prevalent coordination mechanisms include establishing coordination units at the centre of government developing wholeofgovernment frameworks for gender equality and interministerial groups convened by the central gender institution see figure,5
+the evaluation of a pilot in india among about employees of garment factories the majority of whom were women indicated that after the programme women were less likely to report needing help using an atm had a better grasp of bank terminology and were more likely to report saving some of their income for personal needs most male employees already knew how to withdraw money and were already saving so their behaviour was less impacted than that of women findings also suggest positive results in terms of women s empowerment as women were also more likely to say that they decided how to allocate their salaries and were twice as likely to report discussing household spending decisions with family members ghuliani and goldenberg a random group of clients of india s largest women s bank sewa bank were invited to attend a programme including business counselling and basic financial literacy training field et al,5
+these varieties included norin wheat and yukara rice which were bred by japan in the s and successfully contributed to heavier yields of tropical wheat and rice an event called the green revolution because this was partly a product of revolutions in engineering technology and biotechnology it can also be described as the industrialization of agriculture which subsequently promoted the twentiethcentury agricultural revolution in the world s most industrialized nations because this revolution involves petroleumdependent agriculture flat topographical conditions have made an extremely important contribution to its progress,2
+norwegian coastal haddock metric tons included due to disagreement regarding the allocation of the norwegian spring spawning herring stock the states involved eu norway iceland faeroe islands greenland and russia have not yet adopted a management regime for this stock quotas for the and seasons due to disagreement regarding the allocation of the blue whiting stock the states involved eu norway iceland faeroe islands greenland and russia have not yet adopted a management regime for this stock,14
+under this law power grid operators are requested to buy all the grid connected power produced with renewable energy within the coverage of their power grid and provide gridconnection service for the generation of power with renewable energy this should be achieved through grid connection agreements between grid operators and renewable power generation companies when local grids are saturated and cannot accommodate all the incoming electricity or easily transmit the electricity surplus through to adjacent grids grid companies typically curtail electricity generated by wind farms,7
+a list that includes items that are not affordable on the other hand may attract fewer ticks in the necessary box the tendency for what is considered normal to increase with incomes and to decrease with persistent poverty has often been observed and it is not difficult to see how this might affect the results of surveys about child deprivation,1
+staffing firms shall pay labour compensation to the workers to be placed on a monthly basis during the periods when there is no work for workers to be placed the staffing firm shall pay workers compensation on a monthly basis at the minimum wage rate of the place where the staffing firm is located if a dispute arising from the performance of the collective contract cannot be resolved following consultations the trade union may apply for arbitration and litigation,10
+accordingly cities have become increasingly important policy targets for national governments these plans are then implemented by three levels of government national provincial and local district and ward level however the initial planning decisions are taken by the central government which then inform the lower levels of planning,11
+the project of implementing the epict in the austrian education system has been carried out since autumn the country report dedicated to austria last updated and revised in august specifies that this implementation concerns both initial and continuing teacher education this system will build on existing course accreditation processes operating in some states by establishing common accreditation processes and national graduate standards and by specifying the knowledge and skills that graduates need including ict knowledge skills as well as other technology in teaching at the university of tasmania a unit on the educational uses of information technology is a feature of teaching degrees,4
+the main functions are those provided directly by the metropolitan region or regional authority for example in sao paulo transportation planning and water and sanitation networks are provided by state companies for the metropolitan area in santiago there is no metropolitanwide service delivery capacity j recent perspectives on metropolitan organization functions and governance in e rojas jr cuadradoroura and jm fernandez giiell eds,11
+hence screening should not be seen in isolation attention to the quality of care across the whole pathway of cancer care is needed regarding cardiovascular screening the costeffectiveness of the czech republic s biennial general health check should be assessed and if value for money cannot be convincingly demonstrated disinvestment should occur with funds spent on evidencebased initiatives to reduce smoking obesity and harmful alcohol consumption as for cancer prevention and early diagnosis should not be isolated from a holistic model of care for longterm conditions in particular better secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease is needed,3
+par contre on n aperoit pas une difference claire entre l apprentissage par resolution de problemes et l enseignement traditionnel via des conferences en fonction des resultats des etudiants ameliorer lefficacite des formes directes de l enseignement est un defi majeur pour de nombreux etablissements de l enseignement superieur dautant plus que l enseignement par resolution de problemes nest pas realisable dans tous les contextes de nombreux strategies d enseignement telles que organisation l expressivite l enthousiasme et les rapports interactifs dans l enseignement ont ete trouves a ameliorer des indicateurs de l apprentissage des etudiants et leur persistance,4
+it is at this local level that citizens tend to experience exclusion arbitrariness and dispossession from the state which in turn can lead to fear frustration and disempowerment haar van der in some cases these institutions may provide valuable routes to empower poor people and can act as building blocks to gradual engagement with the state as its capacity grows opportunities for external actors to enable empowerment processes are likely to be limited but it is essential to act to protect the livelihoods and assets of poor people to reduce tensions and promote ongoing exchange and cooperation between different parts of society historically elites have used coercion to build states popular resistance has forced them to exercise constraint and provide protection tilly and marginalised groups have used violence to challenge state authority,1
+it describes womens representation in parliaments executive cabinets the judiciary and top civil servant positions overall women remain underrepresented in the top echelons of public power although there are considerable crosscountry differences due to various historical and socioeconomic factors the chapter offers a detailed analysis of potential driving forces behind the lack of women in key decisionmaking posts,5
+in some cases developmentasusual activities should contribute to reducing climate vulnerability while others can inadvertently increase it guidance has been provided by the oecd and others to facilitate this process oecd but it is not clear which approach has been adopted by the austrian development agency to facilitate the mainstreaming of climate adaptation into its work explicit monitoring and evaluation of the approach would help ensure that it is achieving its desired objectives and inform the development of future interventions these estimates do not include casualties,13
+the misuse of cocaine in east and southeast asia remains limited as evidenced by a relatively low level of seizures compared with other regions the latest data point towards a further decline in the amount of cocaine seized within the region in hong kong china the quantity of cocaine seized dropped by more than half from more than kg in to less than kg in similarly reported seizures in japan and macao china declined by more than per cent down to kg and kg respectively in,3
+secondly it also refers to the continuum of care that must be provided at all levels of the health system in the home and community health centre and hospital they rapidly increased the access of a skilled attendant to childbirth and when required timely emergency obstetric care they recognized that provision of services for mothers and newborns are at the centre of a strong health care system and the resulting reduction in maternal and newborn mortality is a measure of the success of that health system family planning is a critical element for improving maternal and child health,3
+much of the modem experience of development has shown that save in a pure malthusian situation which may sometimes occur but which is generally rare poverty is closely related to income inequality and both are closely connected with growth in attempts to find effective ways to combat poverty attention must therefore be cast widely enough to examine the effect of income inequality and growth on poverty in turn reduction and eradication of poverty can have an important impact on growth and inequality,1
+this report outlines swaps for four countries that are all currently undergoing reform bangladesh indonesia morocco and zambia such a swap is needed for all economies and swap suggestions for china and the united states are also included with a focus of savings moved toward a just transition and energy efficiency however the work of implementing largescale government reforms and a parallel redirection toward zero carbon and sustainable energy infrastructure projects is now needed a massive switching off of fossil fuels subsidies and a switching on of government policies to support renewables and energy efficiency,7
+there is a default risk that the ipp can become insolvent being unable to supply power to the offtaker and repay its debt to the lender mining companies and lenders are therefore more likely to partner with an experienced ipp that has strong ties to the investment community and is able to bring the project to financial closure when looking across the array of current projects table several of them and particularly largescale costly projects involve wellestablished renewable energy developers pwc as an example valhalla a chilean renewable energy startup has faced difficulties in securing usd million financing required for its innovative espejo de tarapaca project in northern chile,7
+allegedly pollution from solid waste contributes significantly to the scarcity issues in some metropolitan areas like sao paulo and rio de janeiro poor water quality in rio de janeiro is largely due to pollution from solid waste linked to a bad habit of waste disposal in rivers some costeffective measure to reduce pollution may well lie in changes in the waste disposal even though pollution from other sources should not be neglected,6
+nunavut aims to develop entirely culturallyresponsive and locallyrelevant curriculum programs materials and assessments that also ensure their students have access to postsecondary and university entrance requirements nunavut department of education for example the former grade standardized social studies examination has been replaced by a projectbased assessment model developed in nunavut to facilitate student assessment that combines local topics cultural content as well as st century skills the concept of sami education differs throughout the area on the norwegian side there are two national curricula for the basic education the norwegian and the sami the sami school concept for grades reflects groups classes or schools which are municipally owned and which follow the sami national curriculum several specialized sami schools and for the upper secondary level two state operated schools also all students are required to learn about sami themes according to syllabi grades,4
+this section will examine each of these reform drivers in turn concerns about scarcity can be fuelled by increasing demand or shifts in water availability or due to degraded quality or climatic shifts in particular droughts can provide a salient visible event to trigger action see box efforts to secure adequate water for ecosystems can be driven by new legislation such as the eu water framework directive or visible environmental deterioration such as rivers running dry in some cases reforms have sought to address issues that have arisen from previous allocation reforms the cases of alberta canada australia chile israel england and wales and south africa provide insight on this theme,6
+this publication explores effective policy responses to this risk environment as part of a broader policy strategy designed to improve availability access and utilisation of food a case study on indonesia highlights the issues involved this chapter reviews the concept and definition of food insecurity its various dimensions and how it has been measured in different contexts,2
+furthermore henderson argues that we do not yet know enough about the economic dynamics of urban systems to attempt to influence them and such attempts risk a major policy error very large investments may therefore be needed for some smaller cities to reach this threshold altbeker mckeown and bernstein policies to invest in transport links between cities and improve urbanrural links have been shown to improve balanced productivity afdb oecd and undp uneca additionally industries with intensive use of immobile primary factors that are not heavily dependent on other firms for intermediate goods and services may prefer to locate in smaller cities if infrastructure is improved henderson shalzi and venables,11
+for instance they often make their decisions based on speech patterns and nonverbal gestures during the pitch lowering the willingness of investors to fund female entrepreneurs seeking capital balachandra et al furthermore brooks et al finally there seems to be some degree of homophily male investors express less interest in female entrepreneurs compared to observably similar male entrepreneurs in contrast female investors express more interest in female entrepreneurs ewens forthcomings the main limitations of commonly used datasets are that they do not contain information on firms seeking but not receiving vc and that they do not include details on the companies and their founders,5
+the hotspot identification exercise conducted in chapter shows that there is a growing body of evidence around a number future water risks globally uncertainties in assessment remain significant but it is likely that more and better studies will be released in years to come prospective exercises can help anticipate complex scenarios for agriculture and explore options to strengthen resilience oecd b they consider likely scenarios and potential actions to mitigate the different water risks each of the action is then attributed a sellbydate which indicate when a change in the course of action may be needed under each option they then propose an efficient dynamic pathways to address the risks and work towards preferred pathways each with initial action threshold for change of course and next step action,6
+the health care system is obligated to deliver equal care to all citizens regardless of their place of residence this requires a large number of small costeffective health centres capable of providing acute care because the expenses for transport of patients and staff are very high due to their small size and isolation towns and villages in greenland often need to be selfsufficient and are very vulnerable to external factors no private providers of health care services exist in greenland but private dental care physiotherapy psychotherapy and treatment for alcohol and drug abuse are available in nuuk in the past perinatal complications acute and chronic infectious diseases and injuries dominated as the leading causes of morbidity recently chronic and lifestyle diseases and disabilities dominate morbidity concerns despite the fact that the old diseases have not decreased to the same low levels found in western countries,3
+the service has started developing appropriate institutional capacity and regulatoiy and logistical frameworks for its successful operation the law sets out measures for the social protection of citizens living and working in the vicinity of nuclear facilities sources of radiation and nuclear storage facilities the process of mass switchover to energysaving lamps in the country started in may and was completed by the end of the same year local authorities and social protection bodies were requested to provide energysaving lamps to low income families by october these families received about two million energysaving lamps due to compensation from the state budget in the amount of us million in the period two new plants for production of energysaving lamps have been built and put into operation each has a production capacity of three million lamps per year,7
+it is not necessary that all staff working in ecec have high levels of education which may also be impossible to realise and not desirable however those with lower levels of general education should work alongside those who are highly qualified attending a workshop may be an easy way to realise means of professional development however highquality subject training fieldbased consultation training or supervised practices may be more effective,4
+disasters typically magnify existing patterns of inequality including gender inequality violence against women and girls can occur for example because scarce resources result in lack of street lighting at night in areas where women are obliged to collect fuel or water from remote and isolated areas women run more slowly than men for instance and face greater difficulties in climbing rescue points such as trees and posts they often cannot swim and may be prohibited from leaving their homes,5
+for example as referred to earlier in recent years enrolment trends have led some surpluses in ceip s budget to be transferred to cetp s budget there are no stakeholders voicing major criticisms about the approach followed by education councils to distribute resources across schools while the distribution criteria are not made public and information on the amount of public resources each school receives is not disclosed there is the perception that education councils distribute resources so as to ensure some horizontal equity across individual schools ie similar resources are given to schools with similar type of provision,4
+although they have achieved a comparable level of economic development they are poles apart in the development of female labour force participation policies to support families and the combination of workandfamily and fertility trends over recent decades in france most women enter the labour market on a fulltime basis and working parents using formal care have received public support since the early s fertility has remained at a high level by european standards,5
+energy data are available mainly in developed countries and even in these countries they are not as detailed as needed for proper industrial energyefficiency analysis and policy design benchmarking is required as much at the technology and process levels as at the policy level the long distance to best practice is a major incentive for governments and firms to do better,7
+the amahlubi community of kwazulu natal province south africa is a good example of how customary law can be applied in a way that recognizes gender equality this shows that customary land practice need not be bound by inflexible inheritance rules but can operate on principles of access to livelihood and ensuring social inclusion there are considerable variations between and within customary legal systems as well as statutory systems,5
+although they may never fully compensate for the loss in income they can smooth their consumption to some extent thereby decreasing fluctuations in consumption however the more children living in a household the greater the poverty risk and the lower the ability to smooth consumption world bank b for poor households the strategies available are even more limited and can have detrimental effects impacting their wellbeing in the future leading to chronic poverty and the transmission of poverty over generations ravallion ortiz et al for the poorest households subsistence farming may be a viable option,1
+the focus of this work will be amongst others dental care prehospital care including the ambulance senice and quality registries nevertheless the focus of most of these has been on monitoring trends in health needs and in healthcare activities in primaiy care a limited number of activities and outputs are measured those that are produced focus on basic measures of population health such as allcause mortality and activity around maternal and child health,3
+there was wide support for the role of the forum with its universal membership and its ability to address the challenges facing forests in a holistic manner it was also noted that the establishment of the collaborative partnership on forests had fostered stronger collaboration and cooperation among the key forestrelated organizations at the global level several countries welcomed efforts to promote a wider understanding of the importance of forests and trees and their multiple benefits including through the international year of forests and the international day of forests however some representatives said that there was insufficient public recognition of these benefits and that the visibility of forests was still too low,15
+this will be crucial in improving the quality of life and economic dynamism of urban areas for all of chile s residents this could further promote mixedincome housing areas and discourage betteroff families from demanding housing subsidies while centrally located land can be more expensive in the short term the preexistence of infrastructure saves money and better accessibility reduces commuting time and its associated costs including pollution,11
+capture fisheries aquaculture industrial fishing smallscale fishing and sports fishing all have different participants and face different challenges aquaculture is in many ways like agriculture with a fairly predictable output for any given input sports fishing is a case apart not driven by the same profit needs as professional fishing capture fisheries whether large or smallscale are based on a raw material whose availability can be highly unstable and unpredictable,14
+while biofuel use has rapidly increased in the last few years portugal is still far from meeting this target using biofuels remains more expensive than other ghg abatement options and requires subsidies adding further pressures to the government budget portugal should continuously assess its biofuel policy taking full account of impacts on land use agricultural input use water quality and biodiversity,7
+an improved overview of climate finance flows including in the context of developed countries usd loobn goal in the context of the unfccc could have both national and international benefits these obligations have been enhanced under the paris agreement and include quantified commitments relating to the provision and mobilisation of financial resources from developed countries to assist developing countries the leadership of developed countries in mobilising climate finance for developing countries the reporting of transparent and consistent information on finance provided and mobilised by developed countries and the review of climate finance provided however gaps and inconsistencies remain in unfccc provisions for transparency of climate finance provided mobilised and received there are also gaps in data availability and reporting and no agreed methods to attribute climate finance mobilised multilaterally or for calculating climate finance mobilised from policy interventions,13
+lastly this chapter describes how data is collected in order to provide information for the planning and management of health care services large socioeconomic and geographic inequalities in health however persist throughout the country this section describes the demographic and socioeconomic context of the colombian health care system and assesses the burden of disease that the system must address including the legacy of the internal armed conflict,3
+for instance in canada the federal government has issued no recent water goals or indicators towards which all ministries can work and integrated water policy is facing obstacles this may create tensions between ministries with conflicting interests at subnational level and calls for a customisation of water policy at the territorial level for example in mexico the programmes of the national water commission conagua seek to respond to increasing water demand from the different users especially those that have fewer water resources,6
+grants to provincial district and local level governments have been increased significantly signalling a major shift in the government s approach to delivering services to rural and remote areas while the large increase in funding to provincial and local governments will directly transfer large amounts of funds to rural areas it is expected that this will strain the capacity of the provinces to effectively implement the government s ambitious service delivery agenda moreover papua new guinea is to be commended for taking steps to establish its sovereign wealth fund which is expected to be operational by the end of,8
+the central government had been planning to capitalise on the good wind resource in the north of the country by increasing production of wind energy in these areas it had selected several sites for locating wind farms however as the production of re does not represent a concrete advantage for the hosting communities and as there is a general perception that negative externalities are not being compensated for by the re policy they have tended to oppose them,7
+economic activities depending on water will be adversely affected this in turn will exacerbate the already demanding challenge of balancing competing demands among different uses navigation hydropower generation agriculture industry tourismrecreation etc additional attention should be given to water resources in such a changing environment so as to ensure the functioning of ecosystems and the preservation of the natural capital,6
+this chapter illustrates some of the initiatives that the international telecommunication union itu participated in and launched of relevance to this category the most debated issues were public private partnership ppp as model for implementing broadband networks the application of lessons from moores law in order to promote broadband and achieve the sdgs key factors to make rural communication projects successful and sustainable evolving imt systems standards technologies and architecture supporting mobile broadband the itu gisbased transmission maps as a useful tool for identifying the missing links and improving broadband connectivity this new agenda will constitute the new global shared vision goals and targets to be achieved by in collaboration with all stakeholders across the ict ecosystem the maps are a cuttingedge ictdata mapping platform for taking stock of national backbone connectivity fibre and microwave as well as of other key metrics of the ict sector the platform currently covers africa the asiapacific region the arab states cis europe and latin america with data from more than operators,9
+according to the food and agriculture organization s fao report about half of the stocks in the oceans were fully exploited and onequarter were either overexploited or depleted with no possibilities in the short or medium term of further expansion pauly and christensen the fao capture fisheries data show that the steady decline of mean trophic levels mtl of fish communities is a global phenomenon tian et al all over the world catch compositions have gone from from high trophic levels larger size and long lifespan to low trophic levels smaller size and short lifespan,14
+policy interventions and health systems are connected through feedback relationships although some individual developing countries have been successful the healthrelated mdgs were not met globally by and there is unfinished business health challenges confronted by the mdgs will feature among the health challenges of the agenda for sustainable development,3
+source luxembourg income study lis part of the change reflects a household s preference for homeownership relative to other tenures which in turn is influenced by policies that influence households tenure choice eg housing taxation rental regulations another part of this change reflects purely demographic and socioeconomic developments for instance the probability of homeownership tends to increase with age thus it is likely that the aggregate homeownership rate would have increased in oecd countries even if nothing else changed due to population ageing,11
+the exercise examines action to address physical connectivity constraints and reduce trade costs in particular through national and regional actions to implement the wto trade facilitation agreement it also extends consideration of trade costs into the area of digital connectivity network infrastructure and service markets a picture of concerted actionby governments development partners and the private sector to promote trade inclusiveness and connectivity for sustainable development emerges from this analysis a key message that emerged from the edition of the aidfortradeata glance publication oecdwto was that high trade costs inhibit numerous developing countries from fully exploiting the market access opportunities created by the multilateral trading system,9
+circulatory disease deaths also account for the largest gap in death rates between indigenous and nonindigenous australians of the gap this is followed by endocrine metabolic and nutritional disorders particularly diabetes which account for of the gap aihw b in overall death rates were twice as high circulatory diseases accounted for the largest gap of the gap followed by diabetes and cancers,3
+with the spread of information communication technologies in recent decades labour markets have been profoundly affected particular types of jobs often routine ones are increasingly performed by machines and workers have needed to acquire new skills for other workers however the introduction of new technologies has complemented their existing skills and made them more productive gains from trade accrue from the ability to allocate resources to the sectors and locations where they can be most efficient in particular global trade integration has facilitated the efficient production of intermediate goods thanks to the organisation of fragmented supply chains more open economies tend to grow faster and participation in global value chains is associated with better knowledge diffusion and stronger productivity growth,8
+for similar reasons households may underinvest in the education and health of their children as well as adopt negative riskcoping strategies such as distress sales of assets reducing the quantity and quality of food consumption begging or taking children out of school and exploiting natural resources in an unsustainable manner it helps households manage risk a growing body of evidence shows that social assistance programmes not only prevent households from falling into deeper poverty and hunger when exposed to a shock but by helping the poor overcome liquidity and credit constraints and manage risks more effectively it also allows them to invest in productive activities and build assets,1
+total fisheries exports in were valued at aud billion comprising of edible fisheries exports of aud billion and nonedible fisheries exports of aud million the total fisheries imports in were valued at aud billion around of the fisheries imports aud billion were edible fisheries imports whilst pearls made up the majority of the aud million of nonedible imports the total value of australian fisheries exports declined each year from to but saw a small increase in from the exports of aud billion,14
+in addition the country has decreased its reliance on imported inputs for export production and reduced its dependency on processing exports the share of capital goods in chinas total exports rose from per cent in to nearly per cent in while its share in total imports was declining intermediate imports were also declining from per cent of total imports to only per cent during those years the growth rate of processing exports has been lagging behind ordinary exports since,8
+therefore the concepts of conservation and sustainability are at the core of us trade policy additionally the united states takes the position that tariffs and quantitative restrictions on trade are for the most part ineffective substitutes for good management as a country with relatively low tariffs on fish and fish products the united states supports liberalizing global trade in these products,14
+in recent years efforts have been undertaken to construct and rehabilitate schools in needy areas the schools hospitals programme announced by the president of kazakhstan in has constructed new schools providing more than additional student places throughout the country the purpose of the programme financed largely through republican budget targeted development transfers tdts was threefold i to reduce reliance on threeshift education ii to reduce the number of schools in emergency condition and iii to decrease the deficit of student places in schools iac,4
+similarly in austria and germany linguistic barriers to social wellbeing were greatest among firstgeneration immigrant students immigrantnative differences in socioeconomic background explain almost one fourth of the observed gaps in academic performance compared to one fifth in the oecd area after accounting for students socioeconomic status the immigrantnative gap in the percentage of students attaining baseline academic proficiency between native and immigrant students dropped from to pexcentage points on average across oecd countries this percentage decreased from to percentage points,4
+the significant and rapid deterioration of the humanitarian situation in some countries of the region continues to pose a grave risk to peace and security with various implications following the displacement of millions of inhabitants the difficult and traumatic situation of refugees escaping conflict zones in particular in iraq and the syrian arab republic makes them particularly vulnerable to and at high risk of exposure to drug trafficking and addiction lack of governmental control and a general atmosphere of lawlessness in many areas make it virtually impossible to monitor drug control activities,3
+however the pension insurance rate cannot be lowered c unemployment insurance funds can be used to help enterprises with financial difficulties to stabilise job posts d enterprises with financial difficulties are encouraged to provide onthejob training for their employees e economic compensation problems of enterprises with financial difficulties should be solved appropriately according to one estimate if the first three measures were fulfilled enterprises economic burdens would be reduced by more than cny billion and more than million job posts would be stabilised the chinese government has taken many measures to help these groups including employment services and training,10
+the teacher s statute lays out the minimum function of schools principals in both public and privatesubsidised schools for principals of public schools the teacher s statute stipulates further administrative and financial responsibilities further administrative tasks include organising supervising and evaluating the work of teachers suggesting the dismissal of up to of teachers with a poor evaluation proposing staff for recruitment and replacement providing input in the selection of teachers proposing salary allowances for teachers appointing and dismissing other school leaders and promoting a good school climate financial responsibilities include assigning managing and controlling the resources allocated to the school in accordance with legislative requirements in a shift from the traditionally administrative and managerial role of school leaders all of these frameworks and standards emphasise school leaders role as pedagogical leaders a first set of standards the good school leadership framework marco para la buena direccion published by the ministry of education in was updated with a new set of standards in marco para la buena direccion y el liderazgo escolar,4
+in chile the figure is for peruvian women and it is as high as for colombian women working in the bolivarian republic of venezuela this is significant first because it means that these women are financially responsible for their children and second because it is palpable evidence of the relative nature of the autonomy that leads women to decide to migrate alone leaving their children behind in their countiy of origin martinez pizarro the problem lies in the lack of protection and the discrimination that these women face at work making them even more vulnerable especially if they are undocumented in most cases there is a combination of factors including residency status documented or undocumented countiy of origin ethnicity length of residence in the destination country language proficiency and education level,5
+however this distinction misses opportunities as the deployment of new technologies creates needs besides capitalintensive infrastructure for example more concessional resources in soft infrastructure such as strengthening education and digital skills can result in faster growth and progression in the digital economy in addition the spread of new technologies and the growing importance of the ict ecosystem necessitates further breakdown of ict sector codes in the crs,9
+formal childcare is also shown to be positively associated with the child s cognitive development in particular for children in disadvantaged households huerta et al a greater use of flexible work and leave arrangements by both genders would make parental leave periods less penalising a convergence in hours worked between women and men and more ambitious career trajectories for women would further reduce the gap in takehome pay,5
+the important sideeffect of these changes was a reduction in the degree of tracking and stratification in the german school system and by implication a weakening of the impact that social background has on learning outcomes sometimes real opportunities are disguised as insoluble problems this was the case in scotland when the government intending to initiate sweeping reforms to the curriculum testing and leadership started with an overhaul of teacher education induction and pay,4
+as of the latin american countries had made considerable progress intliis field with ratification of the eight basic conventions increasing from to eclac furthermore fear of becoming unemployed was lower among men and older people see table i a in the annex to chapter i the calculation excludes those stating they were currently without work,1
+to limit the negative externalities of unilateral policies on small vulnerable economies sve and in particular export taxes that may be difficult to ban in the short run and to limit the use of such policies by large countries and generate income to help vulnerable importers to manage the price surge period a system of permits to tax could be implemented free trade is necessary to achieve food security but food security is also necessary to achieve support for free trade in the long run existing trade rules and disciplines offer little to ensure that trade remains conducive to food security under this new market environment and they have to be adapted accordingly empirical analysis shows that different countries and regions suffered differently from the food price spike in,2
+conversely higher levels of ict access and use create the conditions for solid business cases which allow operators to benefit from economies of scale and scope these efficiency gains can be passed on in terms of lower prices to customers the combined effects of these two processes can lead to virtuous circles lower prices drive ict adoption up and in turn higher ict adoption enables lower prices,9
+moreover there is evidence that most of the natura forest habitats are not in good condition the bulk of this will have to come from the central budget the national environmental fund and eu sources but new mechanisms should also be examined such as wider use of access charges and the development of payment for ecosystem services pes which until now has not received much attention,15
+the only countries that require a master s degree to teach preprimary school are england france iceland and italy this level of education is required to teach primary school in of the countries for which data are available to teach general studies in lower secondary school in countries and to teach upper secondary school in countries see table d a b c and d in contrast nearly of teachers feel inadequately prepared for the pedagogical aspects of teaching which is the highest proportion in any of the countries taking part in the talis survey see chart d a in france the proportion was lower and even lower still at private schools only versus a talis average of,4
+the girls in the study reported that they were often expected to take on additional care and household tasks negatively affecting their ability to attend school plan international data for the four countries shows that primary school education does not have a significant impact on the time women spend on routine housework and in some cases it is associated with more housework see figure secondary school has a mixed impact leading to more minutes of routine housework for women in south africa fewer minutes in bangladesh and no change in ethiopia and peru,5
+no worker households are seen to have grown from of the population to of the population over time their poverty incidence at or more is by far the highest of all the groups reflecting clearly that the deleterious consequences to individuals of their household s having no access to the labour market such circumstances are almost a guarantee that one will be poor,10
+mutual examination by governments multilateral surveillance and peer pressure to conform or reform are at the heart of oecd effectiveness the cfe works together with national regional and local governments of oecd member countries and several nonmember economies in fostering the development of an entrepreneurial society and assists governments and their civil society and business partners in designing and implementing innovative policies to promote sustainable growth integrated development and social cohesion within the oecd the cfe successfully strengthens synergies between the work of different oecd directorates on entrepreneurship smes and local development it is a cooperative action programme that since has been dedicated to the identification analysis and dissemination of innovative approaches and good practices in stimulating local economic growth creating more and better jobs enhancing social inclusion and fostering good governance at local level,8
+two further brands do however expect use of recycled materials to bring economic benefits in the future as the market matures one of them questioned whether it would have any longterm future if it did not begin the transition to circularity now we are using a step by step method to achieve this,12
+this finding is also different from the findings of the canadian research cibc as we summarised in the previous section younger welleducated and single women are more successful in the canadian case an overall evaluation of the study show that independent women who start and run businesses on their own had working experience in the fields in which they were interested in starting their businesses they were educated and knew how to gain more knowledge that could help them develop their businesses a common characteristic of these independent women is that they are coming from a modern family with a modern attitude toward women have a high level of education working experience and other types of human capital that can be counted as a socioeconomic resource for immigrant businesswomen,5
+in there were places per pupils in urban settlements and places per pupils in rural settlements there are no separate statistics for urban and rural settlements regarding theatres concert halls museums zoos and circuses but in general they have been maintained at the same or slightly higher levels much effort has also been put into developing an integrated infrastructure for the elderly disabled and other vulnerable groups these specific services include advisory and information services material and financial support temporary shelter social welfare institutions and housekeeping services,11
+firstly the compensations are financed from district budgets which receive a block grant from the ministry of finance however the block grant also includes benefits for afghan war veterans and a special fund for onetime compensations for poor households at the central level no separate budget exists for the cash compensation for children,1
+mexico is the country with the highest percentage of yearold participating students with a pisa index of economic social and cultural status below with followed by turkey with and then chile with the socioeconomic profile of the education system in mexico for remained unchanged since pisa results volume v table v,4
+lost productivity in the united states as a result of labour nonparticipation is significant billion or per cent of gdp in amounting to per cent of all drugrelated costs similar studies in australia and canada identified losses of per cent of gdp and per cent of gdp respectively in those two countries the cost of lost productivity was estimated to be and times higher respectively than healthrelated costs due to morbidity ambulatory care physician visits and other related consequences,3
+for example of the projected emissions from the power sector in are inevitable as they come from power plants that are already in place or are being built today the world is locking itself into carbonintensive systems more strongly every year prematurely closing plants or retrofitting with carbon capture and storage ccs at significant economic cost would be the only way to reverse this lockin,13
+the european union s itis in the czech republic encourage integrated spatial planning across functional uiban areas it is important that such investments be based on the good landuse practices that have been described in plans and strategies at the national regional and local levels such as developing brownfield sites in advance of greenfield ones permitting developments only in areas where there is existing infrastructure to support them and protecting agricultural lands forested areas and watersheds through itis municipalities are required to form collaborative bodies municipal association agreements in order to forward projects of metropolitan importance and to access investments,11
+it is as political as the other practice which does not conceal in fact which proclaims its own political character however the essentially political nature of education does not mean that we can dismiss worries of bias and indoctrination in relation to this roberts makes an important distinction between a transmitting a political or moral view and b doing this in a dogmatic way while we can certainly not avoid the former all efforts must be made to avoid the latter and students should be allowed to form their own views in dialogue with the teacher and other students this question is particularly salient in those contexts in the commonwealth that are currently experiencing conflict or which have experienced it in the recent past,4
+sustainable development goal sdg recognises gender equality as a universal driver of sustainable development and asserts the need to accelerate efforts to end gender inequality agenda s universal scope applies to all countries including oecd countries and presents a sober reminder that all countries have a way to go to reach gender equality despite this positive trend significant underinvestment persists in areas key to meeting the gender equality commitments of the sustainable development goals which include the economic and productive sectors,5
+while most research is grantbased investments relating to icts and other technologies are often financed through concessional and nonconcessional loans in particular by multilateral development banks private philanthropy has grown to be a significant contributor towards research in particular for research activities in the health sector more resources in soft infrastructure can result in faster economic growth and progression towards a digital economy,9
+it has set clear targets for emission reductions consistent with international goals of limiting global warming and has pioneered statutory underpinning of targetsetting on the international stage it has been an active protagonist of a global deal to limit humaninduced climate change the new government has endorsed the direction of previous policies in this area and is introducing further measures despite heavy fiscal pressures the united kingdom is likely to reduce emissions by more than its nearterm domestic targets and its target under the kyoto protocol outperforming many oecd countries in the latter respect,13
+today kazakhstan continues to embark on profound reforms to improve the quality of the education system and is increasingly looking at international standards and best practices the sped further develops previously adopted strategies such as the state program for education development for the state program for technical and vocational education development for the children of kazakhstan program for and the balapan preprimary education program for other relevant challenges identified in other education levels relevant for schooling include the little access to preprimary education the mismatch between education supply and employers demand for qualified vocational and higher education graduates the lack of a national qualifications system and the disconnect between the content of school education and the content of higher education this overall goal has been operationalised in directions and targets,4
+it was the first united nations mission ever to respond to a global health threat based on the unmeer appeal united nations agencies concerned international organizations nongovernmental organizations ngos and other partners came together to meet in accra in october to decide on their division of work within a common framework under this process a coordination mechanism for a global emergency response was put in place with unmeer at the core,3
+the government approved a supplementary budget of million in september the additional spending was partly offset by reallocation of an unexpended development appropriation which resulted in a smaller drawdown from cash reserves federated states of micronesia has been enjoying budget surpluses in recent years,8
+the emergence of ecommerce platforms and services in particular has made commercial procedures much easier than before transport and payment procedures have also become easier as tradesupport services are increasingly integrated into these platforms which are often accessible from anywhere in the world however much of the crossborder ecommerce potential remains untapped,9
+governments should therefore be cautious in subsidising activities fostering the continued expansion of cities past their period of increased returns oecd oecd a national urban policies nups are helping to coordinate action on productive inclusive and resilient urban development myanmar moved the government to a new capital city nay pyi taw in congestion in yangon was a stated reason for the move its population is now close to one million in the indonesian government commissioned a survey by the indonesian ministry of national development planning bappenas on the possible relocation of the capital from jakarta governments in the region have also moved some government functions outside of large capital cities without moving the capital,11
+municipalities within gauteng may also support the elaboration of district spatial development plans for each of the planning districts within a metropolitan area but these tend to be much more detailed plans on specific zoning and development decisions in the near term most of the major infrastructure projects in the province have been achieved through intergovernmental cooperation and this continues to be strengthened and refined positive aspects of cooperative governance include intergovernmental plans and planning structures to give effect to the programme of action as well as the implementation of a range of key intergovernmental delivery projects amongst the most important intergovernmental projects is the development of gautrain the multibillion rand fastrail link which connects the major centres of tshwane and johannesburg with the or tambo international airport in the eastern part of the region while provincial government negotiated the major portion of government funding for the project as well as the privatesector investment component provincial and local government collaborated closely on the design of stations and station precincts,11
+even seemingly neutral laws and regulations can be discriminatory in nature as they may affect men and women differently intentionally or otherwise for example a workplace regulation that permits parents to take leave to care for a sick child may apply equally to both genders but is more likely to apply to women as primary caregivers regulations also can impede the ability of women to become fuller participants in society by making it more difficult for them to find employment gain an education start a business meet the needs of their family ensure their human rights etc services are not genderneutral the way they are developed and delivered can have a differential impact on women and on men gender mainstreaming seeks to ensure that institutions policies and services respond to the needs and interests of women as well as men and distribute benefits equitably between women and men are the aims of the policy the same for women and men girls and boys,5
+the instruments used and the levels of cost recovery vary greatly across jurisdictions federal departments and agencies including the murraydarling basin authority do not impose charges to recover the costs of water planning and management activities most of the states with the exception of western australia recover at least some of the costs of water governance from less than in queensland to nearly in new south wales,6
+hospitalisations were reduced by in the medium primary care group and in the high primary care group for renal disease and respectively for diabetes and to for hypertension the reductions in hospitalisations for ischaemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were the lowest among the five conditions but still statistically significant ranging from to and to respectively death rates in the high and medium primary care groups were lower than in the control group for all conditions,3
+sweden was the first oecd country to introduce paid parental leave in in it introduced a onemonth leave period exclusively for fathers which it subsequently extended to two then three months in iceland for example only of available parental leave days were taken up by fathers prior to the introduction in of a threemonth fatherspecific entitlement to paid leave,5
+forestland in republika srpska is divided into two main categories areas appropriate for afforestation and management ha or per cent and areas not appropriate for afforestation and management ha or percent in addition some public forests within the protected areas are managed by public institutions responsible for management of protected areas eg national parks protected landscapes financial resources for forest management come mainly from selling wood and wood products the largest surface area of karst ha or about per cent of uncovered forestland could be suitable for afforestation and management,15
+based on ihme estimations almost of the overall burden of disease in uthuania in measured in teims of dalys could be attributed to behavioural risk factors including smoking alcohol use diet and physical inactivity ihme however smoking rates among men and yearold boys are much higher than the eu averages and respectively there is a major challenge in reducing binge drinking among men and adolescents boys and girls in of yearold boys and of girls reported having been drunk at least twice in their life which is the highest in the eu for boys and among the highest for girls over one third of men in lithuania engage in regular binge drinking which is well above the eu average for men,3
+this is compounded by povertyrelated risk among children in the under age group and the lack of permanent and comprehensive mechanisms for those in the over age group in the incidence of poverty in the age segment in countries like argentina brazil panama and uruguay was twice that of adults eclac b p this creates a complex scenario in terms of intergenerational transmission of poverty and raises doubts about the covenants underpinning current state and civilsociety support to families for the care skill development and protection of children eclac b,1
+also some studies identify positive impacts in situations where all the clients at some local offices are treated with nontreated local offices as the control group eg mcvicar hainmueller hofmann et al but clearly research in this field should keep close track of possible externality effects either within the local office administration and experimental implementation processes or in the external labour market a lag of two or more years between employment service delivery and its apparent impact may arise because employment services lead to entry to longerterm training by a limited proportion of the participants,8
+the broader shift from government to governance has been seen from the s in many western countries linked to the legitimation crisis by which an organization does not possess the necessary administrative capacity to achieve its objectives habermas part of this transition has also been in conjunction with neoliberal policies and greater reliance on the contribution of the private sector pierre at one level it has become clear that the government alone is not able to take on the full responsibility and development challenge of providing water supply and sanitation services to all citizens especially in lowincome settings franks and cleaver jimenez and perezfoguet this relates closely to the general change of governments role towards policy setting and regulation with the actual provision being carried out by nonstate actors or increasingly decentralized or independent departments,6
+it has been estimated that more than of icelands vegetation cover has disappeared due to erosion since the settlement period systematic revegetation and land reclamation began more than century ago with the establishment ofthe soil conservation service of iceland over the last decades there have been numerous reforestation projects the area covered by forests in the target countries is also large while in iceland the area covered by forest is of the land area the respective share is more than in estonia and latvia about in lithuania in poland and in ukraine world bank,15
+as such there are typically no or few mandatory requirements for preparatory courses although many of those involved need to pursue such courses typically they are undertaken by those already working in a profession and in many cases experience in the profession is a precondition for pursuing the examination field et al they therefore represent a mix of recognition of prior learning with the acquisition of further skills coalesced into an exam and associated qualification,4
+moreover internal and international migrations can be linked in a stepwise migration process whereby for example an internal move towards larger cities then leads to international migration according to lee in addition to push and pull factors migration decisions are affected by a set of intervening obstacles or constraints that may prevent people from migrating or at least make migration more difficult andor costly these decisions are subject to constraints or obstacles that may prevent people from moving such as the cost of migrating and the distance to be travelled among others,11
+as regards specific sectors primary care is generally judged to be exemplary but hospital care although good is seen as requiring some attention with notable worries about overcrowding oecd in addition there are concerns about whether the current system of longterm care is capable of dealing with the expansion in demand from population aging training recruitment and retention of professionals are among the most immediate issues on other fronts pressures for savings in public spending on health care are unlikely to lessen in the coming years and neither will cost pressures from ageing and technological development data envelopment analysis dea was performed with one output life expectancy at birth for and and two inputs a composite indicator of the socioeconomic environment and lifestyle factors for or and healthcare spending,3
+gender stereotypes frequently are reflected in social institutions that discriminate against women across the region for example according to the sigi laws in egypt morocco tunisia and yemen reveal setbacks or contribute to stagnancy of women s physical integrity while legislation and de facto access to resources are vital for women s autonomy and empowerment estimates from countries in the region show recent reversals in laws and de facto access to resources in fact the mena region has been the lowest performing region in the oecd sigi study with major problems in freedom of movement access to public space family code restricted physical integrity restricted resources and assets,5
+entrepreneurial professors and researchers can provide the link between education and startup support by being role models sharing research results for commercialisation and acting as mentors for student projects to facilitate this startup support needs to be embedded in education there is a need for the university leadership to create synergies between education research and entrepreneurship and to establish an institutionwide commitment to entrepreneurship with appropriate incentive structures for professors researchers administrative personnel and students provide soft incentives that stimulate involvement by professors and teaching staff by annual awards such as the best entrepreneurship innovative pedagogy and the best entrepreneurship professor,4
+over the four schoolyears interactive whiteboards have been bought for italian schools with ministry of education funds and teachers have been trained in using them eurypedia table below provides the detail by school level the most recent census counted iwbs in italian schools as of august miur assuming that one iwb is in use by one class only and that all interactive whiteboards are still in use this corresponds to of the classes,4
+consumption in urban areas would thus be kgcapitayear and kg capitayear in rural nigeria calculated on this basis demand would amount to million tonnes in urban nigeria and million tonnes in rural nigeria excluding autoconsumption total food needs expressed on the market would amount to million tonnes,2
+see annex for notes wtvwoecdorgfedueaghtm education systems in oecd and most g countries now provide universal access to basic education such that both preprimary and upper secondary education are becoming universal in most countries see indicator c the expansion of upper secondary education has been driven by both increasing demand and policy changes ranging from a more flexible curriculum a reshaping of vocational studies and efforts to expand access to education to the entire population,4
+waste collection services often do not reach all residents and landfills remain the preferred treatment method many southeast asian cities have also experienced increasing water demand and situations of water stress and scarcity aggravated by the poor coverage and quality of water supply infrastructure water sanitation infrastructure is also suboptimal and has not kept up with the pace of urbanisation and the quality of water streams and bodies is often under established quality standards in many southeast asia cities informal services and infrastructure have compensated for the absence of formal structures,11
+this could be done via grants from international financing institutions to fund for example municipal housing stock owned by local authorities energyefficiency requirements should be set for these private developers as well as other requirements this can include communal and private housing stock as well as lowrise buildings with few apartments,11
+the challenge is to keep up the drive for continuous improvement in quality across all provinces and districts in line with the framework for quality improvement set out in indonesia s national education standards it is divided into two levels six years of primary school and three years of junior secondary school the official entry age is years old but it is common to find many yearolds enrolled in the first year of primary school,4
+existing or foreseen restrictions on power peak prices lack of credibility of carbon policy the uncertain pace of development of renewable and nuclear policies as well as energy efficiency policy targets all induce a degree of policy risk private investors are not in the best position to handle these kinds of risk following the economic crisis many oecd countries are currently experiencing a situation of excess capacity and thus have a window of opportunity in which to address these issues before considering other more interventionist arrangements this should be a priority as they will deliver economic benefits in terms of lower dispatching costs and better price signals and have the potential to substantially reduce the transitional costs associated with of decarbonisation this includes improving renewable policies removing restrictions on peak prices creating more transparent and efficient market platforms for flexibility services developing efficient locational pricing and integration of the day ahead intraday balancing and reserve markets obviously this is easier said than done and in particular improving climate policy depends on a range of wider issues including progress with international negotiations and will take time,7
+for both nova scotia and yukon were also able to provide data on enrolment numbers for indigenous students new brunswick does record the numbers of indigenous students enrolled in its schools but only for those students who live on a reserve enrolment rates are needed to monitor progress in ensuring that all children are accessing the education they are entitled to,4
+yet the process to privatise and by extension uibanise ejidal land is cumbersome requiring i the measurement and allocation of parcels to each ejidatario ii the conversion of parcel rights into private property rights requiring the approval of a majority of the ejidatarios iii confirmation that nobody with a legal right of preference eg family member of an ejidatario objects to the transfer or wishes to purchase the land and iv sale of land given the extent of ejido land in mexico the complexities of its urbanisation process represent a significant obstacle to legal and wellplanned private development encouraging circumvention of the law these complexities have also made the process vulnerable to corruption this has permitted the appropriation of land by real estate developers and the illegal construction of housing in land that may not be suitable for construction,11
+the australian health survey excludes people in very remote areas making it difficult to directly compare their health service usage with people living in other areas publishing indicators of quality by remoteness can help guide the health sector to where the greatest challenges lie australia should develop a stronger information system by investing in extending its basic information set on health service needs service use and outcomes to include remote areas consistently,3
+take the example of carbon emissions reductions from coalfired power generation with a carbon tax the generator would choose an efficient leastcost mix of technical abatement eg more efficient boilers and reductions in the output of electricity to achieve the intended level of emissions with a quantitybased standard instead generators would overinvest in technical abatement and underinvest in output reductions thus selling more electricity than with a carbon tax this is because in the example of the standard case inframarginal emissions are costless and only the last unit of emissions elicits compliance what looks like an advantage ie more electricity sold at the same amount of emissions is in fact an economic disadvantage by levying a pigouvian tax the government could have generated a higher value for the overall economy than the added surplus for the electricity customers resulting from the standard,7
+the consumer surplus is zero if a user chooses notto participate in an activity ie stays at home it is negative if the experience is taken away eg contamination closes a swimming beach and it is positive if the experience is undertaken in some form the consumer surplus value from a recreation experience may change overtime the quality of the site may be altered improvements will increase surplus while a deterioration will decrease it external factors may influence the experience increased congestion for bikers or lack of snow for crosscountry skiers may decrease surplus and user preferences may evolve new activities may introduce new opportunities to capture a surplus this important and oftentimes overlooked input affects the overall value of a recreation site,15
+for example housing and utility services transport and communications and energy saving and energy efficiency are urbanrelated areas for which all levels of government seem to bear some responsibility in education for instance local governments are responsible for financing schools however given the different types of school and the division of responsibilities between national and regional governments the system is highly complex one example is the almaty green growth project which has suffered from ongoing debate about who is to administer it since the oblast akimat and the city akimat both have responsibility and interests in the initiative,11
+further work is required to harmonize the methods and standards used to monitor the treatment and disposal of excreta from onsite sanitation systems water pollution has worsened since the s in almost all rivers in latin america africa and asia increasing political will to tackle pollution at its source and treat wastewater will protect public health and the environment mitigate the costly effects of pollution and provide additional water resources wastewater is an undervalued source of water energy nutrients and other recoverable byproducts recycling reusing and recovering waste can alleviate water stress a coordinated coherent and pragmatic policy environment is therefore required for the multiple stakeholders involved in the monitoring collection treatment recycling and reuse of wastewater to engage in safe and innovative practices,6
+it is also compounded by low short run supply responses to price changes ie low supply elasticity when production decisions have already been taken demand responses for food are often also typically low given that food itself is an essential product under these basic circumstances prices often react strongly under seemingly small shocks to demand and supply the low elasticity of supply can be compensated partly by stock holding which enables continued supply to meet demand hence stocks play a critical role unless they are reduced to low levels which limit their cushioning effect low levels are associated with periods of higher price volatility see deaton and laroque balcombe and chavas and kim,2
+one luxembourg respondent went so far as to suggest that this separation of functions actually hinders the advancement of genomics for infectious disease control in that country in this second group of countries infectious diseases are evidently given much greater prominence both in national public health policy and in genomic research and development indeed in the case of south africa it appeals from the responses received that medical genomics is oriented almost exclusively to the elucidation and control of infectious disease with little interest in the kinds of chronic disease studies favoured by proponents of stratified medicine in the other countries that were looked at,3
+excise taxes are favourable to diesel which continues to encourage diesel vehicle sales economic theory suggests that fuel taxes are the best instrument to address co emissions from road transport oecd a however the already relatively high fuel taxation and the price tax differential with spain limit the scope for further tax rate increases especially on diesel oecd b,7
+in this sense the policy promotes static efficiency but not dynamic efficiency the institutional environment in new zealand agriculture is simpler than in most oecd countries in that there is little support for agriculture that distort production decisions also formal property rights were not a problem as new zealand s environmental legislation gives local councils the authority to control discharges to water from diffuse sources pollution as well as point sources,6
+caribbean nurses and teachers are one example however one of the clearest cases is the specialization of peruvian migrant women in domestic services almost of them work in this sector peruvian women employed as domestic workers are more highly qualified than other migrant groups and this comparative advantage may be one of the reasons why they are more frequently hired to fill these positions however pacecca and courtis have noted that overqualified domestic workers do not necessarily receive higher pay at least not in argentina,5
+treatment satisfaction and recovery in saami and norwegian patients following psychiatric hospital treatment a comparative study transcult psychiatry selfrated health among greenlandic inuit and norwegian sami adolescents associated risk and protective correlates research support nonus govt,3
+the szamossomcs alluvial fan aquifer is located in the subbasin in the hungarian part the surface water resources are estimated at x mvyear and groundwater resources at x mvyear the total in the hungarian part equals mvyearcapita the hydromorphology of the hungarian part is also affected upon regulating the river in cuts through river bends were made to straighten the river some of the total population is connected to the sewerage system and the wastewater is treated the influence is ranked as widespread but moderate,6
+there is also a need to guarantee that teachers and students have the materials they need in rural schools in addition there are strong arguments for reorganising small schools so they better serve their students this reorganisation however needs to be implemented so it does not put at risk students continuation in the education system the government may consider expanding or revising remedial programmes that are in place for students who are in the transition to upper secondary education and make sure that students coming from rural areas receive special attention however it is not clear if all students with special educational needs are benefitting from the programme and there are some special needs that might be overdiagnosed failure in the diagnosis of children with special needs has high costs both for individual students and for the education system as a whole,4
+aquaculture production is expected to surpass total capture fisheries production including that utilised for nonfood uses in a year when capture production is assumed to be lower as a consequence of el nino and then continue to increase in absolute terms until the end of the outlook period global aquaculture production is anticipated to exceed the mt mark for the first time in and to reach mt in production of selected freshwater species including catfishpangas tilapia and carp are expected to grow fastest over the next decade all by more than while salmontrout and shrimp will grow by around and respectively and molluscs by around efficiency increases that are enabling greater quantities of oil and fishmeal to be recovered from fish waste mean that the reduced share going to crushing is not expected to affect total world fishmeal and fish oil production which will be relatively stable except in el nino years,14
+for example the study of the ministry of employment and professional insertion of youth and the world bank based on longitudinal data tracer study from the cohort shows the existence of imbalances between supply and demand for skills at the postsecondary level some qualifications and fields of studies are characterised by long duration unemployment and withdrawal from activities they find that unemployment rates are particularly high among bts graduates of agriculture commerce and administration ministry of employment and professional insertion of youth and the world bank,4
+therefore it is possible to identify and analyse the role of key commodity sectors including agriculture energy forestry and mining in the climate change mitigation and adaptatbn plans of individual parties six other cddcs had not submitted an ndc but had communicated an intended nationally determined contributor indc a preparatory document that anticipates voluntary natbnal climate targets without prejudice to their legal nature commodity sectors feature prominently in the climate change mitigatbn and adaptbn contributions of cddcs including in the form of strategies actbns targets and priorities,13
+as a result of birth control policies established in the early s korea also has one of the lowest birth rates in the world these demographic extremes set the stage for significant health care challenges in the foreseeable future it is already evident that chronic disease is a major challenge to the health care system the expected rise in the prevalence of multimorbidities that accompanies this will present a further challenge,3
+innovationdriven diversification into higher valueadded production can sustain employment growth in a commodityintensive economy with a tendency towards currency appreciation it will sustain income and employment growth in a steadily rising urban population and expand the range of agricultural products produced in rural contexts agricultural diversification through innovation will be especially important as trade agreements with the united states and others come fully into play opening new opportunities for some types of agricultural production while putting competitive pressures on others,9
+the paper is structured as follows the remainder of this section reviews the existing literature that examines the pathways by which macroeconomic conditions can affect health outcomes these pathways provide the theoretical framework by which economic conditions can have direct and indirect effects on health outcomes section three present the results of a new empirical investigation looking at the links between macroeconomic indicators and health using the edition of oecd health statistics,3
+indonesia s solar fit is a ceiling price and is de facto lower owing to competitive bidding in contrast india has been able to increase the installed capacity of renewable energy significantly even with the feedin tariffs being only slightly above the average lcoe of wind and solar thailand s adder scheme provided the highest price premium in the sample and contributed to significant deployment with mw of new solar power capacity being installed in according to irena,7
+to have a rigorous evaluation of social policies is beyond the scope of the present paper and of current data availability however we can use the data collected on family benefits for the poor to have a clearer picture of the current situation based on the score the family is registered to receive these benefits about per cent of children are both poor and deprived in or more deprivations and live in families that receive poverty family benefits,1
+as the systems does not allow for anything but the minimum standard of living abe their relatively low employment in japan is probably attributable to tax concessions and company fringe benefits for dependent spouses which are lost if they have high earnings as detailed in chapter the strict asset test alone would probably prevent most people from qualifying for public assistance upon exhaustion of el benefits,8
+governments are looking to sectors like tourism which can support jobrich growth however there are concerns about the quality of jobs being created oecd a even before the crisis employment growth in a number of advanced countries was associated with growing atypical forms of employment with job losses concentrated on workers holding these jobs often youth lowskilled and migrants oecd b,8
+two respondents noted that there was no agency within the ministry of health with responsibility to champion the introduction of personalised healthcare and two suggested that research and development are hindered by personal data protection regulations and ethical procedures interestingly one respondent commented that consumer satisfaction with the existing healthcare system means that there is little demand from patients or healthcare providers for change respondents also saw international networking and collaboration particularly through the european union as important,3
+since then however no brown field or green field projects have been commissioned policies focused more on containing the level of subsidy currently india imports about mt of finished fertilisers and mt of raw materials in nutrient equivalent terms the fertiliser industry emphasises that full reform of the sector is necessary so that prices of nutrients promote more balanced use an investment policy for urea is needed to encourage new capacity requiring the availability of gas to sustain existing production and to support new capacity,2
+genderbased violence may take many forms ranging from intimatepartner violence rape workplace harassment female genital mutilation human trafficking and murder a review by the world health organization estimates that per cent of women have experienced intimatepartner violence or sexual violence by a nonpartner with lower rates for men world health organization young girls and boys are particularly vulnerable with wideranging negative consequences for the health and welfare of victims among men about one in nine in tanzania and one in in zimbabwe had similar experiences,5
+diabetes causes more workloss days evidence on us data shows that diabetes increases the number of workloss days by days per year in women tunceli et al and up to days within a week period for diabetes with complications ng et al whereas a us study showed that from to diabetes was responsible for billion in lost income due to early retirement vijan et al another us study failed to find evidence for a causal relationship between diabetes and the age of full retirement dwyer et al cancer has a negative impact on employment probability worked hours and work absence the strength of the effect of cancer on labour market outcomes depends on individual characteristics and disease characteristics,3
+for pisa over of students in thailand as in indonesia singapore and malaysia reported that they get along well with most teachers oecd a almost reported feeling happy at school close behind indonesia which ranks first on this indicator at and above singapore japan and korea oecd c in the two weeks prior to the pisa test of thai students reported that they had arrived late for school at least once compared to in viet nam and singapore and in japan oecd a,4
+this resulted in significant increases in enrolments in primary schools and it must be noted that as a consequence this escalated to secondary school level when the first cohort of fpe entered this level lesotho was then faced with problems of overcrowded lower classes grades high teacherpupil ratios and lack of an adequate and qualified teaching labour force most importantly the country was faced with the challenge of education quality the quality of education in the era of hivaids is also a concern because of high teacher attrition,4
+meeting the restoration targets is likely to require significant financial resources and innovative finance mechanisms such as green bonds for restoration investment the car will allow to identify highbiodiversityvalue areas and to prioritise restoration actions most such instruments aim to reward biodiversityfriendly actions such as good agricultural practices or sustainable forest use,15
+most efforts should go to addressing data gaps in primary care for example data collection on variation in chronic diseases in general practice should be strengthened diseases that are contributing most to danish inequality in burden of disease such as diabetes and depression are increasingly being treated in primary care settings see chapter and table given this data collection in primary care is an appropriate way to monitor equitable health outcomes and inform initiatives to address existing inequities excellent care for the elderly is a priority in denmark and data monitoring of health outcomes and health care provision for population groups by age would contribute to securing this priority,3
+given ever rising levels of local water stress see prologue section lii combined with the fact that there are international rivers and transboundary aquifers shared by countries un a it could be expected that waterrelated conflicts have been increasing andor are likely to increase in the future however current evidence does not fully support this hypothesis conflicts are often difficult to attribute to a single reason however water is often one among several contributing factors they can also be categorized based on the use impact or effect that water had within the conflict,6
+this study has been a pilot study aiming at developing methodologies for studying food redistribution and conducting pilot studies to test the methodologies and get some preliminary results the study has documented a need to go deeper into the issue in a followingup study and to get a more comprehensive and complete picture of the activities going on in each country the organisations foresee an increased demand for free meals served and food bags given to lowincome clients in the future and this is likely to further increase the need for food donations,2
+gendersensitive concepts and methods should be used in data collection in all statistical fields in order to provide reliable comparisons between women and men gender statistics need to correctly measure women s and men s participation in and contribution to society hedman perucci and sundstrom conventional concepts and methods used in data collection are often inadequate to reflect the realities of women and men,5
+the years and saw the establishment of the clean investments funds cifs committing an overall usd billion of which usd billion is for climate change mitigation the unfccc and other institutions such as the global environmental facility gef are still providing channels for public and private sector investments towards climate change mitigation on several occasions in interviews investors expressed the idea that the iea should play a bigger role in disseminating the information one professor at the energy research institute in beijing emphasised that experts training and capacity building are needed in china,7
+young women who are married are much more likely to be neet than unmarried women of the same age oecd a as early marriage can act as a barrier to participation in education and employment the apni beti apna dhan programme provides cash incentives to girls and their families that are conditional on the daughters remaining unmarried until age initial evaluation results suggest this programme helped parents increase their investment in their daughters human capital sinha and young,5
+further this strategy is consistent with present aims to increase density in central clermontferrand and to improve the efficiency of land use in the suburbs finally the strategy could be used to enhance the relationship between clermont and its hinterland and rebalance the perception that the hinterland is solely at the service of the city in order to avoid the risk of an increased polarisation of the rural activities towards the lyon metropole it is important to build strong linkages with these territories to counteract such an effect the volume of opposition between various land users remains quite high consequently land based conflicts have arisen resulting from both the lack of space and the intense competition between different development projects supported by individuals or groups of people this crucial requirement maybe fulfilled by an increased involvement of the local population at the earlier stages of the decision making process and by creating bilateral exchanges between the local planners and developers on the one hand and the local population on the other,11
+the probability is higher for a young person with a tertiary education respectively and although many young people in europe twothirds of them would have preferred a permanent job but could not find one temporary work has the potential to provide a key entry point to the labour market for many young people temporary contracts are more often a stepping stone to a permanent contract than a dead end,8
+these numbers are declining but many people live just above the poverty threshold so idiosyncratic or generalized shocks could easily push them back into poverty human development report office calculations based on various household surveys including icf macro demographic and health surveys in somalia it affects percent of the population in urban households and over percent of the population in rural households,1
+parking problems are growing both as a result of increased car commuting about cars per day within the scot territory but also as tourism increases in volume and adds additional demands for parking spaces the scot provides general indications related to the question of transport and mobility but it does not give operational solutions especially in terms of collective transport in the end the pole metropolitain does not have a clear common transport policy because this is an issue that is best managed at a larger geographic scale such as the region or nation,11
+measures taken during the s to recover air quality focused on improving fuel quality accelerating vehicle fleet renewal and introducing cleaner technologies however transport outcomes were also defined by the stagnation of mass transit and the deregulation of bus services more recent projects have resumed mass transit expansion and have introduced significant improvements in bus service the brt scheme in mexico city is called metrobus,11
+indicators of basic necessities say something about whether consumption or access to a basic necessity is sufficient with sufficient being some predetermined level such a measure would compare whether a minimum standard of material wellbeing is being met across regions and communities or across time however what constitutes sufficient may vary between regions local communities and cultures and between indigenous and nonindigenous households furthermore what is sufficient may be determined in part by the availability of other financial supports community services and infrastructure all of which vary considerably across and within regions,1
+in fact teachers in many education systems reported that they need to develop further their ability to handle multicultural classrooms just as countries invest in developing language programmes and initiatives aimed at supporting socioeconomically disadvantaged students so they should invest in widening the availability of programmes designed to help teachers teach in diverse classrooms and upgrade the quality of existing training modules the examples highlighted do not constitute an exhaustive list of policies and practices towards these ends however they are exemplary in that they represent a wide selection of approaches taken to tackle the problem and illustrate commonalities and differences in approaches,4
+this is all the more necessary due to the risk of increasing social segregation resulting from periurbanisation processes and the upscaling of strategic planning processes to the metropole scale however participatory planning needs to balance local needs and expectations against general planning goals and objectives such a densification which may be contrary to local interest the two regional parks offer some possibilities as well,11
+in contrast to international good practice the naicm project has not only been granted authorisation without a solid and publicly available sustainable ground transport access plan but has initiated construction bids without this planning instrument this has raised justified public concerns about the impact of the project on congestion air quality and accessibility the ministiy of agrarian territorial and urban development sedatu the national agency in charge of urban transport policy hired experts to address surface transport access,11
+the progressivity of statutory labour tax schedules including social security contributions has increased in the majority of countries since figure though there has been a steep decline in top marginal income tax rates a number of countries have cut social security contributions and introduced or strengthened inwork tax benefits targeted at lower incomes thus increasing the progressivity of labour taxes by contrast the use of tax expenditures which often benefit highincome groups most such as tax breaks for health and child care tertiary education owneroccupied housing and retirement savings has been growing oecd b,10
+through agenda africa is committed to prioritizing urban housing water sanitation energy waste and rapid transit systems auc over the next five years as stipulated in the first tenyear implementation plan of agenda this is the basis of the first aspiration of agenda that envisions a prosperous africa based on inclusive growth and sustainable development with cities and urban settlements as hubs for cultural and economic activities as a continent with the fastest rate of urbanization implementation of goal and its related agenda goals and targets through effective planning resource mobilization monitoring and reporting is critical to promoting sustainable urban living and sustainable development at all levels local national and global out of the indicators only six per cent have data and sufficientlydefined methodologies to measure progress undesa eca and others,11
+it argues that market strategies alone can determine appropriate water uses by solving the problem of diverging private and social measures of value however on american indian reservations in the american west and among the indigenous populations aroimd the world there exists a great concern about the application of neoclassical economics to water steenstra although the costs of a water allocation such as equipment labour and time may be easily identified by market prices monetising the benefits of preserving american indian cultures species ecosystems and clean rivers are very difficult,6
+it is possible that schools that cooperate tightly with business were more likely to respond consequently the results may be biased towards schools that are more successful in providing their students with workplace training this is consistent with what various stakeholders reported to the oecd team during the visits,4
+the diagnostic also provided the baseline for the eventual evaluation of the impact of the entreelles interventions by the end of three cycles of the programme had been delivered to a total of women entrepreneurs however after the women entrepreneurs were trained they often reported difficulty in accessing financing one of the barriers was their lack of knowhow in developing bankable proposals and presenting these to banks in partnership with giz and afem they also produced small films of women s success stories to provide rolemodels to others and produced a toolkit for women s entrepreneurship entrepreneurial feminin au maroc boite a outils de la femme entrepreneur gtz and anpme by women accounted for of moussanada clients of clients in the infitah programme targeting the acceleration of digital technology use among smes with revenues of less than mad million of imtiaz clients supporting businesses with high growth potential that do not need consultancy assistance but require equity to enable further growth and of inmaa clients an extensive programme to assist smes in their transformation into lean production systems and more efficient work organisations,5
+shewbridge forthcoming also identifies the growing trend across oecd countries to introduce output andor outcome measures in different government dimensions such as budgetary procedures in terms of the education system efficiency and effectiveness would be measured by outputs such as test scores and graduation rates rather than inputs like funding resources and number of school days the increased attention to quality of public outputs and the insertion of business management techniques into public sector institutions are one of the various reasons a country may adopt and administer a national test ball,4
+in return this would increase the availability of uranium by an estimated factor of the nea report forty years of uranium resources production and demand in perspective the red book retrospective nea points out that by secondary sources are expected to be depleted and that more exploration is required this point of view is largely shared by the european atomic energy community euratom task force on security of supply in its analysis of the nuclear fuel availability at eu level from a security of supply perspective,7
+a major mechanism for conservation of biological diversity is through the designation and appropriate management of a network of protected areas these are positioning the country well for the process of accession to the eu the instruments most pertinent for the conservation of biodiversity and protection of natural heritage are the law on nature protection the biodiversity strategy and action plan and the national strategy for sustainable development the law on nature protection no and transposes the eu birds directive and habitat directive,15
+chinese speakers highlighted the need for closer and moie consistent international guidance rules and codes of conduct on legality due diligence and forest certification particularly stressing the challenges to smes in following the latest international developments australian european and north american delegates indicated that the importing and retailing industries are willing to work with chinese and other overseas producers to ensure their conformance with the new regulations after a series of amendments in the act now requires that import declarations accompany certain plants and plant products including a wide range of wood and forest products usda under the amendments businesses are required to exercise increased due diligence in sourcing and selling wood and wood products beveridge and diamond,15
+other recommendations included strengthening the wto notification process and considering an exemption for humanitarian purchases of food instead the g ministers had called for more work on this topic according to the agencies involved in the price volatility report evidence showed that the large increase in demand for agricultural raw materials in the production of ethanol contributed to price increases and to price volatility,2
+even though the employmenttopopulation ratio of the foreignbom population was lower than that of nativebom population the share of the foreignbom population of working age was much higher than the corresponding nativebom share the resulting share of employment in the total population is therefore higher for foreignbom population than for the ghanaianbom population the upward effect of this gap of percentage points on the national share of employed is unlikely to be wiped out by the potentially negative impact of the presence of foreignbom workers on the nativebom employment rate the effect of immigration on the capitallabour ratio is not known and the overall effect of migrant labour on gdp per capita therefore cannot be ascertained with great accuracy,8
+utilities have an integrated technical financial and marketing capability that may not be available elsewhere in usd billion was invested in ratepayer funded energy efficiency projects producing an estimated twh of energy reductions in there were states with energy efficiency resource standards and a further states adopting other policies foster wallace and dahlberg,7
+at the same time the movement of people to towns and cities leads to an increase in construction of new residential buildings and commercial and industrial facilities which requires an increase in capacity of the water supply network and therefore reconstruction of water supply systems in the amount of used water treated corresponded to water used by million persons however this number is theoretical since industrial wastewater is also included but not measured as is also water coming from various sources due to the deteriorated state of network,6
+the national urban policy programme nupp is meant to address these issues of governance capacity and knowledge sharing to facilitate the development of nups and to contribute to the implementation of the new urban agenda and other global agreements other objectives include direct assistance such as providing training to policymakers and other relevant stakeholders to help them develop specialised skills to directly bridge the capacity gap or offering technical assistance and advisory services for every stage of the nup cycle within a country finally it also aims to build a platform for all levels of government the private sector and civil society actors and any other relevant stakeholder to be engaged network and exchange to encourage transfer of best practices and policies and raise awareness of nups,11
+the only teachers who are given the option of not joining the new system are those who are ten years from retirement as of initial teacher education new requirements to enter initial teacher education mandatory accreditation of initial teacher education programmes and external assessment of student teachers before their graduation to inform the improvement of teacher education programmes new career structure launch of the national induction system for beginning teachers creation of a multistage career structure and development of a teacher evaluation process to determine progression in the career structure,4
+all requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rightsoecdorg the organisation s core mission today is to help governments work together towards a stronger cleaner fairer global economy through its network of specialised committees and working groups the oecd provides a setting where governments compare policy experiences seek answers to common problems identify good practice and coordinate domestic and international policies,8
+these diverse concepts were explored but not fully resolved at the rio conference ethiopia is one of the first countries in africa to embrace these concepts ethiopia s challenge is to improve economic growth as part of what is required to eliminate poverty while avoiding the environmental damage that would both undermine its productive natural resource base and contribute to global climate problems,13
+in contrast the population of the developed regions is expected to increase slightly from billion to billion united nations department of economics and social affairs population division the continued rapid increase in the population of developing countries highlights the importance of having appropriate policies designed to promote the sustained economic growth and structural transformation of their economies so as to ensure durable poverty reduction although the incomebased per capita conventional poverty measure is sensitive to population growth careful analysis does not provide any support for the malthusian claim that poverty can be attributed to population growth in excess of output growth especially food production,1
+the growth in global industrial production and merchandise trade volumes has been tapering since the beginning of especially in tradeintensive capital and intermediate goods sectors leading indicators point to some softening in economic momentum in many countries in amid escalating trade disputes risks of financial stress and volatility and an undercurrent of geopolitical tensions at the same time several developed economies are facing capacity constraints which may weigh on growth in the short term,9
+the state of ceara where water uses charges are applied since does not belong to an interstate river basin and therefore it is not reported in this table classes are class a low water conflicts basic institutional framework class b medium water conflictsintermediate institutional framework class c high water conflicts developed institutional framework class d veiy high water conflicts advanced institutional framework these rates are not automatically adjusted for inflation,6
+sprawling cities shift fringe areas towards new land uses including residential industrial and business areas and away from their traditional social and economic functions seret et al land use planners need to balance diverse interests in such areas such as the need to protect open green space and natural amenities to protect agricultural lands to provide critical infrastructure and transportation for growing urban areas and to meet housing demand the push and pull between these various uses is inherently tied to questions of how this space should be governed and how to define the public interest in questions about how land should be used and developed or not as the case may be,11
+in the page meantime to support the longterm financial viability of rural electrification efforts the central government is nevertheless allocating subsidies earmarked for a number of previously implemented offgrid electrification programmes as table shows china has achieved an electrification rate of with in rural areas and already in urban settings thanks to the governments aggressive measures and strong political will the chinese government estimates that only million people will still be without in,7
+it concludes with a number of followup recommendations the first focuses on the broader education and training policy arrangements including monitoring and evaluation the second addresses policy implementation in particular how entrepreneurship is promoted in secondary vocational and tertiary education,4
+the system cannot rely on consistent tools for measuring the quality and effectiveness of the education system and the actual achievement of learning outcomes as there are neither external assessments of learning based on standardised national assessments nor external evaluations of schools and leaching students advance from grade to grade as they are assessed in schools by their teachers and external examinations are only used to regulate tertiary educations admissions a provision regarding evaluation of schools was included in the law passed in may which also included requirements regarding the conditions surrounding the employment of teachers school directors and others see section on current references in the section on development and use of human resources it will also include suggestions for improvement in the next school year,4
+micro prespa is shared by albania and greece while macro prespa is shared by albania greece and the former yugoslav republic of macedonia lakes prespa and ohrid are part of the same hydrogeological basin and the prcspa and ohrid lakes aquifer no status paper managen lent of he extended tran tbouiklary drill basin,6
+human capital technical and commercial skills technology adoption and diffusion and awareness among consumers investors and decision makers the global competitiveness scores have a wider scope at a national level but these factors are relevant when evaluating the readiness of a country to adopt renewable energy technologies eugcc the table below shows the global competitiveness scores for the gcc countries the score is out of and the higher the score the more competitive the country,7
+regions may freely choose an area for smart specialisation nine of polish regions have chosen support for highquality food production as smart specialisation in their strategic documents it is important to note that the smart specialisation framework in regions and the implementation measuresresources in the mentioned programmes tend to be focused on scientific research and innovation in poland which can neglect rural innovation in a review of the impact of rural development programme measures for economic diversification over the period it is found that such measures had the most significant impact in the wielkopolskie voivodeship and in the northern part of the region of mazowsze at the border of the mazowieckie podlaskie and lubelskie voivodeships and in the western part of the warminskomazurskie voivodeship biczkowski and biczkowska,9
+the situation remains critical with food prices maintaining historically high levels both the price hikes and volatility adversely affect poverty reduction efforts and sustainable development strategies recent food and agriculture organization fao estimates suggest that twothirds of the world s hungry people some million people live in just seven countries of which three are in the commonwealth india bangladesh and pakistan,2
+its provisions set out the legal framework within which all activities in the oceans and seas must be carried out and it could thus be argued that unclos relates to almost all sdg targets of particular relevance is the legal framework for the protection and preservation of the marine environment set out in part xii of unclos it sets out the general obligation for states to protect and preserve the marine environment article and includes a number of provisions which elaborate on this obligation these two parts relate directly to targets and but also to,14
+however ldcs combined installed capacity for medium hydro nearly doubled between and from mw to mw while small hydro also increased from mw to mw electricity output from medium hydro rose by more than per cent from gwh in to gwh in while small hydro output increased from gwh to gwh at the forefront of this increase have been democratic republic of the congo lao people s democratic republic madagascar mozambique nepal rwanda uganda and zambia,7
+these devices can delay their consumption the cool down period for a short while as long as the internal temperature remains within certain bounds the use of demand flexibility by controlling loads also requires customer acceptance and approval among the options are the following for refrigerators the delays can be up to minutes for freezers this can be considerably longer if the devices would allow deeper cooling and bigger temperature differences within the freezer vande meerssche et al,7
+for instance older adults may have enough money to meet food needs but be food insecure due to functional limitations that make it hard to shop for or prepare food a child may live in a nonpoor household but be subjected to inappropriate feeding practices that lead to food insecurity food management strategies both contribute to and are impacted by food insecurity,2
+despite the presence of legislations to combat trafficking in women the phenomenon continues to be prevalent as does prostitution and sexual exploitation wars armed conflicts and the occupation of territories may also lead to new forms of prostitution and trafficking in women new forms of sexual exploitation such as sex tourism domestic labour of women from developing countries to developed countries or organised marriages between women from developing countries and men from developed countries have also increased,5
+in other mena countries cultural specificities which do not recognise the human rights of women are so anchored in their societies that they go against the universality of women s rights these discriminatory customs and traditions violate the principle of equality in certain cases when the health of women is jeopardised in order to comply with men s wishes such as early marriage or female genital mutilation although some discrepancies exist they also secure equal rights for men and women to engage in litigation including women s right to conduct legal actions file lawsuits and sign contracts women s rights are often explicitly stated in various legal texts,5
+the resulting diseases and conditions included under this topic may be caused by exposure to the toxins through air water food soil or a combination of these elements in this respect the resulting health problems in this topic cannot be categorized as primarily or solely attributable to a specific medium such as air or water this topic also includes diseases and conditions associated with exposure to nuclear radiation the related diseases and health conditions may be acute or chronic,6
+one is the concentration of consumers food purchases another is the concentration of food import suppliers table shows concentration ratios which show the cumulative shares of the most important cl two most important c and three most important c food staples in total calorie consumption in general higher income countries have more diversified consumption patterns and so are less vulnerable to increases in the price of one specific staple,2
+waste generation per capita is among the highest in the oecd and continued to grow during the review period despite the decrease in total consumption of nitrogenous fertiliser the intensity of use per unit of agricultural land is well above the oecd europe average meanwhile pesticide use increased the national sustainable development strategy has lost momentum progress on implementation has not been constantly monitored there is a need to integrate further environmental concerns into sectoral policies and practices particularly in land use planning agriculture and transport and to enhance implementation capacity at local level,12
+it contributes to the work of the unff group of experts and reports on the implementation of the international arrangement on forests iaf the ministry of forestry regularly reports to the un food and agriculture organization fao forest resource assessment fra programme and to the ecefao forests in the ece region report on trends and challenges in achieving the global objectives in forests gof accordingly its national communications to unfccc prepared under the leadership of the ministry of natural resources and environmental protection have to include an assessment of climate change impacts on forestry and the assessment of forests vulnerability and measures for forestry adaptation,15
+it can be difficult to manage the increased congestion generated by higher density development constrained uiban areas may also be less economically efficient they may also generate environmentally undesirable commuting patterns due to leapfrog development for example no single best solution or tool exists to manage urban growth without negative sideeffects,11
+however a person under the influence of a severe mental disorder cannot be sentenced to prison the individual is instead taken into custody under the compulsory mental care act sweden has thirtyone clinics used for forensic psychiatric purposes and these clinics treat of such patients the remaining forensic psychiatric patients are treated at general psychiatric clinics,3
+such challenges add to their other problems associated with commodity dependence as documented in unctad and fao as a result for them implementation of the paris agreement and the achievement of the sdgs will be even more challenging unequal exposure to risks and varying capabilities among the cddcs is an important factor to bear in mind when reflecting on the discussions in this report,13
+this chapter describes what fishery governance is and what it does as well as factors influencing governance effectiveness including the economic context scientific uncertainty and transactions costs options for strengthening fishery governance under conditions of climate change through the promotion of adaptability flexibility and resilience are also discussed the goal of fishery policy is to increase the resilience and adaptive capacity of the fishery fishing industry fishing communities and fishery governance,14
+due to rapidly evolving digital technologies and new business opportunities the digital economy is growing rapidly but unevenly viewpoint describes how access to broadband infrastructure can be extended to create an inclusive information society at the same time strong inequalities between countries persist in terms of speed of access figure as well as differences in how connectivity is used viewpoint,9
+caribbean environmental forum port of spain trinidad and tobago may june pp comparative study of land administration systems trinidad and tobago casestudy unpublished referenced in johnson sg building the cadastral framework achievements and challenges in the english speaking caribbean environmental management authority ema state of the environment report,6
+even before that election the chinese renminbi was under heavy depreciation pressure see figure chinas foreign currency and bond markets went through substantial swings at the turn of the year it is estimated that per cent of the roughly billion in outflows in took place during the fourth quarter bis with the introduction of new capital control measures in december outflows slowed in the first month of,8
+this assessment comprising information on infrastructure access productivity and patient satisfaction results in a score which allows hospitals to be ranked into one of five categories as described more fully in chapter each evaluation team consists of people a team leader and at least one physician who are drawn from a pool of trained evaluators each standard within the health care quality standards is evaluated as yes no or not applicable according to their importance standards are preweighted,3
+care plans tend to be more common for individuals with severe and enduring mental illnesses andor complex health and social care needs many oecd countries report that psychiatrists psychologists mental health nurses and mental health social workers are working in primary care practices a small study of integrating psychologists into primary care practices in ontario canada suggested positive outcomes for primary care physicians and patients chomienne et al,3
+although both are important in combating unemployment this chapter focuses exclusively on income support other programmes also target certain industries that display high sometimes cyclical unemployment rates nonetheless in some special situations such as illnesses or permanent disability funds can be withdrawn before retirement,8
+in approaches focusing on subsectors performance is most often measured on the basis of outputs eg number of consultations and surgical procedures treatment may however be provided by different subsectors and this could lead to biased crosscountry comparisons moreover outcome measures at the subsector level are seldom available because health gains are often the result of a mix of outpatient care inpatient care and pharmaceuticals whose respective impact is impossible to disentangle a subsector approach would also not take into account the coordination of care within the health system eg between longterm and inpatient care which has been identified as a key element affecting effectiveness hofmarcher etal in addition data on subsector inputs are sparse,3
+the eusilc childspecific material deprivation module is optional hence the number of countries analysed is limited the children who are left behind also referred to as the poorest children or the children in the bottom end of the income distribution are those in the poorest decile ie with incomes falling below the th percentile in each country this includes intereu migrants as well as those born outside the union,1
+since the transformation of public companies the effectiveness of service has improved and waste collection has started to expand to rural areas for example asa eko doo porr umwelttechnik gmbh s serbian subsidiary pww is currently the largest private waste management provider in serbia and collects the msw of around residents at present it started its activities in serbia in and is serving leskovac and jagodina,12
+by contrast noneu migrants who come through the labour channel are more educated than the natives have a higher income and a very low unemployment rate in sweden reverted to a more open labour migration policy by allowing employers to recruit workers from abroad for any occupation as long as wages and other working conditions fulfil the ones prevailing in collective agreements this boosted the number of noneu migrants coming in through the labour channel,8
+however the estimated contribution of temporary work to the overall jobs impact of shorttime work schemes is very small and not statistically significant the total number of jobs saved as a result of shorttime work after taking account of its potential impact on temporary employment is for germany and for japan instead of and respectively the discrepancy between the net number of jobs preserved and the total potential number of jobs preserved actually represents the sum of deadweight and displacement effects however it is unlikely that displacement effects had been very large as of q,8
+portugal takes a more outcomesbased approach for threetosixyearold children as their curriculum guidelines include child outcomes table both include academicbased learning subjects such as communication language and text numbers spaces and shapes and science as well as a strong focus on the development of social skills creativity sense of wonder and need to investigate soft skills that are related to active participation in society and lifelong learning curriculum content relating to natural sciences is included by all countries including sweden and its reference countries,4
+it stresses the need to pay special attention to those who are especially vulnerable to the most serious decent work deficits in the informal economy including young people from this perspective it is important to note that recommendation no therefore in a context of poverty and multifaceted vulnerabilities policy efforts to facilitate the transition to formality should go hand in hand with ensuring opportunities for income security livelihoods and entrepreneurship interventions are more effective when they are combined given that this practice allows them to address diversity as well as the scale of the informal economy and informal employment in the formal sector ilo b evidence indicates that the greatest reduction in informality rates occurs when the set of instruments used is broader and more comprehensive ilo a the first includes measures or incentives for the creation of formal jobs and conditions for their development such as subsidies for the development or expansion of enterprises and of employment and programmes designed to increase skills of the labour force,8
+they believed it hindered social mobility in that it prevented the rise of the most dynamic individuals in the society and that it weakened economic incentives for an efficient use of labour land and machinery they also saw it as generating excessive consumption by the upper classes contrasting with the precarious conditions of the popular masses in their view income inequality does not translate into stronger capital accumulation as ostentatious consumption by the rich reduces savings consequently stateled redistribution policies must seek to reduce consumption by the upper income groups in order to increase savings and direct them to capital accumulation prebisch pinto,10
+farmers who do not pick up the phone are automatically called again three times radio is much more accessible to women and they can listen to it in their own language often while doing chores even if radio is a more traditional media it still needs to be used with caution if it is to contribute to gender equality,5
+many people have limited or insecure access to land and property due to a lack of legal protection andor the risk of seizure of land by the more powerful commonly excluded groups include women pastoralists and indigenous people securing land rights for these groups is particularly important for their empowerment,1
+the rapid increase in resources for sti has helped to expand sti activity and opportunities for learning but a change in innovation policy strategy is now required austria will need to move towards a system which is less focused on expanding inputs and pays more attention to the evidencebased achievement of specified impact ie on the efficiency and effectiveness of its investment in sti,9
+in case of plant outages those reserves are activated automatically after the immediate fall of frequency and are restored as soon as possible by the intervention of frequency restoration and replacement reserves terna according with those recommendations the largest normal contingency in italy would correspond to the maximum generation infeed loss the difference between the new largest contingency and the one without the new plants will determine the amount of additional spinning reserves required the italian electric system was split into the same eight areas used by the national control centre of the italian tso terna and terna and shown in figure,7
+countries which performed well in pisa in a given year eg tend to show high performance among the corresponding age cohort eg yearolds in the survey of adult skills and vice versa this suggests that at the country level the reading and mathematics proficiency of an age cohort in pisa is a reasonably good predictor of the cohorts subsequent performance in literacy and numeracy as it moves through postcompulsory education and into the labour market but it aims to go beyond the aggregatelevel analysis that has so far been published in the pisa international reports to give an analysis of student performance on individual mathematics test items in order to reveal students strengths and weaknesses considering this also in the context of the relationship between pisa and the common core state standards for mathematics ccssm can help connect these results to what the united states aspires to teach in classrooms and help inform teaching practices that can support performance improvement,4
+it can build capacity preparing teaching materials organizing training and facilitating the necessary expertise and it can involve other multinational corporations in improving industrial energy efficiency through their value chains while ensuring that they follow corporate social responsibility principles transparently industrial energyefficiency technologies need to be transferred to developing countries where energy use is growing faster and innovation is generally slower many of these countries lag in their capacity to obtain develop and deploy innovative climate change and energyefficient technologies unido b,7
+instead infrastructure developments may appear much more visible and critical in landscape and habitat impacts a high number of plant species and species of birds and animals are related to meadows and permanent grasslands that are kept open and lowgrowing by grazing animals in many western european countries the number of grazing livestock has been significantly reduced and concentrate on many fewer but larger farms,15
+that right begins in early childhood which is one reason why the sustainable development goals sdgs call on governments to ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development care and preprimary education investment in quality early childhood care and education produces a double benefit it is both fair and efficient this kind of holistic approach also takes child protection into account and focuses on the quality of care provided to infants and young children a longterm study in jamaica found a per cent increase in average adult earnings associated with early childhood stimulation,4
+water subsidies impact of higher irrigation rates on central valley project farmers united states general accounting office gaorced washington dc pages bureau of reclamation information on allocation and repayment of costs of constructing water projects united states general accounting office gaorced washington dc pages,6
+now state municipality and federal schools must purchase at least percent of food for school meals directly from family fanners the pnae has expanded rapidly and in had a budget of billion reais about us billion benefiting million students however only percent of implementing agencies comply with the legally mandated minimum requirement of percent purchase from family farmers swensson,2
+it describes three main challenges highlighted by participating countries that are contributing to continued gaps in pedagogical continuity along with a wealth of practical strategies for tackling them finally it lists some pointers for policy development as food for thought for countries seeking to improve pedagogical continuity in transitions the joint creation of pedagogical transition practices by staff at both levels can facilitate children s adjustment to school and help them settle in,4
+owing to the good growing conditions for the trees and fast growing hybrids in that region and thanks to the characteristics of this type of wood this company expects to be able to develop a sustainable and economically viable alternative to tropical plywood it should therefore have an impact on wood prices in some regions and for certain categories of wood products such as coproducts from the woodprocessing industry and lower quality wood some representatives of traditional industries consider that the subsidies granted directly or indirectly for wood eneigy create unfair competition,15
+gender inequality has been eliminated at some levels of education and in some countries there are now more women than men attending university even though women s participation rate has been rising far fewer women join the labour force than in other regions fewer than one in three women compared to in oecd countries see figures and,5
+they can improve wellbeing social inclusion and economic progress as long as the government introduces the necessary reforms capacity building should take into account and promote the link between education and the jobs market chapter and lead to better social inclusion in participatory democratic societies education should promote a person s integral development for his or her productive and social inclusion developing both cognitive skills and soft skills,4
+the social care components of ltc may be provided and remunerated as a package of services along with longterm nursing and personal care services if such services cannot be separately accounted for and are not the dominant component of the package they should be included under hc otherwise the complete package should be under hcrl longterm care social also excluded are services involving surveillance of persons with mental deficits such as dementia patients and medical assessment and services involving case management and coordination between medical and longterm health care which are also included under hc,3
+nevertheless the danish financial sector remains large by international standards with a totalassetstogdp ratio of more than and is dominated by a few very large banks and highly interconnected as discussed in the previous survey this poses a systemic risk and potentially creates important implicit liabilities for the public sector at the same time household gross debt continues to be the highest across oecd countries figure albeit large pension savings counterbalances this see below,8
+however as taxi markets are increasingly disrupted by ride service companies there is an increasing realisation that public transport may be next and that authorities must reevaluate their stance on the whole mobility ecosystem in a unified and coherent manner there are many reasons that this will not necessarily be straightforward not least of which is that some see emerging mobility services and ride services in particular as increasingly competing in the same space as public transport and potentially for certain pedestrian and cycling trips this if true would certainly counter stated policy objectives for many public authorities and would require strong action to prevent such a loss this framing of the question ride services and public transport competing for a uniform fixed and possibly even shrinking market however belies the reality in many cities,11
+energy technology innovation learning from historical successes and failures new york cambridge university press transformation patterns of the worldwide energy system scenarios for the century with the poles model the energy journal special issue the economics of low stabilization,7
+budgetary support to the fisheries industry totalled rmb billion usd billion during the a record amount and a increase from the previous fiveyear plan period the diesel fuel subsidy was put in place after a sharp price rise in the subsidy was distributed according to the power of the fishing vessel,14
+some speakers pointed out that the full value of forestrelated goods and services to their national economies could be much greater than the monetary figures reported by official statistics several speakers stressed that for effective implementation beyond it would be essential to continue to facilitate capacitybuilding training and technology transfer through southsouth cooperation as well as northsouth and triangular cooperation speakers also highlighted the importance of working in partnership with members of the collaborative partnership on forests and stakeholders including the private sector and nongovernmental organizations and the need for adequate resources to strengthen implementation,15
+these behaviours are related to several major diseases for instance circulatory and respiratory diseases and different forms of cancer and according to calculations published by the who who table highincome countries they are responsible for more than five million annual deaths in highincome countries worldwide more specifically the who estimates suggest that per cent of the deaths and per cent of the disabilityadjusted life years are caused by a modifiable health risk highincome countries the last half century has brought large populationwide changes in healthrelated behaviour some of these changes for instance the decrease in smoking prevalence in several countries can be expected to have had beneficial health effects,3
+of other major causes of death mortality from respiratory diseases also reduced steeply in the s converging to the eu average these trends partially reflect improvements in available treatments and public health policies related to smoking see section however since rates of newly reported hiv diagnoses have more than doubled and in malta recorded the third highest rate of newly reported hiv cases in the eueea ecoc this increase is largely attributable to outbreaks among the men who have sex with men msm community,3
+this institutional organisation affects policy coherence water quantity management spills over and is affected by choices made in other policy fields ie agriculture energy urban development public finances which are often responsible for growing pressures on water resources the multiplicity of actors involved in water management at central level and the lack of institutional incentives in korea eg common objectives performance indicators etc on the one hand this approach is wellsuited to provide access to bulk water at the same price across the nation,6
+the numbers of girls and women going into socalled stem fields science technology engineering and mathematics are still very low for example even though many future jobs will lie there however if the pace at which women become frequent users of digital technologies is doubled the workplace could reach gender equality much faster than many current estimates predict accenture a programme in costa rica for example is helping girls in impoverished rural areas learn about science and technology in schools and connecting young women graduates to opportunities to become entrepreneurs in information and communication technology,5
+rare indigenous species such as the indus river dolphin will be imperilled if the water flow from glacier melt is greatly reduced hydropower dams are also reportedly substantially decreasing in capacity even as new ones are being planned thakkar the world bank which has acted as principal mediator since the first treaty was signed between india and pakistan in states that a major contributor to issues of water use is the crumbling water infrastructure that has seen people turn to pumping groundwater which now supplies per cent of the region s water use world bank,6
+for example many providers of public international climate finance have identified the different results eg climate development social economic that can be expected from different types of interventions identifying lessons from this experience and learning from this will be important assessing results as well as identifying effective preconditions and modalities for delivering climate finance can be an iterative process and involve making tradeoffs,13
+theory and experience clearly shows that relying on tac management alone results in overcapacity shortened fishing seasons and fluctuating landings oecd additionally overexploitation has not generally been prevented in fisheries managed solely by tacs reasons for this may include the level of the tacs and lack of compliance however setting the appropriate tac is not always straightforward especially when there is considerable uncertainty and different views about how to measure the stock and its carrying capacity transparency in the estimation of the tac and information sharing with stakeholders on the process and assumptions behind the estimation is an important part of a fisheries rebuilding plan as a consensus or common understanding of the biological situation and the targets chosen can help ensure buyin by relevant stakeholders if fishers and other stakeholders disagree or are uncertain about the fundamental state of the stocks they may be less likely to adhere to and support a rebuilding plan,14
+in some countries students are segregated into different tracks at early ages reflecting the notion that only some children can achieve worldclass standards but pisa shows that such selection is related to large social disparities by contrast in countries as different as estonia canada finland and japan parents and teachers are committed to the belief that all students can meet high standards,4
+the relationship between family structure and performance in pisa was examined in the volume devoted to equity in pisa the equity framework in pisa focuses on the concentration of disadvantage and its association with students access to educational resources on differences in opportunity to learn and on grade repetition and tracking this chapter looks at how these mediating factors interact with students socioeconomic status chapter examines how they affect students with and without an immigrant background,4
+for instance targeting rules generally result in job losers having to first tap into their savings and in some cases to dispose of a portion of their nonfinancial assets before becoming eligible for social assistance in addition eligibility generally depends on the labour market and income situation of other household members the increase was particularly sharp in estonia spain and the united states,10
+the program staff and supervisor level certifications require educators to have a twoyear diploma in ecec a common skills working group has been established to identify what should be included in initial ecec staff education programmes stakeholders are invited to comment on the identified skills and knowledge areas for ecec staff after receiving the comments the plan will be revised the goal of this initiative is to strengthen the workforce knowledge and improve quality ecec delivery,4
+the zanzibar marine station has become the institute of marine science ims of the university of dar es salaam and the mombasa marine station is now the kenya marine fisheries research institute kmfri this station became l institut halieutique et des sciences marines de universite de tulear for instance in a decision was taken to close the eamfro as it was argued that marine science was unlikely to provide immediate economic benefit to east africa,14
+however we want to be clear that this approach is not entirely new to ethiopia there are already glimpses of a green economy in several sectors and locations which we illustrate in section however over the last few years and prior to the crge several green economytype activities have been in operation albeit often at a small scale at project level while few are supported by mainstream policy as yet they are gaining in prominence,13
+in canada for instance just of students in rural schools have an immigrant background compared to about of students in city schools ruralurban differences of at least percentage points are observed also in australia austria belgium germany new zealand qatar the united arab emirates the united kingdom and the united states how well do rural students do in bulgaria beijingshanghaijiangsuguangdong people s republic of china hereafter bsjg china hungary portugal the slovak republic and turkey the rural gap is of at least score points before accounting for socioeconomic status,4
+most of them work and are either paid mainly the men or unpaid primarily the women showing a trend of early and unequal sexual division of labour rico andtrucco according to the information garnered from timeuse surveys like the situation among older persons adolescent girls spend more hours per week on work overall paid and unpaid than adolescent boys which also reflects the limited time available for leisure and recreational activities sports and community participation cespedes and robles as highlighted in social panorama of latin america eclac g accelerated population ageing will become the most relevant demographic trend in the region the number of dependent older persons is expected to increase more than the number of people who can provide the care they potentially need,5
+singleparent families then face a much higher risk of poverty than families with two parents in every country while in families with two parents is income poor on average across the oecd the poverty risk is three times higher for singleparent families across the oecd this poverty risk affects about in children living in singleparent families children in this family situation nevertheless represent a growing share of the poor child population around of poor children are with in singleparent in on average in the oecd while their proportion was more than percentage points lower in,1
+the transfer by the municipality fund is allocated to individual municipalities on the basis of a very complex distribution formula using a variety of objective indicators bos this not only takes account of the number of inhabitants but also corrects for differences in taxeaming capacity real estate value of dwellings and business property and external circumstances like a regional function or the social and physical structure this includes indicators for the number of households receiving social benefits the number of people from ethnic minority groups the number of young or elderly the density of addresses and the surface area of the historical centre however differences in other revenues like interest dividend or from the sale of land are not taken into account,11
+developed in washington state it has proved successful and is now being introduced in other parts of the united states courses are provided in occupations in high demand in washington state combining basic skills with vocational content is facilitated by the availability of both types of programme at community and technical colleges and ibest programmes are available in every college in the state,4
+in algeria education became obligatory in in libya education is compulsory and is free of charge at all levels including advanced education today the public sector remains the largest sector employing women hiring of all women in the labour force in oecd findings likewise in tunisia the most important share of women in the labour force has attained tertiary education with a rate of against for males followed by females with secondary education against for males and with primary education against for males tunisia national census,5
+these shortages are particularly pronounced in schools attended by disadvantaged students since the mep has invested significantly in upgrading schools infrastructure and rolling out access to new technologies through the internationallyrecognised educational technology programme programa de informatica educativa pronie but this programme has only reached of public primary and lower secondary schools and roughly of students mep and limited attention has been given to the widespread and acute shortage of textbooks and other important learning materials teachers can no longer require children to repeat the first grade of primary school while students have more opportunities to retake exams and only have to repeat the subjects failed rather than the entire year,4
+this organization receives product fees and distributes payments for collected recyclables and packaging waste disposal norms are defined depending on the amount of recyclables present in the generated waste on the one hand this approach creates a baseline against which waste generators are inspected but on the other hand it may lead a waste generator to report waste as expected by the establishednormed amounts collection companies operating in an oblast have to calculate and report a costbased waste fee for collection and disposal in relation to the subsidized waste fee actually collected from the population,12
+this framework describes teacher professionalism through teachers knowledge base autonomy and peer networks in order to measure how well education systems support teachers professionalism in each of these domains talis calculates the average number of best practices as reported by teachers box each of the domains of teacher professionalism is scaled from to with representing a theoretical maximum where all practices within the domain are observed,4
+however past experience suggests that a study of best practices in stockholding for emergency situations may provide useful information for capacity building in those countries most concerned about food security one of the major international responses to commodity market volatility in the past has been compensatory financing such as what was provided through the european union s systeme de stabilisation des recettes d exportation stabex to acp countries and the compensatory financing facility of the international monetary fund imf both programmes aimed to provide compensatory finance to help countries avoid a negative impact on growth from sharp commodity price changes during the recent price surge a number of countries which experienced significant increases in their food and fertiliser import bills resorted to the exogenous shock facility esf of the imf,2
+the austrian government has created a legal framework that balances rights and obligations between the city authorities companies that manage private housing and the incoming migrants migrantoriented urban policy packages for large cities should differ from urban policy packages covering smaller towns but it should be acknowledged that internal migration affects not only cities but also towns and villages national authorities may wish to analyse the experience of the baltic sea countries in improving the system of public service provision to migrants by delinking it from registration status and using the existing identification number system ins instead tukmadieva,11
+it is also considered to be one of the best forms of energy commodities to deliver modern economically viable affordable efficient and reliable energy services therefore electricity occupies the highest position on the energy ladder and is regarded as the cleanest to endusers and most efficient of all fuels on the ladder table toole it is also expected to play an even greater role in the future worldwide energy matrix as its use for transport services expands it equals production of energy products plus imports minus exports minus international bunkers plus or minus stock changes,7
+at the global level and with the exception of for rice which has a comparable nutritional contribution level to that of wheat the contribution of other cereals is almost negligible it is therefore important to try and assess the extent of wheat security at the level of individual countries as well as of the region more broadly in other words to assess how far the countries of the region are secure or safe in terms of wheat availability within the context of this study wheat security is defined as being available at all times and in adequate quantities that satisfy demand,2
+it has the legislative framework for ownership unbundling in place and the transmission system operator has applied for certification it has taken steps to develop comprehensive legal and regulatory frameworks for unbundling and thirdparty access although progress is quite limited a successful regional market requires harmonised technical rules and codes for operating electricity and gas networks and interconnectors,7
+education and competencies largely determine the quality of a labour force in a global economy that is becoming increasingly dependent on skills countries with lower skill levels need to develop their human capital and be more competitive however attempts to boost workforce skills through vocational training without considering how they interact with labour market developments and policies are likely to be ineffective oecd a,8
+when a larger quantity of variable renewables is connected to the grids it could put the stability of the power system in risk active power control systems reactive power compensation devices and lvrt capabilities are among the requirements suggested the draft standards are seen by the industry as stringent and would require developers and turbine suppliers to upgrade their equipment bnef b industry insiders predict that the new standards could favour a few large wind power manufacturers and drive out smaller competitors,7
+comparison of the indicator over time requires adjustments to be made for inflation while comparison between countries requires adjustments for purchasing power parity the goals targets and indicators were conceived as a minimum level of living standards for the worlds inhabitants in this way the international community showed its central concern with overcoming critical deficiencies in different dimensions of development,10
+it provides information and discussion on policies for the successful adoption and use of information and communication technologies icts across the economy these case studies are made available in the annex of the report the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law,9
+identify indicators of performances and outcomes of mental health care identify at which levels nationalregional local or individual data are available in the nine european countries develop a strategy for the collection of information about performance and outcome indicators of quality of mental health care,3
+however global trends have contradicted this prediction with populations shifting towards cities even in developed countries and especially in africa the spatial nature of agglomeration economies is at play inperson interactions are still important for networks knowledge sharing and relationships goods still travel by truck and rail food cannot yet be d printed and workers still commute to offices stores and factories daily in the light manufacturing sector small firms in africa are constrained by access to land and finance as well as entrepreneurial skills dinh et al helping to remove these barriers could open up opportunities for aspiring informal sector operators,11
+in countries in africa in asia and oceania in latin america and the caribbean and in eastern europe women are reported not to have equal rights with men to acquiring and owning land undesa in most african and many asian countries although equal propertyownership rights are stipulated by law the prevailing customary practices which in a number of cases take precedence over statutory law prevent women from having control over the shared property of the married couple or even over the property that they brought into the marriage undesa oecd b eiu there is little that icts can do to address such legal barriers for example in viet nam the government has launched a number of initiatives to assist women entrepreneurs including opening special branches at sacombank the countrys largest privately owned commercial bank and starting a programme dedicated to women in rural areas at agribank the countrys largest stateowned commercial bank,5
+as small states are highly open to trade their inflation rates are largely influenced by inflation in their largest trading partners or in the country whose currency is used as the domestic currency thus unlike advanced economies where inflation targeting guides monetary policy inflation targeting is not suitable for the conditions facing many commonwealth small states,10
+thus funding for the active services of the el system was in principle before taking subsidies from government into account a quarter of funding for passive unemployment benefits table a see annex a lists these programmes together with a tentative allocation of each programme to categories to of the oecdeurostat classification which is a classification by type of action rather than by target group the subsections below follow this approach and include some comments based on table a,8
+total government revenue is projected to reach etb billion by under the high revenue scenario and the budget deficit is projected to decline to etb billion four scenarios correspond to different assumptions regarding the level of social protection expenditure relative to gdp three of these four include humanitarian relief while one does not these are analysed with reference to low and highgrowth scenarios for gdp,1
+it is indiscriminate in cutting across racial ethnic class economic religious and cultural divides as such vawg has numerous damaging consequences for the welfare of women and girls impacting upon their physical mental and sexual wellbeing it is worth bearing in mind that violence against women is universally underreported reporting rates are not necessarily a good proxy for prevalence rates,5
+there are no seating arrangements for the women at the upazila parishad offices and they are rarely allowed to play a role in development activities in their area the upazila parishad reintroduction of the repealed act and amendment bill does not include any guidelines for the new posts in the union parisad proxy representation exists which means male members of the family represent women union parishad up members and many husbands help their wives with their work in the union parishads nazneen and tasneem many female members have participated in shalish a social system for informal adjudicationjustice and many of them have presided over the shalish sessions various nongovernmental organisations ngos and womens organisations training programmes that focus on alternative dispute resolution and human rights support creating space for women to participate in these shalish women in bangladesh feel more comfortable discussing issues like marriage divorce domestic violence dowry or polygamy with the female up members,5
+as such independent monitoring mechanisms such as gender equality or human rights commissions have the responsibility to provide independent recourse to complaints related to genderbased discrimination and oversee the implementation of the gender equality commitments of the government finally parliaments and parliamentary committees can help provide checks on various government entities and also contribute to the longevity and sustainability of gender equality reform during periods of change in the political environment oecd indeed public sector capacities required for embedding gender equality can only be as effective as the general government capacities including planning,5
+economic instruments for mainstreaming biodiversity in agriculture are generally underutilised though mechanisms such as payments for ecosystem services are being increasingly implemented in a range of countries additionally significantly enhanced efforts to identify and reform environmentally harmful government support to agriculture would contribute to mainstreaming efforts an increasing number of countries are reporting to the oecd producer support estimate database on agricultural support which is a step in this direction largescale community engagement in natural resource management in the agricultural sector has been undertaken in certain countries such as ethiopia and australia which contributes to raising awareness and enables adoption of improved technologies and practices,15
+its objective is to identify opportunities to improve regulatory and market designs to create a framework for timely and adequate investments in particular in conventional power plants these measures constitute a basic package that will bring benefits not only in terms of security of supply but also in terms of overall efficiency during the transition to a low carbon economy first the degree of uncertainty concerning climate policies and the pace of deployment of renewables may magnify risk to such an extent that markets alone are unlikely to deliver efficient and timely investment responses,7
+it briefly reviews what such monitoring and evaluation frameworks may look like in theory and practice the chapter also considers notions of climate risk vulnerability and resilience as well as the need to establish baselines and targets for monitoring and evaluation this however requires a flexible adaptation process that can respond to changing climate circumstances as climate uncertainty decreases and data availability and monitoring and evaluation capacity improve the focus may gradually shift towards an evaluation of current levels of adaptation against projected climate change fifty least developed countries ldcs have formulated national adaptation programmes of action napas which identify the countries urgent and immediate adaptation needs,13
+the recommendations contained in the final report of the ministers meeting include a the establishment of a regional drug control focal point by the regional economic community secretariats to develop and implement regional drug control strategies and to support individual states and b the development of regional and national centres of excellence for the treatment and care of drug dependence the ministers also recommended that the member states of the african union in partnership with who and unodc should develop model laws to provide a basis for legislative review at the member state level to address new and emerging drug control challenges officials from african countries attended the fourth international annual meeting of the airport communication project aircop held in panama city from to april,3
+the teacher uses a template to provide the answers with a required maximum number of pages per answer the marking of the portfolio relies on a detailed set of assessment rubrics describing the meaning of unsatisfactory basic competent and outstanding performance across the different aspects assessed within each component both academic centres are required to develop a system of automatic marking for multiplechoice questions and to select and train external markers to assess the test openended questions and the portfolios the monetary reward is broadly equivalent to an extra monthly salary per year for ten years distributed in two annual instalments,4
+this paper highlights the gaps inconsistencies and uncertainties in the current reporting framework which was developed for both longstanding obligations and mitigation pledges for the period to the paper also identifies possible improvements in the unfccc reporting framework in the context of the post transparency framework and nationally determined contributions ndcs for the post period ce document met en evidence les lacunes incoherences et incertitudes de l actuel cadre de notification qui a ete elabore pour rendre compte a la fois des obligations de longue date des pays et de leurs engagements d attenuation jusqu en these reasons include understanding individual or collective commitments or pledges tracking progress towards them providing confidence in and enhancing accountability of quantified information measured and reported and providing background information including on the scope and ambition of national climate responses,13
+both of these dedicated climate funds offer relatively small grants of around us million to partner countries for capacity building and readiness activities the forest investment programme has approved on average us million annually between and making it one of the most significant sources of finance for forests the fund offers bridging finance between early policy and capacity building support and efforts to demonstrate successful programmes that will lead to verified emission reductions on the ground,13
+the country recognizes the advantage of diversification to strengthen its energy supply structure and is also looking to increase the number of small and medium hydropower producers government of japan planning and integrating a large number of small power generation plants utilizing different resources and dispersed over broad geographic regions has helped support a more stable supply that incorporates variable renewables in some areas furthermore the introduction of increasingly affordable battery storage enables variable renewable energy such as solar and wind to become dispatchable resources which are able to store surplus generation and then supply power systems when demand is present technology for batterybased energy storage systems is improving and costs are projected to continue to fall pointing to the growing potential for increased renewable energy uptake,7
+the monitoring of priority substances in sediments and biota is lacking the same applies to an emissions inventory and losses of priority substances and other relevant pollutants very frequently especially when it comes to the development of the rbmp die expert assessment approach is used for assessing the status of water bodies and this expert assessment is not subsequently confirmed which can be interpreted as deterioration of the status of the water body,6
+in order to increase domestic consumption information campaigns were carried out the fleet has been reduced over time to become more profitable it also had the responsibility for the implementation of the rules of the common fisheries policy and of national measures for the conservation and management of fish stocks,14
+rather they are projections whose purpose here is to explore how oceanbased industries might evolve in the next couple of decades on the basis of a set of underlying assumptions eg on economic growth environmental degradation and technological innovation maritime and coastal tourism including the cruise industry is expected to take the largest share followed by offshore oil and gas exploration and production with and port activities with in the oceanbased industries in the businessasusual scenario are anticipated to employ more than million roughly the size of germany s labour force representing more than of the global workforce of around billion people including parttime selfemployed and unemployed people a majority would be working in the industrial capture fisheries sector and maritime and coastal tourism industry more than half of the oceanbased industries are projected to see their valueadded rise more quickly than that of the global economy almost all of these industries would see employment growth outpace that in the world economy as a whole,14
+also information needs to be made more widely available on how the situation of women compares to that of men in their countries with regard to access to use and impact of icts in order to work towards a global equitable information society these surveys help to gather data that show the differences between men and women leading to a better understanding of gender roles responsibilities and differences in control over resources in a particular context data on land access and use,5
+with regards to the working status of the household head household financial vulnerability is the lowest amongst selfemployed household heads percent followed by people who work for someone percent a detailed comparison of financially vulnerable households with other households is provided in table the dependant variable is the status of household s financial vulnerability ie if the household is financially vulnerable and otherwise,8
+illegal hunting and trapping of animals there were cases in including the goitered gazelle gazella subgutturosci urial ovis vignei houbara bustard chamydotis undulate and little bustard tetrax tetrax fishing cases logging and fuelwood collection grazing and collection of plant resources cases have been reported from turkmen pas weaknesses in the legislation itself also contribute to its limited effectiveness steps for its revision and modernization and better alignment of laws with international standards are being prepared these focus particularly on the law on state protected natural areas the law on protection and rational use of flora the law on protection and rational use of fauna and the law on hunting and hunting management,15
+if higher oil prices require tighter monetary policy to meet the inflation target real interest rates could exert a drag on consumption in the wake of upcoming national elections in several countries afghanistan bangladesh india maldives and pakistan effective fiscal management is even more important despite progress the subregion suffers from wide development gaps especially in social indicators of education and health but also in infrastructure and energy,8
+tangible assets are financial eg cash deposits stocks life insurances bonds mutual investment funds private pensions and real eg housing cars gold jewellery examples of intangible assets are the benefits from inkind services and social and human capital homes are both an asset and consumption good but there is a lack of suitable data both on how to value the good and how to calculate socalled imputed rent the cash value of the benefit that owners derive from living in their own home,1
+however the government has intensified its efforts to optimize the management of potable water resources and increase the funding of municipal infrastructure both from state budgetary resources and international donor assistance chapter it services about per cent of the total population it operates under the supervision of the ministry of regional development and infrastructure which is in charge of the national policy designed to rehabilitate and extend the water sector infrastructure,6
+with moderation in growth of the tourism sector due to the global economic slowdown gdp grew by in as compared with in higher growth in was underpinned by strong growth in the tourism sector and related sectors such as transportation construction and communications however gdp growth improved to in from in,8
+while the present pension system represents a significant improvement over the previous model the narrow range of coverage and the low level of expected pension income will leave most mexicans with insufficient resources for retirement most importantly infonavit has an established relationship with formalsector workers through the mandatory employer contribution that is held in individual accounts that currently can be used to finance the purchase of a home and to supplement pension income the proposed changes include i the introduction of both a universal pension for those who fail to qualify for a recognised pension and unemployment insurance mexico is the only country in the oecd that currently has no national system of unemployment insurance ii measures to increase competition among suppliers of pension sendees and iii additional provisions that will significantly affect the role of infonavit in providing pensions and give the institute new functions in the country s unemployment insurance regime,11
+given the evident mismatches between income poverty and other kinds of poverty and given that these are in part due to nonsampling measurement error this is a potentially problematic identification structure persons who are multiply deprived in a set of nonmonetary deprivations should have the possibility to be identified as multidimensionally poor unless there is a very good reason for prohibiting this this is particular the case if as in mexico which uses a human rights framework nonmonetary deprivations are interpreted as violations of social rights,1
+this chapter reviews the evolution of higher education in chile from to present as well as the proposals in recent reform packages the oecd recommends in this chapter that chile identify a systemlevel vision and strategy for higher education establish an effective infrastructure to steer the higher education system strengthen equity in access to highquality higher education and strengthen the quality and relevance of higher education universities and other higher education institutions are positioned at the nexus of knowledge creation education innovation and economic growth these institutions are therefore essential to building and maintaining the human and cultural capital that chile needs to transform its economy by moving away from dependence on primary goods towards a diversified system that fosters social inclusion boulton and lucas,4
+efforts to align financial flows with climate objectives remain incremental and fail to deliver the radical transformation needed this report looks at how blockchain technology can be applied to support sustainable infrastructure investment that is aligned with climate change objectives it focuses on three key points the financing of infrastructure initiatives the creation of visibility and alignment of climate action and the provisioning of awareness and access for institutions and consumers,9
+there is of course a strong link between thematic and structural priorities as the latter can improve the chances of success of the former structural priorities closely relate to discussions of policy mixes which emphasise achieving an appropriate blend of measures the globalisation of trade and investment the international mobility of human resources and the internationalisation of rd and innovation as well as the global rulessetting agenda in areas such as iprs redefine the space in which national sti policies and governance structures operate,9
+as the most visible among early regional innovation policies science parks captured the attention of local policy makers journalists and university presidents in the s they became synonymous with attempts to change the economic structure of regions and to foster technology transfer from universities unfortunately the concept was believed to be a general panacea for economic development problems therefore they were bound to have mixed results and limited impacts beyond park boundaries,9
+another modality is that adopted in cambodia where a consolidated licence provided by the national regulator allows minigrid operators to play a small distribution role in the event of central grid extension by the public utility households with shss may have little incentive to purchase electricity from a minigrid particularly where this also entails a connection charge and this could potentially reduce prospective demand below the minimum efficient scale for investment to be viable planning and coordination are needed between minigrid development and grid extension to ensure appropriate prioritization of investments to avoid deterring potential investors and to allow minigrids to be interconnected andor integrated into an overall grid as appropriate at a later stage in light of the pace of innovation in the energy market this calls for a flexible approach that avoids locking in particular technological solutions that may be inappropriate to the countrys needs in later years,7
+each person was assigned a probability of being infected with hiv in accordance to the prevalence rates recorded by the botswana aids impact survey ii bias ii which averaged per cent nationally but varied across the population according to demographic and other factors a random number between and was then assigned to each person all people for whom the random number was less than or equal to the probability of being hivpositive were deemed to be infected,3
+however the indicators have two limitations that must be mentioned namely a the indicators are based on national averages and b neither indicator measures the quality of the service provided hence the deficit shown by these indicators may be greater in rural areas or less developed regions of a country and may affect poorer sections of the population to a greater degree however across the countries of the region progress in achieving millennium development goal has to varying degrees fallen short in a number of countries a significant proportion of the population of primary school age is still excluded,1
+twenty years ago for example such a list would not have included an internet connection go back a litde further in time and having at least one meal a day with meat chicken or fish would not have been regarded as normal in fact the longer the historical view the more obvious it becomes that poverty is an essentially relative concept,1
+effective implementation of such approaches requires better sexdisaggregated data and analysis on the impacts of policy on women and men crucially it also requires strengthening womens agency voice and participation in macroeconomic decisionmaking to increase the responsiveness and accountability of national and global institutions in charge of economic policy design and implementation but the macroeconomic framework within which other policies are implemented either enlarges or constrains their scope to advance substantive equality for women this chapter begins by highlighting ways in which current approaches to macroeconomic policy reduce the possibilities for realizing womens economic and social rights it discusses how lack of attention to social goals failure to integrate unpaid care and domestic work and an insufficient focus on employment creation and resource mobilization severely limit the potential of these approaches to advance substantive equality,5
+social welfare officers cite anecdotal evidence that temporary public works programmes have worked well for some of the most disadvantaged jobseekers providing participants with valuable work experience and contacts that lead to regular employment more systematic assessments of workplaces with stipends a major public w orks programme introduced during the crisis have shown that they effectively mitigated the impact of job loss resulting from the crisis and in the short term significantly raised incomes in participating households azam et al subsequent monitoring of job search activities and unregistered employment also points to possible positive impacts on formal employment after programme completion ministry of welfare the suitability of direct job creation for addressing more structural labour market problems is not well documented and is difficult to assess based on these results,8
+first and foremost work of a permanent nature could not be conducted under a fixedterm contract and the maximum duration was five years second consecutive fixedterm contracts for a given employee were ruledout the strictness of the law governing temporary contracts is reflected in their very low share of about of all employment contracts in lithuania lower than in any oecd country,8
+for instance with the poverty threshold defined as per cent of a country s median income in million people in the eu were at risk of falling into poverty and in more than half of all people in lowincome households in the eu lived with the persistent risk of falling into poverty in addition it is estimated that one in five people in europe lives in substandard housing and per cent live in households where no one works commission of the european communities during the s poverty rates were highest in the united states the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland ireland italy and greece,1
+further rbmps are still underdevelopment for the drinibuna semani and shkumbini river basins the river basin councils and their supporting river basin agencies are limited by the capacities required for the planning and implementation of iwrm the transboundary cooperation aspect of target is addressed in box,6
+in addition to the fact that feminization contributes to growth when there is a sharp slowdown such as occurred in the second and third quarters of or the early months of in some countries and male unemployment is higher the response of the female labour supply is positive if this result is found to hold true over the long term it could provide corroboration for the theory advanced by erturk and cagatay regarding the relationship between a high rate of feminization and long per capita income levels thus the participation gap is narrowing and the feminization rate is climbing which is in keeping with the result of the model however the unemployment gap widened in and which means that the rise in participation has not been balanced out by employment,5
+in recent years there have been significant innovations with respect to different types of energy storage of sufficient scale to serve as backup for the grid see eg hall and bain iea iea both improved storage and grid management have beneficial consequences for the delivery of electricity services more generally irrespective of the supply mix for instance they can increase the reliability of supplies in the face of unexpected shocks ie due to extreme weather events or earthquakes they can also reduce transmission losses and increase efficiency more generally,7
+given that incomes tend to be lower in rural locations compared to urban areas and many rural households simply cannot afford icts shared access is a costeffective means of providing rural connectivity the establishment of community access points is also related to target on connecting public locations that can be used for shared access such as libraries and post offices and likewise to target which sets the goal of ensuring that more than half the worlds inhabitants have access to icts within their reach about half of the worlds inhabitants live in rural areas and one way of getting icts to them is through community access it does not however address exclusively developing countries since even developed nations still face some of the challenges of bringing icts to rural areas particularly in terms of internet and broadband access,9
+instead they argue that differences in family employment patterns and welfare state provision are of much greater importance espingandersen and myles recent decades have seen not only a change in family structure but also a radical shift in the role of men and women within the household with a substantial fall in the numbers of women who are homemakers and large increases in the numbers of women working either full or parttime this has lead to a significant change in the employment structure of families some of which have become increasingly dependent on female earnings to avoid poverty this section looks at the influence of family employment patterns and earnings on poverty and focuses on the workingage population a lack of work among young people and lone parents is particularly strongly linked to poverty forster forster and ercole,1
+the increased use of alternative fuels however tends to increase electricity consumption for pretreatment and handling over twothirds of this potential lies in the increased use of fly ash and other clinker substitutes as the current energy intensity for many plants are among the most efficient in the world the potential for saving energy in indias cement sector by applying current bat and increasing the clinker substitutes is an estimated from current levels,7
+ensure that one school system is responsible for the education of all children in their region transform existing special education resources special schools or classes into resources to assist the mainstream system provide preservice and inservice training to teachers so that they can respond to diversity in the classroom,4
+the subsidies can be of crucial importance as a support to commercial fishing keeping crew and boat owners in business when fish price drops thereby preserving local fishing capacity when the vagaries of the market undermine otherwise viable operations they can serve vital food security objectives such as by offering people living in remote andor rural areas small support that allows fishing boats to operate to provide fish atthe level of the household and local community however wellorganised boat owners can put political pressure on a government to maintain a support programme even when profitability has returned,14
+some institutions eg ukdfid s international climate fund and government of zambia also track direct jobs created by mitigation and adaptation interventions uk dfid and mulenga the experimental approach to development economics massachusetts institute of technology and abdul latif jameel poverty action lab cambridge ma presentation at the ccxg global forum september paris,13
+education can provide children with the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in life it is associated with increased incomes reduced poverty and improved health but for education to play this role it must begin with early childhood development and continue with quality learning opportunities that provide all children especially the most disadvantaged with a fair chance to thrive good education increases knowledge sparks innovation builds skills that drive growth and prosperity and fosters inclusive societies,4
+among mixed exporters the strongest gains in productivity took place in myanmar with a percent average annual growth rate and benin lao people s democratic republic and sierra leone where tfp growth was approximately per cent per annum in the case of fuel exporters tfp growth has been led by the performance of the agriculture of angola and yemen where it rose on average by per cent and per cent annually respectively during the same period the major new finding yielded by tfp analysis is the positive outcome of tfp growth in the exporters of food and agricultural products since the s,2
+a series of country barrier studies are underway or have been undertaken in latin america and the caribbean for example see government of el salvador to identify country specific capacity gaps while supporters and providers are assisting countries in developing project pipelines provider agencies are also coupling finance with technical assistance to increase incountry capacity to access and direct climate finance they explained that working with local government and ngos can help to ensure that finance is targeted to the needs of the poor or to those who are the most vulnerable to climate change,13
+it is an essential part of an overall road safety strategy but other considerations such as emissions management to improve air quality and curbing high speeds in order to maintain smooth traffic flows and thereby reduce incidents may also be incorporated speed management is a vital element in an overall safety strategy and countries and territories that have been successful in their strategic approach to road safety have also invariably incorporated speed management as a major element in strategy here sweden s vision zero philosophy that no traffic participant should suffer a fatality or serious injury can provide guidance speed limits should be set so that crashes if they occur will not result in a death or serious injury so human tolerance for injury and the potential for protecting humans in different circumstances can be used to establish speed limits on different kinds of roads,11
+the operation involved cooperation among the law enforcement agencies of armenia belarus kazakhstan kyrgyzstan the russian federation and tajikistan with the involvement of the agencies of afghanistan china and iran islamic republic of and interpol as observers similarly the information available to the board shows that heroin seizures decreased among countries in the middle east in heroin seizures which increased significantly in several countries of the region in decreased in particularly in in decreasing order of seizure amounts jordan lebanon saudi arabia and israel in july a joint security operation of pakistan and the united arab emirates resulted in the dismantling of a major heroin ring the arrest of drug traffickers and the seizure of kg of heroin,3
+in november the indonesian minister of marine affairs and fisheries and the dutch minister for agriculture signed an agreement to increase domestic fisheries production and reduce harmful fishing practices both countries committed to contribute a total of eur million usd million based on this agreement the project for fisheries and aquaculture for food security in indonesia will be implemented over the three year period to,14
+both the indian nregs and the ethiopian psnp for example foresee the provision of workplacebased childcare and psnp theoretically offers reduced working time and less physically demandingtasks for women these provisions have been rarely implemented however participatory monitoring can improve programme performance and genderresponsiveness in some indian states for exam pie social audits led by women s organizations have been successful in raising womens participation rates wages and representation in supervisory roles accessible and affordable health care is particularly important for women because they have less access to income face costly health conditions such as pregnancy and childbirth and are often responsible for the health care of family members,3
+the bias towards western medicine and intervention can be offensive or inappropriate for practitioners of traditional medicine finding health staff that speak and understand indigenous languages is difficult and poor communication between providers and clients at all levels compromises access to quality care thus because state health systems neither incorporate the indigenous concept of health nor work in harmony with traditional health systems indigenous communities are marginalized and health disparities between indigenous and nonindigenous populations persist yet there are few efforts that address hivaids among indigenous peoples traditional treatments for hiv are widespread in indigenous communities however and if recognized and supported they are promising practices for combating the illness among all populations,3
+the paris agreement stated that parties will by either confirm or update their indcs as ndcs under the paris agreement and will include targets the first stocktake of progress will occur in the more flexible decisions of the paris outcome include an agreement to establish prior to a new collective quantified climate finance goal of no less than us billion per year what trade issues do these raise,13
+the observation that the achievement gap between immigrants and natives seems to become larger in secondary education compared to primary education is consistent with experiences in other countries eg cummins utdanningsdirektoratet for immigrant students to develop the academic language necessary for more complex instruction language instruction in dsl must be provided on an ongoing basis not only for their first few years in school throughout the folkeskole as well as upper secondary education the needsbased approach to dsl support should be sustained in sweden for example all students whose mother tongue is not swedish have the right to study swedish as a second language and this right applies to both compulsory and upper secondary school,4
+looking just at school education the average expenditure per student across oecd countries increased by no less than between and in constant prices oecd but over roughly the same period the programme for international student assessment pisa data from the and surveys show no significant improvement in test scores instead in most countries the percentage of top performers has declined,4
+the report suggests that blocks to rolling out quality commitments and achieving better integration included insufficient financial incentives to ensure that providers adhered fully to clinical guidelines the lack of multidisciplinary teams a culture of treatment over prevention and weak overall patient management in primary care current plans for health centres and hospital networks seek to create multidisciplinary teams to redefine the roles of family physicians visavis specialists and to improve training there are also contracting mechanisms that may help to improve incentives and accountability for the provision of preventive services and outcomes,3
+budget appropriations are checked by eight programme areas administration district health services emergency health services provincial hospital services central hospital services health sciences and training health care support services health facilities management and then line items broad economic classifications for current payments are compensation of employees goods and services interest and rent on land there are also more frequent monthly and quarterly emonitoring by national treasury to check that money has been spent as programmed the purpose of these meetings is to check that funds have been received on time and spent as planned in the budget,3
+betweenschool differences account for less than of the oecd average total variation in performance in denmark by contrast across oecd countries of the overall performance differences are observed between schools the performance differences that do exist between schools are relatively closely related to socioeconomic disparities between schools performance differences within schools are around the oecd average but these withinschool differences are more strongly related to students socioeconomic status of the total variation in performance is observed within schools oecd average and of the performance difference can be explained by differences in students socioeconomic status oecd average in the pisa mathematics assessment students with an immigrant background scored an average of points lower than their native peers after accounting for socioeconomic background oecd average points students with an immigrant background in denmark were times more likely to perform in the bottom quarter of the performance distribution than nonimmigrant students oecd average times more likely,4
+this section presents available data on reproductive maternal newborn and child health lifestyle and health risk factors and health facilities expenditures and resources across the arab region a decrease was also experienced in lebanon namely byl per cent from in to in in contraception use of any method while contraception use of modem methods increased by per cent from in to in the modem types of contraceptive use include female and male sterilization oral hormonal pills intrauterine device male condom injectables implant vaginal barrier methods female condom and emergency contraception,3
+already half of all people live in urban areas by midcentury over two thirds of the global population will call these places home this report focuses on the children more than one billion and counting who live in urban settings around the world cities attract and generate wealth jobs and investment and are therefore associated with economic development,11
+they further apply different schedules according to some measure of need within the neighbourhood in the federal district for example need is assessed based on a blocklevel development index that combines data on social marginalisation income and property values comparability across tariffs is further limited by the inclusion or exclusion of fixed fees and drainage despite the challenge in creating comparable indices studies tend to find that the price for water in the federal district is very low by comparison with the municipalities across the metropolitan area,11
+the fact that the subsidy is paid for all jobs including jobs that would have existed even in the absence of the subsidy results in important deadweight losses by concentrating exclusively on newly created jobs hiring subsidies have the potential to be significantly more costeffective this equity consideration may be of considerable importance in recessions when the chances of regaining employment after displacement are particularly low for disadvantaged groups due to the large inflows of newly unemployed including increased numbers of wellqualified job losers,8
+in addition there are some growing efforts to mainstream women into existing angel groups both approaches are important for building a greater pipeline of female investors in their white paper women and european early stage investing the european trade association for business angels seed funds and other early stage market players eban proposed a number of ways to address the gap they include conducting further research developing best practices raising awareness promoting professional standards and codes of conduct that encourage greater diversity and building networks in the female investment community,5
+in the decline in fdi inflows were relatively highest in eastern europe and subsaharan africa the decline was in latin america and the caribbean in developing asia and in the middle east and north africa information compiled by kekic note e estimations this report estimates that total foreign capital flows to cameroon would be billion cfa francs lower in than in an amount equal to of gdp in contrast it was other capital flows private sector bank and nonbank loans that led to the collapse of total flows which declined by in with respect to,1
+since a new service has been created which is now rolled out to every ccg a new workforce has been trained with professionals trained in the fust five academic years over million people have entered treatment and over million have completed treatment over million patients have reached recovery and the current recovery rate is quarter,3
+it will also provide standards for sustainable management and conservation of natural aquatic resources including for fish stocks among other activities this will be coordinated with the private sector banks financial institutions and others for promoting development partnerships in the fisheries sector the first aquaculture lab was accredited by the indian national authority in with the decision by the accreditation board for testing calibration laboratories nabl as per isoiec the central aquaculture pathology laboratory of the rajiv gandhi centre for aquaculture rgca under marine products export development authority mpeda will perform as the sole accredited aquaculture lab,14
+interviews are conducted annually with all adult members of each household health questions include the status visavis healthrelated risk factors selfreported height and weight smoking and drinking whether any diseases were diagnosed by a doctor and selfassessed health status the psid is directed by faculty at the university of michigan,3
+the absolute number of people living in poverty has not declined at the same rate as the poverty headcount as a result of strong population growth over this period oecd the number of people living in poverty increased from million in to million in then declined to million in although the rural poverty rate is higher than in urban areas versus in rapid urbanisation means that the number of poor individuals in urban areas is likely to grow oecd j,1
+their population has doubled economic development has proceeded rapidly in some countries but lagged in others income disparities have increased demand for water has grown rapidly in response to the heavy development of coastal areas urbanisation has accelerated and agriculture which alone accounts for more than of total water consumption has expanded even more these trends have increased pressure on both surface and groundwater resources leading to environmental degradation increased pollution and other sustainability challenges the region faces equally great institutional challenges particularly the difficulty of balancing a tradition of low fixed prices with massive infrastructure investment needs and the perennial difficulty of balancing competing demands from residential industrial and agricultural users,6
+the documents analysed included education policy documents ministry of education reports and statistical bulletins the ctrp and studies on teacher demand and supply teacher migration and recruitment the interview respondents comprised key officials within the ethiopian ministry of education however the various sources of information used in this case study ensured triangulation and are believed to help improve the understanding of teacher mobility and migration in the ethiopian context,4
+second restricting the analysis to the nonelderly avoids some of the problems that are inherent in comparing incomes between people who are at very different stages of their lives for instance an essential function of oldage pensions is to redistribute inter temporally over the life cycle a focus on the nonelderly helps in understanding the most important elements of interpersonal redistribution finally with growing pressure on public budgets due to ageing populations an important question is whether welfarestate provisions benefiting the workingage population are being restrained in order to finance support for the elderly a question of considerable policy relevance is to what extent changes can be attributed to direct policy action or to other factors that are less easily influenced by policy makers for any given household the taxes paid and the benefits received have a straightforward direct impact on the resources available for consumption at the population level however the assessment of trends in the redistributive properties of tax and benefit policies is complicated by the fact that market incomes and populations change at the same time as tax and benefit policy parameters,10
+also the bilateral interactions of the ana with other sectoral agencies are fundamental some states have merged water and environment agencies with pros and cons the impoitance of the aquatic environment for biodiversity and ecosystem services is unquestionable and there is no doubt that water is an important component of the environment and needs to be dealt with as such,6
+formal trading of water rights beyond the users sharing one concession was allowed in but remains rare for example in the segura basin formal water trading between and amounted to less than of total water consumption garrido and calatrava some rbas have also have set up water banks to encourage the trading of seasonal water rights during drought periods with some success helping to avoid water rationing in such periods,6
+narrowing the achievement gap by bringing all students to a baseline level of proficiency for the oecd a pisa score of about could imply gdp increases for the united states of usd trillion according to historical growth relationships oecd b longitudinal studies have also demonstrated that student performance at school is a good indicator of subsequent successful education and labourmarket pathways oecd a this is not to say that efforts should not be directed towards mitigating the shortterm effects of the economic recession but it is lo say that longterm issues should not be neglected,4
+when energy efficiency and renewable energy potentials are considered in parallel total global energy demand could be reduced by per cent by these reductions would in part be achieved through the increased implementation of electrification technologies increased deployment of modern more efficient cookstoves which increase conversion efficiency two to threefold and an accelerated transition to solar and wind power which are more efficient than technologies requiring thermal conversion a growing number of countries have established renewable energy and energy efficiency targets and support policies however a systematic linking of the two has yet to occur in most cases and sometimes they are even placed in competition with one another policymakers are also using regulations and fiscal incentives to advance the two in combination most notably in the building sector additionally organizations focusing on sustainable development are strategically using renewables along with energy efficiency,7
+residential segregation cannot occur without social inequality because a society that is wholly egalitarian in its socioeconomic makeup will contain no groups classes or strata that can be differentiated by their geographical location conversely high levels of socioeconomic inequality may be found in both segregated and unsegregated cities the territorial character of segregation means however that peoples geographical mobility is a key factor as it can alter their residential situation and in the aggregate change the levels and patterns of residential segregation,10
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jentsalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law highquality and equitable education can help chile build the skilled workforce it needs for a more productive knowledgebased and innovative economy education reforms are also vital to reducing chile s high levels of social inequality the government has started reforms of early childhood education and care ecec student selection and admission processes public school governance and funding teacher career pathways vocational education and training vet and tertiary education in order to reap the benefits of these initiatives and achieve sustained progress however chile will need to continue pursuing ambitious reforms that ensure higher levels of learning and skills for all oecd a and a it is part of oecd efforts to strengthen the capacity of oecd member countries partner countries and selected nonmember countries and economies to make meaningful education reforms,4
+some programmes provide only shortterm safety nets and are designed primarily to provide a basic income to vulnerable individuals in times of need other programmes however run all year round they offer longerterm work opportunities and as a result a more reliable source of income typically providing individuals with the equivalent of around days of work per year some programmes guarantee each eligible individual a certain amount of work each year employment guarantee while others still aim to fit in with seasonable labour requirements for other activities,8
+with attempts to mainstream climate change in public policy now underway there is more urgency to enhance attention to the environmental dimension of sustainable development in this view the green economy as a strategy will advance efforts to pursue sustainable development the national development plan committed the goj to sectorspecific strategies to underpin the overall goal of achieving a green economy,12
+it also gives many examples the chapter presents mpis as a useful and popular complement to countries national monetary poverty measures as can be seen from the examples of countries that use national mpis and their associated dashboards as official statistics step by step guidelines are provided on how to design and use a national mpi for policy the chapter also introduces some internationally comparable mpis for example the one published by undp and shows what valueadded emerges from comparable mpis,1
+as the climate changes and flows reduce or become more variable more licences are likely to require changes making this problem much worse and more expensive officials from the department for environment food and rural affairs defra worked closely with the environment agency and representatives from a wide range of other organisations in order to fully develop the policy options for reform these strains can arise from rapid demographic and economic changes droughts and climate change or overallocation of the resources for consumptive uses,6
+the dependent variable poll denotes the level of pollution concentration see section for details fragments is the variable of interest sources is a vector of variables controlling for the sources of the pollutant it may comprise variables relative to population transportation manufacturing and agriculture cf moreover model includes land cover controls landcover which are of interest to test and geometeorological variables geometeo which may impact the level concentration elminir kerrie et al,11
+it usually takes several years for a whole school to be able to really change perspective and establish new practices in some subjects for example norwegian teachers have already worked with processoriented writing which is based on learning theories similar to afl making this connection allows them to see how to work with afl in the classroom and how to experiment with new methods and strategies in other subjects this can be more difficult in general it is not possible to say that afl has been integrated into teachers knowledge base or accepted as a core practice in the profession at present,4
+aquaculture has the potential to address the gap between aquatic food demand and supply and to help countries achieve their economic social and environmental goals thus contributing to the agenda hambrey fao chowever the growth of aquaculture raises a number of questions in relation to the resources that it consumes eg space feedstuffs its products see fish for food security and human nutrition in part and the threats that the sector faces from external factors such as climate change and disease spatial planning should integrate social economic environmental and governance objectives of sustainable development in accordance with the fao code of conduct for responsible fisheries fao the ecosystem approach to aquaculture see section on this topic in part and blue growth see part are useful frameworks in this context fao and world bank,14
+the global prevalence of intimate partner violence against women science prevention of violence against women and girls what does the evidence say the lancet domestic violence and women s autonomy in developing countries theory and evidence canadian journal of economicsrevue canadienne deconomique,5
+counterfactuals are usually established to facilitate the impact evaluation of an intervention by comparing the treatment group with a control group that closely resembles the treatment group but that did not benefit from the intervention gaarder and annan when focusing on a national approach to adaptation however it is not possible to distinguish between treatment and control groups similarly the proposed monitoring and evaluation framework for adaptation in kenya s climate change action plan kccap examines climate vulnerability and institutional adaptive capacity republic of kenya a,13
+if the matrimonial property act is effectively applied a woman under a community of property system is essentially guaranteed that she will receive half of the joint estate upon dissolution of the marriage under a regime of accrual each spouse retains and administers his or her own assets and liabilities during marriage however when a marriage subject to an accrual regime dissolves by death or divorce the growth in value of assets accumulated by the two spouses during the marriage is automatically divided equally,5
+an example of this is the promotion of green economic development proged programme in the philippines supported by germany which works with the department of trade and industry to raise awareness of green economic development promotes green value chains through facilitation and matchmaking services and supports the policy framework in the country in addition development partners are also increasingly using grant financing in a more catalytic way eg through matching grant schemes requiring private cofinance in order to support particularly innovative companies and technologies that could play a role in climate change mitigation and adaptation and that would otherwise not have access to finance one emerging trend in this area is the increased use of green credit lines provided through local financing institutional and national development banks targeting the uptake of green technologies,13
+if nutrient and organic loading can be controlled and reduced systems will recover from hypoxia for example a hypoxic event in that affected an area of about km along the coast of new york and new jersey displaced demersal fishes and also blocked the migration of pelagic bluefish pomatomus saltatrix northward migrating bluefish that encountered the hypoxic zone did not pass through or around it but stayed to the south waiting for it to dissipate and then continued their migration north azarovitz etal hypoxia also alters spatial patterns of human use by influencing the spatial distribution of fisheries resources selberg etal most negative effects tend to occur locally within the region of the water body in which oxygen concentrations are reduced but much wider ranging consequences can be mediated through the indirect effects of altered distributions and abundances breitburg et al the frequency and magnitude of fish kills have increased as nutrientrelated hypoxia has worsened,14
+in the case of the pdi workers are employed fulltime and receive a salary of around tnd per month with no limit on the duration for which they can remain in the programme in the case of the pdcr only a few days of work per month are provided and a salary of tnd is paid while the pcrd is implemented nationwide the pdi operates only in of the delegations selected on the basis of certain social economic and environmental criteria in over people participated in these programmes however eligibility criteria for participation are not clear,8
+strategic reductions in hospital bed numbers alongside the development of community care services can be expected to shorten average length of stay the expansion of early discharge programmes allowing patients to return to their home to receive followup care and support for hospitals to improve the coordination of care for patients across various diagnostic and treatment pathways can also help to reduce length of stay data for france are for rather than,3
+although the process has a direct environmental target a homogenisation of water governance arrangements was de facto and indirectly generated however the european commission has noticed serious delays in the delivery of river basin management plans rmbp to date out of hydrographical districts have published their plans only countries delivering their plans on time france the united kingdom the netherlands germany luxembourg czech republic slovakia austria romania bulgaria latvia finland and sweden,6
+in order to create drivers for such more fundamental innovations including changes in consumer behaviour other policy approaches and tools are required for example in addition to improving the fuel efficiency of automobiles there is a need to support a range of other developments such as to stimulate new energy sources for private vehicles to facilitate the dissemination of social innovations such as car sharing or to develop public transportation systems into viable alternatives to cars while there is a need for dedicated scp policies it is also important to assess the implications of policies in other areas for scp objectives there is often a tension between sector policies for example industrial development agriculture or construction that generally aim to boost consumption and scp policies that seek to moderate consumption levels and shift consumption patterns,12
+the quality of education institutions teachers school leaders and neighbourhoods can also have a direct impact on individual outcomes in addition public policies such as education and labour market policies political and economic conditions as well as sociocultural contexts can influence outcomes handbook of economics vol,4
+recent assessments show that countries ndcs are not ambitious enough to close the gap unep a however the paris agreements review cycle is aimed at assessing collective efforts by countries to implement their ndcs and increase ambition over time the first important test of this will be if countries indeed offer more ambitious ndcs by,13
+still governments face difficulties in reaching the poor and especially poor children menchini et al social assistance schemes are not the priority of governments and as such receive only very limited funding due to different definitions of social protection measures by different institutions it is difficult to reconcile the available information,1
+across oecd member countries including the ones of similar scale to lithuania it is a sound practice for ministries to have inhouse or externally an analytical staff who can use this evidence to inform policy and who can knowledgeably broker education research for example in the estonian ministry of education and research a professional staff of nine analysts focuses on providing policyinforming data analysis and research and in translating external research findings to local needs their work supports the development of legislation regulations strategic plans and the design of programmes and the evaluation of existing programmes,4
+in these numbers changed to for harvesting for processing and for aquaculture segment s vessels m s boats up to m s vessels m and s boats up to m biomass of the spawning stock of baltic herring in the coastal baltic sea increased by in,14
+this coordination can be carried out in formal and informal capacities because risk within this perspective is understood as polycentric no one risk takes priority over the others the removal of a specific risk may not fundamentally alter the system and the manifestation of one risk has the potential to trigger other risks within the system,11
+each paper benefits from an anonymous external peer review process before being published in this series it provides an indepth analysis of trends in labour outcomes of women in india based on unit level datasets of employmentunemployment surveys undertaken in and the paper brings out the gender differentials that exist in the employment status of women and men despite the existence of legal and policy framework for the empowerment of women in the country le document met en evidence les differences entre les sexes en ce qui concerne iemploi et ce en depit de iexistence d un cadre juridique et politique favorisant i autonomisation des femmes dans le pays,5
+the properties of fish faeces influenced by the quality of feed can be a risk for water purification in ras systems hjeltnes et al threats have to be taken seriously in worst case changes in the ecosystem food chains can be irreversible risks connected to genetic manipulations of either feed organisms or fed animals are a common concern for many consumers and scientists fears of human health risks with byproducts of animal husbandry cannot be brushed aside last but not least of the ethical worries is the net effect of aquaculture on the global protein supply,14
+in many countries the increasing availability of paid paternity leave is helping to ensure that fathers and mothers have an equal stake in caregiving thus reducing barriers to women s labour force participation since approximately twothirds of oecd countries have introduced pay transparency measures to address wage inequities countries are increasingly implementing and strengthening policies aimed at violence against women which remains endemic worldwide affirmative action measures are successfully helping to increase the number of women in public and private senior leadership,5
+other countries with strong data availability included denmark and finland iceland and korea each all countries reported national mortality data and virtually all reported national data for inpatient hospitalisations and mental health inpatient hospitalisations a national population health survey and a national cancer registry virtually all also have a national population census or registry providing key population denominators and contextual data for health statistics and research,3
+vehicle and service improvements in the system are subject to constant negotiations between authorities and private sector leaders rather than by periodically revised standards and clear procedures the large number of uncoordinated individual concessionaires has made it hard for single operators to function as companies and for the different routes to be organised into a single system both of these trends prevent the creation of economies of scale in the sector and increase the obstacles to integrating bus services with other public transport modes,11
+such work could start with an indepth discussion among relevant stakeholders on how to identify mitigation and adaptation options and to calculate the costs of their implementation including a modelling exercise for instance some donors only report the aggregate amounts committed or disbursed or do not report to the oecd development assistance committee dac creditor reporting system crs at all kyrgyzstan had the smallest committed amount of climaterelated development finance recorded in the oecd dac crs for the two years between,13
+for instance the australian state of victoria established a health promotion agency funded by tobacco taxes and several us states california massachusetts arizona and oregon have hypothecated part of tobacco excise revenues for tobaccorelated education and tobaccocontrol activities alcohol revenue are used for alcoholrelated education and prevention programs in new jersey ohio texas sassi et al local taxes can be an important source of revenues especially in decentralised health care systems eg denmark finland italy sweden local taxes have the advantage of creating a strong link between payers and health care service beneficiaries thus potentially increasing accountability in addition the level of local taxation may be set in line with local preferences about the level and quality of medical services however in the absence of a centrally managed riskadjusted transfer mechanism decentralisation lowers risk pooling and might result in larger interregional health disparities,3
+mobility is important to maintain support to the labour market kazakhstan like most oecd countries may wish to focus on regulating contractual aspects of tenantlandlord relations the main motivation for restricting freedom of contract is that bargaining between landlord and tenants is often unequal either the risk that landlords exploit their market power or that tenants hold up landlords property if no sanctions for unpaid rents are provided for for example box provides a summary of the rental market regulation in across oecd countries which cover two key areas of rental markets rent control and tenantlandlord relations,11
+higher market participation among women induced by higherwages does lowerthe time available for human capacities production but gender egalitarian relations of reproduction buoyed by strong public support for care and the availability of effective care commodities not only protect against time squeeze they actually induce an increase in the production of human capacities quantity andor quality in the context of higher incomes from a citizenworkercarer perspective this is the winwin scenario,5
+out of the countries for which a comparison could be made countries significantly improved scores between the two rounds and none showed significant declines schulz etal country scores on the index increased significantly between and female students those with greater interest in civics and political matters and those with greater civics knowledge held more positive attitudes schulz et al an analysis using iccs data had shown that students who perceived the classroom environment as open and valued participation in school were more likely to endorse equal rights for all ethnic groups trevino et al,4
+in another paper these authors martinez and albiac find that water pricing as advocated by the water framework directive is inefficient as a pollution abatement tool and differentiating control measures by soil type enhances welfare although welfare gains may be small yet this does not imply that pollution control should be targeted with water pricing policies pollution control can be best performed within irrigation systems by providing precise water applications and monitoring,6
+beyond the what policymakers need to focus on the how which requires the identification of possible overlaps in the allocation of roles and responsibilities asymmetries of information sectoral fragmentation of waterrelated tasks insufficient knowledge unstable or insufficient revenues at all levels of government possibly conflicting objectives as well as accountability concerns undermining the transparency of water policymaking similarly several governance instruments are often needed to overcome identified obstacles for instance on the one hand adopting contracts between levels of government can be a response to objective funding capacity and policy gaps,6
+this also provides the possibility to adjust the electricity need according to demand and prices in the times of high electricity prices the pumps can be turned off and instead heat produced with fuels in heatonlyboilers or chp plants there are some peak boilers in district heat networks or industry utilizing electricity but they have not been widely used partly this is due to electricity taxation the electricity used forthe heat production in taxed quite heavily in the nordic countries which increases the cost of heat production leanheat offers building owners optimization tools that reduce the cost of heating and enable preventive maintenance of buildings,7
+waste incineration tyres used oil and treated wood in kilns and bathhouses is a major source of air pollution a large portion of the waste is still disposed of in illegal dumpsites often in or along stream or river beds and areas where water resources are vulnerable which causes water pollution however no studies have been undertaken to identify possible impacts from the leaks of uncontrolled landfills to groundwater and surface water and there is no basic frame of reference for setting the objectives that need to be achieved the thresholds that should not be exceeded and the corrective measures that must be applied liquid waste from handicraft activities and most industrial activities are discharged directly into surface water groundwater is also affected by the pollutants present in the soil,12
+undoubtedly this will come at a significant cost but economic growth will not be limited by the scarcity of natural resources with commercial value however it is limited to natural resources without commercial value consistent with what has been said in chapter to the extent that impacts are external ie not taken into account by market participants natural resources can be quickly depleted with great losses to societies and individuals examples are tropical rain forests and local ecosystems the world over this comes back to the issue of landuse and the ecosystem services that land provides climate change can also be analysed from this perspective which would require a consideration of the absorptive capacity of the earth s atmosphere as a finite natural resource being depleted by the incessant emission of large amounts of greenhouse gases ghgs,7
+concerned with economic development mobilis is strengthening its partnership strategy with the local technology industry and is thereby participating fully in the emancipation of the national economy this project is developed in partnership with huawei ericsson zte and it relates to sdgs and building resilient infrastructure promoting sustainable industrialization and fostering innovation san luis is the name of the state policy that defines actions to maximize san luis digitalization and prepares it for the effects of the fourth industrial revolution,9
+the international telecommunications union itu has also collected data on telecommunications services for the ict regulatory tracker chapter including information on regulatory authorities regulatory regimes and level of competition itu according to the ict regulatory tracker by the majority of the eif countries had established an independent regulatory authority for telecommunication or ict eight have yet to establish one since the government has introduced a new international gateway license to foster competition schumann and kende,9
+each results chain outlines the ultimate intermediate and immediate outcomes as well as activities outputs and complementary indicators see chapter the nccap specifies that although the plan includes longterm objectives these are not fixed and can be adjusted if circumstances change philippines climate change commission to ensure that the plan remains relevant it will be monitored on an annual basis and evaluated every three years,13
+for instance in pakistan women spend hours on housework and hours on childcare daily while men spend hours on housework and hours on childcare otherwise women s unremunerated productive work will continue to limit their full economic participation which results in their greater uptake of parttime or seasonal work the numerical presence of women across a broad range of decisionmaking forums alone provides only a proxy indicator of the actual influence of female decision makers their influence depends on whether and how they represent issues of strategic importance to women,5
+some estimates suggest that municipalities would be willing to accept hospital costs higher to avoid hospital s closure firms are required by legislation occupational health care act to provide preventive care to their employees but many large and mediumsized employers also provide extra services in particular access to gps free of charge in the mid additional services were provided to some of employees with access to compulsory occupational health care services and of employees physician consultations of the total number of consultations were in occupational care teperi et al,3
+policymakers and decisionmakers would be welladvised to take note of the scale of the disruptions ahead it should be pointed out that the shares of variable renewables that are underlying the present analysis are considerably below the ambitious longterm objectives that a number of oecd countries have set themselves in this respect this section reports the origin of the data used in the study as well as the assumptions and methods of calculation used a real discount rate of has been assumed to compute fixed and variable costs when not present in the projected costs database data for a specific power plant type have been replaced by other data available in the projected costs study for instance data for coal and gasfired power plants for france are derived from those from germany,7
+however direct public spending on childrelated employment issues is still low against an ambition of achieving a major increase in fertility andor female employment rates the government should increase its efforts to ensure high female employment rates by reforming the tax and benefit system with a view to reducing the strong disincentives to work and to increase work effort by secondary earners and by strengthening efforts to ease the combination of work and family life in the majority of japanese firms still operated a mandatory retirement age at,8
+the implementation of the forest code may encourage landowners to set up protected areas to effectively preserve and manage the setaside lands section establishing such a protected area requires private lands within its boundaries to be expropriated and the owners compensated partly because of the approach used before about of federal protected areas or of their surface include some land on which there are private property claims verissimo et al the expropriation and compensation of private properties in exclusively public protected areas is expected to require considerable financial resources,15
+independent women are married to more educated or affluent men and they make their own decisions and are in control of the business whereas hidden women have responsibility without control and they deal with the internal environment while their husbands deal with all external issues for hidden women business does not open networking opportunities the results of the study by blisson and rana show that informal social networks are more important to immigrant women than formal business networks and that the asian women viewed their gender culture and lack of confidence as barriers to participate in formal networking activities,5
+the report brings the agenda of the global compact and that of sdg closer together and creates clarity for countries now tasked with transforming words into policy and policy into reality education is also a critical path to integration into society and the best investment in sustainable development it provides migrant children with opportunities for their own advancement os well as a chance to contribute both to their country of residence and in many cases eventually also to their country of origin,4
+an abstractionpollution standard which varies according to the type of product that is used eg energy mix could also eliminate incentives for userspolluters to switch to products that cause less water risk conversely a regulation that focuses on the environmental outcome eg diversion limit or ambient water quality standards would provide more flexibility for userspolluters to find lowcost improvementabatement options they should also not usually specify which technologies are to be used to reach a certain water security target regular consideration should also be given to whether existing regulations unnecessarily limit userspolluters flexibility to apply existing costsaving improvementabatement options or to develop new ones,6
+this development has been supported by the growth of more large scale processing facilities that provide enough waste to justify the investment in a fishmeal plant at the end of the processing line however total production of these commodities and the quantity of fish reduced into fishmeal and fish oil are known combining this with an estimate of the fishmeal and oil yield from reduction fisheries the quantity of fishmeal and oil produced from residues can be inferred data from pern where fishmeal and oil production is dominated by the reduction fishery were used to estimate these yields,14
+the average rate of wastewater collection in sewerage collection systems is around per cent for households although certain rural areas have developed combined domestic sewerage and storm wastewater collection systems no treatment is performed prior to wastewater discharge this situation is getting worse during low flow rates in rivers during summer due to lower sewage dilution,6
+it requires that a monitoring system be established on the state or quality of the physical environment for each value this scheme of monitoring environmental values is derived from eu quality standards the rules of instruction refer to any rule relating to the execution of a duty or power by an administrative body the role of the government within this context is to link the initiatives of various actors who are developing projects that impact the physical environment and to monitor their outcomes where there are undesirable outcomes the relevant administrative bodies will need to establish a programme to remedy this,11
+are men who take their parental leave in full for example seen as uncommitted to their careers and passed over for promotion yet today s economies need all available talent to ensure a sustainable and prosperous future while the right balance must be struck between responsibilities at home and at work to deliver better lives for all when asked fewer women than men say they would prefer to be selfemployed,5
+funding is available to assist fanners with implementation projects are designed to improve the energy efficiency of the water and waste facilities and to improve water conservation efforts eligibility is limited to communities of or less in populations that are unable to obtain credit elsewhere,7
+five oecd countries luxembourg united kingdom australia denmark and france increased their number of graduates and students in this age cohort between and in of israeli yearolds of the yearolds of the yearolds and of the yearolds were enrolled in preschool programmes the total number of preprimary education enrolments stood at,4
+a number of criteria to assess indicators quality and adequacy are commonly used to provide guidelines for their selection such as specific measurable achievable relevant and timebound smart relevant accepted credible easy robust racer and clear relevant economic adequate and monitorable cream european commission inspired by these criteria and by the discussions within the oecd water governance initiative some key characteristics for water governance indicators have been identified such as be relevant according to the purpose of the measurement be participative in their development be practical in the production and collection considering resources and time constraints and be realistic in terms of how they will be used figure guiding questions are reported in table suggestions by pilot testers helped to improve the indicator framework and refine the language,6
+the benefits can further increase if the publictransportoriented policies are combined with the cardeterrence policies this combination of these policies would also prove successful for middlesize and smaller cities the availability of public transport as an alternative to car mobility attracts motorists to give up their cars for urban transfers this relation is the stronger the larger and more congestionprone an urban area is although this rule can also apply to main traffic corridors for midsize and smaller cities,11
+in an innovative programme targeting the needs of innercity youth in jamaica the jamaica environmental trust jet has worked with youth and community organisations to arrange trips to nearby natural areas where the youth could gain firsthand experiences with the country s rich flora and fauna for many of the youth having never been outside of urban environments the experiences provided them with strong and lasting impressions while these experiences may be frightening to some for others they provided an entry point to environmental learning,13
+whenever there is a software upgrade or device purchasereplacement there is a risk of data loss or incompatible physical or digital formats obsolescence and limited preservation of digital heritage can have a significant impact on our lives but more generally for science education culture for economic and social development and our histories assuring the continuity of formats and access over time is becoming a serious problem,11
+this section presents a summary of the fisheries management toolbox generally used worldwide to apply fisheries management administration and discusses its strengths and weaknesses and its responsiveness to the uncertainty of the pending impacts of climate change the code of conduct for responsible fisheries fao highlighted the common theme in its call for responsible and sustainable management of fisheries recently fisheries management objectives are under criticism in regimes experiencing declining fish stocks falling catches and the anticipated negative impacts of climate change on the status of our oceans and waters,14
+on the contrary tajikistan and uzbekistan have much stricter norms for womens mobility correspondingly migration from these two countries is mostly male with less than a fifth of women being in the migration flows as a consequence of this situation the salaries of female migrants are lower than those of males as a result women remit less in absolute amounts although the proportions of remittances from their earnings are the same however there is an important gendered consequence of the states vision of labour migration which is the lack of legal grounds for the labour migrants family members to stay with himher long term the socalled rule does not permit stays of more dian diree months unless die migrant possesses a patent work permit residence permit or other special documents,5
+evidence suggests emergent literacy should focus on improving vocabulary and listening skills building knowledge of the alphabetic code and introduce printing nieer the oecd has shown that children whose parents often read to them show markedly higher scores in pisa than students whose parents read with them infrequently or not at all oecd research also shows that children quickly establish a stable approach to developing emergent literacy skills,4
+chung who analysed data for viet nam s provinces from to likewise showed that investment in infrastructure helped reduce poverty rates investment in infrastructure can spur local development cont in the province of papua the proportions drop to and respectively compared to more than in both measures in the province of bali oecd a,11
+with regard to wastewater management there is a growing use of separate charges for wastewater collection and for wastewater treatment with the latter increasingly based on the pollution load of industrial effluents thus better reflecting actual treatment costs a variety of water funds aim to secure funding for water infrastructure for the financial year the us environmental protection agency epa requested usd billion for clean water and drinking water state revolving funds srfs for funding water infrastructure projects,6
+the latter part of this chapter then describes and assesses the separate elements of the quality architecture such as use of guidelines or professional licensing in detail in a format that follows other volumes in the oecd s health care quality review series its approach to dealing with these issues is to forge close connections between policy making and implementation to better respond to population need at a regional level this section describes the governance and organisation of nhsscotland and the state of population health,3
+in essence when risks associated with aquacullure are addressed early on and when innovation is embraced costs of production tend to be lower the overall use of space and water resources whether marine or on land and the potential for conflicts between different user groups is an important challenge which needs to be addressed nationally and internationally governance mechanisms that take into account the contribution of different sectors to the ocean economy can help ensure that stakeholders cooperate with multiple government agencies across a w ide area of interests and across countries sharing marine resources,14
+it also discusses the development of indicators reference points and risk indices for assessing fisheries affected by climate changes in addition it demonstrates an approach to evaluating fisheries management from an eaf perspective finally it reviews current fisheries management systems and discusses implications for management under changing climate conditions,14
+this first variable had one of the highest coefficients and it was higher in every country for the models for time spent on domestic work this confirmed that even controlling for other factors the differences between men and women were more pronounced in this dimension than in relation to caring for others being employed reduced the amount of time spent on both kinds of tasks significantly so in all cases,5
+the current prices are too low to have any influence on investment decisions the economic crisis the changing economic structure and the development of renewable energy all contribute to this situation options are under discussion to increase carbon prices such as setting aside emissions allowances and possibly modifying the emission target,7
+the act also states that special importance shall be given to a precautionary and ecosystem approach that takes into account habitats and biodiversity when managing marine resources the institute of marine research imr has been reorganised to take this into account it has a strong environmental profile while it also promotes profitability and competitiveness in the aquaculture industry aquaculture activities are also regulated by the food law,14
+these agreements may take numerous forms such as conditions on development permits and mitigation bank instruments or other forms of landowner contracts depending on the institutional arrangements on which the system relies see also chapter whatever form they take offset agreements must be clearly defined transparent and enforceable in order to provide a robust foundation for mrv and compliance at both the policy and the individual site level offset supply agreements may be based on the supply of inputs or outputs that lead to biodiversity outcomes or on the biodiversity outcomes themselves box such differences have driven many of the documented failures of offset projects in the past kenny in the biobanking scheme in new south wales australia and the native vegetation regulations in victoria australia offset supply agreements define regulatory compliance as the completion of predefined land management actions over time dse nsw oeh,15
+these impacts are avoided if collected wool is carded and spun into new yarn with the possibility that more benefits can be achieved further down the production line although the lower heat value for wool is slightly higher than for cotton the benefits are also in this case smaller than those calculated for recycling the obvious explanation of this is that it is more demanding for the environment to produce wool and the benefits from avoided production are accordingly much higher,12
+panel a uses measures of social expenditure on a range of social cash transfers housing benefits unemployment benefits incapacity benefit pension benefit a range of family benefits plus also a measure of the proportion of social spending directed to the poorest of households panel b uses measures of social cash transfers payment rates covering housing benefit social assistance and child supplements all measured as the average payment rate for a twoparent family as a percent of the average wage in all cases estimates are conditional on the pretransfer child poverty rate ie the pretransfer relative child poverty rate is included in all models as an independent variable to account for all other possible timevarying determinants of child poverty table shows result based on withincountry change,1
+travel and tourism account for percent of gdp and agriculture including forestry for percent deforestation rates averaged percent per year from and percent per year from it is estimated that about percent of tree cutting is illegal used mostly in small sawmills and by households the plan states that forests have three purposes i climate change mitigation and adaptation ii conservation and sustainable use of forests and biodiversity maintaining forest cover at percent of which percent under natural forest and percent under plantation and iii water resource protection,15
+as structural transformation brings workers from the lowerinequality lowerproductivity agricultural hinterland to the urban manufacturing sector aggregate inequality first increases with development before eventually falling the extent to which this will prove to be case in the large converging countries remains an open question even when growth remains modest countries with adequate financial and administrative capacity can reduce poverty through redistribution public action is also important as a tool against nonincome forms of deprivation through the provision of key public goods such as health care education water sanitation and other services,1
+the other large exporters are hvac and building control systems followed by biofuels green consumer products air and water purification technologies green chemicals and organic food brookings institution lb prominent city indexes increasingly include sustainability as a factor of attractiveness or specifically rank cities by their greenness including the siemens green city index forbes world s smallest cities the chicago tristate metroregion has the potential to build on its reputation as a leader in innovative architecture and green building design to sustain this reputation there is a need to increase the scale of efforts like the city of chicago s green roofs and alleyway repaving initiatives,7
+turkmenistan as of had not reported any renewable energy consumption niue closely followed with a share of per cent which was mostly derived from solar fiji boosted its modern biomass power while solar and wind arc beginning to take hold among many of the subregion s other small island developing states modern solid biofuels accounted for the bulk of the subregion s modern renewable energy consumption while hydro was also significant meanwhile solar and wind claimed small but growing shares however the country has made significant renewable energy capacity additions during this reporting period particularly with regard to wind and solar and is accelerating those efforts,7
+for new infrastructure projects it is of particular importance that environmental requirements are considered as an integral part of the planning and implementation process where groundwater is already polluted restoring good quality will be the goal prevention of deterioration of groundwater quality and any significant and sustained upward trend in concentrations of nitrates in groundwater has to be achieved primarily through the implementation of the nitrates directive and the uwwtd,6
+between and the percentage of the total health bill spent on hospitals in most oecd countries increased initially as the acute care era became predominant and later decreased as the prevalence of chronic disease increased for example in australia the of all health care spending was for hospital services in the percentage peaked at in and by it had declined to france showed a similar pattern in a peak of in and down to in,3
+the new curricula which shifted from contentbased to competencybased have been well received they have stimulated development of local curricula and contributed to cooperation and sharing of experiences between teachers and schools the assessment aspect of the reform has been particularly positive for primary and secondary education,4
+criticism from family neighbours and society can lead husbands in jordan to prohibit their wives from working outside the home in the lower strata of society though a woman who works before marriage may reduce her chances of finding a husband as it is considered a sign of poverty and her need for financial resources women from the lowest social classes often work to buy their trousseau and then withdraw from the labour market after marriage elkholy several countries have revoked the principle of women s obedience while others maintain it,5
+however one initiative the establishment of the carte sanitaire provides an inventory of all hospitals their services resources equipment etc and is expected to contribute to developing a future hospital plan most importantly there is currently no systematic performance evaluation of the health system having such assessments done periodically could inform policymaking and help achieve the shift that is needed from excessive capacity and overprovision of inpatient care towards seivices at ambulatory and primary care services life expectancy in luxembourg is among the highest in the eu and amenable mortality rates are among the lowest,3
+instead it is an inquiry into the extent to which the strategy played a role in guiding the institutional and development contributions that undp made to gender equality and women s empowerment during implementation of the strategic plan what is the value added by undp in promoting gender equality and women s empowerment results how effective has undp been in building inhouse gender equality capacity and accountability frameworks to what extent is gender equality a priority in the culture and leadership of the organization what are the key factors contributing to successful gender equality and women s empowerment results,5
+some quality indicators are available at a national level and should be able to be broken down to a hospital level but it is not clear that these indicators are consistently used by policy makers managers or health care professionals infonnation on care quality at primary care level is also weak for example latvia conducts only a few healthrelated surveys while many oecd countries use surveys as important tools to collect a wide range of information including on patient experience care coordination and patient safety,3
+they play important symbolic roles in mourning the loss of soldiers and produce new lives to replace those who died gender identities exist alongside ethnic religious and class identities women may be encouraged to fight an opposing ethnic group or an enemy of their state this helps to explain the mixed ways women respond to war with some supporting it and others working for peace,5
+in france municipalities and intermunicipal bodies are the primary actors for drinking water supply and sanitation while regional and departmental bodies as well as irrigation groups are in charge of aquifer and river management who implements central government water policies at the subnational level a first category includes countries where implementation of water policies at the subnational level essentially relies on a single type of actors ie representatives of central government in regions and a second category includes countries with a combination of several subnational authorities responsibilities in the implementation stage this often if not invariably reflects how decentralised water policies have become across oecd countries,6
+in at least some respects risks may differ from those associated with substitute projects ie fossil fuel plants and we discuss instances in which this is the case investment is partially or totally irreversible when some or all of its costs are sunk what makes investment expenditure in a power plant a sunk cost,7
+nevertheless the data show that road density might reflect also the area and population of the country its physiography and demography see for example the relatively low road density in canada australia norway and finland and the russian federation as well as various other factors related to social and economic development it is interesting to note that although an increasing trend of road density with the human development index hdi might be discerned at the national level fig ure there is not however a strong correlation it sets o minimum ond o maximum for eoch dimension colled goolposts ond then ossesses country standing in relotion to these goolposts expressed os o value between ond,11
+this online conversation about getting more women into the political sphere enables ordinary citizens to participate in candidate nomination and election through a simple typeandclick forum most importantly it has removed a critical barrier to women s participation in politics lack of information and access to resources and challenged a common perception that women s exclusion from political office is acceptable and culturally appropriate,5
+a wide range of input subsidies on fertiliser seeds credit etc the number and budgetary cost of these measures have grown rapidly since the mid s the introduction of a targeted rice for the poor programme raskin in has allowed the government to steadily increase the minimum producer price of rice but at the cost of increasing budgetary expenditure on raskin,2
+national gender institutions and the gender mainstreaming strategies and practices they develop implement coordinate and promote are of vital importance in achieving genderequal societies globally bolster the capacities mandates authorities and resources of central gender institutions and gender focal points across the government to facilitate a consistent response throughout government to develop and implement gendersensitive and responsive programmes policies and laws across sectors these should be supported by effective oversight mechanisms for the implementation of gender equality reforms including relevant legislative committees supreme audit institutions andor independent commissions this can be particularly important in government departments that may not identify their portfolio as having gendered dimensions such as defence and trade ministries,5
+for example some women living in rural areas may be using family planning methods while being in a postpartum infecund state or some may be using a family planning method during the postinduced abortion period first of all programme managers in viet nam need to offer a wider network of family planning services at the grassroot level especially with regard to supplying spacing methods this would help to bring down the high use of traditional methods and the number of induced abortions which can in part be attributed to the high failure rate of traditional family planning methods it is important to note that the findings show that per cent of induced abortion seekers were using some form of a family planning method with the predominant one being traditional,5
+industrialization was understood to be an inherently dynamic process thanks to the presence of increasing returns both at the firm and sectoral levels complementarities on both the supply and demand side learning economies and various other externalities that if successfully exploited could drive productivity growth and support job creation accordingly the state would have to be involved in connecting the investment and industrialization processes in developing countries the question was how and where it should make that connection,9
+children and young individuals require special attention as adequate transport access to educational institutions is crucial for their development at the same time elderly andor disabled individuals also have specific transport requirements estimates of the world health organization for the previous decade indicate that about per cent of the global population was severely disabled and about per cent was moderately disabled the social inclusion of these groups requires reasonable access to health institutions and cultural and social activities and therefore increased requirements for transport accessibility unece,11
+even though in many cases it will take many years to observe actual improvements in water quality because of the geological conditions in portland oregon portland maine and seattle washington for example it has been estimated that every usd invested in watershed protection can save anywhere from usd to nearly usd in costs for new water treatment and filtration facilities emerton and bos rather than being viewed as substitutes investments in these different aspects need to be part of an efficient package of options griffin,6
+the paris agreement and the agenda for sustainable development clearly identify the urgency for the global economy to shift to a lowemission climateresilient development pathway to avoid costly effects of climate change for sustainable development and adapt to the impacts that have already been locked in the mining sector is often associated with negative impact on the environment and climate and surrounding local communities the sector is also frequently viewed as operating in a silo and disconnected from the rest of the economy,7
+moreover a budgetneutral redistribution of family and housing benefits to poor families can help reduce child poverty in many countries but such a reallocation of benefits does not lift children from very lowincome families out of poverty these children often experience multiple aspects of material deprivation including poor housing conditions and a lack of educational opportunities which calls for a comprehensive strategy combating poverty in all its dimensions les tendances de la pauvrete et du niveau de vie des enfants de families a faible revenu depuis le debut de la grande recession sont egalement examinees de pres pres dun enfant sur sept est pauvre en revenu dans les pays de locde et la pauvrete des enfants a augmente dans pres des deux tiers des pays de locde avec la grande recession environ un enfant sur dix dans lensemble de locde vit dans une famille dont le niveau de vie est inferieur au seuil de pauvrete de les enfants de families a faible revenu ont connu une baisse de leur niveau de vie dans de nombreux pays la baisse etant souvent plus importante parmi les families a tits faible revenu,1
+this way low initial rates can foster political acceptance and give stakeholders time to adjust while increases over time guarantee stable revenue and maintain environmental effectiveness if uncertainty about the predictability and longevity of a tax rate emerges investors may regard the risk of lowcarbon energyefficient or pollutionreducing investments to be too high at the same time incentivising private investment requires additional measures to minimize risk and create stable investment frameworks that guarantee or at least increase the probability of a safe return such measures can include lowcost loans for private investors accelerated depreciation preferential interest rates or for renewable energy longterm power purchase agreements cottrell fortier and schlegelmilch,7
+the total resources distributed through this system have declined and became negligible in there have also been some concerns regarding transparency of the process in awarding preferences these vat exemptions apply only to products which are not available or produced in ukraine in only a few among the major ukrainian energy companies included special sections dedicated to environmental issues on their websites but the situation in this area has been rapidly evolving partly under the influence of foreign firms that introduce their home country s corporate practices in ukraine,7
+the practice in mongolia is different in this category is also reported manufacturing waste similar to msw waste from food and beverage production textiles leather furs etc therefore this category of waste was excluded from estimation of msw generation and was used for estimation of manufacturing waste generation,12
+most of the million deaths occurring every year from epidemics of the major infectious diseases such as hivaids tuberculosis malaria and viral hepatitis occur in low and middleincome countries at the same time per cent of the deaths in from noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease cancers chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes occurred in low and middleincome countries lack of access to essential medicines is one of the contributing factors to these deaths many of which were preventable,3
+so far compact cars hybrid cars and electric cars have been registered in suwon and the city aims to increase the number of electric cars to units by while replacing of its officialpurpose vehicles with electric cars the fundamental philosophy of the city government is that ensuring the right to mobility for vulnerable users is a prerequisite to ensuring the full realisation of the universal right because all citizens are bound to fall into a vulnerable state as a child or an elderly in this respect policy makers are trying to find the right balance between profitability and social equity,11
+in real terms however all prices are expected to decrease over the next decade from the record highs attained in production is expected to reach mt with an overall increase of mt or between the base period and most of the production growth for fish will take place in developing countries and in particular in asia as capture fisheries production is expected to increase by only by the majority of growth will come from aquaculture which will surpass total capture fisheries in figure,14
+however rural as well as aboriginal and torres strait islander populations have lower academic performance and less access to tertiary education than the national average a high proportion of children are enrolled in early childhood education and school is comprehensive until age school choice is widely available compared to the oecd area secondary and tertiary pathways aim to prepare students for social integration and entry into the labour market attainment rates in upper secondary education are at the oecd average,4
+why then should it be adopted at all the underlying motivation seems to be obsessive zeal with regard to making absolutely certain that no nonnecessity enters the povertyline basket a monetary poverty line postulated by such a methodology cannot by definition be a basicneeds line it is guaranteed to shortchange the poor,1
+farmer skills are also important to adapt production as consumer demand patterns shift away from traditional grains with rising household incomes the food and agriculture organisation of the united nations fao defines food security as the ideal in which all people at all times have physical social and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life the task may be particularly challenging in china it has around of the global population with just of the worlds agricultural land and below average water resources per capita,2
+therefore further analyses were undertaken using indexes of inequalities which overcome at least in part the problems just described disparities in drinking patterns related to education level and the socioeconomic status are assessed and gauged using the concentration index cl this study uses the corrected cl proposed by wagstaff in order to take into account the bounded nature of the health outcome eg probability of being alcohol consumer the cl is bounded between and with the sign indicating the direction of inequality a positive index indicates that the welloff are less likely to be alcohol consumers or hazardous or heavy episodic drinkers a zero value indicates no inequality and a negative index indicates that the welloff are more likely to be alcohol consumers or hazardous or heavy episodic drinkers,3
+return on investment which may encompass wider benefits of improved community wellbeing and safety can be particularly evident in respect of local developments as such it is at the local level that publicprivate partnerships to generate investment in sporting facilities and spaces may be realised in a sportsled regeneration model event hosting andor the construction of sport stadiums represent catalysts for broader urban planning and development projects,11
+wellorganized zoning policies contribute to the efficient use of space whilst minimizing the industry s environmental impact thus effective management of marine space is necessary to ensure environmental sustainability moreover it also ensures balanced coexistence between different userinterests in coastal zones,14
+many jobless people who wish to work or find training and education opportunities that may lead to employment do not know how or where to start guidance services are one of the most effective strategies to inform unemployed adults of their options and encourage them to pursue new opportunities many adults have not been able to take advantage of such a service since their school years since adult guidance is an undeveloped resource in many countries oecd the most vulnerable groups of adults need to be identified and offered targeted learning opportunities tailored to their needs this report has focused on providing learning opportunities to adults with a low level of education and skills they include specific population groups who experience particular challenges and barriers to learning such as unemployed young adults women who have been out of the labour market for a long period single mothers and immigrants without language skills,4
+concentrating urban growth along highcapacity transit corridors and establishing transit nodes is increasingly being recognised as a way to moderate climate change and increase the mobility of lowincome residents cervero and dai in this cuernavaca is not alone it is a common challenge for many cities in the southern hemisphere to be historically dominated by a quasiinformal network of privatelyowned transport operators that are resistant to new public operators flores dewey,11
+this shows that while the share of climaterelated oda remains relatively stable since the introduction of the climate adaptation marker in the select key basic social services and infrastructure sectors have changed slightly during that time education decreased from of total oda in and to in while health and water supply and sanitation have increased one percentage point in the same period there has been a noticeable decline in support to governments and civil society down from in to just under in although it is not possible to connect this to the increase in climaterelated oda,13
+kazakhstan has turned from a net exporter to a net importer of beef but in contrast to the milk sector imports play a minor role in beef supply with the country s selfsufficiency ratio in beef at around over the past two decades imports are mostly frozen beef from argentina australia and poland imported frozen beef is utilised by processing plants for sausage products and prepared foods and is preferred due to its stable high quality and lower cost compared to fresh or chilled meat,2
+this could be facilitated if higher education institutions were requested to elaborate joint regional strategies internships programmes should be generalised to all students including social sciences and arts in order to develop capacity for innovation services part federal government administrative centre putrajaya a strategy for penang development research group director s office world bank washington paper presented at the atlanta conference on science technology and innovation policy atlanta usa,4
+nuclear power is frequently considered a pure baseload technology working at the rated power level for long periods of time this baseload working mode has two advantages a technical commercial and organisational simplicity and b it is the commercially most advantageous form of operation in a context of stable prices for electricity high load factors over long periods of time are essential to pay back the investment costs of high fixedcost and low variablecost technologies such as nuclear energy unsurprisingly nuclear energy is thus used in baseload mode in most oecd countries a high ratio of fixed costs to variable costs is a characteristic that nuclear energy shares with most renewable technologies,7
+the combination of lack of fiscal incentives and development control has created a vicious circle leading to an unprecedented housing shortage and severe housing affordability crisis to provide an order of magnitude of the effects of the development control system on housing markets hilber and vermeulen estimate that housing prices would have increased less between and in the absence of any regulatory constraints these requirements usually consist in attributing land use type residential commercial industrial or mixed to plots of land zoned for new construction and in defining the development intensity in the form for example of floor to area ratios,11
+individuals who are still deprived may be the most difficult to reach geographically politically socially and economically it is time to push to eradicate the remaining deprivations not only in access to health care education and livelihoods but also in other dimensions of wellbeing such as security freedom of participation in political life and access to advanced highquality services some barriers may require technical solutions greater fiscal resources and development assistance gains in technology and improved data resources for monitoring and evaluation see chapter these barriers can be addressed albeit not easily through changes in national policies see chapter and in international systems see chapter,1
+they have the potential to overcome fragmented policy silos for example by integrating ecological dimensions into social policy as discussed in chapter in relation to cash transfer and public works programmes or by integrating social components into green economy approaches costa rica provides a relatively successful example of ecosocial development in which the state has played a fundamental role in incorporating people into markets and social systems by promoting productive often public employment and universal social policies in addition costa rica was an early promoter of environmental sustainability and in among the first countries to adopt a national pes scheme for forest conservation and regeneration with regard to climate change costa rica is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions to levels by and achieving a carbon neutral economy by in order to effectively tackle climate change the government has put in place a comprehensive policy package addressing issues of both mitigation and adaptation and underlining the need for an integrated focus on energy and climate policy,13
+between and all the fuas of different sizes in viet nam grew much faster at an average annual rate of than the fuas in oecd countries on average while in oecd countries larger fuas grew faster than smaller fuas viet nam showed a different pattern both the three largest fuas ho chi minh city ha noi and hai phong with a population of million or more and smaller fuas with a population of less than grew faster and respectively compared to mediumsized fuas in the case of viet nam it appears the country has seized the opportunity as its urbanisation process has come together with strong increases in income levels,11
+in addition there is a need to restore depleted natural aquifers the problem of water scarcity has been exacerbated in recent years by several multiyear drought cycles and the consequent overpumping of water to meet growing water demand annual rainfall has decreased by on average since and could decrease by a further between and according to climate change models chapter increasing population and agricultural growth are placing additional pressures on israel s limited water resources in terms of both quantity and quality,6
+it is clear though that in order to solve air quality problems regional and transboundary policy coordination remains necessary local actions are an effective means of improving air quality but these need to be supported by regional and national sectoral emission reductions to tackle this reduction of nh emissions is required especially in areas where other pollutants are in excess in the atmosphere,11
+the russian federation s gazprom is a monopolistic supplier of natural gas to armenia and belarus when a common energy market is created within the eaeu gazprom is likely to lose its monopoly in armenia and belarus since they will have the opportunity to buy natural gas from kazakhstan these rules are valid only for interior consumption of these energy commodities within the eaeu,7
+the duty to cooperate therefore is a central feature of the convention both the agreement relating to the implementation of part xi of the united nations convention on the law of the sea of december the part xi agreement and the agreement for the implementation of the provisions of the united nations convention on the law of the sea relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks the fish stocks agreement reflect the ability of the international community to cooperate towards further developing unclos and addressing gaps and newly emerging issues of note in this regard is the ongoing process established by the general assembly through its resolution on the development of an international legally binding instrument under unclos on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction,14
+some countries such as peru have set specific targets to make progress towards natural capital accounting one of the targets featured in the peru bicentenary plan under biodiversity objectives is the increase in the share of regional governments that have conducted an evaluation and valuation of their natural resources and to increase the number of environmental variables in the national accounts however so far only a few countries have taken steps towards natural capital accounting and these generally focus on areas where demand for accounting is clear and linked to specific policy questions oecd,15
+for smaller primary healthcare facilities incremental budgeting based on historical amounts is a more common approach reforms on facility budget setting is therefore an important policy area ongoing provider payment reform initiatives such as the potential use of diagnosisrelated groups can help make budgets be more needsbased service providers do not always receive clear guidelines on general budget envelopes to work with when submitting draft budgets this is understood to be an important reason why requests from health service providers are often seen by provincial health departments as being too high to be realistic,3
+targeted policies aim to reduce grade repetition as in france or to raise the age of early tracking such as the new middle school in austria countries have also introduced policies to manage school choice either to introduce more school options or to mitigate its negative impact on equity as in chile a few countries have introduced structural changes to their systems as in tyirkey,4
+some examples of these resources are the australian professional standards for teachers the australian professional standard for principals the accreditation of initial teacher education programs australia standards and procedures australian teaching practice and development framework and the australia charter for the professional learning of teachers and school leaders aitsl in crafting these standards the government should define what the objectives are for teachers at different points of their careers how teachers can achieve these objectives and why they should do so the standard provides an opportunity for teachers to progress enrich develop and enhance their practice expertise knowledge skills and professional values it aims to support teachers as they develop as reflective accomplished and enquiring professionals who are able to engage with the complexities of teaching and learning the changing contemporary world of their learners and the world beyond the profession and its institutions in order to enhance learning experiences for all learners,4
+means of upholding the equality of men and women nondiscrimination nonsegregation and the coresponsibility of society for the provision of care should be more fully incorporated into regulatory frameworks and in government oversight procedures as well as into the agendas of workers organizations while the values transmitted by gender inequalities in the reproductive sphere cannot be measured using the information currently available an analysis of the visible portions of the economy suffices to show that reproductive matters have an influence on the economic labour regime that this regime in its turn has an impact on the wider economy this type of observation becomes possible when the labour supply is seen as the nexus between the mercantile economy and the household and as the result of a process of conflict between the two that also generates additions to the labour force,5
+since schools and teachers are also required to develop individual student plans as a tool to systematically monitor and improve students learning outcomes teachers have to establish a learning plan for each of their students describing the student s current performance level and specifying areas on which the student parents and the teacher will focus on over the coming months student learning plans need to be shared with parents at least once a year,4
+in the government established the executive committee of the climate change commission cecac which has greatly helped strengthen the coordination and monitoring of climate change policies the cecac is the designated national authority for the kyoto protocol flexibility mechanisms it manages the portuguese carbon fund and is responsible for international negotiations the portuguese environment agency assumes the role of unfccc cofocal point is responsible for the annual ghg inventory report and is the competent authority for the eu ets,7
+the successful implementation of the new production model has led to the recovery of the salmon industry as a main activity exporting tonnes in total catches have fallen since particularly because of a decrease of industrial catches smallscale catches however have increased since and represent almost half of national capture fisheries production,14
+the mobilization of women in street demonstrations informal gatherings and online were often characterized by an overarching framework of dignity which transcended differences among religious and political positions this feature has been adopted and incorporated into many of the genderfocused groups that have been formed since the uprisings such as the cairobased harakat basma imprint movement box previously only a few wellknown intellectuals such as nawal alsa dawi and fatima mernissi were prepared to tackle such issues which most activists felt lay beyond the pale of social religious and cultural acceptability,5
+source oecd development centre based on iea a world energy outlook iea b world energy outlook special report on southeast asia by definition tpes is equal to total primary energy demand tped and includes power generation other energy sector and total final energy consumption iea a china will continue to account for the largest share of the energy demand in emerging asia even though its share of the region s tpes decreases from in to in owing to the strong growth in energy demand from asean and india,7
+individuals are only willing to undertake risk and dedicate their time to innovative activity when they have confidence that their efforts will be rewarded and their actions will be able to achieve the desired results fundamental regulatory and banking reform and increased funding for all levels of education will encourage innovation and entrepreneurship create policies that distinguish the determinants for success among recipient firms in order to delineate between innovative firms that may not generate large employment growth and other kinds of firms in sectors where employment growth is more likely,8
+in part this is the result of privatesubsidised schools setting admission requirements and selecting students based upon academic achievement or families socioeconomic background mineduc ace and es a practise being eliminated through the implementation of the inclusion law see chapter for example the difference between schools in the exposure to mathematics in chile as measured by pisa is the largest among all oecd countries when differences are analysed by schools socioeconomic status evidence shows that the proportion of qualified teachers in advantaged schools is higher than in disadvantaged schools vs oecd b,4
+the microlevel analysis in this paper sought to add value to the current debate in the eu and oecd context on the formulation and use of child poverty indicators by combining research on child poverty and overlap of poverty findings point towards a number of main conclusions and implications for child poverty analysis within the eu context size and group differences between children faced with income poverty andor deprivation in other domains are considerable and underline the need to take a broader perspective in order to identify those that are vulnerable domain poverty rates across countries suggest an inconsistent pattern and do not point towards countries consistently faring better or worse in comparison to other countries,1
+see appendix for a full description of alternative development pathways this clearly points to the importance of understanding the options for building climate resilience with full consideration given to climate change and socioeconomic megatrends unquestionably the only way to prevent the adverse consequences of climate change for human and natural systems is through mitigation however effective policies focused on adaptation are urgently needed as well to enable the building of resilience those policies may also assist both in preventing the negative impacts arising from climate hazards and in slowing the process of climate change,13
+they suggest that the debate has moved beyond victimhood and towards women becoming agents for social change despite challenging complex and conflicting circumstances it is no accident that countries in conflict or recovering from conflicts remain at the bottom of undps human development index african women are not only affected by conflict but are also actively engaged as conflict preventers combatants and peacebuilders and take part in rebuilding in the aftermath they provide for their families and maintain the social fabric before during and after the conflict,5
+therefore the ghg inventory data needed to demonstrate whether emission reduction targets for were met is not likely to be available before the enhanced transparency framework outlined in the paris agreement has some elements that are common such as the requirement to submit upfront information on ndcs and some elements that are flexible for different groups of parties eg reporting on support provided by developed countries timing of reports for ldcs and sids the enhanced transparency framework places an emphasis on providing flexibility to those developing country parties that need it in the light of their capacities the enhanced transparency framework also contains some elements that will be nationally determined in line with the form of individual ndcs eg accounting for and tracking progress made in achieving ndcs,13
+chinese companies have invested usd billion in broadband since while malaysian operators invested usd billion since in fact social scientists and policy makers had been researching the economic contribution of information and communication technologies for quite a while the first analyses of the impact of fixed telephone density on economic growth were conducted in the mid s by world bank researchers,9
+younger women in the study area were aware of their right to register for independent communal land rights but were discouraged from doing so by cultural and socioeconomic barriers however the study noted that both the community land board and the local traditional authority in this particular location were actively encouraging women to apply for land rights supportive organizations could encourage women to exercise the option of registering individual land rights even if this constitutes a break with tradition dianne hubbard legal assistance centre namibia,5
+this was done by training energy representatives from several companies in the essential implementation of energy standards in accordance with iso by adhering to already defined international standards the companies have a guarantee that the service received is of sufficient quality and it ensures accurate performance indicators for their processes this will support the achievement of sdg by double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency none of the established policy measures in the country have addressed energy consumption of the industrial sector especially the large companies,7
+both ratios are used side by side and they definitely are not interchangeable the oecditf report entitled reporting on serious road traffic casualties advocates considering injury consequences as a relevant outcome indicator of road crashes next to fatal injuries sometimes the economic costs of crashes and injuries resulting from crashes are also considered to be outcome indicators,11
+the guarantee fee is also expected to provide incentives for reporting water use and to generate better data on water use between august and december the guarantee fee generated mxn million for irrigation districts the prioritisation of watersaving projects gives up to points out of for water user associations that renounce in their concession title to a percentage of saved water equal to the project s federal support for irrigation units in overexploited aquifers there is a prerequisite to commit to leave in the aquifer of saved water and the prioritisation of projects includes a similar clause to that for irrigation districts,6
+the latters economic cost structure with high fixed cost and low variable costs does not match up well with the risk preferences of private investors based on financial considerations alone the latter will always prefer low fixed cost and high variable cost technologies even at comparable discounted lifetime costs this however corresponds to the cost structure of carbonintensive technologies based on fossil fuels it is thus comprehensible and wherever relevant decisionmaking processes have concluded favourably justifiable that public policy takes on a special role in promoting lowcarbon technologies,7
+poverty rates among children and femaleheaded households are also the lowest of the aie group folbre unrisd higher wages for women in the public sector for instance would be consonant with more domestic aggregate demand and increased investments in human capacities either through private spending or public provision financed by higher taxes the high road supply side reinforces this result as higher wages and market participation among women raise human capacities production the latter threat is one that mirrors anxieties that these economies can no longer afford their generous social welfare programmes particularly as societies age or become more globally integrated in ways that make labour costs more significant in determining absolute and comparative advantages recent efforts to raise investments in children among a number of european countries are one possible response more will be said about this below when we discuss social investment,5
+the higher the incidence and severity of deprivation among children in a particular subgroup and the higher the prevalence of this household characteristic in the population of children the more this household characteristic will contribute to the overall adjusted deprivation headcount mo a downside of this weighted average approach is that the characteristics of highly deprived children who happen to be a very small subgroup in the population will appear to contribute relatively little to the national adjusted headcount ratio this helps identify particular dimensions that may drive the overall adjusted deprivation headcount rate given a particular cutoff,1
+for example oecd modelling of the potential impacts of a major flood in paris found that to of the direct flood damages would be suffered by the infrastructure sector while to of business losses were caused by disruption to the transportation and electricity supply and not by the flood itself ensuring that infrastructure is climate resilient will help to reduce direct losses and reduce the indirect costs of disruption existing infrastructure may need to be retrofitted or managed differently given climate change lastly additional infrastructure such as sea walls will need to be constructed to address the physical impacts of climate change,13
+the period of registration varies but is most commonly five years the main function of the registration process is that of certifying teachers as fit for the profession mainly through the mandatory process of accessing or maintaining fullcompetence status as such these processes ensure minimum requirements for teaching are met by practising teachers registration processes constitute a powerful quality assurance mechanism to ensure that every school in australia is staffed with teachers with suitable qualifications who meet prescribed standards for teaching practice,4
+an example from an oecd country is the national centre for domestic violence in the united kingdom finally it is important to ensure that the existing hotline is accessible hours per day nationwide tollfree and that it provides information and support services in several languages to respond to the needs of national expatriate migrant and trafficked women for example legal services for victims of violence are often supplied by ngos that specialise in women s issues for example in the palestinian authority the women s centre for legal aid and counselling wclac provides a unit that provides legal advice court representation social support and counselling for women box the centre provides legal aid social counselling and protection services to women living in precarious and hazardous situations it also benefits from a special consultative status to the un economic and social council ecosoc,5
+the results are more robust plans and decisions that allow for adaptation to changing circumstances furthermore scrutinizing the underlying assumptions of current decisions and management practices enables policymakers to test ideas make mistakes and learn from them without risking reallife management failures or collapsing resources using a diametric scenario framework considering opposite extremes the chapter explores the emerging and future relationships between the opportunities successes and challenges in the management of coastal resources in line with the drivers pressures states impact and response dpsir framework unep,14
+contribution of working group i to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change stocker tf d qin gk plattner m tignor sk allen j boschung a nauels y xia v bex and pm midgley eds cambridge university press cambridge united kingdom and new york ny usa plant photosynthesis is unable to compensate for such a huge c overload resulting in a considerable increase in c levels in the atmosphere and a heightened greenhouse effect,13
+globally women entrepreneurs face a wide range of financial and nonfinancial barriers that prevent them from entering andor fully participating in the formal economy to be sure many of the barriers that women entrepreneurs confront in the business environment affect other small businesses as well foggin however women often contend with additional obstacles above and beyond those encountered by their male counterparts because of persistent social economic cultural andor legal inequities because these barriers do not exist in isolation this section also explores the unique sociocultural challenges faced by women business owners these challenges both inform and often exacerbate the other barriers firms that start with higher levels of capital show better performance in terms of assets revenue profitability and survival ernst young,5
+in the case of differences by educational level people with less schooling give less importance to inclusion criteria based on social and political citizenship participating in political and voluntary activities doing things that are important for others and having something to say this means that a setting of unequal distribution of opportunities is likely to produce perceptions and feelings of exclusion among those who are disadvantaged thus povertyreduction policies should go beyond merely handing out compensatory monetary transfers and aim to promote social inclusion which entails addressing aspirations for entering the labour market gaining economic selfsufficiency having a profession having own income and possessing assets property house land that ensure sustainable livelihoods the acquisition of human capital to participate in information and knowledgebased societies is also important to the most poor eg having higher education qualifications,1
+a final analysis in figure which takes into account both factors shows that on average across countries language and foreign qualification account for two thirds of the initial gap in literacy proficiency between similar foreignbom and nativeborn persons the educational background of parents is defined as the highest educational level between the mother and the father a person s education and the educational background of the parents are positively correlated wdth assessed skills but also with each other,4
+also in the ministry of regional development and infrastructure established a legal entity of public law the water supply regional development agency which coordinates activities of the new companies and establishes regulations and tariffs the agency is in charge for more than one million people and more than industrial and commercial customers one of the major tasks of genrc is to establish a methodology for the regulation of water tariffs in order to ensure effective tariff reform in the various cities and regions within the framework of the reforms the ministry of economic development established in june two companies ltd water of west and ltd water of east which joined stateowned local water distribution companies these companies deal with water supply and sanitation service the main goal of these reforms is to simplify the organization of water supply and to attract investment to this sector,6
+conflict between pakistan and india over distribution of the water arose with the creation of pakistan in the dispute was settled in by a treaty between india and pakistan that allocated the waters of the indus jhelum and chenab to pakistan and the waters of the sutlej beas and ravi to india it is the only crossborder treaty in the world to have divided rights to riparian systems between countries dinar et al the treaty also established the permanent indus commission composed of one commissioner of indus waters from each country who are to meet annually to establish and promote cooperative arrangements for the treaty implementation and the development of the waters of the indus system,6
+by contrast in poorer countries the attainment rate is much lower and women are strongly disadvantaged a similar picture could be shown for an older cohort of men and women between the ages of and countries are grouped by the world bank income classification system while it may reflect the positive effect of greater investment in education on countries economic growth it may also be related to the fact that richer countries invest more in human capital,5
+how relevant is scotlands biodiversity to you how concerned are you about the loss of biodiversity in scotland the indicator measures the percentage of participants in the survey that answered yes to the question have you made any leisure visits to the outdoors in scotland in the last months it provides data on numbers of volunteers hours volunteered and types of activity undertaken,15
+as will be discussed in this chapter monitoring the sdgs from a gender equality perspective is constrained by three main challenges first uneven coverage of genderspecific indicators with some goals lacking indicators to capture gender equality outcomes second gaps in gender data including data on women and girls experiencing multiple and intersecting inequalities see chapter and third quality and comparability of available data across countries and time gender statistics are critical to monitor the gender impact of economic social and environmental policies over the past years there have been vast improvements in the generation and use of gender statistics including international standards and protocols for the collection of violence against women data as well as timeuse data see chapters and yet despite these advances and the growing acknowledgement of the importance of gender statistics for designing policies and assessing progress towards gender equality gaps remain and are extensive,5
+in addition the regional plan also allows conditionally abstractions without a permit for supplementary surface and groundwater takes of a certain size m day and temporary takes of m day for no more than five days per annum and aquifer or well testing for d for no more than days this was not surprising due to the high density of dairy cows in the region and the large volumes of drinking water required by lactating cows and the large volumes of water required for dairy shed operations in of the catchments more than of the allocable flow is taken for these activities alone and in of these the use exceeds the allocable flow,6
+both organisations look forward to continuing to join forces and support countries across the world in their effort to implement the new urban agenda during the habitat iii process the role of nups in supporting the implementation of the new urban agenda and other urbanrelated global agendas was increasingly recognised and a range of tools and frameworks to assess nups have been discussed across international organisations and within national governments in countries it establishes the foundation for understanding how and in what forms nups have been developed implemented and monitored globally,11
+policy makers will increasingly rely on irrigation pricing strategies and markets to motivate improvements in water management and to improve resource allocation farmlevel costs will increase but innovative management and wise use of technology will enable farmers to adjust in ways that generate greater value from limited water resources looking forward farmers in the united states and elsewhere must adjust to rising energy costs and increasing water scarcity while the outlook for agricultural prices is uncertain recent increases in food prices suggest that crop prices might be notably higher in some years,6
+a number of these publications centred on nuclear energy others however also included different sources of electric power generation these include climate change assessment of the vulnerability of nuclear power plants and adaptation costs estimation of potential losses due to nuclear accidents measuring employment generated by the nuclear power sector and system costs in deep decarbonisation scenarios the contributions of nuclear energy and renewables both the oecd environment directorate env and the iea have previously worked on external costs see chapter for a detailed bibliography over the past years the european commission ec externe up to and the new energy externalities developments for sustainability the needs studies between and and the paul scherrer institute psi switzerland have been among the most active institutions in the field of externality measurement and are important sources of information and methodological competence,7
+the diagram shows the proportion of children who are deprived but not poor poor but not deprived both poor and deprived and neither poor nor deprived it illustrates the extent to which the deprivation rate dominates the poverty rate or vice versa figure illustrates a scenario where most poor children are multiply deprived using a particular deprivation cutoff and a monetary poverty threshold but the vast majority of the deprived children are not poor with very few children being poor but not deprived it assigns x to the first adult in the household to every subsequent adult and to every child under years of age,1
+given its rapidly evolving population health care needs and fiscal constraints mexico should develop primary care as a distinct medical speciality it would be worth investing serious effort to develop a national vision for primary care to counter any misconception that primary care is merely health care for the poor or marginalised in defining a new speciality of primary care the most important task will be to distinguish the current cohort of physicians working as community generalists who do not have substantial specialist postgraduate training from future primary care specialists this distinction should be unambiguously evident to patients and other health care professionals and be based upon extended knowledge skills roles and responsibilities,3
+however the share of repeaters exceeds in argentina costa rica luxembourg and spain figure b see source section at the end of this indicator for more information and annex for notes fhttndxdoi the largest increase in the share of repeaters at upper secondary level is observed in the czech republic percentage points higher than for lower secondary programmes and mexico percentage points higher conversely the share of repeaters is lower at upper than at lower secondary level in argentina colombia costa rica greece and the slovak republic the number and share of overage students are a complementary metric to those of repeaters overage students in the last grade are those who are likely to start the next educational level with at least a twoyear delay compared to the intended age the number of repeaters and overage students are strictly linked as in most countries the main reason for a high share of overage students is the accumulation over different grades of students who have repeated at least one year ie the marginal increase in the number of overage students at each grade is correlated with the number of repeaters at that grade,4
+this review aims to identify key changes in the chilean education system from to analyse where education in chile stands today and offer recommendations to the government regarding how it can provide better education opportunities for all chileans the review examines different areas of education policy in chile from early childhood education to higher education among oecd countries chile had the third lowest performance in science on the programme for international student assessment pisa,4
+and it foresees more comprehensive services for pregnant women and mothers on medicaid and all women on medicare two main avenues for extending coverage the expansion of employerbased insurance and of medicaid have in the past disadvantaged women especially unmarried poor and ethnic minority women and are likely to do so in the future this has important gender implications given that women especially women of colour and immigrant women are overrepresented in lowwage occupations,5
+tables and below provide a more detailed analysis of the factors influencing inequality by decomposing the contributions of the various income sources to overall inequality in any given year it is important to be clear that such decompositions are comparative static exercises explaining factor contributions in each of the three years rather than exploring the role of changes in factors on changes across years thus they do not explain changes over time but are helpful in showing whether changes have happened over time by comparing the situation in each of the three years,10
+international handbook on the preparation and development of school leaders routledge new york london pp teacher and leader effectiveness in highperforming education systems alliance for excellent education washington dc stanford center for opportunity policy in education stanford california evidence from michigan school districts leadership and policy in schools vol the information was supplied by countries through a questionnaire specifically developed by the oecd review,4
+speed cameras work effectively in many locations and can be operated at fixed locations often known speed related crash risk sites or through mobile vehicle mounted cameras mobile speed cameras are intended to have a general impact upon speed offending across the network mobile speed cameras are most effective when they are operated in a nonovert manner utilising unmarked vehicles cameron,11
+a pregnant worker is entitled to mandatory rest during the six weeks preceding the birth and the six weeks following the wage is as agreed upon in the employment contract but may not be less than the legal minimum wage internal work regulations may contain instructions for preventing occupational hazards and for providing first aid in the event of an accident in the event of accidents or illness the worker will only receive the medical attention and indemnities agreed by the laws on workplace accidents or social security under the modalities and conditions specified by said laws workers whose contracts end upon retirement for old age or other reason will receive compensation equivalent to severance benefits if the pension is granted by the dominican social security institute,8
+in vietnam the world bank and the governments of finland and denmark provided seed money for a revolving fund for household sanitation investments however when the revolving funds are organised with external seed financing to provide initial working capital at subsidised rates and the support of an established mfi such as in the example in vietnam they appear to be an effective way of leveraging private finance household investment in onsite sanitation in that case according to mehta experience with this market segment is limited and has not gone beyond a few pilot projects a credit scheme was elaborated via six domestic microfinance institutions it was foreseen that at least two households from a given area would be allowed to contract a loan for new water investments either a usd loan for a shallow borehole or a usd loan for a rainwater harvesting tank,6
+germany ireland latvia norway and slovenia also provide cancer care at comprehensive cancer centres and also at specialised institutions that provide treatment for specific cancers other countries such as canada chile england france hungary israel the netherlands poland portugal singapore and turkey have institutions that specialise in certain treatments such as radiotherapy chemotherapy or surgery given the varied organisational structures the number of institutions providing cancer care differs widely across countries,3
+in the case of poor families this type of integration has been promoted fairly successfully through a number of coresponsibility transfer programmes ctps this gives prominence to the pathways by which families and individuals reinforce their rights and their ability to access areas of contributory social protection or where this is not possible noncontributory social protection mechanisms to cover these needs with differentiated actions tailored to their profile by being guaranteed for all citizens these minimum levels are universal and establish a framework in which citizens not only demand and consume services they are also holders and subjects of rights with the capacity to demand that these rights be realized,1
+greater livestock numbers will also be required in order to meet the demand for additional meat through the outlook period resulting in growing environmental concerns significant scope remains for improved productivity in both meat and dairy production particularly in developing regions which will be key to the growth of a sustainable livestock sector the cost of compliance to environmental regulations will also impact the regional concentration of livestock production,2
+review teacher compensation advancement and retirement policies to support career circulation between school and work ensure that sectoral practical training centres are financially sustainable and improve the accessibility of the centres through a system of student support that meets living costs is easily accessible to all eligible students and is wellpublicised through web resources and schoolbased advising improve opportunities for upper secondary vocational students to make full use of the pathway to tertiary education through focused efforts to raise the quality of general education teaching made available to secondaiy vocational students,4
+it is also responsible at the technical level for hunting and forest management forest operations and management are handled in a decentralised manner under the ministry of agriculture viticulture and rural development since this ministry has also been responsible for coordinating overall water policy management and protection of water as a resource cleanup of waters and watercourses management of sewage sludge drinking water supply water pricing fishing and floods,6
+this suggests that their products have higher value andor require much less energy to produce and that these countries consume goods and services that are much more aligned to e that they produce themselves the consumptionbased ef intensity for the asiapacific developing group of countries has decreased by approximately the same relative amount as that of the rest of the world between and,12
+this relates to the implementation of june amendment to the school act that stipulates that only students with an identified disability should attend a special school or a special class in a mainstream school see chapter also one way to remove the financial incentive for sen categorisation is to make the funding for sen dependent on factors outside the school s control such as social deprivation indicators for the local community and also to provide a fixed percentage of funding for all basic schools to spend on those students it considers require additional support as suggested above the ministry of education should consider removing at least part of such additional funding for gifted students and instead focus on ensuring an appropriate and differentiated curriculum for able and talented students within the regular classroom,4
+public spaces are broadly associated with benefits such as enhanced safety and social cohesion higher equality and improved health and wellbeing they increase property values retail activity multiplication city attractiveness and contribute to more effective and efficient transport and mobility a prosperous city is an inclusive one that provides spaces for social engagement recreation social and economic development of vulnerable groups and fosters social cohesion through the provision of adequate and welldesigned public spaces,11
+funds to support restructuring have been earmarked prominent leaders in finnish higher education including a dean of the university of helsinki and the rector of aalto university have suggested halving the number of academic units in universities and the university rectors council has prepared a proposal for merging units closing programmes merging fields of education and research and redistributing resources among units as an opportunity for universities to be in the driving seat for structural reforms aarrevaara and dobson the ministry has previously reached an agreement for universities finland to coordinate bottomup projects to reduce duplication in areas of significant programme overlap crossbinary collaboration has been less prevalent than intended while the acts regulating uas and universities do not allow crossbinary mergers,4
+as in the majority of countries there is a positive relationship between teacherstudent relations and student performance in both the united states and japan for example the quarter of students in the united states who reported the poorest relationships with their teachers are times more likely to be also among the quarter of the poorest performing students for japan the odds are differences in studentreported teacher interest in their wellbeing may reflect either different student expectations of the level of involvement of their teachers or different roles that teachers assume with respect to their students a low percentage of agreement with these statements suggests a possible mismatch between student expectations and what teachers are actually doing,4
+therefore the policies that emerge must be implementable universal sensitive and relevant to the local context they must be participatory and collaborative they must be inclusive and recognize the rights of minorities and vulnerable groups above all the policies must be sustainable this trend is not new but relentless and has been marked by a remarkable increase in the absolute numbers of urban dwellers from a yearly average of million between to million between in per cent billion of the world s population lived in urban areas by this had grown to per cent billion,11
+oceans cover approximately of the earths surface and as individual activities that damage the oceans can be felt beyond national borders responsibility for the oceans health rests with all of us while ships traversing oceans are only one of many ocean activities the shipping industry is one of the most visible industries taking place on the oceans at imo we need to ensure that shipping continues to make its significant contribution to the global economy without upsetting the delicate balance between safe and secure shipping and protecting the marine environment,14
+the agreement calls for comprehensive policies and a targeted approach focusing on attending to the poor vulnerable and excluded segments of society in keeping with their particular needs characteristics and contexts science and culture oei the ministers of education approved a comprehensive early childhood project that is at the heart of the project goals the education we want for the bicentennial generation eclacoeisegib such is the case in countries with more generalized attendance such as uruguay years and mexico,4
+bangkok promotes the education and participation sdgs a and b of local communities in wastewater treatment projects and promotes reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture and industry this requires a foundation that is based on the human rights of the urban population for safe drinking water sanitation and hygiene orgcoursedetail,6
+as discussed new uses may be denied product patent protection to the extent that the known product in question fails the novelty test either on the basis of a specific regulation governing novelty in such cases or on the basis of casebycase examination in addition process patent protection may be denied where domestic laws implement a broad exemption from patentability for methods of medical treatment in accordance with article a of the trips agreement variations in the dna sequences of humans can affect how humans develop diseases respond to pathogens chemicals drugs etc,3
+linking cme and cpd requirements to relicensing medical professionals is a strength that makes australia and the united kingdom leaders across the oecd such approaches should be trialled in other oecd countries to support the health workforce to deliver highquality care throughout their medical careers in denmark and sweden for example external involvement in regulating health professionals knowledge and skills is deliberately lighttouch oecd a b,3
+in the us the majority of homes are built primarily of wood and the current inventory of wood structures in the us is estimated to store billion metric tonnes of carbon equivalent to billion metric tonnes of carbon dioxide maximizing the use of wood in multifamily housing lowrise residential construction and remodelling in the us could result in a carbon storage benefit of about million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide annually which is equivalent to taking million automobiles off the road howe et al the eco platform is working to harmonize national epd systems based on the iso standard for environmental declarations and the en standard for constructionsector epds the first eco platform epds aligned to the harmonized procedures were issued in october,15
+however icts are more than just access and use of the internet and the development of a digital economy it also relates to the use of icts to create more efficient systems for effective and reliable service delivery and to improve productivity in a large number of sectors for more information about innovative financing see however while technological improvements are made across many sectors technological convergence often includes elements of communication networks and fast processing of data,9
+women entrepreneurs are a heterogeneous group in terms of age background and education and they are active in a wide range of sectors however they often work in professions where the opportunities and conditions for entrepreneurship have been limited such as healthcare nursing and education there is no big difference between men s and women s entrepreneurship in sweden but an interesting difference is observed in the level of education the level of education of women is higher than that of men this fact is also reflected in the number of women engineers and the patents taken out by women in recent years in of all patents in sweden were taken out by women,5
+workers displaced from employment in commuting zones most exposed to the china trade shock have found reemployment relatively slowly with knockon effects on other segments of the local labour market the spatial correlation between exportrelated job gains and import job losses declined over time feenstra ma and xu suggesting it become harder for displaced workers to find new employment opportunities the adjustment frictions to reallocation have played a role in creating localised pockets of unemployment and ultimately when persistent to heightened inequality however more recent empirical evidence suggests that workers in industries exposed to import competition suffered significant losses in earning capacity subsequently in comparison with similar workers in other industries autor etal,8
+the survey took place in january just months after the largest oil spill in history the deepwater horizon took place in the gulf of mexico between april and july it can be speculated that this may well have influenced the respondents concerns frequency of responses is illustrated by the size of the text with pollution noted most often reproduced from buckley and pinnegar a number of sectors were chosen including design and manufacturing maritime industries policy makers media organizations education and environmental organizations,14
+the initial decision text leaves open whether incentives to reduce deforestation would take the form of carbon credits or direct financial assistance the fund aims to deliver costeffective emission reductions while promoting biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation the biocarbon fund can consider purchasing carbon from a variety of land use and forestry projects the portfolio includes afforestation and reforestation reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation and is exploring innovative approaches to agricultural carbon,15
+for instance portland s open rules towards food vending have allowed local food truck entrepreneurs to occupy vacant spaces and create vibrant uses out of them it has been a boon for local businesses and has encouraged tourism to the area southworth temporary land uses encourage experimentation across the united states local skateboarders have taken over vacant lands often unused public land underneath bridges to build illegal skateparks eg burnside park portland washington street park san diego,11
+the fifth and final section concludes the firstfocusesoninequalityinterms of human capital particularly education while the second focuses on employment and labour income these researchers interpretation of their findings indicates that when men and women have the same endowments and an equal distribution of skills and abilities the existence of inequality will lead to the exclusion of potentially highly skilled women and to the inclusion of less skilled men,5
+efforts to collect this data at a city level are underway in countries to ensure its availability in the coming monitoring rounds for this goal this target has two indicators data and methodology both of which are available weak landuse planning informal settlements often located on highrisk areas and limited disaster response capacities in african cities exacerbate disaster vulnerability,11
+another condition on access to the benefits is registration as unemployed and availability for work in many cases benefits are conditional on the beneficiary not having resigned from his or her job the financing of the unemployment insurance is linked to the payroll in the case of the employers contribution and depends on income in the less frequent case where contributions are made by workers,8
+young children are most likely to be at risk because their parents are also likely to be young with relatively low earnings or because their mothers are not in employment bradbury and jantii strategies to alleviate child poverty vary across countries with policies either tending to promote employment in particular through welfare reform in recent years or providing generous levels of benefits to redistribute income to the poor getting lone parents into work has been a central aim of policy in a number of countries in recent years with welfare reform policies in australia canada new zealand the united kingdom and the united states all targeting employment among lone parents,1
+since the primary energy supply increased to mtoe in coal natural gas and oil products were the big losers since economic changes have forced many consumers to limit their consumption supply of coal has declined from approximately tons of oil equivalent ktoe in to ktoe in and increased slightly to ktoe in oil products followed the same trend with a consumption decrease from ktoe in to ktoe in then an increase to ktoe in,7
+an improved gender balance in senior management chapter can thus have important spillover effects on female entrepreneurship women s low labour force participation rates arguably limit opportunities to acquire the job skills or management experience necessary for starting a business and only about of adult women engage in earlystage entrepreneurial activity less than half the rate of men women entrepreneurs are a heterogeneous group whose firm characteristics and needs vary according to location urban versus rural and education level,5
+strong national and international leadership needs to send clear and consistent signals that abuses will not be tolerated in peacekeeping missions measures need to be put into place to adequately address the needs of women men boys and girls who have been forcibly recruited and suffered genderbased violence initiatives can be made to recruit female former combatants into the police and armed forces male former combatants should be provided with counselling and programmes aimed at preventing genderbased violence on reintegration,5
+in and climaterelated aid commitments reported to the oecd dac ranged on average from usd bn per year based on lower and upper bound estimates representing up to of total oda going forward climaterelated oda is expected to remain both significant and substantial given its potential to mobilise other sources of climate finance and given the internationallyagreed target of devoting gni to oda going forward the definition of public climate finance and consistency with oecd dac rio markers is to be determined,13
+it might be an expensive longterm investment but in the short term it is rarely possible to predict clear identifiable results from policies especially given the time lags that are likely to be involved teachers often also command greater public trust than politicians so any resistance to reform on their part is likely to be effective even when parents have a poor opinion of the education system they will generally have a positive view of their childrens school and its teachers,4
+he placed high priority on hiv prevention as well as on treatment care and support for hivaids patients the nascp was replaced with a broader aids control programme comprising the presidential committee on aids and the multisectoral national action committee on aids naca to coordinate hivaids programmes at the federal level nigeria was also able to attract funding from the world bank the united states agency for international development the uk s department for international development the bill melinda gates foundation and the ford foundation,3
+also as discussed in the preceding section kazakhstan has relatively high mortality rates from respiratory diseases such as copd and gastrointestinal diseases such as liver cirrhosis for which recognised risk factors are tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption respectively oecd for example among men aged and over nearly are daily smokers a proportion far above the oecd average of indeed only three oecd countries report a higher proportion of daily smokers among men aged years and over latvia greece and turkey figure,3
+such opportunities are not specifically defined at this stage but ability to benefit will depend on adaptive capacity at present higher riskimpact regions have been outlined handisyde et al asia is by far the major aquaculture producer with large populations and production zones in lowlying areas and is the most vulnerable region deltaic areas in asia and elsewhere are also critical for agricultural livelihoods and food security and the loss of agriculture productivity due to salination from sea level rise and seawater intrusion could have an important impact,14
+household surveys and censuses offer a picture of poverty but only at five and ten year intervals poor and marginalized people and communities are among the most likely to be missed by official statistics alongside improving official statistics therefore policymakers are turning increasingly to icts to facilitate big data solutions,1
+quality problems local bacteriological pollution quality problems pollution from urbanisation and traffic transboundary groundwater under consideration but not approved the issue of future prospects agreement on the delineation of transboundary groundwater systems and development of monitoring programmes,6
+similarly there is no explicit and overarching national urban policy framework there are currently several policies affecting the regional level the top sector policy the national policy strategy for infrastructure and spatial planning the regional development plans developed at the provincial level and the eu programmes there is a danger of disconnecting the regional and local development agenda from a comprehensive national vision of regional development a key challenge for a successful territorial development policy will be ensuring that the various policies having an effect on the development of regions make the most of potential complementarities,9
+this led to comprehensive efforts to boost availability the slovak republic also financed the purchase of diagnostic technology such as positron emission tomography ct and magnetic resonance scanners japan stands out with the highest rate of ct and mri scanners per million population and respectively,3
+risk reduction activities have the most direct impact on people s ability to adapt to climate change or in the case of infrastructure projects on damages to the physical environment policy making on the other hand ensures that climate change risks are taken into account in laws planning policies and negotiations education training and awareness aim to change people s behaviour and habits in accordance with current and projected climate conditions,13
+over time the connection between place of work and place of residence further eroded as people began to change employers with greater frequency development and administration of prague university of amsterdam amsterdam netherlands sykora l j kamenicky and p hauptmann changes in the spatial structure of prague and brno in the s acta universitatis carolinae geographica vol the planned economy had focused on expanding large machinery manufacturing facilities and other forms of industry and on constructing large residential complexes of relatively small apartments sykora kamenicky and hauptman sykora and mulicek,11
+thailand aud million new zealand aud million china aud million and vietnam aud million continued to dominate as the major source of edible fisheries products imported into australia accounting for around of total edible imports in the food safety australia new zealand fsanz board approved the final assessment report for the primary production and processing standard for seafood which contains a scientific evaluation of risk within the seafood industiy and management options to minimise this risk in standard primary production and processing standard for seafood became part of the australia new zealand food standards code seafood businesses are now required to comply with this standard,14
+empirical evidence point towards career guidance services in school and outside having a formative influence on young people s understanding of themselves and the world of work and can often improve educational social and economic outcomes as young people stay in education and training longer and as the labour market becomes more complex the case for career guidance grows but what makes for effective provision,4
+this is a very substantial increase over a relatively short period of time in most cases marketincome inequality has risen more strongly during the first half of the two decades in addition most of the countries with data going back further have seen large increases in marketincome ginis before the mid s the upwards trend in marketincome inequality continued after the mid s but at a much slower pace,10
+the crop is largely irrigated and makes use of advanced cultivation and harvesting technologies since production has increased steadily to more than mt over the next decade with expanded areas and higher yields the crop could reach mt production is mostly destined to the domestic market among fruits varieties melons are more dependent on world markets with around a third of production exported,2
+once it is fully operational by it will predominantly run with a resultsbased payment modality it will finance programmes that are found to be strategic and with transformational impact the scip has already channelled resources to three projects standardizing ethiopias grid emission factor supporting grass roots communities in local adaptation programmes and ethiopias negotiations support programme,13
+clearly there is lot of ground to be covered most workplace initiatives provide childcare for higherlevel workers in large firms and in financial or business services however there is an unmef demand for childcare by lowwage workers hein and cassirer ilo b the authors report that chile kenya and thailand provide examples of childcare provision for rural agricultural workers in a gender equitable manner through publicprivate partnerships and employer tax incentives ilo b,5
+demandside barriers see table below are barriers that hinder individuals households or communities ability to use health services supply and demandside barriers are not necessarily mutually exclusive these include issues such as indigeneity the impacts of colonial and postcolonial experience and often a lack of government recognition,3
+in this context mexico s challenge is to use the growing water reform momentum to create inclusive integrated and coherent water policy moving forward under a businessasusual scenario is not an option addressing this means in part improving the quality of rivers lakes and aquifers in mexico this task has been a major challenge throughout the country because surface and groundwater quality is threatened by pollution loads from point and diffuse sources and insufficient attention to wastewater discharges currently of the population has access to drinking water services and has sanitation coverage in alone hurricanes affected municipalities in coahuila nuevo leon and tamaulipas municipalities in the states of campeche puebla veracruz and in the states of chiapas and oaxaca,6
+housing can be unaffordable for middleincome households as well even households in the third quintile of the income distribution face a fairly high risk of housing cost overburden on average in oecd countries of tenant households in the third income quintile are overburdened by housing costs in some countries overburden rates are high for thirdquintile mortgage payers too overburden rates for this group are above in sweden ireland and greece,11
+however it is difficult to say whether higher or lower rates of reporting indicate substantive change on the ground greater awareness of what constitutes sexual harassment andor willingness to report which is both an individual and societal construct the survey presents a counterintuitive result there is a positive correlation between the prevalence of physical andor sexual violence and european gender equality index scores countries which score high in gender equality like the nordic countries had higher levels of reported violence against women than countries which are ranked as less egalitarian,5
+national bureau of statistics nbs china statistical abstract both the nature of rural poverty and the instruments of poverty alleviation differ from previous phases therefore the povertyalleviation strategy emphasised targeting households and helping the poor through the social security system rather than through regional development programmes in recent years dibao programme has been piloted in rural areas in order to set up a safety net for the poor in rural china in the chinese government raised the rural poverty line significantly which means that the government s povertyalleviation efforts are going to cover more lowincome people including rural poor in the dibao programme table,10
+this suggests the need for a detailed assessment of progress and for improved data systems if no one is to be left behind against this background some cities appear as sites of opportunity but others of growing risk occupying the same geographical space does not imply equal access to opportunity or equal rights even in democracies political controversies are becoming increasingly strident in many regions as countries face multinational societies with the strong probability of increased immigration in the future,11
+as a result there is increasing emphasis for development cooperation providers to integrate private sector engagement pse approaches into their programmes on green growth and climate change this paper provides an overview of activities in this area estimating that of climaterelated development finance supported pse activities in it also presents a stocktaking of efforts to mobilise private climate investment promote green private sector development and harness skills and knowledge of private actors,13
+the case of atps and supervisors is unusual as their appointments depended traditionally on the growth of the education system currently the education system is stable and the number of students has fallen in some states those teachers and school directors that are not needed are provided with other tasks in some cases school directors may become atps,4
+however because it is innovative and new at the demonstration and early market introduction stages the typical household in rural settings would not be appropriate for hydrogen use there are however some stationary hydrogen demonstrations in the world unlike the photovoltaic industry or solar waterheating and cooling and other alternative technology industries which have started from scratch hydrogen is already a large business with an infrastructure that can kickstart production storage delivery or energy applications as the deployment process continues,7
+on average they have slashed poverty for households by from the initial position by percentage points and by for individuals considering only primary income which in practice means a fall of percentage points see table ii benefits derived from socialsecurity or healthcare systems may be distributed throughout the working life health care or when it has ended retirement pensions the funding of solidaritybased systems which are not necessarily progressive depends on the role of general revenue and the redistributive policies applied to pension funds,10
+the private company r kt owns the third wind farm located at vestmanna this wind farm consists of three wind turbines from with a total capacity of mw eight of them at vestmanna ei i and strond are located in the northern electricity grid and two of them at botnur are located in the southern electricity grid the total capacity of the hydropower plants is mw,7
+from to the number of recorded heroinrelated drug overdose deaths almost tripled reaching deaths in although public health officials assume the real number of deaths is much higher because heroin rapidly metabolizes into morphine and is difficult to detect according to united states officials possible reasons for that increase include an overall increase in the number of heroin users batches of the drug with greater purity being sold in certain markets an increase in new and inexperienced heroin users including those using heroin to supplement or replace prescription opioids and the presence of toxic substances such as fentanyl in the heroin consumed in canada and the united states deaths related to fentanyl abuse have continued to increase with many recreational drug users succumbing to overdoses after ingesting opioids primarily counterfeit oxycodone which they were unaware were fentanyllaced,3
+the us had a comparative advantage in capital and engineering expertise but suffered from floods canada had a comparative advantage in endowments of water but was limited by absolute capital shortages both nations secured what they needed most at a lower cost than either nation could have financed on its own when total benefits from an agreement exceed total costs this is a signal that there is a potential for all parties in a transboundary basin to share in the benefits,6
+in more than million bottles of sws product enough to treat billion litres of drinking water and supply million users were sold for routine nonemergency nonoutbreak use in countries nearly percent of these sales were in just three countries zambia madagascar and malawi which means that these countries have achieved scale in terms of coverage for household water treatment and safe storage in a series of published randomised intervention trials conducted by cdc in three continents the safe water systems have shown to reduce the diarrheal disease incidence by with an average of whereas unsafe or insufficient water affects primarily the individuals concerned inadequate sanitation can have significant external effects through the spread of epidemics,6
+therefore botswana is expected to record a fiscal deficit in fy for the first time in four years annual average inflation ended the year in much lower than in reflecting lower fuel prices and the government s commitment to prudent monetary policy although ruralurban migration and natural population increase have played a role in urban population increase the positive trend is mainly due to the reclassification of some villages to urban settlements,11
+in order for this initiative to be viable it normally has to be implemented at a national level finally it is important that the consumer of reusable products have documentation for the products in respect of not including undesirable materials in the product and those eg suitable standards are developed to ensure the quality of these products for commercial use on the other hand the reselling of used materials or building components such as window frames aim at reducing demolition waste,12
+a correlation is a statistical measure which indicates the extent to which two variables fluctuate together the two variables analysed here are the average labour market outcomes of nativeborn workers in a given year and education and experience group on the one hand and the share of foreignbom workers in that group on the other hand it should be noted however that that a positive or negative correlation does not mean that a change in one of the two variables is the cause of the change in the other,8
+with enlarged ul coverage social assistance could target those who are further away from the labour market according to theoretical models the benefit should decline over time to provide optimal jobsearch incentives furthermore similar models show that indexation of unemployment benefits on previous earnings tends to foster wage moderation and thus leads to higher employment heer and morgenstem,8
+when conducted at the outset of a national focus on adaptation such assessments can contribute to a baseline of the country s climate vulnerability against which progress on adaptation can be reviewed if the assessments are repeated on a regular basis eg to inform national planning and budgeting cycles they can provide a picture of how climate risks and vulnerabilities are changing over time however to understand how these changes came about the assessments can benefit from the application of complementary tools including those outlined below,13
+but unfortunately this is not the case in all parts of the world i was shocked to learn that every second minute a woman dies during pregnancy or while giving birth these alarming facts led to my involvement and desire to contribute to improving conditions for women during pregnancy and childbirth,5
+the socalled blue economy is sizeable and growing each year marine and coastal resources generate at least usd trillion or of the worlds gdp equivalentto the gdp of the seventhlargest economy each year whilst the total value of the worlds oceans is estimated at usd trillion if action is not taken soon to regenerate this finite resource and preserve ocean health the continued pressure on oceans will irrevocably damage one of the worlds most valuable resources and threaten life as we know it in very many ways,14
+these worthwhile efforts have notably included information on medical practitioners by speciality in finland for example health workforce planning is part of an economywide workforce planning exercise rather than occupationspecific the main objective of overall workforce planning is to provide advice on tertiary education student intake to achieve a better balance between future workforce supply and demand meanwhile japan has conducted an analysis of physicians nurses longterm care workers pharmacists and other health workers ono et al these efforts should be continued and broadened to take in other parts of the workforce such as allied health professionals,3
+a survey of us cement customers found that the reliability and continuous operation of the plant are their highest priorities coito et al shutting down a plant to install new equipment can jeopardize the integrity of the kilns a study of the swedish pulp and paper sector found the same thing thollander and ottoson figure a majority of energyintensive firms surveyed by unido regularly monitored energy use at both the plant and the individual process levels and both managers and engineers considered themselves well informed about energyefficiency opportunities unido h,7
+taking into account the accident at fukushima daiichi the lea s world energy outlook iea b assumed that the european union s electricity production from nuclear will remain roughly stable until at twh per year and that hydro will increase only slightly from twh in to twh in given the gradual decline of production from coal and oilfired power plants and the forecasted increase of total electricity consumption from twh in to twh in this means that the electricity produced by wind and solarpower will need to expand substantially the weo already assumed an expansion by of wind power from twh in to twh in and an almost fivefold increase in solar power from twh to twh over the same period,7
+however other countries too present a strong economic case for a more effective use of female labour supply a nochange scenario male and female participation rates remain at their levels over the whole period convergence in participation rates the male participation rate remains constant at its level while the female participation rate increases over the period to converge with male participation in,5
+also few are the critical distinctions between barriers to financing mitigation adaptation or crosscutting projects hence successfully addressing the barriers to climaterelated investments will likely also mobilize more finance for broader sustainable development activities the following analysis highlights how these barriers translate into risks how they could be broken and what solutions are needed,13
+the funding for primary care keeps increasing together with performancebased payments for gps these included the expansion of the list of reference countries and changes to setting reference prices new requirements for generic pricing introduction of cost and volume agreements with producers a positive list of reimbursed medicines and patient choice of medicine with the smallest copayment initially these measures lead to a decrease in pharmaceutical expenditure and some improvement in access to medicines for patients kacevicius karanikolos however more recently both public and private spending on phaimaceutical diugs have risen again accounting for of the total health care spending among the highest levels in the eu,3
+policies to close the gender pay gap need to be developed in tandem with policies to reduce inequality overall promote social justice and extend state support for working parents when women are reliant on their own wages for subsistence they often fall into poverty not able to provide a decent standard of living either for themselves or their children women should have the same rights as men to develop their capabilities but pay discrimination limits their choices and impacts on their lifetime earnings womens unpaid work responsibilities restrict their access to jobs and careers and conversely unequal pay also limits the scope for individual families to change the domestic division of labour women may move from un paid care work into formal employment only for new gender divisions to emerge within formal employment or women may enter highlevel and hitherto maledominated occupations only for gender divisions within the occupation to intensify however there are some disadvantages in focusing too literally on this measure,5
+there is however no sewerage tariff harmonization for the locations serviced by onep in contrast to tariffs for drinking water consumption table a tariff analysis of wastewater treatment systems operated by onep around showed that the sanitation tariffs allowed recovery of only about per cent of the operating costs excluding depreciation allowances financing costs and costs of maintenance of the infrastructure in other words given the general increase in major cost items for wastewater management there has been an increasing gap between the actual tariffs and the level required for ensuring recovery of operating costs let alone maintenance and depreciation,6
+they may suffer abuse and difficulties when travelling on public transport transport operators may refuse concessionary fares a problem also experienced by students p j hine poverty end sustainable transport hour transport affects poor people vith policy implications for poverty reduction,11
+that since the girl consistently had sexual intercourse with the appellant the relationship continued for quite a long time to the extent that age became a nonissue the judge faulted the prosecution for not going to lengths to prove that the appellant had not taken the necessary due diligence to find out that the complainant was below the age of years the judge also stated that the appellant should not be condemned for the voluntary acts of the complainant as she was enjoying the sex relationship,5
+to qualify ovc must be under years old and come from a household with one deceased or chronically ill parent or where the main caregiver is chronically ill the regions targeted are selected on the basis of poverty levels and hiv prevalence community committees visit households where there are children living in poverty gather data about the household and then decide which households meet the criteria for the cash transfer local knowledge is valued in this process a list of the households selected is sent to nairobi another visit takes place to collect data related to living conditions including the dwelling construction drinking water source cooking fuel livestock and the toilet if there is one,1
+they use different definitions classifications and projections for decisionmaking resulting in sometimes contradictory or incoherent requirements for land use world bank and un habitat b for instance the land use plans of monre and construction plans of the moc define urban land differently and have different classifications of land relying on different criteria the land law lists different land use purposes classifying it between agricultural nonagricultural and nonused land while the law on urban planning is concerned with urban planning land it distinguishes civil noncivil and other lands with uses classified as residential public commercial service and industrial,11
+whether or not women are able to be economically independent not only has intrinsic importance but can also have indirect effects on women s position in the household by strengthening their options beyond marriage and childbearing gray sen the position of women in terms of socioeconomic resources affects not only their own wellbeing but also that of their offspring generally speaking the household with special reference to the married couple at the head of the household is where many important decisions relating to women s position are made klasen p for this reason the third field considered is the marital position of women,5
+for more details see escwa g p strategic objective a and paragraph a of the beijing platform for action which requires governments to promote and support womens selfemployment and the development of small enterprises and strengthen women s access to credit and capital on appropriate terms equal to those of men through the scalingup of institutions dedicated to promoting womens entrepreneurship including as appropriate nontraditional and mutual credit schemes as well as innovative linkages with financial institutions tunisia though has succeeded to reach out to rural areas which account for about percent of the total number of active borrowers,5
+however conception rates amongst women aged to remain higher than in the usa per cent in and uk per cent of where the greater likelihood of termination contributes to much lower rates of adolescent parenting an analysis of south africa and zimbabwes postcolonial legislations and policies suggests that while policy institutionalisation in both countries is an important step towards democratising formal schooling for girls who fall pregnant while at school it cannot achieve this without confronting the negative traditional social and cultural variables that militate against pregnant girls who choose to pursue their educational aspirations through the formal school system runhare et al young mothers in the region consistently get help from their own mothers aunts or grandmothers in caring for their infants so they can continue with education orand seek work opportunities or simply because they continue to live in the parental home however new tensions are arising between the two generations of mothers because young mothers have slightly different conceptions of what good motherhood entails yet they do not have sufficient resources to create their own home in which to raise their child using these ideals moore,5
+clear trends emerge for women paid employment is increasing in most countries while unpaid work is decreasing women spend on average hour more on paid work per week and hours less on unpaid work than years ago while men s paid work has decreased on average by hours and their unpaid workload increased by hours the average increase in unpaid work done by men is however not observed in all countries partly because in some countries men worked even longer hours outside the home data refer to for the united states to for japan to for new zealand to for spain to for italy and to for norway,5
+by serving as positive role models to other women and mobilising male champions to support the cause of women they have gradually improved the status of women to promote policies and funding of developmental projects that are beneficial for communities in this way these women encourage more women to participate in the political process the union parishad is headed by a chair and consists of a further nine general members plus three reserved seats for women khan and ara the women are voted in by direct election and are able to contest the general seats and that of the chair a total of women were elected,5
+despite this school directors still tend to see themselves as administrators not as instructional leaders as one ministry witness stated it is difficult to delegate management decisions and responsibilities down to the directors schools are isolated and we have not built a management system that is efficient for schools,4
+these are very different in terms of wealth landmass and population size and cover a wide range of mdg achievements considering only the overall asiapacific regional averages therefore hides the true picture this chapter assesses mdg disparities both between and within countries particularly in standards of health and considers possible causes,3
+following their placement students report back to their training provider and they are assessed to see if they have met their learning objectives supervisors need to have a solid knowledge of the theoretical content of the student s course and have sufficient time and resources to offer guidance students apply concepts learnt in the study programme at the workplace linking theory to practice in the netherlands instructors from industry can only teach in the presence of a pedagogically qualified teacher fazekas and litjens in of first and second year community college students reported having to take remedial courses us department of education while extensive resources are devoted to remediation of basic skills its effectiveness is limited,4
+if economic growth rates observed during those years prevail for the next the global rate for extreme poverty will likely fall to per cent by assuming that growth benefits all income groups equally poverty remains widespread in subsaharan africa where more than per cent of people lived on less than us dollars a day in,1
+this would match decision making to capacity and accountability lines and result in less unimplemented decisions this way forward does not imply deflating the role of the national and state water resources councils or overlooking the role of basin commissions in a democracy roles and jurisdictions should be assigned in a very clear way and holding deliberative powers is not the only way of having effective influence on the decisions,6
+climate change is increasing the risk of disaster amplifying existing risk and creating new risks including the direct consequences of a warming planet with cascading consequences in the short medium and long term climate mitigation can also be understood as a subset of development planning the main policy implication within the risk framework of this gar is that at a minimum cca needs to be integrated with drr and that governments need to move to a coherent policy approach that sees both of these risk reduction measures as integral to planning for sustainable development there is also no obligation on member states to divide their policy formulation and implementation according to the scope of different international agreements negotiated along thematic lines,13
+the technical methods to provide ancillary services will have to be developed beyond todays approach as the european electricity system is moving towards high shares of variable renewable generation in this situation the price pattern is almost the opposite of the winter week electricity prices are low during the day as a results of high solar pv generation in the european market,7
+this chapter provides the rationale and the scope for the study it also outlines the studys objectives and details the methodology adopted in preparing the report it also identifies current challenges faced by oecd countries in ensuring longlasting impacts of their gender equality agendas finally the report provides key actionable policy messages to all state institutions supported by examples of what works across the oecd,5
+publicprivate partnerships might be another good way to improve infrastmcture planning while also encouraging portability of care for example private funding could be used to construct a public facility where some portion of the building is dedicated for public services and another portion is private possibly contracting with the public sector lastly better information for patients is important so individuals are aware when they have the right to see a provider outside their network,3
+there is also strong synergy between energy and ict services two gpts as mentioned above electricity is required for the continued operation of the ict industry and enables innovation therein energy also has an impact on the performance of two services sectors that are crucial for the longterm formation of an economy s human capital education and health as shown in section c below this longterm trend can be observed from the energy intensity of the sector which in developed countries is five times higher than in ldcs figure,7
+they note that changes in ocean chemistry may be more important than changes in temperature for the performance and survival of many organisms furthermore climatic impacts on one or a few leverage species may result in sweeping communitylevel changes in turn synergistic effects between climate and other anthropogenic variables particularly fishing pressure will likely exacerbate climateinduced changes indeed in the short term it is often effective management of fish stocks that is needed to return the populations to relative health in the short term kell et al a diversity of healthy stocks may then provide a greater buffer against the impacts of climate change on fish recruitment success and other direct and indirect impacts hilborn et al variation in natural resource systems are expected to occur with increased frequency and increased intensity of shocks such as bleaching events and hurricanes and the degradation and loss of resilience of coral reefs eg associated with ocean acidification hughes et al,14
+these include improved school enrolment rates particularly for girls as the burden on girls of collecting fuel wood is reduced access to information and communication technologies telephony internet and an increased ability of rural communities to retain doctors teachers and other professionals as it improves living standards moreover there are positive linkages between electrification and accelerated economic growth and employment generation economic diversification and industrialization while the first makes a direct contribution to better living standards and has several social dividends only the second allows the fullyfledged economic and social transformations required to generate development spirals figure,7
+primary health care alone is inadequate to make the impact necessary to improve urban health in addition to primary health care broader issues of public health should be given adequate attention in policies and the relevant legislation the budgetary allocation for public health services should be increased from the present per cent to per cent as has been done in neighbouring countries,3
+at the moment no nationallevel information on student learning outcomes which is comparable across schools and regions and over time is available but the meys is currently developing national standardised tests in grades and in czech language foreign language and mathematics to address this gap in addition there has been a growing interest in undertaking studies of the impact of policy initiatives and in preparing thematic reports which can inform policy development these are promoted by the meys as well as agencies such as the czech school inspectorate csi,4
+for all the jurisdictions in this study however the mandatory age for starting school is this is encouraging but the data does not show improvements at other age levels and there appear to be slight declines in participation rates at lower secondary levels figure this is evident in an increase in earlyyears participation rates between and more noteworthy however are the significant increases in participation rates from to for indigenous students age figure,4
+failure to build new capacity on time may lead to situations where electricity security cannot be ensured on a national basis if this is the case interconnections can contribute to ensure security of electricity supply potential investors in new generating capacity must expect to cover their variable operating and fuel costs their operation and maintenance costs and their capital costs from sale of energy over the lifetime of the power plant,7
+in this sample of the selfemployed work by themselves and work in firms of two to five employees as a consistency check we compared the two ilo definitions in firms with less than six employees roughly of female employees obtained all legally mandated benefits by contrast only of female employees working at firms with more than five employees stated that they lacked one or more legally mandated benefits in other words while of women in firms with less than six employees did not receive full benefit packages of women in firms with six employees or more received full benefits there is a significant difference between the average real hourly wages of formal women pesos and informal women pesos and this is initial evidence for a segmented labour market with formal workers earning more on average than informal workers,5
+early childhood education and care is almost universal in eu countries in nine european countries at least of children from to compulsory school age are participating in early childhood education significant progress has been made to increase the reach of tertiary education among adults between and,4
+however the impact of mildtomoderate disorders on individuals and on society is significant it is probable that given the greater prevalence of mildtomoderate disorders their detrimental effects outweigh those of the most severe disorders in terms of the overall disability burden for society oecd kessler et al mildtomoderate disorders also contribute to premature mortality higher morbidity and poorer outcomes for chronic diseases,3
+taken together fossil energy sources provide some per cent of global energy needs while fuelwood hydropower and nuclear energy provide the rest access to energy services is distributed almost as unequally as income with a fairly strong correlation between the two up to a point energy consumption is strongly correlated with human development see figure ii there is not surprisingly a strong correlation between economic convergence and energy convergence,7
+quality ecec settings are responsive to the dynamic nature of childrens lives such efforts will link improvements in the quality of ecec to policy measures and enhance equity in access quality of childcare and preprimary education how do we measure it data for canada refer to adjusted net enrolment rate one year before the official primary entry age both sexes per cent,4
+the largest declines have occurred in grasslands and arid lands in north america and in farmed lands in europe whereas widespread forest specialists show fluctuating but stable trends farmland bird populations declined continuously over in almost all oecd countries the rate of decline slowed over the s compared to earlier decades in some oecd countries eg the united states farmland bird populations have even been rising since the early or mid s,15
+in view of the high cost of hospital care the funds manage hospital expenditures intensively communitybased alternatives to hospital care include communitybased specialists emergency care centres ambulatory surgery clinics secondary care centres diagnostic services etc primary care staff are supported by a sophisticated it infrastructure that supports the delivery of care,3
+the government also plays an active role in risk management in agriculture but the scope of its involvement is strictly limited its actions and the underlying financial transfers are concentrated on building and maintaining a system of prevention of pest and disease incursions although this system serves the farming sector the rationale for this policy is much broader as its objective is to preserve the country s natural resources and human health governments at the local level are responsible for preventive and control measures related to natural disasters but postcatastrophic assistance is largely financed by the central government these activities are also not specific to agriculture but are part of a broader territorial policy of assistance to local communities finally the government contributes to knowledge and information systems to support private risk management efforts,2
+there has been strong resistance to decentralise the appropriate decisionmaking powers investment funds and technical and managerial resources the national water commission retains control ordinance and sanction responsibilities overall this has contributed to the incapacity of cotas to effectively reduce groundwater overexploitation as coordinating units they already make recommendations to governmental authorities and to users but the role and functions of their staff are not always well understood especially regarding public participation similarly the national water law failed to allocate a clear role and prerogatives to cotas and left users with subjective responsibilities to sustainably manage water in a context of already limited citizen participation,6
+first the russian service sector has been growing which generates demand for a female workforce unifem laruelle in addition citizens of kyrgyzstan used to enjoy a facilitated naturalization procedure in the russian federation moreover they are now exempted from the necessity of obtaining a work permit or patent due to their countrys membership in the eurasian economic union which thus makes them more attractive to an employer second perceptions about female mobility are different in kyrgyzstan than they are in tajikistan and uzbekistan,5
+this increase coincided with the lowest income groups making income gains that led to a reduction in relative poverty figure spending on incometested housing and utility supports to families with incomes below subsistence level amounted to only of gdp a fraction of all spending on housing supports see above while spending on support to the unemployed was even lower in although such support went up in chapter the limited spending on family benefits and the poor workingage population more generally is reflected in relatively higher poverty rates among children and young people social pensions and social pension supplements that can also be paid to for example the disabled are discussed in chapter comprehensive data on other social assistance supports to the workingage population across the regions are not available but available evidence suggests that such spending is not high either,1
+in not a single developed country offered an entrylevel broadband connection with speeds below mbits but a large majority of ldcs did these differences in available speeds have an impact on the types of services and applications that users can access and benefit from globally handsetbased mobilebroadband prices fell from an average of ppp per month in to ppp in,9
+green belts have been implemented across the oecd albeit with decidedly mixed results as part of national urban policy in the united kingdom or national spatial planning in the netherlands as well as around numerous cities including vienna barcelona budapest berlin hong kong seoul tokyo toronto vancouver chicago sydney and melbourne kamalchaoui and sanchezreaza in both japan and korea the national government defines zoning categories for municipalities that orient the form and intensity of local land uses in korea for instance zoning reform in included revisions to encourage mixeduse and transitoriented development oecd a a global survey of planning practices in the mid s found almost universal acceptance of comprehensive master planning or its equivalent friedmann typically cities are mandated by national governments to produce master plans that specify future land uses and circulation patterns,11
+if free trade makes the prices of the goods produced by highskill workers relatively cheaper in south compared to autarky then inequality must go down in south deardorff argues that fragmentation may lead to increased fpe and therefore that gvcs will lead to a reduction in global inequality in this environment if free trade makes the prices of the intermediate goods used by highskill workers relatively cheaper in south compared to autarky then this tends to increase inequality,10
+for many this has longlasting consequences including loss of their home the unemployed are increasingly required to participate in community and voluntary programmes and this helps reduce longterm unemployment by improving employability for those who are unwilling or unable to comply with these requirements sanctions are increasingly harsh and many disappear from state records and rely increasingly on income from the black market,1
+this is because ecosystem services are dependent on one another and exhibit complex interactions that generate tradeoffs in the delivery of one ecosystem service relative to the delivery of others for the ocean economy this is relevant because these interactions determine indirectly the viability of oceanbased industries by way of illustration coastal runoff and eutrophication acidification through increasing greenhouse gas ghg emissions and poor water quality through pollution lead to changes in fish migration patterns and even extinction of fish stocks all are examples of how human activity indirectly intervenes in the functioning of marine ecosystems thereby undermining the economic viability of the ocean economy,14
+of all the things you do what is the most important way you contribute to your household the background information about the respondents demographically as well as for instance affiliation to the labour market makes it possible to give an insight into how different segments of the greenlandic population perceive they contribute the households they are a part of as mentioned above in the methods paragraph the answers to the openended question about peoples perception of the most important way they contributed to their household were categorized into eight categories ranging from softer contributions like emotional support and showing love and affection to material contributions like having a job and income and paying bills from providing care for the householdspecific household members to being a bread winner as this group has a more permanent labour market relation and thus income this is not surprising following from that assumption one might expect that a significant part of those working part time or did not work last year would be engaged in subsistence hunting and fishing and thus consider fish and game as their contribution to the household sculpture by hans lynge,5
+for example at mota vadala gujarat jamnagar in the wicmanaged plot yielded tonnes per hectare of wheat compared to tonnes per hectare in the calendarbased irrigation plot in addition the drip irrigation plot guided by wic yielded tonnes per hectare see table similar results were recorded in different years at various testing sites thus such decisionmaking tools need to be promoted as a way of optimizing water resources at present different government departments or agencies are involved in the implementation of subsidyoriented schemes due to variation in the norms with different states in india it is difficult to get all the details required by the scheme palanisami etal moreover a differential subsidy pattern for different crops as well as paddy is being followed in different regions which is affecting farmers and implementing agenciesability to follow and avail the benefits of a given scheme,2
+this was agreed to by more than countries and lays out agreed principles for effective development finance that also cover climaterelated aid these principles relate to country ownership alignment harmonisation results and mutual accountability the subsequent busan partnership on effective development cooperation agreed to by countries outlines the importance of climate finance as well as extending the scope of these principles beyond aid to cover development finance and development cooperation more broadly these include both general principles as well as those developed in the context of funds established by the unfccc process such as the green climate fund and the global environment facility,13
+in around of climaterelated development finance recorded by the oecd development assistance committee dac or usd billion supported activities to engage the private sector the majority of this support was channelled through bilateral and multilateral development finance institutions dfis specialised agencies and operations set up to engage with the private sector for development development cooperation providers play an important role in working with partner countries to improve the enabling conditions for green investment,13
+selfemployed women frequently earn to less than their male counterparts two key differences between male and female entrepreneurs help explain these relatively low returns women start their enterprises with limited management experience and devote much less time to their businesses than men there is a clear need to provide more and better information about entrepreneurship as an attractive career option both for young women in school and for women outside the labour force who are considering starting or getting back into work,5
+with practicing nurses per population in italy in compared to the oecd average of per population there are concerns about shortage of nurses who constitute a relatively small group of health workers in the ratio of nurses to physicians was one of the lowest among oecd countries at nurses per doctor compared to an average of in oecd countries regions are today entirely responsible for legislative and administrative functions for planning health care activities with mostly all policies developed and implemented by region and autonomous province,3
+matsaganis and leventi b conclude in particular that a minimum income scheme could reduce extreme poverty up to depending on its coverage and payment level minimum income protection is currently available in most eu countries either at a national or localregional level but this needs to be assessed against the welfare of disabled people who might lose the entitlement to benefit and the potential cost to the budget if these individuals move to institutionalised care as a result of the loss of eligibility,10
+hence they should be reassessed and removed when found to be obsolete or counterproductive globally over half of all women experience violence in their lifetime sexual violence and intimate partner violence are the most prominent forms of violence against women recent estimates suggest that one woman in three has experienced physical andor sexual intimate partner violence or nonpartner sexual violence in her lifetime intimate partners commit of murders of women who,5
+the transformation of ecosystems has been driven by a number of developments notably habitat loss due to land use change conversion of forest to pasture for livestock grazing and to a lesser extent conversion for crop production continues to be the primary driver of deforestation other key drivers include degradation and fragmentation of habitats due to development of infrastructure extractive industries and hydropower overexploitation of biological resources due to subsistence and artisanal activities invasive alien species and pollution yet lack of information remains a key obstacle to decision making better information is particularly needed on habitat change outside forest ecosystems more precise information on a finer scale is needed to facilitate action in the decentralised environmental management system,15
+establish systematic collaboration with employer agencies and enterprises as effectiveness measures of mental health care systems however only around half of people with severe mental disorders are treated and treatment rates are substantially lower for individuals with milder mental illnesses this is an important shortcoming because adequate or enhanced treatment can improve work outcomes one critical aspect is the involvement of mental health specialists if seeking treatment people mostly seek help from general practitioners only one in four are treated by a specialist a more extensive use of specialist mental health care as therapists or consultants to other health care providers would improve health care outcomes,3
+the creation of a social protection network spn is included in the design as a means of providing guarantees to the families to enable them to live with dignity to this end the members of the spn facilitate preferential access to services for beneficiary families and seek to reduce costs where feasible this in turn has inspired the work of the interamerican social protection network which was launched by the oas in to exchange information on policies experiences programmes and best practices with the goal of supporting national efforts in reducing social disparities inequality and extreme poverty,1
+report of the special rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health to the commission on human rights aboriginal and torres strait islander suicide accessed online at on may draft position statement diabetes in indigenous children and adolescents prepared for the international diabetes federation conference in australia november,3
+furthermore women remain severely underrepresented in key growthenhancing fields of education such as science technology engineering and mathematics stem there is a persistent imbalance in the household division of paid and unpaid work women are less likely to work for pay more likely to have lower hourly earnings and less likely to obtain decisionmaking positions in either public or private sectors and women are also a minority amongst entrepreneurs in general the gender gaps of disadvantage in the labour market are more pronounced in the asiapacific region than across the oecd and women in the asiapacific region are therefore more likely to experience poverty and deprivation the evidencebase may not be as comprehensive as the information sets generally available for oecd countries which contain a wider variety of indicators almost half of the children in the asiapacific region now participate in formal early childhood education and care ecec facilities and enrolment in primary education is almost universal,5
+evidence suggests that colocation in multidisciplinary health centres facilitates collaboration and integration and ensures more efficient use of resources and competencies reed et al multidisciplinary practice teams with clinical it and other support infrastructures are able to provide a wider range of services for meeting chronic care needs on a coordinated basis goodwin et al several national studies of the influence of practice size on care processes and outcomes show that larger practices perform better in terms of the range and quality of services and safety management wensing et al,3
+the latter in particular could have a range of highly negative consequences with cm of sea level rise projected by to cope with these developments the national strategy for adaptation to climate change identifies four objectives i information and awareness ii reduced vulnerability and increased response capacity iii participation creation of awareness and information iv international cooperation the national strategy also identifies nine key sectors for adaptation relevant specifically for tourism in a planned next step sector work groups will work on moving from strategies to actions,13
+other parties providing resources are also encouraged to provide forwardlooking information on climate finance provided and mobilised the ease of such voluntary reporting will also vary by country and similar fundamental challenges may be encountered this is because there are data limitations and work to develop common definitions and methodologies remains at an early stage see oecd,13
+pension systems are a case in point since they fail to recognize the time women have spent on caregiving activities in terms of caregivers it is worth reflecting on the circumstances and conditions in which social caregiving can effectively help to expand their life choices and wellbeing doing so brings in many related issues such as the need for and the capacity to generate decent good quality jobs sojo this applies especially to universal access to specific services that meet certain quality standards highlighting the significance of quality and the relevant rules and regulations thus the advancement of the rights of women children persons with disabilities and older persons is viewed in terms of the relevance of the care and the quality of the services sojo p el papel de las migrantes peruanas en la provision de cuidados en chile santiago chile unwomenlom editores,5
+the review of empirical research reports on united states teacher education done by wilson floden ferrinimundy puts into evidence a positive connection between teachers preparation in terms of subjectmatter and the performances of their students even if it also acknowledges the fact that the solution to achieve teacher effectiveness is more complex than simply simply requiring a major or more subject matter courses p it also shows the positive impact on teacher practice and student outcome of pedagogical preparation positive relationships has been found between teachers qualification proxy licencure requirement and student achievement,4
+this would boost agency capacity improve transparency in the decision making and prevent political interference in addition given the dutch hospital market s longstanding tradition of collective bargaining concerted practice and substantial entry barriers the competition authority should rather risk being too restrictive than too permissive when assessing hospital mergers varkevisser and schut in however the regulator found that the production of services in the segment b increased by a much higher rate than in the segment a nza lb,3
+what is happening now in her home community and nation will determine the trajectory for the rest of her life at this age everything is about to change in some parts of the world she is old enough to be forced into marriage she might be forced to stop attending school later in adolescence it is likely that her first sexual experience will be coerced in a couple of years she might be a mother,5
+a new safeguard agreement was adopted in putting most of indias reactors under the safeguards of the international atomic energy agency iaea in the same year a consensus with the nuclear suppliers group has been reached exempting india from its rule of prohibiting trade with nonmembers of the nonproliferation treaty zaleski and cruciani these developments have given a considerable boost to the nuclear power prospects for india and have resulted in some shift in emphasis from developing the use of thorium to imported uranium at least for the near future as part of the th fiveyear plan the nuclear power corporation of india ltd npcil announced in that it will start site work for indigenously developed reactors comprising eight mw phwrs three mw fbrs and one mw ahwr,7
+there were individuals involved in the industrial fishing sector in contrast with in the smallscale fishery employees in processing plants accounted for an additional individuals in the implementation of maximum catch limits mcl led to a more efficient use of the resource favouring higher capacity vessels in the industrial fleet,14
+figure illustrates the combination of those risks for the eu population in the list of deprivation items is currently under revision and a new definition is expected to consist of items in more prosperous economies even relative standards of deprivation or income may fail to capture inequalities which determine personal freedom and participation in society the possession of wealth is a particularly relevant metric that potentially determines poverty conditions and how to cope with them,1
+additional benefits of cooperation include increased efficiency in the preparation of national reports cost and resource savings and reduced duplication of work between nfps as well as a better awareness of each other s roles another potential benefit of enhancing cooperation and collaboration among nfps is that it could help raise the priority of biodiversityrelated activities within the un development assistance frameworks undafs this includes formal coordination mechanisms such as multilateral environmental agreements mea coordination units and national biodiversity steering committees nbc,15
+they found that ownership structure influences transparency publicly listed companies tend to be somewhat more advanced in cr reporting in comparison to other types of ownership structures of the companies per country of publicly traded companies conduct cr reporting compared to just of familyowned enterprises and close to for both cooperatives and companies owned by professional investors such as private equity firms,12
+it is expected that fossil fuels will continue to play an important role in the medium to long term the efficiencies of a number of regions are shown in the figure below which highlights that the energy efficiencies are generally lower in most nonoecd countries than in oecd countries possible explanations for lower efficiencies include outdated generation technologies the necessary capital for stateoftheart technologies such as combined cycle gas turbines is not always available and the equipment requires regular maintenance in order to maintain design efficiencies figure highlights the importance of renewable energies in the future generation mix in all regions the upfront costs of renewable energies are usually higher compared to fossil fuel generation technologies but the operation cost is close to zero for some renewable technologies such as solar photovoltaic pv panels and wind turbines,7
+addis ababa is likely to account for the majority of beneficiaries due to the large size of its population relative to other urban areas the first is a productive safety net which has three subcomponents the first is cash transfers for ablebodied persons in exchange for their participation in public works programmes such as smallscale infrastructure greenery development and environmental services,1
+however in the czech republic denmark iceland luxembourg the netherlands poland and switzerland more than of yearolds are still enrolled in secondary education these high shares may partly be explained by the structure of the education system and the strength of the labour opportunities offered by vocational upper secondary programmes in these countries making them more attractive than tertiary education enrolment of yearolds in tertiary education averages across oecd countries ranging from in luxembourg the low share is due in large part to the high number of students studying abroad and in iceland to in korea,4
+a gender analysis enables donors to address gaps or opportunities that impact the ability of menboys and women girls to benefit equitably from the programme or policy when broader political economy and conflict analyses incorporate gender they can provide valuable insights into the interplay between gender relations and statebuilding processes in a given context and can highlight opportunities to develop more equitable targeted and effective programming gender equality approaches should and often do use gender analysis as a way to formulate strategies that benefit men and women,5
+these countries face a double challenge they must expand secondary education while also ensuring that students who complete compulsory education are at least able to read and understand texts and to use numbers at a level that enables them to further develop their potential and participate in knowledgebased societies for instance between and the population of yearolds enrolled in grade or above increased by almost students in brazil by more than students in turkey and by more than students in mexico reflecting the increasing capacity of these countries to retain young people in school these improvements are also evident in improved coverage rates of the national populations of yearolds enrolled and not enrolled in pisa samples countries showing positive coverage trends also include costa rica indonesia and uruguay,4
+its current climate varies from very dry to very wet and five types of agroecology zones are identified moisturereliable humid lowlands moisturesufficient highlands cerealsbased moisturesufficient highlands ensetbased droughtprone highlands and arid lowland plains pastoralism the economy is highly dependent on agriculture and current climatic variability as well as future climate change poses challenges to achieving ethiopia s green economy objectives even though ethiopia has a largely rural population with million living in rural areas million people live in urban areas in the majority in addis ababa and urbanisation is proceeding at a rapid,13
+most migrants living and working legally in cyprus have private insurance coverage the benefits package is comprehensive the only explicitly excluded services are some dental services such as orthodontics for those over years old and fixed prosthetics when services are either not available in the public sector or there are long waiting lists the ministry of health subsidises care provided to beneficiaries either in the private sector or abroad in rare circumstances eligibility for these subsidies is based on an individual s financial and medical needs proposals over whether to include a service in the benefits package are made by the relevant department in the ministry of health and the final decision is taken by the minister of health in some cases the approval of the minister of finance or even the approval of the council of ministers is required,3
+in addition the iuufishing of cod in the barents sea is decreasing and the development of a global binding agreement for port state control is in good progress fuel prices have risen considerably and more expensive fuel will lead to less pressure on stocks less pressure on the ecosystem and lower emissions of greenhouse gases this in relation to other ongoing processes will form a basis for the future evolvement and need of regulatory instruments in the fishing fleet,14
+despite the increasing role of aquaculture in total fish supply the capture sector is expected to remain dominant for a number of species and vital for domestic and international food security this deceleration is due to higher costs combined with competition for land water and labour from alternative production systems much of the increase is expected in freshwater species,14
+abject poverty is the norm in kibera and people have limited access to basic social services the land on which kibera slum stands is owned by the government per cent of residents are tenants and only per cent of residents are shack owners and many of these people own other shacks that they rent out the average size of a shack in kibera is less than sq,11
+there is still room for technical improvement regarding the implementation of specific cep components this expertise may offer an opportunity to develop a functional countrywide system of biodiversity monitoring in the near future building on the ongoing basic monitoring of state reserves the development of such a monitoring system would benefit from the application of international good practice in biodiversity monitoring and from a clear definition of the way in which monitoring results are published and used to support conservation decisionmaking,15
+in many landlocked developing countries such as armenia azerbaijan kazakhstan and mongolia income poverty headcount ratios were less than per cent in in several least developed countries including bangladesh bhutan the lao peoples democratic republic and nepal the rates of extreme poverty declined by more than percentage points between and papua new guinea also recorded a sharp fall in the poverty rate from per cent in to per cent in,1
+if the energy supply is not based on renewable energy their carbon emissions will not decrease by connecting to the grid in these cases decentralized energy plants can ensure a sustainable energy supply dimensioned to the specific demand of the hotel andor restaurant in the shortterm investments in green initiatives can nevertheless increase prices in the tourist sectors an example of this is the winter resort complex aspen snowmass located in colorado usa aspen snowmass has developed an energy plan and implemented a wide range of measures with the aim of cutting emissions by by and by,7
+there is also unequal access to improved sanitation between urban and rural areas in the region the gap was approximately in levels of improvement in terms of access to sanitation differ considerably whounicef nd since the proportion of people in rural areas with access to basic sanitation has increased by per year compared with per year in urban areas unescap,6
+this suggests that in absence of technological progress and productivity gains res may not be a new source of growth for germany because of its cost the final impact on growth will also depend on the price developments in the energy sectors as well as on the net effect of the merit order effect and of the eeg surcharge on electricity prices with growing demand of foreign markets for res technologies maintaining a firstmover advantage and a technology leadership would ensure germany will reap the benefits of its investment in res,7
+microcredit systems similar to the grameen bank in bangladesh have been tried and many projects have alleviated the worst forms of poverty but few have had the effect of helping the poor to become full participants in an economic system where they can decide the future on their own above all the very few examples of collective action by the poor in response to challenges posed by the economic system would indicate that they have not yet moved from merely coping to being willing and able to take organized steps to change the system these are countries that have fully embraced modem values and norms of rationality,1
+some producers may store grain to sell at a later date probably with a better price but small farmers usually cannot afford their own storage and drying facilities from the farm wheat may be delivered to grain elevators for drying cleaning and storing or to mills an increase in flour exports during the s resulted in the milling industry gaining in importance as a buyer of domestic wheat,2
+that implies the development of a wider strategy which uses school evaluation evidence in ways which encourage schools to remain aspirational in relation to the wider educational agenda whatever their test results as the new australian curriculum becomes embedded in schools a major challenge will lie in ensuring that the full scope of its expectations is realised and that sufficient attention is given to raising performance across the areas it covers similarly there is concern that in aiming at strict national comparability across schools the limited my school data was isolated from other available data in some states and territories about local schools that could provide a richer picture of school quality and student learning,4
+this might also signal risk factors related to lifestyle that could be more prevalent for men alcohol and tobacco consumption are each indeed high in oecd comparison while fruit and vegetable consumption is low oecd la it is important to note as shown by oecd a that there is no tradeoff between improving health outcomes on average and reducing inequalities in health status which reinforces the justification for aiming at reducing such dispersion grimm even provides evidence that controlling for the overall level of life expectancy health inequality negatively affects economic growth,3
+the spark programme was the first plan implemented to revitalise the chinese rural economy through science and technology it provided technology training to farmers so as to change their traditional production methods for more technologically advanced ones the envoy system has also been implemented in china since to promote innovation in rural areas by sending qualified science and technology specialists to those areas to provide farmers with st services including demonstrations training and advice more recently st envoys tasks switched from agricultural technology services to helping farmers set up as st entrepreneurs,9
+it goes on to document both the declining availability of good jobs overall and women s increasing marginalization from them even as their employment rate relative to men s has risen it focuses on evaluating the effects of structural transformation and technological change and the structural and policy consequences of globalization and growth section f evaluates how womens employment prospects affect the labour share of income underscoring how gender inequality in the labour market is damaging for all workers both women and men different types of economic shocks or patterns of growth affect women and men differently for example when labourintensive exports increase the relative demand for womens labour or austerity programmes have disproportionately adverse impacts on mothers and children,5
+this chapter focuses on the wide array of support that is needed for innovation it examines the public research system investment in knowledge infrastructure and general purpose technologies the importance of knowledge flows networks and markets and how governments can be innovative actors in the delivery of public services private investment may be below a socially optimal level mainly because returns are uncertain or innovators cannot appropriate the optimum benefits of their investment,9
+the share of private primary care providers has increased rapidly in recent years some regions allowed unrestricted establishment for accredited providers already ten years ago and in this right to freely establish new primary care clinics with public reimbursement became national law public and private physicians including hospital specialists and other health workers are predominantly salaried employees highly specialised care requiring the most advanced technical equipment is concentrated in seven public university hospitals,3
+in the context of the current economic recession interest in ee and investments in renewable sources of energy have gained momentum due to their potential to create significant market opportunities and to contribute to the promotion of lowcarbon green growth such growth is seen as playing a significant role in simultaneously addressing several major challenges confronting the world today in particular poverty and climate change large improvements in ee have already been made resulting in net economic benefits to consumers and firms further savings in world energy use are still possible and would result in major reductions in energyrelated carbon dioxide c emissions for example the international energy agency iea estimates that accelerated ee improvements would enable three quarters of the savings in energyrelated c emissions to be achieved by if governments were to implement all the policies to address energy security and climate change that they were considering up to mid iea a,7
+data for exporter s production and importer s consumption of agricultural products are from the fao resourcestat we select gross production value in current million usd as a measure of production value of gross production has been compiled by multiplying gross production in physical terms by output prices at farm gate thus value of production measures production in monetary terms at the farm gate level since intermediate uses within the agricultural sector seed and feed have not been subtracted from production data this value of production aggregate refers to the notion of gross production consumption for each importer countries is computed by summing production and total import and subtracting total exports,2
+a science boost for science teachers has also been developed the register will be governed by a council of representatives this council will define the professional status the standards and criteria for reregistration and development the registration process will start on st august one year later the process of reregistration will follow,4
+but the focus on better designs and materials increased maintenance and inspection required to implement the solution is likely to also lead to better safety levels less downtime and more efficient operations and probably also health benefits from reduced emissions of reduced emissions of volatile organic compounds and other air pollutants associated with oil and natural gas extraction as well the epa has also expanded this programme to international partners and has recently also initiated the natural gas star methane challenge programme in which partners make public measurable commitments in return for having their commitments and eventual achievements showcased they have achieved methane intensity reductions of more than per year since the early s although their absolute methane intensities are still nearly times as high as the united states,7
+to fulfil its mandate the coordinator requires ready access to the executive team and ideally reports to the head of a government organisation gender units may form an interagency network and can participate in governmentwide working groups established by the gender equality hub to discuss documents to be adopted at the interagency level while the creation of ministerial gender units may create extra layers of administrative hierarchy and may slow down decisionmaking it appears to be an important transitional measure to boost gender equality reforms at the ministerial level nearly equality units have been formed in different public universities,5
+the following section sets out what may happen to lowincome families under the alternative golden age these two scenarios share some common trends in both future worlds economic growth is expected to be slow to modest on average to both expect to see rising social inequalities and both predict continued pressure on public spending with the generosity of welfare payments declining but there are important differences between the scenarios with differing implications for poverty and social cohesion as a result while the numbers living in absolute poverty have declined the continued rise in inequality has meant that relative poverty has continued to grow albeit at a relatively slow pace while incomes have risen so too have costs particularly for housing education and transport and those at the bottom of the income distribution scale are increasingly excluded in these domains,1
+isolation in a world of complex learning systems will seriously limit potential instruction in the future needs to be more projectbased building experiences that help students think across the boundaries of subjectmatter disciplines the future is collaborative recognising both teachers and students as resources and cocreators now school systems need to embrace diversity with differentiated approaches to learning,4
+individual metering and tariff rates are uniform in the entire service area and differences in rates depend on the zone a national water regulator ofwat regulates increases in tariff rates a key issue concerns the condition of the infrastructure that needs to be rehabilitated to reduce water losses not only in small towns and rural areas but in many urban areas in the united kingdom,6
+this process of programming planning and designing a public space network represents a valuable instrument for the development of cohesive and coherent urban spaces and an important tool for urban planning at a city level the tools are now being rolled out to six additional cities in kathmandu nepal suleja and minna nigeria dhaka bangladesh johannesburg south africa and ulaanbaatar mongolia however there is a great demand from other cities to use this assessment tool to guide the development of citywide public space strategies,11
+it also unifies all existing information resources used to inform participants on the current status of modifications to and innovations in the egi and is responsible for the promotion of mechanisms for interworking between participants providing public services and executing government functions this aim is to be achieved through the provision of communication service availability under the governments guarantee of voice and data services via fixed networks with data rates of at least mbits for each subscriber the project will cover some villages townships and settlements of the russian federation with a total population amounting to some million,9
+where possible populationweighted regional and world averages for indicators are presented in the tables it looks at the gender composition of these households and compares how women and men within these households fare in term of key education employment and poverty outcomes it presents educational attainment by sex employment status in the past months and earning status by sex,5
+at the national level it is difficult for donors to meet the aid effectiveness principle of aligning their inputs with country priorities if a developing country has not yet established such priorities at the institutional level varying national circumstances or enabling environments can enhance or inhibit an intervention s success eg a regulatory environment s influence on an intervention s ability to mobilise private finance sitespecific environmental factors can also influence the performance of an intervention eg a wind turbine will generate varying amounts of electricity depending on the prevailing wind speed some climate interventions can give rise to immediate results eg energy efficiency projects however some interventions will target results that can only be assessed after an extended period of time eg constructing infrastructure that can withstand a in year flood these different time horizons for the results of an intervention mean that effectiveness levels will vary depending on when results are assessed,13
+initial training accreditation and continuing education are therefore among the project targets a promising avenue for financial partnership is southsouth cooperation an initiative for financial aid between countries of the region this requires gathering uptodate information on the status of education in the region the cost of achieving education targets and potential sources of funding,4
+for example bolivias mean consumer expenditure per capita in usd ppp per month was quite similar to that of egypts in usd ppp per month yet the bolivian national poverty line usd ppp per month was nearly three times as large as the egyptian national line at usd ppp per month similarly mean consumer expenditure per capita in russia in usd ppp per month was close to that of poland in usd ppp per month but the national poverty line in russia was only usd ppp per month versus usd ppp per month in poland for the respective time periods the possible political economy determinants of how poverty lines are set call for a warning against the use of programme eligibility lines as poverty lines such as the eligibility criteria for social assistance or cash transfers indeed if poverty lines or their evolution depend on executive rather than technical decisions perverse effects can result,1
+this will entail the more systematic implementation of the law stipulating procedures to undertake the diagnostic and the development of more detailed standardised protocols for diagnosis and treatment in addition to boost the provision of services for children with permanent disabilities and to improve the quality of education for these students authorities should make sure that mainstream schools have the resources as well as incentives in place to serve these students chile could consider introducing monetary incentives to those mainstream schools that enrol and retain students with permanent disabilities and make sure they are not penalised in the accountability system,4
+as the process benefits from more information and from greater participation a virtuous cycle should lead to successive improvements in development outcomes including strengthened accountability and improved governance represented by the movement along the red arrows away from the origin in figure iv some of the key characteristics of such an iterative policy process aimed towards achieving adaptation and climate resilience are better understood using specific examples as shown below the sustainable water management improves tomorrows cities health switch project in lima was designed was designed to enable continuous learning from local experience and from the experience of stakeholders and to build on smallscale experiments,13
+yet at the same time it poses clear risks to the provision of equitable and sustainable mobility for all these risks include replacing wellunderstood business models and the regulatory framework governing them with a greater reliance on services whose business models are in flux and whose longterm financial robustness is not yet proven there is also a risk that a shift in service from traditional public transport to ride services could lead to a loss of travel options for those with mobility impediments since ride services currently do not face the same accessibility requirements as public transport other risks could include increased congestion and environmental degradation and an erosion of equitable access opportunities,11
+should the transition towards renewables give rise to a highcost environment for industrialization this would be at odds with the basic principle of common but differentiated responsibility under the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc given the very limited contribution of ldcs to greenhouse gas ghg emissions bowen and fankhauser in many ldcs ministries responsible for electricity governance may have limited or shared authority in the solomon islands and somalia for example energy policy is fragmented amongst several government bodies that have direct or indirect influence on the sector,7
+it is therefore important to build in the flexibility to respond to changing adaptation needs and to ensure that the national approach to adaptation reflects the state of climate science and builds on lessons learned for each tool the potential role of development cooperation providers in supporting partner countries is discussed,13
+the opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the organisation or of the governments of its member countries it presents the key reform of local governance and decentralisation of environmental management since it provides insights into institutional and management challenges in selected environmental sectors including land use and water resources,6
+in countries such as italy germany hungary luxembourg and turkey there are large differences between schools linked to the schools and students socioeconomic backgrounds the magnitude of the differences in performance associated with the socioeconomic composition of the school is striking especially in austria belgium czech republic germany israel japan and the netherlands one student attends an advantaged school where most of this student s peers come from families that are more affluent the other student attends a more socioeconomically disadvantaged school the analysis indicates that the first student would be expected to show on average across the oecd countries a score point higher reading performance than the second student and this difference would be expected to exceed score points in several countries,4
+a central achievement has been the development of spatially detailed climate projections a set of regionalised models provides projections up to for greenhouse gas ghg scenarios a b and bl with km x km grid spacing this work is being extended to provide projections to and to reflect higher ghg emissions a qualitative vulnerability assessment has provided policy makers with comprehensive information on the most affected sectors water tourism agriculture forestry electricity and energy housing and construction health ecosystems and biodiversity and transportinfrastructure two reports resulting from this work haas et al this research subsequently provided the basis for an online database of adaptation measures which is now regularly updated as new information becomes available section the database has the potential to foster peer learning and there is scope to further exploit its potential as a decisionmaking and communications tool,13
+second tunisia should develop a national strategy outlining how entrepreneurship could be supported within the vocational training systemand clearly identifying the roles of each actor and outlines the shortand longterm objectives finally there is a need to increase the availability of support for trainers by making entrepreneurship training more available and by improving teaching material box briefly reviews the examples of such frameworks in belgium flanders and in south africa the intention of the framework is to clarify which programmes lead to the same qualification level and to the same job making qualifications equivalent regardless of where the students have been taught in a centre for adult education a university college or a competence centre,4
+the world prices of fish and fishmeal in are therefore much stronger at and respectively compared to the baseline the share of capture fisheries used for fishmeal will be slightly smaller in years of el nino owing to reduced anchoveta catches in fishmeal obtained from byproducts is expected reach of total production in up from in,14
+the most common way is through the entrance fee which is paid once a student has been accepted to an smk various terms are used for this entrance money money for development money for participation in education and committee money paid in monthly other levies applied in some schools include specific charges for additional lessons to prepare for the national examinations and charges for osis the student council organisasi siswa intra sekolah,4
+the first stage consists in selecting participating schools and the second stage consists of selecting one or more intact classrooms from the target grade of each participating school contextual data are collected from students and teachers school principals and their parents via background questionnaires the number of participating countries has increased from in to over in,4
+strengthen regional and national energy institutions and ministries ensuring that they are well governed sustainably funded and have sufficient human resources to implement their energy sector strategies policies and plans there is also a need to maximise the opportunities for accessing available energy and climate finance in addition development partners should strengthen existing capacitybuilding processes such as seiapi and pactvet by mandating the use of these processes in their projects and programmes,7
+despite the importance of women s wage labour in family economies employment is one of the areas in which there are still the widest gender gaps reflected in lower remuneration low returns on education and predominance of informal and lowproductivity work eclac d in this sense the inclusion of the employment target in the millennium development goals represents a significant step forward it is thus recognized that the creation of quality jobs and equality between men and women are central goals of the development agenda and at the same time a prerequisite for the attainment of the other goals eclac a,8
+however because the distribution of principal characteristics has important equity dimensions such as gender and ethnicity this consideration remains important to any study of educational leadership this question was an important one for talis and remains so for talis especially given evidence of the differential distribution of highly qualified principals across schools boyd et al this challenge is likely to make it harder to develop effective leadership at the school level what appears to matter more though in terms of school improvement and student outcomes is what principals actually do muijs particularly with regard to exercising instructional leadership,4
+grouping by ability in one or a few subjects is the most flexible form of selection in fact in systems with more academically selective schools the impact of the socioeconomic status of students and schools on student performance is stronger oecd a table iv results from pisa also show that in most oecd countries students attainment is significantly lower in schools where most of the students come from disadvantaged backgrounds,4
+between the social and the spatial exploring multiple dimensions of poverty and social exclusion ashgate poverty in europe and the usa exchanging official measurement methods maastricht graduate school of governance working paper monitoring absolute and relative poverty not enough is not the same as much less review of income and wealth poverty and social exclusion in britain the policy press bristol,1
+third there is limited knowledge about educational disadvantage in the uruguayan education system it has become a fundamental institution to improve checks and balances in the education system also a number of initiatives are strengthening the bases for the evaluation of the education system first references for the monitoring of the education system are being improved with the development of expected learning outcomes at given education stages,4
+recorded alcohol consumption in kazakhstan is well below the oecd average but has been largely static contrary to the general trend of decreasing consumption seen elsewhere figure however other data suggest the picture is more complex first the estimated total alcohol consumption which includes unrecorded consumption is much higher litres per person per year almost identical to the oecd average source who global information system on alcohol and health however according to the same source on average men drink litres a year which helps explain death rates from alcoholrelated liver disease,3
+for instance the withdrawal of the united states from the agreement casts these global efforts into doubt investigating precise market conditions for all industries is a very big task therefore most studies on carbon leakage risk focus on a selection of indicators which reveal important aspects of the market conditions in which the industries operate however such indicators need to be supplemented by a deeper analysis for some industries to evaluate the true risk of carbon leakage,7
+increasing longevity and medicare expenditures demography midlong term trends for the pension health and longterm care systems the future needfor care results of the lev project stockholm government offices of sweden population aeging and the determinants of healthcare expenditures the case of hospital medical and pharmaceutical care in british columbia to,3
+while domestic infrastructure comprises about of transport costs in the trade of coastal countries for landlocked countries domestic and transit country infrastructure together account for an estimated poor road conditions can similarly hold back the growing online retail sector they can be a nightmare for smes selling on ecommerce sites and for the logistics companies that make their deliveries transport costs can account for as much as of the retail price of goods in areas where quality road and rail networks are lacking some of the continent s population have no access to postal services while only have the benefit of home mail delivery removing the high costs of transport and logistics resulting from inefficient transport infrastructure would undoubtedly facilitate the last mile delivery of items,9
+resolution of december specifically addressed unauthorized fishing in zones of national jurisdiction and its impact on the living marine resources of the world s oceans and seas more recently the general assembly has undertaken a process to consider measures to address the adverse impacts of bottom fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems and the longterm sustainability of deep sea fish stocks,14
+the suicide rate for men under the age of has fallen in recent years following a consistent rise over the last three decades of the th century however it remains a leading cause of death in males aged under data from the office of national statistics suggests that since the government white paper saving lives our healthier nation department of health which set a target of cutting the suicide mortality rate by by the prevalence of suicide amongst men aged to in england has dropped by from to suicides per population,3
+other minority groups reflect the movements during the soviet period and include uighurs ukrainians and germans iac kazakh is considered the language of the republic and according to the census is understood by two thirds of the population russian is considered the language of interethnic communication as it is understood by virtually everyone of the population english is understood by of the population the positive discrimination of the kazakh language to strengthen national identity and to affirm it as the primary language of communication has translated into a growing number of schools using kazakh as the language of instruction in the language of instruction in most of the schools was kazakh schools followed by russian uzbek uighur and tajik iac,4
+energy consumption by the manufacturing sector is significant only for png fiji and samoa the remaining consumption of energy is likely to be biomass for cooking fuel for cooking lighting and heating water and electricity production through individual diesel power generation transport in the pacific is mainly operated by the private sector and is used for moving people and goods for work education health and trade as well as evacuation and disaster assistance relief the sector is beset by high costs due to a lack of economies of scale and powered mainly by fossil fuels as development of renewable energy alternatives is limited,7
+fuel imports accounted for per cent of gdp in spc as a percentage of total merchandise imports fuel imports rose from per cent in to per cent in figure the other transport and electricity sectors are the predominant users of fossil fuels figure for tonga the largest subsector users from the other sector are most likely to be fishing public services and households,7
+the rise in the proportion of singleparent families is associated with an increase in absolute child poverty measured as the proportion of children living below the mid s poverty line therefore maternal employment has played an important in maintaining family living standards despite the growth of relative poverty observed in many countries in the aftermath of the great recession this makes sense since children in lowincome households or households where one parents is unable to work are eligible for these benefits more surprisingly increases in spending on pensions are also associated with decreases in child poverty,1
+many urban governments still depend to a very large extent on fiscal transfers in indonesia the general allocation fund and the special allocation fund accounted for and respectively of regencies and cities revenues in in this regard central governments could earmark special funds for green growthrelated activities,11
+the choice of the appropriate time length of the database of accidents considered is therefore subjective and technologyspecific it should be sufficiently long to provide a number of entries statistically significant but also contain data representative of the existing energy infrastructure in terms of technology development and safety and regulatory standards an appropriate aggregation level of the results is therefore needed to reflect these differences for example researchers from the paul scherrer institute psi switzerland aggregate the results in three major groups european union member states oecd and nonoecd countries but the latter group is further disaggregated to reflect specific situations for certain energy technologies for instance the data for coal in china have been reported separately since they are significantly higher than those of other countries in the literature different approaches have been used with respect to the time frame considered and to the geographical segmentation used a comparative study felder pointed out that two major accidentrelated studies from psi and sovacool sovacool and hirschberg et al,7
+among other things it promotes concerted actions to undertake integrated ecosystembased management and urges the scientific community to enhance understanding of the ocean the declaration looks towards the ocean as a new engine of sustainable economic growth with a new vision of green growth from the sea in this regard they further committed to urgently take the measures necessary to maintain or restore all stocks at least to levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield with the aim of achieving these goals in the shortest time feasible as determined by their biological characteristics special attention was given to ocean acidification which may lead to drastic changes in the oceans ecosystem especially coral bleaching,14
+however other measures may be required to ensure the required environmental flows are achieved for example reservoir release rules may be necessary to achieve medium or highflow objectives at the required times for example to ensure the higher flows required for the movement of sediment to periodically inundate wetlands or to trigger fish spawning or migration typically senior right holders benefit from a rent situation and only use a portion of their entitlement while new comers who may be able to use water wisely may be denied access to river water the prevailing response has been supply augmentation via additional dams and reservoirs,6
+the need for water has led jordan to consider seriously a proposal to link the red sea to the dead sea aimed at replenishing the latter and using the drop in elevation near the dead sea to generate hydroelectric power to support desalination moreover jordan is considering investing in nuclear energy in order to fuel its need for water through desalination jordan has increased its desalination capacity significantly over the past decade by investing mostly in ro plants using brackish water,6
+the recoscixwio project ended in and was replaced by the ocean data and information network for africa odinafrica which started in and is now in its fourth phase the focus of the current phase of the project is on product development and dissemination and strengthening of the pan african network of national oceanographic data centre nodcs the project has produced directories catalogues atlases and portals,14
+network length is km of this km consists of the danube international waterway km navigable branches of the danube river and km channels of the danube black sea and poarta alba white gate midia navodari romanian ports have some km for berthing facilities and hydrotechnical constructions of which per cent are more than years old and require urgent reconstruction work trends for the transport of goods by inland waterways in romania show a sharp decline after from million tons in to million tons in and some recovery after with an average of approximately million tonsyear in on the romanian stretch of the danube river there were six events involving accidental pollution from ships,6
+but the level of expenditure on education remains relatively low as indicated by the amount spent per student as a percentage of gdp per capita which remains considerable below the oecd average for primary and secondary education the new tax reform approved in will allow further growth in public spending for education however in spite of the strong political commitment to financing education there are some fiscal challenges the school system will be facing in the future,4
+however the rate of growth in their incomes fell behind the rises in population incomes in eight countries with the largest fallback observed in chile the fall documented in earlier oecd work between the mid s and the mid s oecd continued between and figure new results from the oecd income distribution database policy brief oecd available at wwwoecdorgelssocoecd inequalityandpouerty ppdf among the elderly however relative income poverty shrunk from to with falls in countries and rises of around percentage points in hirkey canada and poland only,1
+the database also highlights changes and revisions to government policies for renewables in line with the aforementioned reasons even in highly developed markets such as germany there were significant policy changes many jurisdictions are also seeking employment and economic development opportunities as an outcome of support to renewable energies,7
+in a way the reform helped the directorate to improve their status and gain trust among many teachers these teachers did not experience the programme as a topdow n measure but instead believed that that their opinions were being heard and taken into account in addition some school leaders were not fully aware of the programme for example stating that they did not know how to use the det website and tools,4
+testing with stakes for students will be specifically denoted as highstakes standardised tests a country may choose to administer lowstakes standardised tests for a number of reasons and in response to different international and national pressures which in turn link to the test s purpose design and how test results are used the trends in oecd countries show a growing reliance on the results of standardised tests for a number of purposes and it is important to keep in mind the resulting effect on teaching and learning assessment practices whether they are focused on system school teacher or student results impact teaching practices and teacherstudent relationships and in certain cases can restrict learning and teaching harlen santiago et al,4
+a positive relationship between the socioeconomic profile of schools and the quantity or quality of resources means that advantaged schools benefit from more or better resources a negative relationship implies that more or better resources are devoted to disadvantaged schools no relationship between the two implies that schools attended by disadvantaged students are as likely to have access to better or more resources as schools attended by advantaged students figure according to school principals reports in countrieseconomies students in advantaged schools have access to better educational material resources than their peers in disadvantaged schools while in countrieseconomies students in advantaged schools have greater access to education staff than do disadvantaged students,4
+in essence taxpayers subsidize private sector activity but if the firm succeeds the entrepreneurs earn all the profits in the event of success the firmsowners could buy out the governments stake at a price on the basis of preagreed rules these are relatively simple structures that can provide lowrisk financing for firms while still ensuring that taxpayers are compensated for their investments from a domestic perspective longhorizon domestic clean energy funds could be part of the gnis framework,7
+these subsidies however have not always lead to the intended results because of difficulties with accurately identifying the target population potential abuse of the subsidy and large errors of either exclusion or inclusion of the target population therefore as cities grow and their roadways cannot be expanded anymore the volume of urban traffic needs to be managed within the given roadway capacity any surpassing of that capacity leads to traffic congestion the most apparent transport externality furthermore the extra fuel burned causes unnecessary release of carbon dioxide hence adding to the overall bill issued by congestion that societies have to pay in the end,11
+the aim has been to price emissions stimulate the development and deployment of clean energy and improve energy efficiency policies to promote efficient adaptation to the uncertain impacts of climate change are underdeveloped the united kingdom has recognised the importance of international collaboration on mitigation and adaptation given the global nature of the climatechange problem box,13
+in the emphasis has reversed with producers of rice and maize being supported at the expense of consumers the relatively low sct value for rice during compared to other commodities such as beef and sugar is the direct result of policy efforts to limit the transmission of international price rises to the domestic market during and the sct for rice was and in and and in and and in furthermore while rice production is the dominant beneficiary of fertiliser subsidies this support is not apportioned to rice or any other single commodity,2
+and the association of southeast asian nations has recently agreed to review its percent energy reduction target so it can construct plans to better meet the target and monitor the region s progress but for industrial energy efficiency much remains to be done even the agecc has called only for a general energyefficiency goal rather than one specifically for industry,7
+to receive payments dialysis providers must meet the clinical quality targets failure to meet these targets results in ministry of health warnings followed by payment suspensions and potential withdrawal of clinical licences a preliminary albeit not independent analysis of around half of all clinics revealed improvements in all quality indicators between and,3
+collaboration between higher education institutions remains limited there were few attempts to set out the collective needs of the region in terms of innovation infrastructure or for the academic colleges or universities to coordinate their actions in meeting such needs there is a need to upgrade the existing traditional industry and service sector and improve their capacity for innovation investment from the national government focuses on the research components of the system and tax breaks for industry,4
+governments have implemented new initiatives and increased spending to encourage greater enrolment and attendance at the school level in higher education they are seeking to implement wideranging changes to the regulatory framework at the same time the rising affluence and aspirations of households is spurring strong demand for education at all levels and the traditional dominance of the public sector as a provider of education is receding the dual challenge now is to build on the considerable progress made in lifting participation and equally importantly improve the quality of education outcomes,4
+this assessment is consistent with remote sensing data on land degradation it suggests that improved livestock management may be necessary to keep livestock development sustainable chapter since independence the official hunting economy has ceased to exist legal amateur hunting appears to be sustainable however illegal hunting continues to exert pressure on some species of mammals and birds,15
+farmland was redistributed to farm households who were given the ability to make their own production decisions provided they met certain production quotas broader reforms opened up the market to both greater domestic and international competition agricultural production rose sharply becoming a key driver of overall economic growth production quota obligations were removed and further regulatory barriers to trade were gradually lifted,2
+this presents an opportunity for african cities to pursue a different development model from the more recent western development trajectory characterized as it is by caroriented development per capita gdp is in parentheses in africa such diseconomies may be setting in prematurely given the speed of urbanization poor planning weak institutions to guide urban growth and low incomes of many cities and urban residents,11
+this phenomenon could enhance productivity on the other hand ocean upwelling could also worsen hypoxia and acidification and lead to associated biomass reduction in fish and invertebrate stocks due to these contradictory observations there is currently no certainty about the future trends of major upwelling systems and how their drivers such as enhanced productivity acidification and hypoxia will shape ecosystem characteristics,14
+health spending as a share of gdp was only this is a much lower share than the eu average of further mergers and reorganisation in made the national healthcare service centre the umbrella organisation for other formerly independent authorities it is now the leading organisation for health provision,3
+there have also been a number of important developments in conceptual and policy approaches to technology and innovation some of these reflecting the nature of frontier technologies particularly the opportunities for networking and collaboration that digital technologies and platforms afford a key part of building on the foundations of sti policy outlined in chapter iii is to apply these new concepts effectively and to make optimal use of new opportunities and emerging policy approaches it begins in section a with a discussion of the potential and limitations of technological leapfrogging as a means to development,9
+in addition to characterizing the state of the population for instance when performing the economic evaluations of cancer control interventions pohem typically uses a simulation sample size of one million individuals and draws together information on risk factors disease incidence by age gender and celltype stage distribution at the time of diagnosis and the standard or typical diagnostic and therapeutic approaches used moreover data on disease progression after initial diagnosis depending upon age gender and stage at diagnosis are required in addition to followup patterns of practice treatment at relapse and terminal care therefore different datasets are used which include various cancer registries and hospital registries data from pharmaceutical associations population health surveys screening studies and clinical trials etc,3
+a harmonised definition of urban areas as functional economic units would be useful in designing and implementing green growth strategies according to functionally integrated areas rather than administrative entities it would also increase comparability of metropolitan areas and therefore metro cebu can learn draw positive lessons from best practices in other fuas thereby encouraging more effective coordination smart city solutions may also help to create more channels for governance linkages between lgus,11
+the centre s objectives are to create a database of res in the country train technicians and raise public awareness the centre has produced rough estimates of gross res and the technical and economic capacity and potential locations for exploitation of different types of res sun wind biomass small hydropower and geothermal this committee is currently developing standards based on existing european and russian standards in the area of buildings energyconsuming products and renewable energy,7
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law it describes its strengths and weaknesses and focuses on the challenges that now face israel the chapter starts by acknowledging israel s worldclass quality monitoring mechanism for community care which sets a blueprint for others to follow but which has the potential for further development it then highlights the need to strengthen coordination between community and hospital care,3
+the employer is responsible for obligations arising from compulsory social insurance against the risks of workplace accidents and occupational diseases requires the internal regulations of firms workplaces tasks or economic units to specify rules and instructions for prevention hygiene and safety that should be observed in them establishes the amount and receipt of compensation corresponding to the average pay received by the worker during the entire term of hisher contract or of hisher last years workers not incorporated into the pension system will be affiliated to a fund administrator article subsection,8
+on the tax side the total taxtogdp ratio stands above the oecd average and respectively in while the progressivity of household taxes is close to the oecd average however the progressivity of the personal income tax and social security contributions is steeper at the lower end than at the upper end of the income distribution where the solid line falls inside the oecd average the variable considered stands below the oecd average,10
+for example the kenyan mrv framework is aligned with the national integrated monitoring and evaluation system that aims to improve management for development results republic of kenya a similarly in nepal all national projects and programmes are subject to standard progress reporting that informs the allocation of the national budget iied c the nature of the monitoring and evaluation frameworks is also influenced by data availability it is therefore common practice to do an initial survey to identify the information that is already collected on a regular basis eg household surveys and standard financial reporting information that will be collected in the future and sources of information that could be adjusted to also capture relevant climate change information,13
+this reflects the recognition of the issue by the democratic republic of the congo as well as the governments commitment to improving educational access for the indigenous population indigenous communities in ethiopia understand that education is their path to a better future however while more schools are being built in remote and rural areas with the assistance of development organizations and an increasing number of children are obtaining access to education there is more to be done,4
+in some cases there is a need to enhance infrastructuresharing arrangements between different education providers when developing the network of higher education institutions care should be taken to ensure that adequate it infrastructure is in place for high speed low cost connectivity therefore strong collaborative links need to be developed between the colleges to improve their education service and research capacity additional funding should be allocated to develop collaborative local solutions to regional provision through partnerships with local stakeholders authorities could consider providing support for specific higher education extension learning centres served by several different colleges and possibly universities and the open university in villages with low tertiary education participation rates,4
+developingcountry enterprises using ict had better performance compared with enterprises that did not use ict with notable improvements in enterprise growth profitability investment and productivity table the extent to which an enterprise gains from enhanced access to different icts depends on its needs for information storage and communication which in turn are affected by its size industrial sector location and workforce skills based on data from investment climate surveys it is furthermore influenced by the business skills of managers the availability of personnel trained to use and maintain the equipment and the availability of additional information sources that enable improved decisionmaking in procurement and other business processes,9
+the world increased the use of natural resources by at least billion tons total domestic material consumption dmc between and in developing countries per cent of losses occur at postharvest and processing levels while in industrialized countries more than per cent of losses happen at retail and consumer levels the latest data show per capita food losses in africa excluding north africa amount to about kg per person much of which occurs in the process of production to retailing figure,12
+temperature rise was higher in northern serbia than in the south comparison of the period with shows an increase of c in most of serbia whereas in the far southeast temperature dropped by c mean annual precipitation did not follow a clear trend it increased in the west and north of serbia but decreased in other parts of serbia however the number of days with intensive precipitation did increase,13
+most educational service providers form part of the umbrella organisation edventure central mechanisms for student assessment school evaluation and education system evaluation have been in place for several decades along with requirements for schools to assure their own quality this longstanding focus on developing reliable evaluation and assessment systems has allowed the central agencies to experiment with different approaches and develop and deepen their expertise overtime in the netherlands the national assessments and examinations currently used by most schools have existed for over years cito created in was one of the first influential national testing institutes within the oecd and enjoys a high international reputation for its expertise and assessment instruments chapter while there are different views as to how the results should be used the usefulness of standardised assessments to inform certification accountability and improvement strategies is widely accepted among stakeholders,4
+current technologies are clearly spreading within much shorter periods of time their rapid diffusion puts great pressure on societies and individuals to adapt and also risks leaving behind those that do not have access to the required skills or infrastructure many developing countries struggle to employ new technologies with the same degree of intensity and versatility as developed countries in the area of ict the digital divide remains stark estimates show that almost half of all households globally still do not have access to the internet,9
+a new treaty based on the united nations model double taxation convention between developed and developing countries update would support the interests of developing countries better than the one based on the current oecd model since the former gives more taxing rights to developing countries in these cases the multilateral financial institutions and bilateral donors would need to help by providing additional resources for social spending as well as the appropriate technical and financial support for strengthening those capacities for many developing countries increasing the progressive incidence of the public budget is probably best achieved through welltargeted redistributive spending but also through growthenhancing public investment,10
+this has ensured ownership of the framework across all eight jurisdictions following the negotiation of new national goals for schooling in the rationale for the framework was updated in the changes to the framework were agreed by all education jurisdictions the australian curriculum assessment and reporting authority acara established in is charged with developing the new australian curriculum from kindergarten to year in agreed learning areas,4
+hometown associations have subsequently become involved in funding hospitals schools and public infrastructure a role analogous to that of many ngos such as medecins sans frontieres and the red cross which have worked with these hometown associations at the same time mobile phones and internet access funded by such associations are opening up a new virtual realm of diagnosis and healing between continents such caravans and ambulances serve equity by serving people who do not have kin in europe who can send remittances to cover medical costs but they are there only a short time,10
+examples of grant finance include the adb s grant for golovnaya hydropower plant tajikistan and adaptation projects in forestry and agriculture sectors kyrgyzstan mainly supported by germany the share of equity financing which is small throughout the region includes the european investment bank and kfw entwicklungsbank in the green for growth fund ii eg in armenia ukraine and geoigia and a hydropower project supported by the adb in armenia for instance the clean technology fund has provided concessional loans to a range of projects in the eecca countries for demonstration deployment and transfer of lowcarbon technologies,13
+against the backdrop of this conceptual framework and the available data domains and indicators were consequently selected on the basis of the extent to which they offer a clear and widely accepted normative interpretation comply with universality and rights principles and allow for crosscountry comparisons table presents the selected indicators within their domains it also has to be noted that the indicators included in the multidimensional poverty measure reflect the situation at the time of the survey the poverty measures employed in this paper constitute poverty headcount rates at domain level referred to as domain poverty rates which builds on the poverty headcount rates at the level of individual indicators indicator poverty rates,1
+it has been argued that poverty means a lack of economic resources whereas social exclusion refers to the broader issue of social integration one way of visualizing the relations that exist between poverty and exclusion is that the first impedes social participation and the exercise of citizenship thus if poverty entails a lack of resources to participate in society social exclusion refers to the dynamic processes that end up disconnecting individuals from the social economic political cultural systems that determine their social integration levitas,1
+there are concerns that this number will decline further in the years to come following the country s entry into the eu in which creates opportunities to move at a time when there is a lack of employment in croatia there is also a perceived shortage of physicians especially in primary care and shortages are observed in rural areas and on the country s islands see section there are a number of national public health programmes including a mandatory vaccination programme but a lack of action in tobacco control as evidenced by high levels of smoking among adults and adolescents see section,3
+globally the most common form of violence women experience is from an intimate partner who and because almost onethird of women who have been in an intimate relationship have experienced physical or sexual violence this dramatically influences women and girls capacities to sustain their position in the workforce or indeed their capacity to enter the workforce to begin with women and girls exposure to domestic violence and their access to justice also comprise important components of this analysis and is a theme returned to in section of this report indeed the world bank report cited above found that in per cent of the economies it surveyed there were no laws protecting women and girls from sexual harassment while countries had no laws protecting women and children from domestic violence further countries did not have laws prohibiting sexual harassment in the workplace world bank a specifically these dimensions examine the proportions of women who are able to move into the highest levels in companies,5
+preventing the use of residencebased criteria for admission and encouraging the entry of new schools would be warranted as recommended in the oecd economic survey of the united kingdom oecd a the number of young people neither in education nor in employment or training neets has swelled during the recession and is among the highest in the oecd the government s commitment to raise the compulsory participation age to in and in will increase participation in education and training what is most important though is that students are equipped with the adequate skills to enter the labour market available evidence suggests that some vocational training has a low or even negative impact on future returns machin and vignoles with the exception of some highquality apprenticeships reducing the complexity of the system and the fragmentation of the programmes while increasing the quality and the number of available positions may enhance the attractiveness of vocational training having a positive impact on labour market outcomes and productivity,10
+the same guidelines will govern the new as yet unpublished investment incentives law soon to be considered by parliament this legislation has green entrepreneurship as one of its three main pillars it thereby highlights the importance placed by the greek government on this concept with its key components of protecting the environment reducing energy consumption exploiting alternative forms of energy producing new environmentally friendly products and using environmentally friendly methods of production,13
+secondly water is used for volume control of chemical and radiological liquid wastes produced during normal operation nuclear power plants currently being built have a thermal efficiency of about while modern coalfired power plants achieve almost and combined cycle gas turbine ccgt plants reach thermal efficiency higher thermal efficiency means not only a reduced cooling requirement but also more electricity for a given amount of fuel as an example according to a french government study siting an epr near a river reduces the electricity output by with respect to a location near the sea siting the planned new hirkish nuclear project on its black sea rather than on its mediterranean coast would allow for a gain in electrical output since average water temperatures in the black sea are about c lower,7
+while biodiversity is relatively high in the north east atlantic region including the helgeland coast and the faroe islands the baltic sea species and functional diversity is relatively low consequently even minor changes in species biomass andor occurrence can have large effects on ecosystem function and services the loss of a single species therefore has potentially higher impact in the baltic sea than in helgeland and the faroe islands nordic coastal biodiversity is summarized in figure using the number of marine species in different functional groups and classes in each nordic region,15
+teachers view this as a core pedagogy which provides a rhythm to the school day week and year so it is the web pedagogy that is important with blogs podcasts social networking sites and virtual worlds as tools to realise this approach such pedagogical approaches demand that teachers mentor and foster competences for selfregulated learning compatible with learners as pro active and collaborative,4
+the integration of variable renewable energies requires new and appropriate regulatory and operational frameworks to properly move towards more efficient and reliable lowcarbon electricity systems while their name implies a focus on the long run availability of power generating capacity their true role could be much larger capacity markets could actually play a key role in integrating different flexibility services including shortterm demand curtailment storage access to interconnections and of course capacity itself in a single framework where decisions are made at the margin according to the variable costs of different options over different time frames,7
+this expectation in turn was associated with high rates of child marriage but data show that the age of marriage is rising fertility rates are declining and an increasing number of women are not marrying at all which suggests that attitudes about both universal marriage and high fertility have shifted over time giving girls in particular more opportunities to pursue education as societies relax expectations concerning both universal marriage and child marriage girls in particular may have more opportunities to pursue education but what of girls who do not excel in school,5
+it should be noted that the nfsa extends an already large food distribution programme which previously covered about of india s population for consumers data on the consumption profile of the average recipient of nfsa food grain is not available if it is assumed that the average recipient consumes kg of rice kg of wheat and kg of coarse grain average per capita disappearance in then the programmes provision of kg pa assuming no change in the offer prices in the rates of inflation and of the usd exchange rate the effective subsidy in this projection rises to inr usd pa a detailed analysis of the nfsa is beyond the scope of this outlook but anticipating its overall impact on markets is nevertheless required,2
+the ministry of environment mma the leader for environmental questions and the ministry of education linked with the universities also play important roles in the general innovation system at the national level the priorities for rd are established by government through the different ministries involved in innovation led by the ministry of science and technology the main agency of the mct to support agricultural research is the national council of scientific and technological development cnpq it delivers grants and project funding through competitive public calls beneficiaries are researchers in public or notforprofit private high education institutions and rd institutions and centres and public companies with science technology or innovation research activities,2
+countries that are further along in their demographic transition chile and cuba have geriatric death rates higher than the regional average in fact a comparison between the situations in haiti and cuba shows that haiti will take until to record the death rates in the population aged and over that cuba had recorded six decades earlier cuba has an older age structure than haiti and therefore its population is more likely to die over age figure iv which shows the proportion of deaths from chronic and degenerative diseases as a function of average population age shows those countries further along in the demographic transition argentina barbados chile cuba and uruguay at one extreme with more than of deaths from those causes and at the other those countries about to move into full demographic transition with an ageing process that is still incipient guatemala haiti honduras and nicaragua among others this may be illustrated by comparing life expectancy at birth and healthadjusted life expectancy hale at birth,3
+however evidence consistently suggests that these proximal processes of children s everyday experiences ie process quality are the primary driver of children s development and learning in ecec oecd there is also a lack of consistent descriptive data on the general work and working conditions faced by ecec staff including for instance the work climate professional development opportunities and other staff and centre characteristics the roadmap identified a significant need for better and new data on ecec to help countries make wellinformed policy choices in particular stafflevel data on process quality oecd learning and wellbeing environments namely the ecec environment and child development wellbeing and learning outcomes also referred to as child outcomes,4
+the adoption of a law on rangeland is important because rangeland accounts for more than per cent of the total territory of the country and because most land degradation occurs on rangeland such a law would enable sustainable management of rangeland besides some of the recently adopted laws especially the law on crop production are not effectively implemented due to the lack of subsidiary legislation to guide their implementation,15
+for example if a private firm cannot fully capitalise on their discoveries either in terms of turning the knowledge into a profitmaking product or in terms of protecting competitors from benefitting from the discovery then there is less incentive for it to invest in rd the uncertainty in rd generating results can also be a hairier for private actors to invest in research eg relating to basic research in terms of icts development there is less incentive to invest in broadband development in rural areas simply because of the high costs in connecting villages over larger distance with low population density in these cases governments need to step in with regulation legislation or direct or indirect financing eg through tax incentives subsidies or directly funding projects the fluctuations are due to the volatility of nonconcessional finance,9
+the objective of the guide is to provide guidance to national statistical offices on selecting and applying methods for valuing ownuse production work of services and on compiling household satellite accounts the remaining element of unpaid household service work the production of services for other households or more simply volunteering is considered to entail a number of different and complex methodological challenges considered too great to be dealt with in this guidance implementation of the guide s recommendations would improve international comparability of statistics on unpaid household service work,8
+if all of antarcticas ice were to melt this would result in a sealevel rise of some m to which the melting of greenlands ice would add a further rise in the order of m give or take an uncertainty of a few metres september is the month in which sea ice is at its yearly minimum and marks the first year that data of this kind became available in meaningful form the lowest concentration of sea ice on record was in september while thick ice with a snow covering has an albedo of percent that of a thin layer of ice is per cent and that of an icefree ocean is in the order of per cent,13
+much of the focus of lifeskills training has been on the development of protective psychological skills communication skills and knowledge to avoid risk the programme was designed to reach unmarried girls between the ages of and with an emphasis on girls who were out of school and working it involved parents in programme development and teachers to lead the classes in many countries unfpa supports programmes to work with boys male adolescents and youth on sexuality family life and lifeskills education to question current stereotypes about masculinity male risktaking behaviour especially sexual behaviour and to promote dieir understanding of and support for women s rights and gender equality,5
+it can also add value to a business that depends on water and therefore add value to the sale of a business only two of the allocation examples surveyed indicated that there were no restrictions to granting such requests nova scotia canada and estonia for the murraydarling basin australia the catchment is closed and access to surface water for new entrants is limited to purchasing entitlements or leasing entitlements or purchasing allocations annually from existing owners,6
+the support that students could rely on at home and in particular their parents ability to pay for private tuition and coaching were centrally important to their learning and examination results they could pay for transport if necessary to access schools over a wider area for middle class students there was a sense of inevitability that whatever the obstacles they would stay in school until at least completing their secondary school certificates for students from slums this was far from certain,4
+these district committees help in the coordination and review of the coverage of electrification within the district the ministry of power has noted that where these committees were active and met regularly progress in rural electrification projects had improved press information bureau a webbased monitoring system has also been introduced which works at village level through this monitoring system implementing agencies are supposed to provide all the data relating to activities carried out at village level the result of quality inspections the state of fund utilisation the state of village electrification etc,7
+although large projects are costly and unrealistic for sids technologies are scalable including damlike structures built across narrow bays or river mouths and more novel designs of tidal lagoons where appropriate resource exists tidal range is a feasible option and in countries where hydropower is established there is an opportunity to use infrastructure skills and experience already acquired to facilitate construction it is also possible to integrate tidal range technology with other services such as mariculture shoreline development flood protection and transport links between islands,7
+the trial has shown that it can produce faster referral times improve information flows and reduce costs however the number of doctors using the system rapidly declined a few months into the trial prompting authorities to make use of the referral system mandatory for all contracted physicians expansion of the project has been recommended to cover all social security funds souliotis et al countries such as ireland portugal and estonia have also invested heavily in their ict infrastructure to improve reporting and performance management within its major health care institutions,3
+it concludes by offering concrete recommendations to policy makers in the region to enhance compliance with international standards in gender equality and to reduce genderbased discrimination in domestic legislation yet some do not explicitly include the principle of equality between women and men nor do they contain a definition of discrimination against women in the constitution in additioa many other domestic laws tend to restrict women s rights in a wide range of areas eg family law freedom of movement,5
+with the revision of the levy and grant system smes as well will be required to file levy forms and they will become eligible for adjustment allowances to be eligible for the subsidy the employer should not have dismissed any workers for the past six months the subsidy varies between jpy and jpy per month depending the type of disability the degree of disability age and length of working hours the support period is one year or years for people with severe disabilities,8
+with their usd trillion in assets institutional investors including pension funds and insurance companies potentially have an important role to play in financing clean energy projects clean energy projects can in particular provide institutional investors with investments which may combine these soughtafter characteristics sovereign wealth funds are another type of institutional investor increasingly being approached to fund green investments see box,7
+from farm yields fy of maize increased linearly at percent per annum versus percent for soybean and percent for wheat and rice edmeades eta these yield increases are insufficient to meet future food demands without resorting to agricultural land expansion but asia has little arable land available for expansion in addition climate change predictions for the asian region paint a scenario of rising temperatures increased variability in rainfall land degradation and increased frequency of extreme weather events such as drought and floods which raises particular concerns for the agricultural sector,2
+for example companies could automatically be fined a certain amount if their acquired allowances do not cover their emissions for the compliance cycle ec at this point it is possible to establish revised political requirements for example when decreasing the overall amount of emissions certificates in order to reach the set climate goals table summarises a possible technical setup based on the outlined trading cycle given blockchain technology s nascent state of maturity several factors may have to be adjusted while developing the technology together with the stakeholders,9
+but this makes the ascm structurally incapable of capturing fisheries subsidies because they distort how production happens rather than trade schorr third countries have been reluctant to take a fisheries subsidies case to the wto dispute settlement mechanism for fear of turning a lens on their own subsidy policies finally notifications of fisheries subsidies under the ascm are notoriously scant wto,14
+in future the commercial collection of additional nwfps will be exclusively done by the forest management bodies the study captured data on rural household income and forest use the findings from the survey demonstrate that forests are an important resource in rural areas for people that use woodbased products in their daily lives,15
+according to available data this process has been recorded in the strezevo reservoir near bitola the water quality of this reservoir is very important because the water is used for drinking and for the food processing industry it can be observed that over a period of five years the strezevo reservoir became more eutrophic which means that there is a need for measures to protect the water from increased eutrophication it regulates issues concerning surface water watercourses lakes accumulations and springs and underground water within an integrated policy and represents the legislative framework for the future management of water resources,6
+it reviews the drivers behind the development of a testing scheme the purposes associated with its implementation and different criteria that feed into the test design while it is difficult to discern exactly which driver may have distinctly played a role in a nation s decision to administer standardised tests it is nonetheless important to identify the underlying currents and intersecting trends steering assessment systems mons the primary drivers identified are new public management standardsbased assessment international competition increasing demand for st century skills test industry pressure there has also been a growing emphasis on quantitatively measuring outcomes and objectives and reforms towards decentralisation and autonomy which have contributed to the need to develop new means to monitor education systems mons,4
+the land law establishes the rights of the government and of land users stipulates the requirements of land use planning and the mechanisms for land allocation renting and withdrawal it also regulates land use right registration and land financing and pricing the land law further opened the land market and guaranteed and concretised land rights through the system of building ownership and land use certificates bolucs and land use rights certifications lurcs which constitute a form of title on the basis of which the market exchange developed,11
+the most sizable gains are shown for loneparent and twoparent families in australia italy and germany more generous benefits in germany lift many twoparent families and some loneparents almost a full decile further up in the income distribution although gains were smaller for the large number of lowpaid lone parents in most countries inequality among nonelderly household have widened during most phases of the economic cycle and any episodes of narrowing income differentials have usually not lasted long enough to close the gap between high and low incomes that had opened up previously across countries with data covering different points in the past two decades the gini coefficient for market income has on average increased by every ten years,10
+this section succinctly reviews two increasingly observed pathways from agriculture water risks to broader international consequences first longterm water risks threatening local food security is manifested by foreign land purchases by relatively poorly water endowed but well capital endowed countries second countries with a large agriculturally dependent population can be subject to social unrest and important migratory movements of population with regional continental or global implications these effects do not concern all three hotspot regions but they apply to multiple other agricultural regions that are increasingly subject to water risks,6
+hence the effect of genderbased discrimination on income would be more detrimental for lowincome countries table summarises the estimated effect of genderbased discrimination in social institutions on income by income groups using quintile regressions of equation as well as ols regressions of equation in the ols regressions whatever the set of controls used the estimated coefficient of the interaction term is always negative for lowincome countries and positive for highincome countries and statistically significant,5
+there is no data to tell us whether these effects continue into adolescence over per cent of all three generations reported harmonious relations between generations research in kwazulunatal found that grandmothers perceive themselves as important in building families educating younger generations and providing generational continuity cattell a survey of rural women in the same province with an average age of years suggested that most of them felt empowered when they took responsibility for important family decisions including the education of grandchildren moller these women were proud to be homemakers and of adopting the traditional male role as providers of the family if their men were unemployed poverty was identified as the core driver behind most of these changes examples including families seeking to benefit financially from their daughters marrying before they lose their virginity a second driver was the gradual loss of traditions such as the initiation rites for boys where manhood is proved by fending for themselves in the bush and instruction to girls on sexual matters by their madrinha godmothers and the absence of replacements,5
+z research in the united states puts the returns on early childhood investments at to per cent a year in many cases they have led to great success but school enrolment figures indicate that the pace of progress is in jeopardy since the global number of children who do not attend school has increased those excluded from learning opportunities often face multiple kinds of disadvantage,4
+one of the largest and most compelling pieces of research to address this question was conducted in ontario canada and published in the lancet a renowned medical publication it concluded that trafficlaw enforcement effectively reduces the frequency of fatal motorvehicle crashes in countries with high rates of motorvehicle use inconsistent enforcement therefore may contribute to thousands of deaths each year worldwide,11
+this type of flexible arrangements has been successful in raising female participation such provisions however should be carefully balanced between men and women to avoid increasing the relative cost of hiring mothers to promote more involvement of fathers in family care and to minimise the risk that parttime arrangements may trap mothers in lower ranking career tracks and damage their future prospects flexible workarrangements may also be less appropriate in countries where only a minority of women can afford to opt for parttime work maternal leave constitutes a cornerstone of modern welfare states and can have positive impacts on female labour market outcomes recent evidence from oecd countries shows that paid maternity leave increases the likelihood that women work as it gives them an incentive to work prior to childbirth and offers them employment protection to facilitate their return to the labour market afterwards adema clark and frey however when maternal leave is excessively costly for employers and paternal leave is considerably less generous it may also play a role in perpetuating gender gaps by increasing the cost of employing a woman relative to a man,5
+at the same time if higher wages induce higher female labour force participation the consequent time squeeze on human capacities production puts this group in the same regime as the liberal aies exploitation in this context more gender equality threatens growth partly because of persistent inequalities in the gender distribution of social reproduction stronger supports for women doing paid work will weaken these causal links but they must be accompanied by changes on the demand side to avoid merely shifting from an exploitation to a wage squeeze regime a decline in commodity prices will induce depreciation of the exchange rate as global buyers need less of a countrys currency to purchase its exports,5
+at the same time targeted interventions at the secondary level to prevent dropouts and to raise the awareness about the benefits of education should receive further resources students from sociallydisadvantaged backgrounds should be supported by a maintenance grant contingent on regular school attendance and satisfactory progress improving completion rates in the uruguayan education system also requires improving the supply of educational services at the secondary level to make them more relevant for the interests and characteristics of students this calls for strategies to improve student transitions across education levels namely the development of a common curriculum framework for all levels of school education,4
+trade in renewable energy products was also sensitive to tariff reduction at the per cent level it is possible that these two categories comprise hightechnology products most of which tend to be imported by developing countries thus the initial list of egs could be further narrowed to include only these subitems for the initial round of liberalization it should however be noted that the elasticity of these products with respect to tariffs is low with a tariff reduction of per cent leading to only a per cent increase in trade,7
+in the fao blamed subsidies for most of the billion shortfall between the fishing industry s estimated revenues and costs in the world bank published the first major estimate of subsidies at global level arriving at a figure of to billion other international organisations such as apec asiapacific economic cooperation also started to discuss the issue the inclusion of fisheries subsidies in the wto s doha round of trade talks in thrust the issue to the forefront of the international fisheries policy agenda at its fourth ministerial conference in the wto undertook to clarify and improve wto disciplines on fisheries subsidies taking into account the importance of this sector to developing countries these commitments were reinforced by the wto hong kong ministerial declaration in wto,14
+strengthening the management of diversity efforts need to be directed both at building shortterm teaching capacity across the country to accommodate new arrivals and at building medium and longterm capacity to ensure immigrants reach their full potential and become active participants in the economic and social life of their local community in the short term a key focus should be on training and retraining as many teachers as possible on how to support children with minimal language skills poorly educated parents and who arrive in sweden after the age of with little prior learning due to the poor quality of the education they received in their home country or the lack of opportunities over a long period experienced during the migration process a key challenge is to provide adequate language support to youth who arrive in sweden beyond the age of with little prior literacy skills,4
+the effective number of days a worker is entitled to may also depend on the workers situation and status selfemployed workers are excluded since the concept of paid leave does not make sense in their case other forms of paid leave which are not considered annual leave include public holidays sick leave weekly rest and maternity and parental leave annual leave defined with respect to national practices,8
+this worked against health policy goals health system efficiency and equity its objective is to enable eopyy to purchase all the health services required to meet population needs other measures in the area of diagnostics have included reducing prices paid by the public health system and curbing overprescription of specialised diagnostics structural reforms got under way in to reduce the number of beds clinics and specialist units but have had limited implementation,3
+the world s nations annually contribute over trillion to subsidies for agriculture energy water and transport this is times the amount needed to bring official development assistance up to the per cent target set in it is times the amount that was estimated to be necessary if the millennium development goals were to be fully implemented and it is even times the massive amount that the architects of the earth summit calculated would be needed to implement the ambitious agenda subsidies to irrigation for example lead to massive wastage of scarce water resources subsidies to coal production and consumption invalidate efforts to move towards cleaner energy subsidies to fishing fleets lead to the devastation of fish stocks and subsidies to transport fuel lead to wasteful use of energy in transport,7
+and lets not forget that climate change cuts through all of this biodiversity all the animals plants and microbial life is the foundation forthe health of the biosphere we and all life on earth constitute and depend on at the same time this complex web of life is over billion years old and interacts together in a very delicate balance,15
+progress with social protection is ascertained by means of data from censuses household surveys specialized surveys and administrative records and this must be coordinated on the basis of each countrys conceptual framework and policy components while partial data is available in most countries it needs to be further systematized and coordinated with management indicators chief among the various methodologydevelopment initiatives are the costimpact analysis developed by eclac for selecting the option that maximizes the impact at the lowest possible cost cohen and franco b cohen and martinez and the performancebased management models tailored to social programmes promoted by the interamerican development bank idb world bank and international cooperation agencies first it is unclear how the results are incorporated as information for decisionmaking and for implementing modifications to programmes,1
+as the analysis below describes the city of sydney s sustainable sydney offers a bold vision of sustainability a welldesigned cluster strategy for the green economy targets a particular green sector such as renewable energy green buildings transportation waste and recycling based on a realistic assessment of a city s competitive advantages it builds on existing assets and collaborative dynamics it draws on data and analysis to identify clusters inform initiatives and track performance,7
+the difference between the bcr in a climate change and a businessasusual scenario leads to a climate change relevance score which provides an indication to policymakers and managers of the change in importance of a particular programme if climate change is factored in pilot analysis suggests that the consideration of climate change increases the benefit of programmes managed by the ministry by between and percent an assessment of a major new investment in improved water distribution and diversion resulted not only in enhanced budget justification for the project but also informed redesign of diversion canals and flood control systems undp the analysis could support requests for funding from the ministry of economy and finance which introduced in a requirement in the national budget guidelines that climaterelevant programmes be identified see cambodia climate change alliance and government of cambodia,13
+although the average charge for water supply was eur m eur m for wastewater collection and eur m for wastewater treatment in around the oecd average the level of costrecovery has been below for both water supply and sewage collection while it appears to be close to for sewage treatment for some services there is costrecovery of around suggesting that in some municipalities a significant part of the cost is still covered by grants from municipal government local communities do not have enough skilled professional staff to stimulate efficient operation of water utilities or to set up adequate price regulation schemes,6
+the document provides for criteria for the issuance of certificates and ecolabels applications will be made to the ministry of environment and tourism and will be considered by a commission consisting of representatives of governmental organizations ngos and consumer protection organizations the commission is to be supported by a technical council,12
+the annual monitoring will help prioritise adaptation needs and the allocation of budgets while the periodic evaluations will assess the efficiency effectiveness and impact of the nccap philippines climate change commission these processes will inform government decision makers whether the approach is the right one if circumstances are changing and if adjustments in the plan or in the implementation mechanisms are needed monitoring reporting and verification of actions under the kenyan national climate change action plan topdown and bottomup indicators identified at the national and county level full implementation expected by,13
+focusing on measuring what matters can help drive the achievement of results and monitor performance against the desired goals for gender equality gender indicators can aid in prioritising gender equality and making the case that gender issues should be taken seriously they can enable better planning and actions by providing information to adjust programmes and activities for better impacts and by measuring gender mainstreaming within organisations,5
+some metropolitan regions may have a significant foodprocessing sector but mainly rely on raw materials from outside the region while locally produced food is limited in quantity these regions have good access to a wide variety of imported food either from other regions in the country or imports from other countries in developing countries connectivity to foreign markets happens first in large cities and these urban agglomerations have the densest networks of connections largely because markets develop first and in greater complexity in cities,2
+the former looks at gender gaps in wages and labour force participation and the latter at changes in the dispersion of eamings among male and female workers separately the second pathway which describes the impact on the distribution of household eamings examines the correlation of eamings between husbands and wives as well as how this has developed over time section women are still less likely to being in paid work to progress in their career and are more likely to earn less in their job,5
+specialised education is associated with better child outcomes and improved staff competences to provide suitable pedagogical learning opportunities when trained on matters related to early development and care staff can better develop a child s perspective sommer et al additionally staff with higher education and specialised training engage in more positive teacherchild interactions including praising comforting questioning and being responsive to children howes et al,4
+instead education systems that contain a large proportion of selective schools lend to have greater variation in performance between schools oecd however it is reasonably safe to assume that in countries such as serbia which still lag behind in tertiary enrolment the tertiary system might be under pressure to expand and absorb increasing numbers of candidates upward trends in tertiary enrolment would indicate the same indicators ae,4
+the main focus of this legislation was to regulate the development of asylums to which admission was for the most part involuntary since the mental health act which switched the decision to compulsorily detain a patient from a judicial one to an administrative one legislation has focused on balancing the tension between protecting the rights and promoting the safety of patients with mental health problems and protecting the safety of the communities in which they live rather than expressly facilitating involuntary incarceration on mental health grounds mental health legislation today allows an individual to be detained against their will on the condition that they present a danger to themselves or others including within the wider community,3
+housing cooperatives today no longer serve lowermiddle income households but rather the uppermiddle groups wfclawowicz poland could learn from a number of oecd countries that have tried to enhance the housing supply through nonprofit organisations whereas various measures have been introduced by governments to support nonprofit organisations policy practices indicate the importance of improving the financial arrangements with them box they include for instance providing matching funds increasing nonprofit organisations access to capital markets and setting aside a share of national housing grants for nonprofit developers oecd a,11
+this difference is found to be widest for upper middleincome and high income countries women are more likely to be employed in positions that reflect traditional gender roles in what have been labelled the cs jobs caring cashiering cleaning catering and clerical work as reflected in figure in low and middleincome countries have a concentration of contributing family workers with the percentage being higher among females however in contrast to contributing family workers a greater proportion ofemployed malesareown account workers compared with females except for those in low income countries,5
+this would entail the introduction of a licensing regime for surface water abstraction a measure recommended in the latest environmental performance review of georgia by the unece and included in the new draft georgian legislation shortly to come before parliament abstraction charges signal the real resource cost of the water abstraction charges are also a source of financial cost recover enabling funds to be raised either for water resources management and other environmental improvements or for general public expenditure,6
+this action would generate more funds for investment in infrastructure especially new wastewater treatment plants wwtps which are urgently needed to curb surface water pollution they would also create incentives for more careful and efficient water use by consumers households businesses etc this would be the responsibility of the georgian amelioration company with regulation by gnerc,6
+between and sydney s unconstrained traffic volumes are forecast to increase by l the challenge is how to coordinate policy and action across industry households and government agencies in relation to government climate change policy straddles all tiers of government departments and agencies including water energy waste industry education and environment,7
+an exceptional case however is provided by the united states practice of targeting poor households where such diversity is extensively taken into account ignoring householdspecific diversities constitutes a fatal methodological flaw if poverty lines and gaps are to be used public transfers of goods and services are usually excluded this produces a significant gap when it comes to health and education services particularly in developing economies where the role of public provision is usually substantial in the absence of such information one can only speculate over actual outcomes with respect to these key basic needs,1
+nevertheless there is no national assessmentaccreditation for teachers ict skills they can also decide individually on strategies for teacher education the report specifies that despite this autonomy their programmes integrate ict this new legal framework is stimulating several changes and initiated several measures aimed at improving teachers professional situation,4
+in india household connection rates are four times higher in villages serviced by energy cooperatives than in villages served by the state electricity board ilo energy cooperatives operate for example in bangladesh cambodia south sudan and uganda bangladeshs programme inspired by the united states model box is considered one of the most successful in the developing world subsidies and grants play a significant role in setting up such cooperatives however most ldcs have limited capacity for electricity regulation reflecting both a lack of staff with the requisite skills and experience and financial constraints since high development costs and low profit margins deterred investorowned utilities from expansion into rural areas as in ldcs today most rural electrification occurred through consumerowned notforprofit electric cooperatives,7
+summative assessment refers to assessment of learning and involves high stakes consequences for students because the results of the assessment are used to judge the students performance ewell cited in nusche forthcoming formative assessment is often referred to as assessment for learning and supports a teacher s pedagogical approach to the student the results of such an assessment are used to improve teaching strategies and identify learning needs rather than judge performance black and william cited in nusche forthcoming eurydice network finally assessment tools such as standardised tests can be used for monitoring and evaluation purposes evaluation refers to collecting evidence to judge systems programs and procedures harlen newton this paper considers standardised testing for monitoring evaluation and formative purposes but because summative assessment inherently involves stakes for students it is not included in this review for a comprehensive review of summative assessment trends in oecd countries see nusche forthcoming,4
+where age cannot be reported with precision age groups eg to years of age can be used the core indicators identified by the friends of the chair of the united nations statistical commission on indicators on violence against women form only the minimum required for improving available data on the prevalence and nature of violence against women the inclusion of additional variables will significantly enrich the overall results of the survey and increase their relevance for policymaking,5
+these recommendations have stimulated concrete actions to improve the sustainability of high seas fisheries the resumed review conference to be held in may provide another excellent opportunity for states parties and states nonparties to cooperate in improving the governance of high seas fisheries by reviewing and assessing the adequacy of the provisions of the agreement and if necessary proposing means of strengthening the substance and methods of implementation of those provisions it has played a central role in norm and policysetting in the field of oceans and the law of the sea including sustainable fisheries in for example it established a global moratorium on the use of largescale pelagic driftnet fishing on the high seas,14
+the initiative focuses on producing new analysis and policy recommendations to address unpaid care work combined with inclusive dialogues at the regional and global levels the sigi comprises country profiles information on laws policies and action plans promoting gender equality and womens empowerment a database with indicators on levels of discrimination in legal framework social norms and practices and a crosscountry ranking these dimensions look at the gaps that legislation prevalence and attitudes and practices create between women and men in terms of rights and opportunities,5
+in practice however their rights are inhibited by a number of hurdles the courts do not always enforce the rules the judiciary may lack knowledge of current principles and standards women are often not aware of their rights and even when they are social norms and financial constraints may hinder them from going to court the fact that few judges are women may also be a factor the six countries have ratified the two covenants algeria egypt jordan libya morocco and tunisia,5
+designing sustainable offgrid rural electrification projects principles and practices washington dc available at low carbon energy projects for development in subsaharan africa unveiling the potential addressing the barriers,7
+this difference is very important and is attributable to the human capital associated with traditional skills and knowledge not obtained through attending educational institutions in this chapter we discuss both human capital accumulated through formal schooling and human capital based on local and indigenous knowledge lik certainly measuring the latter is a more challenging task given the difficulty of quantifying the value and scope of lik it is worth noting that the lack of one eg formal education may be partially compensated albeit indirectly by another lik in terms of human development first human capital is the most important ingredient in the knowledge sector which includes technologically advanced industries and services eg information technology high tech manufacturing financial services etc,4
+estimated with integration points in the share of children in severely deprived households ranged from under five in a hundred in the nordic countries luxembourg netherlands and switzerland to two out of five in romania and bulgaria child deprivation rates exceeded total deprivation rates by ppt or more in five countries hungary malta portugal romania and united kingdom figure a,1
+such a tool could help credit institutions perform more effectively as they would evaluate both women and men on the grounds of their entrepreneurial talent financial literacy programmes are particularly relevant since women often have lower levels of financial knowledge than men chapter one example of these integrated financing schemes is the interamerican development bank project strengthening women entrepreneurship in peru,5
+although the balkans subregion has not implemented an effective ewaste takeback system like the eu member states initiatives are undertaken mainly by the private recycling sector approximately kilotons kt of ewaste is currently collected in the balkans comparing to the kt generated in a minimum of kginh was generated in bosnia and herzegovina and a maximum of kginh in slovenia,12
+they then transmitted these new norms to their home community and nonmigrant women used them to create new versions of womanhood women who migrate tend to model their behaviour on women in destination countries which proved to have positive effects on reducing violence against women in moldova for example as women tolerate it less from their partners peleah migration can challenge traditional gender roles when the absence of one spouse leaves the other one with both greater decisionmaking power and burden of responsibility and labour jolly and reeves,5
+it requires that women are empowered to take an active part in the development of laws economic systems and policies that will govern themselves and society as a whole in accordance with article of the universal declaration of human rights within this context this chapter explores institutional mechanisms and tools that are designed to support womens advancement and to ensure that a gender perspective is systematically taken into account it also discusses women s participation in political decisionmaking as both an intrinsic objective and a lever for the adoption of gendersensitive policies a key element of the platform s strategy is the establishment of institutional mechanisms for the advancement of women as a means of ensuring systematic attention to gender issues some arab governments had already set up rudimentary women s divisions under various ministries typically those for social and family affairs in the late s and s with the adoption of the beijing platform those institutions became more formalized they took a leading role in advocating for women s issues and moving gender discourse into the halls of government,5
+for example an intervention that seeks transformational change in a given sector may be judged effective at the projectlevel if it produces the expected outputs eg offgrid renewable electricity number of people trained in droughtresistant agriculture however if the intervention s is not replicated at scale the transformational impacts of the intervention will be limited climate finance programmes and projects can involve multiple actors each with different views and objectives relating to climate finance effectiveness there is increased pressure on public providers of climate finance in developed countries to demonstrate the results achieved in developing countries with this finance,13
+it engenders promoting equal rights and access to justice through policy reform drawn from litigation that go beyond issues of the individual plaintiff there is also a unit in the sharia courts headed by women s lawyers to support women s awareness and understanding of legal rights this unit counsels and helps women in their rights,5
+it examines how disadvantages can accumulate over a lifetime chapter lthe report takes a closer look at equity issues at each stage of life from early childhood education chapter student and school outcomes chapter through adult education and skills formation chapter each chapter offers policy recommendations and describes policies on education and skills that can ensure lifelong equitable learning opportunities for the socioeconomically disadvantaged as well as best policy practices and lessons from selected countries opportunity for all overcoming educational inequalities over the life course oecd forthcoming is a main output of the fostering good education for all project this report aims to provide extensive analysis of inequality in education and concrete policy recommendations to provide solutions for this pressing issue,4
+about of men and of women in sweden rate their mental wellbeing as impaired in national surveys using ghq a validated instrument used internationally for measuring mental wellbeing early detection and treatment primary care is generally the first point of contact and is responsible for minor mental health problems and onward referrals to specialist care for those with serious mental illness high quality primary care for mental health problems is especially important in rural areas where access to specialist services may be difficult,3
+to offer workshops throughout germany the foundation established local networks for example in japan sony established the sony foundation for education its early development activity centre conducts an extensive programme of activities in its quest to make science widely known among the public to foster wellbalanced personality development in young individuals and to educate the general public about the importance of building a healthy relationship between parents and children,4
+latin america and the caribbean in particular hosted some notable stakeholder participation arrangements for nup including in ecuador and brazil the majority of countries have general national planning authorities per cent while a substantial proportion have specialised national urban agencies per cent only three nations man a nup via subnational agencies per cent two of them marshall islands and tuvalu are small pacific states where geographic scale means a close overlap between national and local boundaries and the other is switzerland a federal state in which the competence for urban policy is attributed to local authorities,11
+health spending per capita is among the lowest across the eu and only about half the eu average eur per capita in hungary compared to the eu average of eur only twothirds of health spending in hungary is publicly funded compared to nearly across the eu leaving the system highly reliant on direct outofpocket spending consequently a relatively high share of lowincome households reports unmet medical care needs due to financial reasons more than of such households face catastrophic outofpocket expenditure for health care a higher share than in most other eu countries,3
+more generally in england the mortality rate from dementia and alzheimer s disease has increased steadily since reflecting several factors such as increased awareness of dementia historical nhs policies encouraging gps to diagnose and changes in death certification practices phe b phe c ons d coding changes from also led to increased recording of dementia and alzheimer s disease on death certificates with deaths reallocated from some groups including cerebrovascular disease and pneumonia eg deaths from vascular dementia would once have been coded to circulatory disease but are now coded to dementia phe c campbell this along with the examples given earlier in relation to influenzapneumonia suggests that death certification practices have changed in recent years with some deaths being classified as dementia that would not have been in the past,3
+on the other hand solar technologies may have almost zero capacity credit if the peak demand occurs in the evenings during winter as in several north european countries especially those relying heavily on electric heating such as france dispatchable plants for instance are weakly correlated and their capacity credit can thus be higher than their respective load and availability factors their planned outages are scheduled during periods of weak electricity demand while they are supposed to be available during high demand periods on the contrary variable renewables relying on the same natural resource are closely correlated one wind turbine is likely to stop turning the very moment that other turbines stop turning thus the capacity credit of variable renewable power plants decreases with the penetration level reflecting the increased correlation with the rest of the generating system,7
+however since jan mayen is populated only in the summer when wind speeds are lowest wind may not be the best solution for jan mayen solar radiation is close to wm in the summer which means that pv production is feasible and it would align better with the seasonal demand subjects of a more general nature with relevance to all regions have been dealt with in section,7
+a further objective of the reform is to make the cfp less costly and simpler to run the central role of rights based fisheries management instruments is to introduce an element of property rights for fisher s quotas by doing so the incentive structure changes and makes it more likely that fishers will seek to fish within sustainable limits in order to conserve their quota capital for the future the oecd committee for fisheries has recently contributed to this debate the publication using market mechanisms to manage fisheries provides a review of a number of fisheries management systems with elements of property rights and maps these according to their property rights content oecd the ec started this process with the publication of a green paper followed by a consultation period where written comments could be submitted until december,14
+prepared for the undpgef project expansion and improved management effectiveness of the ajara region s protected areas this is due to their upstreamdownstream geographical status and their sharing of river basins and water bodies with common problems downstream water pollution from georgian wwtps sited close to the border specifically untreated and partlytreated wastewater effluent from the georgian gardabani wwtp is a serious source of pollution in the kura river dowmstream in azerbaijan which flows into mingecevir reservoir,6
+this profile builds on the knowledge and expertise of many project teams across the oecd s directorate for education and skills to whom we are grateful hyperlinks to the reference publications are included throughout the text for ease of reading and also in the references and further reading section which lists both oecd and nonoecd sources the czech republic has made progress on reducing the impact of socioeconomic background on students academic performance reaching high enrolment in early childhood education and care and achieving higher than average upper secondary attainment rates especially in vocational education and training,4
+however actual riskrelated policies in several oecd countries appear to diverge significantly from the policy messages derived from oecd analysis perhaps this situation can be compared with the case of price support policies a few decades ago in a situation where price support and equivalent measures largely dominated agricultural policy structures in the oecd area oecd research and its effective dissemination in policy dialogue contributed greatly to helping governments understand the nature of their policies and their undesirable implications,2
+this chapter maps women s access to public life and highlights the rationale and the scope for the study it outlines study objectives and details the methodology adopted in preparing the report it highlights active measures to advance gender equality in public life and provides actionable recommendations to governments supported by examples of good practices from oecd countries and key partner countries it also falls under the broader framework of the oecd gender initiative launched by ministers in to help governments in oecd and nonoecd countries promote gender equality by deepening the knowledge base on gender equality issues further developing indicators to measure progress in gender equality developing evidencebased policy recommendations and enhancing crossnational policy learning and transferability,5
+poland also had one of the largest increases in enrolment in education at ages and between and among countries with available data although it remains below the oecd average about of yearolds and of yearolds are enrolled in education compared to an oecd average of and respectively among oecd countries poland had a higher ratio of children to teaching staff in preprimary education compared to on average in other oecd countries,4
+for instance the number of children who could not be placed in a preschool was high in ljubljana in reaching of the total enrolment in the city almost half of the children who could not be admitted into a preschool programme in slovenia were in ljubljana however there are no signs of excess demand in smaller towns and average class sizes also tend to be lower considering the disparate financial conditions of municipalities due to the economic downturn and rising enrolments in kindergartens many local governments lack the resources to provide high quality services,4
+investments in desalination and the reuse of treated wastewater in the region have become so prevalent in some countries that there is even some doubt as to whether they can still be considered nonconventional water supply options this type of practice promotes the use of water of varying qualities for different purposes the reuse of these water sources is dependent upon whether it is treated at the primary secondary or tertiary level,6
+in the emerging economies analysed in this chapter selfemployment represents of total female employment compared to an oecd average of and it reaches very high levels in countries like colombia and peru however evidence from latin america shows that this difference disappears when larger firms with similar labour and capital inputs are compared bruhn these patterns span both urban and rural areas in the agricultural sector women tend to farm smaller plots with lower yields and less profitable crops than men world bank the figure for india is based on the assumption that all employed workers with missing information on paying social contributions work in the informal sector informality rates for china morocco the russian federation and tunisia are missing given the unavailability of comparable data on social security contributions and business registration,5
+rural areas generally face higher costs of service because they have less dense networks meaning that more infrastructures needs to be built and operated to serve the same number of people other factors affecting the cost of service include the quality of the water source and thus the cost of treating the raw water to obtain drinkable quality the type of technology applied and additional service elements such as the level of water quality monitoring or the quality of customer service in some cases the organization of the sector can be a major factor in determining the cost of service provision fragmentation of service provision in rural areas among a large number of small services providers prevents achieving economies of scale and results in higher average cost of service provision,6
+for example income grants reduce the need for workers to send remittances to their families thus increasing the wage available for their own consumption or for skills upgrading this in turn could increase productivity through better health and human resources outcomes higher productivity will increase overall output and labour demand if a basic income grant is successful in boosting longterm growth the fiscal burden of the transfer would be reduced the issue of whether a basic income grant can serve as a key intervention for poverty reduction has been debated in the case of south africa according to them taxpayers will oppose financing universal programmes,1
+chapter provides an indepth analysis of the performance of the united states on pisa contrasting the performance of united states yearolds in mathematics reading and science with that of students in other countries and the factors associated with quality and equity of outcomes this is done by examining the success rates of students at the item level of the test compared with the success rates of students across oecd countries on average and in comparison with five comparator or reference sytems the five countries chosen for comparisons with the united states are two topperforming asian countries shanghaichina and korea two european countries performing significantly above the oecd average the netherlands and germany and one of united states neighboring countries canada it asks whether faithful implementation of the common core state standards is likely to improve the united states performance on pisa,4
+both approaches were concerned with investment planning and both albeit to different degrees recognized that expanding output ahead of demand would give rise to further complementary investments and innovations this was particularly true of infrastructure investments given the significant indivisibilities those involved indeed the two theories began w ith the challenge of a divergence between social and private returns employed much the same conceptual framework indivisibilities externalities increasing returns complementarities in supply and demand and acknowledged a central role for the state,9
+across oecd countries the range of treatments that the practitioner can employ varies for example in treating depression most primary care practitioners in oecd countries can initiate and adjust prescription of antidepressants and in most countries this includes both tricyclics and ssris in some countries for example korea primary care practitioners are not allowed to prescribe ssris,3
+it stresses that sexual violence should be excluded from any amnesty provisions in a peace process and that equal access to justice should be ensured for victims of sexual violence the subsequent followup resolutions have focused on preventing and responding to conflictrelated sexual violence and called for inter alia the appointment of a special representative on sexual violence in conflict a team of experts and women protection advisers to advise governments and peacekeeping missions in dealing with sexual violence resolution referred to the disproportionate impact of armed conflict on women and children while at the same time acknowledging that women are not mere victims of conflict but also active agents with an important role to play in conflict prevention peacekeeping initiatives conflict resolution and peacebuilding efforts this was an important departure from references to women as victims or vulnerable groups,5
+this leads to a reassessment of the magnitude of welfare states and to a greater similarity in social expendituretogdp ratios across countries figure suggests that countries obtain a similar redistributive impact through drastically different size and progressivity combinations figure panel b for instance in portugal and the united states transfers attain about the same reduction in inequality but for different reasons,10
+thus the neet include unemployed and discouraged young people as well as those who are considered to be out of the labour force or inactive oecd it is calculated as the sum of youth in all types of employment as a share of the labour force the status groups are separated by the types of economic risk they represent and the amount of time spent working vulnerable employment is a measure of people who are employed under relatively precarious circumstances as indicated by the status in employment,8
+these countries not only have large proportions of students performing at the highest levels of reading proficiency but also relatively few students at the lower proficiency levels countries where the impact of socioeconomic background on reading skills is high include new zealand france austria and hungary figure like reading skills civic competencies too are strongly influenced by socioeconomic background equity in learning opportunities and outcomes among oecd countries the reading gap amounts to score points equivalent to more than half a proficiency level or one year of schooling,4
+the industrial development that was behind high tariff protection and other government support also led to substantial average welfare increases in latin america during the s and s followed however by relative stagnation starting in the s and s yet the many instances of failure to create industries in developing countries that could survive on their own after decades of state support to effectively overcome foreignexchange constraints to generate sufficient employment and to reduce poverty and inequality led to reassessments of development policies and cooperation the basic needs approach to development for instance suggested reorienting government intervention towards more direct support for employment generation and securing access for all to social services ilo similar approaches emphasized interventions on behalf of the poor to reduce income inequality and increase gains from aggregate economic growth chenery and others,10
+to achieve this goal universal policies and those focusing on the most marginalized must work in tandem the sustained involvement of gender equality advocates will be critical to turn promises into progress for women and girls on the ground comprised of sustainable development goals sdgs targets and indicators it aims to address the economic social environmental and political dimensions of sustainable development in a comprehensive and integrated way,5
+however these reform proposals met with widespread opposition by local authorities that feared this would decrease municipal and departmental autonomy meaning that they were not passed in place of a more comprehensive reform the msps has instead issued decrees addressing specific elements of the health system including strengthening service delivery in remote areas regulation of biotechnology updating criteria for affiliation to the sgsss and improved financial regulation of eps box disaffiliation will only occur in case of death,3
+additional measures such as reduced parking rates preferential access and financing subsidies are being studied the efficiency of the electric system is also expected to be improved as the vehicles will absorb excess night electricity generation while charging in the post phase the development of a vehicletogrid system is foreseen which will also allow vehicles to send electricity to the grid at peak times,7
+the city leadership is committed to utilising higher education as a key asset in wroclaw s development the large and fragmented higher education sector consists of higher education institutions that serve more than students and produce graduates in public higher education institutions alone in a year after poland s accession to the eu the unemployment rate in the wroclaw metro area was in double digits with the rate of for the city and for the largest neighbouring district,4
+overall a clear indication of a rising trend in extreme precipitation events during the period groundwater recharge is expected to be the most intensive in the pandivere upland which is the most important groundwater catchment area in estonia maximum river runoff will be reduced and will occur earlier,13
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law it does so through collecting and interpreting quantitative and qualitative evidence on education policies this annex provides detail on the preliminary integrity scan prints of the serbian education system carried out during the desk research phase of intes,4
+the five integrated actions are i financing ii training iii commercialisation iv management v innovation this has enabled the spyme to lay out an impressive array of programmes aimed at the five target groups of the business development strategy of mexico table the three main business financing schemes are the national guarantee programmes which provides through nafinsa guarantees to banks that activate sme lines of credit the sme productive project which supports through subsidised loans the acquisition of new equipment by mediumsized firms and the seed capital tool ie capital semilla which provides seed capital to new firms graduating from the national incubation programme,8
+its ambitious crosscutting approach is fartherreaching than the millennium development goals mdgs adopted years ago which focused on increasing official development assistance and improving a series of social indicators its aim is to create peaceful bettergoverned and inclusive societies with no individuals or groups left behind pursued in combination with un agreements on financing for development and combating climate change the un global goals set the stage to integrate national regional and international efforts to promote sustainable development goal is to build resilient infrastructure promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation,9
+these are found at the national and regional levels in france and the netherlands six regions in figure in france under the loi sur ieau et les milieux aquatiques the prefets can create zones of environmental constraints on which they can impose water restrictions barraque et al in recent years the upper republican natural resources district has had an active land retirement program spending usd million to purchase acres hectares of irrigated land in in the rock creek area and joining with the middle and lower republican natural resources districts and the twin platte natural resources district to purchase almost acres hectares of land for usd million in mccabe in both cases the natural resources district is constructing stream augmentation projects that will link wells to nearby streams directly with a pipeline,6
+time use data for partnered men and women aged years or above who live in the same household as a spouse or cohabitating partner employment rates for partnered women aged years and above who live in the same household as a spouse or cohabiting partner employment rates for norway for partnered women between to years,5
+the pnpsb includes a minimum price policy for sociobiodiversity products as benefiting from such programmes tends to be easier in sustainable use protected areas some producers have requested protected area status in particular that of extractive reserve for the areas they live and work in the snuc was established by law and is regulated by decree,15
+on the other hand threats of price caps or phaseouts act as deterrents to investors this holds in particular for nuclear power which as a supplier of baseload power for long periods of time is dependent on the predictability of its future revenue it is not even necessary that the threat is realised a positive probability suffices to have investors look elsewhere,7
+first it describes the main trends within educational evaluation with particular emphasis on the expansion and diversification of evaluation and assessment procedures second it reviews the contextual factors shaping the development of evaluation and assessment in school systems more specific trends within student assessment teacher appraisal school evaluation school leader appraisal and system evaluation are analysed in the respective chapter in the last two decades most countries have introduced a wide range of measures intended to improve evaluation and assessment at all levels from the student to the school system itself,4
+this may in turn spur expenditure growth and prices excluding more vulnerable groups indeed the joint reimbursements by statutory and complementary insurance plans for the same basket of medical goods limit incentives for more efficient healthcare spending as households cannot easily distinguish reimbursement rates and as some complementary contracts also cover all forms of copayment table better coverage by complementary insurance plans appears to have increased demand for highfee specialists dormont and peron,3
+electric utilities often private or quasipublic must be involved and help with investments in recharging infrastructure and must take a leading role in developing smart grid systems the payoff is that utilitylevel technologies will help to maximise the benefits of evs with regards to load management thirdparty providers ie companies that develop evrelated services can help to connect the dots between the stakeholders,7
+career mentoring is designed to support students in pursuing their postsecondary goals including through formal connections with the high school graduates for two years after high school each student is assigned a studentrjrent support worker spsw who monitors school attendance academic progress and programme participation while helping the student build stable relationships with parents teachers and other students pathways financial aid such as bus tickets and lunch vouchers was designed to remove financial barriers that hinder school participation,4
+export restrictions have exacerbated global and domestic price volatility undermining food security both within the region and from a global perspective meanwhile stockholding regimes and policies to incentivise domestic production in large importing asean countries both supported by trade restrictions have stabilised prices compared with asean peers but at a much higher level of prices figures and as food insecurity is concentrated among lowerincome households the net impact of these policies on food security is in fact negative,2
+the illegal buildings and illegal connections are responsible for damage to the sewerage system designed for a capacity of people in the s no new wastewater infrastructure has been built to keep pace with the increasing population in tirana which now stands at almost one million in the new suburbs there is no sewerage infrastructure new buildings are equipped with septic tanks which are emptied by pumping trucks and sludge is discharged into the sewerage system,6
+by this share is expected to grow to about passel l j in of immigrant youth were white nonhispanic the majority group in the overall population were of hispanic origin and about were asian despite the apparent challenge of diversified classrooms students in canada have been excelling through their diversity about of firstgeneration immigrant students and of native students attain baseline academic proficiency,4
+to respond to those challenges countries have developed national urban plans with almost half of them in the implementation phase ensuring that those plans are well executed will help cities grow in a more sustainable and inclusive manner that positive trend recently reversed course and the proportion grew to per cent in,11
+it must be implemented monitored reviewed and evaluated municipalities have an important role to play in communicating consistent criteria for language learning every municipality should have an action plan for language learning in line with the overall ministerial policy and a consultant or coordinator for migrant education who can give consistent guidance to school leaders and help share good practices between schools,4
+poland is a good example poland relies mostly on coal to meet its energy needs which are expected to rise by by however the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as part of kyoto protocol and eu national allocation plan commitments has resulted in a shift in polish energy policy towards nuclear energy with a government resolution adopted early in requiring that by part of the electricity consumed should be generated by nuclear power foratom country profile of poland,7
+a statement was made by the observer for the european union a statement was also made by the representative of fao statements were also made by the observer for the international union of forest research organizations as well as the representatives of the farmers and small forest landowners major group and the nongovernmental organizations major group the forum considered agenda item at its th to th meetings on and may,15
+third since the principle of the rubric as a tool for formative assessment was new to teachers they were invited to experiment with this method during training sessions through exercises on stylised rubrics specifically created for that purpose coordinators reported that this process proved very useful to build teachers comprehension of the projects tools and methods coordinators therefore planned the intervention as a system of steps intended to support teachers acquisition of new knowledge and tools,4
+an important ongoing effect is the increased miniaturisation of electronics despite a large increase in unit sales of tvs monitors laptops and tablets the total amount of electronics and thus gold content is rapidly declining however recovering a larger range of more diluted materials poses future recycling challenges,12
+this fact coupled with korea s underdeveloped primary care infrastructure perhaps goes some way toward explaining korea s high volumes of potentially avoidable admissions for certain chronic conditions korea has a moderately high prevalence rate for diabetes and it also has a high admission rate for uncontrolled diabetes in this regard figure suggests that korea s admission volumes for uncontrolled diabetes are considerably higher than expected even after adjusting for diabetes prevalence,3
+the marine strategy framework directive msfd implies establishment of monitoring programmes for assessment enabling the state and impact of the marine waters to be evaluated on a regular basis recently several marine litter activities have been initiated parallel with the implementation of eu msfd in europe and thereby also in some of the nordic countries ie sweden denmark and finland in norway and iceland although not members of eu national management plans for the marine environment in these countries also include many of the same important elements as in the eu msfd and also targeting marine litter for the other nordic countries that are not eu member states ie faroe islands and greenland marine litter can also be relevant for their national marine management plans although it is not at the moment targeted as a specific element within these plans,14
+as a result the quality of sorting is uneven and there is considerable unexploited recovery potential particularly for organic components and plastics from municipal waste the polluter pays principle is only partially applied and prices vary among the communes there has been little progress in managing waste from the health sector it is no longer coordinated and selfsufficiency is not guaranteed for the treatment and disposal of infectious waste,6
+given the ghg intensity of current energy generation improving energy efficiency ee is often the cheapest fastest and most environmentally friendly way to meet energy needs and help address climate change most of these obstacles are well documented which provides a good starting point to formulate policy responses to help unlock the large potential for ee gains alternatively energy use becomes more efficient when more goods or services are produced with the same amount of energy inputs,7
+the industry has also expanded into production of bioenergy although only half of annual allowable cut wood is used there has been excessive felling near the main transport routes and overreliance on natural regeneration the strategy addresses this by supporting assisted regeneration more intensive silviculture management and longterm planning forest maintenance and infrastructure development there have also been tensions about whether to extend pas or increase the area allocated for timber harvesting efforts are being made to balance industry and conservation interests through multistakeholder platforms,15
+there is also a small negative gap in the probability of being currently employed this gap should however be contrasted with the positive gap in the share of the working life spent in paid jobs estimated at percentage points in the case of males and at percentage points in the case of females overall the evidence we have on different isced levels suggests that vocational education does not perform as well as academic education when earnings are concerned and performs slightly better than academic education when employability measures are considered,4
+the total generation of household commercial and manufacturing waste in ulaanbaatar exceeds million ty updated figures show practically the same waste generation from ger districts in summer and winter because a lot of waste generated by ger residents in winter is used as fuel in contrast analysis of monthly data in shows peaks of waste generation during the summer months which is attributed to commercial activities mainly construction activities and services,12
+this shows an example of a gender gap for stem education in line with the male bias noted above in figure for tertiary education closing the gender gap in tertiary education needs to factor in the strategic opportunity that graduating from stem fields represents for african women and girls as well as the overall benefits to the economy as a whole ethiopia has made good progress while narrowing inequalities and although it remains far from the target it is advancing towards the goal,5
+lastly an information and awareness campaign has been designed mexican tourism facing the challenge of climate change potential barriers to implementation are seen in the resistance of the private sector to invest in energy efficiency and to accept the decarbonisation of the economy as an attractive goal to this end policy instruments are currently kept under review with regard to their potential to reduce ghg emissions and their impact on business as well as possibilities for implementation,13
+it also looks at changes in families income that are not explained by changes in family and work characteristics but may be due to changes in the association between these characteristics and the place of children in the income distribution these latter changes may reflect the evolution of the institutional contexts where children live and grow up in simple terms the decomposition helps to measure the portion of changes in child poverty due to changes in the characteristics of child population and those due to changes in the association between these characteristics and poverty rates the decomposition is carried out for market incomes before taxes and transfers they correspond to labour income in their vast majority capital income being generally low for poor households and for disposable income after social transfers by comparing the changes in income before and after taxes and transfers one can infer what role transfers have played in responding to changes in labour income and how this role has varied across the income distribution,1
+assessing whether adaptation measures contribute to reducing a country s exposure and vulnerability to climate change requires aggregating information horizontally across climatesensitive sectors as well as vertically across different levels of government another important spatial dimension is that of transboundary climate risks which can be unintentionally imported or exported across countries for instance through international business supply chains or trade there are emerging examples of climate risk monitoring at the transnational river basin level,13
+in serbia monitoring of quantity and quality requires improvement a wide range of other measures need to be introduced or are planned including the construction of the regional water supply system of banat as a supplementary measure in the respective river basin management plans this will use groundwater from the danube alluvium area between kovin and dubovac the preparations including studies arc expected to be completed by the aquifer is under low qualitative risk due to the good natural protection of deep groundwater from surface pollution the process of negotiation in this context began at the end of sharing of experience between the two countries with the aim of addressing the issue of naturally occurring arsenic is also a field in which according to serbia assistance would be of help,6
+sons daughters and parental behaviour oxford review of economic policy child deprivation multidimensional poverty and monetary poverty in europe office of research working paper issues in the measurement of poverty the scandinavian journal of economics material deprivation among children,1
+in the case of both types communal or intercommunal building permits are delivered by the city council of each town this commune s role is to develop a land use plan that reflects its priorities but in a way that is consistent w ith national and regional planning guidelines in accordance with its devolved competencies over landuse since the adoption of the law for housing access and renewed urban planning alur there is some disconnect between plans at the intercommunal level with the plui and landuse and building permits which remain under municipal jurisdiction,11
+these include marginal abatement cost curve analysis options analysis impact assessments costbenefit analysis and multicriteria analysis however information and data constraints can limit their application in particular limited evidence and knowledge to provide good appraisals and identify market failures and barriers as well as inherent uncertainties in appraising climate adaptation projects are cited as key barriers to identifying effective projects exante such methodologies can help to direct allocation of future climate finance to projects and programmes with the highest overall results for example the uk s dfiddecc greenhouse gas appraisal guidance and the world bank source book,13
+the forestry sector is also important the formal forestry sector is estimated to contribute more than usd billion or of the world s gdp and provide employment to million people fao concurrently forests particularly in the tropics provide habitat to of global terrestrial species and a variety of ecosystem services un spf fisheries play an important role for food security and nutrition and fishery trade is especially important for developing nations in some cases accounting for more than half of the total value of traded commodities fao,15
+furthermore also prior to the reform the participation rate of french mothers with young children was already quite high compared to most other oecd countries org iipubeco geyer j p haan and k wrohlich the effects of family policy on maternal labor supply combining evidence from a structural model and a quasiexperimental approach labour economics vol an evaluation of a french reform of childcare subsidies labour economics vol,8
+exports of major items such as garments and rice also softened amid increased competition driven by myanmar s liberalization and viet nam s engagement in free trade agreements reduction of tariff and nontariff barriers under the asean economic community should be used as an opportunity to accelerate economic diversification especially because the role of garment exports in driving the economy may not be as strong as in the past in august the government launched a new industrial development policy that is aimed at expanding the industrial base beyond garments and food processing to such areas as machinery and electrical equipment assembly and agroindustrial production to realize such a development it will be important to attract fdi into higher valueadded sectors and channel more credit to upgrade the industrial sector,8
+while this outcome represents a major challenge for employment policy particularly in the context of increasing pressures for fiscal consolidation it is better than might have been expected given how sharply output fell see section comparing unemployment rate trajectories during this and previous recessions for certain countries these may differ from the harmonised unemployment data used in figure,8
+this is the ultimate goal of sophisticated private sector management for sustainability corporate and government strategies that help to restore natural capital can help to enhance livelihoods and earn the respect and support of local communities community support can also be achieved through a focus on this as described in a previous section of this chapter,12
+the cicc has been an important driver of policy development on climate and has engaged the main ministries in this area in for example semarnat s general directorate of environmental information and statistics established a national system of environmental indicators snia covering terrestrial marine and freshwater ecosystems among others it comprises a set of indicators of environmental performance plus three key headline indicators,15
+in contrast finance channelled through the national budgetary processes is nonearmarked and therefore its allocation is less transparent than finance disbursed through extrabudgetary channels according to recipient countries and supporters applying a budget code to track climate related expenditures across all sectors can help to increase transparency and accountability of finance but the majority of countries do not yet have a tracking system in place one example is the establishment of a climate fund portal to operate within the budgetary system as an experimental mechanism to manage climate finance inflows,13
+one of the main goals of these strategies has been to increase the growth and productivity of the business community and to make it easier and cheaper to establish digital infrastructure such regional examples can be found throughout the nordic region for instance region norrbotten in northern sweden initiated a project called platform lumiora in cooperation with the municipalities of norrbotten norrbotten county council and it norrbotten with the aim of speeding up the expansion of highspeed internet in the region also region holland located on swedens west coast has developed a strategy for the crossborder expansion of highspeed broadband to ensure that of households in rural areas will be offered a fibre connection,9
+a negative attestation decision leads to the suspension of the school s license the attestation report contains a list of the violations found and sometimes identifies the liable individuals within the school while the focus of the report is an account of the violations to the regulations it generally also contains a range of recommendations for the improvement of school pedagogical practices,4
+targets under goal make specific references to equitable access to water and sanitation target calls countries to achieve by universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all target calls countries to achieve by access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations,6
+if appropriate and coordinated followup is provided after discharges patients are not usually readmitted to hospital within days a high rate of unplanned readmissions is therefore an indicator of the quality of several dimensions of the mental health system in order to monitor quality of mental health care and mental health system performance unplanned day hospital readmission rates are used by organisations in various oecd countries such as the canadian institute for health information the care quality commission in the united kingdom and the national mental health performance monitoring system in the united states,3
+in addition to the reinforcement and extension of the grid the need to cover strongly varying residual load would not only continue to generate longrun adequacy costs but also impose added ramp costs on dispatchable operators the latter have not been accounted for explicitly in this study due to data issues but have been qualitatively discussed in the context of load following of nuclear plants and should not be neglected in a more complete analysis for instance in california where peak demand is reached in the middle of the day due to air conditioning solar power which reaches its maximum contribution with some regularity during almost the same hours has a relatively high capacity credit this rather favourable situation in california and the southwestern united states cannot be extrapolated to the rest of the united states,7
+in effect the frequency and percentage of individuals that go through different judicial processes and use legal services are not the same for men and women international evidence suggests that civil and family matters are likely to be the most relevant for women new zealand for example provides sexdisaggregated data in its family court statistics which show that in of applicants requesting protection orders against violence were female of applicants requesting custody of children were female of applicants requesting the division of property were female and of applicants requesting onepartv dissolution of marriage or civil union were female,5
+such reforms will be vital to foster investments put in place strategic water policies and ensure coherent implementation good governance of the water sector is essential to achieving sustainability whether in terms of economic growth environmental health or social wellbeing and to finding a balance among them by water governance we mean the rules and practices for decisionmaking on water and how these decisions are translated into action governance is distinct from water management which refers to operational ontheground activity to align water resources supply consumption and recycling,6
+necessary resources are available for example through the st century workforce development fund which prioritises green industry workforce development and the illinois green energy network cgci box job growth is seen as being largest in the sectors of buildings and transport a comprehensive and standardised workforce development strategy is needed to develop and coordinate related training programmes,7
+statement at a joint hearing ofthe committee on commerce and committee on foreign relations ofthe us senate by aj parkinson from the arctic investigations program centers for disease control and prevention united states department of health and human services on the arctic human health initiative september tuberculosis in canada ottawa public health agency of canada suicide among indigenosu sami in arctic norway european journal of epidemiology no september,3
+improvements in health coverage as measured by access to services is demonstrated in some key metrics such as reductions in unmet health care needs reductions in waiting times for an appointment and increased perceptions of quality by service users figures and respectively as with extension of financial protection improved access to services has mostly benefited the poorest colombians reported unmet health care needs in the past month fell from surveyed in to in compared to and respectively amongst the richest quintile and preventive health care consultations in the months prior to being surveyed rose from of the population surveyed in to in compared to and respectively amongst the richest quintile the vast majority of these health system contacts were in the ambulatory care sector msps a reassuringly only of health system contacts involved complex emergency care andor hospital admissions which suggests that the system as a whole is not adversely biased toward hospital care,3
+consistent with sweden s culture of local empowerment trust and shared values this agenda is not nationally mandated the responsibility for continuing professional education for all employed medical staff rests with the employers ie county councils municipalities and private providers it is unclear whether these ad hoc local arrangements offer adequate opportunities for upskilling gps and other primary care staff including in providing and coordinating care for the growing volume and complexity of physical and mental health needs of an ageing population,3
+the sercs are responsible for specifying the renewable percentages in their states renewable generators receive a higher tariff for electricity sold to the distribution companies the tariffs are being set by the sercs following guidelines from the cerc so far states have introduced renewable quotas between and for mnre b,7
+aid has frequently been provided for with noneconomic objectives such as emergency assistance following disaster relief or for political or geostrategic reasons during the cold war billions of dollars of aid supported corrupt and tyrannical dictators such as joseph mobutu of zaire now the democratic republic of the congo and jeanbedel bokassa of the central african republic in other cases aid may have had a negative effect on growth through dutch disease effects where inflows of capital reduce the competitiveness of the export sector through the appreciation of exchange rates more generally the crosssection aid and growth literature is bedevilled by all the econometric problems associated with the trade and growth literature to which we referred earlier,10
+some countries also report more specific objectives for some parts of the housing sector objectives for the social rental sector for example include reducing its construction and running costs denmark improving its regulation the czech republic or enabling a more diverse range of providers new zealand the phenomenon is significant in other oecd and key partner countries as well around of the urban population lives in slums in in india and brazil in indonesia and south africa and in mexico see un millennium development goals database due to rapid urbanization in developing countries the number of slum dwellers is projected to grow in the coming years unhabitat and eradication of urban slums by has been included by the united nations among the targets of the un millennium development goals target of goal,11
+however given our preoccupation with the impacts of the global recession on children we include detailed information on all individuals in the micro model to analyze poverty and inequality effects at the individual level we do not attempt to model intrahousehold allocation decisions and instead simply assume that consumption is shared equitably proportionally to caloric needs among members of each household as a consequence adults and children are considered to be monetary or caloric poor if they belong to a monetary or caloric poor household ie a household for which peradult equivalent consumption expenditure is less than the poverty line or the per adult equivalent daily calorie consumption is below kcal for burkina faso a caloric poverty line of kcal is used as the food component in the monetary poverty line is based on this minimum caloric requirement insd,1
+remedial measures are adopted within the process of continuous assessment when students arc not progressing at an appropriate rate all decisions regarding student assessment arc made jointly by the leaching team within the framework established by education authorities at the end of each year all the teachers of the group jointly decide on each pupils promotion after considering the attainment of the objectives of the year,4
+this is known as infill development however while infill development is allowed in chilean cities privatesector developers which account for of urban investment tend to find greater returns on investment in undeveloped land outside urban cores one important tool is to increase the flexibility of zoning in part through conditional planning,11
+consequently these challenges cannot be solved by unilateral actions confined within national borders a mechanism that guides concerted action at the global level is required global governance can serve as an effective tool in addressing global sustainability issues that require governance across national borders the key function of global governance is coordination across various dimensions the objective of this framework is to identify coordination issues in each of these dimensions as part of the design of global governance on sustainability issues as a case study the global governance of agrifood is examined with particular attention to the problems of securing the quantity and quality of food,2
+the following section examines the role of incentives in promoting the cost containment role of primary care a concluding section discusses the broader alignment of health system design with that objective and the policy implications in this domain the prime role of primary care might take the form of conventional disease prevention activities such as vaccination programmes or influencing behavioural change aimed at reducing the risk of future disease,3
+as a result women are highly underrepresented in most security system institutions in order to achieve equitable representation of men and women measures need to be implemented to increase the recruitment retention and advancement of women and other underrepresented groups full participation also entails consulting with men and women on security and justice issues and involving both men and women in effective civil society oversight,5
+about per cent of the women workers were employed as skilled agricultural and fisheries workers in as against per cent of men workers table though per cent of men workers in were legislators senior officials and managers only per cent of the women workers were in that category the place of work of about per cent of women workers in as against per cent of men was own dwelling or adjacent areas table,5
+but they succeeded because of the time and effort they invested in educating teachers and fostering peer collaboration at the end of the process they not only obtained reliable studentperformance data but teachers also had a good understanding of the nature of the assessment and how students responded to the different tasks perhaps most important teachers had a better sense of how teachers in other classrooms and other schools were grading similar student work,4
+the next section describes the distributional and fiscal impacts of these types of stocks as well as their effect on the private sector and international spillovers public stocks can be acquired or sold to provide price incentives to farmers stabilise prices in domestic markets mitigate the effects of sudden price rises or offer stable prices to consumers governments can also decide to build or distribute stocks in order to set up or replenish a strategic stockpile aimed at securing an adequate suppty of food distribute food to vulnerable household and people suffering from chronic food insecurity respond to urgent food needs arising from emergency situations or reduce the impacts of a fall in production,2
+in most of the eac countries judicial officers handle cases of sexual and genderbased violence according to laws relevant to the acts specifically charged a number of relevant cases have been identified and appear in the annex to this paper kenya makes mention of forced marriage in the definitive part of protection against domestic violence act under section but it does not create an offence of forced marriage,5
+there is a uniform rate nationwide whatever the quality objective or diluting capacity of receiving waters oecd c under the principle of compensation recognised under korean law revenues collected from downstream beneficiaries are used to compensate upstream residents for losses due to land use regulation an important step towards truly integrated water and land management at the river basin level in the eu and the united states farmers are paid for a variety of environmental stewardship measures including reducing nitrate contamination while these have been primarily funded through public budget allocation implicitly recognising society as a whole as a beneficiary it is possible to design alternative funding mechanisms with specific fees or levies on water bills fees for recreational uses or fisheries and levies on flood plain dwellers so as to allocate costs more directly to direct beneficiaries,6
+part of this surface is naturally regenerated by seeds andor vegetative regeneration legislative violations seem to be the major cause of illegal wood harvesting in romania for example fraudulent permit use registration of highquality wood as lowquality timber to avoid taxes false records on real harvested volumes evasion of controls and logging in pas as reported by neg there are problems with illegal economic activities such as illegal constmctions underlying illegal logging as well as a shortage of financial human and material resources to address illegal logging other more sectorspecific reports on mountain ecosystems for example have also been submitted to the cbd,15
+chapter v explores two important areas of international cooperation international financing for climate change adaptation and the development of improved systems of information and data sharing those uncertainties are compounded by the interaction of climate change with megatrends related to demographic dynamics urbanization globalization and technological progress in order to in some way address these conditions of uncertainty the international research community has adopted a set of narratives which consider possible pathways for development the estimation of plausible scenarios in the future are produced by different combinations of those megatrends,13
+hard conditionalities have had positive effects on children s school enrolment in some contexts but in others the results of conditional transfers for children are often no better than unconditional ones or are associated with the existence and quality of public services moreover women s time and efforts to meet conditionalities bring no additional social benefits the loss in women s wellbeing imposed by conditionalities can be greater than the cash benefit as evidenced in the case of guatemala this provides support for the removal of conditionalities where sexdisaggregated data exist statistics show that coverage for women is lower this is particularly the case in countries with contributory pension systems as women s low and intermittent formal employment patterns make them less able than men to make payroll contributions in contributory pension systems a way of recognizing unpaid care and domestic work is through credits,5
+in many cases the principle of equality between men and women is enshrined in the national constitution and overrides any contrary customary practice an agricultural holding is an economic unit of agricultural production under single management percentages of women and men holders by country do not always sum to in case of eg joint holdings or unreported gender,5
+costa rica also has the national observatory for human resources in health observatorio nacional de recursos humanos en salud to monitor workforce trends and support dialogue between professional associations the ministry of health the ccss private employers academics and other stakeholders however existing estimates are built mainly on feasibility ccss concerns regarding training space or political colegio medico considerations rather than a forecast of anticipated needs and demands and a simulation of the necessary profiles and possible reform scenarios that would lead to a set of human resources better suited to resolve main challenges in the system such as the long waiting lists for health services for each indicator a national target is set,3
+the medicines and healthcare products regulatoiy agency mhra as an executive agency of the department of health dh to enforce the regulations relating to the safety of medicines and medical devices in the uk the governments of the devolved nations then work closely with the mhra for example the northern ireland adverse incident centre acts as a regional centre for reporting and investigating adverse incidents involving medical devices and nonmedical equipment while mhras alerts to nhs wales are made through the welsh government s public health alert system its powers include conducting reviews and carrying out inspections and investigations and reporting on arrangements by statutory bodies for the purpose of monitoring and improving the quality of the health and personal social services,3
+expenditures on other cash benefits share a positive association with child poverty rates columns and which suggests a reverse causality effect that is countries with higher child poverty rates tend to spend higher amounts on other cash benefits all else being equal concentrating on associations with changes in expenditure on social cash transfers columns to of table d suggest that ceteris paribus many social cash transfers frequently share no real clear and systematic association with changes in relative child poverty rates over time given a certain level of pretransfer child poverty changes in per head spending on unemployment benefits on parental leave benefits on family allowances on incapacity and on other cash benefits share no clear and significant association with changes in the relative child poverty rates,1
+conditions for investments for energy companies might be more favourable in urban areas because the average income electricity consumption and population densities in cities are generally higher than in rural populations and because infrastructure is partly developed solutions for rural populations will differ in many cases from urban solutions and may require building of demand and infrastructure slums in adjacent to urban areas although decreasing in relative numbers continue to expand and are increasing in absolute numbers,7
+a contact for a patient who is admitted as a daycare patient but then due to a complication is retained should be reclassified as an inpatient case where feasible a day patient or sameday patient is usually admitted and then discharged after staying between and hours on the same day services for nonadmitted patients that are extended to formal admission for daycare are considered as day care,3
+thus even if a given payment to farmers were to be designed so as to have the smallest conceivable static effects on production eg a lump sum payment without any relation to given outputs or inputs it is still likely to induce additional production because of its risk effect perhaps one of the more surprising results was that risk effects often disregarded in policy debates can be significant in quantitative terms in some cases even larger than the traditional relative price effects one implication of the analysis of risk effects is that insurance subsidies and other measures intended to reduce the variability of farm revenue or income may have strong impacts on production and trade it was also found that policies that have the effect of smoothing the variability of domestic prices relative to fluctuations of world prices may have a large impact in increasing the variability of world prices,2
+despite the slower expansion production per capita is projected to rise annually for instance producing a tonne of beef can require almost times more water than is needed to produce a tonne of maize zimmer and renault but hacking may increase risks of water shortage at the local level and risks of water contamination by methane and hacking fluids natural gas power plants use less water than coal plants,6
+jordan s national agenda sets an objective to increase womens share of employment to egypt s sixth fiveyear plan to sets a target to increase the female labour force participation rate to qatar s national development strategy aims to raise the female labour force participation rate to by by changing public perceptions of the role of women in the workplace in trade and industry and society as a whole and encouraging women to assume leadership roles a number of ministerial strategies include provisions for increasing womens participation in entrepreneurial activity as examples the jordanian ministry of planning and international cooperation s executive development programme reinforces the role of women in the economy by including a focus on upgrading women s vocational and entrepreneurial skills and facilitating their access to finance in kuwait the undpsponsored economic empowerment of kuwait women project run through the ministry of social affairs has a component to promote entrepreneurship and to help women start their own businesses,5
+it is administered by the socalled growth houses that are specialised in business support for companies with high growth potential the project will initially identify manufacturing smes with substantial growth potential out of which companies will be offered to participate the target group is thus followers according to the use of terms in chapter,9
+while areas at risk of forest fires may be less easy to organise into zones decisions to extend urban boundary limits would do well to take into account whether this would extend development into zones of fire risk one important reform would be to increase the flexibility of zoning in part through conditional planning another would be to create greater incentives for infill development and mixed use both of which are permitted but perhaps not adequately incentivised better enabling infill development would also help address concerns about the availability of developable land within urban boundaries,11
+lower secondary principals have on average years of experience working as a teacher and years of experience as a principal these figures are higher than the talis averages of teaching years and years as a principal chile had more than double the average proportion of principals above the age of among talis countries in,4
+both of these figures suggest a more intensive use of hospital resources in latvia compared to the oecd average the number of inpatient procedures however is generally lower than the oecd average for example there were hip replacement surgeries and knee replacement surgeries per population in latvia compared with the oecd average of and respectively in this may signal a lack of access due to actual services as opposed to the hospital infrastructure because of the annual quota system discussed earlier,3
+through the adoption of the united nations millennium declaration by the general assembly on september the united nations introduced a concrete set of development targets embodied in the millennium development goals mdgs poverty reduction was featured as the first and preeminent goal however the goals per se do not encompass any particular strategy for achieving those objectives for instance while productive employment creation is generally considered a main vehicle for poverty reduction targets for the creation of decent employment were not initially part of the mdg agenda employment indicators were introduced only after the goals provide no more than a set of targets which though they may provide a focus for a coherent strategy do not as such offer any guidance on what combination of policies would be most effective in fostering the simultaneous achievement of the mdgs,1
+it also benchmarks oecd countries in relation to their cvd and diabetes lifestyle rankings the majority of cvd is caused by risk factors that can be controlled treated or modified these risk factors include high blood pressure cholesterol obesity lack of physical activity tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption for example estimates suggest that around of the fall in coronary heart disease chd mortality can be explained by riskfactor improvements,3
+for instance according to eurobarometer data half of latvian workers who report carrying out undeclared work state that a reason for doing so is that both parties benefit from such an arrangement european commission b since opportunities for employers and employees to collude do exist balanced and credible legal consequences for both employers and workers should become part of the strategy to make misreporting and evasion less attractive and less socially acceptable financial and legal consequences can also be tailored to the type of misreporting for instance fines should not apply to employees working unpaid overtime,8
+it does so by measuring the extent to which rfmos apply best practices against iuu fishing and pointing to the remaining gaps information gathered from rfmos resolutions and recommendations introducing conservation and management measures cmms other publicly available sources and direct communication with rfmos secretariats was analysed and summarised into five indicators reflecting the most important management tools targeting iuu fishing at the disposal of rfmos indicators show overall progress among rfmos but discrepancies remain suggesting scope for improvement by learning from best performers,14
+exclusionary and fearbased politics are deepening societal divisions and breeding conflict and instability millions are being forcibly displaced due to violent conflicts and humanitarian catastrophes amid global socioeconomic and political turmoil not only is gender equality out or reach but womens rights are facing renewed resistance from different kinds of fundamentalism civic space is shrinking and womens human rights defenders are facing threats and persecution by both state and nonstate actors,5
+roelen gassmann and de neubourg compare child poverty outcomes in vietnam on the basis of an absolute monetary approach with a countryspecific multidimensional approach that aims to be a direct measure of child poverty beyond economic resources the degree of overlap between the two methods of identification was found to be limited the analysis also reveals that targeting of policies on the basis of monetary poverty potentially has unfavourable effects for those identified as multidimensionally poor and vice versa,1
+nongovernmental organisations ngos and academia could contribute be it only to reflect the interests of the unheard voices such as the environment an independent review commissioned by and reporting to ministers could help shed better light on relative and absolute efficiency accountability and oversight for the full breadth of water services this includes ensuring that those who generate liabilities with regards to water management also bear the costs,6
+the federal budget law comprises detailed regulations on outcomeoriented administration including the consideration of the objective of effective equality of women and men in the future equality aspects will explicitly be a factor throughout the management cycle of administrative action from planning to implementation to evaluation in a subsequent step these federal authorities have to define concrete measures outputs and indicators in order to realise and monitor the respective gender equality outcome furthermore of the federal budget law and the regulation on the presentation of information on outcome orientation in the annual federal budget statement and the explanatory budget documents regulate the details of gender budgeting application regarding outcomes outputs and indicators,5
+the companies may be subject to inspections by car authorities to verify compliance with these conditions in the chemicals sector companies voluntarily participating in responsible care described below are expected to follow the guidelines on accident prevention specified in this programme the ccs and arls assist companies by providing reference materials for dealing with occupational and environmental safety of factories,12
+in atyrau for example the average class size of smallclass and other schools is about the same and the average size of smallclass schools students almost doubles the national average by contrast smallclass schools in kyzylorda only have students on average which more than halves the national average and classes are on average four times smaller than in other schools this suggests that kyzylorda applies stricter criteria to classify a school as a smallclass one,4
+it can be concluded that the inertia in the response processes following changes in a given habitat and at a given site may distort the picture of species of plants and invertebrates expected to be present at the site or in the habitat with an increase in field size the actual amount of nonarable smallscale habitats such as field edges hedges and wild corners of the fields will decrease together with other smallscale farmland habitats field edges hedges and field corners that are left without regular cultivation make up a network of small natural habitats that have profound effect for the occurrence and distribution of biodiversity in the farmland landscape,15
+example challenges in monitoring service quality are defining what constitutes quality and keeping settings abreast of the latest standards challenges in monitoring staff performance include monitoring curriculum implementation and linking staff quality to quality improvements challenges in monitoring child development include creating an accurate picture of a child s development and recognising children s individual development the lessons learnt indicate among others that it is important to share good practices ensure stakeholders understand what constitutes quality have coherent monitoring frameworks and have wellbalanced and defined purposes of monitoring besides monitoring should be linked to policy development and contribute to transparency for ecec stakeholders and include voices and views of different stakeholders,4
+the rate increases over time eventually enough organisations have adopted the innovation making the rate of adoption selfsustaining closely related to this is the demand side citizens are expected to take up the new modes of service delivery ordinarily where there are no supplyside constraints across geographical regions again an scurve is expected to represent the innovation uptake rate among citizens figure,9
+from the middle of the th century to today there have been drastic changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations and dynamics in many marine areas currently there are over hypoxic systems covering over km around the globe related to human activities the great future challenge will be to integrate agriculture and other land based activates with aquaculture in a manner that addresses the multiple needs of humans but also protects ecosystem services and function that humans depend on,14
+the time is now and im very much committed to working with world leaders the question remained as to how he would engage those leaders while also building partnerships with civil society and business leaders to generate the critical mass necessary to tip the scales towards a successful outcome in he decided to hold another in september but this time realizing how critical the multistakeholder approach was he resolved to give business and civil society a seat at the table the climate summit in september thus brought together over loo heads of state and government and leaders from business and civil society,13
+however two respondents pointed to promising results from the lung cancer programme which indicated that genomic analysis of tumours was likely to prove beneficial in guiding therapy while one observed that a personalised medicine approach was already being implemented in a number of areas including treatment of hiv and prescription of anticoagulants and tamoxifen the benefits that respondents expected to accrue from such work include improved safety and efficacy through genomic stratification leading to reduction in healthcare costs with the expectation that innovation in healthcare should ultimately be costneutral in addition one respondent suggested that work in stratified medicine was driven by political expectations that leadership in healthcare innovation would help to bring with it national economic development and growth other drivers mentioned by respondents included the role of researchers the availability of new biobanking and genome screening technologies and the political power of patient organisations,3
+geojournal ja yaro a study of livelihood activities in rural northern ghona the journal of modern atricon studies codjoe ond owusu see note i connollyboutin ond b smil regional environmental change liveslockinkind credit helping the rural poor to invest and save washington dc world bank,2
+for simplicity the clusters of trajectories identified in the analysis are nonetheless referred to as schooltolabourmarket pathways it then presents the pathways identified by this clustering mechanism and provides descriptive evidence on the personal and household characteristics of the young persons who follow these pathways this wording should of course not be understood as suggesting that a young person always has full control over her way into the labour market or that periods of unemployment or inactivity are necessarily voluntary,8
+energy efficiency measures helped to reduce energy use worldwide without the improvement of global energy efficiency between and global final energy use would have been higher whereas ghg emissions present a global physical limit to increasing production with current technology and methods,7
+looking at the headcount ratio for both poverty lines it seems clear that poverty has fallen slightly over the year period the changes in the mean poverty gap and the squared mean poverty gap ratios suggest that when taking the depth and severity of poverty into account the gains over the period have been slightly higher than indicated by the headcount ratio we report poverty headcount ratios and the associated poverty shares of each of the various groups in tables,10
+the technical and commercial losses in the sector have come down substantially the collection rates have increased from per cent in to per cent in as a result per cent of the energy consumed in georgia s residential sector is used for space heating in general buildings in georgia consume about per cent of all energy for heating purposes,7
+all economies that pursue a green path of industrialization face the same or similar challenges but recordable progress is possible even in the short term in many cases where industry is operating at high levels of inefficiency industrial greening need not involve shortterm tradeoffs with slower growth instead greening will enhance productivity and the rate of economic growth,7
+not every centre offers every type of service and each centre specialises in rvcc in certain fields of training or in specific qualifications qualifica centres do not offer training but are often found in institutions that do staff in centres includes a coordinator technical staff specialised in rvcc as well as trainers or teachers specialised in the fields or qualifications for which the centre provides recognition,4
+the global and african craft sector is also generally recognized to be a large employer of women and a sector that encourages female entrepreneurship matsinde such employment can provide supplementary income for example during low farming seasons and expand in response to demand from tourists globally the tourism sector has up to twice as many female employers than any other sector africa follows this trend with per cent female employers compared with per cent overall,8
+the river flows between steep hills and has many rapids it discharges into the varangcrfjord in the barents sea and is known to be good for recreational fishing in particular of salmon according to longterm monitoring and the russian water quality classification the upper tuloma reservoir and the rivers notta and lutto can be described as slightly polluted,6
+this reduces the capacity of ethiopia s social protection system to perform a transformative role and break the intergenerational transmission of poverty increase access to quality social services such as education health and other services for children and adults with special needs improve completion rates among primary school children encourage the introduction of early childhood care where such facilities do not exist,1
+taken together the time spent by yearolds in schoolbased instruction and selfreported instructional time outside of school hours is slightly lower than the oecd average hours education at a glance oecd indicators table d liltndxdoiorg cag cn men account for of the lower secondary education workforce and only in primary education both of which are below the oecd and eu average,4
+tourism can of course pose a risk to the natural and cultural resources of local communities it is thus imperative that the development of tourism should include local communities from an early stage as identified for example in the united nations educational scientific and cultural organization tourism culture and development in west africa programme united nations educational scientific and cultural organization for instance the production of handicrafts requires traditional knowledge and local materials but comparatively little finance or infrastructure similarly the tourism sector has much demand for traditional music and tours of local areas which depend on traditional knowledge and skills,8
+the stimulus packages were biased in favour of the financial sector which caused the crisis in the first place in practice the stimulus packages showed little if any gender sensitivity in fact the main components of the various stimulus packages seem to still reflect gender stereotypes in policy making,5
+among transgender women drug abuse including by injection is also common ranging from approximately per cent in the united states of america to per cent in australia and up to per cent in portugal and spain particularly vulnerable young people such as those who are homeless may begin injecting in their early teenage years journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes vol,3
+prevention is based on a health promotion strategy that involves a process to enable people to improve their health through the control over some of its immediate determinants this includes a wide range of expected outcomes which are covered through a diversity of interventions organised as primary secondary and tertiary prevention levels the goal of primary preventive measures is the reduction of risks before they generate some effect eg via vaccination,3
+most cddcs contribute modestly to anthropogenic ghg emissions but are highly vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change this heterogeneity explains in part the disparate formats and ambition levels of the mitigation and adaptation commitments of these countries some cddcs have committed to undertake climate change mitigation measures that could restrict their policy space for promoting economic growth and development in the short and medium terms,13
+one study projects that urban land cover in latin america could increase by by if current densities remain constant or by up to if densities were to decrease by just angel et al in recent decades population growth has been fastest in the municipalities surrounding the core municipality of puebla even if in absolute terms the city of puebla has still accounted for a large share of pueblatlaxcala s growth of these san martin texmelucan is the only municipality that does not border the city of puebla,11
+these could include work under the separate but mutuallysupportive agendas such as measuring progress on the un sustainable development goals sdgs and the sendai framework for disaster risk reduction the answers should be considered bearing in mind different purposes and audiences of such information pierrenathoniel and chan transparency provisions under the paris agreement are to build on the current system for measurement reporting and review,13
+however the magnitude of the benefit depends largely on the qualities ofthe fossil fuel being replaced carbon dynamics of the landfills differ considerably across the regions depending on eg climate soil composition microbial activity and the characteristics of wood material in certain situations the decay of wood may be so slow that the landfill can be considered as semipermanent carbon storage,7
+vulnerability refers to the propensity of exposed elements such as human beings their livelihoods and assets to suffer adverse effects when impacted by hazard events ipcc these include the lack of a single common metric the long timeframes over which the effects of adaptation measures may be felt or the degree of uncertainty inherent to our understanding of the climate system particularly when projecting localised climate impacts bours et al mindful of those challenges the unfccc subsidiary body for scientific and technological advice states it is essential that adaptation be designed as a continuous and flexible process and subjected to periodic review sbsta the specificities of nationallevel monitoring and evaluation systems lie in its potentially broader scope in terms of the sectors climate hazards geographic area and adaptation measures considered,13
+some of these cover teachers in the municipal sector only as noted in the table the table also shows the relative weight of each specific allowance for the average teacher in a municipal school in with the rbmn forming of the average overall salary country background report for chile prepared for the oecd review on evaluation and assessment frameworks for improving school outcomes,4
+a comprehensive approach to food security needs to include investments to promote income generating activities for the poor and thus improve their ability to purchase food importantly the payoff from hunger reduction in terms of economic growth can be substantial throughout the s the valueadded per worker in countries where of the population was undernourished was times higher than in countries where more than of the population was undernourished sources wwwfaoorgwsfswwwfaoorgwsfsfbrum wsjsforum and wwwoecdorgagriculture in more extreme cases production zones might shift,2
+recent evaluations indicate that participants are more likely to follow national foodbased dietary guidelines pay attention to nutrition labels increase their consumption of fruits and vegetables and improve their meal planning usda such campaigns are also known as social marketing as they use commercial marketing methods to achieve the social good this aims to raise awareness through use of the media about the health risks associated with overweight and obesity and the importance of nutritious diets and of physical activity for good health the programme consists of four phases awarenessraising assessment of the diets and physical activity levels of children distribution of customized family information packs and distribution of additional information to lowerincome families croker lucas and wardle,2
+attention to the interlinkages between tourism and other related policy sectors such as land use planning infrastructure and services environmental management public health education and transport has not typically been a high priority however there are significant longterm benefits to be gained from taking a broader interlinked policy perspective where a range of public agencies can participate in policy discussions so that the needs of the tourism industry are incorporated into each stage in the pprr approach the organisation seeks to provide leadership and counsel on an individual and collective basis to over government tourism agencies international airlines and a large variety of travel and tourism industry media organisations and education and training stakeholders pata,8
+one method to induce a sensation of travelling at high speed is through the use of so called psychological traffic calming where road features and markings are used to create a heightened awareness of the need to slow down andor of entry into a lower speed zone an example of an entry treatment is the now widely used installation of a gateway at village or town entry as shown in figure one example is the study of jamson et al a major criterion used in the testing was the durability of the effect ie a demonstration that it would work on repeated experience rather than wearing off after the initial encounter,11
+its population growth is percent per year forests cover percent of land area it has mixed landscapes in the uplands with interspersed trees crops and arable land and dense tropical forest with largerscale agriculture in the lowlands guatemala is exceptionally rich in biodiversity and percent of forest land comes under some form of protection although guatemala is experiencing solid economic growth poverty rates remain high and are not falling they were estimated at percent in and had risen to percent in,15
+enrolment rates in secondary education are relatively low for both boys and girls in the pacific alliance ranging from in mexico to in chile these numbers are well below the oecd average of broadly speaking there is gender parity in access to high school with a slight gender gap in favour of girls in some pacific alliance countries,8
+the tests are based on information technology they are selfscored local teachers do not mark the tests but get the results returned and adaptive which means they adapt to the individual students ability during the testing process furthermore teachers have an opportunity to exchange experience the website also provides students and parents with information about the evaluation which gives especially the parents an opportunity to understand the aim of the tests and evaluations teachers are obliged to write an individual student plan for every student from preschool to grade,4
+precipitation is high and water is stored in freshwater bodies such as lakes groundwater aquifers and glaciers water in its various formswater snow and ice is a valuable asset for many economic sectors in finland both surface and groundwater are used for drinking water production but groundwater is generally preferred and its use for this purpose is expected to increase,6
+countries that responded twice within a category were only counted once avoiding doublecounting for the same category these two elements exert a significant impact on the effectiveness of genderrelated strategies and gender equality outcomes these public institutions involve authorities responsible for gender issues mechanisms at the ministerial level centre of government cog independent oversight institutions such as parliaments and gender equality commissions,5
+it is not only strongly affected by the impacts of climate change but is also a significant contributor to ghg emissions that fuel global warming in this context it is important to note that reducing the ghg footprint of food production is a necessary condition for achieving sdg which calls for ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns climatesmart crop management practices can have a strong impact on both agricultural ghg emissions and the resilience of the sector to climate variability fertilizer use and livestock production are the two main sources of ghg emissions from agriculture in this regard improved fertilizer management such as timedrelease fertilizers and fertilizers with nitrification inhibitors conservation tillage rotational grazing and altered feed composition can help reduce ghg emissions for instance integrated soil fertility management can increase crop productivity while reducing ghg emissions from the use of nitrogen fertilizer roobroeck et al,13
+for instance patient surveys in both primary care and inpatient specialised care show that doctors sometimes fail to tell patients about the side effects of their medicines and warningsigns about their condition to watch out for based both on international comparisons and domestic patient surveys the report identified inadequate care coordination as a weakness in sweden s health care system particularly in relation to specific groups such as psychiatric patients and the sickest elderly the barriers to coordinated care identified are reimbursement systems vertical organisation of health care that makes it difficult to coordinate care processes horizontally and lack of assistance for patients in negotiating their way through services involving multiple providers as in care for patients with complex conditions or posthospital rehabilitation care,3
+the wbcsd estimates that buildings are responsible for at least per cent of energy use in most countries wbcsd moreover energy use is growing rapidly in many developing countries with booming construction sectors knowledge and technology are already available to reduce the increase in energy use through ee improvements of the building envelope space heating and cooling systems water heating systems lighting household appliances and business equipment,7
+continuous reform has reshaped the lithuanian health system to meet health care needs more effectively and deliver health services more efficiently lithuania has the highest level of alcohol consumption in the eu higher than the eu average and more than one in three men report heavy alcohol consumption on a regular basis obesity is relatively low but increasing particularly among adolescents as a share of gdp health spending has increased from in to in but is the sixth lowest in the eu,3
+the challenge facing ece region governments forest owners and forest stakeholders is to develop and establish in an equitable and efficient way a transparent and objective institutional and governance system to achieve this the challenge for other ece countries is to support them in this effort a necessary first step is to ensure that national development plans recognise the importance of forest sector issues,15
+higher investment in education is likely to provide stability for education administration and management then this stability would contribute to high education performance even though all the aspects of the accumulation of human capital are important the most critical part of public education is the public provision of primary lower and uppersecondary education education is tightly intercorrelated with inclusive growth,4
+images and videos are useful to identify species the use of image recognition software to detect and classify caught species automatically which is already being tested or used in selected fisheries could result in disruptive improvement of onboard observations and catch reporting and much better understanding of stocks and fisheries the information they provide when combined with catch reports can radically change the number and quality of environmental and stock assessments,14
+in particular the contributions of immigrant and nativeborn populations to the different expenditure and revenue elements are estimated as described in the individual sections and then added up then the share of taxes paid and benefits received by immigrants are estimated based on these estimates the final section presents the estimated net fiscal contributions of foreign and nativeborn individuals,8
+some australian economists including the government s climate change adviser ross garnaut and the productivity commission argue that a market based solution such as a price on carbon at the global and national level will be sufficient to drive change towards a low carbon economy industries and households will respond to higher prices of carbonintensive goods and services and shift to low carbon goods and services in this view local policy instruments including regulations and incentives are costly and inefficient,7
+however it is also worth exploring the effects of additional actions that may shift future trends in essence these require additional reform and action by governments producers and consumers beyond the levels observed in the past countries without observations represent those where undernourishment impacts less than of the population resulting in the model estimates of changes being insignificantly different from each other producers respond to these higher food prices and increase production meanwhile consumers with higher incomes worldwide adjust their diets creating more pronounced shifts in demand towards meat and dairy products worldwide consumption in from plantbased products is close to bln kcalday greater than the baseline while calories from consuming livestock products is bln kcalday greater,2
+about of companies had a reemployment system and had an employmentextension system in place about had both systems mhlw c a jilpt survey on human resource strategies shows that willingness to employ older workers is generally higher in the management office work and technical departments of firms than in the production and operating departments mitani only of surveyed companies implementing a continuous employment system in stated that they employed older workers having reached mandatory retirement age as fulltime regular workers most others offered them fixedterm jobs andor parttime jobs fujimoto furthermore in many cases employment contracts of older workers are changed even if they perform the same tasks and continue to work fulltime as a result the annual income of these older workers including corporate pension and public benefits as well as wages was commonly about to of their annual income at the mandatory retirement age,8
+the technion as a globally competitive technical university draws highly qualified students from throughout israel and other countries but also has a number of targeted initiatives at the secondary and preacademic level for students in the galilee including arab students see box the tel hai academic college which describes its role as a national college located in the region has developed to a scale and a level of prestige that it now recruits substantially from the centre to the extent that of its undergraduate academic students come from outside the galilee however with the exception of arab colleges the enrolments remain largely jewish,4
+it is however important to note that there are only two years for which adaptation data are available and as such these figures represent only a snapshot of activity moreover as this is a new system for adaptation there is still some variation between countries with respect to how they have applied the rio marker criteria figure these focus primarily on capacity building rather than implementation of concrete adaptation measures from the location and project descriptions these projects do not appear to have been systematically designed to exploit the expertise gained within austria on management of natural hazards in mountainous regions,13
+however the innovation system is a broader concept also encompassing research and education systems government civil society and consumers the key aspects of innovation systems are the capabilities of these various actors the connections among them and the enabling environment for innovation that they create this includes a range of capabilities from absorptive capacity to assimilate existing knowledge and technology to the ability to engage in advanced rd and technological innovation firms capacities to introduce innovations in local national and international markets are a prerequisite for technological upgrading and improving a oountrys productive capacity,9
+to take a simplified numerical example the annual cost of a peak power plant is usdmwyr with a variable cost of usdmwh building one mw of capacity to operate it only one hour would cost usdmwh which is higher than the value of lost load in this example therefore it is less costly not to serve this mwh and rely on load curtailment for hours the cost would be usdmwh which is again too costly,7
+other key fisheries legislation are the fishing rule the fisheries market act regulates different support measures like the eff and state aid measures and provides market regulation the act on sustainable development the water act the pollution charge act the act on protection of marine and freshwater coasts shores and banks and the act on environmental impact assessment twice a year the commission meets to settle the terms for allowable catch volumes research programmes surveillance technical measures and exchange information in total landings were tonnes for a value of eur million,14
+while swedish schools draw on the help of psychologists and social workers having further experts on call such as trauma therapists like in austria would be beneficial in supporting immigrant and refugee students wellbeing these policy pointers would entail some financial implications but could offer teachers significant support in teaching and working with immigrant and refugee students additionally learning swedish continues to hold high importance even after finishing traditional schooling many researchers and academics have concluded that it is a prerequisite for individuals to play an active role in swedish society,4
+from a systemwide perspective the overarching objective is thus to strategically steer the portfolio of technologies to attain a generation mix suited to the country s resources and future needs this is likely to shift the balance of advantage decisively towards renewable technologies where recurrent costs are a much smaller part of the total however while the availability of external financing is thus relevant to technology choices it is important that such choices be driven by local circumstances and not simply by the availability of financing,7
+overall the nearterm growth outlook is clouded by more modest fiscal support at a time when fiscal consolidation is needed the government is trying to consolidate fiscal debt levels which reached of gdp in and achieve a primary budget surplus by the slump was underpinned by sharp declines in mining sector investments weaker external demand for coal and copper particularly from china and deteriorating terms of trade,8
+bird population indices are available from europe and north america more accurate and comparable timeseries data on wildlife populations still need to be developed many natural ecosystems have been degraded limiting the ecosystem services they provide the targets agreed in by parties to the cbd to significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by were not met at least not at global level scientific consensus projects a continuing loss of habitats and high rates of extinction throughout the century if current trends persist many species are threatened by habitat alteration or loss both within and outside protected areas eg on farms and in forests,15
+nevertheless they do show that femaleowned enterprises contribute substantially to job creation in the united states women owned million firms in and employed million workers us department of commerce in italy in they fully owned or majoritycontrolled about a quarter of all companies almost million italian chamber of commerce,5
+those with the best performance in groups with similar characteristics would successively set the standard for the next phase which laggards will aim to achieve for example japan might be the top runner that sets the standards and targets to be achieved by other technologically advanced economies in terms of enduse energy efficiency other examples might include business people responsible for highly energyintensive patterns of consumption of transport services or highincome houseowners,7
+in volume terms australian fisheries production increased slightly by tonnes to tonnes the volume of aquaculture production increased by from to tonnes accounting for of total australian fisheries production while that of capture fisheries declined by to tonnes stocks improved overall in compared with previous years,14
+in the s and the s thailand and india both applied a lower tax rate on unleaded fuels rather than increasing taxes on leaded fuels to successfully phase out leaded fuel cottrell et al in viet nam environmental tax revenues increased between and in china too revenues increased between and further changes are planned which are expected to perpetuate this trend in thailand new measures to reduce ghg emissions in the transport sector were introduced in including a new system of vehicle registration taxes based on carbon dioxide emissions expected to raise thb billion as well as a new system of transport fuel taxation based on carbon emissions and other measures to deal with waste water pollution and transport the world banks partnership for market readiness programme reflects a broad interest in the region for carbon pricing schemes of one sort or another,7
+providing workers with a larger more broadbased skills set would therefore be important to increase their employability in other industries thus for former employees of multinational enterprises the combination of training and their experience in such enterprises could help create competitive firms or firms able to supply parts of products which meet the standards of multinational enterprises fosfuri motta and ronde gorg and greenaway provided that adequate entrepreneurial policies are implemented in the country yet at the same time significant increases in productivity particularly in labour productivity have also taken place in the region since the economic and financial crisis economic growth and productivity growth have however been on a downward trend,9
+the pnaee relies on this same combination of measures to deliver the greatest energy savings in the transport sector table it was restricted to cars with low c emissions levels in and has been restricted to electric vehicles as of vehicle scrapping incentives and other types of subsidisation of environmentfriendly vehicles are generally less efficient than charges based on pollution by road transport and represent government expenditure,7
+in the same vein policymakers should also consider gauging the depth of poverty and taking a dynamic view of poverty instead of a static one based on snapshots those conversion factors refer to the average cost of living rather than that faced by the poor people with lower incomes tend to spend a larger share on food and when living in remote rural areas incur higher living expenses than others because of transportation costs for instance,1
+for example the plu for the commune of saintnazaire attaches a great importance to the protection of natural areas the location of production zones and risks in the estuary as the attractiveness of the sea shore is quite important the plu imposes restrictive rules related on construction in the coastal zone and tries to relocate new development two or three kilometres inland involving communes around the city of nantes it will establish the main directions for the broader project of territorial development to the year they are also trying to encourage increased participation in the process by publicprivate development companies societes publiques d amenagement and private investors to manage land use and local land acquisition operations beyond the limited number of public programs,11
+water quality monitoring in rs has been systematically carried out since including analysis of biological physicalchemical chemical and microbiological parameters and specific pollution substances as well as of parameters from the list of priority substances since quality assessment is carried out in accordance with the decree on water classification and categorization of water courses rs official gazette no the development of the environmental monitoring network and the results of parameter analysis in rs between and are shown in table below,6
+in only children under the age of five were enrolled in comprehensive ecec in colombia by the number reached by the strategy had risen to the goal is to increase enrolment in ecec to million for children under years old the government subsequently revised to million children aged up to five years and to ensure that of children in extreme poverty participate in ecec by these changes include the creation of the undersecretariat of early childhood education and the expansion of access to early childhood education through the creation of new early childhood education centres that fulfil new standards of quality,4
+box describes three idealised scenarios of efficient water allocation between urban and rural consumers for the case of a renewable resource policy makers might in some cases favour the equity and fairness of the resulting allocation profiles over their economic efficiency for example lowincome farmers in waterstressed regions may not receive enough water to sustain their livelihoods an equitable allocation would therefore require shifting water resources to the more vulnerable groups in society at the expense of economic efficiency chapter will further emphasise procedural equity ie participation of all stakeholders in the way water is managed as a whole especially when it crosses urban and rural areas,6
+first students need to have a computer with internet access in order to participate in a mooc which means that students from disadvantaged backgrounds may be penalised second students need to possess the skills to learn on their own and to find the time to follow the class this analysis covers seventeen moocs from harvard and mit and registrants with registrants who never engaged with the online content,4
+in this regard as mentioned above the initial aday poverty line was based on the common national poverty lines of of the poorest countries out of a sample of developing countries studied by ravallion datt and van de walle who used penn ppp values however chen and ravallion after having recomputed this line using penn ppp values and taking the median of the lowest national poverty lines of the same country sample suggested a poverty line of per day they later switched to a new set of ppps for computed by the world bank and suggested a poverty line of per day based on the mean of the poverty lines of the poorest countries of the sample chen and ravallion,1
+while there is a myriad policies that shape the urban form this section takes a closer look at policy tools related to housing transport and environmental policies access to housing is precisely reported as one of the five most important objectives of housing policy by all oecd countries that took the recent questionnaire on affordable and social housing quash oecd d including countries that explicitly mentioned improving the affordability of housing salvi del pero et al as documented in chapter people living in large cities are on average less satisfied than the national average by percentage points with the affordability of housing for example national fiscal frameworks may make greenfield development more attractive to cities than infill development,11
+they have helped strengthen the relationships between environmental ngos the government and organisations working with indigenous peoples several other such initiatives are under way some of which are supported by the national environment fund chapter and international organisations coordination between programmes and involved institutions is weak however irving,15
+the scheme is recognised as an effective intervention it is also important however that such teachers should not become a substitute for goal that all teachers be able to adapt their teaching to immigrant students training opportunities materials and funding for extra resources are mostly adhoc and dependent on the size of school budgets andor the amount of support provided by the municipalities or counties school leaders play a key role in promoting the participation of teachers in training where necessary,4
+the pprn can cover a single natural hazard or multiple hazards and can cover one or more municipalities its prohibitions and restrictions on construction in naturalhazard areas apply to all construction both public and privatesector while the pprn are created by the national government they are developed in close consultation with regional and municipal officials and the public beyond specifying construction conditions the pprn are intended to inform landuse planning decisions in areas vulnerable to natural hazards,11
+in many cultures women s domain is in the market in religious groups among other mothers and increasingly in the medical and counselling professions if information about peacebuilding programmes is circulated only through male social networks women will not have the knowledge required for active participation moreover the failure to include women s networks in peacebuilding programmes can restrict the ability of leaders to gain the consent and support needed to implement peace agreements the paradoxical logic of patriarchy condones or ignores private and structural forms of violence against women while prohibiting public violence against or repression of women,5
+this chapter uses the term protected area to refer to stricto sensu protected areas as defined and governed by the snuc law in the parties of the convention on biological diversity adopted the strategic plan for biodiversity with the mission of halting biodiversity loss and enhance the benefits biodiversity provides to people the strategic plan includes targets the aichi targets organised under five strategic goals,15
+approved by the interministerial economic planning committee cipe with deliberation no law establishes the legal basis for the identification and funding of urgent preventive measures the research will enable adaptation to climate change according to environmental and socioeconomic sustainability criteria and considering the increasing economic value of water resources wvnvagroscenariit however this estimate does not take into account the higher risks deriving from climate change scenarios for which no assessment currently exists,13
+to address this an adaptive management approach based on a predeterminedharvest model has become more commonly used it is important that highquality catch effort and other data be made available in a timely manner and shared among stakeholders eg scientists decisionmakers and fishers assembly of such data into integrated databases prior to assessments can greatly facilitate analysis knowledge bases such as fishbase and sealifebase already provide easy access to comprehensive ecological and biological knowledge,14
+in addition the health of irregular migrants is frequently endangered by the precarious and unsafe conditions in which they live and work as well as when they are in immigration detention in some countries public health concerns underlie policy decisions to provide certain services to irregular migrants notably vaccination and prenatal care and treatment of communicable diseases copenhagen who regional office for europe p,3
+blue water generally refers to water that can be delivered for irrigation or made available for alternative uses while green water must be used directly from the soil profile the terms green water and blue water generate easily recallable images of soil moisture and stored surface water in a manner that is likely to be helpful to many public officials and agency staff members some authors have suggested that the opportunity cost of green water is generally smaller than that of blue water they propose trading green water for blue water when possible to generate meaningful water savings,6
+there are thousands of successful experiences of localized enhanced pest and weed management water efficiency and biodiversity including stories of highly successful innovation in the most challenging circumstances characterized by a poor natural resource base and widespread poverty world bank a c thapa and broomhead spielman and pandyalorch africare oxfam america and wwficrisat project pretty and others while indigenous female workers have experience in the management of biodiversity and traditional knowledge for sustainable agriculture poor access to land inputs and credit has often prevented the expansion of that successful experience world bank the integrated pest management ipm approach proliferating farm field schools and the system of rice intensification sri are good examples of creative innovation that achieved largescale impacts through highly effective collaboration among multiple stakeholders see box iiil the projects evaluated encompassed per cent of cultivated area in developing countries,2
+the oecd is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns such as corporate governance the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population the organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences seek answers to common problems identify good practice and work to coordinate domestic and international policies the oecd member countries are australia austria belgium canada chile the czech republic denmark estonia finland france germany greece hungary iceland ireland israel italy japan korea latvia luxembourg mexico the netherlands new zealand norway poland portugal the slovak republic slovenia spain sweden switzerland turkey the united kingdom and the united states,11
+it needs to be investigated in its own right as there is not a simple onetoone relationship between cost reduction and market effect for example where a measure is implemented such that the cost reduction is fully transferred to the buyer as a pure rent for example food aid to recipients who could otherwise not buy any food in the market it does not change conditions in the rest of the market in this context it was emphasised that the concept of additionality is crucial it was shown for example in an illustrative quantitative exercise based on the oecd s policy evaluation model pem how the additionality of given quantities of food aid provided could be estimated for selected countries based on particular assumptions and parameters,2
+the group of neets has however become older since with the share of yearolds among neets having declined in nearly all countries there is no evidence however that the change in the age distribution among neets was stronger in countries most affected by the crisis the average gender gap in neet rates is percentage points but the difference is much larger in turkey percentage points mexico percentage points chile percentage points and the czech republic percentage points this confirms that some neets face important additional barriers to labour market entry,8
+of course this partly reflects behavioural responses to the provision of welfare benefits if pensioners the unemployed and the ill know that they will receive state benefits their incentives to provide for themselves or to insure against the risk of income loss are reduced generous welfarestate provision may therefore lead to a large number of people with no market income and higher levels of inequality of market income the second point to note from table is that redistributive policies have very different effects on final poverty outcomes across countries,1
+while buffer stocks have an explicit market price objective social safety nets focus on the provision of cereals or food at subsidised prices emergency stocks will not be considered as they are only released to provide emergency relief and are not intended to influence domestic market prices first of all most stockholding programmes have multiple purposes and often one agency is tasked with completing several objectives second the goals for holding public stocks can change over time that is a stock that was acquired with the purpose of stabilising domestic prices can be used for food distribution programmes,2
+the commonwealths guiding principles and values in the harare declaration reaffirmed in the perth commonwealth heads of governments meeting chogm emphasised improving gender equality and womens empowerment in the commonwealth and called on heads to demonstrate commitment by entrenching measures to advance womens political participation and leadership at all levels of decisionmaking the proposed target of no less than per cent of women in decisionmaking in the political public and private sectors by commonwealth secretariat is attracting increasing support from member countries actions to realise this global target especially the equitable representation of women in the political arena are constantly evolving,5
+every state government will form a state food commission to monitor the implementation of the food security act the composition of the state food commission is regulated by the food security act it will consider experience gender and caste the act also makes provisions for vigilance committees and grievance redress mechanisms,2
+led by the heads of asean power utilitiesauthorities hapua it is recognized as the authoritative electricity organization in southeast asia with the mandate to coordinate multilateral electricity trading by however bilateral agreements have no yet been integrated into the regional power grid which will require further efforts to harmonize policies and regulation,7
+the impacts that projects such as transportation and energy infrastructures may have on landscape experiences depend very much on the location scale and visual impacts for instance changes to landscapes closer to population centres will affect more people even if the landscape is not as aesthetically attractive as in a more remote location hence impacts in the everyday landscapes in and around large population centres may be more important in welfare terms than impacts on more iconic landscapes where fewer people live and experience them daily see eg figure the landscape experience pyramid in ncm,15
+while internal renewable water resources represented by annual flow of rivers and recharge of aquifers generated from endogenous precipitation makeup the major part of a water balance water generated outside the border of a country can also be important such as natural inflows from upstream countries groundwater and surface water and part of the water of border lakes or rivers similarly not all the water resources generated by endogenous precipitation in a particular country are available for that country this is because for example a certain quantity of water must remain to maintain the natural flow of the river which ultimately leaves the nations nations border thus the water balance equation of a country also needs to include the external renewable water resources that naturally flow into that country and the amount of water generated by endogenous precipitation that naturally flows out of the country,6
+top inequality is measured as the ratio between average income in one top decile eg the eighth and overall average income and therefore informs about the gap between the rich and the average households hence the analysis can allow for the possibility that different forms of inequality have different consequences for growth the baseline results are reported in columns to of table,10
+this takes place in the framework of the programme of innovation for fisheries sustainability which will develop guidelines for access to markets this increase is explained by a increase in the quantity and increase in price seventy per cent of the exported value is provided by aquaculture representing of the quantity exported,14
+retrenchment of survivor pension can result in effectively lower protection for women in a context in which their individual pension rights are not always guaranteed in countries such as austria germany and spain widowed women obtain most of their income from survivor pensions ahn table some countries have mechanisms to protect pension entitlements after divorce choi,5
+the jordanian minister of water and irrigation and israeli water commissioner periodically attend jwc meetings and oversee the institution for instance the desalination dispute and the drought required emergency meetings between the state leaders of jordan and israel see section on water resources management above for detailed information on the plans jordan was the driving force behind the agreement and was motivated by its ambition to build a dam on the yarmouk a structure discussed in the various development plans that preceded the johnston plan,6
+other aspects of risk including how to target extensive everyday risks also need to be better understood risk management and resilience criteria should be part of all budget allocation processes a tagging and tracing methodology that allows the tracking and calculation of allocated funds could therefore be beneficial building resilience aspects into concessional loans may provide a useful additional funding stream,11
+some countries are supporting working parents by facilitating childcare arrangements through providing childcare facilities or subsidising childcare costs further efforts are needed however to develop employment paths to ease the move from parttime to fulltime work to reduce persistent gender pay gaps and to enable women to embark on diverse career paths,5
+all forms of discrimination are included gender moral harassment sexual harassment and others the targeting criteria are intended to ensure access to labour justice for the largest number of workers who require it but cannot afford it in line with the above the labour defence offices odls guarantee a maximum coverage of to employees in the first three income quintiles and of to all wageearning employees in the country,8
+current challenges identified by countries with monitoring and tracking climate finance received are presented in table if spending information is integrated into objectives related to climate change plans and priorities this could potentially allow the government to understand the impacts or results of those funds eg whether they are contributing to the achievement of certain objectives countries also approach tracking the impacts of climate finance differently in line with their particular priorities such as costeffectiveness human wellbeing or transformational change,13
+vertical budget allocations operate while monitoring systems are part of the overall initiative s framework a guidance manual on childfriendly approaches for quality primary education has been made available to participating schools in general the moe recommends that there must be a strong focus on capacity development,4
+however the operational agreements and the joint bodies established were diverse and demonstrated that while based on principles of customary law there is no universal solution for what these should look like countries reported barriers to reaching agreement however some actions are much less visible today as the demand for fresh water increases awareness is focusing on ensuring that the limited capacity of the natural environment to sustain the multiple services that society has come to rely on is maintained waterrelated ecosystems underpin other sdgs and yet they also depend on them particularly those relating to food and energy production biodiversity and land and sea ecosystems,6
+support for this picture emerges from an examination of the ratios between mean white per capita income and the mean per capita income of other groups from to census data suggest that the period to saw this disparity ratio of african to white mean per capita incomes decrease from to this ratio fell for coloured and indianasian groups too,10
+because of this women are forced to start their own businesses to earn a living for themselves and their families in other words for many women starting a business is not a choice but a necessity the same holds true for efficiencydriven economies although not to the same degree in africa for example the ratio of femaletomale earlystage entrepreneurship is while in asia and oceania the ratio among factor and efficiencydriven economies is,5
+they have been grouped according to the different policy options and their scope on average of yearolds have attained at least upper secondary level in comparison to of yearolds however dropout remains high in some countries labour market perspectives of young people remain challenging and many education and vet programmes do not have strong links to the labour market to respond to these challenges there is a wide range of policy options to strengthen transitions across education levels and into the labour market,4
+on the other hand lower discrimination in the destination country attracts female immigration while the levels of sigi in origin and destination countries have no significant impact on the extent of female migration flows they exhibit negative and significant coefficients in the selection equation these results suggest that gender inequality in social institutions only affects the probability to migrate,5
+air pollution is a particular challenge in the state especially in the larger cities and sustainable transportation investments are an important strategy to reduce these pollutants in recognition of this over the past few years die state government has aimed to modernise public transportation in order to provide efficient and high quality services that generate less harm to the environment it will be important to assess the impacts of these investments on air quality outcomes and mobility patterns,11
+while infrastructure has substantial impacts on growth that may vary across countries time and within infrastructure subsectors see for example estache and garsous and dissou and didic infrastructure development can also promote growth spillovers to neighbouring countries roberts and deichman importantly investments in water supply sanitation and roads are critical to growth and have benefited the poor in east asia and the pacific jones van der geest and nunezferrer at the country level numerous studies have shown that infrastructure development leads to sustained economic growth and is a significant factor for reducing poverty,9
+this means that the number of children experiencing simultaneous child and monetary poverty had dropped by more than million the question is whether the remaining million children form a hard core of multidimensional poverty including monetary poverty as a result of geographical isolation social exclusion or discrimination or whether their living standards could be improved fairly rapidly as has happened with the million children who have escaped simultaneous child and monetary poverty this category remained almost constant and the value was the same by around suggesting that the reduction in the number of poor by both methods stemmed in part from higher household income that had not necessarily improved objective living standards for children similarly the percentage of nonpoor children experiencing household monetary poverty increased from million to million,1
+the fossil fuelbased energy sectors oil gas and coal generate significant ghg emissions both upstream and downstream figure by way of comparison the downstream emissions from mining and metal industry such as steel iron or aluminium production may be up to times higher than the mining sector s own upstream operational emissions soliman et al for example the extraction of bauxite ore generates relatively low emissions compared to the electrolysis to aluminium which is an extremely energyintensive process schlosser et al,7
+however there is still much work to be done on one hand datacollection instruments must be finetuned to provide information that can be disaggregated to reflect situations that affect men and women differently throughout their life cycles and in different socioeconomic situations and territories hence surveys such as those focusing on time use should be included in national statistical offices planning with the appropriate periodicity and funding,5
+it addresses issues such as the decline in corporate profits and corporate investment the impact of high unemployment on the skills market and on households demand for technology and innovation and the loss of firms productivity it also addresses issues such as fiscal consolidation and its impact on public rd budgets and public support for innovation it sketches a new deal for sti policy makers that calls for new partnerships a more strategic use public procurement strengthened policy evaluation and a streamlining sti policy action,9
+as the demand for skilled labour rises owing to globalization technological advancements and the changing organization of work quality education and appropriate training will be key to addressing employment challenges the educationemployment nexus is pivotal to the achievement of the agenda work is the foundation on which economic stability and prosperity are built,8
+there seems to be little shared understanding regarding what constitutes adequate good and excellent performance in different subject areas teachers do not benefit from national guidelines to translate the competency aims expressed in feps into concrete lesson plans objectives and assessment activities teachers in their classroom assessments tend to use their own personal reference points based on their experience and schoolbased expectations their reference points are generally a mixture of normreferenced in relation to other students contentreferenced in relation to what i taught and selfreferenced in relation to growth of the student and are quite different across different teachers and schools,4
+central banks and other financial regulators if they have authority may need to take action to examine the risks that climate change poses to the real economy stock exchange regulations could for instance demand more precise disclosures of carbon content in listings this would increase the overall costs of implementing ambitious climate policy,13
+many of the agreements focus on water sharing and water allocation but implementation is often poor the agreement on the chu and talas rivers between kazakhstan and kyrgyzstan focusing on the joint financing and use of certain dams and canals being one of the few positive exceptions moreover afghanistan has not signed water management agreements with its neighbours downstream under this agreement countries confirmed the principles for water allocation as developed under the soviet union,6
+cities are also key to finding solutions for new and emerging challenges which the world is facing from stemming the rise of plastic waste in our oceans to the introduction of new technologies as part of the fourth industrial revolution the nua addresses more specifically the means and approaches on how cities need to be planned designed managed governed and financed to achieve sustainable development goals focusing on the three transformative commitments social inclusion and ending poverty sustainable and inclusive urban prosperity and opportunities for all and environmentally sustainable and resilient urban development cities of the unesco creative cities network currently have cities across countries that are committed to the implementation of the agenda and the new urban agenda integrating culture and creativity across a number of their goals and targets it is worth noting that the nua does not have a standalone framework for monitoring the targets but serves as a framework for the means of implementation for global agendas in cities therefore it relies heavily on the urban monitoring systems that are already in place such as the sdgs monitoring framework and the comprehensive city prosperity initiative cpi tools developed by unhabitat,11
+capacity replacement is much larger in the north because of its huge existing stock of power plants and their substantial ageing in businessasusual scenarios with continuous reliance on fossil energy especially coal in the united states china india and the russian federation among others the total new capacity to be installed is almost terawatts electric twe or at least times the current global installed capacity even under these scenarios developing parts of the world would expand installed renewable capacity through equivalent to that of all power plants in the world today and half as much again as that in additional nuclear plants the potential improvements of this installed capacity are truly huge in the developing countries alone indicating important investment opportunities for the private sector however in this scenario their impact in terms of climate mitigation would be dwarfed by the expansion of traditional fuel sources capacity expansion refers to new power plants while replacement capacity refers to the power plants that are built in place of those that are to be retired between now and,7
+by the government plans to have of schools with inclusive facilities of schools with barrierfree access and of students with a disability in mainstream schools mesrk initiatives include support and facilities for various groups eg those needing speech and language therapy and updating of special education programmes textbooks and learning packages for hearingimpaired children iac there is no coherent medium or longterm funding strategy for school physical infrastructure and overall capital expenditures represented only of the overall budget for school education in see figure,4
+there are now more practice periods for teacher students in schools but this is not the rule experience from other countries shows that teachers perceive their practical experience in schools to be an important component of their initial education wilson et al in chile as in many other countries teaching practice is often not well connected to the theoretical content in teacher training courses with opportunities for students to integrate what they learn in the classroom with the rest of the curriculum the government should work towards making classroom practice an integral part of initial teacher education in all programmes,4
+it closes with a short conclusion the combined uibanisation level of asean association of southeast asian nations countries increased from in to in and is expected to reach in the aggregated urban population of these five countries increased from million in to million in and is forecasted to reach million in most of the population growth is happening in small and mediumsized cities,11
+country rankings will be presented for the fixedbroadband and mobilebroadband baskets with the latter including both prepaid and postpaid packages and computerbased and handsetbased plans the analysis of fixedbroadband prices will include price trends and a discussion on changes in broadband speeds offered for minimum broadband plans as well as developments in terms of the data volume included in broadband offers from mobilecellular prices have plateaued and the price of the itu mobilecellular basket minutes and sms per month has converged to ppp,9
+raising awareness of the technology s valueadding characteristics as well as education about its drawbacks due to inefficient designs eg energy consumption for proofofwork consensus algorithm used in bitcoin are essential and need to be broadly understood by decision makers this could also result in mitigating blockchain designs with highcarbon footprints by actively engaging with industry consortia and the private sector to develop protocols and network designs that are less energy intensive observing a variety of dlt technologies eg hashgraphs and tangles with differing contribution and adverse effects in the lowcarbon transition it will be of essence to develop a strong understanding of the key differences,9
+in addition of poor children have a father employed full time full year in compared to in household income is equivalised using the square root scale the term standard of living refers to the equivalised disposable income each bar reflects the contribution of changes in family and work characteristics to the evolution of income and the last white bar shows the percentage change of the income quantile that is not explained by changes in any of the observed household characteristics the contribution is positive resp for instance market income of poor children in twoparent families increased by in twoparent families from to change in educational attainment of parents in these families tended to raise the family income threshold of the poorest children by almost but this effect was offset by the negative effects mainly related to changes in housing status and fathers employment status,1
+while the share of direct oop payments has decreased slightly over the past decade following a series of government measures to put a threshold on the amount of outofpocket payments for services covered by the nhi and to reduce copayment rates from to for cancer patients and people w ith cardiovascular diseases direct oop payments as a share of total health expenditure remained in almost two times higher than the average across oecd countries this raises concerns in terms of access to care notably for people with income below the average there may be numerous barriers to access to health care including for financial reasons if the cost of health care is considered by some people as being too high or geographic barriers if there are too few doctors and other health care providers in certain geographic areas,3
+oceans for example contain nearly identified species though actual numbers may lie in the millions and have absorbed onethird of the carbon dioxide resulting from human activities bijma et al today of the world s major marine ecosystems have been degraded or are being used unsustainably unep many fisheries are overexploited with some stocks on the verge of collapse and coral reefs are bleaching due to exposure to high temperatures and other pressures,14
+in the period analysed chile colombia and honduras grew at rates averaging between and yet the income elasticity of poverty in chile is double that in colombia and four times that in honduras a better understanding of these differences requires analysing the different modalities of growth in the countries concerned or more specifically the way in which economic growth translates into changes in the level and distribution of household incomes between and growth rates of per capita household income were at least one percentage point below per capita gdp growth rates in eight of the region s countries while the opposite was true in five others the first group includes costa rica and uruguay where average household income did not grow but actually fell back despite substantial growth in per capita gdp,1
+outside of malacca might has also engaged with other federal agencies in formulating smart city frameworks for different cities in doing so it integrates components that are designed specifically for each city which facilitates the development of sustainable competitive and green city models for cities across malaysia government service delivery and information communications are two key focuses of the blueprint,11
+she thinks that she has obtained a voice in thefamilythrough her migratory experience both her husband and inlaws now consult her regarding the household management and her opinions are taken into due account she also feels that she is playing an important role in maintaining peace in her household,5
+in addition to providing the right types of skills and knowledge as discussed in the previous section a good education system teaches how to learn and fosters curiosity and creativity rather than the mere pursuit of certificates in the case of zhejiang province only korea and finland performed better in reading and neither did in maths nor in science in when the trials took place figure fangshan and jiangsu also performed well above the oecd average,4
+the prevalence of undernourishment in north africa remained low at below per cent from to while it dropped from to per cent in africa excluding north africa during the same period across the whole of africa some million people were undernourished in the period an increase of per cent from the period second agriculture notwithstanding the commitments made for targeted investment under the maputo protocol remains highly underinvested,2
+due to widespread deforestation followed by extreme and extensive land degradation large areas in iceland have limited capacity to stop secondary transport of the tephra by wind and water and the release of massive dust clouds historical records show that prior to human settlement the area in the vicinity of mt hekla was mostly covered by woodlands which stabilised volcanic tephra and pumice and prevented secondary distribution following the settlement forest clearance and intensive grazing started sigurmundsson et al this reduced the resilience of the ecosystem towards deposition of volcanic tephra and sand storms which initiated largescale soil erosion thorarinsdottir etai,15
+according to table which shows deprivation rates separately by indicator the housing dimension is driven by multiple housing problems in the united kingdom and finland and by overcrowding in romania in finland just under twofifths of preschoolage children are deprived in one two or three dimensions out of six with the rest not deprived in any the distribution is similar but more spread out in the united kingdom with just over onehalf of preschoolage children deprived in one two or three dimensions deprived in four or five and the rest not deprived in any,1
+in the lander covered of expenditure in primary secondary and postsecondary nontertiary education both public and private local authorities covered and the federal level outofschool education in the dual system is largely funded by companies whereas vocational schools are funded by the lander,4
+see chapter on accounting rules for more detail on the selection of allocation keys to apportion expenditure the aim is to protect health and to reduce mortality and morbidity due to health hazards through in particular field epidemiology as well as training in technical standards this would involve eg the capacity to acquire or expand resources very quickly and preparations for changing the handling and referencing of patients such as patient triage and restructuring coverage in line with the nature of the emergency however in all cases health rules and a health infrastructure should be prepared to cope with emergency health care needs,3
+they also need to increase the effective demand for education and address the barriers faced by the poorest households by improving its quality and by providing cash transfers school meals and scholarships the chronic poverty advisory network is committed to providing policy guidance on all such issues upper mics have the resources to invest in the chronically poor and many now have political regimes that are determined to do so,1
+mandaue city is the only exception requiring the allocation to be built within the lgu this statutory provision has not been given the due recognition and should be fully adhered to in catalonia spain it is mandatory that residential developments keep of total amount of dwellings for both social housing and pricecontrolled housing,11
+a secondary prevention programme for people with mild cognitive impairment was set up in s with the objective to slow disease progression the compulsory social health insuance coverage rate stood at in however this is not perceived as a problem in the country nor is it something that features on the agenda of policymakers,3
+both iran and turkmenistan financed the project equally and are sharing benefits through the joint management committee wikipedia o iran s surface water for irrigation is priced between and of the crop value that is cultivated keshavarz et al inogate water for irrigation is also supplied free in turkmenistan which falls into set limits of water supply ebrd,6
+lower autonomy and higher job demands increased the association of several chronic health problems mental illness circulatory diseases msd diabetes with sickness absence leijten et al an international study shows that diabetes is significantly associated with a increase in the rate of labourforce exit across the countries studied and at the national level this association is significant in of countries rumballsmith et al the association between diabetes and employment varies by disease gravity,3
+domestic violence gender inequality perpetuates violence against women and violence against women restricts women s ability to use their capabilities the economic social and the health related costs of domestic violence and violence against women is extremely high we recognize that the scale and complexity of genderbased violence means there are no uniform global solution and a multisectoral strategy is needed national local and family interventions initiatives play an important role in defining solutions,5
+load rejections are accommodated by a combination of several actions rapidly running back the steam turbine to the new lower demand level diverting the excess steam from the turbine to the main steam condenser unit or to the atmosphere if this is permitted by licensing regulations and reducing reactor power via insertion of control rods without tripping the reactor during this houseload operating mode the reactor operates at a reduced power level that is still sufficient to produce enough electricity for its own needs typically of full power once the grid disturbance has been eliminated the npp can be resynchronised to the grid and its production quickly reestablished to full power,7
+the legal implications of carrying out such an exercise and its consistency with fao s mandate as well as different approaches to the benchmarking question will be discussed at a forthcoming meeting of the fao s subcommittee on fish trade the development of an assessment or benchmarking methodology without carrying out the benchmarking itself will be one option discussed the need for a separate or integrated process for private standards related to aquaculture was also raised but not debated,14
+box summarizes the positive experience in south africa in establishing quotas and becoming the leading african country for women on corporate boards south africa s experience offers a valuable lesson on the benefits of extending affirmative action beyond the electoral process it can be extremely difficult and politically sensitive to amend a constitution to include a quota provision but its effects are proven to trigger dramatic increases in women participation in the organizations targeted by them fridell women s representation in local governments has proven to make a difference,5
+wales also principally draws on the clinical guidelines developed by the national institute for health and care excellence nice with some established collaboration around pharmaceuticals and medical devices see chapter on england in a grant of gbp billion was made to the welsh government of which gbp billion was allocated to health and social services representing of the expenditure of the devolved responsibilities of the welsh government welsh government a the block grant from the uk government to wales is made based on the population allocations covered by the barnett formula which is also used to calculate grants to the other devolved nations,3
+the total ownsource tax revenues ozbpropertv tax sewage and waste and other taxes are less than at the same time local governments are stimulated to provide services in a costefficient manner to make the most of allotted transfers for landuse policy dutch municipalities have less pressure to increase owmsource revenues including the property tax,11
+in the model the probability of risks will depend on water uses andor impact at present annex a the incentive compatibility constraint equation remains essentially the same voluntary and anticipatory responses to water risks can be expected when the risks of not acting exceed the cost of taking action today,6
+boys who learn to think and act in nondiscriminatory ways can educate their parents on behalf of their sisters for instance they may be less likely to perpetrate violence against girls such as through bullying or sexual harassment and may uphold egalitarian notions once married champions of positive norms such as local leaders and religious figures including influential women can be powerful and convincing voices for change in these cases men and boys may be well positioned to persuade other men and boys to discard discriminatory ways of thinking,5
+the small industrial enterprise uses modern heat access to create these ceramic cookstoves and these cookstoves then cascade modern heat access to the surrounding populations in addition employment and income have been noted to rise significantly with a smallscale industrial seed operation like that mentioned the increased income then leads to higher appliance ownership and ability to pay for modern heat infrastructure service continuing the virtuous cycle gvep,7
+in addition million ha of forest is part of a category called protected landscape areas as a result only around ha of forest mostly public is converted to other uses mostly industrial each year pursuant to the act on protection of agricultural and forest land if there is no master plan such exclusion may be impossible a recent report of the polish academy of sciences revealed that only of the territory is subject to plans that define uses for land such as housing industrial or green areas kowalewski,15
+since gender bias in social institutions may affect total factor productivity labour force human and physical capital accumulation equations measure indirect effects that discriminatory social institutions have on income combining the growth accounting framework equation with the equations of the indirect effect of genderbased discrimination in social institutions on income equations yields an equation for income as a function of the sigi equation hence equation is a reduced form regression that omits total factor productivity labour force human and physical capital accumulation,5
+the social protection programme for the elderly ppsam targets the poor sisben and above years old who are entitled to a monthly transfer of cop about usd however only out of the million elderly poor actually receive the benefit reflecting budget constraints access is prioritised by age and there is a waiting list when a recipient dies the next person on the list moves onto the programme,1
+given the limited other supports available for the longterm unemployed disability benefits may also have acted as a substitute social security data shows for instance that the number of disability applicants sharply increases following recessions with a peak in this does not mean however that that there is a causal effect,8
+description this indicator shows the importance of organic farming the reduction of use of pesticides herbicides and other chemicals combined with enhanced management of natural resources not only improves the health of ecosystems but also fosters the health of animals and people and increases income generation and communities selfreliance when possible the area of primary forest should also be reported on the forest area is defined as land spanning more than hectares with trees higher than metres and a canopy cover of more than percent or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ,15
+the historical trends suggest this is eminently possible if resources allow figure its new vision aims to increase the proportion of learners enrolled in smk schools to by with in academic senior secondary schools sekolah menengah atas or smas compared with the current division of in smks and in smas although enrolment rates in smk institutions are growing the tendency is that junior secondary school students are more likely to enter sma schools,4
+it pays particular attention to the waterenergy nexus and to regional disparities in terms of water availability quality and access as well as institutional capacity to address those challenges the chapter also covers the impacts of climate change and the difficultly in dealing with uncertainty the average annual water flow amounts to m s ana,6
+characterising the income poor and the materially deprived in european countries income and living conditions in europe childhood experiences educational attainment and adult labor market performanceln k vleminckx t smeeding eds child wellbeing child poverty and child policy in modern nations what do we know bristol the policy press d gordon and e marlier,1
+the most common form of contributory social security scheme is social insurance which mainly covers formal wage employment national provident funds would be an example of this this includes for example social pension health insurance life insurance disaster insurance and so on the noncontributory schemes on the other hand are social assistance schemes based on condition of entitlement to receive benefits and provide conditional or unconditional transfers in cash or kind ilo social assistance as the department of international development notes comprises noncontributory transfers that are given to those deemed vulnerable by society on the basis of their vulnerability or poverty,1
+the growth effects of infrastructure depend on where infrastructure investments take place and how these investments are planned executed and sequenced the links between infrastructure and transformation are best forged when infrastructure projects are clearly designed and placed as part of a wider development strategy that recognizes and actively fosters the positive feedback loops between infrastructure productivity and growth these experiences provide an effective counter to the bankability approach since they show that development strategies are not best pursued through emphasis on individual projects determined solely by criteria of financial viability,9
+governments must impose solutions but it is also essential that climate change be addressed sustainably at the human level developing a sense of ownership and accountability begins with explicit acknowledgement that it is the behaviour and lifestyles of individuals and the societies in which they live that are ultimately responsible for the emissions that drive climate change,13
+at the same time median collection coverage is still around in lowincome countries and figures are much lower in some countries it also drops sharply in the more rural areas of many countries it is estimated that at least billion people worldwide still lack access to solid waste collection,12
+the remote electronic monitoring rem system has collected sensor data and images throughout the trial period and accoiding to the vessel electroniclogbooks the vessels were at sea for approximately hours carried out approximately fishing trips and conducted approximately fishing operations during the project period small reductions in revs resulted in substantial reductions in fuel usage this infoimation proved very useful in setting the optimum revs of the engine whilst the vessel was steaming to the fishing grounds with a minimal loss to vessel speed,14
+as explained earlier in this chapter mainstreaming a gender perspective in statistics means ensuring that gender issues and genderbased biases are systematically taken into account in the production of all official statistics and at all stages of data production this strategic process ensures a that national statistical systems regularly collect analyse and disseminate data that address relevant gender issues b that gendersensitive concepts and methods are used in data collection in all statistical fields and c that the presentation and dissemination of gender statistics aim to reach a wide range of users including policymakers advocates researchers and analysts whose primary concerns are not necessarily focused on gender in the more developed regions gender is already mainstreamed in the production of many national statistical systems and the quality of gender statistics is ensured by way of overall quality frameworks for statistics however in the less developed regions many countries are still struggling to produce on a regular basis quality data that can be used to tackle relevant gender issues,5
+as shown above their levels of farm support are rising and there has also been a tendency to resort to more distorting policy measures as a result the centre of gravity in global farm support is shifting from the oecd area to the emerging economies and possibly also to less developed countries in addition some of the emerging economies are large and have sizeable agricultural sectors this means that substantial sums of money are transferred to agriculture in some of the emerging economies,2
+regional patterns may be observed among nups though these are not definitive taking them into account would assist nations developing and implementing nups to observe and learn from the experience of other nations including sharing their experience of managing urbanisation at the national level regional networks of national governments may be an appropriate means through which to share nup development practices and to identify what works and what does not work in given circumstances,11
+improvements in human capital influence the acquisition and assimilation of information and the learning mastery and implementation of technology human capital also has an impact on farmers ability to adapt technology to a particular situation and to changing needs schultz zepeda even in the absence of innovation farm productivity may be enhanced by investments in education,2
+however several countries still find reporting transparent information on climate support challenging with only two of the technical reviews of br s available indicating that information on climate support was fully transparent information collected by each individual system is not always consistent or comparable with that collected by another system or with climate finance commitments under the unfccc for example individual country estimates of climate finance provided and mobilised vary significantly in their scopes and methods mdb estimates of climate finance mobilised in developing and emerging economies includes finance provided to and mobilised in several annex i countries other systems such as iati cannot be used to easily identify climaterelevant information,13
+consequently young people often live with their parents until they can afford to buy a home unsurprisingly in a homeowner society renting is also less popular than owning a place this creates a burden for firms that consequently have greater difficulties to attract the talent they need or in turn need to prop up pay,11
+surface water resources in the territory of the russian federation arc estimated to be approximately kmvyear and groundwater resources are kmvyear fora total of kmvyear in the russian federation or mvyearcapita of the withdrawal was for domestic purposes and for agriculture flooding is reported to have a widespread but moderate influence,6
+the municipal development plan and the calgary transportation plan both aim to build highdensity complete communities linked by good transit city of calgary further improvement of public transport by innovative policy tools could be considered including community buses or small and shared vehicles operated by the local community to respond to demand for shorter trips those demands cannot always be served by conventional public transport systems but use of the most uptodate technology could provide a solution in the future affordable housing in an accessible environment has been a major policy objective for many cities over the long term the suggested approach by type of city is almost applicable to all types of cities however some key messages that each type of city could bear in mind of relatively high importance compared to other types are as follows types ii young cities ageing rapidly and iii young cities ageing slowly cities are encouraged to learn from the experiences of type i cities how to integrate policies for affordable housing policies in an accessible environment with other policy strategies such as urban redevelopment and public transport,11
+while national strategies are not the focus of this network acsn will help to improve the interoperability of smart city initiatives among cities in the network and will work towards creating opportunities to harmonise different national systems asean the organisation s scope of work includes advocacy capacity building and training research and knowledge management project development and management and decentralised cooperation regarding capacity building uclg aspac specialises in four areas that are of relevance for smart city strategies sustainable mobility climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction tourism and culture and local economic development to promote capacity building uclg aspac has organised several training workshops and peer exchanges over the years,11
+during the last oneandahalf decade similar programmes were launched also in other eastern and central european eu member countries for example procedures to assess the special needs of students and categorise them should be reviewed the objective is to improve the identification of those students who should attend special needs services and ensure socioeconomic disadvantage is not medicalised,4
+in this case the formulation of the target itself clearly reflects that the definition of the subsidies that should be included in this target is very contentious as discussed below there are many types of fisheries subsidies and their impacts vary widely we chose to label this target simply as fisheries subsidies being understood that this limits the inferences that can be made based on the tables some are local in nature others are national still others are regional or global,14
+that was strongly opposed by the fishery sector the main argument was that an itq regime would concentrate the cod quotas on a privileged few the critics aimed to maintain the existing fleet structure but did not take into account the vessels poor economy and the potential for changes in ownership a situation that amounted to an invitation to big institutional investors to take over most of the trawler fleet in northern norway,14
+korea has also introduced various regulatory policy instruments including reinforced building codes mandatory estimation of energy consumption and the submission of an energy savings plan when applying for a building permit the government has also introduced the ecofriendly building certificate and energy efficiency grading instruments to provide the housing market with information about energy efficiency however challenges remain in determining how to efficiently regulate energy consumption in residences,11
+the iea carries out a comprehensive programme of energy cooperation among its member countries each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to days of its net imports research shows that a mix of instruments is needed to address the rebound effect but that instruments that ensure high prices must be part of the policy package ec b pp the optimal tax rate may differ depending on the goal pursued by the tax eg revenue raising carbon pricing promoting energy efficiency or slowing rebound effects the objective of environmental taxation must be clear and may depend on the country context,7
+for example article of the charter stipulates that the advertising sector shall avoid exploiting women s bodies or confining them to stereotyped roles and social cliches on the contrary the media is encouraged to underline women s role as economic social and political actors article calls upon media institutions to integrate a gender approach in the design and elaboration of articles and programmes,5
+the countries are all relatively close to the line indicating that the model explains most of the variation in growth rates across countries in fact adding cognitive skills to a basic model that just includes initial income and years of schooling increases the share of crosscountry variation in economic growth explained by the model from about onequarter to about threequarters the quantity of schooling is statistically significantly related to economic growth in a specification that neglects educational quality but the association between years of schooling and growth turns insignificant and is reduced to close to zero once cognitive skills are included in the model in other words added years of schooling do not affect growth unless they yield greater achievement,4
+common shrimp landed in totalled tonnes a reduction when compared with the previous year despite the reduced quantity of common shrimp landings revenue was eur million usd million higher than the year before in production w as tonnes a increase in volume when compared to,14
+it is led by the ministry of construction of viet nam which is also in charge of urban development in the country viet nam urban forum cont the vuf works as a networkplatform for discussion between all these stakeholders and is divided into seven member groups as follows multilateral donor organisations bilateral donor organisations government ministries and agencies professional associations and academic institutions cities private sector corporations and ngos currently the vuf has members and plans to expand to by,11
+life expectancy at age is also much lower than the oecd average at years for females and for males in latvia compared to and oecd averages respectively overall the mortality rate among men is times greater than the rate among women more specifically mortality for men across all age groups is times higher than women for suicide times higher for transport accident times higher for cancer times higher for ischemic heart diseases and times higher for stroke,3
+at the secondary level the national certificate of educational achievement ncea sets standards for student performance students are evaluated against written criteria which are accompanied by exemplars showing expected levels of student performance since maori assessment experts have been developing assessment tools to be used in maorimedium settings see nz ministry of education,4
+australia has input controls limited entry and compliance requirements the revised harvest strategy introduces detailed catch limits and triggers for key commercial species and for species identified through the ecological risk assessment framework for example northern prawn fishery vessels must now use turtle excluder devices and bycatch reduction devices,14
+the strength of government commitment to schooling is reflected by a sustained high level of investment in schooling and favourable conditions for teaching across schools as indicated by comparatively low class size and studentteacher ratios recent changes to the system for distributing operating grants and staffing went in line with substantial increases in the overall budget for schooling parental choice is supported by the school funding system in particular the commitment of the flemish community to free education regardless of the choice of school parents do not have to pay tuition fees for publicly recognised schooling and there is a uniform approach to recurrent funding of schools in all networks,4
+in the context of some of these innovations public funds could be used in order to leverage marketbased repayable financing so as to increase the overall amounts of finance available to the sector in the water sector this has been done at the level of specific projects like in maputo mozambique for the financing of the urban water and sanitation program or via the establishment of financing vehicles which aim to combine diverse sources of finance such as in findeter in colombia a publicprivate financing entity which rediscounts commercial bank loans for local infrastructure development including water and sanitation such blending can take many forms oda grants can be provided as interest rate subsidies seed financing for revolving funds or contributions to the establishment of project preparation facilities the main objectives of blending are to attract funds that would otherwise not be attracted by a given project while ensuring that basic public policy goals such as increasing access and serving the poor are met,6
+while some of those arguments are valid there is more to the picture the bottomup approach should be scrutinised concerning the linkage between international objectives and the agreements power to push national climate law and policy to be more ambitious furthermore the standard to evaluate each states ndc as demonstrated by voigt is set to the highest possible climate ambitions regarding the circumstances for the country,13
+education that occurs in conjunction with other interventions to improve access to diverse nutritious foods can be particularly effective as noted in the discussion of food assistance programmes above the ultimate goal is a change in behaviour so that individuals choose more nutritious diets and healthier lifestyles impacts are heightened when the interventions are culturally sensitive easily accessible and based on local products shi and zhang,2
+the suggested approach by type of city is almost applicable to all types of cities however some key messages that each type of city should keep in mind as relatively high importance compared to other types are as follow type iii cities young cities ageing slowly need to bear in mind that such strategies will build the community s understanding of the needs of older people in the long run as well as of the demands of ageing societies that it will have to confront those strategies can provide instructive opportunities for learning to adjust to such changes for type ii cities young cities ageing rapidly whose generational balance is changing such str ategies will become a key to a successful navigation to demographic change,11
+students with whom the review team met confirmed that they experienced adequate support for assignments completed outside of school and found those assignments to be usefully integrated with their inschool work the total schoolbased instruction time in basic education is shorter than the oecd average hours as compared to about one year less by the end of compulsory schooling in recent years the duration of instruction has been extended with the introduction of compulsory preprimary education in the objective of which was to better prepare students for primary schooling,4
+to support this ambition norway recently launched a national noncommunicable diseases strategy there the quality indicators in community healthcare qich programme covers six areas of primary care activity as shown in figure and reports performance at individual providerlevel after adjustment for health need and sociodemographic factors of note qich is neither mandated nor reliant on financial incentives instead its success is thought to be due to its robust scientific basis consensual development of the indicator set involving gp and health insurance companies early on clear patientoriented objectives and crucially systematic and continuous feedback of comparative data to both professionals and the public these include management of chronic diseases such as depression copd diabetes or heart failure routine care such as childhood vaccination and provision of contraception and aspects of effective practice administration as well as being able to identify individual patients that are suboptimally treated the system allows them to benchmark their practice against other practices at municipal regional and national levels see figure for an example relating to diabetes management patients can also monitor their own clinical data,3
+fees collected from those who benefit from fishing are used to restore fisheries resources and for environment protection for example zhejiang province has initiated a campaign to eliminate illegal fishing gears according to the regulations on the prohibition of unregulated fishing and the use of fishing gears with minimum mesh size as well as fishing vessels that do not possess inspection certificates registration certificates or fishing licenses referred to as the noncompliances by the end of about fishing vessels had been banned and about fishing gears confiscated throughout the country,14
+one problem with this kind of study is that it ignores the price effects of transfers cash transfers essentially reduce the cost of obtaining services and thus should lead to higher demand for example for children s education or usage of social services for example healthcare centres therefore the net effect of cash transfers should depend on the relative size of the price and income effects more importantly such findings of adverse incentive effects or negative income effects on labour supply imply that the poor are poor either because they are lazy in other words they prefer more leisure or because their expectations are low in other words they work for a low minimum target income,1
+a number of reforestation and treeplanting campaigns have been launched planting rates during the period th th and th plans reached ha per year and rose to ha per year in during the h plan as a result of the plantation programme timber and pulpwood are mainly produced from plantations of fastgrowing tree species and a limited area of teak mainly planted by the forest industry organization fio emmanoch delux suggested that the forestry administration designated ha for plantation development of which ha have been planted to date,15
+as the accreditation of a national implementing entity nie for direct access to the adaptation fund is a resource intensive procedure recipient supporters and providers have worked together to build capacity to accelerate access to the fund at the same time they are also raising awareness that finance available from international climate funds is so far relatively limited but designed to play a catalytic role in mobilising additional finance country readiness to usefully direct climate finance depends on the availability of programmes and maturity of project pipelines in line with national strategies projectprogramme investment criteria national coordination as well as enabling environments policy and legal frameworks and accountability systems,13
+other sexual offences that now have a maximum of years imprisonment are sexual intercourse with a person under incest by a male if the other person is under and sexual intercourse with a stepchild foster child ward or dependent if the other person is under marital rape carries a maximum sentence of years imprisonment,5
+unemployment rates are higher particularly among arab women compared with the national average of the enrolments of the galilee colleges remain largely jewish ranging from to at gordon college of education and western galilee college to more than at ort braude the low enrolment rates of arabs can be attributed to the limited supply of relevant places poor geographical accessibility to higher education poor preparation at the primary and secondary education level due to underinvestment in arab schools insufficient language skills and lower rates of return to education for arab population,4
+generally household resources the returns earned on those resources labour market participation behaviour and demographic characteristics all contribute to the makeup of the income distribution however it is necessary to identify how these factors interact in a particular country context and are affected by exogenous forces before forming sound policy recommendations the problems many countries face in addressing the upward pressures on skilled wages from shifting wealth and associated increases in returns to education also provide convincing evidence that rather than focus on increasing average education attainment by any means governments should specifically try to raise the minimum level of education in their countries the political processes in which societies come together to address and aggregate individual preferences about the nature of the income distribution can build national identity establish a shared sense of community and promote greater social harmony,10
+because a number of major emitters were not required to make mandatory emission reductions and others were not signatories at all the protocol never covered more than about a third of global ghg emissions during its first commitment period annan acknowledged this when at the end of his second term he made the first substantive engagement by any secretarygeneral on the issue of climate change speaking at the twelfth meeting of the conference of the parties cop to the unfccc and the second cop serving as a meeting of the parties to the kyoto protocol cmp cop cmp in nairobi kenya in november he emphasized while the kyoto protocol is a crucial step forward that step is far too small,13
+establishing these thresholds or profiles would however require additional work with samples that include both a parent report on parent experiences and direct measurement of child experiences andor developmental outcomes there also is no guarantee that child wellbeing can be adequately predicted from parent reports children have unique experiences of food insecurity parents are not always knowledgeable of their childrens experiences and therefore cannot report accurately or reliably about them the extent of inaccuracy may depend on context the survey interviewer respondents perceptions of the agency conducting the survey and how the data will be used,2
+up to hpps with projected installed capacity of around mw are already under construction table feasibility studies and permitting are largely completed on another projects and construction of these projects is expected to start in the coming years in total there are ongoing hpp projects with total installed capacity of mw and annual generation up to twh,7
+similar initiatives focused on microcnterprises have also been launched improved knowledge and skills in agriculture and entrepreneurship could enhance productivity and promote better nutrition the energy and capabilities of young people are needed to kickstart more robust economic activity in rural areas the challenges include limited and expensive airlinks poor local transportation networks limited accommodations and tourism activities outside the capital dili and a lack of skilled hospitality workers,8
+the total share of the population who can be considered as poor under either line stays roughly constant at around onethird of the population in fact whereas the total poverty headcount under a combined measure stayed constant in brazil if trends continue as they have in the past in china they may actually increase further in china in both countries it is clear that even once dollaraday poverty is eliminated a substantial poverty problem will remain much as the poor remain socially excluded in many oecd countries,1
+chile s organic law for the constitution of municipalities ley organica constitutional de municipalidadesley establishes the right of municipalities to cooperate in order to address common problems or make better use of resources the law permits municipalities to establish associations for a variety of purposes including providing common services executing public works linked to local development strengthening managementadministrative instruments implementing programmes for environmental protection tourism health or other reasons as appropriate to the municipalities training of municipal staff and coordinating with national or international institutions to improve municipal administration government of chile a legal framework for such an entity could be considered to be already in place,11
+the international convention on the protection of the rights of all migrant workers and members of their families states that migrant workers and family members should be able to receive any medical care that is urgently required for the preservation of their life or the avoidance of irreparable harm to their health regardless of any irregularity with regard to stay or employment art in practice however the services that municipalities and cantons offer vary widely in poland medical rescue teams provide emergency care free of charge but hospital emergency departments do not necessarily do so because no legislation establishes who will bear the costs liability to pay the full or partial cost of medical care can also block access to emergency medical care in the united states the emergency medical treatment and labor act requires hospitals to screen and stabilize all individuals including irregular migrants who seek care in an emergency room regardless of their ability to pay vulnerable groups including children the elderly and pregnant women require unrestricted access to emergency health services,3
+thirtyone operate as municipal enterprises and seven as joint stock companies water supply systems in rural areas are managed by water user associations with the status of ngos the main problem of the water supply and sanitation system is the uneconomically small areas of exploitation of some municipalities,6
+similarly in chile according to a survey conducted in the early s only of the unemployed dismissed for economic reasons claimed that they had received some form of compensation among those who should have received a payment but did not said that they had reached an agreement with their employer while stated that the employer had simply refused to pay sehnbruch for a general discussion concerning enforcement issues in oecd countries see bertola et al,10
+all requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to neapuboecdneaorg requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the copyright clearance center ccc at infocopyrightcom or the centre frangais dexploitation du droit de copie cfc contactcfcopiescom market prices and production costs account for an important share of the overall economic impacts of electricity,7
+therefore food and nutrition security goals need to be addressed with comprehensive strategies adapted to the regional circumstances each of these interlinkages poses challenges to the aspects of availability access and utilization of food by the poor and will be discussed in relation to post mdg implications,2
+it further highlights the fact that by there will mechanisms to facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial technological and technical support particularly to help least developed countries landlocked developing countries and small island developing states overcome such large differences that these countries face in terms of infrastructure development visavis developed and other developing countries in this context goal further emphasizes the need to support domestic technology development research and innovation in developing countries including by ensuring that the policy environment is conducive to inter alia industrial diversification and value addition to the export of raw commodities in doing so the forum should improve alignment and coordination among established and new infrastructure initiatives multilateral and national development banks united nations agencies and national institutions development partners and the private sector this will also help to promote linkages between goal and the process of industrialization and innovation especially for csn,9
+while columns and use gii as a proxy for gender inequality in outcomes column uses gender gaps in education and labour force participation first the exogeneity of income per capita is rejected by the wuhausman test at the level second the two instruments have significant explanatory power on the level of genderbased discrimination in social institutions while they are not correlated with income per capita indeed the correlation coefficient between the cedaw date of ratification and the sigi and income per capita are respectively equal to significant at level and not significant and the correlation coefficient between the percentage of respondents declaring that men make better political leaders than women and the sigi and income per capita are respectively equal to significant at level and not significant,5
+the recs certificates can be voluntary traded the lastresort electricity suppliers mainly edp servigo universal are obliged to purchase all the electricity from renewables and cogeneration plants produced under the pre for resale to endcustomers portugal should consider shifting from such a system to one in which all suppliers must source a quota of their output from renewables iea a,7
+the share of nitrous oxide in total afolu emissions is small but accounts for as much as percent of global anthropogenic emissions of the gas organic soils those with a high concentration of organic matter such as peatlands and the burning of biomass eg savanna fires account for relatively smaller amounts of emissions forests also mitigate climate change by removing ghg from the atmosphere through forest growth as seen in the negative values however the average contribution of forests to carbon sequestration has fallen from gt annually in the s to gt in the s and is estimated at gt in,13
+this process often involves multiple iterations aimed at identifying opportunities for success which might be described as thinking out of the box innovative pricing and financing strategies as well as modified business processes have also proved critical tables and illustrate these issues they show that while cost reduction was generally the main criterion other factors including ensuring product quality and the application s usefulness were critical too,9
+however as with any subsidy instrument careful design and periodic recalibration are necessary to ensure that objectives are achieved at the lowest cost to society and this requires strong government capacity regulatory capture where entrenched industry interests are able to extract subsidies even after the legislative objective has been attained is common yet energy technology change has slowed considerably at the level of the global fuel mix since the s and there is no evidence to support the popular notion of an acceleration of energy technology change either at the fuel or at the sector plant or unit levels,7
+for cardiovascular diseases latvia generally followed the same declining trend as oecd countries in the s and has also experienced a slight increase in recent years as seen in oecd countries with regards to cancer the mortality rate has increased in latvia since although death rates from all types of cancer among men and women have declined slowly in oecd countries during the same period in latvia mortality rates from colorectal cancer prostate cancer and cervical cancer have been increasing over the past decade,3
+new knowledge and tools are available to assist in reducing uncertainties for the development of policy responses equity should be considered with regards to who the costs and benefits of policy reform fall upon and the needs of future generations policy coherence is required to ensure initiatives taken by different policy sectors eg agriculture urban planning and climate do not have negative impacts on water quality and freshwater ecosystems or increase the cost of water quality management,6
+groundwater resources are estimated at km year total water resources in the armenian part of the vorotan subbasin are estimated at km year about m yearcapita thc increases in concentrations may be due to diffuse pollution from agriculture andor pollution from municipal wastewater,6
+in addition in the course of the energy sector reform which began in some electricity facilities of the rural grids have been corroded damaged or generally could not meet the demand and thus needed either replacement or modification again incurring large expenses the improvement of living standards and the economic development of rural areas a consequence of electrification stimulate electricity demand and put power supply companies under permanent financial strain rural grids need constant renovation and maintenance a survey conducted by the institute of electrical engineering jkd in inner mongolia in late chinese academy of science revealed that out of pvwindbattery hybrid systems for which statistics were available a total of systems were malfunctioning,7
+the courses are based on voluntary participation and contain both theory and practice drivers have to pay a fee of about eur to participate in the course the topics addressed are right of way roundabouts road markings traffic signs traffic light crossings highways light usage overtaking parking regulations,11
+there are relatively few students in colleges techniques in tunisia which suggests that a merger would cause little disruption there appears to be a potential for creating a dialogue around this reform option in tunisia na around of the total number of upper secondary students is enrolled in vet programmes in tunisia which compares with an average for the oecd countries of close to see figure indeed academic routes continue to be perceived as leading to better labour market outcomes in tunisia compared to vet programmes,4
+the effects of climate change are being integrated into policy development through the concept of permanent adjustment this recognises that climate change is only one of a number of natural and socioeconomic processes that will drive the extent and magnitude of natural hazards the recurrence of torrents avalanches and other natural hazards has led to a policy of living with natural hazards and risks the relevant adaptation options in the austrian nas include support for individual risk prevention and management onestop shop for information about climate change adaptation and natural hazards provision of climaterelevant information improvement of early warning systems increased awareness of private insurance options promotion of technical options to protect assets sustainable landuse planning to avoid exposure of assets to natural disasters and water management through water retention and deliberate flooding to avoid discharge peaks additionally the nas includes a package of actions to improve disaster risk management such as increased flexibility in financing for disaster risk responses and extension of training courses for disaster risk management coverage,13
+however given the strong and rising incidence of poverty among younger individuals in particular among families with children there may now be a case for focusing social expenditures more on these groups than in the past raising the distributional impact of social expenditures can be achieved both by optimising the spending mix across different social expenditure items and by improving the targeting of existing benefits to those most in need including by consolidating overlapping benefits and closing loopholes working age is defined as years old,1
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law irrigation water application rates are calculated as the quantities of irrigated freshwater withdrawals divided by the irrigated area figure data for average equal to the year for australia the average for denmark the year for france japan korea portugal and united states the average for greece the average for mexico and the year for spain this was in contrast to the s when agriculture water withdrawals were increasing,6
+pour chacun de ces instruments le document presente les differentes approches nationales analyse les problematiques communes auxquelles les pays doivent faire face et formule des recommandations d action visant a soutenir l elaboration et la mise en ceuvre des politiques publiques developing effective mechanisms for skill recognition becomes increasingly important as workers need to learn throughout their careers in the light technological progress new forms of work eg uber develop potentially useful occupational skills and migration flows create a pool of workers with skills that often remain unrecognised it may yield one of the following three benefits speeding the path to formal qualification access to an education or training programme reduced programme duration qualification without a training programme,4
+to ensure the effectiveness of such a programme a longterm planning horizon should be used keeping in mind that decisions and changes made in one area will have ripple effects on optimal investment elsewhere multilateral development agencies would need to finance a significant part of the required investment including technical assistance for institutional and regulatory reforms as well as management and accountability systems regional programmes aimed at energy efficiency and renewable energy can go a long way to channel investments in these vital areas,7
+the restrictions to access are also associated with lack of data sharing protocols or data sharing restrictions embedded in local and international legal instruments with different return periods by hazard types of different intensities there is a strong need of continuous data collection for which most cities and countries are not prepared monitoring target requires not only efficient data collection systems but also the existence of a governance framework including institutional arrangements with enough human and financial capacity and resource coordination between different actors and ministries has also been identified as a hindrance to disaster monitoring and management in many countries,11
+since january the county ldcs are mandatory pretrial bodies except until july in cases of termination of employment contract suspension from work nonpecuniary damages as well as collective labour disputes which were the unique prerogative of courts the new labour code expands the role of the ldcs by making them the mandatory pretrial body in all cases of labour dispute up to now ldcs have managed to solve all the cases with no case being brought forward to court this may nevertheless change with the extension of the scope of ldcs notably to termination of employment contract and collective labour dispute cases are rare and mostly relate to contract termination representing less than one per of the total number of terminations since july the sli is also in charge of collecting new data such as the number of employees representatives the number of temporary labour contracts and the number of termination of labour contracts as well as grounds for it the county divisions of the sli will also have to assess reasons for firing or changing work conditions in a less favourable way for an employees representative,8
+england for example has unique comprehensive and routinely available data for every practice on quality of care its quality and outcomes framework qof is one of the most advanced monitoring systems across oecd countries the programme is designed to incentivise and standardise the provision of evidencebased highquality care in general practice covering several major ltcs including mental health problems such as depression it also includes indicators relating to public health and other services provided in primary care contraception screening and immunisation,3
+also there is much room for improvement in the capacity to manage such funds effectively in the fight against hivaids in july unaids published and disseminated guidelines on construction of core indicators to aid in reporting on the progress made from intervention activities the average range and number of indicators reported compared well with other world regions as can be seen from figure,3
+beer drinking continues to decline and cannabis consumption is at the lowest level reported by students over the past years around four in ten students said that they were not physically active in the week prior to the survey and only a third of indigenous students reported regularly taking part in competitive team sports table schools are a significant focal point of every nwt community often serving in capacities that are additional to their mandate youth in the northwest territories reported poorer results in most mental health indicators than students in the rest of canada,4
+in ukraine gas prices for both households and municipal heating utilities have traditionally been heavily regulated and subsidized however the prices rose steeply in after ukraines commitments to the international monetary fund imf antonenko et al the possibility to control the temperature and indoor climate will bring along health benefits to residents remarkable decreases in heat consumption will shorten the payback period of investment costs and increase the resale value of the building or apartment,7
+last but not least velvet private advisers are all female fursati offers its women customers topicspecific seminars to meet the needs of women in business the objective is to support the development of entrepreneurship and develop investment skills while also giving women valuable opportunities to network,5
+table outlines what information is collected in selected climate finance systems or reports and highlights how this fits with information needs under the paris agreement three surveys were carried out by the dac secretariat between and with the objective of developing methodologies to report and measure in the dac system avoiding double counting from reporting on amounts mobilised from guarantees syndicated loans and shares in common investment vehicles will be included in the regular dac data collection a further survey launched in july is pilot testing further methodologies for credit lines and investment in companies,13
+the evaluation found that much of the information about undp resource allocation to gender is missing incomplete or inconsistent there is no accurate way to estimate exact expenditures on programmes which pay attention to gender mainstreaming in the midterm review also concluded that undp should demonstrate its commitment through allocation of adequate resources from its core budget and better track resources for gender mainstreaming,5
+poor women and men who do not have sufficient funds to finance their startup stay out of the entrepreneurial markets and in poverty genderspecific effects are more pronounced in those countries where women have limited access to property rights or control over household assets chapter however recent research proves clearly that capital injections might not be enough to enable growth especially in femaleowned microenterprises,5
+among households in the lowest income quintile only have completed tertian education while among households in the highest income quintile have done so lithuania does not monitor key populations with respect to participation and achievement in tertiary education it has no policy targets,4
+the government has noted the lack of available technological solutions for the transport sector and considers that opportunities for cleaner transport are limited electricity is supplied by the governmentowned tonga power ltd tpl which is regulated by the tonga electricity commission the rural areas in tongatapu have grid electricity supplied by tpl and the outer islands have solar power or minigrids that are operated on a communitybased management model the average residential electricity tariff in was us figure tonga has used solar energy since the late s although biomass remains the primary renewable energy source there is no potential for hydro energy and assessments indicate that geothermal energy is uneconomical,7
+source authors calculations using oecd taxbenefit models there have been efforts to lower the tax burden on low earners in recent years in estonia the tax free allowance has been increased from per month in to per month in and a new income tax rebate for low earners that reduces income tax liabilities by per month for those whose annual income is below,8
+progress in this area is possible but barring some significant alteration in nigerian policy this will most likely take the form of incremental changes that will only add up to significant advances in the next decade or two muhammad currently the only women elected are those mandated by the quota so one possible way to bring about positive change would be to increase the quota,5
+without the use of a social justice lens for energy planning largescale renewable energy projects can be environmentally damaging and may do little tc enhance gender equality decisionmaking in the energy sector often excludes women and policies are mostly genderunaware in many cases they are creating their own pathways to clean energy technology that level the playing field in regard to economic and social opportunity it has the potential to reduce development initiatives directed at gender and energy since the deep inequalities in the energy sector cannot easily be quantified enabling the creation of local renewable energy user groups and cooperatives and empowering women to fully participate all levels of decisionmaking is essential for sustainable energy,7
+furthermore some would argue that the critical mass of women is contributing to the passage of legislation that addresses women s concerns women have been able to successfully lobby for greater allocation of healthcare spending for example as well as enact changes to land inheritance laws to be more favourable to women norville this suggests that encouraging commonwealth countries to adopt naps can have the beneficial effect of helping to institutionalise and normalise the perception that women should be included in political institutions,5
+often this will be all the patient needs but in the case of a need for referral for acute care this can be done in such a way that takes into account the totality of a patient health care needs ultimately such a system could help in identifying resource needs and priority setting for successful outcomes a key facet of korea s registration projects has demonstrated the benefits of proactive outreach both in raising awareness about risky health behaviours that might lead to the development of chronic disease and also in moderating lifestyle habits of those with established chronic disease,3
+these stations collect real or nearrealtime data on river levels and rainfall and related issues which is disseminated through a webbased platform this regional flood information system may now be integrated into the operational flood monitoring and early warning systems in the respective countries for this purpose there are two important enabling steps the first is to fully understand the transboundary risk from regional to local levels,13
+this also helps tackle the immense investment needs in the sector savings from reduced energyrelated social subsidies after eneigyefficiency investments are implemented creates a revenue stream which is consolidated through the newly established energy efficiency fund parliament recently adopted the law on the energy efficiency fund,7
+an effort is also made to identify difficulties in availability and quality of information for contributing to the generation of better data for the multidimensional measurement of poverty therefore the indices presented here in this section are basically exploratory in nature and are not presented as a definitive multidimensional measurement of poverty in the region next different dimensions and thresholds are considered bearing in mind the selection of those that are most relevant and feasible for measurement in the regional context,1
+the magnitude of some of these differences suggests that new teachers may require more support to develop effective pedagogical strategies for teaching content in some countries than in others possibly due to limited preservice or inservice training in countries such as the czech republic iceland and sweden the gaps between the proportion of new and experienced teachers feeling very well prepared in classroom practice in the subject fields are greater than percentage points however in france percentage points and japan percentage points the differences between the groups are much smaller and there are no statistical significant differences in finland and korea,4
+it builds on the understanding that people care for the environment sustainability and future generations but they are also busy and do not have the time to carefully think about how these issues connect with each other these widespread concerns have formed a sound basis for the good chemistry campaign from the danish epa which highlights nine good habits for pregnant and nursing mothers regarding chemicals in cosmetics in products for children and in toys according to the third good habit consumers are advised to buy products with swan label and the eu flower the study from the danish epa suggests that the nordic swan ecolabelling has significantly increased its market share in the personal care sector in denmark as a result of this campaign,12
+in mexico fathers tend to lose time with their families while mothers often drop out of the workforce entirely the wage premium to long hours has been identified as a crucial remaining obstacle to gender pay equity goldin within the workplace men and women often break from long hour norms in different ways,5
+this solution may be appropriate for a specific bounded water body such as a lake or reservoir where there are a limited number of identified polluters typically industrial companies wastewater utilities or mines whose discharges have a clearly identifiable impact on surface water quality polluting agents firms utilities etc polluters would be allowed to buy and sell these licences the total volume of licences could be reduced overtime with the aim of reducing overall pollution the latter would save money by buying licences rather than undertaking abatement themselves in time the desired amount of pollution abatement would gravitate towards efficient polluters at a lower cost to society compared to the situation where every firm was obliged to abate whatever the cost,6
+finally was spent on general psychiatry and the least of all medical specialties on child psychiatry in regional hospitals this implies that the county hospitals bear the largest share of specialist psychiatric out and inpatient services salar lb sweden has been a proactive actor in the advancement of national mental health developing locally targeted policy and programmes as well as cooperating with international mental health efforts,3
+the database could be shared for instance with the dhscenterlink and local social service administrations to ensure confidentiality after youth and their families have been contacted and agree to participate in a programme information would be transmitted by these authorities to local service providers service providers would then need to inform the referring administration on the situation of youth on a regular basis they address the causes of nonattendance through a regular exchange of information and dedicated followup services and avoid youth falling through the cracks by systematically offering alternative education or training pathways to school dropouts since each county has its own followup service with a mandate to keep an overview of the activity status of all young people who finish compulsoiy lowersecondary education,4
+these zones aim to foster the development of manufacturing facilities and exports create employment and training opportunities for libyans transfer technology and knowledge and diversify the economy investors in free zone activities benefit from expedited business establishment processes free repatriation of capital and profits energy supply at local rates exemption from commercial registration tax custom duty restrictions exchange controls and monitoring and vast areas of land on lease for up to years renewable in response the menaoecd investment programme launched the iraq project which helps identify and support policy reforms through research and policy dialogue,8
+this number increased slightly to in the existing middle class remained rather stable of those who were middle class in remained middle class in while attracting a significant portion of the poor of the poor in became middle class in viewing the middle class as essentially stable can be misleading,10
+since minimumincome recipients without any earned income mostly have net incomes below commonlyused poverty thresholds a relevant question is how much someone would need to earn in order to escape income poverty this amount will depend on two factors first higher earnings are required in countries with sizable individual poverty gaps the amount by which net income falls short of the chosen poverty line,1
+using data from households in rural indonesia gibson and olivia showed that improved access to roads and electricity positively affected both employment and income for nonfarm enterprises the program nasional pemberdayaan masyarakat pnpm mandiri rural infrastructure support helped villagers of trimulyo to develop the local economy by constructing an allweather road the new road lowered transportation costs which allowed greater use of fertiliser and in turn increased outputs,11
+these figures highlight the problem of low productivity that always characterises the small business sector mi tortilla which is the programme that the study visit has more specifically met also supports producers through a quality logo that helps them compete with large companies and through a grant in change for old polluting equipment so that this is not sold in the secondhand market together with an economic objective of improved productivity the mi series has also a social aim in seeking to formalise through participation in the programme the large swaths of informality that connotes the microenterprise sector in mexico,8
+the second trend is the increase in the use of biomass in four times more biomass was used by the residential sector than in this trend is also supported although to a much smaller extent by the increasing gasification of households the principal objectives of climaterelated policy are the development of a highly efficient and green energy sector and establishment of a single internal energy market while overcoming the high energy and carbon intensity of the economy and dependency on energy imports,13
+the paper concludes with a brief note on the way forward for the oecd as a whole the tax to gdp ratio rose from of gdp in to in the tax mix also varies reflecting a host of determinants including among others the structure and openness of the economy intergovernmental arrangements eg unitary versus federal structure box the institutional capacities of the national and subnational government administrations and collective attitudes toward income redistribution and the use of progressive taxation subcentral entities generate their own revenues to varying degrees,8
+decentralisation also means giving more prominent role to the technical groundwater committees cotas in aquifer management strengthening the organisation and functioning of the river basin councils and their auxiliary bodies and consolidating the governance functions and regional organisation of the conagua there is no one size fits all model for enhancing public governance in the water sector and overcoming institutional obstacles to implementation but it is critical to diagnose the main governance challenges experienced across ministries and public agencies between levels of government and across subnational actors and review existing governance instruments this will help clearly define roles and responsibilities of public authorities and setup to dispute resolution mechanisms,6
+in addressing systemic risk the national strategy also includes a variety of programmes and plans to combat poverty and enhance societal resilience to reduce the risk of disasters and cascading impacts communities at particular and persistent risk of disasters include communities located near rivers in close proximity to floodprone dams in lowlying areas prone to flooding during heavy rains along seismically active zones and in areas affected by conflict it has taken these as the foci for its national strategy and risk reduction measures addressing iwrm and the security context as well as the environmental climatic social cultural and political context,11
+these countries have acquired the potential to put in place social policies that foster human development and social cohesion this refers to absolute poverty measured by the international poverty line of usd ppp purchasingpower parity per day the growth elasticity of poverty reduction derived from the regression line in figure is,1
+tertiary specialist hospitals were also worse affected this includes the national children s hospital where average waiting time for surgery was remarkably long at days it is interesting to note that waiting times in the hospitals belonging to the ins insurerprovider network see box are typically less than a week although the ins offers a restricted set of services compared to the ccss its short waiting times include elective surgery,3
+indeed more young women than ever before are now participating in formal and higher education in the oecd and over the past decade gender gaps in educational attainment have reversed in adult men had higher tertiarylevel attainment rates than adult women but by of women across oecd countries had attained a tertiary education compared with of men among the over nonoecd countries that are part of the barro and lee dataset the average number of years that workingage adults spend in education countries rose from around two to about eight among men and from one to eight years for women,5
+psychiatric inpatient care has increased amongst adolescents and young adults in women per population and men per population were treated in psychiatric inpatient care figure illustrates the trends in psychiatric inpatient care for both men and women between a period during which the number of psychiatric beds declined sharply,3
+then the discussion moves to questions of context and content including explicit commitment to the teaching of st century skills third the question as to how central technology is for these networks is introduced finally the chapter concludes with an analysis of key practices that best explain the successful implementation and sustainability of their innovative approaches,4
+looking at the economy of the u nited states from to he concluded that infrastructure investments led to productivity increases finding that a percent rise in infrastructure stock over time was associated with a per cent increase in productivity the study even showed that the converse also held declining infrastructure investment from to was responsible for declining output per capita over the same period in the united states these findings triggered a spurt of empirical research examining the contribution of infrastructure to growth,9
+moreover many employers have the view that they should not provide of structured training but rather that schoolbased programmes should provide them with trained and ready workers oecd national employers organisations have been traditionally included in the advisory bodies designing vet provision but in the ministry of economy signed collaboration agreements with sectoral employers associations eg hotels and restaurants aviation it engineering etc for that purpose sectoral qualification standards are being developed for particular sectors of the economy oecd,8
+for example traditional and cultural barriers lack of education lack of adequate financing and violence especially genderbased violence the first two provided a selection of potential answers for the respondents to choose from the remaining four questions required a response based on the respondents assessments,5
+this whaling quota is within a range that researchers believe provides adequate security with regard to protecting the whale stocks moreover the quota is based on scientific evidence from the iwc scientific committee the quota for was composed of a basic annual quota of and the addition of unused quota from in norwegian whalers were permitted to catch up to animals in coastal areas the north sea along the coast from stad to finnmark in the barents sea and around svalbard the rest of the quota could be caught in the zone surrounding jan mayen island conservationists feared that legalising any form of commercial whaling would open the door to other nations and ultimately lead to more not fewer whale deaths morell,14
+encourage various forms of mutually beneficial business partnerships indonesia has extensive experience in developing partnership arrangements between large investors in agriculture and smallholders acting as their suppliers contract farming is the most common partnership scheme but mixed models are also widely used with investments in a largescale core enterprise at the centre involving outgrowers under contracts to supplement core production the oecd guidelines for multinational enterprises and the fao voluntary guidelines on the responsible governance of tenure of land fisheries and forests in the context of national food security provide useful guidance,2
+the danish government should work with universities speciality groups and regions to review the structure of medical research facilities and ensure that they evolve to make the most of the opportunities provided by larger scale specialist hospitals for example whilst not losing their valued generalist role further skill specialisation amongst some gps could be explored interested gps could develop extended competencies in defined clinical areas eg dermatology ear nose and throat paediatrics obstetrics and gynaecology,3
+it starts with a short analysis of the volume of official development finance for infrastructure next it highlights some of the strategies pursued by donors that are particularly active in this area and presents several case stories it concludes with some observations about how to improve the effectiveness of support for traderelated infrastructure investments together japan the world bank group the european union eu institutions germany and france disbursed over three quarters of all funds during the period,9
+the flood protection system is comprehensive and includes engineering measures such as dams and retention basins as well as landuse planning measures that make space for excess water without putting the population at risk and the documentation of water flows and assessment of future risk the government communicates information and recommendations on flooding to help individuals and businesses manage their risk the current evidence suggests that changes in future flood risk due to the effects of climate change fall within existing design tolerances of the flood protection infrastructure therefore the austrian government does not plan to strengthen the technical standards for flood protection for now,13
+critical to successful tax reform is the need to have more effective coordination among relevant agencies such as departments within ministries of finance foreign investment promotion agencies and local governments greater use of information technology in tax administration also matters especially its capacity to help increase tax compliance through riskbased auditing and thirdparty information sharing however excluding japan growth slowed from in to in mainly due to declining merchandise exports as a result of an economic growth moderation in china and tepid global demand,8
+for example while the earliest project from cida considered in this analysis started in the earliest from jica started in the geographic distribution is in part explained by the type of activities implemented for example most flood prevention and control activities are located in a few countries particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events such as indonesia and bangladesh,13
+water authorities need to work with other constituencies including the agriculture and energy sectors while taking the environment into account they also need to work at different levels of government local basin municipal state and federal levels for example there has been longstanding cooperation between canada and the united states through the canadaus boundary waters treaty and the canadaus great lakes water quality agreement the united nations economic commission for europe operates the convention on the protection and use of transboundary watercourses and international lakes providing an important framework for international cooperation,6
+therefore countries of the region should step up their efforts to improve the living conditions of the poor although the worst of the crisis is expected to have passed by the second half of meaning it would have been shorter lived and not as deep as initially predicted there is nonetheless still a possibility of a slow recovery and of employment only recovering after a long contraction given the macroeconomic context which is less vulnerable in this crisis and given the progress that has been made in the area of social protection there is a possibility that the social fallout from the crisis can be mitigated more effectively that highlights the need for governments to take action to close the social gaps and make progress towards social cohesion,1
+it considers how women still prefer to study humanities to sciences and asks what can be done to combat persistent stereotyping finally it looks at the gender gap in financial literacy and how to ensure women are as wellequipped as men to carry out longterm financial planning exceptions are chiefly countries in south asia and subsaharan africa in eastern middle central and western africa and in southern asia teenage girls are less likely than boys to stay in school,5
+among executives knowledgeable about blockchain technology already participate in a consortium are likely to join one and are considering forming one industry consortia are focusing on developing solutions to their business issues with the help of blockchain technology whereas technology consortia are focusing on developing use case agnostic blockchain technologies and are mostly formed by blockchain technology providers these technology providers drive innovation for consensus algorithms transaction efficiency and interoperability across different blockchain platforms,9
+for example a rural dwelling that does not have running water may not be classified as poor whereas this would not be the case of a dwelling in an urban area for the purposes of collecting data on household deprivation pensioners domestic workers and family members of domestic workers were excluded the unexpanded sample was composed of people in and people in,1
+in the current system of national accounts they are accounted for as nonprofit or charitable institutions such deficiencies remain a decisive factor in the region s high levels of poverty primary income distribution is corrected through wealth redistribution schemes which can function provided that there is a revenue collection system which taxes current income wealth profits and consumption and which for workers includes the obligation to contribute a proportion of their income to finance benefits and transfers to be paid when their working lives have come to an end there are also voluntary solidaritybased redistributive mechanisms which involve not only gifts among private households but also participation by community organizations,10
+this could be set up in parallel to existing and current infrastructure developments for example within smart city projects within the pilot blockchainbased contract management systems and assets already under development could be leveraged and tailored towards specific needs for example in regards to industry standards legal and regulatory matters or user experience this approach enables a reallife trial of the system while further developing the solution since they tend to develop several projects at a time they can quickly achieve efficiency gains by taking part in the pilot rolling out the developed system in their other engagements,9
+closing the gender gap in the labour force promotes diversity and stability and improves the competiveness and integrity of the recruitment process for both public and private sector employment in fact estimates from an oecd study suggest that reducing the gender gap in employment is correlated with an increased impetus for economic growth amounting to an overall rise of of gdp over years in oecd countries oecd a the study found that oecd countries that currently have larger gaps in employment would have higher gains in gdp if the gender gap were to be reduced oecd a evidence from global studies also suggests that women tend to spend a greater share of their income on the education and health of their children and therefore an improvement of wage equality for women often translates to better welfare outcomes for individuals within the household qian,5
+the emphasis is mainly on soil water nutrient levels acidification heavy metals organic pollutants and leaching of nutrients from the site nevertheless some studies have addressed these issues in different nordic countries for example the effect of final felling of forest stands on runoff water chemistry and discharge has been widely studied as has the effect of wooded strips along streams buffer zones on runoff water chemistry and aquatic organisms in northern sweden in finland the role of forest land in artificial recharge of high quality groundwater resources to compensate for water extraction has also been studied,6
+the challenge was to redraw a new line dividing german togoland into two separate territories in the milnersimon agreement between the english and the french attributed of german togoland to france and to britain the provisional line mainly followed natural features according to raunet when the milnersimon line cut communities in two villages could decide whether they wanted to be under british or french rule and had six months to relocate on either side of the line,8
+the assessment of a school leader s exercise of tasks and responsibilities includes a test on professional preparation the appraisal framework described for mexico throughout this chapter refers to the exclusive appraisal scheme for school principals at centrally managed public schools at isced level for further details on the external element external school evaluation see chapter,4
+the demand for secure energy supply underpins economic activity whether it is a factory in germany or a farming operation in kenya it is needed to grow crops just as much as it is needed to underpin the mobile phone network through which farmers can connect to their markets energy is an essential input to the production of food and the provision of water it can eliminate the need for hours spent collecting fuel wood to make more time available for education and entrepreneurial activity it offers mobility that makes trade possible energy fuels the movement of manufactured goods people services and ideas,7
+it also explains how to connect travellers with the businesses local cultural assets to enhance the visitor experience through a free interactive online tool companies can develop a prospective vision for their business the easytofollow guides demonstrate tangible ways to enhance product development marketing and sales initiatives one such initiative that aims to support tourism smes with an online presence but without online booking capabilities is the australian tourism booking widget box,8
+they support women to access better employment opportunities and reduce social and intergenerational inequalities by making extra familial care available and affordable for lowerincome and disadvantaged households in order to reap the double dividend in terms of womens economic empowerment and child health and education the ways in which services are delivered is fundamental as with water poorer and rural households are much less likely than wealthier and urban households to have access to improved sanitation,5
+in order to contribute to this objective the oecd joint network of health and budget officials on the fiscal sustainability of health systems was established in this joint network aims to identify and disseminate good practices in managing healthcare budgets alongside other policies that can ensure fiscal sustainability it also aims to improve institutional dialogue clarity of roles and common objectives between officials from both health and finance ministries and other relevant policymakers,3
+as will be explained below state responsibility can also be invoked for private acts ie when state officials are not the direct perpetrators of the violence see also the special rapporteur on violence against womens report on genderrelated killings of women ahrc para the police had been aware that her husband had a handgun and had threatened to kill her on several occasions,5
+according to the special rapporteur the states due diligence obligation under international human rights law consists of preventing investigating punishing acts of violence against women protecting women from violence and providing an effective remedy and reparation to victims of violence for human rights law the standard serves as a tool for rights holders to hold duty bearers accountable by providing an assessment framework for ascertaining what constitutes effective fulfilment of the obligation and for analysing the actions or omissions of the duty bearer this is especially important if the potential infringement comes through a duty bearers failure to act as it can be difficult for rights holders to assess if an omission constituted a violation of their right without some normative basis for the appraisal cotton field v mexico judgement of november concerning the abduction sexual violence and killing of two children and a woman by nonstate actors was one of hundreds of similar cases of disappearance rape and murder of predominantly migrant women and girls that had occurred in ciudad juarez mexico,5
+with a view to facilitating this crucial choice the policy guidance for investment in clean energy infrastructure aims to assist governments in identifying ways to engage private enterprises in developing and financing clean energy infrastructure countries at different stages of technological and economic development will find different issues more relevant to their specific situation every context is different and the policy guidance will thus need to be adapted to the needs of each individual country,7
+that is why the oecd is investing in both to strengthen the evidence base in close collaboration with the un and other key development partners including bilateral donors through the dac network on gender equality gendernet see box csos the private sector and foundations with the support of the oecd secretary general the policy dialogue initiative is coordinated jointly by the oecd development cooperation directorate the development centre and statistics directorate bringing together their unique expertise and networks the initiative aims to identify policy and programme solutions to promote women s economic empowerment including by recognising reducing and redistributing women s unpaid care work,5
+the teaching challenge is then to teach in a way so that most students apply a deep approach to learning using the higher cognitive level processes while these characteristics include for example subject matter class size student ability and assessment practices they vary enormously between departments faculties and institutions complex and everchanging societal political economic technological and demographic forces also affect what might be understood as effective teaching,4
+because many of the policy innovations presented in this section involve the use of economic instruments the chapter begins with a brief review of some of the characteristics of water that limit the extent to which the resource can be managed as an economic good policy solutions with the potential to contribute to resource decoupling are described for the agricultural industry and municipal water supply sectors in addition systemslevel policy approaches with the potential to encourage efficient use across sectors are also described the section concludes with an examination of equity considerations that should be included in the design of policy measures,6
+furthermore the causes of and possible solutions to unsustainable foreign debt the widening gap between rich and poor and the absence of equitable multilateral trade investment and financial systems implies that it is increasingly impossible to assume that the governments of developing countries can act in isolation to eradicate poverty the insistence of affluent countries on asymmetrical protection of their markets through tariffs quotas antidumping duties export credits as well as subsidies to domestic producers greatly impairs export opportunities for poor countries and regions the economic journal vol,1
+they are therefore critical for creating an enabling environment within which substantive equality for women can be advanced they have also artificially constrained the resources available to governments to finance policies and programmes for gender equality this can enhance the realization of rights over time the mobilization of resources for gender equality the reduction of discrimination and the democratization of economic governance,5
+analysis conducted by the iea using its data on fossilfuel consumption subsidies in developing countries estimated that a phaseout of these subsidies between and would lead to lower emissions of air pollutants such as s nox and particulate matter which are harmful to public health and the environment ieaopecoecdworld bank recent research by the gsi based on modelling in countries found that the removal of fossilfuel subsidies between now and could lead to average national emission reductions of approximately this research also found that if of the savings from subsidy removal are redirected to renewable energy and energy efficiency the national average emission reduction estimates increase to merrill letal however defining these policies as subsidies is uncommon in the region and crosssubsidies often remain invisible for society at large,7
+if there is no demand for product then consideration should be given to removing the tariff quota altogether this action is needed to ensure the protection of human plant and animal health improve viet nam s regulatory reputation and support the export of valueadded agricultural goods it is important that import requirements for food safety quarantine and standards and labelling purposes are implemented in a transparent manner consistent with international guidelines and practice,2
+chile also needs to improve access to quality tertiary education for students from medium and low socioeconomic backgrounds finally in terms of activating and using skills effectively a key goal should be to reduce skill mismatch which contributes to low productivity growth this requires more flexible labour markets investing more in vocational education and training and promoting the participation of more women in the fields of engineering and computer science,4
+the challenge is to support the creation of a genderresponsive security system in a society where gender inequality stereotypes and discrimination still exist reforms within a security system institution can spur social changes if accompanied by broader national reforms such as national plans on violence against women or legislative reform on equal rights education and awarenessraising strategies in turn it is important for security system institutions to support social changes in parallel to institutional reform through education reform or awarenessraising campaigns on gender issues at the national and community level,5
+it has traditionally been considered a second chance option for the three poorest quintiles of the population in there were some million applicants for million places in vocational education and training vet institutions reflecting growing demand interview with tvet director moec the new vision is to build on that demand by increased investment and expansion of vocational schools widely across the whole of indonesia,4
+successful completers are awarded a senior certificate of education giving access to both general and vocational programmes there is a well established flexible qualification system that provides autonomy and innovation underpinned with data and research current reforms have aimed to shape a more demanddriven vet system see spotlight introducing more flexibility in the length of apprenticeships and ensuring support through a common procedure for assessing them it has the sixth highest graduation rate among oecd countries in academic programmes tertiarytype a and the eighth highest graduation rate in vocationally oriented programmes tertiarytype b about of all tertiary students are foreign the highest rate of foreign tertiary students among oecd countries in the participation of aboriginal and torres strait islander people in higher education is below that of the australian population as a whole,4
+firms with product process organisational or marketing innovations or with ongoing or abandoned product or process innovation activities market novelties are product innovations that are new to the firm s market innovation cooperation as part of product or process innovation activities data for and only include rd expenditures and expenditures for the acquisition of machinery equipment software and other external knowledge,9
+second it implies a potential need for more intensive management of the nearby hillsides and more precisely the identification of specific areas that can be devoted to the needs of the local population they reflect conflicts about specific parcels of land because some uses may be perceived as harming the interests of nearby land owners a media analysis of land use conflicts in puydedome illustrates this point well it was found that the majority of conflicts are brought forward by rural residents who would like to maintain the natural environment against the land uses of businesses and industry mann and jeanneaux of the conflicts identified in the area in the study three quarters were resolved in the residents interest a fact the author of the study notes demonstrates that expost decision protest behaviour can result in political decisions that maintain or improve the quality of residential life,11
+nonetheless the special characteristics of this segment strong growth rapid technical progress and highly changeable regulatory frameworks mean that the business model still differs from the rest of the sector and it is largely controlled by specialized firms many of the large electricity firms that invest in this segment do so through specialist subsidiaries such as enel green power cpfl renovaveis or iberdrola renovables which recently has been reabsorbed by the parent company for financial reasons these barriers are lowered still further if the project is mainly financed with debt as is usually the case thereby reducing the capital contribution necessary from the firm in question to no more than of the total cost this level of leverage is possible because most wind farms have been developed with longterm ppas and because nearly all of the production cost is fixed capital which is invested at the start of the project in terms of wind power the turbines account for of the cost bndes,7
+sustainable development goal is aimed at addressing the current rate of biodiversity loss which some experts believe to be unprecedented since the last major global extinction event million years ago in asia and the pacific the problems of biodiversity loss and ecological degradation have been growing protected areas are one of the main tools used by governments for conservation of the remaining forests but these efforts have had mixed results according to statistics on primary forests and numbers of threatened species,15
+poor quality of infrastructure for example substandard transport connections or unreliable telecommunication grids is an additional challenge developing and emerging countries face in the development of their manufacturing sector according to the oecd early adoption of digital infrastructure such as a reliable telecommunication infrastructure highspeed internet access or more sophisticated technologies for instance the blockchain may lead to leapfrogging within the manufacturing sector and thus promotes an inclusive and sustainable future development the shrewd use of automation technology may have two substantial effects on the characteristics of the goods produced,9
+while residential developments along establish roads ways are to be encouraged since they take advantage of existing infrastructure they are problematic when the costs of servicing these areas are bom by the municipality and the externalities associated with such a location are not reflected in the costs paid by home owners this is to be expected to some degree as lower interest rates increase an individual s ability to purchase a property supply constraints also increase demand for instance high demand to live in a particular area because of its amenities or cultural heritage in comparison to other departements in the region these are low figures puydedome had the lowest percentage change in terms of housing prices over the period and the second lowest in terms of household income,11
+instead this chapter focuses on the role of structural transformation in reducing poverty as the title of this report indicates the total number of people living in extreme poverty based on the purchasing power parity ppp yardstick of per day declined from a peak of million in to million in today the average poverty headcount ratio in these economies is per cent compared with per cent in,1
+state administration entities and locally elected officials of illicit cultivation and state police operations to eradicate such cultivation in belarus a system of measures to stabilize the drug situation and a comprehensive action plan to counter drug trafficking prevent drug abuse and facilitate the social rehabilitation of drug abusers were approved in the national committee for the coordination and planning of drug responses of greece drafted a new national strategy on drugs for the period and a new action plan for,3
+for fuel the fishing sector is not required to pay a road levy that vehicles solely using the road system must but has been required to pay a carbon tax since approximately isk usd per tonne of c in figure depicts fse trends over time in iceland in the fishing year beginning september the way the tax was levied changed it is now paid when catches are landed instead of being prepaid against allocated quota,14
+as such action that is in effect adaptation may not be viewed as such by the company in question this paper has adopted a broad perspective in that it includes as adaptation measures that have been taken in relation to existing climate extremes which additionally improve companies resilience to climate change and measures that have either been identified by the respondents as relating to climate change or to circumstances that have been made worse by climate change information on companies adaptation experiences has been obtained by directly contacting companies see annex for a full list of companies based on companies responses to the cdp questionnaire companies which were particularly active on climate issues were identified and requested to participate in this analysis,13
+licensing thus soon proved to be insufficient particularly given the ambitions of the chinese wind energy programme which aimed largely at the commissioning of largescale wind farms employing megawatt turbines mw and higher the focus shifted away from licensing to the commissioning of original constructions delivered by international design and consulting firms this has had two advantages first the cost of design tends to be substantially lower than licensing fees one third according to one chinese expert second in general once the design firm has delivered the blueprint the chinese client owns the intellectual property rights to the design,7
+the third level consists of several existing national and local measurement systems that are used to measure and drive improvement it defines priority areas required to deliver the ambition across the domains of quality of care population health and value and sustainability the priority areas are personcentred care safe care primary care unscheduled and emergency care integrated care care for multiple and chronic illnesses early years health inequalities prevention workforce innovation and efficiency and productivity,3
+the government has been able to reduce the gap between supply and demand for electricity power generation capacity including captive has been increased from megawatts mw in to mw in at present per cent of the population has electricity coverage and the per capita power generation has reached kwh,7
+this is particularly relevant in the context of chile which is characterised by high working loads and a considerable proportion of teaching hours the law that creates the system for teacher professional development improves teachers working conditions and gives further recognition to activities other than teaching it increases the proportion of nonteaching hours within the regulated working hours,4
+however at the same time both icts and these policies separately and in combination have fundamentally altered the balance of power in many labour markets to the detriment of workers this effect has been particularly strong in countries with mature and highly developed labour market institutions which have thus come under pressure but looking back in time is nonetheless helpful in combatting pessimism,8
+papua new guinea is currently a member of asiapacific economic cooperation and has observer status in the association of southeast asian nations asean papua new guinea s exports to china for example increased from million in to million in on the back of increasing chinese demand for papua new guinea s petroleum products meanwhile the exports of solomon islands to china dominated by timber logs reached million in,8
+one factor behind the high public support may be knowledge of the costs of nonaction w hich diw estimates to reach around eur billion by more than of gdp the conviction that climate change policies generate new sources of growth also plays a major role in public acceptance while climate change mitigation policies contributed to reducing ghg emissions a significant share of past abatement was due to specific events and structural changes,7
+the monitoring and evaluation frameworks assessing the effectiveness of the national approach on adaptation must be adjusted accordingly with an integrated approach to adaptation a country s resilience to climate change reflects the change brought about by individual adaptation interventions as well as that caused by socioeconomic trends and policies implemented for reasons other than climate change the report also considers the potential role development cooperation providers can play in helping partner countries to implement the four tools and build on the information they generate,13
+the initial focus was on improving understanding of extreme events but it has expanded to include research into climate impacts and adaptation responses further funding for climate research has been provided through the austrian climate research programme in addition to this domestic research agenda austria has been an active participant in eufunded research such as the circle i and ii projects coordinating transnational research funding on climate change impacts vulnerability and adaptation,13
+thereafter new targets or reorganisation takes place including consideration of the creation of new programmes the programme has to be updated when the new administration begins generally policy instruments are designed with the intent of diverting waste from landfills and creating more jobs in processing plants through commercial activities related to the recycling and reuse of materials and the or caloric waste treatment,12
+in addition of mexican women who have had at least one intimate male partner report having been victims of violence one major factor behind underreporting is mistrust in the criminal justice system see chapter important legal instruments protect women from violence and the mexican government has rolled out a multipronged approach to addressing vaw entitled the integrated programme to prevent address sanction and eradicate violence against women this programme proposes several strategies and policies to eradicate vaw and includes many government actors,5
+figure shows that almost all adult women in highincome countries have a formal account while there are wide disparities in the financial inclusion of women across lowincome countries demirguckunt and klapper for example of women in niger had formal accounts with andor obtained loans from financial institutions in while of women in mauritania had an account and received a formal loan the differences in the proportions of men and women who hold an account also tend to diminish with countries income per capita even if once again the size of the gender gap varies significantly across poor countries,5
+special measures including quotas are necessary to achieve equality between women and men by addressing structural disadvantage faced by women but greater numbers of women representatives are not sufficient to advance gender equality in society broader participation of women and autonomous women s organizations are critical to the achievement of policy that advances substantive equality between women and men undemocratic practices at local levels such as patronage and corruption prevent transparency and accountability and reduce women s effective participation ibid para,5
+the participation rate of men attains the maximum in the age group while women of that age are mostly married and engaged in childbearing and child rearing the gender gap in lfprs is thus the highest in this age group the lfprs of women attain the maximum level later in life and decrease almost instantaneously thus there is never a steady state for women s employment peak employment comes later in life so any possible gains in increased wages are short lived while women agricultural workers still make up the majority of those employed their numbers have decreased for various reasons the share of women workers in manufacturing however has now surpassed men s,5
+this can only be achieved with leadership at all levels of the health system meanwhile the populations and individual patients these systems serve are becoming clinically more challenging in previous centuries the key challenges for health care were managing injury and combatting infectious diseases as developing countries cross the epidemiological transition they now face the same challenges,3
+the second manual entitled handbook for producing national statistical reports on women and men was published by the united nations in this manual provided guidance in producing genderfocused analytical publications and integrated data analysis and data presentation for a series of subjectmatter topics related to gender after beijing a great deal of the work on gender statistics developed by global and regional agencies has focused on producing gender indicators perhaps for two reasons first there has been a need to monitor at the global and regional levels countries progress in achieving gender equality goals,5
+that is water demand measures the total amount of water withdrawn from the environment gross demand rather than the amount of water withdrawn after accounting for the volumes returned net demand gross measures of water use include consumptive and nonconsumptive uses of water by contrast net water demand only measures consumptive uses of water so is a measure of water consumption rather than water demand because only a part of what is withdrawn is effectively consumed table b most of the flow is returned usually at a lower quality to the water systems where it can be reused water withdrawals for energy generation hydropower and thermocooling are on the rise but energy is one of the economic sectors that consume the least water and it returns most of the water withdrawn back to the water system withdrawal per capita ranges from m a year in uganda to more than m in turkmenistan with a world average of m wwap,6
+school systems that continue to differentiate among students in these ways need to create appropriate incentives to ensure that some students are not discarded by the system this does not necessarily mean that if stratification policies were changed students in stratified systems would have better instrumental motivation to learn since pisa does not measure cause and effect however policy makers in highly stratified systems need to consider not only the equity aspect of education outcomes but also noncognitive outcomes such as students attitudes towards learning the scope of evaluations and assessments is not only limited to student assessments most schools use various forms of evaluations such as selfevaluations external school evaluation and teacher appraisals as well,4
+however the slow recovery of groundwater to a dynamic equilibrium state means withdrawal can easily surpass replenishment and lead to groundwater depletion overdrafting especially in the regions that are becoming heavily dependent on groundwater weakens its buffering effect potentially making agriculture even more fragile to longer drought duration groundwater intensive use also can lead to major environmental externalities from saline intrusion to land subsidence oecd a,6
+as a consequence when such firms from larger domestic markets enter export markets they will be more competitive than competitors coming from smaller markets that have less access to information prior to entering foreign markets this can partly explain the dominance of chinese and us firms in digitalintensive sectors and it also suggests that there is potential for large developing economies to enter digitalintensive sectors as products are increasingly supplied digitally and gvcs possibly become shorter see section c c trade will rely less and less on roads ports airports or railways and this would counteract some of the competitiveness gains of highincome countries in digitalintensive sectors and tasks however section c c also discusses a scenario in which gvcs become longer,9
+to avoid perceptions of inequity a different approach is to pay the same cash transfer amount throughout the country but to add subsidies or vouchers for the urban poor to allow them to access transport and other services yet urban poverty and deprivations are rising even though national poverty rates have halved moreover antipoverty policies and social protection interventions remain biased towards the rural poor,1
+shocks to trade patterns and markets leads to benefits from diversification in products and markets daw et al the resilience of fishing communities depends on robust markets for seafood products to support the economic base regulations that strengthen the economic and biological condition of the fisheries will also provide the basis from which the fishery will be resilient to climate change,14
+most schools have two or three school leaders but the largest schools generally have three or more for example in general secondary education a large school of more than students can have one principal or deputy principals and various secretaries while a small school of less than students can operate without a deputy principal small rural primary schools may only have one teacher that also fulfils the leadership role according to a special teacher statute maestro director which requires teachers to devote hours of their time to teaching and hours to school leadership and management ineed,4
+it is also incumbent on urban planners to understand the implications of inequitable access to infrastructure unhabitat where a large proportion of urban households without access to electricity live in informal and unauthorized settlements efforts to extend access may be constrained by lack of legal tenure possibly requiring resettlement and complementary measures ruralurban linkages also have important implications for rural electrification many countries in asia and africa have a pattern of temporary and circular ruralurbanrural migration whereby agricultural workers seek work in urban areas as domestic workers or seasonal staff in the hospitality sector during agricultural slack seasons iom srivastava and kumar pandey this means that rural dwellers are by no means necessarily unfamiliar with modern electricity or electrical appliances,7
+however when the concentration in cities has reached a certain level negative externalities such as pollution cost of land cost of labour and travel time among others tend to increase and affect their competitiveness the urbanisation process then continues to spillover to nearby places where the cost of land is more accessible replicating the process of saturation again the state of morelos has put environmental sustainability at the heart of decision making,11
+other potential damage costs include losses resulting from decreases in tourism due to polluted beaches and losses incurred through damage to fisheries former dumpsites particularly those that have received hazardous waste are a major category of contaminated site however the evidence suggests that in a middle or lowincome city the costs to society and the economy are perhaps times what sound solid waste management swm would cost per capita it is dramatically cheaper to manage waste now in an environmentally sound manner than to clean up in future years the sins of the past,12
+a further white paper will be presented to the parliament by the end of to report on actions implemented the north arctic cod has been under particular pressure due to illegal unregulated and unreported fishing iuufishing in the barents sea but there has been a significant reduction in iuufishing of cod and haddock in the barents sea since the reduction is to a large extent due to implementation of measures to combat iuufishing including an entirely new scheme for port state control psc within the north east atlantic fisheries commission neafc area,14
+the taxation is currently based on of the earnings before tax and then distributed on the different species with considerations for operational costs and value created on land hence iceland has also experienced the negative and positive effects of quota markets and the related public debates and controversies despite recent changes to the itq system through the introduction of the openaccess coastal fishery scheme and the increased resource renttaxation the icelandic development also prove the longterm stability of marketbased instruments and property rights in fisheries management however as indicated by the recently elected government which has declared that it will increase the support for coastal fisheries and reassess the resource rent system discussions are not over,14
+this means that the large majority of unemployed do not have access to unemploymentrelated benefits including previously informal workers labourmarket entrants and individuals who quit voluntarily the fgts established in represents a fund that can be used for special occasions including dismissal without just cause the acquisition of a home and retirement withdrawals in the case of unfair dismissal account for about twothirds of fgts expenditure caixa economia federal,10
+environmental impacts from the same substance or activity may vary across space eg ecosystem medium topology human population and time eg season weather it is also the case that environmental issues interact so that for example watersecurity policies may need to include policies for the adaptation to and mitigation of climate change as well as the provision and protection of water resources for example an economic instrument that affects prices will not be effective if consumers are not aware of prices or the means by which they can respond to price increases that said instrument mixes are not always either necessary or efficient oecd a,6
+the poor are defined as the bottom income quintile and the rich as the top one output results relate to longterm gdp per capita income refers to the longterm levels of disposable income for households where the reference person is of workingage adjusted by size this paper seeks to bridge the crosscountry work and countryspecific reviews contained in a large sample of oecd economic suneys,8
+the countries involved might be affected differently and so they would be if the habitat of a given fish stock is largely or wholly displaced from one country s eez to another s this could upset existing agreements on sharing fish stocks first one should begin with what might be expected drawing on the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change ipcc the arctic climate impact assessment acia and past experience the reproduction of the stock from one year to the next depends on how much of the stock is left after fishing in both countries zones the stock remaining in country b s zone after fishing returning to country a s zone,14
+these problems would be best addressed by investing in infrastructure and agricultural research and development the scale of costs of buffer stocks thus leads to major opportunity costs because not enough investments are made in those programmes that are best suited to tackle volatility world bank b notes that as a result buffer stocks in kenya malawi and zambia are even thought to increase price volatility because they were not able to address the causes of volatility and took away resources from programmes that could,2
+however forests are under threat from deforestation around the world net loss in forest area declined from million hectares annually in the s to an estimated million hectares an area about the size of costa rica each year from to in spite of this improvement deforestation remains alarmingly high in many countries,15
+some of the people with a mental disorder suffer from at least two mental disorders wittchen and jacobi see also chapter comorbidities of mental and physical disorders are also frequent harter et al in the united states for example persons with a severe mental disorder in combination with a physical health problem have a benefit recipiency rate of over twice the recipiency rate of people with severe mental disorders who do not suffer from a physical problem,3
+factors that influence the choice of technology include customer and load density relative distance to the national or regional grid landscape the availability of natural resources such as wind sun water and forests economic and financial aspects including consumer ability and willingness to pay and the availability and maturity of any chosen technology niez the number of users served might vary from single users standalone system to whole villages minigrids remote sparsely populated andor lowincome regions make grid extension economically unviable and the alternatives provide access to electricity that can be deployed relatively quickly without the need to increase generation capacity,7
+under the treaty the common market of electric power will begin to operate by june common markets of gas oil and petroleum products are projected to begin operation from january energy prices in the common energy market should not exceed those in domestic markets of the eaeu member states unhindered access to services of the natural gas transportation system is granted only for the natural gas originating from the territory of the eaeu members,7
+the analysis is based on existing literature legal analysis and findings from the oecd survey on gender equality in public life which involved interviews with parliamentarians judges and legal experts to address barriers to women s advancement the chapter identifies a set of good practices and policy avenues that can support governments in improving the gender balance in senior positions in public life the chapter concludes with policy recommendations on breaking the glass ceiling in public life,5
+the estimations suggest that a permanent increase of percentage points in the share of longterm unemployment in total unemployment results in a decline in participation of percentage point in the specification without persistence effects and up to the double in the specification with lagged participation applied to the profile of longterm unemployment longterm unemployment increases over the past decade could explain between and percentage points of the decline in participation with the share of longterm unemployed in unemployment still above its precrisis level this suggests some possible future recovery in participation albeit at a slow pace moreover given the different regional situations the recovery is likely to be very uneven across the united states the evolution of educational attainment does not seem to play a role although this may reflect two conflicting forces with longer enrolment reducing labour force participation of the younger cohort while higher achievement increases participation later on,8
+moreover specialised professionals work directly with students and collaborate with classroom teachers so that they acquire teaching skills that respond to students specific special needs altogether these efforts can better facilitate effective integration of students with special needs into mainstream schools also chile has an initial teacher education programme for learning disabilities in place this is a particular strength as schools can have access to qualified teachers that respond to students needs qualitative evidence suggests that schools select the type of special educational need they respond to depending on their resources for both diagnosing the educational needs of students and attending to the students special needs as a result mainstream schools tend not to work with students with permanent disabilities as these imply more specialised resources greater teaching materials and additional investments in infrastructure,4
+in both entities one main gap in the information available is that there is no monitoring of agricultural water use which means that neither is there any reliable data available in relation to irrigated areas one important document for the future development of irrigation systems in rs is the irrigation strategy which was finished in and foresees the reconstruction between and of two big irrigation systems for an area of ha in the framework of a world bank project within this project water balancing at all potential sources for irrigation has been recommended and appropriate technical solutions proposed to ensure sustainable use of water resources in the una river subbasin for instance there are only out of a possible hydropower plants which makes the una the most underused watercourse with its tapping potential for power generation utilized to only per cent of possible capacity,6
+in particular there are no clear measurable targets to reduce gaps in performance across students and schools from different backgrounds nor are there reliable means to monitor progress clearer targets and more effective monitoring would be helpful in sustaining momentum across policy cycles and ensure resources are targeted towards those most in need the new curriculum marks a profound break with previous approaches to teaching and learning it requires a transformation in pedagogical strategies away from teacherled rotememorisation methods of instruction towards studentfocused competencebased approaches which encourage students to engage in their owrn learning think critically and apply what they know to solve realworld problems,4
+it is estimated that of the world s major marine ecosystems have been degraded or are being used unsustainably many fisheries are overexploited with some stocks on the verge of collapse and coral reefs are bleaching due to exposure to high temperatures and other pressures concurrently pollution from landbased sources including marine litter is threatening species and marine habitats and climate change compounds these effects and alters both the thermal and chemical characteristics of the ocean as well as its dynamics and nutrient availability since the s for example an estimated of global mangroves have been lost and of coral reefs have disappeared,14
+while the average wage per day of rural men in was rs it was as low as rs in the case of women table in urban areas the wage rates were rs for men and rs for women however it decreased to per cent in in the case of urban areas the wage gap during was per cent,5
+also sea temperatures and sea levels are rising and ocean currents shifting resulting in biodiversity and habitat loss changes in fish stock composition and migration patterns and higher frequency of severe ocean weather events the prospects for future ocean development are further aggravated by landbased pollution in particular agricultural runoff chemicals and macro and microplastic pollutants that feed into the ocean from rivers as well as by overfishing and depleted fish stocks in many parts of the world the projections suggest that between and on a businessasusual scenario basis the ocean economy could more than double its contribution to global value added reaching over usd trillion,14
+support for agricultural production and subsidies for variable inputs continue to misalign incentives to farmers and aggravate the overuse and pollution of water in the context of climate change the waterenergy nexus is also emerging as a critical policy area the development of nonfossil fuel energy sources such as hydropower and biofuels has put serious pressure on water resources,6
+indeed over the entire twentieth century energy use in industrialized countries has been persistently above the levels seen in developing countries despite accounting currently for oneseventh of the global population this situation reversed after scenarios suggest that by developing countries could account for between twothirds to threequarters of total global energy use,7
+third the management of educational programmes has shortcomings there is a strong sense among budget officials both in the ministry of education and in the ministry of finance dipres that there exist instances of multiple programmes serving similar goals and that efficiencies could be gained by either consolidating them or through better coordination fourth regional and provincial services of the ministry education regional secretariats secretarias regionales ministeriales seremi education provincial departments departamentos provinciates de educacion deprov appear to be large and more focused on ensuring compliance with the instructions and priorities of the ministry than in helping schools and school providers in managing their schools the chilean government set as an explicit aim to have an equality of opportunity floor so that all students have access to quality schools,4
+while the use of those substances is increasingly affecting youth in the region the limited data available prevent the accurate estimation of their market size sources and trafficking routes seizures of ecstasy type substances increased sharply in brazil in with tablets seized an increase from in in colombia seizures peaked in when tablets were seized increasing from tablets in but seizures decreased again to tablets in guyana reported as a new development seizures of small quantities of ecstasy in the past two years in colombia reported four separate seizures of bromo dimethoxyphenethylamine cb amounting to units in total,3
+the committee added that without status as nationals or citizens women are deprived of the right to vote or to stand for public office and may be denied access to public benefits and a choice of residence an adult woman should be capable of requesting to change her nationality her nationality should not be arbitrarily removed because of marriage or dissolution of marriage or because her husband or father changes his nationality nationality is governed by the law of blood or by birth and by priority to the father over the mother some women lose their nationality when marrying foreigners,5
+the monitoring of behaviour perceptions and attitudes among city dwellers could also add value it seems natural however to focus on casualties as the measurable outcome which matters the most to people this material should be used to support a more vigorous approach to road safety management with a goal of closing the gap and matching the bestperforming cities it should also be noted that no single indicator could capture all aspects of performance a city may perform well on some aspects and poorly on others,11
+the work of naca focuses on determining priority needs for aquaculture development in the asia pacific region and areas in which technical cooperation between member countries and specialist institutions can make significant contributions to meet those needs salmonids tuna edible oysters pearl oysters and prawns accounted for of this value contributing aud million in the production value of farmed salmonids fell by between and to aud million,14
+through the itu academy which has more than users and its centres of excellence network it delivers inperson and elearning courses the annual al for good global summit also provides an important opportunity for global and inclusive dialogue on al hie forum explored policies and actions for advancing sti to achieve the sdgs,9
+another example is italy which set up a national strategic framework nsf within which the ministry for the environment land and sea collaborates with regions to set targets for the quality of integrated water services in mexico conagua and other federal institutions are a strong support for the desarrollos urbanos integrales sustentables duis whose goal is the building of cities with basic services that do not damage the environment and quality of life there are also interinstitutional agreements between governmental actors involved in infrastructure management,6
+decisions about whether when or how often to become pregnant must be made free from any form of discrimination coercion or violence reproductive health and reproductive rights are specific aims under one of the sustainable development goals and integral to realizing all the goals people have more information about their reproductive rights and choices along with a greater capacity to demand their rights each set feces national policy concerns about population trends,5
+on the one hand if the tax is shifted on to consumers house prices increase increasing the demand for smaller housing units and thereby population density on the other hand the property tax can promote urban sprawl as it reduces the capitalland ratio and thereby the number of housing units per unit of land area and density a proposal being discussed in germany is a landuse tax which would differentiate land tax rates depending on how land is used and the associated environmental costs,11
+the northern territory in australia has introduced a coaching model that involves evaluators and school principals as part of its school accountability and performance improvement framework this coaching model aims to encourage school principals commitment for the wider school evaluation school selfevaluation and individual appraisal process and to develop related competencies the provincewide appraisal system in ontario canada requires district school boards to provide training for evaluators to ensure effective implementation,4
+available at ureswcms langenindexhtm ilo decent work indicators guidelines for producers and users of statistical and legal framework indicators the indicator relates to the quality of employment for the citizens of a given country who have worked abroad and to the efforts of combating forced labour by governments of destinations countries,8
+these countries have inherited their pension systems from the former ussr which they have to reconsider in terms of eligibility criteria retirement ages and the linkage between contribution rates and benefit payments in order to safeguard the financial sustainability of their pension systems this balance is desirable as different segments of the population tend to benefit from different forms of social protection this balance is lacking among lowincome countries where spending per recipients of a social insurance benefits is very high at over of gdp per capita,1
+this rendered the water unsuitable for artificial recharge of groundwater and the plant had to be closed thus opposite meteorological extremes had the same practical impact highlighting the potential implications of climate change for the control and management of artificial groundwater recharge with river water rising temperatures may result in the northward extension of cultivation of a whole range of crops hotter and drier summers are likely to increase the demand for seasonal supplementary irrigation both within and beyond existing irrigated lands modelling studies in the guadalquivir river basin suggested an increase in seasonal irrigation requirements of to by the s and even in the united kingdom irrigation demand is likely to increase these substantial demands may be difficult to predict and plan for policy choices to mitigate impacts are important and some promising efforts are already being made in several of the major transboundary basins the rhine meuse and danube,6
+the current energy system is largely dependent on fossil fuels which negatively impact air quality and contribute significantly to carbon emissions the long term resilience of a wide range of environmental systems is now being tested by the requirements of a rapidly growing global population and the demand for higher living standards this includes meeting the energy and food needs of billion people in,7
+aggressive smart metering roll outs approved by regulators may or may not deliver the demand response potential that can contribute to ensuring security of supply during periods of scarcity in the united kingdom the ongoing nuclear policy began in and the first new nuclear reactors are not expected before if the reform proceeds successfully after two years of active consultations several barriers must still be removed,7
+information sharing and pooling potential customers would be one way of approaching this job opportunities could also figure more prominently in building energyefficiency plans particularly in retrofitting projects which could potentially provide job opportunities for local residents first recycling rates could be increased through introducing recycling sorting bins alongside household waste collection rather than just at collection points,11
+close to percent of the workingagc population of the country moved to dili for economic reasons or for education ilo the information is drawn from curtain an equivalent report is not yet available based on census data however where useful the census data are included,8
+the national safety and quality health service standards include requirements about involving consumers in the governance process these apply across australia including in health services in rural and remote areas western australia for example has established district health advisory councils to give country residents a voice in how their local health services are managed victoria s boards of management in rural public hospitals enhance consumer participation as they lead the service s strategic planning,3
+africa has achieved the same transformation in almost half the time years africa s urbanisation is estimated to have gained percentage points between and second only to asia which gained percentage points during the same period in almost million africans lived in urban areas authors calculations based on un desa the size of africa s urban population nearly doubled in years from million in to million in,11
+this historic experience gave snc the ability to predict that it could meet the p reduction targets of the wastewater treatment plants the annual fluctuations are the result of who applies if there were no applications for particular type of project type there will be zero for that project for that year moreover since there was limited money each year projects were ranked on water quality improvement some project types may have been ranked too low to quality for the limited funding,6
+the future of regional demand also depends largely on whether south asia realizes its full potential for which regional economic cooperation and integration could critically complement domestic efforts these risks are increased trade protectionism and heightened economic policy uncertainty in developed economies while the baseline projections did take into account these developments to some extent a sharperthanexpected increase in the degree of protectionism and uncertainty is possible,8
+in the united states city and regional planning land use management and implementation of urban planning principals are predominantly undertaken by state and municipal governments the us federal government structure assigns most responsibilities to state governments other than those which are reserved for the federal government including constitutional issues interstate issues and foreign affairs foreign trade defence military etc this allows for both local and direct rule where decision makes are more directly connected to the residents they serve allowing them to be better aware of local conditions and more responsive to local needs and concerns this also allows for a variety of initiatives policies and levers to be developed,11
+japan introduced a maximum total payment limit for medical and longterm care since although separate limits were available previously the new payment limit has improved the financial support for patients with expensive care needs including cancer patients in chile for exceptionally high cost treatment the central commission composed of oncologists in santiago evaluates each case,3
+between and about children received health care nutrition care and early education services as part of this strategy interventions targeting poor households with children between and years of age have been recently launched households benefitting from familias en accion have received a micronutrient supplement and support to develop cognitive and language skills of children,1
+however with the onset and lasting effects of the recent global financial and economic crisis greater attention is being given to the negative longterm impact of rising inequality and to the role of fiscal and social policy in shaping and curbing these effects berg and ostry examined the relationship between income inequality and economic growth across countries to reveal that income inequality was a strong determinant of the quality of growth even when market structure and other institutional factors were taken into account countries with low levels of inequality tend to sustain high rates of growth for longer durations while growth spurts tend to fade more quickly in more unequal countries,10
+in fact this report shows that professionalism depends on collaborative learning and design and active networking it is precisely through the idea of teachers as designers of learning that innovation at the level of practice can be seen as a normal side of the teaching profession to solve the daily challenges in a context which is in constant change the framework incorporates a particular philosophy and precepts for action that are holistic and works as an alternative to the fragmented and disaggregated research and policy perspectives that often prevail in addressing pedagogy,4
+this paper reviews the literature on the role and status of forced migrant teachers in education in emergencies exploring some of the issues facing these teachers and the impact of them on educational service provision in emergency contexts this is placed within the context of the institutional framework affecting migrant teachers this is followed by a case study of southern sudanese refugees in uganda an analysis of the possible application of the principles of the ctrp in education in emergencies is then presented,4
+people grow frustrated when they perceive that opportunities to improve their own lives are inaccessible and the resultant protests can also lead to social unrest this has shown itself in the wave of demonstrations seen around the world in response to the economic and financial crises and austerity measures and in the social and political protests in the middle east and north africa the discontent has not necessarily been always related to the absolute level of inequality but to a combination of rising expectations and limited opportunities,10
+it gives an analysis of recent efforts to upgrade the quality of teachers and discusses the barriers to change that the country faces particularly in rural areas to provide children in kazakhstan with good quality teaching further the chapter offers a description of the pre and inservice training of teachers and efforts made to attract higher level applicants to system with comparisons to successful programmes in other countries it also looks at the conditions of work of school principals discusses their importance for educational change in kazakhstan and looks at the role of teachers in policy formulation the chapter concludes with recommendations on improving policies for teachers and school leadership,4
+the value of uk seafood exports fell by to gbp million while the volume grew to tonnes in the united kingdom seafish in conjunction with the marine climate change impacts partnership mccip are exploring the effects of climate change on the uk seafood industry domestic and import to help the industry adapt,14
+being able to walk to a restaurant or a grocery store is a key benefit from living in a mixed use urban neighbourhood as is having a home in a rural commune next to a forest preserve this suggests that a key challenge for land use plans is not simply to apply exclusionary zoning that separates different uses but to identify which uses are compatible with each other and support those while discouraging those that conflict from being in close proximity they are fond of different dimensions that can only partly be fulfilled in the city natural areas recreation areas nearby farms and locally produced food that is authentic to the region in nantes saintnazaire this desire for both nature and preserved but transformed landscapes is particularly strong,11
+compared to other nordic countries health expenditure was the second highest after denmar k of total net expenditure on health and medical care services in swedish county councils and regions in billion sek specialist psychiatric care accounted for pharmaceuticals excluded salar la in terms of total health expenditure the share of private insurance is marginal accounting for merely in which increased only to in oecd b it typically provides supplementary coverage mainly coverage for elective surgery to the public health system in people had supplementary voluntary insurance compared to approximately people in anell et al,3
+in the case of downstream or transboundary surface water obligations the intent of regulation is generally to reduce pumping in order to limit cumulative stream depletion over a fixed interval such as a year or multiple years in the latter case regulations are intended to maintain minimum streamflow requirements throughout the year thus the impact of ongoing pumping on streamflow needs to consider the pumping history rather than just the pumping that is occurring in the current period the total stream impact from groundwater pumping at any time after the start of pumping is then equal to the sum of lagged impacts occurring at that time from all pumping that occurred at or before this time accounting for well specific distances from the stream,6
+there are particular concerns wdth the increase of bilateral flows in waste destined to emerging economies and developing countries wdth underdeveloped waste management capacity farrelly et al claiming that waste imports are polluting the environment china has announced to impose import restrictions on waste and scrap taking effect in several phases starting from january see box the question is rather if traded waste and scrap is processed and recovered in an environmentally sound manner and closely inline with circular economy objectives oecd shinkuma and managi,12
+a focus on urban road safety is therefore twice beneficial in addition to preventing a number of deaths and serious injuries the unlocking of active travel options is at stake research is needed to put a value on this fear and reveal the true scale of urban road safety benefits since the fear of crashes is a major burden in cities it is natural to recommend measuring and monitoring it,11
+the ccxg oversees development of analytical papers for the purpose of providing useful and timely input to the climate change negotiations these papers may also be useful to national policymakers and other decisionmakers authors work with the ccxg to develop these papers in a collaborative effort,13
+submarine canyons particularly in northern south africa and northern mozambique parson and evans green are also a common feature at the shelf edge and upper slope estimates of continental shelf areas of the wio to the m depth contour ie fao area it is now thought that the majority of these features do not actively transfer sediment to the adjacent deep ocean basin green and others there are few available studies on shelf sediment distribution patterns in the wio qualitative reference is made to muddy sediments off river mouths such as on the sofala bank in mozambique and malindiungwana bay in kenya munga and others detailed studies have been confined to the east coast of south africa and were undertaken by flemming and hay and bosnian and others surface sediment distributions described in the latter have been recently improved and expanded by green and mackay in press and figure below,14
+while there has been an enormous growth in microfinance with particular outreach to poor women this has not compensated for the failure to increase access to a broad range of financial institutions for the majority of smalland mediumscale entrepreneurs see chapter v fiscal space has been restricted by the need to attract and retain mobile domestic and international capital leading to a steady decline in the incidence of taxation on capital ilo a this has resulted in limited domestic resources to invest in structural policies which promote development priorities low levels of taxation hurt poor women in particular budgets at the national local and provincial levels are an important mechanism for governments to ensure that women benefit from publicsector expenditures,5
+tracking tool for climate change mitigation projectswashington dc philippines climate change adaptation policy initiatives national climate change action plan manila philippines national development plan national planning commission actionid,13
+prepared using the same methodology as was applied for latin america the estimates allow multidimensional child poverty in caribbean countries to be compared with the rest of the region this had not been possible hitherto using monetary poverty statistics which are constructed under different methods there was a marked difference between the continental countries belize guyana and suriname and the island countries antigua and barbuda grenada jamaica santa lucia and trinidad and tobago,1
+tertiary education is free for students and there is a generous student loan system for living expenses higher education lasts for around four years for a professional bachelor s degree which prepares students for specific professions such as nursing social work or journalism a longer cycle is provided in universities which conduct research and offer researchbased education university graduation rates are higher in denmark than the oecd average,4
+if some companies act to reduce risk why should others also contribute companies could do less than they would according to economic expectations especially if farmers perceive the risks are higher than they perceive farmers may wait for companies to take any action and therefore underadapt the three regions have already suffered long and intense drought spells so awareness on water risks is high among all types of actors,6
+second in order to enable international energy trade it is necessary to have the logistic infrastructure available worldwide transport infrastructures such as roads rail tracks ports pipelines and regasification terminals for lng are thus required for certain of these geographically isolated countries imports of primary energy may also be more awkward due to the reliance on few and faraway suppliers,7
+this affects the forest products sector in two ways indirectly through increased demand for agricultural crops which could increase land use change and directly by creating demand for secondgeneration liquid biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass including woody crops and wood waste the minimum ghg reduction increases to by and to for new installations from a european commission review of progress towards the target found that the projected share of renewable energy in the transport sector across the eu was in with some eu countries making good progress and the eu dedicating of total cropland to biofuel production the review concluded that the target is challenging but feasible european commission cthe european parliament voted on april to approve the indirect land use change iluc directive which imposes a cap of on the contribution of biofuels produced from food crops and establishes an indicative target that at least of transport is fuelled by secondgeneration biofuels european parliament,15
+conditional cash transfer programmes which make income support dependent on school attendance have proved to be especially effective in a number of countries gender segregation by field of study and the resulting knowledge gaps in scientific subjects should be addressed by removing gender bias in curricula raising awareness on the likely consequences of choosing different fields of study and by facilitating women s access to stemrelated jobs through apprenticeships and counselling introducing policies to facilitate the establishment of credit records would help relax creditconstraints on women,5
+however the public companies constitute the largest broadcaster and media organisation and the private company is one of the most important newspapers in the country the global report byerly showed that of presidentsofnews editorsinchief and news directors seniormanagement level were women the proportion of women holding middlemanagement positions such as chief correspondents and design directors was similar at the share of female junior professionals including assistantlevel writers subeditors correspondents and anchors was the occupational positions with the largest majority of men were production and design graphic designers photographers etc when only looking at public media companies women occupied of the toplevel decisionmaking roles,5
+the firstdigit categories identify the purpose of health care or the various potential needs of a consumer of health care the list reflects the aggregates used by most countries to develop a comparative spending profile memorandum items are included to be measured when relevant at national level such as where countries have an interest in tracking continued prevention and public health categories according to sha,3
+more than half of national students in first degree programmes in tertiarytype a education benefit from scholarships andor grants the reform aims to improve the quality and impact of polytechnics and operating licenses of polytechnics will be revised with emphasis on quality and impact the reform is expected to take effect in reform of the student financial aid system will be introduced effective to accelerate completion of studies and strengthen incentives in financial aid to students,4
+recipients and some supporters emphasised that external funding should match national priorities rather than matching donors own priorities to maximise the impact of finance on the ground country specific priorities needs and opportunities based on geographical and socioeconomic conditions are best known to domestic stakeholders for example considering supranational priorities was cited as necessary in demonstrating and advancing key lowcarbon technologies along their learning curves and to successfully scale up approaches,13
+the intent is also to encourage collaboration between the colleges and the new medical school in the training of nursing and allied health professionals as noted in the regional selfevaluation report the che has taken a decision to prioritise and encourage the development of study programmes in related fields the safed college located in proximity to the anticipated medical campus has applied for programmes in health social work and medical imaging che,4
+this allows us to explore which dimensions have the greatest impact on female emigration first bilateral migration data present a high occurrence of zero values which may bias our estimations second our gender inequality variable may be correlated with the error term due to potential reverse causality since gender inequality may be a determinant of international migration but at the same time migrants may shift gender attitudes in their origin countries,5
+across nearly every issue in education school leadership is the crucial determinant of whether this connection occurs or not however the extent to which systemlevel actions enable and incentivise action at the local level impacts on both effectiveness and sustainability both new zealand and queensland have used this mechanism to communicate and mobilise action to achieve the target box,4
+eco phyto and bioremediation are concepts that use ecosystem restoration to reinstate a diverse system of plant communities in a particular ecosystem so that its buffering or remediation capacities are enhanced other concepts tools and approaches partly related to nbs include ecological restoration ecological engineering forest landscape restoration green or natural infrastructure ecosystembased disaster risk reduction drr and climate adaptation ecosystem services cohenshacham et al n bs also support the concepts of green growth or green economy which promote sustainable natural resource use and harness natural processes to underpin economies the natural capital protocol is being increasingly recognized by a wide range of stakeholders including business and supports the use of n bs by highlighting the flow of benefits that can be derived from using nature,15
+these include improving quality information to enable performancebased contracting creating room for providers and health insurers to develop alternative payment methods based on performance and financial risksharing eg riskadjusted capitation payments and allowing limited vertical integration of health insurers and providers in addition hospitals access to capital markets could be expanded by revoking their mandatory nonprofit status a move that should be accompanied with measures to secure the orderly exit of bankrupt hospitals notably in terms of providing essential services and to ensure an effective and transparent merger control they could also encourage patients to make choices that take price and quality into consideration,3
+iskandar malaysia s green economy guidelines geg manuals are another promising tool for facilitating green growth in the private sector the manuals cover a wide range of green actions such as procurement operations and supply chain management box the iron and steel industiy further reduced so and other emissions in response to more stringent local pollution monitoring and controls and increasing pressure from the public the pollution reduction through energy conservation accounted for of the total reduction the secondlargest contribution after the energy supply shift phasing out coal power plants,11
+alongside terrible grief and suffering road crashes also cause huge economic losses to victims their families and societies as a whole costing countries between and of their gross domestic product these are avoidable losses that represent a significant restraint on a country s economic and social development a global target was adopted to halve deaths and injuries caused by road crashes by this new target is included in the un s framework of sustainable development goals sdgs in which road safety appears in the objectives for both health and cities see box,3
+organizations and governments have attempted to take stock of the various actors in india for example the government publishes a directory of institutions and resource persons in disaster management and in indonesia the government publishes the profile and directory disaster risk reduction organisations in indonesia there are also directories at the international level maintained for example at preventionwebnet during or immediately after a disaster for example this could be within hours up to hours one week two to three weeks or four to six weeks for the postdisaster phase for building back better the information flow could take place over many years again however there are considerable differences between developed and developing countries the first priority action for the implementation of the framework is understanding disaster risk,13
+bangladesh and nepal stand out among the former because they have doubled productivity of both land and labour in the case of mixed exporters benin has achieved a similar outcome these developments show that generally speaking the countries that have advanced the most in terms of the structural transformation and diversification of their economy have been those which succeeded in raising their agricultural productivity,2
+the eu commissions climate action and renewable energy package published in sets the target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by in the period and increasing the share of renewable energy to of total energy consumption by ec the share of renewable energy in total energy use in the nordic and baltic countries in and their targets are shown in table the percentage share of renewable energy in final energy use in the nordic and baltic countries in and targets for,7
+an important channel of knowledge exchange is the internship system employed by several colleges in the galilee see box such internships provide an entry point into the workforce as some students continue working for the industry partner after the internship internships also take place in college business school for example in the western galilee college and nazareth academic institution also aims to combine practical and theoretical education the students participate in the project work in regional industries from the end of their second year for hours,4
+colleges allocate scarce resources to remediation activities while students commonly use federal grants and subsidised loans to cover the cost of remedial education this leaves them fewer resources for their postsecondary studies and increases the chance of dropout and financial distress some examples of initiatives designed to help those who encounter difficulties once they start college are given below the strategy is based on the principle that skills taught in one course and reinforced in another are more likely to be mastered,4
+in brazil the government introduced the family farming insurance seaf programme in to support loans made by the national programme for strengthening family farming pronaf in case of losses due to natural disasters pests and diseases that affect crops currently seaf covers costs and agricultural investment contracts where there are relevant agronomic studies available in case of losses the beneficiary farmer has percent coverage for credit repayment for that year and receives up to reais about us in compensation for any shortfall in revenues guarantee prices are fixed at the beginning of the crop cycle using production costs as reference as this price guarantee was designed to benefit poorer farmers the bonuses are currently limited to reais about us for funding contracts and up to reais about us for investment contracts,2
+it is particularly beneficial when conducted jointly for preprimary and primary teachers its effectiveness is also greater when trainings are specific and coherent and when staff from the same centre participate together in countries both preprimary and primary teachers require a bachelor s degree and in countries a master s degree is required at both levels,4
+this could result not only in more financial resources but also in better management of the natural sites morelos rapid urbanisation phenomenon has led to the deterioration of of the state s natural wealth and high pollution levels particularly in metropolitan areas as observed in morelos ecological land management plan ministry of sustainable development one way to incentivise municipalities to plan urban development would be to make funding for specific projects conditional on a municipal urban development plan,11
+as described in the assessment of the daugava basin a review and development of the groundwater monitoring network in belarus is planned a nato project launched in late aimed at upgrading flood monitoring and forecasting capacity in the pripyat basin involving setting up automated monitoring stations on tributaries in both countries in total a draft management plan for the pripyat river basin was developed in the framework of the tacis project transboundary river basin management phase for the pripyat basin the chemical regime of the rivers in the basin has remained stable for the past five years according to the classification adopted in belarus some of water bodies are characterized as relatively clean and some as moderately polluted,6
+the principle of nda is to regulate the leaching of nitrogen at the output level and leave some flexibility to farmers with respect to their farming practices as long as they observe pollution limits around livestock farms operating in the lake taupo catchment area are now being allocated their discharge allowances based on the measurements of the nitrogen they are leaching the ndas can be traded among farmers this underscores one important feature of pollution trading schemes such as nda they typically enable costeffective solutions for specific environmental problems but can be demanding in terms of design and administration since the mid s a series of studies in new zealand have focussed on this issue although covering different farmindustry types and done in different economic and policy situations these studies help to understand the relative importance of farming risks and to see how the farming risk environment has changed over time,2
+the moep is currently promoting mapping and the preparation of detailed plans for rivers in accordance with their specific ecological systems requirements expenditure is expected to increase to some usd billionyear between and in order to finance the upgrade of all wastewater treatment facilities to at least tertiary level as well as the construction of new and expanded wastewater treatment facilities these reported costs are approximations,6
+the government aims to link sectorial policy objectives with procurement and the development of markets and technologies in more strategic ways the scope for innovation procurement policy is wide it encompasses both public procurement of innovation and precommercial procurement the importance of the issue was further stressed in the demand and user driven innovation policy and in a government decision to encourage innovation in sustainable procurement,9
+all the information can then be used on a metropolitanwide platform data collection should take advantage of future fare integration initiatives to collect information on whole origindestination travel rather than trip segments only solid models based on longterm population and employment trends should be developed and used to decide on the projects that should be included in the mobility plans,11
+this report emphasizes that the ecosystem strongly influences how technological change affects future sme competitiveness in the digital age digital platforms work as online intermediaries that connect buyers and sellers exchange information goods and services and make use of network effects with every additional user they are also increasingly important players in the matching of supply and demand,9
+a special fund has also been set up to compensate for layoffs in sectors undergoing capacity reduction as a remarkable step towards universal health coverage a health insurance scheme was introduced to cover one third of the population when people have to make hospitalization expenditures and a universal basic income scheme is under consideration india ministry of finance a to accommodate such ambitious programmes the government is reprioritizing expenditures by phasing out fuel subsides for instance enhancing expenditure efficiency such as by reducing leakages through direct benefit transfers and pursuing tax reforms to boost revenues by curbing tax evasion for example through demonetization reducing distortions by imposing a nationwide goods and services tax for example and enhandng progressivity such as by adding a surcharge on top incomes,8
+this enables large utilities to duly allow for the portfolio effect benefits of generating portfolios which includes generating technology with quite different cost and cost risk characteristics such as nuclear in comparison with portfolios dominated by the dash for gas the pervasive assumption of risk management officers that the gas price risk can be largely passed on to the customers on account of revealed strong correlation between the price of gas and the price of electricity might prove costly once the gas market turns from a buyers market to date into a sellers market aspects in need of further strengthening include the transformation from oneperiod analysis into multiperiod analysis building on recent work in this regard research to improve the credibility of covariance matrices used and segmentation of baseload midload and peakload technology,7
+therefore there is limited evidence so far on what professional development programmes really work for more effective teaching in diverse classrooms the national agency offers various programmes within eight different themes one of which is newly arrived and multilingual children and students learning for instance some of the courses within this theme are on the study and vocational guidance for newly arrived students as well as language and knowledge development within subject instruction for new arrivals another example of continuous professional development offered for teachers is a boost for teachers lararlyftet,4
+urban planning helps cities accommodate growth and adaptation in a sustainable way to upgrade the existing built environment to a more sustainable one hardware and to manage related risks and needs of communities in order to make them more resilient software as local implementation is highlighted many development programmes remain spatially blind when many interests are superimposed on the same urban space conflicts arise that often lead to spatial inequity and thereby marginalising the disadvantaged,11
+they nevertheless face administrative constraints and their rd base is narrower than those of oecd countries in terms of research quality malaysian universities underperform with regard to main competitors in singapore taiwan and hong kong the government has been concerned not only with fdi investment the acceleration of technology commercialisation and boosting business spending on rd but also with the need to increase local innovation capabilities and it has concentrated its interventions on the elaboration of rd tax incentives and the encouragement of strategic investment numerous schemes have been launched but so far the volume of grants channelled to university research has remained modest,4
+the forecasts are then used by lle staff to seek a match between labour supply and demand and assess the need for labour market vocational training reliance on employers survey implies some weaknesses as employers tend to be rather shortsighted and to overestimate their skill needs gruzevskis and blaziene j the forecasts are nevertheless widely used by representatives of education policy vocational education and training institutions and individuals seeking to obtain certain skills and are presented during the sittings of the tripartite council as well as at ministerial events,8
+it is assumed that the target remains constant after and that the policy does not expire some lowcarbon energy technologies are already competitive or close to becoming commercial and should be the first to be deployed on a massive scale this is the case of nuclear energy on shore wind and solar pv in certain regions,7
+a draft for a presidential decree on pes regulation covering watershed ecotourism and redd has been prepared the government has shown its commitment to pes with announcing guiding opinions on the pilot works of ecological compensation in and is working on many pilot pes projects apart from providing eco services like clean water reduced soil erosion and biodiversity conservation such projects have shown tremendous social and economic benefits,15
+some importing countries have neglected investments that improve agricultural productivity which has increased their import dependence while the current pattern of agricultural trade may reflect some of these failings this does not negate the insight that the balancing role of trade makes a fundamental contribution to global food security and to food security in developing countries in particular there are many reasons why current food importers might expect to experience a steadily deteriorating comparative advantage in food production net food importing countries have in general more rapidly growing populations and more rapidly growing food demand per capita than net exporters,2
+the country only exploits the basins water resources for smallscale agricultural activity and domestic use it diverts water at the confluence of the adhaim and the aq su rivers the scheme diverts floodwater from the tigris through the km tharthar canal to the euphrates river box iraq constructed several other canals in the tigris basin including the east al gharraf drain and the tigris east drain for the purpose of land reclamation and drainage,6
+a better understanding of the role of ecosystem services will help in developing forest practices than can lead to improved resilience particularly for forestdependent people there is also a need to raise awareness of the role of forests and trees in supporting sustainable agriculture it explained that while in the s forests were largely viewed only as a source of fuelwood and timber subsequent reforestation programmes emphasized their value for watershed management erosion control and flood protection and policies now also recognize the importance of forests and trees as recreational resources for a largely urban population as well as for biodiversity and climate regulation these include the macroeconomic context trade relationships demographic pressure migration patterns social support policies availability of other natural resources education good governance and institutional capacities,15
+of the major central banks in the asiapacific region have explicit numerical targets for inflation and have made exchange rate stability a policy objective while financial stability is not an explicit objective for most central banks it is clearly an issue of concern given its implications for the real economy this was possible because despite betterthanexpected economic growth and the spurt in oil prices inflation was benign and well within the target range of central banks in most countries at the same time exchange rates were stable with major regional currencies gaining against the united states dollar as capital inflows to the region rebounded,8
+as education attainment is easily observable for employers it acts as a powerful signalling device for youth trying to enter the labour market the oecd skills outlook has also shown the importance of cognitive skills literacy numeracy and problem solving in technologyrich environments on labour market outcomes oecd b as shown in figure a having attained at least an upper secondary education reduces the probability of having low literacy skills however individuals with a similar level of education may not have the same skills as skill formation depends on the quality of the education system in addition to other factors,4
+the value of ecosystem services lost annually worldwide has been estimated at between us and trillion a year as of with populations and economies continuing to grow the value of these increasingly scarce services is only going to increase extreme weather events and degraded slopes combine to increase the likelihood of flash floods and landslides and,15
+there has been a significant reduction in iuufishing of cod and haddock since due to measures to combat iuufishing including an entirely new scheme for port state control psc within the north east atlantic fisheries commission area of this exports of caught fish account for nok billion and farmed fish accounts for nok billion the government terminated the general agreement from but some of the social elements have been prolonged and funding is allocated annually in the national budget in nok million was granted by the budget,14
+to avoid this multicollinearity issue the approach has been to include a direct measure of the gender gap in educational attainment in the growth equation rather than separate indicators on male and female educational attainment klasen knowles et al this approach involves assuming common technological change common population growth and common growth convergence patterns however population growth differs considerably across countries and the evidence on multifactor productivity growth patterns across countries does not fit with the assumption of common technological change lee et al,5
+caseworker attitudes toward their clients may also play an important role several studies from switzerland and germany found that caseworkers who apply tough rather than softer more cooperative attitudes towards their clients may be more successful behncke et al the authors also find a clear positive correlation between jobseeker outcomes and pes office cooperation with private placement agencies which may be complementary to direct employer contacts,8
+formula funding combines both horizontal equity schools of the same type for example primary schools are funded at the same level and vertical equity schools of different types for example general academic and vocational schools are financed according to their differing needs it can also provide incentives for a better use of resources schools have no incentives to reduce their expenditures or increase their efficiency,4
+includes respondents living in a dwelling owned by a third individual not a household member but possibly a relative of family member and not paying rent in the soviet era these networks were based on inflated demand forecasts and in singleindustry towns monotowns utility networks were reliant on financial support and technical expertise from the town s dominant industrial facility adb a during the transition period little or no investment was made in maintenance and repair of municipal networks however this recently changed and repair and maintenance of municipal utility networks is prominent in the state programme of infrastructure development nurly zhol through this programme municipal utility companies can benefit from heavily subsidised loans for which they apply through their local administrations there are often no alternative heating options for urban households since there is no natural gas supply infrastructure except in urban centres in southern kazakhstan including almaty city,11
+however approximately three fourths of total flows particularly those from the private sector were invested in their country of origin buchner and others the report confirms these trends about per cent of total finance and per cent of private investments were raised and spent within the same country east asia and the pacific was the largest destination of climate finance flows accounting for billion while western europe was the second main destination with billion buchner and others significant data gaps impede a full report of climate flows including for example private sector investments in energy efficiency including transport land use and adaptation,13
+levels of state pensions have fallen although by less than for other groups and this group is less welloff than before nonetheless greater private pensions mean that pensioners comprise a steady rather than declining level of the poor there are poor paidemployment prospects and older people are increasingly active in unpaid or informal sector work including in the voluntary and charitable sectors older people working in these sectors provide increasingly important support services for vulnerable groups that were previously provided by the state,1
+despite the limited amount of data made available thus far a significant number of predictions stress the vulnerability of water resources in central asia an increase in air temperature and a shortterm increase in river flows due to the melting of glaciers is one such likely consequence in the long term river flows arc predicted to decrease and the levels of aridity and evapotranspiration to rise which would increase irrigation requirements for water and increase the risk of scarcity and droughts the willingness of all the riparian countries to cooperate establish an open dialogue and compromise to find a consensus between their positions is necessary for agreement,6
+these structural impediments exacerbate risk and vulnerability related to food energy and commodity price increases as well as to economic instability and slowdown the need to focus on removing structural barriers to allow domestic demand to contribute more effectively to development is heightened further by the expectation that the export channel to the developed world will be less important for an extended period however declines in poverty in the region have been accompanied by greater levels of inequality see figure with the populationweighted mean gini coefficient for the entire region increasing from in the s to in the latest available year,10
+kanaiaupuni studies whether the determinants of migration differ by sex using mexicous data she finds that highskilled women are more likely to migrate than highskilled men or low and moderate skilled women this may be explained by higher gender discrimination faced by women and few occupational rewards in their home country and thus they benefit more than men from migrating internationally whether their skill level is high enough to allow them to meet the job demand recently baudasse and bazillier suggest that nonwage motivations for emigration include gender equality in the workplace,5
+as of late shpps exist in tajikistan with a total installed capacity of over kw but about one third of them units with a total capacity of about kwh are currently not working many shpps in remote rural areas have been built in a makeshift manner without adequate expertise many are poorly designed freeze in the winter lack technical maintenance and become nonoperational after a relatively short period this can be due to the absence of wellestablished or functioning supply chains for shpps which would ensure the broad availability of such systems and better service support for end users,7
+there is recognition that it is a fundamental right and obligation for parents to be involved in their children s education and parental partnership is critical in enhancing ecec staff knowledge about their children furthermore research has shown that parental engagement especially in ensuring highquality children s learning at home and communicating with ecec staff is strongly associated with childrens later academic success high school completion socioemotional development and adaptation in society,4
+however even when innovation actors are in proximity the presence of an international border is a barrier for collaboration one that is increasing in recent years for many regions there are a number of reasons why collaborating with an international neighbour makes sense for both sides for innovation purposes the definition of the functional area for crossborder policy requires some assessment of both the innovation relationships that are or could be relevant as well as the other functional ties and institutional arrangements,9
+educated parents are better able to attend to their childrens health and nutritional needs and educated people are better able to come up with innovations that benefit their communities while education and income levels have an impact on health health also has a significant impact on education and income levels some of the priority areas for targeting improvements are primary care prevention psychological counselling services and the identification of environmental risks,3
+this strategy stresses the need for prevention and early recognition of problems in children and their families and the importance of specialised child and adolescent mental health services camhs hm government for the first time ever this enabled the setting of access and waiting time standards in mental health services the document closing the gap the new mental health action plan sets out our priorities for essential change in mental health areas where people can expect to see and experience the fastest changes it shows how changes in local service planning and delivery will make a difference in the next two or three years to the lives of people with mental health problems,3
+sectors that are crucial for the livelihoods of poor people are likely to need particular attention because even small changes in productivity can have large impacts on vulnerability fastgrowing sectors still have time to avoid choosing new activities and infrastructure that could be vulnerable to future climate change guidance produced by the least developed countries expert group on developing naps recommends complementing the analysis of urgent needs with a focus on structural and longerterm vulnerabilities ldceg an important step is to review adaptation options in light of national development policies and identify overlaps andor tensions between adaptation and development goals or priorities,13
+tasks involving social interaction for example within healthcare or sales are less easily outsourced or replaced by technology even when they require fairly low skills empirical studies generally find less pronounced effects from globalisation than from technological change but globalisation can have persistent negative effects in affected regions and communities forster and toth eurofound and oecd b a much more diverse picture can be found in european countries with polarisation in some countries eg the netherlands france and germany and upgrading in others with growth mainly in highpaying occupations eg italy portugal and luxembourg up until during the recession years from to polarisation was more widespread across european countries eurofound this development was accompanied by increasing employment shares in highpaying occupations in sweden and denmark and by growth in lowpaying nonroutine service sector occupations in finland and norway goos et al,10
+but promoting informedpatient choice is only possible when qualityrelated information is made publicly available without information users cannot participate in their health among those at the forefront of attempts to help patients make informed choices are australia denmark korea portugal and the united kingdom all these countries use tools to ensure that information regarding health care providers performance is transparent,3
+reducing such disparities and enabling women to have rights and freedoms equal to those of men constitute an important priority for action for governments in the region they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood some of these instmments were adopted on a universal level by the united nations the international labour organisation ilo or unesco while others were drafted on the regional level,5
+about of the ee projects are being undertaken in india alone uner b due to the large quantity dispersed enduse requirements and preferences of individual owners the third category presents characteristics of longtail energy use the total primary energy was inferred considering that the leaves correspond to per cent of the juice and bagasse content because good plantation practices require that half of this biomass remain in the fields to be recycled,7
+a relapse or recurrence is another potential outcome in which case the treatment has to be reestablished or modified sequelae the negative consequences of a condition can persist both an acute and a chronic condition may deteriorate causing disability of some degree of severity from mild to complete a decline across several domains of functioning could leave the individual unable to handle their own care and when rehabilitation is not feasible a longterm care hc option is pursued this aims to maintain the best quality of life and to reduce suffering and limit deterioration,3
+this section sets out the socioeconomic context of the peruvian health care system and it explores the health care needs that the health system must address the country is divided into departments bordering ecuador and colombia to the north brazil in the east and bolivia and chile in the south with the pacific ocean to the west figure the andes mountain chain passes through peru which together with the amazonas jungle in the northeast creates a geographically complex setting,3
+countries are grouped into one of five groups data not reportednot categorised up to two public places completely smokefree public places completely smokefree public places completely smokefree and all public places completely smokefree countries were categorised into one of five groups the groupings for this indicator are data not reported none nicotine replacement therapy nrt and or some cessation services but neither costcovered nrt andor some cessation services at least one of which is costcovered and national quit line and both nrt and some cessation services are costcovered countries were classified into five groups data not reported warnings cover of pack surface warnings cover but no pictures or pictograms warnings cover including pictures or pictograms and warnings cover including pictures or pictograms,3
+inequality and unemployment in a global economy discussion paper no inequality and poverty impacts of traderelated policies using the gtap model chapter in k anderson j cockburn and w martin eds estimating the poverty impacts of a prospective doha development agenda the world economy vol shocking a singlecountry cge model with export prices and quantities from a rest of the world model pp,1
+the scientific community recommends that more research is needed on the postrelease effects of transgenic crops there is also a need for more targeted postrelease monitoring and better methodologies for monitoring icsu fao the roles and provisions of these bodies are described below this provision goes beyond the general scope of the convention in that it requires also that risks to human health are taken into account invasive alien species are considered as species introduced deliberately or unintentionally outside their natural habitats where they have the ability to establish themselves invade replace natives and take over the new environment,2
+they collaborate in a structured way to improve the quality of the lessons they teach this gives all teachers a reference for good practice and opportunities to leam from each other to become more effective it also puts peer pressure on those with poor teaching skills as well as giving them the means to improve their work good teachers also have incentives to collaborate with peers to become even better they can become a master teacher and move up the career ladder of increasing prestige and responsibility,4
+this does not mean that a framing regulation is not necessary or that monitoring will operate in a voluntary manner but some of the transaction costs encountered with other instruments will be shifted to the collective of operators and may remain lower overall some of these such as the need to monitor and enforce restrictions are common to all water regulations and to environmental regulations in general others such as the need to understand local and regional hydrology and how these control groundwater flow recharge and surface watergroundwater interaction are specific to groundwater management,6
+a good starting point would be for developing countries particularly in africa to include rural electrification objectives in their national appropriate mitigation action plans namas and in their national adaptation programmes of action napas renewable energy and rural electrification projects have so far been given relatively little importance in napas even though the implementation of all or most other listed priority projects requires the utilization of energy the electrification of poor rural communities constitutes a prerequisite for poverty reduction and development,7
+such improvements to the seafood trading environment are likely to reduce pressures on global fisheries and improve the return new zealand obtains from its seafood exports seafood exports to china have attracted tariffs of over the fta will lead to reduction and eventual removal of those tariffs expanding high value live and chilled seafood product exports to china,14
+companies that make capital expenditures to reduce their energy consumption are eligible for a percent investment tax allowance on the qualifying expenditure over five years the package also features import duty and sales tax exemptions aperc a a costbased tax incentive offers a percent tax break on investments improving energy efficiency a performancebased incentive allows companies to deduct percent of the energy savings from their taxes up to a ceiling of,7
+these projected impacts appear large over such a short time frame but do point to factors which may aggravate yield fluctuations and thereby influence food security levels shetty et al this outlook assumes that current legislation will remain in place and it is appropriate to outline what influence they may have in affecting outcomes over the next decade this policy set is diverse and pervasive and following the experience of growth following the national food security mission of the policy environment potentially stimulates both the demand and supply sides in certain sectors particularly for food grains three important policy considerations concern i market support prices especially for rice and wheat ii input programmes especially for fertiliser and iii the new national food security act of the outlook assumes no change in india s trade policy figure below provides the projection for msps in usd relative to the international reference prices projected in this outlook,2
+with the type of services often delivered in primary care settings such as physician advice and the treatment of common conditions attracting lower fees than specialist services the current payment system pushes service providers towards delivering additional services that provide higher fees a further challenge to increasing fees for patient counselling and more cognitive services has been the poor coding showing which services are actually delivered when a doctor provides a standard consultation in a health clinic better coding could provide policy makers with the possibility of increasing fees for consultations for patient counselling and offsetting this through reductions in fees for consultations associated with lab tests such as radiology and endoscopy there is a risk that such a policy may fail to change the underlying culture of doctors not prioritising counselling their patients and indeed could simply be absorbed as a higher payment for a similar amount of work,3
+poorer countries are unable to provide comprehensive unemployment benefits to affected population groups in part because of the magnitudes involved low revenue collections and costs to the treasury africa excluding north africa has been increasing its coverage over the years an average of per cent see figure n the challenge has always been the sustenance of such programmes by most governments and development actors in the face of economic downturns or cutbacks,1
+certainly if the ambition of the ndcs is ramped up to match the scale of action needed as per the agreement s c objective it will imply a transformation of the global economy on a scale unparalleled since the industrial revolution this in turn will imply a massive increase in investment trade and new technological development in fields such as energy transportation construction waste management and agriculture in the area of energy the international energy agency iea has built scenarios for global energy demand and investment assuming that the global community is successful in its ambition to limit anthropogenic climate change,13
+at the beginning of it grasped the opportunity offered by falling world oil prices to scrap its existing petrol and diesel pricesetting regime in india it is estimated that the implicit subsidy on oil is seven times higher for the richest of households than the poorest oecd g and yet reform often faces public resistance greening infrastructure is required to avoid technology lockin over the long term for example a coalfired power station that comes on line today is likely to last years locking in local impacts from air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions for decades to come unless its economic life is prematurely curtailed corfeemorlot et al,7
+moreover the need for such measures is likely to increase with further technological progress and structural changes in economies for instance the tax burden may need to be shifted away from labour income towards the owners of productive capital and wealthy individuals through capital income tax and wealthrelated taxes escap d relatively slow employment growth and a persistently high share of vulnerable employment have contributed to rising income inequality,8
+these three types negative assessment acceptance under specific conditions and total acceptance without any conditions are based on the anticipated risks and profits together with ideas about femininity rocheva these risks are mostly concerned with morality in the words of a male informant in a kyrgyz village who used to work in the russian federation women are more difficult to be returned to the road of good and thus it is undesirable for women to go to the russian federation a recent household survey in kyrgyzstan unfpa showed that a considerable number of people connected migration with female immorality per cent of females and per cent of males supported the view that a woman in migration working far from home starts behaving immorally,5
+hydrogen technologies may in the future bring innovation to the current supply of rural electrification technologies the advantage of hybrid systems is their ability to avoid fluctuations in the systems energy supply which is the main disadvantage of standalone renewable energy technologies such as wind and pv a hybrid system will provide a relatively constant delivery of energy even when one of the supply devices of the system is unable to generate power lack of wind in the case of a windmill or of sunlight in the case of a pv,7
+a reduction in c intensity would involve less fossil fuel consumption and therefore less depletion and less need to develop very water intensive nonconventional resources therefore one of their cobenefits would be to limit the energy and water bottlenecks on the other hand as outlined above increased reliance on bioenergy may aggravate the competition for scarce land,6
+the mexican authorities also established a reform plan for the health service several changes aimed at widening access of the uninsured population to health care services were put in place including special programmes to extend basic health care coverage such as the coverage extension programme pac those states with greater capacity and resources tlaxcala nuevo leon guerrero jalisco baja california sur morelos tabasco,3
+river beds and their surroundings are under the authority of conagua while land use and urban policies are the responsibility of the municipalities in of the country s territory and are often designed with very little link to information about environmental risks the establishment of fopreden also demonstrates the federal government s commitment to a comprehensive risk management approach prioritisation of investments in prevention and mitigation should be performed based on the national risk atlas and with a wide consultation and coordination of the policies among key federal agencies including conagua sedesol segob cfe semarnat the states and the municipalities to prioritise and channel prevention funding accordingly in this respect the development of the water agenda indicates a major shift in conagua s approach to flood risk reduction,6
+an alternative reason is that african women entrepreneurs generally rely on smaller business networks and might have greater difficulty in dealing with bank officials one indication of the networking disadvantage women face as entrepreneurs is the fact that only of african femaleowned firms have suppliers who offer them credit or customers who pay advances versus of menowned firms data on microenterprises less than employees in brazil mexico and south africa show that the great majority of business owners did not use loans to start up but relied entirely on their own funds and on support from family and friends figure panel a,5
+pedagogies need to be understood holistically rather than broken down into unconnected practices and techniques hence the focus on combinations clusters of pedagogical approaches and networks looking beyond the effectiveness of specific teaching methods there is need to understand the power of these when combined and done expertly see connoisseurship below a school with an overarching pedagogical design has made a collective decision about how to combine several pedagogies to meet multiple educational goals,4
+unfortunately many of those in finland whose parents were bom abroad appear to inherit the integration challenges of their parents struggling with language difficulties and lacking the local knowledge to navigate finnish society and the finnish labour market while the concentration of foreign bom adults at the lower end of the wage distribution has been falling over the past years the opposite trend has emerged among their children recent research indicates that it can take students many years to develop the academic language used in school environments and language learning is an ongoing process that requires effective support beginning in early childhood education and continuing throughout compulsory and uppersecondary schooling this is particularly the case given the complexity of the finnish language,4
+naturschutz und biologische vielfalt bundesamt fur naturschutz bonn however this may be changing for example in the context of the eu water framework directive more indirectly valuation studies through recognizing and demonstrating values have spurred a number of payment for ecosystem services pes schemes around the world worth noting here is the review of such pes schemes specifically for watershed services porras grieggran et al,6
+this implies a reversal of the sequencing suggested by the financing gap approach instead of starting with the identification of gaps between actual and needed investment for infrastructure followed by rigid assumptions of government expenditure capacity estimating private financing required and ending with project design strategies to attract private capital to fill in the gap the start should be with a national development strategy this would then be followed by a consideration of the infrastructure development needed to support this strategy how government planning can support this process how fiscal space may be expanded and what publicprivate investment mix could achieve these goals for instance to what extent will a favourable international investment framework understood as a condition to make a project bankable rob a national government of precious space to pursue its policy goals,9
+however there has also been historical provision made for smes to receive a separate contribution towards the costs of developing and implementing their ip strategies with patenting costs reclaimable at up to a maximum of eur this may be viewed as a more explicit acknowledgement of the contribution intellectual property may make to business growth in addition the uk intellectual property office uk ipo sponsored research into the issues around ipbacked finance with its banking on ip report brassell and king,8
+member states shall collect and maintain information on the type and magnitude of significant anthropogenic pressures to which the water bodies in each river basin district are liable river basin management plans rbmps containing concrete measures to be implemented have to be established with public participation and regularly reviewed every six years to take into account recent information within transboundary river basins requirements for environmental objectives as well as programmes of measures should be coordinated for the basin as a whole,6
+the largest deposit is at tkibuli million tons of proven reserves and million tons of potential reserves per cent of the country s total indications are that coal deposits may be found elsewhere in the country but exploration has been discontinued since the s plans call for boosting oil production to million tons per year by and gas production to bcm by the same date within the last five years there has been a steady increase in coal production reaching ktoe in,7
+furthermore any time a poverty threshold expressed in per capita terms is used there is a tendency to underestimate the minimum amount needed to cover the basic needs of those who live alone as is often the case of older persons see box in most of the countries in the region the poverty femininity index is higher than the highest index ratings are in argentina the bolivarian republic of venezuela chile costa rica the dominican republic panama and uruguay where the poverty rate of women is times or more that of men several countries have seen the gap widen between men and women,1
+the programme is also helping to develop vocational and academic training to develop the skills required to operate and use wind power denmarks low carbon energy efficiency project and green investment facility is providing guarantees to smes in the ceramics and brick industry to enable them to invest in energy efficiency the project is also supporting the government to develop and implement a new building energy code to promote energy efficiency in buildings,13
+decentralisation processes undertaken for a series of activities formerly provided by the central government led to major modifications in how the water sector was managed and operated the only exceptions to this trend were azerbaijan belarus and turkmenistan where water sector management has remained strongly centralised in azerbaijan for example the national company azersu jsc supplies water to of the population with provided by small private operators and by households themselves,6
+these areas are all highly informationintensive and thus are wellsuited to the platform revolution and are already undergoing rapid technological change connecting being informed about what affects the enterprise and its business ecosystem is a crucial ingredient of firm competitiveness to lower risks when exporting it is necessary to acquire relevant market information on foreign prices consumer preferences standards and testing requirements and information regarding the establishment of appropriate distribution channels abroad see case study on saint lucia in this chapter average prices for market reports are not necessarily affordable for smes as these range from to for standard reports and from to for reports on specific product or seivice market trends when asked about their top priorities for boosting exports in a survey firms ranked highest improved access to information about export opportunities the need for improvements in access to information on export opportunities had considerably more significance for smes over of responses than for large firms over,9
+patronatos have their own legal entity granted by the town council and therefore have regulatory prerogatives on the use of water reforestation and sanitation in each town a community fund is created to manage users financial contributions and to ensure the costs of operation and maintenance are covered to date more than patronatos have been created in over municipalities in the state of chiapas,6
+their situation is made worse by loss of land which they depend on for medicines women are also at high risk of getting hiv because of interaction with neighbouring communities at risk of rape and having to exchange sex for necessities access to testing and care and treatment is a challenge as they have to pay for services and health workers do not treat them well coordinated action is needed by all sectors to improve the health of the batwa peoples the cost of accessing medical and health facilities in kenya is also costly and often beyond the reach of many indigenous communities who may not have the means to travel long distances to purchase certain prescribed drugs that are unavailable in public health facilities,3
+nonetheless the behaviour of inflation in individual countries also will depend on the fiscal and monetary policies being implemented and private expenditure trends among other factors up to september total inflation in the previous months had risen in all countries and with one exception the food price index had outpaced the overall index see figure in line with the drop in international prices since the middle of domestic inflation eased in the second part of the year in most countries,1
+the percentage of the population that has access to electricity ranges from per cent in png to per cent in samoa figure a larger proportion of hydro power for example in fiji is likely to reduce the electricity tariff whereas a country that relies mostly on fossil fuels such as kiribati or tuvalu is more vulnerable to increasing oil prices another factor affecting the residential electricity tariff is whether it is subsidised through the government budget for example in fiji or using a cross subsidy from larger users of electricity for example in vanuatu each power utility in each country determines its tariffs differently,7
+first nations holistic approach to indicators submitted for the meeting on indigenous peoples and indicators of wellbeing hosted by the secretariat of the un permanent forum on indigenous issues in ottawa march report card on the wellbeing of young australians research tracks inuit modernization with suicide offers hope for improvement january,3
+likewise in italy ireland and spain the language matters less less than in comparison with other oecd countries although these are very interesting finding they should be interpreted with caution speaking the hostcountry language at home may also capture other observed and unobserved characteristics of the household which have not been taken into account in this analysis in the united states and belgium controlling for foreign qualifications accounts for and of the difference respectively and close to in france finland and italy in contrast in the united kingdom only of the initial difference between natives and migrants reflect differences which can be attributed to the country where education was completed the analysis on foreign qualifications is likely to control both for differences in the quality of education across countries but also language skills of those migrants who have studies in the host country,4
+both conditions matter for current health status and even more as predictors of medical conditions in the future overweight and obesity were not retained as primary indicators since they refer to health outcomes that are not necessarily severe but since they are known to be important risk factors for serious illnesses including hypertension high cholesterol diabetes cardiovascular diseases respiratory problems asthma musculoskeletal diseases arthritis and many others they were retained as secondary indicators a caveat on the use of indicators of overweight and obesity is that the associations between these indicators the percentages of body fat and health risks may differ for some ethnic groups and populations,3
+when used in a nontechnical context there is generally a presumption that taxbenefit systems reduce inequalities by transferring resources to those in greater economic need ie by taxing people and using the revenue to finance transfers however public policies alter income inequality even when no interpersonal transfer takes place for instance a progressive tax reduces inequality by itself even if the proceeds are not used to finance transfers while a lumpsum tax increases it,10
+in the extreme these transaction costs may be so high that the farmer remains cutoff from the market altogether producing only for home consumption that is subsistence under these circumstances a subsistence farm household may not benefit from higher farm prices and could in fact lose via induced increases in land rental rates or in the prices paid for locally available inputs a third aspect is that rural households are heterogeneous in terms of their income sources expenditure patterns and ownership of factors particularly land and will therefore be affected diversely by the direct and indirect impacts of policies,2
+bachelets leadership and commitment to advancing gender equality were crucial to the success of the reform process this shift had a particularly adverse impact on womens pension entitlements minimum pensions for those with limited individual savings required long contributory records years reducing womens access to these benefits while noncontributory pensions were low and tightly targeted by the mid s only per cent of women over years of age were in receipt of an oldage pension compared to per cent of men,5
+it coincided with the review of the autonomous region of andalusia and followed the reviews of the canary islands and the region of valencia that took place during the first round the review report for andalusia higher education in regional and city development andalusia spain oecd has a strong focus on how to improve the relevance of educational provision and the employment and entrepreneurship outcomes of university graduates the recommendations and good practice examples in the andalusian report are also relevant for the universities in catalonia and readers interested in them should refer to this report the oecd would like to thank in particular the lead coordinators and other active local counterparts for this review,4
+in myanmar ooredoo of qatar is a mobile group with a presence in a dozen countries while the stateowned incumbent myanma posts telecommunications mpt has a strategic partnership with japans second largest mobile operator kddi in bangladesh telenor is joined by robi owned by malaysias axiata a mobile group that operates across nine asian nations other operators include banglalink owned by dutch headquartered mobile group gth and teletalk a stateowned operator other factors driving rapid growth were low fixed broadband penetration and strong fiber backbones coverage obligations and tower sharing also drove investment in myanmar,9
+measuring preservation protection and conservation of all cultural and natural heritage at the national and subnational levels requires more elaboration on the indicators method that is progressing and being tested however in recent years the economic and social benefits that cultural heritages offer to cities across the world are increasingly recognized as keys for sustainable development there is an emphasis on participatory and collective practices that aim to achieve inclusivity as culture is a locally specific goal local governments are important actors between global and regional development forces and citizens they have the ability to support citizens and communities by implementing policies and localizing the global agenda local governments are also able to change ideas and incorporate new ones into culture through policy initiatives planning and infrastructural development,11
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law the climate change expert group oversees development of analytical papers for the purpose of providing useful and timely input to the climate change negotiations these papers may also be useful to national policymakers and other decisionmakers,13
+as personal income wealth and inheritance taxes all tend to be progressive the distributional impact would depend on the relative progressivity of each tax but may be broadly neutral when examining inequality in individual labour earnings the unemployed and people not looking actively for a job are assigned zero income as the focus of the first three income concepts is on market income the population covered is the workingage population the determinants of inequality for each of the five income concepts are discussed in greater detail in a series of oecd economics department working papers in particular hoeller et al,10
+for the first lime pisa also included an assessment of the financial literacy of young people which was optional for countries it emphasises the mastery of processes the understanding of concepts and the ability to function in various types of situations in a range of countries and economies an additional minutes were devoted to the computerbased assessment of mathematics reading and problem solving the items were organised in groups based on a passage setting out a reallife situation a total of about minutes of test items were covered with different students taking different combinations of test items,4
+by implementing an automated monitoring service such as through sensors that automatically record and transmit quality checks data from noncompliant air quality stations and their operator can be flagged and reported to responsible authorities as data is recorded on the blockchain automated and even smart reporting and monitoring services can be enabled bringing together a patchwork of data sources such as satellite imagery remote iot sensors engineering reports and regulatory reports authorised organisations may track the compliance of new infrastructure projects and their financing by setting a compliance and anticorruption reporting standard that is incorporated on the blockchain network compared with other technologies like cloud storage and computing blockchain technology provides a significantly deeper interaction with processes,9
+the main advantage of the social insurance model is that it earmarks a relatively predictable stream of revenue based on social insurance contributions to health care however the government has generally less cost oversight over social insurancebased health care systems than over taxfinanced ones as social insurance schemes are characterised by weaker budgetary controls over their funding and spending decisions also contributions can have large distortionary effects on the labour market,3
+in practice national frameworks are constrained by domestic data availability and monitoring and evaluation capacity given the diverse set of initiatives contributing to a country s level of climate resilience good coordination between the producers and the users of the information is important separately each tool will ideally capture a distinct component of the climate risks and vulnerabilities combined they can contribute to a better overview of the larger picture,13
+each group carries out a different activity but the general subject matter of all activities is the same many of these teachers speak the same language as the immigrant students in the classes for example one teacher concentrates on the subject matter and explains tasks while the specialneeds teacher primarily focuses on social issues supports groupbuilding processes and attends to those who need special attention,4
+vocational training international perspectives routledge new york all polytechnic colleges are public and charge relatively low tuition fees access to polytechnics is selective while the vast majority of entrants are recent high school graduates an increasing share of entrants hold postsecondary qualifications up to in from in in of entrants had a junior college degree and a university degree,4
+in this case training in moderation skills was needed given the lack of experience with collaboration the kwazulunatal initiative in south africa like the innova schools network in peru were clear that this calls for a culture change to move to more active modes of teaching and learning from traditional methods that fail far too many students innovation is necessary because repeating variants of conventional approaches have failed to dent such stubborn and persistent problems as continued low achievement among the same groups of students,4
+we see this power at work in countries across the world in bangladesh icts have enabled students to access quality online teaching even when qualified teachers may be scarce the jaago foundation of bangladesh unesco prize winner for the use of icts in education is working towards providing education to underprivileged children in rural areas,4
+it also advocates for changes in lifestyle and alternative ways of urban development all residents of the neighbourhood made their daily commuting shopping and leisure trips by foot or nonmotorised modes the city government believed that the project would not be successful without full citizen support and participation,11
+there is some consensus in both developed and though less so developing countries that globalisation is a growthenhancing force but there is no consensus and mixed empirical evidence about its distributional implications the effects of globalisation on overall income inequality have mainly focused on the earnings dispersion channel as opposed to the employment channel main results are presented in table,10
+as many of the targeted users are unbanked the alternatives are cash or mobile payments cash payments are especially vulnerable to corruption and crime making blockchainbased transactions an alternative frankson in developed countries blockchain could be used similarly in order to set incentives for responsible consumption giving different countries a means to help transition upwards in the waste hierarchy from disposal to recycling and waste prevention depending on the countrys specific infrastructure and consumer prerequisites and needs cooper in addition to high battery costs there is room for improvement in the required charging infrastructure among other factors the interoperability between charging networks is restricted and leads to an unattractive customer experience,9
+it targets the state s strategic sectors which are dominated by tractor companies courses are subject to a local feasibility study vetted by the federal office numerous channels of communication with state offices give information about which companies are present in the state and which ones are arriving and courses can be based on specific needs of a company which requests training students study in conalep for two years,8
+in contrast tracking in austria and germany begins when students are just years old oecd c higher curricular standards with emphasis on fundamental cognitive skills can help provide disadvantaged students with the generalisable skills they need to succeed in the workplace the quality of lower level tracks can also be improved hattie for example several german states have combined the two lower level tracks realschule and hauptschule into one in order to increase the available resources and quality of education offered to students,4
+population development and the changing range of illnesses among the population is a priority for mental health and addiction as it is for diabetes or copd in line with the expectations of the coordination reform municipalities are to take primary responsibility for prevention and early intervention in the course of a disease norwegian ministry of health and care services prevention was also included as part of the services that municipalities were expected to deliver in the escalation plan when looking to address mental health municipalities are in some respects wellplaced to lead prevention efforts given their responsibility for public health kindergarten and preschools education up until age for social services and community services which are key loci for prevention and early intervention programmes,3
+with women across every economy in the world undertaking more than twice the load of domestic work than men they are left with less time to do the important task of networking financial institutions might consider this as an opportunity to strengthen their relationships with the women s segment through partnerships with women s business associations or even by creating their own internal networking forums conversely more experienced urban women are often underestimated in terms of their knowledge of financial services products and cite a lack of respect poor advice contradictory policies and a seemingly endless tangle of red tape silverstein and sayre a,5
+land use landuse change and forestry as presented in chapter of this report limited availability of nitrogen along with relatively low summer temperature and short growing season acts as a limiting factor for the growth of nordic forests linder kellomaki etai thus nitrogen fertilization is considered an important forest management practice in the nordic regions it enhances the forest growth and thus increases the carbon sequestration particularly in less fertile sites norden hyvonen etai,15
+at first sight this result seems counterintuitive as one would expect an inequalityreducing rather than an inequalityincreasing impact of an equalising transfer system however it should be kept in mind that regional transfers as opposed to individual transfers are not directly targeted at reducing interpersonal income inequality instead their central purpose is to reduce fiscal disparities between jurisdictions which in turn may have an indirect impact on household income inequality,10
+the resource constraints and other political barriers are the reasons for this delay therefore the proposed energy efficiency laws and bylaws are fully in accordance with the eu requirements due to the fact that development of the energy efficiency sector is mainly driven by fulfilment of the obligation that bosnia and herzegovina undertakes by ratification and signing of various international treaties such as energy community treaty and energy charter treaty both on the state and entity levels a lot of activities were done in order to develop energy efficiency framework that will promote ee raise awareness in this area and attract foreign and domestic investors to invest in ee projects,7
+the programme was funded at usd million and usd million for and respectively the entire sea grant programme covers a range of activities unrelated to fisheries the transfer amount given in this table is the share of the sea grant programme that supports fisheries and aquaculture science programmes,14
+cooperation could include generating data and comparable metrics achieving cncrgycfficicncy targets enforcing industrial energyefficiency targets and standards through international value chains conducting joint rd building capacity disseminating industrial energyefficiency technologies and facilitating access to international finance cooperation would have to take place under the highest canons of ethics and corporate social responsibility to be credible legitimate and effective this would involve working not only on the scientific basis of targets and monitoring criteria but also with governments and the private sector to ensure that targets and standards are realistic and achievable,7
+the second section describes the overall configuration and main actors of the sti governance system primarily ministries councils and agencies with their respective roles the next section discusses the innovation policy mix currently in place in croatia dealing with resource transfers in the form of direct public support and tax incentives for rd and innovation and the transfer of authority and institutional reconfigurations associated with an ongoing process of delegation of tasks and competences the potential role of regulation and public procurement is also discussed,9
+however the available information is too scant to allow measurements of this type for a sufficient number of countries in the region this risk decreases however when using an aggregation scheme in which the presence of one deprivation is not sufficient for identifying a person as poor furthermore some of the indicators included here serve as a proxy albeit an imperfect one for health and employment dimensions which were not measured in the two indices analysed in the foregoing sections and which are relevant aspects of wellbeing in the first case the presence of at least one young person in the household who was neither in education or paid employment was taken as a threshold of deprivation because with the alternative options half or all the more young people in the household the less feasible it would be to classify a household as deprived,1
+the opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the organisation or of the governments of its member countries while traditional disadvantages faced by women and girls persist in most countries men and boys are increasingly exposed to uncertain job prospects and need to adapt to changing tasks and societal expectations although men continue to score higher than women in a number of areas no gender consistently outperforms the other and the gender gaps in wellbeing have being narrowing in recent decades,5
+at the same time research emphasises that the benefits from early interventions are conditional on the level of quality of ecec children experience starting strong iii a quality toolbox for early childhood education and care has identified five policy levers that can encourage quality in ecec brining positive effects on early child development and learning the oecd secretariat would like to thank the national coordinators viera hadjukova and marcela hanusova for their work in providing information,4
+it has to be however considered in connection with the profitability of the public transport provider as well as the inhabitantspurchasing power this will happen unless the local governments are able to take over the investment costs provided that the operation is above breakeven point it would give space for fare cut,11
+the associated environmental pressure could potentially have heavy impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem function and services a trawlingban that was initiated for navigational safety reasons alone resulted in unexpected benefits for seafloor fauna vegetation and fish stocks the construction of a fixed link across the sound bridge and tunnel exemplifies another benchmark for its precautionary approach to both local and regional environmental concerns,14
+for example one of the core indicators that the pilot program for climate resilience use in their evaluations is the extent of integration of adaptation into national and sector planning cif which is to be done via a qualitative assessment using a standardised scorecard further evaluation of some programmes with broad aims including but not focused on adaptation has focused on evaluating the outputs of specific pilot activities this illustrates the difficulty in conducting broadbased evaluation of impacts of adaptation actions on a country s overall climate resilience and vulnerability undp however both finland and france have done midterm evaluations of their adaptation plans france s midterm evaluation of its adaptation plan found that while of planned actions had been initiated and of them were proceeding according to plan of actions were now expected to only partially reach their initial objectives medde,13
+similar results have been found by epidemiological and primarycare studies in different countries eg kessler et al treatment rates increase with age data from the national surveys of australia the united states and switzerland show that treatment is most prevalent in the age groups and over and particularly low among those under age eurobarometer data confirm this pattern showing a continuous increase of treatment rates across age groups figure the average of the oecd countries is for younger people years for adults years and for seniors years source oecd calculations based on national health surveys for disorder prevalence and eurobarometer for treatment rates,3
+most require that these bonds carry at least investment grade ratings institutional investors rely on agencies ratings to give them guidance and comfort especially in new fastmoving areas however risks specific to clean energy related projects make this vital investment grade rating difficult to secure the only way around this is to find a creditworthy entity prepared to step in and take the risks,7
+across oecd countries for every reduction in cvd mortality life expectancy at age increased by around the decline in cvd mortality accounts for around of the crosscountry variation in life expectancy gains change in cvd mortality is a stronger predictor of life expectancy at among males than females,3
+other authors suggest that subsidies can be justified because irrigation projects provide both public and private goods or that higher water prices will reduce agricultural net revenues without motivating notable reductions in irrigation diversions those authors often cite the low elasticities of demand for irrigation water observed in many settings when demand is price inelastic quantity demanded declines by a smaller proportion than an increase in price such that revenues collected from water users increase substantially with little change in the volume of irrigation water used,6
+this provision should increase the number of women who have registered property titles thereby making it easier to access business loans a international labor organization report noted that women made up nearly half of all msmes but had less than per cent of the available credit and less than per cent of agricultural credit furthermore because women have lower levels of education and are segregated into lower paying jobs they have lower savings with which to start a business,5
+by netc emissions from land use are projected to become negative in oecd countries most emerging economies also show a decreasing trend in emissions from an expected slowing of deforestation in the rest of the world row landuse emissions are projected to increase to driven by expanding agricultural areas particularly in africa,13
+the poprad and dunajec rivers with their subbasins shared by poland and slovakia as well as the san river arc smaller transboundary tributaries to the vistula available groundwater resources in the polish part of the vistula river basin district including not only the bug river but also several smaller rivers discharging directly into the baltic sea are estimated at xl m day natural riverbeds have to be restored due to the effects of the mining and chemical industries now no longer operating,6
+they also find that of all energy finance is for power generation of which is in the coal sector and in the hydropower sector in the revised ctf tables related to provision of finance fccccp add ctf table a asks parties to list both general and climate specific financial support provided to multilateral funds banks and institutions several developing countries do contribute to multilateral channels with developmentoriented contributions from ten countries averaging usd billion per year from oecd b where such flows are not climate specific a similar method could be used by all countries to apply a coefficient corresponding to the share of resources disbursed by the multilateral institution that are climaterelevant as currently countries would need to explain how they define funds as being climate specific both tables a and b list options in the funding source column as oda oof and other which is to be specified,13
+countries that are encouraging renewable energy penetration in their grid are also innovating in storage and grid management moreover as the penetration of intermittent renewable energy in the supply mix rises innovation in storage and grid management increases however other findings indicate that this is conditioned by other factors,7
+gender roles and stereotypes of what it means to be masculine or feminine or a true man or woman often pervade social interactions subtle social control mechanisms can often limit the expression and full potential of people s social and emotional development whether you want it or not you have privilege as a man and you either fight against it and reject it by becoming a feminist man or you enjoy the privileges that come with it,5
+the degree of this inequality in denmark is elevated in comparison to other countries figure visits in the past three months in denmark data show that people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are less likely to participate in breast cancer and uterus cancer screening and are at higher risk of being readmitted to hospitals for preventable conditions devaux and de looper,3
+to minimise cost shifting to parts of health systems not covered by caps they have often been complemented with global and supplementary spending ceilings on ambulatory care and pharmaceuticals many countries where health care systems are financed through social insurance contributions eg belgium france luxembourg feature relatively mild budgetary constraints in this setting budget caps have tended to provide indicative rather than binding targets targets are set in relation to expected social insurance contributions and the government has limited direct control over them as social security rates are determined to a different extent across countries by the social security funds paris and devaux,3
+despite the problems identified in the hcp the quality of care is likely to be higher than that received by children whose mothers combine work and care at home leroy et al on the demand side longterm investments in human capacities are constrained by the lower quality care that children receive as a result in terms of policythe goal would be to scale up programmes such as hcp so that women s care responsibilities no longer pose a potential squeeze on time entailing a movement towards a more gender egalitarian high road strategy of social reproduction,5
+there is a need to strengthen regional cooperation through confidencebuilding measures in order to ensure food security technical cooperation is also important which can be provided through capacity building and technical assistance in terms of food production and distribution with growing food demand and future food supply uncertainties the trade system has to play a critical role in managing both shortterm and longterm imbalances,2
+we focus on emerging economies because most of the new ee investments required will be in china india and other emerging g countries however the investment barriers analysed and the policies recommended apply to both the developed and the developing world figure graphically summarises our view of risk perception as the principal barrier to private ee investments,7
+beyond immediate incomes price support may be used to offset market failures which in the case of developing countries may result in low level poverty traps but fundamentally price support tackles the symptoms rather than the causes of those market failures from a political standpoint price policy responses with associated changes in border measures are also a quick and visible way of responding to shocks such as the food price spike,2
+consequently they have less social capital than men who occupy more central and more remunerative positions in the value chain this marginalisation of women requires public policies that consider not only the attributes of women but their social relations structural causes also explain the fragmentation of the governance network involved in the economic activities of women chapter,5
+portuguese national campaigns have raised awareness among pedestrians of the dangers they face in traffic for instance campaigns have promoted the wearing of reflective equipment by older age people when mobile in urban environments while this can reduce fatality numbers in the short term it does not address the root causes of road danger which are the volume and speed of motor vehicle traffic symptomatic of a cardependant urban development,11
+but institutionalisation increases the risk of engagement fatigue andor capture from overrepresented categories to the detriment of unheard voices it should be flexible to take into consideration placebased needs and changing circumstances while fostering a change in the mindset daily practices professional skills and culture of decision making provisions for stakeholder engagement should be aligned coherently and holistically across the water chain and policy domains related to water,6
+some refer to the overall architecture of the model while others are specifically related to various scenarios this assumption is based on the elderly experiencing around per cent fewer acute health problems although the probability of using longterm care is kept constant and that people have confidence in the primary care system and use it more appropriately this and a more appropriate workforce skill mix contribute towards productivity gains increasing to per cent a year over the second half of the period,3
+reducing the timing of slurr application from winter to spring for example can reduce the risk of nitrate leaching but potentially increase ammonia emissions collins and mcgonigle more attention to a holistic approach to nitrogen mitigation on farms is necessary supported by adequate research of the issue european commission godlinski et al this may in part be due to the perceived high costs by farmers of implementing nitrogen abatement management practices oenema et al but also the lack of awareness of many farmers to the links between their farming activities and water quality,6
+from the scope of the grant has been extended to include tuberculosis the grant operates in hospitals across the nine provinces the urban areas of gauteng and western cape receive the largest shares of the grant because they provide the largest proportion of highlevel sophisticated services,3
+it offers two main products subsidised loans and guarantees the latter being its predominant form of sme support as with other federal institutions nafinsa works through an auction process in which the delivery of the policy is granted to those intermediary organisations that make the best offer in terms of credit conditions for the sme clients for example in the visited state of queretaro nafinsa had developed special credit programmes for tier and tier suppliers of the strong local automotive sector and was equally in the process of bolstering the incipient aeronautics sector in mexico city a specific scheme was conceived for taxi drivers while in the state of leon were the footwear and leather industries to be targeted most of the loans supported by nafinsa seem therefore rather thought for working capital requirements or at most smallscale investments,8
+strengthen the skills and supports for school leaders costa rica should use the results of its school leader tests to improve the relevance of initial and inservice leadership development programmes and establish peerlearning schemes the creation of instructional leadership positions within schools with clear responsibility for individual and schoolwide teachers professional development eg classroom observation mentoring appraisals is critical to improve the pedagogical knowledge and practice of inservice teachers,4
+while participants in fast track for migrant teachers snabbspar take part in swedish for immigrants or yrkessvenska the kpu programme does not offer any specific language training for the ulv programme the university of gothenburg will offer from a fulltime introductory course in swedish language for those students who do not pass the new compulsory language placement test however this is not the case at other universities,4
+it is possible to work during this period but the benefit amount is reduced if earnings exceed the minimum benefit amount of the average wage in in principle this should make part time work attractive for members of group c but part time working is uncommon in estonia as discussed in section this arises both because of the minimum social tax for employers which makes it expensive to hire workers part time though this does not apply to workers with children under years old but also for cultural reasons generous maternity leave provisions give women a strong incentive to gain work experience before starting a family however estonia s parental leave benefit is not conditional on prior work experience those who are not in paid work when they become pregnant those who did not work in the year prior to the birth receive the minimum level of parental leave benefits until the child is months old which weakens this incentive a stronger link between parental leave benefit entitlement and previous work history would strengthen the incentive for women to gain work experience before starting a family which might strengthen their subsequent labour market attachment,8
+assessment and recommendations are made across health system domains from the role of accreditation and standards to patient voice and professional training cutting across these domains the priority should now be for wales should be looking to increase accountability for delivering good quality and improving quality and trying to establish some more concrete levers for positive system change this report assesses the governance model institutions and policies in place to assure monitor and improve health care quality in wales,3
+moreover it reduced the countrys overall poverty gap by percent and by percent for households with older people omilola and kaniki the analysis by barrientos also indicates that the social pension reduces the likelihood of falling into poverty by percent in place of conditions some programmes include specific messaging recommending how transfers should be spent,1
+however existing studies are to a large extent confined to the effect of gender inequality in outcomes empirical work finds a positive association between gender parity in education and income per capita dollar and gatti klasen thevenon and salvi del pero for example in oecd countries a balanced gender ratio in education would increase income per capita by in comparison to a scenario where women have no access to education thevenon and salvi del pero in the same vein gender gaps in education contribute to of the difference in the annual growth rates between east asia and south asia klasen other studies find that gender inequalities in labour market outcomes hamper economic growth klasen and lamanna oecd cuberes and teigner woetzel j et al,5
+designing public works programmes and cash transfers to promote growth and mitigate violence terror as a bargaining instrument a case study of dowry violence in rural india the american economic review cash for women s empowerment a mixed methods evaluation of the zambian child grant program world development,5
+but water reforms are frequently longterm endeavours that involve planning ex ante evaluation and consultation several stages of implementation and ex post evaluation shortterm considerations and vested interests can result in potentially counterproductive action inversely longterm planning and commitment can face strong bottlenecks on the ground because of political discontinuity it is therefore important that strategic plans consider timing and political discontinuity in relation to water policy ensuring transparency across different constituencies is essential for the effective implementation of water policies the process is not always transparent and certain measures such as shortening of the decisionmaking process increase the risk of capture and corruption especially when local governments lack the capacity to monitor investment and civil society is not fully engaged in the s latin america saw a decrease in government provision of public goods and an increase in private sector participation in the water sector,6
+source world bank a due to fluctuations in operating costs especially related to the costs of natural gas and exchange rates this had an adverse effect on cost recovery for gas tariffs were not adjusted between and and for electricity over a period of three years tariffs were not adjusted,7
+the main strength of the ptal approach is that it is easy to understand unlike more sophisticated modelling approaches ptal allows for direct data visualisation using a contour map where patterns of public transport provision are clearly shown figure the formulae take into account the walking time from specified points of interest to all public transport service access points saps ie bus stops rail stations light rail stations underground stations and tramlink stops within a defined distance threshold this is combined with the average time a user must wait for the next service several parameters define the walk catchment area,11
+thus the decision to proceed with a project should be based solely on the merits of the project as assessed using a costbenefit or costeffectiveness analysis and not the delivery mode in itself if a project meets the standards set by the social return target or other economic criteria it should at that point be subject to an analysis of the merits of alternative delivery modes processes that bypass this sequence are more likely to generate poor choices both in terms of projects and delivery modes,9
+during the trial in traffic volumes within the controlled area fell by approximately while public transit ridership increased by some to pike the initial public view of the system had been negative with a disapproval rate of but following the trial period this had changed to taking a positive view this shift took place in a context where the area involved was extensive some square kilometres and where a modest charge could nevertheless add up significantly vehicles entering at one of charging pints would pay up to swedish krona sek roughly usd with a daily maximum of sek and daily passes available,11
+policies to promote investment in health thus form an important component of any strategy to facilitate socioeconomic mobility under certain conditions inequality can contribute to social instability and undermine trust this is particularly the case where the gap between rich and poor is large and continuing to grow the result has been greater social stratification and residential segregation,10
+however once total social spending and workingage unemployment were accounted for the effects of the minimum income protection indicator were no longer statistically significant social spending was associated with lower risks of child poverty at the start of the crisis only when many european countries implemented fiscal stimulus packages while unemployment had large effects on both poverty and deprivation throughout the entire period this suggests that social safety nets and social spending did not shield children from the effects of labour market turbulence during the great recession,1
+also the start of operations of tamiz shahar jsc was broadly publicized in the local press and on the internet and a meeting with ngos was held at the balakhani disposal site total land area affected by the dumping of waste is estimated at nearly ha the largest sites include azizbeyov balakhani garadagh and surakhani table these sites were created or appeared in the past when the city management did not have the technical and financial resources to ensure concentration of msw at a single disposal site and their permanent use was not envisaged,12
+according to the plansab of the brazilian population is connected to a network for water supply it is estimated that of the population has sewage collection but only includes treatment and is considered adequate although according to the ibge only of domestic sewage is collected and is heated the efficiency of sewage treatment plants varies significantly and is considered not entirely satisfactory in some cases,6
+the gender gap is wider within indigenous populations in all countries with respect to the amount of time spent on unpaid work indigenous women may spend up to eight hours more per week on unpaid work than nonlndigenous women as is the case in mexico this underscores the importance of considering the strict sexual division of labour in indigenous households the need for care policies and basic infrastructure to support indigenous families particularly those living in rural areas and the barriers to womens economic autonomy,5
+developing countries account for the bulk of global energy subsidies box energy costs were not a large enough share of total expenditures for companies to place a high priority on improving energy efficiency when energy prices are artificially low energyefficiency investments are less profitable than they would be at true cost jaccard in economic value iran leads with billion a year in energy subsidies followed by saudi arabia with billion the russian federation with billion and india with billion the next six china egypt venezuela indonesia the united arab emirates and uzbekistan have subsidies of more than billion each a year consumers in nonoecd countries pay less than percent of its true economic value,7
+for instance figure shows that road transport contributes to more than of c emitted by the sector in the region while figure illustrates how many kilometres can be travelled for every one ton of c emitted by a passenger using different modes to support policy makers in selecting the most effective measures to reduce c emissions in the inland transport sector different initiatives are ongoing notably one that is implemented by the un regional commissions as described in box as part of the project a global status report on inland transport c emissions was prepared and the development of an inland transport road rail and inland waterways emission measurement model called for future inland transport systems forfits is now complete,11
+then the methodology adopted to perform the research is summarized following the description of the methodology the primary findings from the surveys are summarized this is done by first presenting the findings from the household surveys responding to the various hypotheses raised and then disclosing the regressions which summarize the determinants of the contribution of the urban poor to the economy,1
+this is emphasised by oecd at the same they estimate that across the whole group that became eligible for the subsidy including those who were not hired the subsidy had no significant impact on exit rates to unsubsidised employment or job stability permanent payments are often lacking in active character and only those that compensate for partial or complete but potentially temporary loss of work capacity are counted as active programmes in the oecdec labour market programme database eurostat however permanent inwork benefits that are phased out in line with eamings can have a large impact on the labour market see immervoll and pearson and the discussion of uk tax credits and universal credit in oecd a the norwegian inclusive workplace agreements date back to and are a central framework for tripartite cooperation between the government and employer and employee organisations,8
+policies in land use housing transportation and sustainability could be strengthened if an integrated approach to their development and implementation were adopted the current landuse planning system could better contribute to efficient urban development if the zoning system were made more flexible if infill development was more strongly incentivised and if there were a national framework for designating and developing naturalhazard risk zones in urban areas revisiting these policies is an important step in creating and implementing a national urban vision it then examines relevant practices in oecd countries and recommends policy changes that national policy makers may wish to consider when designing a national urban policy framework,11
+these independent immigrant women reject passivity and dependence on the welfare system and their husbands to a great extent they are able to have a career and manage to employ their qualifications in the business and they exhibit tendencies similar to native entrepreneurs in choosing branch and niche this example can be also considered as the second category of immigrant women entrepreneurs defined by abbasian and bildt this category includes women who despite a certain level of independence are still dominated by men in their business their decisions and actions,5
+as result the vast majority of the urban housing stock is now in private hands in only of the housing stock was in public ownership moreover while the public housing stock has been fairly stable since the private sector accounted for almost all the growth in the urban housing stock between and an increase of the public housing stock accounts for less than of the overall housing stock in almost all large cities including astana and almaty city except in rudnij and pavlodar according to kazakhstan s law on individual housing construction and the land code every citizen has the right to receive a land plot for individual construction purposes,11
+here we show that these countries are vulnerable to climate change using a physical vulnerability index that is independent of policies the idea of an assessment of physical vulnerability is consistent with common vulnerability frameworks as explained in guillaumont and simonet a and also with the srex conceptual framework but it involves making a systematic distinction between what is and what is not independent of a country s policy to be more accurate with the development challenges this section relies on a new index of physical vulnerability to climate change as presented by guillaumont and simonet a that has already been applied to differentiate african countries from other developing countries guillaumont and simonet lb the index qualifies the vulnerability of the ldcs and underlines the heterogeneity of the vulnerability among them,13
+while in some countries gains in life expectancy have outpaced gains in living standards in others the reverse has been observed the russian federation saw life expectancy decline in the s due largely to societal changes increases in external causes of death and other risk factors such as excess consumption of alcohol there is evidence that this trend is now reversing and life expectancy has started to increase again popov in south africa life expectancy has also fallen recently because of the devastating hivaids epidemic years gained are calculated starting from for canada new zealand and italy for the russian federation the gain is nil,3
+overall productivity is variable but generally speaking is lower than the production potential of specific forest habitats state forests have a larger increment about m ha on average than private forests low density results in part of the forest resource being in practical terms out of reach for any kind of intervention forest use forest protection and silviculture the average road density in bosnia and herzegovina is mha these densities are significantly below those in other european countries with a similar topography switzerland has mha austria mha germany mha and france mha there were particularly frequent and catastrophic forest fires in and,15
+for developing countries these schemes can be problematic as they would raise the price of existing energy sources and other inputs which could disrupt economic development at least until new energy sources became available and they can be particularly problematic given the potential impact of higher energy prices on the poor industrial policies to encourage diffusion of green technologies provide an alternative policy prescription,7
+for instance compulsory health insurance with community rated premiums eg the basis of the swiss health care system offers a high degree of risk pooling with minimal income redistribution the presence of many social insurance funds results in fragmented risk pools which lower risk pooling but riskadjustment mechanisms eg switzerland netherlands germany can mitigate this problem community rated premiums allow for a larger degree of risk pooling than risk rated ones as the latter enable to pool people with approximately the same level of risk only,3
+these aspects might lead enterprises to dedicate more resources to developing sustainable infrastructure if the platform grows in size in terms of available crowdfunding opportunities and the number of investors it may then become suitable for the full spectrum of projects and investors from largescale to microinvestments investors could be given the opportunity to securely invest in projects that would normally not be open to crowdfunding due to high administration costs eg funding for a low quantity of solar panels for a local community identifying and addressing market legal and regulatory issues and providing an enabling framework for investments from institutions and end consumers alike are essential enterprises in the energy mobility and agriculture sectors should be approached in the early development stages in order to ensure common standards for further scalability it is also important for regulators to set regulatory and compliance standards early on,9
+right holders may voluntarily provide licenses to generic manufacturers voluntary licenses are producing promising results in the area of hiv but do not yet address increasing needs across a broader range of health technologies full incorporation and use of trips flexibilities will thus continue to be important to encourage pharmaceutical companies to license their products in order to increase access while not discouraging innovation,3
+the production is distributed to mali senegal and mauritania wikipedia e as part of the omvs agenda the dam was planned over senegal river in but construction could not begin due to lack of funds in the world bank declined funding for dam construction highlighting the unreasonable investment after securing financial aid from europe construction of the dam began in wikipedia e at the same time another dam was built downstream in the lower senegal river s delta to prevent backwater flows,6
+the bioeconomic basis for sustainable fisheries management is explored in this section first the section will define what is meant by the sustainable use of fisheries resources second it will introduce a bioeconomic model of a fishery to explain how overfishing essentially depletion of the fish stock at too high a rate occurs under open access,14
+the public financing of efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation is likely to have played a role in catalysing this private sector participation by lowering risks linked to country participation and improving country readiness in terms of the necessary institutional frameworks large institutional investors are also redirecting investments to align them with climate objectives such as reducing emissions from deforestation for example the norwegian pension fund has begun to divest shares in companies associated with unsustainable palm oil production which can be viewed as an alignment of private financing with global climate change mitigation objectives no comprehensive assessment is available to track climate finance from domestic budgets and there is no agreed classification system for national climate budget tagging that permits international comparisons or aggregation however evidence from countries indicates that domestic resources are a significant and in some cases even a dominant part of climate change expenditure undp,13
+estimates by the institute for health metrics and evaluation show somewhat different leading causes of dalys for colombia in where the leading cause of dalys is interpersonal violence followed by ischemic heart disease major depressive disorder hivaids lower back pain and road injuries ihme the prevalence of overweight body mass index kgm was in colombian women aged compared to in men more colombian women are obese body mass index kgm than the oecd average vs oecd a colombian men however are healthier than average on this measure vs oecd average,3
+silo approaches in water policy result in incoherence between subnational policy needs and national policy initiatives and reduce the possibility of success for implementation of crosssectoral policy at the subnational level if individual ministries or public agencies operate independently rather than undertaking crosssectoral initiatives the opportunity for whole government approaches is minimised at the same time possibilities for maximising efficiency and effectiveness in crosssectoral public services may be lost and subnational development adversely impacted,6
+each month on the basis of national quota allocations the minister for agriculture food and the marine following consultation with the industry decides on management regimes for the following month these management regimes involve catch limits per vessel and are implemented by means of fishery management notices such species are subject to additional management measures controlling times areas and weekly or monthly amounts fished,14
+the opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the organisation or of the governments of its member countries first it describes the main trends within educational evaluation it is apparent that evaluation and assessment are increasingly being considered as levers of change guiding improvement accountability educational planning and policy development within school systems,4
+the most important species landed into foreign ports were atlantic mackerel atlantic herring which together accounted for of the value of landings to foreign ports common shrimp blue whiting and blue mussels were the most valuable species landed into domestic ports in and combined accounted for of these landings prices of most other species also increased with only prices for turbot halibut anglerfish and ling decreased compared to,14
+the production refinement transportation and storage of oil are also sources of methane emissions as is incomplete combustion of fossil fuels no combustion process is perfectly efficient so when fossil fuels are used to generate electricity heat or power vehicles they all contribute as sources of methane emissions many developing countries have large untapped fossil fuel resources that they intend to use to develop their respective economies,7
+on the other hand in greece japan the netherlands and turkey women are slightly more represented in the labour force than in general government employment according to the most recent figures women represent only and of general government employees in turkey and greece respectively these figures are generally similar to those in,5
+women and girls must have equal access to financial services infrastructure the full range of health services including sexual reproduction and health rights water and sanitation the equal right to own land and other assets a safe environment in which to leam and apply their knowledge and skills and an end to discrimination so they can receive equal pay for equal work and have an equal voice in decision making first it outlines women s employment trends in the mena region including in the public sector next it assesses the legal framework for labour force participation including its conformity to international standards the chapter also examines policy measures used in mena and oecd countries for improving female participation in the labour market,5
+although bike share operators provide guidelines regarding best practices for parking eg avoiding locations that block pedestrian travel there are generally no penalty mechanisms by which good parking practices can be enforced the question of who is entitled to the rights to the data generated by these systems also constitutes a novel issue for policymakers if made available to researchers for example this type of data could be used for public transport blind spot analyses biking hotspot analysis and prediction multimode transportation analysis and lifestyle impact analysis increasing mode shares of cyclists in cities also has implications for safety itf a and may also necessitate infrastructure changes such as reducing car lanes and increasing bike lanes,11
+the first pathway goes through the impact on labour earnings inequality from the dark blue to light blue shaded boxes earnings inequality in this framework is assessed in terms of both wage dispersion among workers and individual earnings dispersion among the whole workingage population which takes into account underemployment and inactivity the second pathway is the transmission of labour earnings inequalities to household income inequalities the move from the light blue to the unshaded boxes,10
+this means that today the mexican health system is beset with inefficiencies and fragmentation with resources split across multiple independent subsystems though coverage and public health expenditure has increased which should be commended access to services remains far from equal not only are some of mexicans still without health coverage according to survey data coneval but levels of services differ significantly between subsystems and accessing care often demands a significant outofpocket expense,3
+they can originate from the demand side such as economic expansions or recessions or from the supply side through reduced supply of inputs availability of substitutablecomplementary products or typically energy markets finally shocks can be transmitted through macroeconomic variables such as exchange rates and terms of trade balcombe finds that the volatility of most individual food commodities is positively related to the general volatility of other agricultural commodities,2
+this loss depends on the risk of unemployment ie the risk of becoming and staying unemployed and the degree of mitigation against these losses provided by government transfers unemployment benefits and social assistance in the event of unemployment conditional on the assumption that all transitions take place between employment and unemployment data on unemployment duration are used to measure the monthly probability of becoming unemployed as well as the average expected duration of completed unemployment spells in months which is the inverse of the probability of finding a job once unemployed the product of the two elements provides a measure of the overall unemployment risk ie the proportion of time that a worker can expect to spend on average in unemployment,8
+in addition triggers to undertake eia are provided for in environmental management frameworks also declared in terms of the national environmental management act and through the biodiversity act see annex a if a threatening process is involved andor if activities target endangered or critically endangered ecosystems as listed in terms of that act in addition provision is made in the regulations for developers responsible for illegal developments to apply for retroactive environmental authorisations biodiversity offsets could thus also be required retroactively an acceptable tradeoff is not always possible however signifying the presence of limits on the type or extent of biodiversity that may be appropriate to include in an offset scheme bbop iccm and iucn ifc kiesecker et al,15
+in such a case autonomous sources of onsite power such as diesel generators or passive systems driven by gravity would constitute the next line of defence see also section the general conclusion that the size and the quality of the electricity grid are especially important issues for nuclear power remains thus unaffected in an industry with only limited means of economical storage this poses a challenge in ensuring continuous supply security for as vital a service as electricity in particular it means that backup capacity from alternative technologies needs to be available for the periods when a given plant is unavailable,7
+this has given rise to the best present and robust practices of early warning systems community education evacuation emergency shelter high technologyassisted search and rescue retrofitting building back safer and family business and sovereign insurance current investments in drr are important and necessary but after maria no longer sufficient this applies to hurricanes in particular and to natural disasters in general,13
+additionally extensive desk research for this study was carried out by the international transport forum this will have an impact on the nature of public transport the convergence of public transport and ride services in particular provides an opportunity to deliver better mobility outcomes for a broader share of the population,11
+the sample analysed for this study however consists mainly of enabling interventions risk reduction activities are less common in the sample from all the agencies except for jica that primarily focuses on the development of climate proof infrastructure across the agencies comprehensive programmes that focus on the overall country approach to climate change adaptation tend to include measures for policy and administrative management,13
+for example drought and heatresistant seeds can help increase farm productivity in droughtprone regions seed varieties that are tolerant to heat and dry spells have been developed for a range of major food crops including maize rice and wheat other seed varieties have been developed that can improve the resilience of crops affected by flooding including intrusion by saline water which could become more frequent with climate change,13
+stakeholders along the agriculture and food value chain are affected by a disconnect between production and consumption patterns and knowledge about nutrition which results in a poor overall nutritional status among too many people so in order to achieve zero hunger which is at the core of the sdgs it is crucial to improve dietary patterns and production systems this overreliance on one staple crop is a leading cause of persistent malnutrition and low dietary diversity,2
+the chapter also reviews the limitations of funds use accountability and the concerns regarding the funding for school infrastructure the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law it deals with the level of resources available for school education and revenue sources,4
+to shed light on the relative importance of these two factors they will be discussed separately as far as possible a number of measurement choices are crucial for the interpretation of results some of them are dictated by data availability while others are a reflection of the purpose of the study at hand the purpose in this paper is to isolate the direct impact of government redistribution policies on income inequalities among nonelderly households,10
+unprecedented and worldwide coordinated measures are needed to transform the global energy system into an almost carbonfree one by for example following the discovery of the giant groningen natural gas field in the netherlands the natural gas share went from per cent in to per cent in and to per cent in portugal increased its share of renewables including hydro from to per cent in a matter of five years from to and plans to become the first country to inaugurate a national network of charging stations for electric cars in,7
+it is in the process of preparing a partnership with students in free enterprise sife chapters in moroccan universities to strengthen its links within the university network this will also help to generate more innovative projects from young educated women the middle east partnership initiative mepi funded the casablanca incubator un women supported the rabat incubator and the national human development initiative indh a government initiative provided the space to create the incubator in el jadida funding has also been provided by aecid mepi the dutch embassy for the incubator in el jadida and the ocp group,5
+modem methods of contraception include female and male sterilization oral hormonal pills intrauterine devices male condoms injectables implants vaginal barriers female condoms and emergency contraception traditional methods of contraception include periodic abstinence withdrawal the lactational amenorrhea method and folk methods egypt recorded the most widespread use of modern contraceptive methods at per cent,3
+considerable innovation follows and as a result the impact of water shortages on productivity is reduced in welldesigned regimes local allocation trades can be completed within one or two days and if conducted in a manner consistent with preagreed rules are not subject to appeal entitlement trading often called permanent trading allows efficient planning for longterm changes in demand and supply conditions,6
+the number of workers across skillgroups and within a sector is identified under the assumption that within sectors workers engage in the same amount of hours across the different labour categories highskilled mediumskilled and lowskilled in the second step to calculate a wage for each of these worker categories the value added of a given worker category the wage bill is divided by the number of workers in that category and sector the resulting output is an average wage rate for each of the three categories of workers within a sector giving rise to a maximum of countrysectorskill categoryyear wage observations this information is then used to calculate aggregate measures of wage inequality a gini coefficient using weights capturing the number of workers across skill categories and sectors within a country box great care has been taken to harmonise crosscountry measures of inequality by the oecd in the income distribution database which does not suffer from the problem of using income and expenditures in different years,10
+but despite growing popularity and increasing recognition of the potential benefits of an accessibilitybased approach governments face the challenge of developing accessibilitybased decisionmaking frameworks ie policy planning and investment frameworks in which accessibility considerations are central criteria systematically guiding decisions this report examines how accessibility indicators can support such a shift figure summarises this transition and highlights the weak and imperfect link between physical movement and the objectives of overall wellbeing and sustainability,11
+entire population excluding capital gains source oecd income distribution and poverty database swedish ministry of finance oecd calculations for instance in sweden the gini coefficient was reduced through taxes and transfers from to hence by in the mid s and from to hence by in the late s in addition capital gains have contributed to the increase in inequalities,8
+data validated and updated by mesrk for the purposes of the oecd review data validated and updated by mesrk for the purposes of the oecd review although these numbers indicate improvement data from a mesrk report on the qualitative composition of the teaching workforce in suggest that in there were still of teachers who have not completed higher tertiary education mesrk a,4
+most countries in the region except for brunei darussalam lao pdr and myanmar have national air quality standards covering at least some of the main outdoor air pollutants the level of these standards varies across countries in the region which have very different average levels of exposure to air pollutants separate local pollution standards may also be set for particular cities or regions,11
+this goalbygoal review shows that gender inequalities remain pervasive in each and every dimension of sustainable development in countries with available data there are million more women than men living on less than us a day unequal access to and control over economic resources lie at the root of womens poverty gender inequalities in the labour market persist largely due to occupational segregation and gender pay gaps women continue to be underrepresented in leadership positions and in other areas such as maternal mortality child marriage and female genital mutilation fgm progress is unacceptably slow and uneven in situations of unrest instances of sexual and lethal violence increase and are commonly perpetrated not only by intimate partners but also by police and military personnel,5
+the first begins with a description of the postsoviet migration system and the place central asian states and the russian federation take in it the second covers a discussion of gender ratios of the migration flows from the three countries being studied to the russian federation the genderspecific factors driving the migration and general characteristics of female and male migration the third and fourth sections are devoted to the gender dimensions of integration in the destination country,5
+in this regard the mobilization of the diverse potential of small and mediumsized cities and their surrounding territories is important since small and mediumsized cities make up per cent of the country s urban settlements and are more evenly distributed throughout the country s territory in contrast to the more peripheral location of oblast cities they represent a backbone of the country s urban settlement system,11
+queuing characterizes patterns in namibia and uganda although at different levels of overall u m while cambodia s pattern is mixed showing that richer groups enjoy lower mortality rates but the rates among poorer groups are not as extremely high as those observed in niger socioeconomic inequality in malnutrition in developing countries bulletin of the world health organization vol what about the trends in health inequalities over time trend analysis requires at least two different data points and only a handful of developing countries have conducted health surveys whose results are comparable at two or more different points in time,3
+the hospital and emergency care sectors were reorganised leading to efficiency gains primary care was also strengthened with the aim of focusing more effort on preventive care population ageing and worsening rates of smoking and other key risk factors mean that more people are living with chronic disease and demands on the health system are intensifying latvia must continue to undertake reforms therefore to optimise performance of the health care system and improve peoples health key challenges in each of these areas are identified the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law,3
+third women might forego higherpaying employment in favour of familyfriendly jobs that allow them to work fewer hours and spend more time at home on the other hand discrimination explanations are based on the notion that even though mothers may be equally productive employers may for strategic reasons pay them less than nonmothers and men of similar productivity in the labour market using longitudinal surveys from the united states waldfogel concludes that an unexplained motherhood wage penalty persists after controlling for human capital unobserved heterogeneity and parttime employment with a penalty for one child and a penalty for two or more children,5
+it includes sustainable development goals and targets set by the un general assembly in the paper highlights how the paris agreement makes national climate policies become international law and suggests an implementation of paris principles on nonstate actors the exposition further suggests that a legal perspective may enrich the understanding of todays climate governance the replacement of the kyoto protocol topdown approach for developed states only with a bottomup pledgeandreview system accommodating all states has indeed changed the rules of the game for global climate law and policy,13
+students can pursue vet in upper secondary and in polytechnics at the tertiary level of education initial vocational training programmes take three years to complete including at least half a year of onthejob learning in workplaces upon completion the qualification provides formal eligibility for tertiary education graduation rates in prevocationalvocational programmes are high compared to the oecd average of in but only of students in these programmes graduated before the age of compared to an average of in oecd countries those with tertiary qualifications have high rates of employment,4
+rearrangement of student learning time next to reduction of class size and increase of teachers salaries has emerged as one of the key ideas for reallocation of newly available resources in countries with a decreasing number of students since it is argued that the most valuable resource in the educational process is no doubt student learning time oecd optimising this resource has been presented as one of the key measures in improving student achievement carroll scheerens and bosker marzano while students acquire skills and knowledge in many different ways this paper will concentrate primarily on the time students spend learning in regular school lessons and also consider their participation in summer and afterschool programmes and extracurricular activities,4
+systemlevel data that are not derived from the pisa student or school questionnaire are extracted from the oecds annual publication education at a glance for those countries and economies that participate in that periodic data collection for other countries and economies a special systemlevel data collection was conducted in collaboration with pisa governing board members and national project managers,4
+steps have been taken to allow for the use of gender mainstreaming tools such as the collection of genderdisaggregated data by an especially dedicated gender statistics unit elements of gender analysis of draft legislative acts and gender responsive budgeting grb within some public entities have been also implemented however this chapter observes the need to improve the scope depth and use of existing genderdisaggregated data to widen the application of gender impact assessments beyond primary legislation and to better link the allocation of public budgets to expected gender equality results this chapter examines what tools and mechanisms kazakhstan is currently using in pursuit of its gender equality objectives,5
+sweden will need to expand the coverage of mpas to meet the aichi target of protecting at least of coastal and marine areas by it should also ensure that all mpas have management plans and the means to implement them it provides a good model for similar initiatives based on the effective participation of local communities in decision making,14
+we call this the gender egalitarian ge case note that gender egalitarianism is also reflected by a number of factors associated with the high road smaller gender wage gaps to the extent they stem from good wages for women as opposed to low wages for men an extensive and high quality market care sector lots of public provision of care services and good reproductive infrastructure we call this the feminization of responsibility and obligation fro case borrowing a term developed by sylvia chant to replace the concept of feminization of poverty,5
+this can be seen from the middle graph of figure panel a which expresses the size of benefits in terms of a tax rate measure and therefore shows negative values for benefits see box in general where benefits did become more or less targeted towards the poor since the mid s this did not change the overall trend in redistribution that would result from trends in average benefit rates alone that said benefits in the united kingdom did however become less redistributive despite being now more tightly targeted towards the poor,10
+in some countries unmarried mothers cannot register their babies and the children of unmarried parents have limited nationality rights the actual choices and coping strategies of young women who become pregnant vary greatly depending on their social and legal environment in morocco of the percent of married women who would prefer to avoid a pregnancy percent use contraceptives and percent do not,5
+surveys in several ldcs suggest that solar lighting leads to significant reductions in lighting spending lower c emissions health benefits especially for women and children who typically spend more time indoors and educational improvements by allowing longer or more flexible study time grimm et al they can also make some contribution to productive use for example by allowing smallholder farmers to use icts thereby improving access to market information agricultural extension and basic financial services unctad b bhatia and angelou prior to electrification renewable energy can be harnessed directly to diversify income sources and enhance labour productivity in nonfarming activities and food processing through nonelectrical technologies such as solar tunnels for drying and evaporative refrigerators while the takeup of similar devices would likely be constrained by the availability of funds for enduse investments ldcs producers including small and mediumsized enterprises smes might benefit significantly from harnessing the scope for technological adaptation and frugal innovations in the field of enduse productive technologies including those compatible with offgrid systems prahalad,7
+through the platform ptos buy resources taxi and bus service from private companies and combined with all the planned trips generated through different remote online ordering modules used by a number of authorities optimise the utilisation of that capacity in real time because of volume discounts and auctioned prices the ptos realise costsavings compared to if they had purchased these services through more traditional procurement routes the spotmarket seeks to ensure bids aligned with the lowest generalised cost on the basis of unitprices eur per vehicle hour submitted by operators every year alongside other factors including estimated trip distance and duration proximity to the customer requesting the service special needs the customer may have and the quality rating for participating hauliers the longerterm market is comprised of two to fouryear contracts guaranteeing a minimum availability and quality assurances,11
+the vast majority of these nonresident grant recipients are the child s parents this figure is similar to that derived from kids which estimated the incidence of nonresident child support grant recipients at woolard carter aguero the state old age pension was originally introduced in south africa in to address poverty among elderly white people but was gradually extended to other population groups during the apartheid years both the size of the grant and some of the conditions discriminated on the basis of race,10
+in the case of metrobus the documentation available on the conditions negotiated for the different bus lines show that the transport authority and regulatory agency have been able progressively to negotiate agreements more likely to allow for financial sustainability floresdewey and zegras in addition corridors for trolley bus services running in a dedicated lane zeroemission corridors were also introduced recently a short description of these projects is provided in table,11
+employers both women and men may discriminate in favour of men who are seen as unencumbered by reproductive responsibilities or use womens assumed status as secondary earners to justify paying them less discriminatory laws policies and programmes can reproduce gender inequalities through assumptions about mens primary wageearning roles and womens domestic roles which often bear no resemblance to reality agency is concerned with the extent to which women and men are able to challenge the constraints in their lives,5
+the consequences for daily life are uncertain depending greatly on the adequacy of water management strategies put in place this results from a projected decrease in demand driven by efficiency gains and a structural shift towards service sectors that are less water intensive and higher precipitation caused by climate change box the intergovernmental panel on climate change ipcc projects that the impact of climate change on freshwater systems and their management will be felt primarily through temperature increases sealevel rise and precipitation variability there will be shifts in the quantity variability timing form and intensity of precipitation and annual average runoff the frequency and intensity of extreme events such as floods and droughts will increase water temperature and the rate of evapotranspiration will increase and water quality will deteriorate bates et al,6
+it is estimated that only half of mexico s water operators are official utilities in small communities where resources and capacities are limited service provision is ensured through community solutions thus complicating the assessment of the total number of operating wells in the country mexico also has more water concessions than water availability which has contributed to water imbalances,6
+similarly the scottish online appraisal resource soar is an online platform to support doctors working and training in scotland in the appraisal and revalidation process the flying start programme has been created to support newly qualified nurses midwives and allied health professionals during their first year of practice in scotland this articulates a core vision for the workforce developed in conjunction with nhs staff members that emphasises improved ways of working collaboration and embracing technology supporting materials including an implementation plan and a communication toolkit have also been developed,3
+the oecd has identified five effective policy levers to encourage quality in the sector quality goals and regulations curriculum and guidelines workforce family and community engagement and data research and monitoring of the five aspects sweden considers improving quality through curriculum as a priority it considers a welldesigned balanced curriculum as key to providing highquality ecec with the most favourable holistic outcomes for children it can also ensure continuity between ecec and primary schooling ensuring that children are equipped with the knowledge and skills needed for primary school and further learning,4
+it is not a party to the convention on the protection and use of transboundary watercourses and international lakes water convention tajikistan is not a party to the water convention s protocol on water and health in tajikistan participated in targetsetting under the protocol facilitated by ece with support provided by norway however the targets were not endorsed by the government chapter tajikistan has local offices of the scientific and information centres of the two commissions and also hosts die secretariat of icwc which was moved from khudjand to dushanbe in late tajikistan is a party to the agreement on cooperation in joint management use and protection of water resources of interstate sources the agreement on joint action to address the problem of the aral sea and surrounding areas environmental improvement and ensuring socioeconomic development of the aral sea region and the intergovernmental agreement on the use of water and energy resources in the syr darya river basin,6
+these differences result in important variation in student performance across the two assessments the two assessments also differ in item formats in their balance of multiplechoice vs openended responses most importantly however the two assessments differ in their framework and content that is in what they are seeking to measure in contrast the objective of pisa is to measure the skills and competencies students have acquired and can apply to realworld contexts by age,4
+the long travel times involved in the coastal corridor are compounded by the lack of modem and efficient rail infrastructure in this geography combined with typical obstacles to crossborder integration western scandinavia currently lacks a clear unifying vision for development while western scandinavia mostly functions around its three large metropolitan areas signs of growing interlinkages between them underline their potential to work closer together as a megaregion,11
+the bolivarian republic of venezuela showed the sharpest poverty reduction by percentage points from to in the case of poverty and by percentage points from to in the case of extreme poverty in brazil poverty diminished by percentage points from to while extreme poverty declined by of a percentage point from to peru recorded a percentagepoint decrease in its poverty rate while in argentina and colombia the reduction was slightly above percentage point in these three countries extreme poverty did not show any appreciable variation compared with the levels see figure,1
+this chapter presents the main findings from the survey respondents were also requested to signal any recent or ongoing reforms of allocation regimes in countries where there are a number of different approaches to water allocation for example different allocation regimes for surface or groundwater or variations in allocation from one provincestateriver basin to another several examples from each country could be provided,6
+their work maps the distribution of the world s population with respect to relative water demand that is measured as the ratio of water withdrawals from industry domestic use and irrigated agriculture dia to the mean annual surface and subsurface shallow aquifer runoff q on an annual basis their results indicate that in many areas water stress is a serious concern their study also highlights the fact that water stress is not limited to poor counties or those nations with severely limited water resources but is also a serious concern in a number of oecd countries such as australia spain and the united states these studies consistently predict that some regions of the world will face water crises india northern china north and subsaharan africa the middle east and parts of eastern europe,6
+this report lays particular emphasis on the crucial importance of satellite observations which are an indispensable means of understanding climate evolution thanks to the repetitiveness and homogeneity of their measurements the aim of this itur resolution is to strengthen collaboration among itur iso iec and other bodies as appropriate with a view to cooperating in identifying and fostering implementation of all appropriate measures to reduce power consumption in radiocommunication devices and to utilize radiocommunicationsicts in monitoring and mitigation of the effects of climate change in order to contribute to a global reduction of energy consumption member states sector members and associates are invited to contribute actively to iturs work in the field of radiocommunications and climate change taking due account of relevant itu initiatives and to continue to support iturs work in the field of remote sensing active and passive for monitoring of the environment it is also currently in process of developing a supplement to recommendation itut l framework for information and communication technologies and adaptation to the effects of climate change discussing climate change effects and possible impacts,13
+against this background the provision of equal opportunities in a legalistic sense may not be sufficient to achieve gender equality as women s access is limited de facto one example is the option for parents to work parttime until the child s th birthday while this option addresses both fathers and mothers it is mostly taken up by women chapter for instance while reduced working time may be individually preferable myopic behaviour may not fully internalise longterm effects on pension entitlements and risk of oldage poverty,5
+these include externalities public goods decreasing marginal costs common property resources and uncertainty young the presence of these market failures gives rise to an inefficient allocation of water and related capital resources under competitive market conditions economic analysis of public water resource management has long emphasized market failure as justification for public intervention into the development and allocation of water for irrigation,6
+from sixtynine varieties of local rice landraces after a participatory varietals selection they came up with eight improved varieties that are expected to be adapted to several climatic impacts such as rainfall and long droughts however this also puts farmers in a situation of risk as they have fewer choices and they become dependent upon companies for provision of the improved varieties awareness knowledge and dependence on a broader range of agricultural techniques reduces the risk of climate related losses from farms and increases the capacity to adapt income generating activities to changing weather conditions farmers have to adapt to changing situations in order to be able to survive and compete with others they often have to shift from landuse practices based upon organic subsistence farming towards modernization and intensification these modern systems can raise productivity of crops but at the same time they are costly for local communities and expose them to risks of disruption of supplies of inputs or failures to access markets,2
+the criteria for the inclusion of a model are as follows the model must be global or include regions that together cover the whole world models focusing on regional impacts or adaptation eg igem climpacts canclim regis and other models reviewed in dickinson ibid the model must include an energyeconomy module a climate module and a representation of climate impacts,13
+one striking example of the impact of fuelwood use on vegetation is the use of teresken ceratoides papposa shmbs in eastern tajikistan which has led to the virtual disappearance of this vegetation type in many areas according to the ministry of energy and water resources by co emissions in the energy sector amounted to slightly more than million tons in terms of carbon equivalents this amounts to per cent of the level the contribution of the fuel extraction and energy generation sector to overall co emissions is insignificant,7
+such an approach is crucial not only because inequality has negative impact on growth and creates tension between communities but also undermines democracy indigenous peoples have called for post framework to be based on a foundation of human rights this is highly relevant as the right to life is broadly interpreted as not just protection from arbitrary killing but also as creating material conditions where food clean water and medicine are available to all,3
+furthermore among workers experiencing depression those in germany denmark and gb were most likely to take time off work compared to an average of ipsos the threeyear average rate for was deaths per population lower than in the latest office of national statistics figures show that there were suicide deaths in an increase of compared to the deaths in,3
+many prosperous cities have developed or transformed their transport systems from traditional to sustainable and smart systems sustainable transport systems offer social economic and environmental returns that support the goals of agenda given that the transport system is a space where people spend significant amounts of time every day governments and city decision makers need to consider comfort and safety issues as well as conditions of dignity for users,11
+this is required to developed clear success criteria for such policies it is typically subdivided into at least two sub issues strategic energy security is about reducing the dependency of imports of fossil fuels from what is commonly projected to be an ever decreasing group of producers located in potentially unstable regions of the world system energy security is about ensuring the constant availability of access to energy in real time preventing power outages etc,7
+an excellent example of such an approach is japan s top runner programme which turns the most efficient product into a standard to be met by other manufacturers within a given time period upgrading towards technologies that are low on emissions and highly energyefficient should be a key objective of industrial policy achieving this goal with existing agricultural technologies and production systems would entail further increases in greenhouse gas emissions water pollution deforestation and land degradation which in turn would impose further environmental limits on food production growth itself,2
+kennisnet is demanddriven and continuously monitors specific needs in ict and education in the report four overall perspectives are proposed for teacher education one of these perspectives promotes information and communication technology as a resource for education the government is expected to submit a bill to the parliament proposing a new teacher education during note that it is possible for a country to meet several levels at the same time,4
+further work is needed to increase the coverage of spending data and validate its quality nevertheless the data available for a minority of countries suggest that the spending mix tends to favour homeownership which is often not consistent with tenureneutrality goals nor with supporting households who are most in need as they are underrepresented among owneroccupants section outlines a number of possible areas of work that can be developed to improve the availability of monitoring indicators better understand the prevailing obstacles to access to goodquality affordable housing and provide policy recommendations,11
+from to pollution of oxygenbinding substances was reduced by in spite of increased economic activity reductions were especially significant for companies discharging to state waters reflecting the earmarking of revenues for pollutioncontrol subsidies and the supporting activities of riza between and over of industrial investments for waterpollution control were financed by subsidies provided from the state levy,6
+the ipcc estimates the costs of adaptation to be between billion per year chambwera et al however the unep adaptation gap report unep estimates that the costs of adaptation are likely to be twotothree times higher than current global estimates of adaptation costs by and potentially fourtofive times higher than current estimates by the paris agreement notes that the scale of the adaptation challenge and its associated costs are linked to progress on mitigation ie less progress on mitigation will increase the need for and the costs of adaptation while more mitigation will reduce the need to adapt and make adaptation less costly article,13
+schools have less autonomy than the oecd average in both resource allocation and responsibility for curriculum and assessment teachers have at least a bachelor s degree and one year of preservice teacher training which includes teaching practicums teachers have heavier teaching workloads than in other oecd countries with more teaching time at both primary and secondary levels,4
+roe examined the degree to which biodiversitypoverty links have been recognised in ndps predominantly prsps but including other development plans listed by the world bank as the equivalent of prsps and found that just over show a relatively high level of recognition of the importance of biodiversity just under have a low level of recognition and fall in between just under half of the prsps reviewed have a relatively narrow interpretation of biodiversity the focus being on wildlife forests or protected areas but some interpret biodiversity in a broader sense noting the importance of genetic resources eg dominica and agricultural biodiversity eg bangladesh nepal viet nam and others recognise the link between biodiversity and ecosystem services eg cambodia lao liberia uganda zambia following liberalisation myanmar has faced the need to revisit its policy directions and formulate new shortterm and longterm strategies oecd a,15
+in labourabundant countries trade liberalization is expected to switch production from capitalintensive and inefficient importsubstitutes towards labourintensive exports in addition the stolpersamuelson ss corollary to ho posits that such a shift leads to the convergence in the prices of goods and remuneration of factors thus domestic inequality is expected to decline in countries endowed with an abundant labour supply,10
+the national level has been important in facilitating genderresponsive budgeting initiatives at all levels of government in indonesia by issuing decrees presidential decree and ministry of home affairs decree have provided regulations that genderresponsive budgeting advocates are able to draw upon to argue the case for making budget allocations more gender responsive sharp and elson genderresponsive budgeting had the early support of the ministry of women s empowerment which undertook a gender budget pilot in the provinces of south borneo and south kalimantan sharp and elson the ministry sees gender budgeting as an entry point for strengthening gender mainstreaming in ministries,5
+secondly there is a wide variety of different types of climate responses and contexts in which they take place this means that results frameworks for different activities will need to be tailored to their specific circumstances and may encompass a wide range of different indicators however developing indicators that are eg specific measurable and achievable by an intervention is not necessarily a straightforward task cesar et al further developing an appropriate number of indicators is also challenging for example germany has developed indicators for national monitoring and evaluation of its adaptation activities oecd,13
+countries pointed out that given the small number of officials working on climate finance in national ministries just one staff member working on tracking and monitoring would be a large proportion of their human resources developed countries have committed to provide financial support to cover the full cost incurred by developing countries in complying with reporting duties towards the unfccc for example as part of national climate public expenditure and institutional reviews cpeirs a group of international organisations and research institutes are collaborating to assist countries in tracking climate finance across national budgets it was widely recognised that tracking flows to a certain level of granularity is also a precondition for monitoring outcomes and outputs,13
+how diets change in the next decade may have important implications for domestic and international commodity markets it describes projections for major agricultural commodities set against anticipated macroeconomic demographic and resource conditions finally the chapter concludes with a review of important risks and uncertainties facing india s agriculture over the next decade and what these may mean for both domestic and international markets besides providing food to a growing population agriculture has provided income to rural areas released labour for downstream industry provided savings for investment and has increased demand for industrial goods,2
+since more redistributive taxtransfer systems tend to be more effective as a backstop to widening earnings gaps redistribution in the us was also less effective at offsetting the substantial increase in the marketincome inequality in the decades leading up to the gr focussing on more recent policy changes we then calculate income gains and losses that can be attributed to reforms shortly before and after the gr at different points in the earnings spectrum the results show that a combination of discretionary and automatic policy changes in the us have significantly narrowed the pregr gap between the equalising capacities of us and european redistribution measures and between their abilities to cushion the effects of economic shocks on household income we argue however that this is unlikely to signify any longerterm convergence and that europeus comparisons need to go beyond the common focus on differences in redistribution levels,10
+abortion is illegal except to save a womans life in arab countries and abortion is legal to save a womans life or preserve her physical and mental health in eight only in tunisia is abortion legally available without restriction according to the world health organization who in the six countries of north africa alone nearly million unsafe abortions were performed in complications from these abortions accounted for percent of maternal deaths in the subregion the unavailability of legal abortion puts the weight of the state behind the existing dissonance between later marriage and the taboo on premarital sexual activity the disconnect is especially notable in countries such as lebanon and libya where the highest marriage ages combine with the strictest positions on abortion,5
+environment agency austria contributed technical expertise to the design and implementation of the nas it also established an adaptation website and managed the stakeholder participation process see below in the late s the government created two groups addressing mitigation policies their remit was later expanded to encompass adaptation policy as well,13
+the main focus of the plan in public spaces has been pavements crossings bus stops and reserved parking for people with disabilities the city thus aimed at reducing barriers to walking adapting existing environmental design and raising awareness among pedestrians and road users all of which are measures to improve autonomous access to services and comprise a starting point for reducing social isolation the matter generated intense public debate as cobblestones are associated with lisbons visual identity however cobblestones make pavements irregular uncomfortable and slippery reducing safety and accessibility,11
+amico robot also seeks to emphasise lab work so as to promote learner participation and peer collaboration and tme deep learning compared with the traditional learning sequence seen as superficial in the end these learning experiences rather slip down like raindrops on window glass and do not transform into deep learning the six executive functions are focus of attention working memory inhibition control cognitive flexibility planning and goaldirected behaviour planning for the development of the six ef skills is intrinsic to the bmt approach,4
+about of students are required to repeat and are estimated to drop out in th grade the highest rates across all levels of compulsory schooling mep improving retention in secondary education is a top priority of the current government which has designed a flagship initiative yo me apunto im in to ensure that schools with the highest dropout rates receive additional support chapter among those yearolds who are still in education pisa shows that while socioeconomically advantaged students tend to perform as well as their peers in many oecd countries disadvantaged students are behind by the equivalent of around two years of schooling,4
+this has entailed the expenditure of substantial resources on running two separate education systems mainstream and special education special education both in special schools and in integrated mainstream education is seen as the responsibility of special education teachers but is not what all teachers do inclusive education requires all teachers to adjust their teaching methods so that they are accessible by all learners,4
+core funding for the centre is provided by the government of italy and unicef additional financial support for specific projects is provided by governments international institutions and private sources including by unicef national committees as well as by unicef offices in collaborative studies the european union eu is amongst those bodies that have recognized the need for childfocused indicators in monitoring poverty and social exclusion and is currently in the process of developing testing and comparing single indicators of child wellbeing across member states in this paper we seek to add to this debate by providing a microanalysis of the breadth of child poverty in the european union considering both the degree of overlap and accumulation of deprivations across monetary and multidimensional indicators of poverty,1
+social protection to smooth income flows is also required what happens to men is also important if we are to avoid backlash and resistance to changes in the gender distribution of resources and power the narrowing of gender gaps in employment has occurred in the context of falling employment rates for men heightening gender conflict seguino,5
+the consolidated city of changwon started building a second anmin tunnel at the end of the previous cities of changwon and masan are connected through a congested general road and a bridge machang bridge built in this bridge reduced the travel time from minutes to just minutes between the two cities the construction of the bridge was privately financed hwang transitoriented development the plan proposes a package of measures including networking of railways trunk line and buses feeder line the city government negotiated with national and regional authorities to obtain intergovernmental grants for the construction of two subway lines but its request was turned down due to low economic feasibility,11
+the response rate was per cent other available indicative information on municipal waste generation in the country for specific locations provides different figures for example the state of the environment report for fbih estimated the average generation of municipal waste at kg per capita per year,12
+they are also supported by the asean plus three emergency rice reserve apterr which seeks to provide food coverage across the region in times of severe shortterm need however while the regional frameworks identify a number of the key policy areas where action will be required such as those related to the development of regional agrofood markets sustainable production and increased investment in the sector reform has been slow and in some cases current policy choices are actually undermining food security chapter selfsufficiency in particular has often been strongly promoted by a number of asean governments as a strategy to reduce vulnerability to world price movements such as those observed during the food price crisis of,2
+additionally heating costs have fallen by at least percent overall the biomass production increased times raising to tons of fuel production per year developmentstoriesfromeuropeandcentralasiavolumelllhtml health benefits in programmes at up to benefitcost ratio significantly exceed energy cost reductions providing strong returns to government,7
+it aims to establish a unified road transport system including for the transport of goods with the latest monitoring and control systems it also aims to improve vehicle registration and technical control meeting international standards the project is founded on the transfer of knowhow in regulating areas such as transit transport driving hours and rest periods and weights and dimensions of load oecdwto aidfortrade monitoring exercise public sector case story the resulting structural transformation can help farmers for example to move from subsistence to commercial agriculture or to nonagricultural activities these impacts can lead to increased welfare raising higher incomes and reducing poverty,9
+in the local perspective the emphasis is on the local and decentralised optimisation of the available resources that are physically close to the final consumer generator or the load the global approach looks at the system as a whole and aims at using the best available generation mix by connecting all available resources the idea is based on integrating the smallerscale local generation close to the consumers eg pv on rooftops,7
+les taux d emploi feminins reagissent aux variations de taux d imposition aux politiques de conges mais l offre de services d accueil pour les enfants de moins de trois ans semble etre le facteur cle du developpement de la participation des femmes au marche du travail les differentes mesures politiques interagissent et leurs effets se renforcent mutuellement en particulier la couverture des services d accueil de la petite enfance ont un effet plus important sur la participation des femmes au marche du travail dans les pays offrant une plus grande protection de l emploi,5
+the risk analyses and prevention and action plans are conducted in collaboration with prevention advisors and employee representatives employers have to appoint a prevention advisor to assist them in implementing the risk prevention policy for companies with up to employees the prevention advisor must be from an external provider to avoid conflicts of interest,8
+there is no extraction of water from the lake in turkey nor does georgia use the lake water for industrial or household needs the lake is a breeding site for white pelican and the dalmatian pelican as well as for a variety of other bird species most are connected by rivers although groundwater interchange is also notable and all together they represent an ecological entity,6
+the secretarygeneral was clear throughout his messaging that achieving the outcomes of the rio un conference on sustainable development would be impossible without ambitious and urgent action to mitigate climate change the action agenda aimed to facilitate adaptation and mitigation on the ground secure a comprehensive climate change agreement applicable to all parties with legal force under the unfccc and strengthen defend and use climate science to make and promote evidencebased policy these three objectives guided the secretarygenerals engagement on climate change through the adoption of the paris agreement and beyond in march he visited greenland to witness the impacts of climate change stressing while there that we cannot negotiate with nature we have to take action now,13
+the correlation between the progressivity index based on tax schedules for single taxpayers and under the assumption of a similar distribution of income across countries and the kakwani progressivity index based on household surveys is significant at due to the various tax reliefs for lowincome earners with children the us personal income tax is much more progressive for families with children than for single tax payers the slovak republic replaced the progressive personal income tax system by a flat rate system in,10
+australia denmark israel norway portugal scotland and sweden for example have specific legislation to protect patients rights afford patients respect and dignity while clarifying patient responsibilities such legislation generally gives patients a right to provide feedback or to raise concerns or complaints about the care they receive scotland provides an interesting example patients rights and principles for the delivery of health care are specifically defined in the patients rights act the legislation charges the nhs with the duty to encourage monitor take action and share learning from the feedback it receives,3
+in bangladesh india and pakistan more than of the workforce occupy jobs in the informal sector this not only results in a vicious circle of poverty but also represents the loss of a potential tax base that could be used to finance social protection and other propoverty measures indeed measures to enhance the productivity of workers and formalize the labour market are essential for ensuring that these countries capitalize on their demographic dividend,8
+the most relevant three employment barriers are low skills weak work incentives resulting from high nonlabour incomes and health limitations although report fulltime work during most of the reference period declared zero or nearzero earnings there can be multiple different reasons why survey data record very low earnings for individuals who seem to be working,8
+in cases where digital technologies affect trade in both goods and services the impacts will be discussed in turn on the other hand services form the rapidly evolving digital infrastructure that enables services to be supplied electronically and goods and services to be purchased online these two facets of services as enablers of digital trade and products supplied by means of digital technologies have significant impacts on trade,9
+in other words the causal direction of this association cannot be determined however in more than a third of countries and economies including many that compensate for disadvantage in schools by allocating more teachers to those schools teachers in the most disadvantaged schools are less qualified andor experienced than those in the most advantaged schools figure sometimes the very policies that channel more resources to highneed schools might in fact deter moreexperienced teachers from teaching in these schools where centrally set rules for promotion and mobility of teachers privilege teacher preferences and give priority to more senior teachers and where teachers pay does not vary greatly across schools or across teachers with similar experience and qualifications it appears difficult to avoid attracting a high concentration of the most experienced teachers in the most prestigious schools,4
+probably not and therefore cycling as a mode for senior citizens should also be considered particularly now that the electrical bicycle has come about to cover greater distances certain subgroups need special attention namely subgroups which are growing oldest old older women and persons living in singlehouseholds those which appear especially disadvantaged and at risk of social exclusion eg low income groups rural residents and those for which both criteria apply eg ethnical minorities increasing women s confidence and experience in driving in order to keep them safe and mobile implies a strong need for future research,11
+the residual curve obtained can be directly compared with those resulting from the integration of solar and wind technologies it is thus possible to derive for each scenario the optimal generation mix which satisfies that residual load at the leastcost it is then possible to show and quantify those additional costs borne by the whole electrical system when integrating intermittent renewables are present in the electrical system dispatchable sources must provide more electricity in the periods of high residual demand when the electricity is more costly and less electricity in period of low residual demand when the electricity is cheaper those are represented by the areas in blue and in pink respectively in figure dthe dotted black line in the figure shows the minimal cost for producing electricity as a function of the utilisation time,7
+first and foremost the generally attractive results in terms of poverty and inequality alleviating effects from trade policy reforms whether unilateral or multilateral provide yet another reason as to why it is in the interests of countries to seek further liberalization of national and world markets according to the indonesia study for example unilateral trade liberalization is expected to reduce poverty only very slightly but liberalization by the rest of the world is expected to lower poverty very substantially in the philippines domestic reform alone from current levels of protection might marginally increase poverty rates whereas restofworld liberalization would almost fully offset that and more than offset it in the case of only agricultural reform,1
+sound waste management is absolutely essential m wallet conlifcl in campania addilbnal inlomalion irom david newman presidenl ol the hall unepocha rapid disaster waste manapemenl assessment documenlsgnana the overall reductbn from the waste sector between and amounts to mt c eqa or of the total decrease in ghg emissions achieved in germany over that period this represents a reduction of around of total ghg emissbns already achieved by,12
+pricing ghg emissions would also increase incentives to invest in energy rd to develop lowemission technologies and to deploy them such induced technological change itc would ultimately reduce emission abatement costs this analysis also suggests however that itc alone may only have modest effects on mitigation costs,13
+however even with this consultation the disi conveyance project is expected to increase water supply to residents of amman with potential consequences on behaviour and water consumption practices it is therefore important to assess customers opinions and expectations about the disi project in order to anticipate and curtail any changes in water consumption patterns that can undermine the potential benefits of the project in the amman management contract there were no public awareness campaigns before the private partner was brought on board and there was little participation of civil society throughout the contract suleiman et al the private contractor argued that it did not have an obligation to divulge information to the public other than issuing invoices and providing information about changes to the water rationing programme suleiman et al,6
+the wind power sector offers a good example of china s rapid creation of local capacities in investments in commercial diffusion amounted to between trillion and trillion substantially more than the billion billion invested in market formation and the billion for rdd rdd and governmentdriven market formation investments focused on power and fuel supply whereas the majority of private sector diffusion investments were for enduse and efficiency the rd intensity of the energy supply industry was comparable with that of the textile industry but much lower than that of manufacturing,7
+of the about million claimants in about million claimants were labour veterans people with a long employment record andor other occupational benefits with an average age of most beneficiaries thus do not belong to the younger part of the population which is most at risk of poverty see above reform had to attract hitherto unserved clients but with more transparency and as targeting could be improved at least in theory spending outlays do not have to increase markedly,1
+at the same time it can be argued that our base scenario does not go far enough with respect to the share of new capacity which is devoted to renewable energy sources with respect to these issues let us note that the parameter r can be used as a composite parameter to explore other scenarios reflecting lower ambitions in terms of electricity generation capacity and higher ambitions in terms of renewables share for example if we assume that countries that are presently below the target consumption threshold will only go halfway to bridging the gap from now to but that the share of renewable energy sources is per cent instead of per cent the subsidy size does not change,7
+some of these indicators mainly hisei index parental education levels and family structure have a small number of missing observations to ensure that the sample size and performance distribution are untouched by the matching exercise missing values for matching covariates were imputed through multiple imputation models royston the pisa survey has a complex structure similar to methods commonly used in other educational surveys such as the international association for the evaluation of educational achievement s iea trends in international mathematics and science study timss and progress in international reading literacy study pirls or the united states national assessment of educational progress naep with sampling conducted with different probabilities in two stages within separate strata this complexity should be taken into account by using probability weights when calculating point estimates and by adjusting for clustering and strata design when estimating standard errors,4
+a number of governments have taken further actions to fight obesity through health promotion efforts nationally coordinated programmes have been launched in countries such as the united states let s move united kingdom change life switzerland actionsante and others oecd there is a trend in these programmes to include multistakeholder frameworks involving business and civil society actors in the development of public health policies these comprehensive programmes target obesity through an extensive variety of measures that include mass education campaigns as well as more targeted interventions aimed at highrisk individuals,3
+also among lands of recreation purpose are lands of suburban green and park zones ie lands outside the city limits occupied with forest woodland parks and other green stands which perform protective and sanitary functions and represent recreation places of the inhabitants the land code of the russian federation total area of forest lands used for different types of recreation totals more than mln ha or more than of total area of forest fund lands and lands not included in forest fund forest areas on the territoiy of national parks used for different types of recreation make up of total area of parks of federal significance,15
+in the latter the mayor took a progressive stance to locate high quality transport and cultural amenities in the poorest neighbourhoods consequently new urban policies are needed to harness the benefits that arise from different groups of people living in close proximity to one another rather than letting these heterogeneous urban conditions combust into intolerance xenophobia and widening inequalities in other words the heterogeneity density and diversity of cities which is what makes them nodes of economic innovation and democratic progress must be managed and planned short of which these very variables that make successful cities can transform them into places of social exclusion and inequality,11
+about of the turkmen population is supplied with water through centralised water supply systems of the urban population and of the rural population therefore increasing access to safe potable water has been officially recognised as a national priority water supply coverage in rural areas is estimated to be as low as and these are usually settlements benefiting from neighbouring urban wss infrastructure the rest of the population draws water from individual wells or irrigation canals in some rural settlements communitybased organisations play a role in managing the provision of wss services,6
+however the higher ratio might also be attributed to economic difficulty which forces women to return to work despite inconvenient conditions in many cases it is sufficient and eases interpretation to compare the employment rate of men with children under compulsory school age to the employment rate of men under compulsory school age without constructing a ratio of the two rates these employment rates should also be compared to the employment rate of mothers who do not have children under the compulsory school age and the employment rate of fathers who do not have children under compulsory school age,8
+this is largely because i meat and dairy product demand is more elastic than demand for crop products leading to greater impacts from income and domestic price variations and ii macroeconomic uncertainty has an impact on feed costs which are directly linked to production for meat uncertainty from macroeconomic variables affects traded volumes much more than yield uncertainty particularly in the case of pork figure accordingly the effect of yield uncertainty on world market prices is very low compared to macroeconomic uncertainty,2
+similarly ukbased lightsource bp has adopted a flexible approach offering its customers shorter solar ppas of to years and redeploying the energy systems elsewhere when the agreements are not extended golubova for example redavia is a germanbased company specialising in rental solar power solutions for corporate clients and communities its innovative business model allows its customers to rent solar pv plants for a fixed monthly fee on a shortterm extendable contractual basis,7
+the iucn red list ofthreatened species the iucn red list ofthreatened species the iucn red list of threatened species version rice t a catalog ofdealers pricesfor shells marine land and freshwater rd edition in a field guide to the seashores of eastern africa and the western indian ocean islands ed,14
+in the consultancy incentive supported by dansk bygningsarv as presented the results of a study commissioned by realdania wwwrealdaniadk a large nonprofit organization focusing its financial assets on preservation of the built heritage and development of local communities in denmark the study clearly demonstrated that listed buildings apart from the obvious values to their inhabitants and people living nearby or visiting the neighborhoods also bring a considerable addedvalue to the housing market for instance singlefamily houses classified as preservationworthy were on average sold for an higher price per square meter the addedvalue was even higher if only houses with the highest preservation values were included in the comparison it was clearly demonstrated that a majority of tourists visited the town due to its cultural or built heritage and that the economic impact of the visitors was considerable in term of job creation,11
+taken together the incentive programmes at a relatively modest fiscal outlay and with clear benefits both fiscal and environmental have substantially increased the proportion of ebike usage throughout austria it is estimated that traffic congestion in ho chi minh city is costing the city about vnd billion a year which is roughly of the city s gdp esmap fiscal measures such as vehicle licencing fees parking charges and congestion charges are effective to shifting the cost of car usage more fully to vehicle owners,11
+box highlights two examples the czech republic and sweden of relatively recent efforts to alter the tax mix the discussion is intended to illustrate real world limits to some types of reforms that would otherwise be advantageous to inclusive growth lessons learned from this joint review of crosscountry empirical evidence and country experiences for each major tax category were summarised in the introduction,8
+the question is particularly relevant in the case of poverty analysis as inclusion of noncash incomes can represent considerable relative changes in income to lowincome households consider two singleperson households with each usd cash income person a is ill and receives public health care worth usd whereas person b is healthy and needs no health care,10
+pathways may be via waterways the atmosphere or direct into the ocean eg from shoreline littering there are very significant regional differences in the degree to which waste is subject to collection and management either as wastewater or solid waste the quantities that reach the sea on a global scale are unknown,14
+usually such outcome payments are focussed on intermediate outcomes for instance controlled blood pressure or blood glucose level and only more rarely outcome measures such as survival rates in the inpatient sector the share of provider revenue is much smaller frequently around of hospital budgets and never exceeding milstein and schreyogg while p p programmes can be expected to include at least some performance or outcome measures most if not all p p programmes also include simpler expost payments linked to service delivery eg completion of certain data and recording care plan establishment,3
+the estimates of the un interagency group for child mortality estimation show a per cent decline in infant mortality from to but the country s rates still remain rather high among the top in the european region congenital anomalies and pneumonia which could be partly attributed to environmental chemical hotspots and indoor air pollution from hazardous heating and cooking sources particularly in poor areas are among the main causes of mortality accounting for and per cent respectively of all deaths according to the estimates in albania was among the countries with the highest maternal mortality in the european region with poor sanitary conditions among other contributing factors thus considerable effort is needed if mdg which aims to reduce the maternal mortality rate by three quarters between and is to be attained,3
+this has made women more visible in local politics strengthened healthy competition built capacity and impacted on social policies while at the same time the women also serve as role models for political aspirants wide sensitisation on gender issues has contributed to the steady elimination of patriarchal norms and cultures at least provinces in bangladesh and provinces in india have adopted the per cent quota for women while the remit of financial rewards to political parties who have achieved the quota has encouraged the increase of women to per cent in some local government councils in india,5
+candidate clinical outcomes might for example be readmission rates prevalence of complication from surgeries or mortality rate from percutaneous coronary intervention a last option would be to extend the coverage of hospitals costs paid under the dpc component such as clinical tests and diagnostics that are performed in outpatient departments particularly when patients are admitted later at the same time japanese authorities might want to take advantage of the fee schedule to introduce stronger financial incentives to drive improvement in quality of acute care,3
+this equation measures the total effect of genderbased discrimination in social institutions on income and is used to estimate the income loss associated with discriminatory social institutions male and female human capital and labour force may be considered as separate factors of production knowles lorgelly and owen klasen and lammanna this empirical analysis tests whether the strength of the relationship between genderbased discrimination in social institutions and income may vary with the countrys level of economic development,5
+this is a welcome development that should promote better gender analysis programming and results in the countries that meet the criteria however to ensure more even attention to all countries and because country offices are expected to prepare gender plans it is suggested that regional bureaux take specific measures to support the preparation of these multiyear countryspecific gender plans and monitor and report on their formulation and implementation to the gsic this process will provide an opportunity for offices to assess their needs and gaps at the country level and to articulate expectations for support from the regional service centres in terms of promoting gewe in order to address this issue undp should codify the way it wishes to monitor report evaluate and audit its contributions to gender and this framework should be used for rigorously tracking results for gewe at the country regional and global levels action should be taken to harmonize various assessment scales in a manner that is most meaningful for corporate programming reporting evaluation and audit,5
+water management activities are carried out by the regional directorates for environmental and water management and coordinated at the national level by the central directorate for water and environment this includes protecting and improving water resources and the quality of drinking water consistent with the eu wfd a total of eight river basin districts form the administrative areas for coordinated implementation of the eu wfd,6
+differences within countries can be greater than differences among countries at a girl is only beginning her journey through adolescence and into adulthood and into a future that has the potential to be secure and successful every day an estimated girls are married at age or younger in developing countries when a girl is married she will likely be taken out of school,5
+these systems are becoming more popular globally and in the region similar congestion pricing systems are being planned or considered in other large emerging asian cities including beijing and jakarta while the number of vehicles entering the city each day in singapore increased by from to between and average speeds on expressways and arterial roads remained mostly unchanged and within their target ranges table however the design and pricing of these systems can create unintended consequences,11
+according to ragwitz and huber these include but are not limited to an increase in the market penetration of renewable energy technology protection ofthe climate and environment through sustainable development minimization of the risk premium required by investors due to high level of price security in the system low administration and transaction costs and job creation in fact countries such as china india and south africa are already adopting variants of a feedin tariff but scaling up and replicating these initiatives in developing countries probably requires financial support,7
+primary school enrolment has become almost universal and the gap between ldcs and odcs has virtually been closed table in principle this means that ldc populations are gradually becoming more prepared for the requirements of a modern production process ie better skilled and more adaptable a more educated labour force is more productive learns more easily is more open to new ideas and technologies and adapts more easily to new conditions,8
+for example the budget operated very close to the deficit limit during this raises concern that fiscal space could be unduly limited in a future economic downturn if fiscal buffers are inadequate even more crucial given muted monetary policy within the current framework the deficit limit can be exceeded in exceptional circumstances including severe economic downturns,8
+they can also contribute to engage further dialogue between nongovernmental organisation ngos academics and citizens and local governments and service providers on waterrelated issues this can help gain greater citizen buyin a shared understanding of the issues at hand and more informed inputs to the decision making selected examples include water users associations wuas the highlands water forum the national water council and customer satisfaction surveys,6
+in most developing countries older persons need to work beyond the statutory retirement age due to the lack of comprehensive social security programmes to fill the gap between what they need and what they earn older persons rely heavily on assets accumulated earlier in life and in some countries also on their families in the majority of these countries public social programmes play a minor role conversely older persons in developed countries are less likely to work into old age,1
+these programmes aim to foster the recovery and longterm conservation of priority species that is those endemic to mexico rare threatened with high ecological value or of strategic importance as keystone species or with a high level of social cultural scientific or economic interest between and paces were published and implemented the species covered include jaguar several eagle species vaquita scarlet macaw mexican grey wolf grey whale manatee and baird s tapir,15
+the norwegian state also operates two uppersecondary sami schools with a special focus on sami education including integrated or specialized traditional knowledge programs artscraftreindeer herdingmusic and there are multiple county uppersecondary schools throughout the country delivering sami language programs while boys outperform girls on a few individual subjects overall girls are doing better in terms of formal schooling this holds true across the circumpolar north,4
+sluggish growth in manufacturing after the slowdown of has prompted concerns about the sustainability of the current growth path and the international competitiveness of agriculture manufacturing and tradable services this is seen as a potential hindrance not only to rapid growth in employment and income but also to the achievement of a more inclusive growth path notably in view of the low intensity of direct employment in the minerals sector innovation offers possibilities for entering new activities as part of a cumulative process of economic diversification new kinds of increasingly skill capital and knowledgeintensive activities will add to the productivity growth achieved through the increasing efficiency of existing activities,9
+a system consisting of n elements must thus continue to function properly even if the largest element in the system fails true security of energy supply requires partial redundancy in the form of parallel paths or loop structures negative reserve margins indicate that countries were required to cover at least part of the year a certain amount of their electricity consumption through imports,7
+gangnam regains its role as a centre of throughmovement only at the global citywide level at this global scale all the main artery streets in seoul are clearly picked up by high choice values this includes jongro sejongro and dongdaemun the latter famous for its market these streets are also wellserved by public transport,11
+both approaches study partial equilibria by design for instance the elimination of the crosssubsidisation of financial sector wages may influence wage dispersion in other sectors the empirical analysis shows that workers in the financial sector contribute a small but noticeable amount to economywide labour income inequality financial sector wage premia make up most of this contribution,10
+countries differ widely in the dispersion of earnings among fulltime workers with chile the united states and portugal being the most unequal countries and belgium denmark and switzerland being the most equal ones figure inequality is higher in all countries when extending the analysis to parttime workers or the entire working age population ie also including the unemployed and the inactive reflecting the large income differentials between these groups and fulltime workers this effect is particularly large for countries where parttime workers make up a sizable share of total employment eg australia germany japan the united kingdom and where unemployment and inactivity rates are high eg belgium chile hungary italy,10
+taken together the reports identify links between education and all the sdgs with the notable exception of sdg on oceans for most of the sdgs causal links are identified in both directions from education to other goal areas and viceversa the most emphasized connections are those between education and growth sdg and gender sdg by contrast links with energy sdg water sdg cities sdg sustainable consumption and production sdg and climate change sdg receive much less attention in the sum of un flagship publications,4
+in other cases pervasive norms that see women s caring responsibilities as natural explain the absence of claims around unpaid care work in the runup to finalizing the design of the uruguayan snic the government opened national dialogues to raise awareness and incorporate local realities into the design yet the dialogues saw a departure from the women s movements agenda that sparked die process,5
+the effect of converging participation rates between men and women on the size of the economy in gdp cont the effect of converging participation rates between men and women on the size of the economy in gdp cont thus in this scenario it is assumed that the female labour force participation rate will reach the levels observed for men by and the gender gap not longer exists,5
+in theory governments could allow companies to make losses on poor investment choices in the face of this uncertainty however in practice energy sector investments tend to involve quite a high level of political involvement so it may not be easy to separate political and commercial decisionmaking in many countries governments remain sole or majority shareholders of their major energy companies commercial investment decisions are therefore often closely tied to political decisions with respect to the development of the energy sector,7
+among the different individual factors considered market prices of coal gas and c change in electricity demand electricity importexports investments in new conventional plants and phaseout of nuclear units in germany availability factors of nuclear and hydro plants the deployment of variable renewable energy has been the largest individual contributor to the price drop in germany and in sweden however because of the intrinsic complexity of such analysis most of the studies focus only on one or two components of system costs and to the knowledge of the authors a complete and comprehensive analysis of the system effects has yet to be performed also many studies analyse and describe the impacts of large vre penetration on the system but do not explicitly calculate the system costs the only attempt in this respect has been performed by the nea publication in which the system costs of different conventional power plants have been compared with those of vres,7
+since women on average live longer than men pension systems that use genderspecific life tables in the calculation of benefits ie one life expectancy estimation for women and another one for men generate still lower monthly benefits for women in contrast the use of unisex life tables generates equal monthly benefits for women and men who have equal pension fund accumulation and retire at the same age while this involves a subsidy from the average men to the average women genderspecific life tables in contrast privilege the actuarial link between contributions and benefits for each individual and offer higher benefits to men,5
+of the total eur billion budget available from the european maritime and fisheries fund emff france was allocated the second highest envelope with eur million at its disposal between regionalisation means that management authority will be delegated to french coastal regions for some measures of the emff for outermost regions compensation schemes for additional costs are integrated in the emff,14
+data from multilateral institutions are reported in a simplified format using categories drawn from the approach used by the world bank group to classify energy projects while energy efficiency data are reported such projects present a particular challenge in their classification for example a transmission line project may be reported by some organizations either as an expansion of the grid or an improvement in efficiency this leads to the exclusion of many valuable projects aimed at building capacity training feasibility studies planning enabling activities and in some cases small projects aimed at reforming the market,7
+world s total values of production for catch and aquaculhtre were sourced from the fao yearbook fishery and aquaculture statistics both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of chinese production reported to the oecd data on aquaculture production were sourced from the china statistical yearbook differences with fao total figures are under review,14
+two major aspects of this relationship are the strength and the slope of the socioeconomic gradient when a students actual performance is not the same as would be expected given his or her socioeconomic status as when the dots in figure are far from the dark line the socioeconomic gradient is considered to be weak when socioeconomic status becomes a good predictor of performance and the dots in the figure are close to the dark line then the gradient is considered strong,4
+in practice however it is common for several water utilities to serve the municipalities of a single ato for example eight atos in emiliaromagna are served by utilities as of utilities were still publicly owned and involved mixed ownership companies with selected partners while in seven cases concessions had been given to the private sector including four private concessions awarded in sicily,6
+this body s regulatory coverage has been broadened to include all water supply wastewater and municipal waste management operators irrespective of their management or ownership models examples include a working group on economic instruments for environmental policy established between the ministries of finance and environment and an environment and transport steering committee that pursued implementation of the sustainable mobility project such arrangements which have facilitated more frequent interactions between the maot and other government agencies could be extended to additional sectors,6
+these gender roles are firmly engrained in the local culture and institutions while it was implicitly assumed in the past that the household head would compensate family members for their labour with the income gained from oil palm production in reality female household members were often not being compensated for their work in many cases this led to intrahousehold struggles and to women withdrawing their labour from loose fruit collection and focusing instead on vegetable production which allowed them to earn and keep an income,5
+although there are many other vulnerability factors those below have been selected for analysis due to their relative importance for food availability and access as identified in part of the report the impact of climate variability and extremes on agriculture and food security an analysis of the evidence and case studies interseasonal climate extremes i i climate data are aggregated over cropping areas smoothed for small geographical scale events especially in large countries the production and import data time series have been detrended by applying a loess approach detrending refers to removing a trend from a time series where a trend usually refers to a change in the mean over time figures and h show in white the countries where part of the production or imports variability is explained by climate indicators and the correlation is statistically significant,2
+the massification the internationalisation as well as the diversification of higher education influence also what is defined as effective hence effective teaching increasingly involves successful management of the complex context in which learning and teaching take place devlin and samarawickrema the most widely accepted criterion of effective teaching up to date is student learning and the most widely accepted criterion of student learning in instructional effectiveness research is performance on standardised examinations marsh p,4
+trade policy management and traderelated education both increased by usd million and usd million respectively though trade facilitation at usd million saw a small decrease of compared to its level the latter rose from usd billion in to usd billion in a increase in volume terms the main increases were in mining up usd billion and industry up usd billion,9
+it is also the national reference laboratory for paho active mostly in urban areas and operates water systems that serve nearly half of the population in this sector it states that sports recreation and physical activity contribute to improve the wellbeing of the population through a model of comprehensive universal solidarity and sustainable health so the proposal seeks to promote active life styles sports activities exercise daily physical activity and physical recreation has been shown that can benefit health and quality of life of people of different age groups and throughout its life cycle the icoder through their strategic plans seeks to address these issues,3
+these statistics will also form the basis for efforts to improve healthcare quality in turkey which have already been growing in recent years many oecd health systems separate responsibilities for running and monitoring healthcare services quite definitely and the creation of affiliated agencies under the ministry is a sign that turkey is seriously considering the benefits of greater devolution of responsibilities for the health system in the future turkey might consider putting greater distance between functions such as accreditation and health technology assessment and the central ministry of health especially when quality governance activities apply to public healthcare services as well as private healthcare services,3
+increased copayments for medicines and for inappropriate use of hospital emergency services were implemented in most regions following the introduction of the deficit reduction plans recent policies promote the prescription of generics by requiring gps to explicitly state the active ingredients of prescribed drugs to facilitate substitution the challenge now will be to find suitable positions in the health system for all of these new graduates,3
+this intersection carries large flows of bus pedestrian and motor traffic the ring road which is a major arterial road and aurobindo marg forms the aiims gradeseparated interchange traffic data collection allowed the study of road user behaviour earlier when the aiims junction was an atgrade signalized intersection and presently when the site is a grade separated interchange with no traffic signal control,11
+however so far results have been mixed with progress made on a new provider drg payment system but stalled implementation of hospital reorganisation plans and continued accumulation of debts numbers of physicians and particularly nurses are low compared to the eu average following the countrys accession to the eu the outward migration of health workers to other member states has increased and contributed to the workforce shortage in the croatian health system,3
+indeed students who had attended between two and three years of preprimary school score points higher than students who did not attend and score points higher than students who had attended less than one year on average figure in new zealand of yearolds participated in ecec in the enrolment rate of yearolds is not available for new zealand rates for canada are not reported oecd b,4
+the united nations defines violence against women as any act of genderbased violence that results in or is likely to result in physical sexual or mental harm or suffering to women including threats of such acts coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty whether occurring in public or in private life united nations general assembly women who are victims of violence are more likely to have poor mental and physical health including reproductive health than women who are not they are also more likely to have negative health behaviours including substance abuse such as alcohol and drug abuse health problems stemming from such abuse include chronic pain headaches back pain fibromyalgia neurological problems and symptoms including fainting and seizures gastrointestinal disorders and cardiac problems,5
+this implies setting up monitoring mechanisms to collect and update data from reliable sources and on a regular basis such data should cover amongst others consumption levels the quality of drinking water and wastewater as well as tariffs this important information will enable informed citizens to take part more effectively in discussions related to drinking water and sanitation such an independent stocktaking and assessment exercise should clearly set out the upsides as well as downsides of change and raise awareness among priority target audiences eg households on the role responsibility and contribution of the private actors in the water sector,6
+in most of these countries the majority of lone mothers also work fiilltime except for austria and germany see figure net replacement rates for longterm unemployed lone parents are among the highest in the oecd these countries generally apply a fulltime work test when the youngest child turns three or even before and childcare costs tend to be relatively low table,8
+that high proportion is significant as there is evidence that a genderbalanced workforce offers a greater variety of skills competencies perspectives experiences and backgrounds which fuels better organisational and financial performance oecd mckinsey company achieving substantive equality between women and men in public service employment is also linked to genderbalanced policies and quality service delivery which prompt perceptions of the civil service as exemplary responsible responsive and legitimate and in turn contributes to greater public trust in government oecd oecd against those yardsticks mexican women are still affected by lower occupational and sectorrelated segregation,5
+peruskoulu required that teachers who had previously worked in very different schools had to now all work in the same type of school with students with diverse abilities this meant that teachers needed new instructional methods they needed to design learning environments that enable differentiated learning for different pupils and they needed to perceive teaching as a top profession these expectations led to a widescale teacher education reform in that emphasised ihe professional development and researchbased learning that have been the key drivers of finlands rapid educational improvement,4
+cloudbased computing services and tools for offline or realtime analysis may also be used smart city initiatives have been applied in many sectors around the world including pollution and emissions monitoring energy projects such as smart grids and metering flood management and other waterrelated projects the management of public transportation system and of road use solid waste collection sorting and management improving governance and transparency with open data and other projects disaster preparedness and resiliency and addressing crime and security oecd b in indonesia smart city activities include the smart city strategy for bandung included in the ict master plan which emphasises egovernment and digital infrastructure the city also plans a new district designed to attract investment from the technology industry efforts to reform transportation are also being perused as smart city initiatives in medan,11
+finally it concluded that poverty and inequality are mutually reinforcing and that inclusive growth is the best way to address both of them simultaneously in retrospect it was unwise to concede that any growth process which improves the lot of the poor is propoor because this conflates the definition of propoor growth with one of its indicators of success writers committed to ppg should also have avoided the degenerating debate with the mainstream about the quantitative implications of disembedded growth processes upon distribution and absolute poverty,1
+often indigenous peoples are included in broader categories such as vulnerable groups or the poor obscuring the particularities of their situation furthermore this recognition entails the structural reforms necessary to exercise selfdetermination which in the case of health corresponds to supporting the development of indigenous health systems while also ensuring full and effective participation in the health services offered by the state third there must be political will since the mere existence of policies aimed at improving the health of indigenous peoples is insufficient ifthey are notsuccessfully implemented finally there must be a conscious decision on the part of the national society to engage in an exchange and sharing of knowledge values and customs which if practised on a daily basis would overcome monoculturalist structures,3
+for further details see wwwipeadatagovbr in other words of the brazilian population was below the poverty line used in this study while of these people were living in extreme poverty the lowest amount to be registered reais was for piaui in while the highest reais was for sao paulo in,1
+the united nations climate change conference cop also adopted the paris agreement through which united nations member states committed to limiting global warming which implies a critical role for national governments in climatechange adaptation and mitigation in urban settlements which are most responsible for and most vulnerable to climate change lastly in october the third united nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development habitat iii adopted the new urban agenda nua advocating for proactive policies to leverage the dynamics of urbanisation as instruments of sustainable development welldesigned national policy frameworks can help countries and cities achieve economic growth environmental sustainability and social inclusion,11
+care should also be taken to expand partnerships with genderaware and women s rights organizations at the global regional and country levels pathways to achieving gender results are complex and depend on a variety of institutional and contextual factors the evaluation learned that demonstrating a direct correlation between undp institutional reforms and development results was challenging for a number of reasons data constraints posed a key problem but the far more important factor was the complexity of gender programming,5
+however only a handful of structuralist models explicitly incorporate gender and among those that do the focus is most often on the macroeconomics dynamics of genderbased wage inequality and female labour force participation in a development context by contrast we incorporate unpaid work and care and the implications of their gendered distribution into a conceptual model of social reproduction that can accommodate a variety of economic structures and social welfare regimes we define care in both labourprocess and output terms,5
+in the future more renewable sources may facilitate further electrification if barriers to their widespread use are overcome south africas energy sector electrification efforts and remaining challenges are described below since the first free election in all south african policies including those of electricity provision contain an element of change the objective is to eradicate historical inequalities based on ethnicity,7
+ideally no manufacturer should use an excess of raw materials in the production of a good if the same good could be made with fewer raw materials and thus at a lower cost vet instances abound of products which are designed in a manner where replacement is intrinsic to the product for example disposable razors or cigarette lighters the sustainable use of resources must be considered during all the stages of a product s lifecycle in its design its manufacture its usage and even at the end of its life where the possibility of reusing or recovering scarce materials used in its production becomes a distinct and often profitable issue resource efficiency is only possible if consumers individuals and institutional buyers alike demand sustainable products,12
+one reason might be that as poor people are very close to the poverty threshold annuities from reverse mortgages could just lift them out of poverty however coda moscarola et al in belgium denmark spain and switzerland poverty would fall by onethird or more though not by as much in germany and sweden,1
+much depends on the higher education policy and regional strategy to mobilise higher education institutions and stakeholders at the same time the capacity of the local economy needs to be improved so that it can absorb tertiary education graduates and new innovations for this to happen supportive policy instruments and incentives need to be put in place,4
+manufacturing jobs tended to move from the northeast and midwest to the west and south up to the late s some of the affected workers were able to move to the higherend of the job distribution but many had to take up jobs in the lowerwage service sector potentially displacing lowerskilled workers this shock was especially strong in the western states which lost about of construction jobs between and,8
+lack of electricity or belonging to an ethnic group produces twice as high a probability of poverty the high impact of indigenous identity on likelihood of poverty warrants particular attention because it is indicative of exclusion based on a group identity regardless of these groups more limited access to education or to basic sendees as well the higher the level of schooling attained the greater the additional impact in terms of reducing poverty probability this suggests that the impact of a change in an explanatory variable on the probability of being poor depends on the initial value of that probability,1
+as home ownership becomes more inaccessible for families at the lowerend of the socioeconomic distribution housing policy interventions should focus on outcomes that protect lowincome tenants from rent increases targeting housing benefits towards lowincome families increasing social housing stock and prioritising placement of families with the greatest needs are options that can better help meet the housing needs of poor families the reduction of child poverty could be identified as a specific objective of the recently launched poverty reduction strategy the development of measures of children s exposure to income poverty and of unmet needs in terms of food health education and housing would make it possible to set targets for children and monitor progress for this particular population group the number of childcare places created access for lowincome children and the quality of services provided will be important metrics to monitor in order to measure the results of public spending on poverty reduction in this case getting out of poverty and its consequences presupposes that barriers to employment are addressed and that obstacles that limit access to care quality housing can be eliminated and that financial aid can be granted,1
+of comparable impact is flooding with the highest water levels in spring in the area of lvov and busk towns in ukraine a high level of pollution by ammoniumnitrogen is observed in the ukrainian part in the light of hydrochemical indicators water quality got somewhat worse in as compared with which is consistent with a stable trend of deteriorating water quality as a result of the increase in discharges of nontreated and insufficiently treated urban and industrial wastewaters into the bug with the exception of ambukov located below the confluence of hutshva river where water was in quality category class iii ie clean water according to the ukrainian classification water quality has been in category class ie relatively clean water in the river section in ukraine close to the border with belarus the most commonly occurring quality problems in were phosphorus nitrates and metals belarus reports that water flowing from upstream has an elevated level of dissolved solids,6
+the share of yearolds not in education and not employed is below the oecd average see figure but there is scope to increase the capacity and responsiveness of skills developed in vocational education and training a challenge shared by countries at this level is to provide relevant education that will prepare young adults for work and at the same time provide capacity for further learning in australia of yearolds attained upper secondary level education above the oecd average of see figure in most cases australian general and vocational programmes are offered in upper secondary schools,4
+this model of gender mainstreaming which is in accordance with the bahrain s requirements for gender mainstreaming outlines the structure and processes of integrating womens needs in the development process in regards to the situation of egypt the constitutional declaration of is applicable until the modifications of the current constitution of the constitution of is no longer applicable most countries also reported conflicting demands on the scarce time and resources of these focal points,5
+it is particularly noteworthy that the sme masterplan is still the reference framework in the eleventh malaysia plan focus area growing dynamic smes epu a the national sme development council has spearheaded other actions such as the change of the definition of smes the centralisation of training programmes the launch of additional schemes and the monitoring of the implementation of the sme masterplan hashim table shows that all the possible challenge areas of smes are covered by at least one dedicated support scheme the institutional setting for the coordination of this vast array of instruments also seems well in place with the national sme development council and sme corporation,9
+although global factors may be difficult to address countries could ease domestic constraints to private investment in china a priority is to address excess capacity in certain sectors facilitate deleveraging and create a level playing field between stateowned enterprises and private firms in india a priority is to repair bank balance sheets especially those of public sector banks for all countries in the medium term increasing infrastructure investment and enhancing the business environment could stimulate private investment,8
+overall outofpocket payments comprise of total health expenditure lower than the oecd average of oecd health statistics the fee for consulting a primary care physician varied between eur in and consultations with a nurse are free anell et al the national ceiling for outofpocket payments for health care visits within a year is eur annually copayments for prescribed drugs are regulated by government and are uniform throughout the country,3
+however the expected median size increased from mw in to mw in to mw in in other words the chinese project of mw skewed the mean in ieanea p there appear to be many small large pv projects and a few large large projects most of which are being built outside oecd countries,7
+in countries with well established primary care systems such as the united kingdom denmark and new zealand the general practitioner or family physician often serves as the coordinating hub for routine and specialised care as primary care settings are typically the first point of contact for people seeking health care they are also ideally situated to assess and prevent health risks through health promotion health education and preventive action in turn this has the potential to reduce the need for costly and unnecessary hospital care effective primary care can improve the quality of life for people living with a chronic condition by stabilising disease progression through regular and coordinated health checks and ultimately can reduce the number of years of life lost by preventing premature death,3
+designing policies that are coherent and adequately integrated is a critical facet of strengthening the resilience to climate of the most vulnerable groups such policies will not only help strengthen their livelihoods but also make it possible for potential cobenefits to be taken advantage of and for unintended consequences including maladaptation to be avoided however it is the building of coherent and integrated policies which take into account the multidimensional nature of livelihoods and address the multiple sources of inequality that is the biggest challenge adaptation policies must be an integral part of sustainable development strategies in order to minimize the current and future impacts of climate hazards on livelihoods,13
+this means that children who are below the relative poverty line in france or germany may be significantly better off in actual living standards than children who are living at the median income level in poland or portugalv or to take another example a child living at the relative poverty line in the netherlands lias double the income of a child living at the median income level in a country like hungary figure an income of in country a where such services are free or heavily subsidized may imply a very different standard of living from the same income in country b where such items must be paid for at market rates but when using this yardstick to make comparisons between countries it is probably better to restrict the comparison to those generally wealthier countries where living on incomes below of median implies a similar level of risk of social exclusion figure for example restricts the comparison of relative child poverty rates to the oecd countries with annual per capita incomes of more than within individual economically advanced countries direct measures of child deprivation are sometimes available,1
+forest policy legislation and silviculture play important roles in the likelihood extent and severity of forest fire world bank rosleshoz a key output of the flegt action plan is the signing of voluntary partnership agreements vpas between the eu and tropical timbersupplying countries as of may six exporting countries had signed vpas cameroon the central african republic the congo ghana indonesia and liberia this number was unchanged as of may nine other countries are in negotiation with the eu on vpas and countries have expressed interest eu flegt facility,15
+on balance their positive characteristics outweigh the negative ones in particular because the market entry issue can be addressed by standardising longterm contracts and thus rendering them tradable similar considerations apply to the question of unbundling vertically integrated energy companies that operate the gas or electricity networks through which they transport their energy from a pure security of supply point of view rather than from a market efficiency point of view some degree of vertical integration can provide stability and market power in negotiations with importers for domestic energy companies,7
+although most of the ee opportunities are in the rapidly industrializing countries it is estimated that almost per cent of the ee potential can be exploited in other developing countries mckinsey global institute demandside ee measures may be particularly costeffective yet there are many welldocumented obstacles to ee improvements some of these obstacles are greater in developing countries such as lack of awareness of and information on benefits of ee lack of capital proliferation of inefficient equipment including through imports of used andor inefficient equipment the desire to minimize initial costs and energysupply constraints eg limited availability of commercial fuels in rural areas which often impedes switching to more energyefficient equipment,7
+the development of photovoltaic installations was also promoted for industrial policy reasons which led to a more consistent and less erratic support programme of the energy system than in the netherlands vasseur and kemp policies should support a wide range of technologies and cover an innovation portfolio not only particular steps in the value chain grubler et al this resulted in a wider and stringer innovation system in germany also due to higher rd support by the government,7
+the level of tertiary attainment in poland is also high about of tertiaryeducated adults have a masters or equivalent degree as their highest tertiary qualification whereas the majority of tertiaryeducated adults in oecd countries have only a bachelors degree or equivalent following general oecd trends labourmarket opportunities increase with the level of tertiary attainment in poland about of those with tertiary education at doctoral level are employed against of those with a bachelors degree only slightly more than half of the students undertake their studies full time,4
+nonuse values refer to water that people will not actually use themselves at any point but may want to preserve for others for future generations or simply because they attach a value to their very existence it is particularly difficult in situations when irreversibility and possible disastrous outcomes enter the equation and when the resilience of water systems is being or is close to being overrun this is not an argument against trying to make as good an assessment as one can but it makes it particularly important to take into account those cost and benefit elements that cannot be expressed in monetary terms,6
+carbon trade the amount of carbon emissions embodied in production of goods and services exported to and imported from foreign countries has grown steadily such relocation of carbon emissions across national borders known as the carbon footprint of nations has become increasingly important in volume and complex in nature as many asean economies have emerged as key participants in global supply chains the relocation of carbon emissions also may have been facilitated by the developed countries that have made mandatory commitments to reduce carbon emissions under the kyoto protocol such economic dynamism also manifests itself in the regions carbon dioxide c emission trends,13
+the region deviates widely from the world trend in wheat consumption where on average the percapita consumption is almost double that of the world average this higher wheat consumption translates into its elevated contribution to the calorie and protein intake of the population although the tendency is to think of the arab region as homogenous in their diet habits and food preferences a closer look at the data shows some discrepancies for example while generally there is high reliance on wheat across all countries the gcc countries tend to have moderate contribution of rice to the calorie and protein intake with per cent and per cent respectively in kuwait per cent and per cent in the united arab emirates and per cent and per cent in saudi arabia,2
+will new public smks be built in the of subdistricts which have no senior secondary school will some smas be converted to smks since private smks constitute of current provision will there be a financial incentive provided for them to expand their enrolment these various options have different cost implications for the national budget vocational secondary education is expensive for several reasons the initial capital cost for equipment and workshops and the recurrent cost for consumable supplies and the maintenance repair and replacement of equipment a factor often ignored,4
+there are exceptions to this rule for example kcatas use of the agencys unionised bus drivers for the bridj pilot described in the previous section they are also an important motivator for early action as they provide a tangible reason to act but going forward it is not clear that cost savings are either a sufficient motivation or even a major motivation for seeking better synergies between ride services and public transport at least where there is a desire to improve mobility and access outcomes for as broad a group as possible under this framing of the question the potential for ride services and other innovative mobility options to draw away riders from specific routes does not necessarily imply that overall ridership would drop in fact if core services are improved and the convenience of using public transport as part of a trip chain increases then overall ridership may even increase in the broader picture adding a more convenient mobility choice into the mix may improve overall access and mobility outcomes even as it reduces the need to own a car,11
+all states and territories have recently introduced reforms to increase the number of students who participate in vet students may demonstrate some of the required competencies through prior work experience or education in a process called recognition of prior learning rpl some students leave school at this point may opt to take up an apprenticeship or train directly through an rto they can choose to pursue a vet qualification through an australian schoolbased apprenticeship asba but this requires an employment relationship as well as an rto see apprenticeships section vocational learning is becoming aware of the world of work and includes career education it is an important precursor to vet and helps secondary students identify career options and equips them to make effective decisions about subject choice postschool education and training and career pathways,4
+accordingly marine and coastal research in these countries was driven by the perspectives of remote decisionmakers who relied on reports rather than direct local engagement importantly however a number of developments which took place during this period are the foundation for some of the institutional capacity currently existing in the region whilst early expeditions focused mainly on the collection of biological specimens and plankton the study of biological and chemical processes inventories of marine life and resources particularly fisheries and recording of basic oceanographic processes the later iioe encompassed almost all marine science disciplines except perhaps fishery research and marine microbiology rao and griffiths the iioe contributed a wealth of knowledge on many aspects of the wio including the discovery of the midindian ocean ridges including the southeast indian ocean ridge the famous triple junction south of the seychelles where the southern end of the carlsberg ridge meets the southwest indian ocean ridge rao and griffiths the effects of the monsoons on the somali current and upwelling off the somalia coast,14
+one important conclusion so far is that thorough information making use of realtime data presented in an appropriate way has a great potential to enhance confidence in the public transport system electronic boards giving real time visual information about vehicle movements had already been fitted at city centre stops later audio announcement modules were added to make the realtime information available to blind and partially sighted people,11
+in denmark alone the number of farms keeping cattle has decreased from to in the same period with the average number of cattle in each farm increasing from to if grazing is discontinued or if the grazing pressure is reduced the natural succession processes will lead to overgrowing of the meadow vegetation with taller grasses herbs and shrub the biodiversity of tallgrowing vegetation is lower than that in the open grazed areas a large number of plant species bird species and some insects are regularly monitored within their areas of distribution and used as indicators for the occurrence and quality of grazed meadows and grassland,15
+the un secretarygeneral established the panel in january as part of his efforts to ensure the agenda on sustainable development has a real demonstrable impact on the lives of women and builds stronger more inclusive economies in september i the panel published itsfindings about proven and promising actions to address gender gaps and promote women s economic empowerment to that end the panel identified seven primary drivers of transformation including most notably improving public sector practices in procurement and employment united nations,5
+there is high variability across the basin in terms of supply and demand for these different types of rights so they follow regional and local trading rules under the basin plan and the basin states water sharing plans in this way the market operated both to maximize the market value of irrigated production and to ration scarce water between competing uses without the need for government intervention reliability refers to the average frequency based on historical records and forecast future water availability with which water allocated under a water access entitlement can be supplied in full,6
+moreover the proportion of poor children living in a singleparent family has increased significantly since in luxembourg and norway as well as in the czech republic france hungary and the slovak republic singleparent families have an average risk three times higher than families with children and at least two adults and this ratio is higher than in australia czech republic finland iceland and new zealand moreover this risk depends strongly on the employment status of the parent since on average more than twothirds of jobless singleparent families are poor income and the proportion is three times less than their lone parent works figure b in annex b,1
+in hai phong waterquality monitoring has been conducted since in channels lakes estuaries and rivers of the re river gia river and da do river however the number of parameters covered and the frequency is not sufficient given the limited city budget city of hai phong in addition to strengthen pollution source control with industry the city should invest in installing realtime monitoring stations in major water systems and make the data available to the public the sewer system of hai phong city which is similar to other systems in urban areas across the country is a tributary drainage system in which rainwater and wastewater flow through the same system,11
+new energy technologies are attractive for their ability to perform a particular task or deliver a new or improved energy service this is often circumscribed by a specific set of needs in a particular context a market niche endusers in such niches are generally less sensitive to the effective price of the energy service provided or have a higher willingness to pay for its performance advantages fouquet,7
+in alberta manitoba and new brunswick the participation rate of girls slightly exceeds that of boys the tendency for girls to more likely be in education than boys at age is also found among nonindigenous students in each of these jurisdictions in contrast indigenous boys in new brunswick are more likely than indigenous girls to be enrolled in education at this age in alberta and manitoba the participation rates of indigenous boys and girls are similar at this level of education,4
+the remaining countries had limited pension systems and their oldage poverty rates were very similar to those of the total population universal minimum old age pensions impact on poverty and fiscal cost in latin american countries the world bank policy research working paper no the poverty threshold used was per cent of the national median equivalised income,1
+paid parental leave benefits are uncommon outside asian oecd countries and most of the early childhood education and care supports concern children aged to oecd a exceptions are armenia azerbaijan china singapore and mongolia that spent considerable amounts in terms of social support for the working age population and children often in the form of incomemeanstested social assistance support or child benefits as in mongolia box furthermore the eamingsrelated nature of its pension system contributes to public spending on old age and survivor spending amounting to of gdp in oecd a,1
+for example at subnational level urban flood controls and ecological preservation or restoration of urban waters often conflict in the past exclusive emphasis on structural methods of flood control led to the destruction of habitat as well as the deterioration of water quality when the objectives of flood control ecological preservation and spatial planning converge the impact on other policy areas can be minimised this requires longterm commitment from relevant stakeholders that extends beyond political changes and electoral calendars,6
+this chapter looks at the fundamental components that store and exchange data within a nation internet exchanges data centers and cloud computing and hosting services this digital infrastructure remains largely hidden to most people but is indispensable for enabling internet applications services and online content for citizens businesses and governments the elements of core internet infrastructure internet exchange points ixps country toplevel domain names cctlds web hosting and data centers are inextricably linked figure,9
+in contrast free state and the northern cape are ranked first and second respectively on provincial hivaids spending per capita whilst their hivaids prevalence were only the fourth and eighth highest amongst the nine provinces for the northern cape this reflects in part its relative geographic inaccessibility and low population density refers to hiv prevalence total population refers to provincial expenditure on the sub programme hiv and aids per capita,3
+in bulgaria and romania for example respectively and per cent of children lack all items in iceland per cent lack just one item while the scandinavian countries do not exceed four and so on all values of one per cent or less are omitted in the table this may reflect a technical measurement problem we have no items that allow to identify the deprived children in richer countries or the fact that there simply are few deprived children in richer countries,1
+household food insecurity its determinants and consequences adapted from habicht et al the relationship between poverty and food insecurity is complex for instance in the united states in more than of poor households those below of the federal poverty line fpl were food secure and of all foodinsecure households had incomes at or exceeding of the fpl calculated from the relationships between poverty and food insecurity vary across contexts and population groups,2
+in such cases providing better information on the success rate of femaleled businesses at school or through broader awareness campaigns may have a positive effect on female entrepreneurship as such misperceptions are often the result of lack of experience with female borrowers facilitating women s access to credit through the policy levers discussed above may have the added positive effect of dissipating harmful stereotypes effective antidiscrimination laws can also play an important role this places significant constraints on their time availability for paid employment with detrimental effects on their labour market outcomes,5
+it will also allow a reformulation of various laws and regulations including to the general law of urban development and construction in line with national guidelines for the occupation and administration of the territory the development of this national policy is a good opportunity to promote an integral approach to urban development and management and to update improve and enhance the efficiency of the urban planning instruments including approval processes it is important that the pndu be developed with wide consensus from the relevant urban actors ensuring an active and wideranging process of consultation with key urban stakeholders eg the ministries of public works finance environment subdere regional and local governments the private sector civil society and citizens is crucial for this new policy to have broad authority prestige and acceptance,11
+as noted earlier the increasing marginal cost of urban water supply in most cities in the developing world points to the urgent need for more efficient use and conservation of the resource at the same time sanitation remains a critical priority together these services represent essential building blocks for more resilient cities while reducing the vulnerability of the poor,11
+there is nothing either inherently good or bad about an import surge rising imports are not necessarily a negative thing for developing countries as they add to food availability and to the reduction of hunger it is often presumed that an import surge of a particular commodity disrupts local markets and pushes down prices negatively affecting the livelihoods of people relying on the production of that commodity,2
+the suicide rate has stayed fairly constant amongst women over the last years around suicides per population with both men and women seeing a slight rise in suicide mortality since which could be related to the economic crisis see figure from ons suicide data there are some specific groups in england that are known to be at above average risk from suicide helping people back into employment is a key priority for this government,3
+for the past thirty years the school education curriculum framework in each jurisdiction has had to comply with and support the national goals of schooling and their curriculum has had to align with national statements of learning across english mathematics science civics and citizenship as well as information and communication technology national funding and testing has been linked to these curriculum areas outside of these nationally agreed priority areas jurisdictions have had flexibility to include other curricula,4
+continuous medical education cme and continuous professional development are the most wellknown mechanisms but oecd countries have also introduced different forms of professional assessment peer review and relicensing the extent to which cme cpd peer review professional assessment and relicensing are mandatory differs from country to countiy and varies from a mandatory amount of accredited cme courses over a certain period of time to a relicensing system based on a thorough individual assessment of performance over for example the past four years standards for medical specialty training do not seem harmonised over the various specialties and cme structures are voluntary and differ between specialties,3
+students who are disadvantaged or who are struggling with their learning need more rather than fewer opportunities to develop and leam in addition students absenteeism and lack of punctuality can have a disruptive effect on their classmates and their school this can be particularly problematic for schools that have high proportions of students who demonstrate these behaviours across oecd countries of students reported that they had skipped at least one class and reported that they had skipped an entire day of school without authorisation in the two weeks before the pisa test,4
+it runs several networks and helps create connections between firms universities and different regional organisations svinesundskommitten also participates in a working group within the nordic council of ministers focusing on innovation and resilience within nordic border regions it works specifically on advocating for joint investment in better and more sustainable transport and logistics between oslo and gothenburg as a way to make the area more attractive to people and businesses,11
+families often fill the gaps when social protection systems or healthcare for older persons and those with disabilities are inadequate including where austerity measures have cut back services and welfare since care is almost always seen as primarily womens work the burden is borne disproportionately by female family members and to be effective public support in the form of legislation and public policies needs to be based on the reality of how families are structured and constituted rather than on an ideal of how families should be,5
+an outpatient is not formally admitted to a facility physician s private office hospital outpatient centre or ambulatory care centre and does not stay overnight the nhifa is obliged to contract with providers that are approved through the capacity regulation process of the government family doctors are mostly private entrepreneurs and contract with local governments to serve the local population,3
+an important channel of knowledge exchange is the internship system employed by several colleges internships provide an entry point into the workforce when students continue working for the industry partner after the internship see also chapter for example the best to industries programme at the computer sciences department of the tel hai academic college provides an example of systematic collaboration with the local hightech industry that improves students learning outcomes strengthens the links between higher education and industry and helps attract and build high tech industry to the northernmost part of the country see chapter box the knowledge transfer partnership scheme in the united kingdom has been running successfully previously as teaching company schemes since the s,4
+increasingly vocational colleges provide an important route into tertiary education one in four university students and almost one in two students at universities of applied sciences are now vocational college graduates however since the austrian vocational college programmes combine elements of upper secondary and postsecondary education they have few international parallels the new regulations permit those with an advanced vocational qualification general access to academic higher education and holders of other vocational qualifications a subjectspecific access to higher education to support those pursuing this pathway a range of measures have been piloted or rolled out nationally and initiated locally such as advancement scholarships or bilateral credit transfer systems between individual vocational colleges and universities of applied science,4
+continued population growth and expansion of the economy combined with the resulting growth of income levels will put increasing pressure on scarce water resources based on the concept of integrated water resource management the approach aims to take due account of equity efficiency and ecology the national water act reversed the historical approach in which landholders were deemed to own the water resources on their land instead it made the minister of water and environmental affairs the trustee on behalf of the national government of the nation s water resources water resources management including water quality is an exclusive national competency,6
+the constitution operates alongside marriage laws in uganda the marriage act of sets years as the age of consent for marriage but allows for marriages below that age with the written consent of the father or if he is dead absent or of unsound mind then the mother where both are dead then consent can be sought from guardians the marriage and divorce of mohammedans act of makes no mention of the age of consent while the hindu marriage and divorce act of and the customary marriages registration act provide for the age of consent at years for girls and years for boys,5
+it achieved this result by diversifying the energy mix and in particular the electricity mix as well as by reducing the overall share of fossil fuels imported from outside the oecd area consistent with the mandate of the ad hoc expert group on nuclear energy and security of supply to identify a relevant quantitative approach to measuring the contribution of nuclear energy to security of supply the study then presents a broad range of indicators and models that quantitatively assess a country s level of security of energy supply it subsequently develops a specific composite indicator that allows the measurement of the level of security of energy supply as well as the contribution of nuclear energy over the past years for those oecd countries for which a consistent data set was available,7
+forest management in finlands boreal zone typically involves managing evenaged stands therefore the forest landscape is mostly mosaiclike due to differences between individual stands in age structure the timings of regeneration and management procedures and tree species composition the amount of unmanaged forests is of which nearly are located in protected areas state of finlands forests,15
+almost all yearolds are enrolled in early childhood education in above the oecd average of a oneyear preschool class for yearolds aims to ensure a smooth transition from preprimary to primary education and prepare children forthe educational programme at school denmark has comprehensive education from ages until age including one year of preschool class nine years of primary and lower secondary education integrated within a single structure and a voluntary tenth year,4
+this is also supported by the growing practice of monitoring children s views research emphasises and countries experiences confirm the importance of carefully selecting the tools used and ensuring that they are appropriate to the age and development of the child the tools best suited to inform everyday staff practice may well be different from those needed to collect data to inform policy decisions,4
+in recent years urbanisation has accelerated in rwanda with an annual rate of per cent and will continue to increase with demographic growth ruralurban migration and the reinstallation of displaced persons and refugees indeed rwandas urban policy stands out for its positive and anticipatory approach embracing urbanisation as a key priority area in national development strategies rwandas national development strategy vision elaborated in seeks to stimulate economic growth in order for the country to achieve middle income status,11
+this indicates that while nativebom individuals on average received more than they contributed the opposite holds for foreignbom individuals more precisely contributions made by nativebom individuals cover roughly of final expenditures made in their favour while most foreignbom contributions more than cover their respective expenditures the net fiscal contribution is higher for the foreignborn cont,8
+however despite prices continuing to rise afterwards there is a clear reversal in the trends toward falling rates of assistance further in terms of the policy responses to the food crisis it appears that nonmajor trading countries had a greater proportional response than that of major trading countries country level estimates obtained as value of productionweighted averages,2
+in such cases states often do not have the financial and capacity resources to carry out their water responsibilities especially in rural areas which heavily rely on grants and transfers from the federal government to build extend and maintain infrastructure as figure shows this can be achieved in various ways typically the most developed economies most of whose population is connected to water and sanitation infrastructure rely largely on tariffs,6
+the content varies to reflect each countrys circumstances but the profiles take a similar approach examining domestic and international climate policy determinants locating climate diplomacy within broader foreign policy and using these determinants to explain the basic cooperation since hosting the un conference on environment and development unced in rio de janeiro in at which the framework convention of climate change was originally signed brazil has remained an active and engaged partner in international climate change negotiations this trend has been reinforced in recent years most recently through former president luiz inacio da silvas interventions atc p in copenhagen,13
+progress towards these goals is mutually reinforcing providing opportunities to foster improved employment outcomes for youth while contributing to the achievement of other goals the targets emphasize the importance of a solid macroeconomic foundation for economic growth driven by strategic investments in jobintensive and productive economic activities in keeping with the integrated nature of the global economy the targets focus on promoting trade and strengthening the ability of less developed economies to tap into the economic power of the developed world through financial aid tourism and foreign direct investment in terms of job creation,8
+that role goes far beyond administration school leaders shape the culture of their schools and have the power to continuously improve teaching and learning they are also responsible for reaching out to stakeholders and odier schools to build support for education in their local communities the national curriculum first implemented in and revised in changed expectations of teachers from topdown lecturers in a culture of rote learning to facilitators who are mindful of each student s unique aptitudes and abilities as with their counterparts worldwide thai teachers are expected to teach st century skills such as analytical thinking creativity problem solving and teamwork and encourage learning outside of the classroom,4
+in many countries the fiscal stance is shifting to tackle unprecedented deficits and rising debttogdp ratios cuts in social spending are part of many fiscal consolidation plans and pressure on social spending is set to increase further yet little is currently known on who are the young most at risk of longterm poverty what their main barriers to stable employment are and how they can be helped in attaining financial independence,8
+suppliers have few obvious incentives to target poor customers or base of the pyramid bop markets which are usually considered to be riskier and more challenging in report published in the international finance corporation identified a number of challenges for expanding coverage of safewater technologies including the lack of awareness about waterquality issues the lack of sustainable financing and the need to understand the target population behavioural attitudes the safe water systems incorporate three elements i pointofuse water treatment by consumers with a locally manufactured dilute sodium hypochlorite solution ii safe storage of treated water in containers designed to prevent recontamination and iii behavioural change techniques including social marketing community mobilisation motivational interviewing communication and education to improve water and food handling sanitation and hygiene practices in the home and in the community along the way program delivery shifted almost entirely from governments and ngos to a single socialmarketing organisation population services international,6
+this administrative capital is also expected to attract private business and diverse industries such as health care welfare culture and international cooperation and advanced technology in order to promote balanced location of administrative functions ten innovation cities are being developed nationwide relocating public agencies from the capital region to the provinces innovation cities are constructed to accommodate not only government organisations but also private actors including enterprises and universities pursuing to create innovative clusters,11
+a more ambitious reform of the insurance system could separate medical goods and services covered by statutory and complementary insurances askenazy et al this could ease negotiations with care providers for goods and services complementary insurance plans would then specialise in supplementary medical goods and services such as optical care some dental care and hearing aids,3
+peru the plurinational state of bolivia and uruguay households obtain income from various sources mainly paid work ownership of assets and transfers from social protection systems which include programmes of cash transfers to poor households and noncontributory pensions and transfers from other households accordingly labour market structure and policies the provision of public services social protection systems and povertyreduction policies the tax system and fiscal policy among many other factors have a direct effect on the level and distribution of the income that households actually receive and consequently determine the extent to which economic growth can generate better living conditions for the population the first factor here referred to as the average income effect or growth effect measures changes in the poverty rate that stem strictly from changes in average household income,1
+in latin america specifically few countries have protection mechanisms and coverage rates are low which reflects the extent of informal employment providing coverage in times of crisis and beyond geneva online orgwcmsp groupspublicdgreportsdcommpubldocumentspublication wcms pdf that combination offers new possibilities to afford income security to unemployed and underemployed workers in countries where levels of informality are high,8
+reducing avoidable food waste might also be regarded as part of this overall strategy the aim has been that the project will have a lasting impact and that it will progressively extend its scope within europe reaching as wide an audience and raising awareness among the greatest number of citizens possible,12
+or should it be updated in a regular and systematic way in order to preserve its relationship with contemporary living standards in which case setting the poverty line at a percentage of each nation s median income and updating it every year might after all be a strong contender this is why the innocenti report card series in common with both the european union and the oecd continues to use a child poverty line based on a percentage of median household income why introduce the child deprivation index,1
+whether formal or informal these businesses lack the infrastructure equipment access to materials and markets which any firm of any size anywhere needs to expand and create higher quality jobs the net result is low employment generation in the colombian capital as a whole the bulk being in the informal sector this was confirmed by findings of unhabitat s city prosperity initiative recently implemented in colombian cities technical assistance and strategic temporary subsidies would enable smaller firms to overcome these obstacles leveraging them into higher efficiency and breaking the current cycle of low productivity this is an effective policy to consider as noted earlier over per cent of new york businesses employ fewer than staff but since per cent of new firms employ fewer than five highend new york firms are now mostly located in brooklyn where fixed costs are lower than in manhattan turning new york into the second silicon valley of the us,11
+in portugal mortality amenable to health care interventions has been reduced by between and and is now below the eu average however the rate is higher than in neighbouring countries such as spain and france ischaemic heart diseases accounted for of amenable deaths in other important causes of amenable deaths were cerebrovascular diseases of the total and cancer of the colon and rectum of the total timeliness of treatment is greatly aided by effective screening for breast cancer the screening rate for portuguese women aged is over there are no permanent intersectoral structures or bodies and decisions in areas such as urban planning or transport are not carried out in partnership with the health sector,3
+like other resourcebased economies finland tended to import established technologies and to produce commodities containing little value added and to which further value was then added in supply chains abroad the subsequent period of industrialisation allow ed finland to develop its owm technological competences and increased finnish capacity in producing capital goods especially heavy machinery and equipment that could also be sold on international markets and in some of which finland gained leading positions finland built capacities in various kinds of manufacturingrelated innovation,9
+typical examples include the assessment of third party impacts environmental impact assessments or existing users foregoing use for instance in situations where the catchment is closed an inventory of available water resources is produced and existing water uses and demands are identified water resources assessment methods have been developed for the whole spanish territory as well as simulation water resources models that take into account conventional and nonconventional water resources environmental flows water demands hydraulic infrastructure water use priorities and exploitation rules in order to establish water allocations and reserves,6
+for example financing energy efficiency taylor et al however there is little treatment of how the risks perceived to be associated with energy efficiency projects affect investment decisions nor why current mechanisms fail to address risk perception in project selection we hope this report contributes to unravelling the riddle of unrealised ee potential by raising the question does only money matter or are there other factors affecting apparent shortfall in ee investments,7
+the emphasis is on understanding how increasing gender equality in the labour market will affect larger processes of growth and what kinds of limits the structure of social reproduction places on the potential for development and growth nous relions ensuite ces regimes a des groupes de pays organises en fonction de leur structure economique et leur niveau de developpement et evaluons les consequences macroeconomiques dun recul des inegalites entre les sexes sur le marche du travail la reproduction sociale est definie en termes de temps et d argent necessaires pour produire maintenirde la maind ceuvreet investir dans celleci,5
+this implies an improvement in ecoefficiency by a factor of which is almost as ambitious as the factor goal of doubling wealth and halving resource use originally suggested by von weizsacker lovins and lovins thus even world average levels of energy use of less than gj per capita would be achievable by midcentury in line with the target suggested by the present survey see below thus far however these international efforts have had a relatively small effect on the global energy transition,7
+the cedaw was ratified in in the council of government and the council of ministers adopted a project of law relative to the adherence of morocco to the optional protocol of the cedaw in the tunisian interim government lifted its reservations on the cedaw despite requests from civil society the tunisian government has not yet notified the united nations concerning the lifting of its reservations,5
+in switzerland some cantons set budget envelopes for hospital care and beyond a certain volume of care they reduce their funding of hospitals in addition physician services costs are monitored through joint agreements between insurers and physician s associations which include measures to curb spending growth if necessary paris and devaux this practice weakens the effectiveness of budget cap to control spending,3
+while all public social expenditures serve a redistributive role to some extent only a minority part of total social spending is in fact devoted to cash benefits with a direct impact on the incomes of the nonelderly annex table al shows that over time almost all countries devoted declining shares of total spending to cash benefits that mostly benefit children and workingage individuals on average the share of these nonelderly benefits declined from percent in to percent in without counting early retirement benefits the decline is somewhat smaller but still substantial when they are included despite growing overall public social expenditure this drop is sufficiently large to translate into a significant reduction of nonelderly benefit expenditure relative to gdp on average from to percent across countries upper panel of figure between the mid s and the mid s however sizable reductions were only observed in a few countries belgium france ireland netherlands while the majority of countries recorded increases,10
+grain yield odoplalion and progress in breeding for earlymaturing and heattolerant wheat lines in south asia prediclion of rice produclion in the philippines using seosonol climate forecasts journal ol applied meteorology and climatology understanding dimole os a driver of food insecurity in elhiopio,2
+in particular a variety of new contractual arrangements are leading to uncertainty about the boundary between selfemployment and wage employment an example of an ambiguous case is when employed persons are working as subcontractors thus sharing some characteristics of the selfemployed while being economically dependent on one single client similar to employees aspects of security that are directly related to the type of contract such as duration of employment are only relevant to employees while other dimensions of security concern the selfemployed,8
+why then do consumers and investors shy away from paying a little more for the energy efficient alternative energysaving technologies may look and outwardly perform just as inefficient ones so consumers need help in making informed purchase decisions energy consumption is also deeply rooted in the economic activities in which the consumption takes place these economic activities are in turn governed by embedded incentive structures consumer behaviour rules and regulations infrastructure design and construction practices investment decision making and even cultural considerations,7
+measuring biodiversity in monetary terms is not considered to be useful or interesting future developments should be based on indicator systems in general there is currently a strong interest in identifying legislation and other incentive systems that conflict with the goals of biodiversity protection,15
+when households cannot access sufficient food women are often the first to go hungry while girls are increasingly doing better in school and university than boys this has not translated into gender equality in the labour market the gender pay gap stands at per cent globally and without decisive action it will take another years to achieve equal pay while women have made important inroads into political office across the world their representation in national parliaments at per cent is still far from parity and women politicians and voters face threats and attacks persistent sexual harassment and online abuse one in five women and girls have experienced physical andor sexual violence by an intimate partner within the last months,5
+in practice therefore achieving universal access and still more transformational access will be critically dependent on oda and other official external financing mainly in the form of grants given most ldcs debt sustainability constraints securing this financing will require a very considerable increase in such financing for the power sector chapter official grant financing is particularly appropriate to investment in renewable electricity generation while there are some local environmental benefits from such technologies in terms of reduced ambient air pollution the primary reason for preferring renewable technologies to fossilfuel generation is the reduction in ghg emissions,7
+monitoring prices is critical for developing policies that aim to make ict services affordable for all citizens least developed countries ldcs saw a per cent drop in mobilecellular prices the strongest decrease in five years the price drop is linked to the growing availability of prepaid packages that bundle sms and local calls,9
+the unemployment insurance payment system was automated staff training was improved and jobmatching services were revamped to include a classification system that speeded up the process of referring jobseekers to appropriate jobs kameyama the main hello work offices tend to prioritise placement services for jobseekers and spend less time on individual counselling due to the large number of people seeking their assistance sano the main offices have separate counters for people with disabilities and some other groups such as social assistance recipients,8
+the first one is an outwardshift of the demand curve and the second is a price reduction the shift of the demand curve can occur because of the broader penetration of high speed broadband the price reduction is a result of productivity gains and competition in the case of deployment of highspeed broadband infrastructures competition becomes effective at the applications layer this development is responsible for an increase in consumer surplus in future periods compared to former periods in figure the consumer surplus is the area between the demand curve and the market price,9
+the subsidy cannot be obtained directly because there are intervals in the years of transfer of completed houses this report estimates yearly expenditure on subsidies of etb billion for each year of operation data from regional housing development offices show that combined spending by other regions averaged etb million between and this was the smallest of the focus areas in expenditure terms between and over which period spending grew by per year on average,1
+readily measurable proxies for poverty are then widely used for targeting in such an imperfect information environment efficiency considerations point to the need for using indicators that are not easily manipulated by actual or potential beneficiaries although this is rarely very clear in practice criteria such as family size age of children work status geographical location of residence housing conditions or lifetime limits on program participation are often used for delimit population groups result in a considerable segment of the poor population having little access to cash income moreover the political economy response to targeting is also a concern whereby finelytargeted programmes can undermine the political support for social policies de donder and hindriks gelbach and pritchett,1
+water demands for individual hpps are conditioned by installed capacity which is designed based on costeffectiveness principles as a result it is expected that greater parts of the rivers could be subject to negative impact especially in water biodiversity in practice two methodologies coexist for the oldest dams the soviet standards are applied and for the most recent ones a more simplified methodology is adopted table,6
+it also established the teacher performance evaluation system also referred to as docentemas within the municipal school sector in following a tripartite agreement between the ministry of education the chilean association of municipalities and the teachers association colegio de profesores this system is complemented by a range of reward programmes which involve some type of evaluation the programme for the variable individual performance allowance municipal sector only a vdi the programme for the accreditation of pedagogical excellence allowance covering the entire subsidised school sector aep and the national system for performance evaluation sned which provides group rewards for teaching bodies of given publicly subsidised schools in addition to these formal programmes private schools both subsidised and nonsubsidised autonomously organise their own performance teacher evaluation systems and any school is free to organise extra internal systems of teacher evaluation,4
+the implementation of such policies involves choices between different types of interventions that differ according to the intended purpose and desired effectiveness there are essentially two types of such interventions against poverty the first uses redistributive transfers in cash or kind generally targeted to households who are deemed poor based on observable criteria,1
+strict employment protection rules are also likely to encourage the use of forms of employment that are not subject to these regulations or lead to lack of enforcement of the rules concerning youth employment cazes and tonin find that the decline in the average job tenure of young workers in the european union between and is associated with weaker employment protection provided by law and trade unions their results suggest that young workers are particularly exposed to more unstable labour markets through the risk of job loss and dismissal as captured by the epl index for regular contracts whereas legislation on hiring epl index for temporary contracts does not seem to have a significant impact,8
+extreme weather events also have a negative impact on agricultural production recent food price spikes and supply shortages caused by exceptional conditions of drought in the russian federation ukraine and countries in east africa as well as floods in pakistan australia and the united states are prima facie evidence of the catastrophic impacts of adverse climatic conditions possibly related to climate change for instance it is estimated that in africa and south asia average crop yields could fall by percent and fisheries by percent by knox et al while yields may increase in some high latitude areas such as china and the uk overall decreases are predicted to offset any increases even with only moderate warming knox et al,2
+the main target set at municipality level was to improve students reading skills so the reading programmes were allocated more time than the afl programmes this is also one of the main findings from struggling municipalities that were included in this report they do not seem to be able to coordinate competing programmes initiated by the directorate and so sometimes afl is not prioritised due to lack of capacity both school leaders and teachers express concerns and a sense of guilt when they are not able to work on afl as they know it is a part of the education act despite the shortcomings listed above however the school leader from school was satisfied with the municipalitylevel support in general,4
+psychological therapy and similar therapeutic interventions for mildtomoderate disorders have been significantly developed in recent years investment in such therapies can be seen somewhere between primary care services gp services primary care clinics and specialist services historically concentrated on severe and enduring disorders as they are generally offered as secondary service but not by cmhts community services have developed over the last ten years however there is a lack of data about how they work audit scotland,3
+an economic downturn or recession may result primarily in layoffs of employees with shortterm contracts who are often younger and less experienced workers when an economy begins a period of expansion businesses may wish to avert risk and keep costs down at least initially by cautiously hiring workers on shortterm contracts in the aggregate the decisions of companies regarding their employees during the business cycle depend on the economic structure productservice demand and prices in the output market as well as labour supply main variables in the eulfs with connection to the indicator stapro selfemployed without employees employee temp employee has temporary jobwork contract of limited duration the lfs eulfs does not include the required information about shortterm work or instability of work,8
+these foreign workers typically come from far afield many from the philippines for instance various other forms of community support are provided some directly by the ministry of welfare and social services others by the health funds which have certain obligations under nhi institutional care is supervised by the ministry of health and provided by a mix of governmentrun institutions and facilities run by the health funds in particular under the previous government the ministry of health proposed a reform that included putting both institutional and domestic longterm care under the responsibility of the health funds and increased subsidies to households for example through widening the provision of inkind hours of domestic support making the health funds responsible for longterm care certainly has some potential benefits for instance it could enhance attention to preventive care,3
+the finding may either indicate acknowledgement of women s qualifications in required areas or the fact that they are being overlooked both for fulltime secure employment and in recruitment processes for senior positions inmujeres more data on the profile of consultancy positions filled by women are not currently available and the rationale behind hiring them remains unclear according to information supplied by the secretariat of the civil service there is no gender distinction in the public service in relation to classes of job,5
+people are more likely to accept the risks associated with familiar and freely chosen activities even if the risks are large in risk analysis the following questions should be kept in mind who bears the risk and who stands to benefit who decides what risks are acceptable furthermore newer more complex genetically transformed foods may be more difficult to assess and may increase the possibility of unintended effects,2
+the case studies cover a wide spectrum of commoditiesfrom oil in nigeria to sorghum in mali they also analyse different impacts from zambia s dependence on copper exports to the strong linkages between unskilled wages and the price of rice in bangladesh the analysis demonstrates how different commodities have affected national economiesthrough multiple avenues and the policy responses that have aimed at strengthening resilience to global commodity price shocks while at the same time leveraging commodity sectors contribution to development poverty reduction and food security,2
+the export of fish products from denmark was valued at dkk billion usd billion in the activities of the danish fisheries and aquaculture sectors account for of the gross domestic product gdp whereas the entire fisheries sector including also fish processing wholesale and retail branches accounts for of the gdp volumes reported provide an indication of production magnitude and trend data may be heterogeneous and not directly comparable,14
+the final terms reflected in large part the priorities of the advanced countries market access gains were concentrated in areas of interest to developed countries including services intellectual property and advanced manufacturing far less progress was made in areas of interest to the poor countries such as agriculture including subsidies to agriculture and textiles the effect was to concentrate tariff reductions on products exported by the rich countries exporters in rich countries were able to quickly take advantage of greater market access but the poor countries found their ability to export to rich countries was limited by a range of constraints including nontariff barriers weak infrastructure and supply constraints,10
+increased uptake and use of data to inform decisionmaking and ensure accountability will be crucial for achieving sdg achieving universal access to safe and affordable drinking water requires extending access to the million people who still lack even a basic water service it also requires progressively improving the quality of senices for the billion people who lack water that is accessible on premises available when needed and free from contamination universal access also implies providing access in services in schools healthcare facilities and other institutional settings,6
+it is worth noting however that few countries guarantee full health care services for their undocumented foreigners in greece coverage for unemployed people has historically been time limited with benefits reducing for some health care services after months of unemployment this has raised concerns about the large number of longterm unemployed who may no longer have access to a range of health care services in the wake of the economic crisis,3
+data refer to for switzerland unfortunately comparable timeseries on life satisfaction are rare for this reason this section focuses on differences in life satisfaction at one point in time while referring to national studies for getting a sense of how trends in life satisfaction have evolved over time box this pattern is broadly in line with previous research which has shown fairly small gender differences in all age groups diener et al significant differences by gender are found only for employment and health status which are stronger drivers of life satisfaction for women than they are for men boarini et al this is insufficient to identify trends in life satisfaction which are likely to change only at a slow rate recent research has provided evidence of a decline in women s life satisfaction in the united states and across a variety of european countries with western germany being an exception,5
+the increasing work intensity of women was also associated with lower income inequality in some but not all countries on the other hand the rising share of households with women in highskilled occupations generally increased income inequality but the effect was more modest taken together the overall effect of changes in the labour market for women was therefore to make the income distribution more equal by reducing the gini by points especially when not only compositional but also related wage structure effects are taken into account,5
+this is the largest individual category accounting for of all fish purchases sales of salmon remained fairly constant since and consistently make up around of total fish purchases purchases of herring and other blue fish fell on whilst purchases have fallen expenditure on fish has remained almost unchanged expenditure has increased by from gbp per person per week in to gbp in gdp in in comparison the expenditure on takeaway fish fell over the same period to gbp per person per week,14
+portugal aims to develop industrial activities linked to the renewable technology sector and to become a net exporter of such technologies especially wind and solar power an industrial cluster linked to wind power has been developed with a budget of eur million involving the creation of approximately direct and indirect jobs iea a the principal instrument for promoting renewable electricity in portugal is the socalled special regime production pre whereby renewablebased power benefits from a feedin tariff ie an abovemarket price at which electricity is sold to the grid the tariffs are based on a complex formula that takes account of the technology environmental aspects and the inflation rate they include minimum and maximum levels according to the variations of the load on the grid and are guaranteed for a fixed period typically years and up to a certain production threshold iea a,7
+in the netherlands and denmark where eusilc finds it difficult to meaningfully distinguish between marketrate and social rental accommodations all renters are placed in the market rate category additionally the australian canadian and american surveys used here do not ask whether rent is subsidized all respondents paying any level of rent in these countries are included in their surveys market plus subsidized rental category in sweden although subsidized housing is a survey response option very few respondents select this option,11
+as shown in table fossil fuel energy exports represent almost onethird of the gdp of kazakhstan and azerbaijan half of the merchandise exports of the russian federation and more than half of the total merchandise exports of azerbaijan the islamic republic of iran and kazakhstan on the other hand energy imports are equivalent to almost of the gdp of india and more than onethird of its total merchandise imports even the advanced diversified eastasian economies of japan and the republic of korea spend of their total merchandise imports on such energy commodities values of energy exports taken from united nations comtrade data downloaded from wits database accessed december,7
+the aef project is a workinprogress data revolution targeting all the sdgs and is intended for implementation in the digital state of cumberland united states it does not constitute a governmental ortechnology plan but rather a multistakeholder commitment and social inclusion agenda the strategy also states that in order to build a knowledgebased society it is important in the long term for qatar to create an open transparent culture where knowledge bases are kept current and easily accessible which in turn develops the capacity and culture for routinely processing sharing and interpreting information,9
+cities of similar size and similar geographical locations riga tallinn and vilnius can also vary substantively in terms of emission levels figure v the main sources of energy generation for electricity and heating purposes may explain these differences these are mainly the capitals of the eu member states while the capitals of the countries with economies in transition do face challenges in combatting the high concentration of these two pollutants figure as for the c emissions the values are also at city level and not for urban transportation only therefore further measures to limit the concentration of particulate matter would need to be applied throughout the sectors where solid and liquid fuels are combusted in particular in the energy industry and transport sectors,11
+to make children ready the approach often taken involves exposing children who are still in ecec to the culture of primary school known as schoolification this can drive ecec settings to adopt practices that are usually more related to primary school such as higher staffpupil ratios longer hours away from home more teacherdirected pedagogies greater attention to academic content and less playtime however research is increasingly highlighting that the more age and childappropriate the pedagogical practices the greater the benefits for children s social and cognitive development this is why some countries especially the nordic countries take a childcentred perspective adapting the cultures of both ecec and school to the needs of the child this implies that it is not just the responsibility of ecec to prepare children for school schools also need to be ready for children,4
+this is also the reason why countries with similar allocations of public social budgets sometimes end up with vastly disparate outcomes following a universal approach for social protection health care and educational services can also have positive spillovers on smaller groups with similar characteristics or that face the same barriers if the interventions are universal in nature the benefits are then likely to positively affect other disadvantaged groups as well eventually responsible actors should also gradually act to remove barriers faced by all groups including those representing smaller shares and groupspecific circumstances for example availability of education for minority groups or child care for young parents focusing on removing barriers would also help governments to ensure breaking the intergenerational poverty cycle permanently the national social protection strategy for the poor and vulnerable mirrored this perception as it focused exclusively on social assistance and while it gathered considerable support from development partners it had little national ownership from line ministries,1
+where this document refers to countries or governments it is also intended to include regional economic organisations if appropriate this paper greatly benefited from the experiences and insights shared during the ccxg global forum on the environment and climate change on march in paris while relatively few countries to date have designed and implemented a national system for adaptation monitoring and evaluation globally many more have indicated in their nationally determined contribution ndc that they are developing one or that they plan to do so,13
+in many years it has been nearly double the national average rate youth have also been strongly affected by the growing incidence of nonregular forms of work freeter status avoiding commitment to a stable job in the s was often seen as a choice of lifestyle but more recently attention has focused on the problems of freeters who are unable to find a permanent job in order to support young unemployed and freeters who wish to be employed as regular workers special counters have been established at hello work offices to support the search for regular employment by holding seminars and jointrecruitment events onetoone consultations and guidance by fulltime staff exploring job offers and placement services and guidance on adaptation to workplaces after being employed in addition job cafes onestopservice centres for young people were established in to provide integrated counselling training and guidance services see box,8
+the distribution and abundance of tuna stocks are influenced by the currents water temperature dissolved oxygen and nutrient supply bell et al collectively these states which are also members of the parties to the nauru agreement pna control the world s largest sustainable tuna purse seine industry only around per cent of catches occur outside the waters of the commonwealth pacific small states including in indonesia s and the philippines waters and up to per cent occurs in international waters,14
+of this or is in country a s zone and country a catches if it leaves behind if we check the maximum condition for country b we find that x v instead of which means that country b would want to leave a negative amount of fish behind which is not possible the agreement between the united states and canada had sought an acceptable interference by americans with the runs to the fraser river and by canadians with runs to washington and oregon,14
+four areas of reform would need to be considered first further improvements to international financial regulatory framework are needed to stem excessive risktaking and capital flow volatility including through appropriate capital controls and macroprudential regulatory reforms imposing countercyclical biases in rules for reserve requirements and loanloss provisioning second as new systems of regulation are being elaborated there is a need for a fundamental revision of existing mechanisms of compensatory financing designed to cope with external shocks such revisions should ensure more adequate availability of and easier access to international liquidity especially for developing countries,10
+to date the healthcare system centred on four health funds is widely acknowledged as providing a basket of universal services with good quality primary and secondary care while also accommodating demand for private health care however there are challenges and tensions in the system currently the authorities are having to rapidly expand the number of places in medical schools and nurse training because large cohorts of healthcare professionals are heading for retirement more broadly there are concerns that the core notion of a universal basket services is being eroded by copayments and the increasing demand for the additional services and options provided by private insurance,3
+oceans and seas cover over twothirds of the earths surface provide food and minerals generate oxygen absorb greenhouse gases and keep in check climate change determine weather patterns and temperatures and serve as highways for seaborne international trade healthy oceans and seas are thus essential to the quest for a more sustainable future for all and in particular for small island developing states sids and other coastal developing states oceans and seas are however facing significant environmental and economic risks that can affect all states such risks arise from climate change a rise in the sea level acidification of sea water overexploitation and poor management of marine resources and deposit of pollutants and fertilisers in the seas damaging the seabed and oil gas and mineral extraction,14
+an added stipulation requires early notification of intention to fish open and closed seasons are imposed where necessary a whitefish quota management committee comprising of members of the industry and national administration officials meets monthly to undertake detailed analysis of key stocks including cod haddock whiting hake monk megrim nephrops sole and plaice as well as deep sea species see below the majority of quota fisheries are controlled by means of separate fishery management orders made by the minister which restrict the fisheries as necessary by setting catch limits per boat according to the size of the vessel based on recommendations of the committee the principal objective is to maintain access on an equitable basis throughout the year,14
+earmarked resources wherever possible can assist the transparency of road safety investment and its value revenue sources for road funds typically come from fuel taxes vehicle registration and licensing fees and road user charges for heavy vehicles for example in the new zealand road safety to strategy the road fund finances the national road safety enforcement programme national road safety education national publicity and awareness campaigns national strategy management and coordination processes national and local lowcost safety engineering measures and general road network investments that contribute to improved road safety outcomes user fees are usually collected on a costrecovery basis and may represent a substantial proportion of a country s total road safety investment,11
+these conventional plants run less frequently and produce less energy which changes their economics and therefore tend to favour less capitalintensive technologies such as opencycle gas turbines instead of combinedcycle gas turbines these situations of minimum residual load do not necessarily occur during periods of low demand and they have implications for all markets including the dayahead market intraday or balancing and ancillary services markets little consideration has been given to these situations of low load as it is usually sufficient to shut down plants during a few days or at night time when they are not needed,7
+these issues are discussed below aside from reducing the total amount of climate finance devoted to climate activities funds or programmes with large transaction costs will disfavour smallscale projects eg that take place in small island developing states sids maclellan governance structures can affect the ease with which developing countries access international climate finance,13
+coal of efa gender equity in education remains a distant hope for girls and women with intellectual disabilities we define quality in this study as having four main dimensions positive and enabling attitudes for inclusion supportive and trained teachers adaptable curriculum and assessment and accessible and supportive schools the supply of all these educational components is foundational to a good education,4
+mexican sector regulations allow the construction of plants under any technology to export electricity and currently there are several thermal plants set up for this purpose the generator can store this virtual energy in its bank for a month period this makes wind power the only segment of the mexican electricity industry that is clearly dominated by transnational private investors,7
+clearly there are many other factors at play notably a range of social barriers and determinants these can be related to gender class ethnicity caste language and religion arising from ingrained social structures norms and processes that accept and even encourage unfair distributions of wealth and social resources for example people living with hiv and some other chronic illnesses face high levels of stigma and discrimination that hinder their access to medical testing treatment care and support governments aiming to improve health standards will therefore want to improve the status of women provide effective reproductive health services implement comprehensive breastfeeding programmes in line with current recommendations and increase communitybased pressures against sexselective abortion poor people lacking education and information or the funds for healthier options are more vulnerable to the impact of ncds than the rich and are likely to die earlier directly and indirectly ncds will have farreaching impacts on progress towards the mdgs,3
+the site provides instructions on how to set up and maintain such geodrm portals perform geospatial analysis and flood risk modelling it also offers information on other disasterrelated gis skills and techniques they include those developed by the indian space research organisation http bhuvannrscgovin the pacific disaster center the international centre for integrated mountain development http geoportalicimodorg the global disaster alert and coordination system,13
+the act also requires the government to include aviation and shipping emissions or provide an explanation why not by the end of this scheme replaced the energy efficiency commitment with a greater focus on more substantial and robust household energy saving measures such as insulation and a component targeted at those most vulnerable to fuel poverty the total lifetime savings required from energy suppliers over the duration of the scheme until is million tonnes co,13
+further we have summarized the most relevant ictstandards and medicalmanagerial guidelines involved enabling interoperability in contemporary homecare and assistedliving finally we have created various homecare related patentmaps by employing the european patent office epo searchengine espcenet and other sources by combining these three steps we have attempted to use the early disclosing potential of published ipdocuments to reduce eventually intentional obscuring of ipportfolios as it will be presented in details in the following sections if some patented technology is essential for the implementation of a standard then the corresponding patent granted is called standard essential patent sep,3
+as of early countries had enacted policies to regulate and promote renewables in the power generation heating and cooling and transport sectors the majority of which are not gendersensitive ren ugandas renewable energy policy has special gender strategies including promotion of microfinance to ensure that women can benefit from renewable energy technologies in their household tasks indias national biofuels programme specifically refers to the role of women in cultivating biodiesel crops,7
+more particularly australia could borrow ideas from a number of countries on how to reach workers retrenched individually or from smaller firms better and earlier box the programme lasts up to months and includes a range of measures aimed at improving reemployment prospects such as jobsearch assistance intensive counselling meeting a caseworker skills evaluation access to training and followup support the cost of the programme is shared between the public employment service the employer and the employee providing incentives for all actors to facilitate cooperation the employer must offer the csp to all workers they plan to dismiss before actual dismissal takes place and is subject to a significant fine in case of noncompliance,8
+in order to reduce such risks global and national governance and regulatory policy frameworks are necessary as is appropriate attention to local knowledge and practices of women and men unmubig fairhead leach and scoones biofuel production policies could run counter to local food security needs but the same study also shows womens greater responsiveness to environmental health and climate concerns compared with men these findings may very well apply globally and would have implications for example in terms of better provisioning of sustainable and accessible public transport and universal access to modern energy services womens voices and participation in diverse forums is of critical importance both as an issue of justice and equality and because the active presence of women can put genderspecific concerns on the agenda and contribute to collective actions that are more effective in meeting the three dimensions of sustainability agarwal,5
+recent years have seen further internationally pioneering activities related to patient safety such as the danish safer hospital programme another important component is the danish system for adverse event reporting coordinated by the national agency for patient rights and complaints naprc in doing so many actors across the health care landscape have concurred in making quality of care a key priority,3
+the ruralurban gap in the quantity and quality of teaching staff is particularly large in albania and qatar only in a few countries including australia brazil bulgaria croatia japan mexico romania serbia and spain are urban teachers considerably older and more experienced than rural teachers despite the multiple challenges faced by rural teachers that could potentially lead to a higher staff turnover there is no clear evidence across countries that urban teachers in lower secondary education spend more years teaching in their schools than rural teachers except in croatia japan korea romania serbia and spain,4
+through these instruments rents are set belowmarket levels and the duration of contract is longer than what mandated by law for private rental contracts in exchange for rental income tax relief social rental agencies sras also take on this role in some countries sras are nonprofit organizations that act as intermediaries between private landlords and vulnerable tenants providing guarantees to the landlords typically rent payments management and administrative tasks and physical quality of the dwelling and support services to tenants evidence shows that landlords capture a sizeable share of public housing allowances by raising rents in finland kangasharuju viren france fack laferrere and le blanc the united kingdom gibbons and manning and the united states susin,11
+the average annual percentage point increase was calculated from the initial year to the end of the period a combination of economic and regulatory support is therefore necessary in order to boost deployment of renewable energy and make the renewable energy targets effective and credible as in the rest of the world feedin tariffs fit are the most common policy mechanism to support renewable energy in emerging asia,7
+postwar rwanda and afghanistan for example have seen better access for women to representation in political institutions ie parliament this complexity applies to all categories of global civil society organizations liberal humanitarian and relief organizations politically or financially coopted organizations and militarily embedded organizations liberal humanitarian organizations are more likely to promote a progressive gender agenda and may positively interact with local civil society but can also reiterate hegemonic power relations on the base of culture race and class,5
+this reflects the reality that poverty reduction depends on inequality both levels and changes and sectoral and geographic patterns of growth however poor people are often not located where growth takes place being in rural and fragile regions and typically face constraints in moving to areas where growth is occurring further political economy constraints within countries often hamper the implementation of policies of redistribution however unequal distribution of land ownership may constrain the povertyreducing effect of agricultural growth similarly since poor people usually have less skills growth which expands sectors which use unskilled labor relatively intensively will be more poverty reducing than growth which expands other sectors empirical evidence from african countries supports the view that the structure of growth matters for poverty reduction,1
+however since the decline of phosphate production from its peak in the domestic residential sector is now the dominant user nauru relies entirely on petroleum figure with fuel imports accounting for per cent of gdp in spc the nauru utilities commission nuc provides all energy services to nauru except for the australian refugee camp and the main processing plant of the republic of nauru phosphate corporation ronphos which generate their own power the government purchases petroleum for supply to all customers except ronphos which does its own purchasing,7
+households in rural areas are deemed not deprived if they have some form of sanitation including latrines with removal and disposal of waste neither aboveground nor in rivers or seas households are said to be energy poor when they do not consume enough energy to meet their daily requirements and use fuel that is hazardous to the health of their members nussbaumer and others the resources of households have been linked to the level of toxicity and the efficiency of the fuel that they use with the worst fuels being waste matter wood and charcoal in that order duflo and others,1
+indeed several countries have already established adaptation plans or strategies aiming to mainstream adaptation independent of requests in the unfccc framework for example in caribbean community caricom members established a regional adaptation strategy that aimed to mainstream adaptation into development strategies ccccc more recently several countries eg cambodia mozambique samoa tonga zambia have developed a strategic plan for climate resilience in the context of the pilot program for climate resilience ppcr cif nd,13
+until such consent was not required for areas of less than ha if the owner has been granted a cutting permit exemption from payment of the fee applies in some cases eg for safety reasons the act also imposes a penalty for damaging trees through inappropriate execution of maintenance procedures,15
+the metropolitan government lias developed the buildable lands inventory a detailed and sophisticated landmonitoring process to inventory vacant land and track the refill rate this is defined as the rate at which new development occurs through infill when more units are constructed on an already developed lot or redevelopment when a structure is removed and another built in its place for nonindustrial use of new capacity was built on developed land metro,11
+in seeking to make the connection between ethical perspectives and poverty reduction we ignored the political dimensions of justification the arena in which ethics exercise practical influence it was well beyond the scope of the paper to tackle this we hope our paper stimulates further research on these research gaps,1
+another is degraded forest and is unsuited for cropping barren rock snow cover glaciers etc with an average lower heating value of mj per kilogram this corresponds to mtoe mt of energy which can be converted in biomass power plants with an efficiency of around assuming a load factor of this biomass can sustain gw biomass power generation capacity sugar production residues represent the single most important category,7
+this shift in the labour intensity of economic growth could be related among other factors to the characteristics of foreign direct investment fdi in the first phase fdi focused on acquisitions often of stateowned enterprises which resulted in layoffs while in the second phase the generation of new production capacities greenfield investment predominated eclac a as a result of these transformations it was noted that in the recent period of growth larger enterprises which are generally more productive and competitive accounted for an increased share of the employment structure wei ler and kaldewei pages and however it emphasized that these effects were modest and often limited to certain groups of workers,8
+almost one in four students underperformed on pisa and did not achieve the level that is considered necessary to participate effectively in society inequitable systemlevel practices such as early tracking and streaming into special schools can hinder equity and quality progress is also hampered by a lack of systemic support to ensure the capacity of teachers and school leaders to address diverse student needs and provide more inclusive education and by a need for greater clarity to guide schools,4
+for smallscale fishers and fish workers the benefits of being part of an organization include i experiencing a sense of belonging and identity ii generating market power for better opportunities as well as for devising the ways and means to obtain the best return for the products of their labour iii being involved in developing policies to improve the fisheries sector and iv conservation of the fishery resources and protection of their ecosystems founded in by a group of smallscale fishers its goals are to improve both working conditions for artisanal fisheries and the positioning of their products in the market this process revealed that the link between the tarcoles fishing community and its marine resources was not limited to a dependence on them as a source of income and livelihood in recent years and with the support of coopesolidar rl coopetarcoles rl has promoted a series of participatory strategies for sustainable management of fishery resources including the generation of new knowledge,14
+however it can also raise the cost of some policies and cause dependency on public policy support the first case was especially evident in the case of financing policies where the cheapest schemes for client firms in terms of interest rate and credit conditions were those directly managed by sedecos without drawing on any further external organisation as the sme fund s rules are getting more complicated over time entry barriers to the use of the fund are on the rise this holds back competition to the advantage of consolidated intermediaries who already master the fund s mechanisms and who can apply higher administrative charges on their programmes in the long term this may cause dependency on public support for some intermediaries who draw more than others on the fund,8
+this suggests that as gdp increases a reduction in the physically and timeintensive tasks of unpaid care work such as collecting water or fuel can be observed for mainly women but this does not lead automatically to a more equitable distribution among household members ferrant pesando and nowacka for a definition of income groups see in ethiopia peru and south africa time use data is available for girls and boys from age ten revealing that tenyearold girls spend on average minutes in unpaid care work compared to minutes for boys of the same age,5
+for example ipsos mori contacted a range of uk businesses and only of those surveyed reported having taken action in response to the risks of climate change actions to improve businesses resilience or to manage environmental or climate risks may occur as part of standard risk management or planning processes and may not be explicitly categorised as an adaptation response to climate change the second challenge is that there are weak drivers for companies to publicise their actions on adaptation,13
+as a result it is difficult for authorities to expand service provision to match the pace of urban expansion in the case of public transport the difficulty of providing bus services is complicated by development whose roads are unable to accommodate buses the lack of access to public transport in many areas is further exacerbated by increasing motorcycle dependence for example the city should ensure the implementation of its plan to put ecofriendly buses into operation by,11
+a widely used poverty indicator is the a day poor which refers to income or consumption poverty that is comparable across countries and can be used to analyse regional and gjobal poverty trends for calculating a day poor nationally representative household survey data are used to generate per capita consumption or income aggregates in constant ppp for each household in a country for a given year these aggregates are then weighted by the size of the household and the number of people each household represents from survey sample weights to generate a distribution of individual consumption or income for the country aparame trie specification of the underlying lorenz curve is then fitted for the distribution,1
+mental health strategies in oecd countries have ranged from a broadbrush establishment of key principles for the mental health system for example a need to move towards deinstitutionalisation to strategies that articulate future steps for the mental health system in much greater detail broadly in line with the outlines set by the who as in many countries mildtomoderate mental health problems are too often excluded from mental health care in norway across oecd countries concerted efforts to improve mental health care have been focused predominantly on severe mental illnesses and have been seen as outside of the remit of specialist services,3
+developing a mechanism to prioritise urban green growth actions would be key as seen in an example of cambodia box a simple quick win would be to give more weight to the population density in builtup areas giving points for better coordination with surrounding cities on urban infrastructure investment could also be considered,11
+it is also important to understand the dynamics within the shift in the indicator since a decline may result from a fall in the number of women without incomes of their own or from a rise in the number of women aged and over who are not studying for the other countries the decline in the indicator is explained solely by the rise in the number of women aged and over who are not in education the drop in the proportion of women without incomes of their own is much greater than the rise in female labour force participation in fact the female activity rate held fairly steady see chapter iii which means that much of the decline in the indicator is due to income from state transfers as analysed in cecchini and madariaga and in eclac c a hallmark of the conditional cash transfer programmes implemented in the regions countries in the first decade of the twentyfirst century is that they are feminized insofar as mainly women receive the benefits,10
+every brazilian worker with a formal employment contract governed by the brazilian labour code consolidagdo das leis do tvabalho clt is eligible to fgts to constitute this fund the employer deposits of the worker s monthly eamings into a saving account in the worker s name for fixedterm workers moreover workers with more than three months of tenure are entitled to an indemnity based on the total amount deposited by the employer in their fgts account,10
+that said the majority of workers who are registered through such schemes tend to be informal workers in the formal sector whereas most informal employment in fact occurs in unregistered firms berg an additional problem raised by almeida and cameiro is that such policies can lead to an increase in unemployment if firms find it too costly to abide by the rules this is why in brazil the focus of inspection has not merely been on inspecting and sanctioning but also on trying to find durable solutions in partnership with the firms concerned as shown by mello and santos educational attainment is a strong predictor of sector of employment formal or informal at the individual level,8
+energy efficiency targets are now in place at all levels of government nevertheless in all countries and economic sectors increased synergies between renewables and energy efficiency measures are possible and oftentimes strengthening one will in turn strengthen the other in both technical and policy contexts renewable energy can have a positive effect on energy efficiency and vice versa each of these steps presents opportunities to strengthen the energy efficiency of the overall system,7
+until it operated the invitations to technological innovation and development a programme that funded innovations and technological developments intended to improve productivity and foster worldclass industry the invitations go primarily to the sectors that participate in the ptp vocational education and training makes up of the training delivered,9
+past growth in manufacturing and related services sectors has absorbed large numbers of workers into productive jobs and increased the prosperity of their families and communities industrialisation and structural transformation remain at the core of many national and regional economic development strategies in view of greater automation and digitisation this chapter also discusses the implications ofthe changing nature of industrialisation and the production process for the future of manufacturing development,9
+engaging school communities in the definition of these criteria and allowing for local variation can ensure that they are sensitive to local context and can significantly ease their implementation oecd the netherlands has successfully implemented a weighting scheme in which schools are supplied with additional money for each disadvantaged student enrolled notably there is ongoing debate over including migration status in the categorisation of disadvantage fleers,4
+evidence suggests that womens representation among clients of these services is very low at the national level a number of existing industrial modernisation centres mise a niveau programmes technology and innovation centres and so on target enterprises in the manufacturing sectors that have been in operation for at least two years have a minimum number of employees perhaps or more or are working in hightechnology sectors the vast majority of womenowned enterprises do not meet these criteria at this time the governments of algeria morocco and tunisia created young entrepreneur programmes to provide startup training counselling assistance with business plan preparation incubation and seed capital for unemployed graduates of technical institutes and universities,5
+the mediumterm challenge for the health care system is to increase available resources to significantly enhance health outcomes as there are relatively weak mechanisms to regulate quality and prevent unnecessary care further improving efficiency is also of key importance healthy individuals are likely to enjoy longer and more productive lives and invest in their human capital thus boosting the growth prospects of an economy,3
+developing countries specifically those dependent on commodities are particularly vulnerable to climate change but also the commodities they produce affect the climate on the one hand extreme weather patterns such as heatwaves floods hurricanes and frequent seasonal abnormalities have been adversely affecting crop yields and fish production and destroying infrastructure in the mining sector on the other hand clearance of forests for agricultural expansion including rearing of livestock and for mining and drilling projects for the extraction and use of fossil fuels are the greatest sources of greenhouse gas ghg emissions that are largely responsible for climate change,13
+some countries achieve lower child poverty rates by redistributing family allowances while for others the greater reduction in child poverty is obtained with a redistribution of housing benefits this depends on the gains for poor families but also the potential losses for families initially above the poverty line but receiving different types of benefits in the first group of countries the lowest child poverty rate is achieved when housing benefits are redistributed to cover all poor children this scenario holds the largest drops in child poverty rates in denmark iceland ireland and luxembourg,1
+it is also required to assess the economic benefit of improved water resources management in a particular basin or catchment robust economic analysis can support informed discussions in councils beyond ideological or misconceived statements federal authorities the ana or the cnrh could consider setting general rules such as lower bounds for abstraction or pollution charges list of pollutants to be controlled and monitored mandatory and riverspecific rules for expenditure spending and publishing of accounts,6
+it also demonstrates that individuals with similar levels of educational attainment vary in their informationprocessing proficiency which may reflect differences in innate ability as well as variation in the quality and degree of skills acquisition both in and outside the education system all other things being equal educational attainment and specific skills related to field of study have a strong effect on entry wages although the educationwage relationship weakens somewhat with ageexperience college graduates receive sizeable wage premia although those who have degrees in the humanities or in teacher training and education earn less than social science graduates,4
+this issue has also been highlighted by the oecd development assistance committee dac network on gender equality in reference to the gender issues enshrined in the paris declaration on aid effectiveness and the accra agenda for action oecd b a study of gender differences in student performance at age has presented evidence of the different ways in which boys and girls learn and progress in education oecd a and a study of equity in education has looked at policies to improve student performance of different groups it is therefore relevant to study how educational facilities may cater to differences in gender in order to improve performance,5
+owners have to seek approval from the administration for all the work they do in their forests one of the most dominant issues facing private forests in bosnia and herzegovina is fragmentation private forest owners cannot attract investment to the forests due their size and fragmentation this situation results in abandonment of forests by their owners which leads to further devastation and degradation of private forests the forestry administration system is reportedly well functioning comprising forest law action plans annual planning management and a monitoring system forest and forestland areas are divided into forest management areas which are controlled and exploited by the public enterprise sume rs,15
+this can only be accomplished with a clear roadmap involving the participation of multistakeholders respecting the rights of local people and taking into consideration the various commitments of gms countries to regional and international conventions and agreements almost all these actions require a continuous and integrated approach rather than serving as oneoff activities agricultural expansion infrastructure development logging mining and forest fires are important negative drivers affecting forests in the region,15
+the site houses a versatile pavilion a park a playground a sanitation centre with a rainwaterfed water tap a day care centre and a new bridge local residents are involved throughout the project to learn about watershed issues prepare proposals and participate in the design process the programme aims to create sustainable neighbourhoods and promotes a safe environment for children that encourages them to participate in social and educational activities and build a stronger relationship with their community,11
+for example a number of countries recently underwent setbacks in women s representation in parliament up to these results suggest that ensuring a continued balance in women s representation requires ongoing vigilance this is particularly the case when it applies to diverse groups backsliding is possible even when women s political participation is a societal norm a range of factors lead to these inequalities including economic inequalities and access to finance insufficient space for women to exhibit their skills as well as internal party dynamics attitude to gender issues and workplace culture unconscious biases that may manifest themselves through the association of leadership and managerial roles with men rather than women is another barrier for women s advancement,5
+the knockon effect of this will be a clear risk of even more overfishing as more sea creatures will inhabit smaller and more easily accessible areas becoming more readily fished here both warming and acidification are occurring particularly rapidly and to a greater extent than in many other places in the world,14
+the agenda propels thailand towards greater digitalisation through plans such as equipping villages with internet digital infrastructure digital literacy training digital manpower and moving towards a paperless and cashless society digital government smart city strategies are highlighted under the digital technology component where thailand has identified six smart city domains table established in the committee had set and achieved a firstyear target of establishing smart city action plans in seven pilot cities bangkok chachoengsao chiang mai chon buri khon kaen phuket and rayong tortermvasana,11
+the further development of these advanced applications needs a high bandwidth low delay stable and safe network to support data flows the optical transmission network is an efficient information expressway and a stable data tunnel this project lays the foundation for information communication in china and plays a key role in information technology which enhances the ability of information communication and meets the information development needs of china this project is relevant to sdgs and,9
+also proffered are reasons as to why activism has failed to yield positive results atrocities committed included rape mutilation and forced enslavement some women and girls were coerced into marriages with rebels while others were forcefully conscripted or used as porters and required to carry rebel equipment and supplies for miles,5
+this development should also be seen in the broader context of producing indicators for measuring progress in human development following the adoption of the copenhagen declaration on social development in and later progress in achieving the millennium development goals in the s second at the national level there has been an increase in demand at the national level for gender statistics and indicators with a view to supporting policymaking and measuring the genderrelated achievements of development projects including the participation of women and men in such projects gender indicators on input project participation and project output have been the focus of many agencies involved with development projects,5
+the savings achieved by protecting natural capital can provide convincing economic in addition to the wellknown environmental arguments for sound environmental management why are such incentives important although society benefits from ecosystem services and also suffers when they are longer present there is an opportunity cost associated with the provision of ecosystem services more immediately profitable land uses such as intensive farming must be given up,15
+content from radio channel dri and television channel tv was surveyed and the results mirror the gmmp results the study showed that of all people appearing in the surveyed radio and television programmes were men and were women this indicates slightly less male dominance that the gmmps have shown the wime study also included programme types other than news and in terms of the surveyed news content women were less visible a vast majority of of all coded individuals in the news were men and only were women andreassen,5
+second the social insurance institution of finland does not cover the expenditures of travel or the costs of medicine the ministry of health departementet for sundhedpeqqissutsimut naalakkersuisoqarfik has overall responsibility for all health services from the operation of the tertiary care queen ingrid hospital in nuuk to health centres and rural hospitals in towns and villages greenland is organized into health districts,3
+this effectively breaks the timehonoured link between civic rights and nationality the political inclusion mandate is taken one step further with voter education and awareness campaigns in colombia the government guarantees basic services water supply sanitation electricity waste collection telephone and gas to all including slumdwellers these technological innovations have resulted in new urban landscapes that would have seemed too futuristic and only remotely possible nearly years ago during the habitat ii conference,11
+the lack of visibility and authority of such institutions may limit their ability to implement a wholeofgovernment approach to gender equality across policy areas however significant evidence gaps remain in a number of policy areas such as genderbased violence worklife balance practices entrepreneurship defence and the environment half of the countries responding to the oecd survey apply this practice at the national level but its use at the subnational levels is rare disparities can include discrimination in terms of opportunities resources services benefits decisionmaking power and influence wikigender,5
+in addition norwegian aquaculture is governed by a number of regulations which set out rules regarding licence requirements fish health and fish welfare as well as technological standards for fish farms its principal tasks are regulation guidance inspection monitoring of resources and control the institute of marine research advises the ministry and carries out central tasks in the investigation and monitoring of fish stocks and marine mammals the marine and coastal environment and work on aquaculture and sea ranching the total firsthand value decreased from nok billion in to nok billion in,14
+for instance the purpose of the digital readiness framework is to improve citizens quality of life the framework documents also repeatedly identify improving digital and physical infrastructure and cybersecurity while ensuring privacy of data as key focus areas regarding institutional organisation the digital government blueprint describes coordination measures between ministries notably through increased sharing and alignment of data between ministries as well as the appointment of chief digital strategy officers and chief information officers to lead and implement digitalisation plans within their ministries and respective agencies,11
+private vhi has been growing over the years but still only accounts for of health financing converging with the eu average the total number of inpatient hospital beds has declined partly due to an increase in day surgery and the bolstering of the longterm care network there has also been a decrease in the number of psychiatric beds by promoting mental health patients integration into their communities secondary and tertiary care is mainly provided in hospitals although some primary care centres employ specialists who provide specialist ambulatory or outpatient services dental consultations diagnostic services renal dialysis and rehabilitation are most commonly provided in the private sector,3
+there is a general view that potential opportunities do exist but quantification remains difficult recent work by international bodies such as the united nations oecd ilo and cedefop has tried to assess both the current and future opportunities in relation to green growth although much of this work is still in its infancy global markets for low carbon and environmental goods and services are growing in london the growth of the low carbon sector has remained significantly above the trend growth rate for london s economy despite the global financial crisis similarly venture capital investment in green industry increased its overall market share between and from to and a net worth of us billion by this suggests that a more buoyant financial services sector in sydney could be well placed to develop green financial products and services such as caibon trading and carbon finance under a supportive policy and regulatory environment whilst the ongoing decline of the manufacturing sector is problematic this is being driven much more by deindustrialisation and global economic change than the shift to greener growth,7
+in a compilation of good practices ahrc was presented in which the high commissioner observed five common features of good practices to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity in line with human rights obligations enhancing the status of women by removing barriers to an effective human rightsbased approach to eliminate maternal mortality and morbidity ensuring sexual and reproductive health rights strengthening health systems to increase access to and use of skilled care addressing unsafe abortion and improving monitoring and evaluation the guidance is aimed principally at policymakers seeking to design maternal health policies in accordance with human rights requirements it follows the policy cycle of planning budgeting implementation monitoring and accountability including details of the required steps from a human rights perspective at each stage,5
+the focus here is on the aspects of poverty that reflect situations of human rights violations this builds upon the proposition that poverty is a denial of human rights the lack of access to food prevents the poor from breaking free from hunger vulnerability to retrenchment without social protection subjects them to income insecurity discrimination experienced in social and political life deprives them of their dignity,1
+together over twe of renewable and about lotwe of nuclear power plants would be installed or five and half times more than the total installed capacity of all power plants in the world the interesting feature is that half of all of these plants would be built in the now developing parts of the world and most of them as new capacity expansion and not as replacements of ageing power plants first there is a potential risk of lockin in the traditional technologies if the needed new capacities are not built with the best technologies in other words there is a huge incentive for the capital to be attracted to the newest technologies and for there to be free access extended to those in the currently developing parts of the world for further discussion see chap second there are real possibilities in developing countries of leapfrogging to the most advanced technologies as the market is huge and would likely lead to large cost reductions and performance improvements see also chap,7
+these costs were provided for coal and nuclear plants in all editions of projected costs in the s for natural gas combinedcycle gas turbines ccgt coal and nuclear in all editions since and for onshore wind and groundmounted solar pv in all editions since also for some newer technologies with relatively steep learning curves stateoftheart technology today may have improved by compare this discussion with those in the and editions,7
+main concerns relate to the impacts of human activities on biodiversity pressures can be physical habitat alteration and fragmentation through changes in land use and cover chemical toxic contamination acidification oil spills other pollution or biological alteration of population dynamics and species structure through the release of exotic species or the commercial use of wildlife resources primaiy drivers are land use changes for conversion from natural state to agriculture and infrastructure unsustainable use of natural resources invasive alien species climate change and pollution,15
+it contains several elements including a legal framework an international economic and trade strategy rules for traceability of fish and fisheries products new regulations for control and management of coastal and offshore fishing vessels in port and at sea this includes better management of vessels operating in different fisheries as well as regulations adopted by rfmos to implement effective measures to combat iuu fishing worlds total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the fao yearbook fishery and aquaculture statistics both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production aquaculture lias also been adjusted to account for the value of chinese production reported to the oecd,14
+the mission of gs is to provide rural people with access to environmentfriendly and pollutionfree energy at affordable costs already over homes across bangladesh have installed photovoltaic pv solar systems capable of powering lights and smallscale electronic appliances so called solar home systems shs over pv solar systems are being installed per month and demand for the systems is increasing exponentially the goal is to install million such systems in homes by and million by which would serve half of the total rural population of bangladesh,7
+the fact that the zones of the country with an abundance of wind are not well connected to the transmission network considerably raises the costs of wind power projects in any event wind farms are expected to be built as legislation comes into force making it compulsory to generate of energy using nonconventional renewable sources by unlike what happened in europe where this technology was developed on the back of public subsidies brazil mexico and other latin american countries have offered the conditions needed for it to compete on price with other energy sources the most recent wind power projects presented in mexico uruguay and brazil have undertaken to sell their electricity at uss uss and uss per mw respectively,7
+at the end of compulsory schooling lithuanian students have a slightly higher number of compulsory instructional hours than peers in the baltic region and substantially fewer than students in the eu or oecd on average equalling about one year less of instructional time vs lithuanian students who participated in pisa assessment report that they spend on average hours each week learning in a classroom and hours for afterschool learning activities including the time dedicated to homework additional instruction and private study their peers in oecd member countries spend on average two more hours each week in regular classes and one hour less for homework figure,4
+provision of information by cars to produce national aggregates is a key weakness in the system however further efforts are needed on environmental health monitoring and on information to better support policy making the air quality monitoring system is not sufficient for assessing compliance with environmental standards at the national level iavh ideam iiap invemar sinchi incompleteness of the water user registry hampers implementation of regulatory requirements for water management ideam,6
+therefore financing commitment for renewable energies is ensured by the government in addition the government will formulate and implement rural renewable energy tax policies and regulations that encourage public and private investment in renewable energy service companies rescos and that ensure extensive renewable energy applications in the vast rural areas of china china will also provide tax incentives on renewable energy technology development and utilisation on technical research and development and on equipment manufacturing ndrc,7
+while the oecd dac statistical system provides the most consistent source of data on climaterelated development finance across bilateral and multilateral providers some data gaps remain a coverage of oof data especially from dfis is incomplete and b there is no clear method to isolate development finance flows that support private sector engagement activities in their entirety whilst party reporting is often based on climaterelated development finance statistics not all climaterelated development finance is reported as climate finance as some members may apply additional quantitative methodologies to identify climate finance hence the two are not directly comparable to this end methodologies on specific financial instruments guarantees syndicated loans shares in collective investment vehicles civs credit line and direct investment in companies have been piloted and implemented the oecd dac is also investigating the suitability of their approach for complex finance structures,13
+reform of governance is essential including measures to deal with corruption and regulatory cost burdens even so a policy of deliberate legal and financial integration would need to be grounded in understanding of the varying potential of different informal enterprises for growth and the extent to which they contribute to a loss of human capital by deskilling what is a relatively skilled and educated labour force bernabe thus only the highly skilled are expected to engage in formal employment and reap the benefits it provides those with low skills and especially with low educational background are likely to be employed informally and hence receive relatively lower incomes and fewer benefits,4
+the number of people at risk from floods is projected to rise from billion today to around billion in nearly of the world s population the economic value of assets at risk is expected to be around usd trillion by a growth of over from however the appropriate responses will share several features more attention will be paid to ecologically sensitive water storage investment in water supply and sanitation pollution control and allocation issues these costs are not well known as information is scarce and patchy,6
+just as groundwater resource characteristics vary widely approaches also differ based on uses and institutional constraints oecd forthcoming c the city of topeka kansas paid for groundwater rights in exchange for treated municipal wastewater it fulfilled its conservation objective and reportedly did not use groundwater for seven years peck faced with the risk of groundwater depletion the city of wichita also in kansas transferred a large volume of surface water into its section of the high plains aquifer meanwhile the district of santa clara california created a conservation district and managed to stop land subsidence that damaged infrastructures its management plan included monitoring groundwater use among rural and urban users importing surface water and artificially replenishing the aquifer with treated wastewater borchers et al,6
+china india turkey and arab partners provided about of total official support for infrastructure through southsouth development cooperation seeking to address inefficient and costly infrastructure delivery many governments over the past two decades have turned to publicprivate partnerships ppps to build and operate infrastructure the key characteristic of ppps is the outsourcing and bundling of project delivery components eg design building financing operations to incentivise the builderoperator to incorporate longterm operatingcost considerations into the design and construction phases of a project and to reduce coordination costs,9
+access to primary education is virtually universal with room for improvement in timely progression and completion and in inclusion of the most neglected social groups access and timely progression in secondary education are substantially lower and differ more among countries the gaps in secondary school completion rates exacerbate socioeconomic inequalities by geographic area and ethnic background,4
+therefore poverty lines are different across countries and over time and are based on national currencies great success was also achieved by thailand where poverty declined from per cent in to per cent in in the early s during the period of transition from centrally planned to market economies several countries of the north and central asian subregion experienced a high incidence of poverty,1
+as the latter are faced with the risk that a high share of variable renewables such as wind and solar reduces the number of hours during which a given demand is guaranteed compression effect the role of smart grids in this case is to reshape the residual demand curve through demand response load shifting and integration of storage applications smart grids might change the load curve and reestablish a stable continuous demand for longer periods of time this way a minimum demand over a sufficiently high number of hours could be achieved resulting in a role for nuclear baseload even in systems with a strong penetration of renewable energy sources,7
+in particular conflicts can emerge when communities in upstream locations want to change land use practices in a manner that affects water quality or quantity for downstream users eg by converting forests into agricultural areas one approach for resolving such conflicts is through the use of the payments for ecosystem services pes model where the user of an environmental service such as water purification pays the landowners who provide that service by maintaining the forest cover in the upper watershed the basic logic is simple those providing ecosystem services by foregoing alternative uses of the land should be compensated by the beneficiaries of the service for pes to function there must be a clearly defined user and supplier as well as a number of other necessary conditions such as land tenure security systems for monitoring enforcement and compliance and an enabling legal framework remote sensing tools offer an effective way to equalize access to a common information base without needing to rely on direct informationsharing between the parties,6
+it complements telecommunication infrastructure belonging to existing operators in the region and provides open and nondiscriminatory access to providers of wholesale and lastmile services as such the investment is helping to lower the investment barrier for nextgeneration accessnetwork nga services and eliminate the digital divide in areas currently without access to basic broadband services the underlying idea of capturing the data and transmitting it over a wireless channel makes use of a specific wireless technique known as cooperative communications which is lowoverhead and can be implemented using lowcost radio sets,9
+addressing these barriers requires an integrated approach across environment economic and social domains and often close coordination among different levels of government clear stable and credible longterm environmental energy transport and infrastructure policy signals are important drivers of investment and innovation kaminker c et al corfeemorlot j et al criscuolo c and c menon oecd and oecd b in addition barriers to investment and innovation can often be addressed with revision to existing policy regulation and tax settings kaminker c et al,7
+the project aims to promote ict education from the grass roots and provide an enabling environment for use of icts in rural primary schools and for rural dwellers through the project the universal access and service fund has created employment for ict graduates in botswana and promoted the growth of various smalltomediumsized ict enterprises that are providing computer equipment to the schools the system supplies the smart water supply service the smart parking service the intelligent streetlight service and so on the total investment is cny million in the income of the lot intelligent platform was cny million,9
+the women village incubators project managed by the syria trust for development through firdos the food for thought project launched by the microfund for women in jordan and projects delivered under the yemeni national strategies for the development of women in rural areas are good examples of this also in yemen the small and micro enterprise promotion service smeps worked with the ifc to deliver women get the business edge training this fund offers integrated training and technical support to women entrepreneurs so they can develop small innovative handicraft and service enterprises,5
+such understanding would require a detailed bottomup analysis of the needs and the development of corresponding investment plans potentially in reflection of longer term climate goals hence these cases provide insights including examples of good practices that can be scaled up to get a broader understanding of investment needs and solutions at the global level and the role of international and nordic climate finance therein bangladeshs cities are characterized by an everwidening infrastructure deficit and more and more people are bound to living in substandard conditions,13
+empirical studies also show limited overlaps between deprivations in different indicators deprivation in one indicator does not necessarily proxy deprivations in others for example the next table shows the deprivation rates of indicators across countries in the second row and second column,1
+guaranteeing sexual and reproductive health and rights is key to ensuring that all people are equal and free to make decisions in all spheres of life without discrimination based on gender without sexual violence or coercion and with the assurance of privacy his report framework of actions for the followup to the programme of action of the icpd was subsequently recognized by the general assembly at a special session in which called upon countries to fulfil the commitments made in cairo and address widening inequalities and emerging challenges as outlined in the icpd framework of actions the review points to significant progress in some areas for some people,5
+in kainuu and neighbouring regions both sites and traditions related to the mythology of kalevala the finnish national epos provide inspiration and material for development of tourism products historical places referring to the second world war and especially the winter war also attract the interest of both domestic and international visitors it is possible to access the region from helsinki by flight on a regular basis and especially visitors from asia have been targeted by the organizations marketing efforts,8
+demandside ee measures may be particularly costeffective however there are many welldocumented obstacles to ee improvements which may be greater in developing countries they include lack of awareness limited access to capital and difficulty in reaching small and disperse end users realizing untapped ee opportunities requires appropriate strategies and policies to remove obstacles to ee investments,7
+however there are differences in how the data from these surveys are followed up by municipalities school leaders and teachers ramboll it is likely that strong parents will be able to claim these rights for their children but those from families who are not able to have such a dialogue with the school may lose out this is a delicate matter though if any quality control system is introduced to monitor teachers assessment practices it will be interpreted as implying distrust,4
+it also provides microfinance and insurance through sewa bank training and maternity benefits and pensions its greatest impact has been raising selfesteem and bargaining power inside and outside home khera and nayak it currently has million women members mostly from rural areas out of a total female labour force of about million other measures have been a national law to protect street vendors in a social security law for informal workers in rights of homebased workers beedi and cigar workers act to protect about million homebased workers,8
+in contrast to incumbent operators new market entrants are deploying gigabit fibre networks in cities as they are not restricted by legacy investments in copper networks this is the case with gigaclear and cityfibre in the uk and google fibre in the united states and africa mobile broadband penetration in developing markets is still quite low however with a penetration level of per cent in but mobile broadband is growing fast in these regions in fact growth rates are twice as high as in developed regions figure shows that operators have launched or are planning various lte deployments worldwide of these operators are in developing markets which form a significant proportion of the global operator base figure shows that operators have launched or are planning various ltea deployments worldwide of these operators are in developed markets,9
+this process has contributed to the growth of megaurban regions jones and douglass with their great demand for water and other natural resources these changes have intensified the demand for water and many have also been highly polluting of water all these developments affect water systems through diversion of water bringing new uses of water creating ecological changes and allowing for more rapid extraction of other natural resources such as timber they can also displace very large numbers of inhabitants and in some cases settlements that have long histories as cultural heartlands,6
+this policy has had some positive effects since with a relative decoupling of tpes from economic performance and a resulting decrease in the energy and carbon intensities of the economy sections and however until recently less attention has been paid to the demand side and energy efficiency in the enduse sectors as reflected by still relatively high final energy intensity the current policy framework is provided by the national energy efficiency action plan pnaee or portugal efficiency prior to the pnaee there were few quantified energy efficiency goals table,7
+would they make teaching and learning more effective more relevant and more enjoyable the catalyst initiative is an education grant programme initiated and supported by hewlett packard s hp sustainability and social innovation team many education systems increasingly recognise the importance of developing students skills and understanding for tomorrow s innovation societies catalyst projects explore how innovative pedagogic models supported by technology might help develop student skills and understanding within science technology engineering and mathematics stem subjects moreover the hp catalyst initiative is an excellent example of how partners from the industry can help to foster innovation in education this chapter will discuss some innovative examples of successful technologysupported teaching and learning interventions based on the oecdceri work on the hp catalyst initiative,4
+the programme targets pedestrian safety issues through legislative measures and innovative street design such as lowering speed limits and the reconfiguration of crossings launched in sao paulo observed a per cent drop in traffic fatalities from to with better public awareness around road safety and lower speeds there are per cent less traffic fatalities to ensure public understanding and support the programme created a platform for discussion and education through multiple workshops,11
+poor mental health affects workers productivity by reducing workers marginal productivity when they are at work presenteeism and increasing the rate of absence or reducing the numbers of hours worked sickness absence workers lose an average of one hour per week owing to depressionrelated absenteeism and four hours per week due to depressionrelated presenteeism stewart et al mental health problems are a predictor of both shortterm and longterm sickness absence increasing the probability of shortterm leave by and that of longterm leave by for severe disorders and for mildtomoderate disorders oecd also depression symptoms have a significant and large effect on sickleave duration since they account for an additional days of annual sick leave knebelmann this is problematic since longterm absence acts as the main pathway into disability benefits eg karlstrom et al,3
+while the share of staple foods has declined in recent decades they still represent half to threequarters of daily energy consumption weinberger and others in the pacific islands increasing reliance on and preference for imported highcalorie and processed foods has resulted in changing dietary patterns the combination of changed dietary patterns and increasingly sedentary lifestyles has led to significant increases in obesity diabetes and other noncommunicable diseases associated with changing diets fao spc,2
+this is likely to significantly increase the demands on the national education budget for a number of reasons the budget is already being forced to accommodate the general uprating of teacher salaries through the certification drive third it is not clear how government will ensure that each subdistrict has access to a smk school,4
+overall support has fallen since but it is not possible to assess the long term trend as the database does not contain data for germany prior to at present new fishing vessels can still only be put into service if at the same time old vessels of at least the same tonnage gt and engine power kw are removed from the fleet modernisation measures for existing fishing vessels that lead to increased tonnage or engine power are also only authorised if corresponding old capacities are withdrawn this ensures that the fishing capacity of the fleet does not grow,14
+for instance rwanda has communicated a range of adaptation actions to be fully or partially achieved by based on the rwanda s green growth and climate resilient strategy that was put in place in for instance guineabissau s indc adopts both shortterm targets and medium to longterm targets ie and each of the timescales has specific adaptation actions associated with it other countries use different timescales to communicate different financial needs eg the indc of lao people s republic whereby for instance the estimated cost of adaptation until is indicated for the agriculture sector and the costs of adaptation for transport and public health are estimated for the period until it will be important for countries to recognise what actions will need to be evaluated in the long run and what will need more frequent monitoring and evaluation,13
+from an environmental point of view unsustainable land use is an important factor in land degradation may pose a threat to ecosystems and lead to natural habitat loss and landscape changes degraded land includes land affected by soil erosion deterioration of the physical chemical and biological or economic properties of soil andor longterm loss of natural vegetation in many developing countries it is a major cause of poverty and further environmental damage due to overuse of national resources the indicator can also be seen as an overall measure of the reduction in quality of land resources,15
+the expenditure of the gender unit also saw a growing share of noncore resources as a percentage of its budget from per cent in to per cent in this also impacted the number of global team staff which grew from posts in to posts in and then declined to by evidence suggests that the majority of country offices have received support from gender practice leaders and that this guidance has been valued,5
+in particular fta makes the distinction between sharedride service and exclusive ride service the former are services where open sharing of the ride occurs by design and passengers or drivers cannot limit who comes on board if there is capacity conditioned on certain operational safety or security considerations ride services which can be reserved for the exclusive use of individuals or private groups either by the operator or the first passengers refusal to permit additional passengers are considered exdusiveride services fta generally exclusive ride services are not eligible for funding through federal grant programmes with some limited exceptions where the exclusive ride service is part of a specific programme supporting alternatives to public transport like some job access programmes,11
+the forestry sector contributes to outdoor activities by building and maintaining forest roads and by carrying out silvicultural measures to increase the accessibility of forests using the forests for recreation and sports can have a positive impact on both physical and mental health the right to hunt and fish is an exclusive right reserved landowners but the public is granted the right to fish in lakes and rivers by purchasing licenses,15
+across political decisionmaking in south africa the per cent target has only been achieved at the level of provincial premiers followed by deputy ministers with per cent women however in parliament local government cabinet provincial cabinets and among chairs of portfolio committees women now constitute per cent to per cent of the total this leaves deputy speaker nomaindia mfeketo as the only woman in the top hierarchy of parliament,5
+over the past decade many countries have developed a more holistic approach to education by integrating the development of these skills specifically into school curricula fostering cooperation between schools and local communities and introducing major reforms to education box firms are often betterequipped with the newest technologies and ideally with the people who know how to use them and guide the learning than educational institutions and thus bettersuited to provide practical training at the same time many cognitive skills especially problem solving and social and emotional skills such as communication and conflict management may be more effectively taught and learned in workplaces than in classrooms,4
+thus the atkinson commission report monitoring global poverty world bank rightly observes that the mpi is less data intensive than monetary measures the creation of the overlapping poverty measure or of the more general measures of multidimensionality developed by alkire and foster a in one sense raises the stakes with regard to data requirements in order to ascertain the extent of overlap of deprivation across dimensions it is necessary to have a data source at the level of the individual or household covering all relevant dimensions at the same time the number of questions required per dimension may be considerably less in the case of nonmonetary indicators than is the case with the measurement of consumption for the monetary policy indicator the information required to calculate consumption is typically much more extensive,1
+a lightrail transit system and policies for relocating housing to the urban core have created policy synergies that increase the use of public transport through a compact urban form toyama s comprehensive approach was successful in improving mobility and increasing the flow of people to the urban core toyama city the principles set out in the recommendation are grouped in three thematic areas box using the implementation toolkit of the oecd provides practical solutions for cities to improve their investment strategies in urban areas,11
+claimants must also be actively looking for work and in most cases unemployment has to be involuntary although this may be difficult to observe in practice and the definition varies across countries benefit durations are limited in most but not all countries insurance is mandatory for most employees but voluntary in some nordic countries job searchers whose entitlement to unemployment insurance benefits has expired or whose work record is insufficient to make them eligible in the first place may be entitled to unemployment assistance in some countries unemployment assistance is the main unemployment benefit,1
+but the proportion quadruples to per cent over die next years making it higher dian the projected oecd average of per cent see figure oecd the world total fertility rate was persons during a reduction of persons per cent from the persons during in bodi latin america and asia die decline was persons while in africa it was persons this decline resulted in an increase in die proportion of the older population,3
+to maintain the reliability of the power system to cover the load a more flexible operation of conventional units is required in order to properly model the uncertainties of wind power a scenario grid is constructed based on a cluster analysis of historical data figure a illustrates a simplified scenario grid describing the stochastic wind power generation,7
+this was on average a reduction in the amount of the allowance in the rate was increased to and in some cases to nic however the reemployment allowance no doubt motivates some workers to participate in the early reemployment support programme and the pes performance target for the early reemployment rate suggests that about a third of claims end early enough to qualify see chapters and and table a in about of ui recipients received some form of reemployment bonus mazza in there were payments of reemployment allowance representing nearly a quarter of the number of first payments of regular el benefit and allowance payments totalled jpy billion representing to of total expenditure on regular el benefit mhlw d,8
+what is the ospar commission and how can it potentially work with fisheries management in the ne atlantic describe the various national bilateral and international fishing management regimes in the ne atlantic and assess their moves toward implementing the ecosystembased approach what are the potential challenges and opportunities here identify emerging issues and possible solutions in respect of arctic fisheries,14
+growing evidence thus suggests that remittances are more likely to have a positive effect on income distribution brown et al remittances have been an effective strategy for reducing household risk emigration from tonga and samoa was initially costly so the first migrants came from wealthier households thus worsening national income inequality,10
+the increased debt burden weighed down already fragile consumer and investor confidence rebuilding corporate and household balance sheets will also take time while such measures often offer shortterm palliative benefits they incur other economic costs and thus should be removed when stability returns,8
+resources are still limited in this sector private forprofit and community services faithbased and secular are the main direct providers of playgroups and kindergartens despite significant growth in this sector there are still a number of challenges to the provision of a more universal and consistent service for preschool children,4
+these types of small scale uses are usually considered insignificant in terms of their impact of the overall resource source see country profiles associated with this publication at iounuoecclorgenuironmentauaterresourcesahocation enhtm several allocation examples yukon territory in canada the yellow river basin in china costa rica luxembourg and the waikato region in new zealand also indicate water use for emergencies or to deal with exception circumstances or threats such as firefighting floods droughts or other emergencies do not require entitlements in most cases it is used to establish priority access to water during times of scarcity when exceptional circumstances have been declared such as in the case of drought,6
+this reflects the need to reorient investments in the water supply sector by giving priority to the unserved cohort before investing in improving the level of service for those already with an acceptable level of basic services moreover an apparent obstacle to improving water supply services in particular and sustainable development in general is the high population growth that seems to offset any progress made as seen in figure as of per cent ofthe urban population had access to improved drinking water sources compared to only per cent of the rural population,6
+the israeli water authority permits water pumping and purification operators the freedom to minimise their energy demands during these peak daytime hours to minimise costs and maximise profits operators pump larger proportions of the daily water quotas during the night hours and store these in numerous reservoirs throughout the country they thereby reduce energy costs while helping homogenise energy demands across the daynight cycle in another instance the israeli water authority issues tenders for the construction of largescale desalination plants that are as energyefficient as possible,6
+the economic and environmental costs associated with groundwater overdraft include foregone revenues from extractive uses and the loss of in situ values table c most largescale assessments of the cost of groundwater overdraft are restricted to direct extractive uses indeed the complex relation between aquifers surface water and wetlands makes any attempt to assess the insitu values difficult,6
+its director also heads the association of the different statutory insurance schemes in addition of people use complementary health insurance through employerbased collective schemes individual insurance plans or for around a nonfunded solidarity scheme panel d the authorities introduced yearly public spending targets known as the national objective for health insurance spending ondam or objectif national des depenses d assurance maladie in,3
+they also help to establish treatment plans to monitor responses to each treatment and to evaluate the results they facilitate collaboration between medical staff and patients in different environments or geographically remote locations health services telemedicine and teleconsultations make it easier for patients to access expert diagnosis and advice for treatment that are not readily available,3
+as other countries are tackling similar issues much can be learned from strategies that have been implemented in various contexts and oecd countries and that have been shown to be effective in building a quality teaching workforce in the following sections this chapter provides an overview based on the data available of the current profile of the secondary school teacher workforce in kazakhstan and attempts whenever possible to situate these data within the international context the final section of the chapter on teachers discusses policies for attracting developing and retaining effective teachers key areas of focus include initial teacher education and licensing requirements induction and mentoring inservice professional development professional autonomy and teacher input in decision making salary scheme and status of the profession,4
+during this period public expenditure on education rose from to of gdp see figure this growth was sustained over time except with a decrease in in spite of the recent efforts public expenditure on education remains considerably below the oecd average and below the equivalent expenditure in other latin american countries,4
+this includes promoting reduced fulltime working hours ie less than hours per week particularly with regard to employees with care responsibilities for small children one proposal for such a model muller et al on average this would involve shorter paid work hours of fathers and longer paid work hours of mothers with positive implications for family incomes and wellbeing fathers time with children womens career progression and wages,5
+it enhances girls social status increases their bargaining power within marriage increases their use of health services and enhances the health and survival of their children evidence also suggests that rightsbased and gendersensitive comprehensive sexuality education programmes can lead to greater gender equality the commission on population and development in its resolutions and called on governments to provide young people with comprehensive education on human sexuality sexual and reproductive health and gender equality to enable them to deal positively and responsibly with their sexuality,5
+the types of households analysed are female and male loneparent households on the one hand and female and male oneperson households on the other in of the countries with available data in the region the poverty rates for households of lone mothers with children are higher than they are for households of lone fathers with children by more than percentage points in the remaining four countries el salvador honduras nicaragua and panama the poverty rates for the two types of households are similar,1
+however fertility which is a commonly used measure in composite gender equality measures see for example the undp s gender inequality index is excluded as it provides only an indirect indication of women s position in doing this the chapter follows amongst others donno and russet who argue that although low fertility may be indicative of the degree of female reproductive rights it may also reflect coercive population policies enforced on women first there is the very basic issue of women s health,5
+the range and depth of additional variables considered necessary for policy development will depend on the country context the objectives of the survey and the heterogeneity of the population through consultations with stakeholders survey managers should identify the additional variables that need to be included in the questionnaire in order for the objectives of the project to be met in that particular setting the additional variables that are recommended for inclusion in surveys on violence against women are listed below,5
+the phenomenon is usually attributed to the lower relative salaries compared to other professions as well as to cultural factors oecd a in kazakhstan the gender imbalance is particularly apparent with more than eight women out of every teachers in primary and secondary education on average kazakhstan has a larger share of its teachers aged years or younger in than in oecd countries on average and a smaller proportion of teachers aged years or older in see table nonetheless these numbers indicate that nearly onequarter of the teacher population is at or nearing the age of retirement and that significant efforts will need to be made to ensure that this does not result in important teacher shortages especially in light of the expected increase in the student population national centre for educational quality assessment nceqa,4
+taxes and subsidies to stimulate green buildings and develop energysaving technologies would also help to reduce ghg emissions the combined impact of all these countermeasures is shown in figure as in other asean countries national economic planning hasthe greatest impact on activities that affect the environment,7
+it suggests that improvements in the teaching of literacy and numeracy in schools and in programmes for adults with poor literacy and numeracy skills and limited familiarity with information and communication technologies may provide considerable economic returns for both individuals and society previous chapters of this report have examined the level and distribution of these skills among countries and different groups in the population as well as the relationship between proficiency and factors that are thought to help develop and maintain skills proficiency this chapter examines the relationships between proficiency and the following aspects of individual and social wellbeing participation in the labour market employment earnings health participation in associative or volunteer activities and the sense of influence on the political process,4
+teacher quality has also been developed through strong initial teacher education to a masters level with practical experience the transfer of early childhood education and care services from the ministry of social affairs and health to the ministry of education and culture represents a major shift in perspective education and research a development plan aims to increase participation of students with immigrant background in preparatory education to improve their opportunity to finish upper secondary education curriculum reform is being developed from preprimary through upper secondary education to be implemented from,4
+currently a very welcome proposal is being discussed by the legislative assembly to make accreditation mandatory for all teaching programmes in private universities as part of an effort to raise the quality of initial teacher preparation and bring courses into line with the requirements of a new school curriculum teacher assessments show that of english teachers and of mathematics teachers do not master the content of the curriculum they are expected to teach while national training courses have improved teachers receive little regular support for and feedback on their teaching practice,4
+they face additional challenges of access to health services this can be seen from the view of a president of an african country who said how can you have a stoneage creature continuing to exist in the time of computers if the bushmen want to survive they must change otherwise like the dodo they will perish,3
+for instance the standing committee on finance under the unfccc estimates that the global total climate finance which includes public and private financial resources devoted to addressing climate change ranged from usd billion in in all countries unfccc the finance needed to achieve the mitigation and adaptation goals of the paris agreement however is much larger for example the international energy agency iea estimates the costs of the full implementation of climate pledges expressed in the intended nationally determined contributions indcs by countries,13
+the aim of these plans drawn up by the local employment offices is to build a tailored package of training measures to ensure that migrants are directed to programmes that are appropriate to their specific skills experience and needs in changes were introduced to reorganise the integration plan into submodules combining vocationallyoriented content with basic integration training at an early stage in conjunction with basic integration studies largely language and civic education the new training modules may contain a diverse range of other activities including onthejob learning and work experience,4
+instead they cover a range of geographies and types of intervention from climate risk reduction in ethiopia to financing of a field station in a costa rican national park the objective expressed in austria s fifth national communication to the unfccc is to use development assistance to target the root causes of vulnerability to the effects of climate change these efforts focus on poverty alleviation conflict prevention and improving the management of natural resources this mainstreaming process is intended to ensure that nonadaptationrelated funding nonetheless contributes to reductions in vulnerability,13
+their purpose was to assess undp s added value partnership strategies and relevance of approach in each country visited there was an effort to meet representatives from the un country team unct and the resident coordinator data were collected on six crosscutting questions to assess nationally driven efforts to promote gewe and whetherthe extent to which the ges has provided guidance across the thematic area the data analysed included a range of undp knowledge products key publications knowledgesharing platforms and social media such as twitter accounts an independent consultant was commissioned to assess undp s performance in response to the plan which included a metaevaluation of evaluation reports produced in the metaevaluation was conducted using the un evaluation group technical note guidance for reporting on evaluation the gender equality strategy contains references to gender explicit and gender responsive outcomes,5
+simulations for a c average temperature rise predict significant negative consequences for the distribution of dark coniferous forests a particular impact may occur due to multiple stresses where changes in soil humidity rainfall temperature and pathogens all contribute to high levels of tree mortality adaptation measures will require an improved information system for forest management to support changes in species planted and management interventions to prevent fire and the spread of pests and disease,15
+recently consideration of the public health aspects of energy production has become increasingly prominent with respect to the global energy agenda iea who osterholm and kelly globally gender is scarcely mainstreamed in energy policies even in the case of the newest energy sectors as of early countries had enacted policies to regulate and promote renewables in power generation heating and cooling and transport eg the european union had established new regulations governing the energy sector beyond setting a regionwide goal of a renewable energy share by ren,7
+they had very little money and the stipend food and clothes from unhcr were not enough for their needs as a young teenager in nairobi she was also vulnerable to sexual harassment and violence in retrospect this was the main reason she agreed to marry a kenyan muslim man who was a shopkeeper in their neighbourhood rabiya was pregnant at the time and her first son was subsequently born in australia,5
+individuals with tertiary education are more likely to be employed than those with an upper secondary education who in turn have a greater chance of being employed than those without an upper secondary education figure the proportion of the population that has attained at least upper secondary education grew from for the generation aged in to for the generation aged in the same year lower secondary education is now virtually universal and enrolment rates for to year olds grew from in to in oecd b student learning outcomes in chile as measured by pisa while still considerably below the oecd average have remarkably improved over the past decade,4
+there are two types of special taxes the energy tax is levied based on volume of fuel and the co tax is based on the ghg emission level of fuels the companies that participate in the quota system do not pay the co tax the taxation system does not directly subsidize wood fuels in energy production but make them more attractive alternatives in comparison to fossil fuels because of their tax free status,7
+mainly salmon and tuna products as well as alaska pollack fillets were imported and in half of all imports originated from the eu poland was the most important single supplier of fish and fisheries products in ahead of the people s republic of china hereafter china and was instrumental in ensuring that the german market was supplied with adequate quantities of canned herring deepfrozen breaded fish fillets and salmon products in most federal states people are required to hold an angling licence if they wish to engage in independent poleandline fishing which requires knowledge in the subjects of fish biology hydrology water management animal welfare and water conservation,14
+first candidates are screened based on their matriculation exam score their secondary school record and outofschool accomplishments the introduction of additional requirements for entering the profession should go along with accompanying measures to raise the attractiveness of teaching for example by improving compensation levels at the beginning of the career see chapter for data on teacher remuneration new teachers do not have a category immediately after graduation although under certain conditions they can apply for nd category attestation after one year of teaching experience,4
+moreover community mental health centres may involve both general mental health services as well as specialised mental health services in norway for example the municipal mental health services comprise both primary health care and social services provided by psychiatric nurses gps psychologists and other professionals additionally these primary mental health services work together with specialised service units,3
+earlier versions of this paper received comments from anthony atkinson francois bourguignon matthew hammill johannes jutting marco mira dercole and martin ravallion for which the authors are grateful the authors are indebted to the world bank for the online availability of the distributional data in the povcalnet database special thanks go to shaohua chen for providing some of the underlying data directly to the authors the decade of the s was the first to witness unconditional convergence across countries in a generation as poor countries led by china and india grew faster than the advanced economies of the oecd rapid growth in the developing world has reduced extreme poverty dramatically there are million fewer extremely poor people in the world now than in the world is on track to achieving the goal of halving the number of people living on a dollar a day as it set out to do in the millennium declaration,1
+overall according to the survey of female migrants from the cis states migration to the russian federation does not lead to multiple sexual partners among those women who are married or cohabit per cent have sex with their husband per cent have another permanent sexual partner per cent have different partners while per cent do not have any sexual partner when in the russian federation tyuryukanova p female migrants from central asia face difficulties if they insist that a permanent partner use condoms agadjanian and zotova limited awareness in its turn might lead to sexually transmitted infections which are also brought back to the countries of origin renton and others and to unwanted unexpected pregnancy pregnancy out of wedlock contradicts the norms of the central asian societies thus it results either in abortion or in unwanted children being left in the maternity clinic,5
+for example inclusion criteria are examined for the use of herceptin and approximately to patients with breast cancer are allowed to receive the treatment for free every year the number of eligible women is expected to be raised to in coming years ineligible patients however are required to pay the entire cost of herceptin,3
+switzerland and the united kingdom with comparatively long hospitalisation durations have also experienced a strong decrease in the past few years converging to the averages in other countries some countries eg norway or denmark have exceedingly short stays with a mean length below five days pointing to fundamental differences between countries regarding their mental health care strategies furthermore a cochrane metaanalysis in did not find increased readmission risks of planned shortterm admissions of patients with severe mental illnesses johnstone and zolese,3
+when stating levels of concern for a number of environmental issues including overfishing coastal flooding and ocean acidification the term pollution particularly water and oil pollution was mentioned frequently marine debrisrelated terms such as litter rubbish and beach cleanliness were also reported but much less frequently figure such surveys are helpful for catching the public mood but some caution is warranted,14
+it disaggregates this spending by source of financing national and regional governments contributory schemes and external support the inclusion of regional spending data is a key innovation and represents an important way in which this report builds on the world bank s recent public expenditure review of social spending kiringai et al it also shows the proportion of spending by source of financing and identifies trends both in spending and financing over the past five years,1
+since these institutions in many countries plagued by widespread poverty do not act in a strategic and rational fashion aid money tends to get tied up in red tape or misappropriated local government institutions that are closer to addressing poverty issues are starved of funds and rarely get them on time for example most african governments have an formula for sharing expenditures four fifths going to central government one fifth to local governments this is a serious misallocation of funds that has not been possible to correct despite pressure to decentralize funding and the establishment of special means to track public expenditure,1
+however the share of parttime employment is above average in all these countries except sweden cash transfers are often universal and household taxes tend to be largely proportional to household income overall the dispersion in disposable income and the poverty rate are well below the oecd average inequality in labour earnings is driven by a low employment rate in particular for belgium france italy and the slovak republic while wage dispersion is well below the oecd average,10
+he then used the methodology developed by kraay to determine how much influence is exerted by each component of propoor growth and found that increases in income have been relatively more influential than changes in inequality as a source of propoor growth in the northeastern region of the country their findings indicated that growth in brazil in the postreal plan period was indeed propoor their results suggest that all parts of the country experienced propoor growth in,1
+notwithstanding the revenue potential environmentallyrelated revenues declined as a share of gdp in most oecd countries during figure data not available for greece for in judging the growth impact of environmental taxes an important consideration is the use to which the revenues generated by the levies are put,8
+nonetheless for developing countries in aggregate there is no support in these figures for the view that food import bills are becoming unsustainable aggregate figures may of course conceal difficulties experienced by particular countries in many countries they led to increased trade policy interventions jones and kwiecinski demeke etal in some cases they have reawakened interest in food selfsufficiency which if enforced through trade policy implies prohibitive levels of protection,2
+while land resources are large india s high population density means that land resource endowment on a per capita basis is actually less than the world average this means that higher aggregate production in the future will come from yield growth and increases in the cropping intensity rather than an expansion in agricultural area depending upon the availability of water cropping activities continue yearround,2
+olmstead suggests that while water prices on the whole do not seem to be higher in more arid regions water marketing is more prevalent in arid regions in a coasian sense the mere existence of the potential gains from trading water creates pressure for trade to occur so long as the property rights are clearly assigned in chile australia and the western us water trading has evolved in direct response to scarcity olmstead the national water code established in chile in separated water rights from land rights and allowed the water rights to be traded the response has been significant in the northcentral region bauer in australia water trading was introduced over the course of three decades beginning in with south australia,6
+notwithstanding the fact that the outcomes from mc include a commitment to abolish export subsidies for farm exports some members have called for a more result in particular for reinvigorated action by wto members on ambitious and effective disciplines on fisheries subsidies this is reflected in an initiative led by a subset of wto members which gained some momentum at mc which calls for international action to eliminate harmful fishing subsidies mcclay,14
+the elimination of child labour is fundamental to promoting better employment prospects for youth children need time and energy to participate fully in relevant and good quality education to become skilled youth able to meet the demands of the labour market or become successful entrepren have higher incomes as youth and adults through inc or employees the share of wage employment increases with education and is much higher among university educated youth and adults than among those with no or little education everything else being equal not working in farming has a stronger influence on the likelihood of being wage employed than having tertiary education,8
+evidence suggests that as many as per cent of female adult sex workers report having begun selling sex when they were or younger adolescent girls face even greater barriers to negotiating contraceptive and condom use because often their male partners are much older unfpa a study by kelly et al,5
+some capabilities that are needed by education institutions for selfmanagement are not yet fully developed and likewise authorities responsible for steering a decentralised system of education sometimes lack capacities needed to meet their responsibilities using eu funding more effectively and ensuring the sustainability of the initiatives as funding becomes less generous in the future will also be a serious challenge in the years ahead improved performance requires at a strategic level that lithuania clarify and raise expectations of performance align resources in support of raised performance expectations strengthen performance monitoring and the assurance of quality and build institutional capacity to achieve high performance,4
+this type of usage require fast and widespread mobile connectivity this maturity level often requires fixed connections with very high speed the levels of internet maturity can be useful to define a framework of ict skills adjust education policies and to plan for future ict infrastructure to ensure networks has the sufficient capacity quality and speed to support more advanced usage,9
+as a result regions holding the greatest concentrations of innovative sectors tend to outperform other regions in terms of employment and overall economic growth connectivity constraints and more frequently the weak absorptive capacities of individuals and firms located in these regions hamper adoption of new technologies and innovations produced elsewhere for instance firms located in northern regions of sweden have been found to have more limited access to finance compared to those in the south of the country inlandsinnovation ab at the european level for instance innovation capacities are particularly high in denmark finland germany and sweden and relatively low in eastern and southern european countries and that gap does not seem to be narrowing veugelers,9
+the fourth sdg aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all however significant challenges remain for many countries with respect to achieving targets that measure learning outcomes and equity education is so central to the achievement of a sustainable prosperous and equitable planet that failure to achieve this particular sdg puts at risk the achievement of the sdgs as a whole,4
+the cool requirements distinguish australian seafood products from others in the market place according to a review into the effectiveness of the hotline in early it is helping to reduce the level of mislabelling of seafood in australia and supported cool the list of approved marketing names for commercial seafood species available in australia ensures conformity of fish nomenclature throughout the seafood industry,14
+this contrasts with the debate of the early s when the rise in the average wage of the newly industrializing economies nies relative to that of the united states was used to allay fears about the effect of trade on income inequality this may be partly due to a declining growth in labour supply and restrictions on geographical labour mobility tdr chap moreover the new labour contract law which came into effect in stipulates minimum wage requirements and allows a strengthening of the bargaining power of employees finally labour compensation has also increased because of rapidly rising labour productivity according to banister and cook labour productivity in chinas industrial sector including manufacturing as well as construction mining and utilities increased at an average annual rate of about per cent betw een and the reason for this rapid productivity growth is a combination of sizeable and growing capital investment and improved education and skill levels of chinese workers along with the use of advanced technologies by transnational corporations tncs engaged in international production sharing as discussed below,10
+their composite index is not necessarily multidimensional bourguignon and chakravarty also see de neubourg et al we refer to the share of children in the national population who lack access to a particular dimension as the dimensional deprivation rate or dimensional poverty rate while the share of children who are deprived in at least two out of seven dimensions is referred to as the multidimensional child poverty rate hence the choice of dimensions is limited by the data,1
+in the proportion of women with at least upper secondary education was considerably higher than among men in brazil greece iceland italy portugal and spain these factors are interrelated which often makes it difficult to distinguish causes and effects andor provide immediate targeted policy responses the figure is of total bilateral sectorallocable aid,5
+timing however is important the potential suggested by table for inducing a lowcarbon technological future needs tempering by the lessons of historical transitions the current dominance of fossil fuels relates to their relative cost and performance advantages over lowcarbon technologies smil initially performance advantages dominated in historical energy transitions,7
+thus the service packages available for the costa rican population do not discriminate according to different insurance schemes from there on the percentage of the population insured oscillated between and until after health care coverage increased again reaching of the population in representing significant progress towards universal health coverage figure,3
+the iea suggests that of projected global c energy emissions to are already lockedin through the world s current infrastructure asset base infrastructure assets have long operational lifetimes the estimated average lifetime of a coalfired power station is years about of power plants in service or under construction today are projected to still be in operation in which will mean that the majority of power sector emissions in that year are already locked in unless future policy changes force early retirement of existing plants or their retrofitting with carbon capture and storage ccs,7
+considering recent examples and participatory consultations a core subset of dimensions is likely to include living standards services health education and the lived environment it is desirable that the national mpi includes the dimensions of living standards services health education work and the lived environment if national priorities are met these have priority and if in time harmonized data are available then for low marginal costs both national and comparative measures can be built for unece countries,1
+the sample in model is restricted to companies receiving at least one round of funding and reporting the amount received the subsequent columns show how these differences change once founders characteristics are included when startups with one or more female founder receive funding they also receive an amount that is lower than that of male startups model table column,5
+then the technical and safety requirements specific to nuclear power plants will be described as well as their economical effects on the nuclear plant developer and on the whole electrical system especially in oecd countries a strong opposition to large thermal power plants and in particular to nuclear power plants and the notinmybackyard nimby syndrome have undermined or slowed down the planning construction and grid connection of new generating capacity undoubtedly wide public support or acceptance of the project and appropriate coordination with all stakeholders are key elements to its successful and timely completion,7
+spending on educational institutions as a share of gdp for all levels of education has decreased from to budgetary spending per child aged in arab localities is only half of jewish communities expenditure per child sikkuy authorities are aware of the discrepancies and have started to increase investment for example over the period new classrooms are scheduled to be built and subsidised of which are for the benefit of minority populations,4
+these data reveal the relationship between unpaid work and womens lesser engagement in the labour market and their tendency to have more informal and precarious jobs hence it is crucial to consider time distribution in the formulation of policies which when combined with other sectoral policies incentivize the redistribution of domestic and care work and promote labour practices that offer alternatives for the organization of time spent on market activities marco moreover the analysis of time spent on care helps to evaluate the importance of reinforcing maternity and paternity leave and the relevance of implementing leave for the care of older persons and household members with some form of disability or chronic illness,5
+for example this was part of the napas established by ldcs as well as technology needs assessments biennial update reports and national communications many developing countries have also indicated adaptation support needs for adaptation including finance in their intended nationally determined contributions as there is no single definition of what climate finance or adaptation comprises it is unsurprising that different countries have established their proposals in different ways,13
+in italy financial resources were devoted to boost innovation in radiotherapy especially in the southern regions in but the inequality in availability of medical technologies has not been fully resolved the density is aboveaverage for both diagnostic and treatment devices in the united states and switzerland and belowaverage for all medical devices in estonia hungary israel poland slovenia spain turkey and the united kingdom greece italy japan and korea have high densities of diagnostic equipment but belowaverage densities for radiotherapy equipment and the czech republic france and the slovak republic with belowaverage densities of diagnostic equipment have high densities of therapeutic equipment,3
+school principals in denmark are less active as pedagogical leaders than on average across oecd countries there has been progress in recent years to foster a culture of evaluation and assessment and a national framework is being developed guided by national objectives for student achievement schools and municipalities need further support to build their capacity to analyse and use data for improvement,4
+the results are unclear for urban traffic discouraging the ownership of motorbikes may lead to a reduction in the number of vehicles but could also worsen traffic congestion if more cars are used as a result rather than alternative modes of transportation phang this issue may be particularly relevant in low and middleincome economies where motorbikes and scooters are popular modes of transportation,11
+ecological concepts are applied to manage the interactions between agroecosystem components such as plants crops livestock soils climate and humans for example the promotion of smart agriculture towards climate change initiative has as its objective to support the transition towards agroecology in west africa to reinforce the resilience of vulnerable populations the initiative aims at the adoption of practices by million households by,13
+there are no similar criteria established in the context of the sdgs in terms of disctance or time for sanitation facilities as basic sanitation services require improved facilities that are not shared with other households and are thus located onsite while human rights laws do not require services to be provided bee of charge states have an obligation to provide free services or put adequate subsidy mechanisms in place to ensure that services always remain affordable for the poor de albuquerque p moreover disconnection of water services because of failure to pay due to a lack of means may constitute a violation of human rights hrc a number of countries have defined national standards and international organizations have developed recommendations in this regard,6
+further no person shall subject a child to female circumcision early marriage or other cultural rites customs or traditional practices that are likely to negatively affect the child s life health social welfare dignity or physical or psychological development trafficking in persons is committed when a person aims to exploit by coercion fraud deception abuse of power or bribery in rwanda the laws on cefm comprehensively protects the rights of the child rwanda has ratified almost all international conventions relating to the promotion and protection of child rights including the un convention on the rights of the child crc and its additional protocols the convention on the protection of children and cooperation in respect of inter country adoption as well as the african charter of the rights and welfare of the child acrwc,5
+as a result discharges from wwtps into water bodies are polluted by organic substances ammonium and nitrates another reason for poor wastewater treatment is the large capacity of wwtps relative to the incoming wastewater for more efficient wastewater treatment the capacity of wwtps must be adjusted thus the receiving waters will be in better condition and operating costs can be reduced,6
+preschool and preprimary teachers do not have sufficient knowledge and skills to detect and understand individual needs and to individualise education content and methods even after receiving diagnoses and recommendations from specialists in lithuania the health care system plays an important role in ecec by providing a first point of contact for children with special needs and in rural areas carrying out the monitoring of ecec facilities and providing information on ecec to expecting parents focusing on opportunities to improve points of contact now more limited than they could be can improve children s wellbeing,4
+in contrast the poverty figures estimated by eclac are generated with the aim of achieving the greatest possible comparability for various analytical purposes and given their different objectives and uses they certainly do not seek to replace the national figures to describe poverty levels and trends in each country as both data sets display similar trends it is considered appropriate to use the national figures to describe the behaviour of poverty in each country meanwhile comparable poverty measurements are used to construct regional aggregates and analyse the drivers of poverty and how different population groups are affected by it thus eclac data contribute to a regional diagnosis that prioritizes evidencebased analysis on povertyreduction policies,1
+the oecd development centre projects the region to grow at an average of in the next five years while its population is expected to grow by by reaching million yet the region has great potential to contribute to ghg emission reductions transitioning to a lowcarbon economy could simultaneously address the challenges of diminishing nonrenewable energy resources job creation and poverty reduction in the region,7
+the agenda lists rising inequalities natural resource depletion environmental degradation and climate change among the greatest challenges of our time it recognizes that social development and economic prosperity depend on the sustainable management of freshwater resources and ecosystems and it highlights the integrated nature of sdgs the report is based on the latest data available for the sdg global indicators selected by member states to track progress towards the eight global targets plus complementary data and evidence from a wide range of sources,6
+this would be appropriate to the first row of purposes in the table above to accomplish the second row of purposes would require associating scores on the household food insecurity assessment with the onset of negative developmental consequences for children existing research in the united states indicates that on average there are negative developmental consequences for children living in households that affirm even one indicator of household food insecurity additional research comparing different thresholds to a definitive measure of child food insecurity eg interviews with children or to proxy measures such as outcome data on child development would be needed to determine what threshold is appropriate globally,2
+barkey found that settled turkana men reported severe complaints and higher rates of infectious diseases than the nomads including a significantly higher frequency of cold with cough eye infection and chest infection than the nomads they also had higher body mass index comparing settled and nomadic rendille children in kenya and nathan found that sedentary children under six years had significantly higher levels of malnutrition and anaemia than nomadic children this was attributed to the consumption of three times more milk by the nomadic children indigenous peoples need to be made aware of the consequences of change in lifestyle and what they need to do to mitigate the negative effects,3
+yet a considerable proportion of youth in latin america are neither working nor engaged in education nor training neet these activities can help neets develop skills that will pay off later by making them more employable or opening up better opportunities for career advancement the neet rate is a good measure of the youth educational and labour market reality reflecting both the risk of unemployment and inactivity,8
+this unpaid work commitment can also discourage women from having children this perception stems not only from norms and social expectations around childrearing but also from legal institutions and policies that treat men and women differently such as maternity and paternity leave schemes in most including oecd countries at the same time stereotypes and expectations that men will heavily engage in the labour market rather than provide family care take away valuable time that fathers may want to spend with their family,5
+however rbf may not be appropriate in all situations and will need to be explored further in order to understand how it best fits with the principles in the paris declaration and objectives of the unfccc identifying results of an intervention is important for transparency in both donor and recipient contexts as well as in demonstrating the feasibility and success of projects in the context of attracting private finance understanding both the climatespecific and broader environmental economic and development impacts of climate finance can facilitate a more robust assessment of the costs and benefits of more ambitious actions assessing effectiveness includes not only demonstrating results but also building an evidence base of what how and why an intervention worked in order to inform better policies and interventions in the future,13
+it also describes the work on global statistical indicators for measuring such violence the interim set of these global indicators is then used to present data on violence against women compiled from national and international surveys the final sections of the chapter look at statistics on female genital mutilation and at the attitudes of women towards the violence inflicted on them,5
+these reforms reflect changes in attitudes amongst germans towards organising work and family life chapter and evidencebased as supported by a range of policy evaluations zew and ffp prognos bechara et al this involves a range of measures and initiatives that encourage equal partnership at home and at work this included parental leave reform that facilitates both parents to take leave on a parttime basis and provides a partnership bonus for at least four months when both parents work around hours per week,5
+the rate of female participation in belarus would have put it around th had it featured in the gci primary enrolment rates in the six countries range from of the relevant age group in armenia to in georgia but in all the countries at least of both boys and girls progress to secondary school secondary enrolment rates range from of the relevant age group in republic of moldova to in azerbaijan ukraine republic of moldova and armenia devote an above oecd average share of public spending to education and ukraine exceeds the oecd average for the percentage it devotes to tertiary education,4
+there is an estimated shortfall of bachelor degree completions and postgraduate degree completions till while melbourne has almost reached the tertiary education attainment rate victoria will still need to improve performance in terms of students from low ses backgrounds the target of is challenging because only of victoria s population falls into this category in comparison with the national average of,4
+such limitations are often recognised in the way that monetary poverty indicators are described in publications both by national governments and international organisations for example the united kingdom department for work and pensions refers to relative low income in their published statistics whilst eurostat reports on atriskofpoverty rates department for work and pensions eurostat if data are collected through household surveys it is often impractical and expensive to collect detailed data from all members of the household more importantly it is often very difficult or impossible to allocate economic flows to single individuals within the household or family unit,1
+attention to both of these can help in identifying opportunities that may not be so dependent on international climate finance the study also aims to improve overall oecd understanding of developing country perspectives and capabilities and thereby to inform future oecd advice to development cooperation partners on how to better orient their support for green growth the country s dramatic and diverse landscape encompasses lowlands deserts canyons and high plateaus,13
+but recent demographic trends including falling birth rates and increasing urbanisation coupled with concerns over the quality of small schools raise questions about the viability of many rural schools the urgent need to direct more resources to the most disadvantaged schools faces obstacles as a result see chapter however these reforms have not been embedded in a systemwide strategy to raise student learning achievement,4
+strategic planting of these species and facilitation of their distribution is therefore an inexpensive way to restore woodlands in the area we suggest that this should be combatted with extensive relatively low budget measures based on strategic planting and direct seeding of native birch and willows to facilitate natural colonization and eventually widespread woodland restoration this could serve as a model for similar projects in the vicinity of other major volcanos in iceland,15
+as a result official records such as the national census do not encompass the different ethnic groups including indigenous peoples in the country or their languages international labour organization and african commission on human and peoples rights a p vi in this regard indigenous peoples have a desire to learn the majority language so that they can fully participate in public life access higher education influence political decisions and embrace economic opportunities ibid while indigenous peoples possess their own education systems grounded in particular cultural contexts which have enabled them to survive for millenniums they have also advocated for greater recognition and inclusion of those systems which incorporate their perspectives cultures beliefs values and languages,4
+the result is a property right regime that is conducive to the development of efficient markets this entitlement is separate from any land title and may be traded among any willing purchasers these are referred to as permanent trades the allocation is made to an entitlement and recorded in the water account associated with the entitlement allocation trades or temporary trades as they are called in australia can then be made by debiting one account and crediting another,6
+it also explores how couples of different ages share unpaid work and concludes that the gender gap in unpaid work is widest in older couples it examines couples in which both partners do paid work and finds that in general they share unpaid work more equally than those where only one partner works on the whole though the chapter finds that women do more work paid and unpaid as men section looks at the factors that affect and shape the sharing of unpaid work and observes that with parenthood couples share paid and unpaid work the traditional way the same section also considers child care and finds that while mothers nurture young children the gap in parenting between fathers and mothers decreases once children start school indeed a high proportion of fathers time with their children is quality time,5
+in july the official decision to cut the export refund for poultry to zero commission implementing regulation eu no which for other meats like pork and beef was already the case meant that for the first time since the s no export subsidies would be paid on agricultural products further at the latest wto ministerial meeting mc governments agreed to permanently remove agricultural export subsidies box there is a lack of data on the subsidy equivalent of provisions relating to export financing food aid and state trading enterprises making assessments of changes difficult despite this based on notifications to the wto since the launch of the doha round there appears to be some evidence to suggest positive developments in other areas of the export competition pillar wto a,2
+it is based on an innovative approach involving budget support to countries that decide to adopt a nationwide target of integrating the climate into their development strategies it helps to meet the challenge of transforming countries economic models by supporting the institutional capacity building and highlevel interministerial discussions on climate issues the programme formerly known as the six banks initiative was initiated by agence frangaise de developpement afd and japan international cooperation agency jica and is funded by a group of six donors operational in vietnam between and usd million had been mobilised for the programme all of which disbursed through the modality of direct budget support,13
+the upper secondary general schoolleaving certificate abitur is obtained after or years of education there is strong cooperation between educational institutions employers and other social partners who also work together on adjusting curricula in employment rates of adults who attained vocational upper secondary level were percentage points higher than for those who attained general programmes compared to the oecd average gap of percentage points,4
+in mexico the establishment of special economic zones in four lagging regions of the country s south is under way with the objective of bridging the gap with other regions in mexico measures to attract foreign investments include fiscal incentives to firms investing and creating jobs in those areas and investments in the local infrastructure and human capital for example to bridge the gap between the centre and the periphery the government of israel implemented a programme that provides grants to cofinance rd expenses of large firms rd centres that relocate in the periphery for a period of two to three years,9
+as an example davis empirically studies the effect of a driving restrictions program on air quality in mexico city in the urban economics literature the impact of urbanisation on air quality has been studied through different urban structure indicators one can distinguish between two categories of such indicators i indicators related to the internal composition of the urban area and ii urban area morphology indicators urban area morphology refers to the spatial disposition of the urban tissue eg dispersed urban plots linearity of urban areas while internal composition refers to tissue composition eg wetland green spaces,11
+strategic objective h integrate gender perspectives in legislation public policies programmes and projects and strategic objective h generate and disseminate genderdisaggregated data and information for planning and evaluation see also paragraphs b and b of the beijing platform as well as paragraph of the beijing declaration as government entities national women s machineries tend to be perceived as prioritizing loyalty to state institutions over unequivocal advocacy for women s rights it also includes separate strategic objectives related to women s political participation in the section pertaining to aimed conflict see box below although many arab states granted suffrage rights to women in the s and s women have been systematically underrepresented in government and it is only recently that they were able to vote and to stand for elections in some gcc countries nonetheless recent years have been marked by positive trends in this area,5
+male control of both the public and private spheres hinders womens political participation women also feel insecure about the criminalisation of politics and use of money power and frequently face discrimination from their male colleagues they are often illiterate and unaware of rules regulations and rights which further hinders effective participation,5
+the romanian government is now taking steps to develop a national action plan on amr data used in international comparisons of health care quality such as the inhospital casefatality rate for acute myocardial infarction or ischaemic stroke are not available for romania moreover the data that are collected such as rates of nosocomial infections in hospitals are not reliable the national authority for quality management in health care established in is developing a quality assurance strategy and will expand the accreditation process from hospitals to all health care providers,3
+results from model suggest that the likelihood of an employed mother being in fulltime employment falls as her partner s eamings increase with highearning partners significantly less likely to work fulltime than those with low or moderateearning partners by contrast the partner s weekly fulltime hours share no association with the probability of an employed mother being in fulltime or parttime work all else being constant as discussed throughout this chapter womens employment arrangements differ considerably from country to country and the characteristics that drive fulltime employment in a country where most employed mothers work parttime may not be the same as those in a country where fulltime employment is more common table shows results from for model but for each of the four country groups identified earlier separately,5
+the latter is positive as it may facilitate skills matching and the transition from school to work to enhance effectiveness it should be ensured that as intended the additional practical training takes place in companies eg in the form of apprenticeships rather than in schoolbased workshops or in the network of regional training centres tiszks developed in the late s which have had mixed performance cseresgergely this may require additional incentives for companies to train apprentices,4
+similarly indigenous peoples were three times as likely as nonindigenous people to live in houses in need of major repair and over per cent of dwellings in indigenous communities in provinces and territories manitoba saskatchewan northwest territories yukon and nunavut were in need of major repair in compared with an average of per cent in nonindigenous communities in canada transcultural psychiatry postcolonial suicide among inuit in arctic canada,3
+to date most evaluations of the effect of training programmes on reemployment rates of unemployed youth have been quite disappointing jobsearch training is the only measure that has been shown to work unfortunately only about unemployed greek youth choose to participate in such a measure each year jobsearch courses should be the top priority in individual action plans drawn with the help of personal advisers and participation should be mandatory after a period of unfruitful independent job search,8
+the experience of mexico city for example suggests that complementary resources are needed to help pay for the overall costs the national government might allow cities to tax those who benefit most from public transport such as employers retailers and the owners of real estate charges can also be levied on automobile use including parking charges and fuel taxes,11
+pratki india a cookstove manufacturer and retailer partnered with selco india due in part to its existing supply chain in selling solar powered lights to rural populations nascent supply chains for energy access in such rural areas will often need subsidies to get started gvep such earlystage investments by philanthropic entities are welcome by the governments and enterprises involved in the daunting task of installing more effective heating technologies,7
+the wider and more cohesive the network the greater its capacity to adapt to crises such as caring for children whose biological parents are absent for some reason ibid mothers and female relations are increasingly responsible for daily provision while mothers and fathers are increasingly looked to for guidance around sexual relationships and morality though their provision is usually judged inadequate as described below further discussion of these structural determinants is provided under research question below for example research using lifehistory interviewing over three generations of families in cape town found that young mothers are increasingly emphasising the achievement of personal goals and working on the project of the selfmoore this newer conception of motherhood sits alongside aspirations to be a good provider and source of care to children unlike their own mothers and grandmothers young mothers commitment to motherhood is vested in their sense of self as educated employed selfrespecting and responsible adults rather than in the sole social identity of mother ibid,5
+for example the cash transfer programme prospera formerly known as oportunidades or progresa encourages disadvantaged families to send their children to school and to medical checkups it covers around million mexican families and has helped to increase enrolment rates for secondary school reduce the incidence of anaemia among children and cut poverty rates in rural areas along with this additional efforts need to be continued to improve the quality of education opportunities provided for all,4
+effectiveness of the banphc is evaluated via actual deployments in bangladesh the result analysis shows improvements of the health conditions of examinees for further acceptance in public health we discuss machinetomachine m m enabled scalability to allow automatic and qualified health services we then discuss issues that we have learned from banphc work,3
+hence climateeconomy models without explicit representation of impacts eg most general equilibrium and cost minimization models reviewed in stanton ackerman and kartha and models that only assess the probability of triggering a specific tipping element eg dimrise zickfeld and bruckner are not included the same applies to the coupling of exogenous climate scenarios with sectorspecific impact models eg gim mendelsohn schlesinger and williams diva hinkel and klein and the uk fasttrack studies arnell et al the model must include quantitative data aimed at resembling the real world,13
+good panel surveys that follow individuals over time and provide data on the longer term impact of evaluation and the dynamics of movement between different segments of the labour market are even rarer where lfss exist they are often outdated more than five years old and do not contain adequately disaggregated data by age gender location in the country expert survey only six respondents considered the government to have very good knowledge of the situation of youth in the labour market the governments of countries are considered to have only little or no knowledge the lack of data makes it difficult for policy makers to understand the nature of the employment challenge and take informed decisions on how to support young people in the labour market,8
+one model for expanded provision is to have families make a contribution to ecec places based upon their ability to pay which is assessed according to a common methodology this arrangement would provide additional ecec funding by obtaining payments from those families with the ability to pay fees that are not doing so under present arrangements lithuanian preschools are responsible for assuring the quality of their provision and receive guidance from the ministry of education and science moes on how to conduct an internal quality audit,4
+it recommends additional measures to improve participation rates encouraging strong teachers to work in the schools with highest needs and providing teachers with the tools to help those pupils most at risk of disengagement and dropout it recommends measures to modernise programmes of study and qualifications supporting teachers in implementing the new curriculum while reforming certification arrangements for the bachillerato to realise a more inclusive system finally it recommends measures to strengthen and expand vocational education and training establishing technical schools as specialised centres of vocational and professional training and developing shorter professional programmes to be undertaken in the specialised centres,4
+all drugs provided in hospitals are free of charge and cost sharing is capped at hrk approximately eur per episode of illness in secondary or tertiary care there are also a number of exemptions from copayments for vulnerable population groups eg children students pensioners people with disabilities the unemployed and those on low incomes nevertheless unmet needs are over five times higher in low income groups than in high income groups compared to figure outofpocket expenditure in croatia is equal figure,3
+another determinant is the substitution of informal care by more expensive formal care under the healthy ageing scenario the cost curve for survivors is allowed to shift rightwards progressively postponing agerelated increases in expenditures for nonsurvivors two different demographic effects are considered,3
+they are often concentrated in sectors in which they had previous work experience but are highly competitive and less profitable most womenrun ventures are in fields that are not related to science technology engineering and mathematics stem marlow and me adam they are therefore not well represented in sectors with high value added potential,5
+another reason is that pretax income inequality rose substantially in most countries pushing up the gap between incometax burdens faced by different income groups to some extent this offset the more generous tax treatment of richer households resulting from flatter tax schedules in france for example the maximum benefit duration in the unemployment insurance programme was reduced while timedependent reductions in payment rates were abandoned,10
+for that reason many component manufacturers are also entering the power generation segment such as vestas alstom or acciona in the wind power market in the photovoltaic solar segment panel manufacturers such as sun tech power started to invest in generation in and the trend continues today ren in terms of wind power investments in latin america the leading firms are sn power norway acciona abengoa and gamesa spain and impsa argentina alongside brazilian enterprises such as renova energia or cpfl energia in addition to most of the traditional electricity firms mentioned in the foregoing subsections,7
+collision between vehicles driving at a crossroad collision between vehicles driving straight in the opposite direction collision between a vehicle driving straight and a vehicle making a uturn collision between a vehicle driving straight and a vehicle entering from nonpublic road ways car park pedestrian way,11
+the goal for those seeking to develop and deploy these technologies and innovations in farm management is to unlock the productivity growth potential and achieve sustainable food security the prices of staple foods remain high above their longterm averages and over million africans continue to face chronic hunger ensuring food security in the region will require action to improve productivity and rural livelihoods and to address international market imbalances and the structural challenges inherent in african agriculture th i s chapter argues that efforts to improve food security involve much more than just producing more food,2
+a reneww zone placed at the outer edge of an existing informal settlement would provide a bridge to an adjacent urban extension in addition to the housing transportation and planning provisions the agenda includes leveraging and protecting cultural and natural heritage developing platforms for meaningful participation in decisionmaking enhancing disaster risk reduction promoting environmentally sound waste management and providing publicly accessible open and green space,11
+they include the adequate availability of and access to safe diverse nutritious food access to clean water sanitation and health care and appropriate childfeeding and adult dietary choices the root causes of better nutrition outcomes are even more complex and encompass the broader economic social political cultural and physical environment social assistance is an important instrument for improving nutrition outcomes among the poor but it cannot sustainably eliminate poverty and malnutrition by itself additional integrated action and complementary interventions are needed in agriculture and the food system in general in public health and education smallscale homegardening projects to boost household fruit and vegetable consumption represent one approach suitable for poor households that can accompany social assistance programmes home gardening is already widely practised can be effective on a small scale and is feasible in most locations although water and labour constraints may pose challenges and should be carefully considered in project design fao a one home production intervention that was successfully scaled up is the homestead food production project introduced in bangladesh by helen keller international nearly two decades ago,2
+diarrhoeal diseases including dysentery typhoid and other diseases are one of the causes of morbidity a zone consists of a m diameter circle around the spring depending upon its flow rate however in several cases the protection zone is not well defined and implemented and pollution sources can be present,3
+while the arab colleges the academic arab college for education in haifa sakhnin academic college for teacher education and the nazarethgalilee academic institution ngai serve primarily arab students their capacity remains low due to the limitations in their missions and resources for example the sakhnin college is confined to teacher education with limited ability to respond to the regional needs and the nazareth academic institution nai is not a budgeted institution for example the gordon college has since the s reached out to and established a culture that is supportive of druze students especially women druze women are not allowed to attend classes with druze men and they must marry within their own communities,4
+unless fishery management decision makers and processes can produce a longterm sustainable eu fisheries the likelihood of the cfp becoming subservient to the integrated maritime policy seems to increase improvements in governance arrangements for fisheries are possible there are a variety of choices available while each must be tailored to the particular region and country context the tools exist it should be of no surprise that each approach has a role in fishery management although they have very different rationales and serve different and complementary purposes,14
+v essen wwwvgborgenlcoe htmldfid plantlevel costs therefore integrate all different expenses needed to generate a given amount of electricity at the busbar of the plant but do not consider all the infrastructure and associated costs needed to provide the electricity to each customer by construction plantlevel costs also consider each power plant in isolation without considering how they interact with each other,7
+the level of gas supply is however soon expected to be insufficient to satisfy domestic demand a proposed gas pipeline from the north slope with a spur to southcentral should be completed by this will improve the situation the suppliers are the thomas bay and swan laketyee hydropower plants which are able to provide energy for the southeast region,7
+women and girls have fewer educational opportunities and more domestic responsibilities lack of access to infrastructure for water and electricity compounds cultural constraints on womens time trading companies in landlocked countries are active in agriculture wood and paper but not in the womendominated sectors of clothing and miscellaneous manufacturing,5
+it starts with a look at how wellprepared incoming teachers feel and then reviews some data from pisa on teacherdirected and studentoriented learning as well as gaps between intended and implemented pedagogical practice after that it presents initial findings from a first assessment of teachers general pedagogical knowledge and then concludes with some policy levers to shape innovative learning environments however the first phase of their careers can be strenuous and stressful as they have limited experience for coping with many new and challenging situations,4
+there is little evidence of a counternarrative amongst men perhaps because childcare is not explicitly valued in constructions of masculinity a situation that is not dissimilar to that of other contexts in the global south and north but is more disempowering in this region because there are so few alternative ways for men to contribute to family life middleaged and older women see themselves and each other as hubs in the wheel of care yet they are blamed and vilified by other women and children for passing on misfortune,5
+remittances may increase substantially as a source of development finance in the future see chapter at present however even if important to many lowincome countries in macroeconomic terms transaction costs for migrant workers and families to wire money to relatives back home remain high and incentives and mechanisms to channel resources to developmental investments tend to be weak in most countries a more complex issue because of its political ramifications is arriving at a proper international framework to guide the international mobility of labour,10
+however despite efficiency increases al and all the other emerging technologies clusters will require an everincreasing use of electricity creating more pollution and waste eg ewaste nanowaste and chemical wastes such outcomes demand that environmental considerations be incorporated into the design of these technology systems from their inception ethical and normative considerations that should guide our thinking on these issues have to spring from our shared vision the values contained in the united nations charter the universal declaration of human rights the rio outcome the future we want and most recently the agenda for sustainable development,9
+this is why fundamental research is typically funded mostly by government while other rd as well as demonstration tends to be mostly financed by the private sector ensuring that intellectual property right ipr protection is strong would also help to reduce underinvestment in rdd caused by knowledge spillovers while establishing a fund to buyout breakthrough technologies to reduce ghg emissions could reduce the perceived risks of expropriation discussed above as well as speeding diffusion pricing ghg emissions through a capandtrade scheme could help to reduce the political uncertainty that undermines investment in rdd by building a political constituency for continued enforcement both public financial support and regulatory changes can help to overcome a lack of appropriate infrastructure for the development and deployment of some lowemission technologies,13
+most of the action on universal access has to be focused at individual household level provincial and national governments and utilities are the key players for this connectivity however regional cooperation will help some countries in the region that have weaker capacity to enhance energy networks and thus improve energy access this option is made possible by eliminating trade restrictions on energy and providing incentives for expanding energy networks beyond national borders,7
+third ee improvements may help to increase a firm s competitiveness as they often go handinhand with improved quality of products and processes and thus may help it gain recognition as a green company the international drive to greater ee may provide market opportunities for companies that are in a position to respond to growing demand for energyefficient products technologies and services many of the ee measures analysed in the previous sections apply to both domestically produced and internationally traded products international trade offers opportunities to enhance the effectiveness of meps and other productrelated ee measures by increasing scale and facilitating market transformation,7
+they could also count as valuable assets for recruitment purposes selection and hiring practices still appear not very transparent and too much reliant on informal channels parental background still has a major influence on school choice and employment chances so that opportunities of work engagement are not evenly distributed among schoolleavers in order to level the playing field among young people local authorities should cooperate with the schooling system to strengthen connections with enterprises for instance through internet portals social media or other communication tools to manage student employer engagement activities,10
+workers are guaranteed rights that include compensation and other benefits established by law in the form of social security and welfare a pregnant worker shall be entitled to rest during the six weeks prior to giving birth and the weeks following or for a longer time in the event of an illness which according to medical opinion prevents her from working employers with more than women workers must maintain an education centre that has a room for breastfeeding where adequate care and education is provided to the workers children of between three months and six years of age,8
+the first was the announcement of president trump in june that the us would withdraw from the agreement effective november this announcement raised concerns about the resilience of the agreement given the important role of the us as the worlds second largest greenhouse gas emitter after china chan stavins et al the second is the ongoing contestation over the agreements implementing guidelines also known as the paris rulebook,13
+this chapter seeks to provide context and perspective it begins by looking at demography in germany and other oecd countries with particular focus on fertility family makeup marriage and the rise of cohabitation section addresses women s role in the labour market it finds that although there has been strong growth in female employment over the last years german women continue to earn less than men and are all too often confined to parttime work,5
+despite these advances water governance remains overly complex largely emergency driven and oriented towards shortterm problem solving to address current strategic and legal uncertainties there is an urgent need to formulate a strategic vision for the water sector this vision should include more effective multilevel governance better policy coherence and planning aligned with national and local priorities more systematic use of economic instruments a better alignment of river basin authorities with hydrological boundaries comprehensive and consistent information systems and better financing and regulatory frameworks for service provision,6
+in bangladesh where the primary focus of the graduation model programmes is to generate income through assets such as livestock programme evaluations still report an increase in productivity due to complementary programme interventions in vegetable and homestead gardening in the case of clp for instance beneficiaries receive skills training in homestead gardening and the provision of quality seeds and fruit saplings as well as assistance in developing compost pits and in marketing of surplus products marks vignon this is particularly the case in the context of seasonal consumption and employment fluctuations and emergencies where beneficiaries selfreport an increase in the number of meals that they are able to eat or a reduction in the number of meals that they miss,2
+high levels of stunting in a country are associated with poor socioeconomic conditions and increased risk of frequent and early exposure to adverse conditions such as illness andor inappropriate feeding practices who f wasting or thinness low weightforheight indicates in most cases a recent and severe weight loss which is often associated with inadequate food intake andor a severe disease recurrent events of wasting can increase the risk of stunting and stunting increases the risk of overweight and obesity later in life,2
+this cooperation between subject and dsl teachers needs to be formalised school leaders must value such cooperation and they must provide timeslots in the schedule of both subject and dsl teachers to coordinate their instruction valuing the mother tongue of immigrant children is an essential part of developing a positive and appreciative approach towards diversity,4
+the space should allow some flexibility in its use to suit changing needs when streets and plazas accommodate multiple activities they are activated always even if used differently at different times world vision international for instance engages children as change agents who inform planning decisions for better and safer spaces,11
+restricting public health care provision would also affect the growth potential through a detrimental effect on health and hence the ability of individuals to participate in the labour market the health status affects labour supply which will be all the more important for economic growth as the old age dependency ratio increases individuals in good health are more productive less often on sick leave and enjoy better opportunities to build up human capital the chances that they retire early are reduced,3
+at present the most heavily supported sector is renewable energy but in future sectors such as automobile manufacturing are destined to be a target embodied carbon is the amount of carbon emitted across some specified portion of the lifecycle of a good typically from production to disposal or from production to the point of final sale the c equivalent emissions released over the products lifecycle is often called the product carbon footprint pcf,13
+she sold the cows milk and used the money to pay for her own schooling and that of her brother stories like sanchitas serve as beacons of hope and as tangible proof that investments in girls can result in significant economic and social change girls around the world are putting the girl effect into motion when they are given the tools to do so,5
+while israel has made efforts to increase domestic medical graduates younger doctors are choosing to specialise and work in a hospital to ensure primary care facilities have the workforce they need the government should encourage younger doctors to work in primary care including through providing the opportunity to undertake their clinical training in primary care settings israel should complement these efforts with making sure that the skills of older medical workforce remain current,3
+nevertheless the chilean authorities recognise that the renewal of water supply and sanitation infrastructure is a major challenge as a result water loss from supply systems due to leaks and unmetered uses exceeds in many cases the benchmark established by the water regulator recovering fully the capital and running costs of water services should allow for necessary investments in water infrastructure,6
+brazil chile costa rica ecuador urban area and panama urban area the countries with largest gains in poverty reduction in terms of percentage change in the rate are precisely the same countries that saw the greatest increase in labour income per worker among poor households colombia is an exception although it registered a significant increase in this variable poverty was reduced at a much slower pace in part due to an increase in unemployment in the other countries labour income per employed person tended to decline,1
+marine research and monitoring costs are extremely high which helps explain why we know much less about what goes on in the ocean than about what happens on land the same also applies to a certain extent to human activities this renders twodimensional maps less useful and increases the complexity of marine spatial planning and management it also makes it more difficult to study the marine environment how it works how it is affected by human activities see difference and how the ocean benefits the economy and human wellbeing what makes the ocean economy different from a landbased economy,14
+the success of reforms to the curriculum and testing were seen as dependent on prior reforms that would have an influence on who teaches and how they are educated denmark faced this problem when it proved difficult to synchronise reforms to strengthen national testing with the pre and inservice education of teachers employed by municipalities local and regional entities often do not have sufficient capacity to implement national policies,4
+this exercise brings along a threefold contribution first it highlights the gender differences in migration determinants this paper provides evidence that differentials in discriminatory social institutions between origin and destination countries only influence female migration indeed high discrimination in social institutions in the home communities restricts female emigration and low discrimination in the destination countries attracts female immigration while they have no significant effect on men,5
+additional funding of million was allocated to the department of children and youth affairs in for early years care and education an increase of on the allocation however in the netherlands almost all children from age have a legal entitlement to free access to preprimary education in school settings age corresponds to the first year of enrolment in these settings children are enrolled in preschool education in day care centres and playgroups at age however a distinction should be drawn between preprimary and early childhood educational development isced a general pattern emerges when both programmes are compared with the share of public spending tending to be smaller in early childhood educational development isced in out of the countries with available data for both categories,4
+the ministry also started a project to help producers with training auditing and certification matters some producers so far have been certified and given the g logo the key considerations taken into account for the green production projects were the effective use of environmentfriendly raw materials avoidance of chemical and hazardous substances energy efficiency recycling and production management since the inception of the project in producers have obtained the g logo certification,7
+the threestep programme i encourages knowledge sharing to strengthen water environmental governance ii fosters water solution information platforms through workshops and dialogues hi creates policy makers networks for the improvement of water environmental governance the wepa contributes to facilitate mutual understanding on water issues between member countries each appointing a focal point who discusses solutions for environmental management challenges the current members are cambodia the people s republic of china indonesia japan korea lao people s democratic republic malaysia myanmar nepal philippines sri lanka thailand and viet nam they also suggested the importance of maintaining an uptodate database on existing water regulation,6
+several large national studies and many smaller local studies suggest that highquality child care experiences are related albeit modestly to child outcomes even after adjusting for factors such as socioeconomic status and parental childrearing attitudes and practices howes phillips and whitebook peisnerfeinberg and burchinal zill programmes for children should be intensive yearlong and conducted by appropriately trained professionals leseman the timely transition from learningtoread to readingtolearn which for most children occurs al about age or is essential to academic success school attainment and wellbeing snow burns and griffin during the primary school years from kindergarten to grade considerable emphasis is placed on the development of reading skills,4
+in term of place cs variation is more flat and is within the interval of toalmost places per looof with the mean of some and a median of places looking at the bus service figure as i n other cases relatively large differences exist between cities in general cities that offer relatively high total place capacity have also a relatively high number of circulating buses during the peak hours,11
+this project framed a multidimensional agricultural sector reform and was implemented between and as part of this move the state economic enterprises and producer cooperatives were decontrolled to varying degrees and at different speeds and became more exposed to market conditions another focus was on helping structural adjustment in agriculture through conversion to alternative production transition support land consolidation and rural development these new payments were introduced and applied during the life of arip but had gradually given place to productionlinked payments and were finally phased out some sources indicate a lack of familiarity with decoupled payments payment delays and other concerns which made the direct income support scheme unpopular among farmers wto while others characterised this evolution as a dilution of agricultural reform akder,2
+furthermore of the billion who lifted themselves out of extreme poverty billion were from asia and the pacific countries of the population living in extreme poverty such as pakistan from per cent to per cent cambodia from per cent to per cent azerbaijan from per cent to only per cent and thailand from per cent to only per cent have all reported significant decreases in the percentage of their populations living in extreme poverty although international poverty lines exist there are no agreed international standards on how to measure poverty at the national level as poverty measurement is essentially about wealth distribution the more disaggregated are the data available about individuals and small groups within a population the greater will be the value of the information that can be derived from analyses of poverty such measurements and policy measures are of relevance in asia and the pacific especially in view of the steadily falling overall poverty rates now occurring despite the existence of persistent pockets of poverty indeed to that end those indian states already having statistical capability conduct statelevel censuses on those living below the poverty line,1
+furthermore the regulation establishes an annual quota level for live cattle and beef based on the estimated shortfall between domestic supply and demand this quota is allocated by mot to importers in two sixmonth tranches january to june and july to december based on historical volumes the quota has been introduced as one of the policy measures to achieve beef selfsufficiency in practice officials have significantly overestimated domestic supply relative to demand and prices have risen sharply,2
+in particular some countries tend to have periodic limits specifically for abstraction for irrigation purposes eg years for austria while other limits are applied to other uses in seven responses it was noted that these rights are transferable which can imply the possibility of permit ownership transfers for instance linked to a change in land ownership or may open the door for potential transactions and or markets the beneficiaries of groundwater entitlements include mostly individuals with a number of countries and regions allowing companies and collective bodies bundling groundwater with land property rights can make it more difficult for resource management as it leaves less freedom of operation for users oecd c,6
+in the danish north sea cod fishery resistance from fishers toward stock recovery can partly be explained by the absence of future benefits from recovered stocks compared to shortterm losses that they would face not only from the cod stock but also from other stocks that cannot be exploited fully or only at higher costs for this reason most countries that have introduced quota systems have at the same time set limitations on total quota holdings and rules regarding the transferability of quotas through time or between particular groups of quota holders furthermore the initial allocation of quotas has proven to be an issue of concern in many cases,14
+strong variations are also observed by year in the same aimag the country plans to reach this objective in three phases in order to reduce factors affecting preventable maternal and child mortality mongolia aims to improve the quality and accessibility of reproductive healthcare services and to reduce malnutrition,3
+eighteen is the minimum legal age for marriage for women without parental consent in countries unfpa however in countries state or customary law allows girls younger than to marry with the consent of parents or other authorities in countries girls under age can marry with parental consent a recent unicef paper reported for example that in india where per cent of girls are married before only people were convicted of perpetuating children marriage in despite a law forbidding it unicef la such interventions seek to equip girls with knowledge and skills in areas relevant to their lives including sexual and reproductive health nutrition and their rights under the law,5
+this means that in general the benefits of trade are not distributed equally creating losers and winners within countries institutions and policies that work in one country will not necessarily work in another hence developing countries need to pursue and be ready to experiment with different types of policies institutional designs and growth strategies in terms of both pace and pattern rodrik identified three fundamental principles for economic policy markets institutions and macroeconomic stability these principles are not sufficient to induce growth individually but they are needed in combination no one should expect it to be unconditionally fair to all by design,1
+garcia molla s results suggest that traditional districts supported by state projects combined with twopart tariff systems exhibit the lowest consumption levels they also suggest that all districts using groundwater exclusively or in combination with surface water tend to consume more than those that rely exclusively on surface water resources indicating perhaps unsustainable use rieu shows that although demand in charente is elastic local authorities have established quotas to avoid the negative effects on farm income,6
+it should nevertheless not be forgotten that a simple carbon tax has much the same economic effect as a feedin premium all the while providing a simple and clear signal to all lowcarbon technologies this requires the provision of flexibility services in order to generate continuous matching of supply and demand between dispatchable backup capacity increased interconnection capacity storage and demandside management energy markets need to be enabled to find the most efficient solution to provide system flexibility and ensure secondbysecond matching of supply and demand,7
+there are indications that the food security situation has worsened for vulnerable households based on the limited evidence already available poverty rates are not expected to rise significantly as a result of the global economic crisis however the trend in poverty reduction witnessed since has come to a halt,1
+these include systems that monitor official development assistance other official flows southsouth flows and foreign direct investment tirpak stasio and tawney tirpak brown and ronquilloballestros second existing financial monitoring systems can be built upon for more accurate monitoring and tracking of international climate finance specifically several countries have in fact begun bringing public sources of climate finance national and international into national budgeting and planning systems thamrin ministry of finance,13
+in addition the prevailing culture within ministries is often not supportive of gender issues thus leading to a low level of coordination and cooperation between gender units and the other directorates and units w ithin their respective ministries the role of the unit is to look at the programmes ensure they are available for both genders equally and to have a gendersensitive budget but in reality while the units have been introduced they do not have any authority to make any changes,5
+the low level of preventable hospital admissions for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases copd also tends to show that proper prevention and primary care interventions are in place panel c however some preventive practices are lagging avoidable hospital admissions for diabetes are comparatively high and vaccination rates for risky populations have declined oecdeu agesex standardised rate of adults aged years and over based on admission data defined daily doses are the assumed average doses per day for drugs used for its main indication in adults eg grams for oral aspirin they are constant across countries,3
+snow crab is a very important commercial species for the region and catches have been decreasing since reaching a peak in the stock has improved and in september became the first japanese fishery to be certified under the marine stewardship council msc ecolabelling scheme there are only vessels which have a license for this fishery,14
+appreciating the depth and breadth of these changes is critical to help governments reap the benefits that these technologies create and address the challenges that may arise finally the ability to turn many forms of information that once existed solely in analogue form into digital information and to collect store and analyse it has expanded enormously the lot can improve consumers quality of life for example by helping to track physical fitness and health or to better manage household tasks and supplies through smart appliances such as connected refrigerators for businesses the lot can help to improve operational efficiency through better preventive maintenance of machinery and products and can also provide opportunities to sell new digital products and services,9
+this provision is in tandem with article of the universal declaration of human rights which strictly states that marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses the organic law instituting the penal code olpc in article prohibits forcing a person to marry or not to marry a person of his or her choice article prohibits kidnapping or confinement of a person with intent to live together as husband and wife article prohibits living with or attempts to live together with a child as husband and wife and a person who commits this offence is liable to life imprisonment this article also makes it an offence to live with or attempt to live with a person as husband or wife who has attained eighteen years of age but is below twenty years of age,5
+rather true prices free of distorting effects from regulation and taxes would in almost all the arctic regions provide sufficient economic incentives to drive the transition into the ds or cns it is immediately evident that there is very little difference between the three scenarios in the major transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy happens independently of the c targets imposed in the ds and cns scenarios,7
+these studies represent a large and important knowledge base and they have influenced education policy development globally the nordic countries represent a unique laboratory for indepth analyses of the outcomes of these studies because of the many cultural similarities combined with clear national characteristics with respect to results and policy development the biannual northern lights publications aim to present highly policyrelevant analyses in a nordic context in order to enhance the use and understanding of the data from largescale assessments and to stimulate nordic cooperation,4
+abstraction and pollution pricing through charges and taxes are means towards the internalisation of environmental costs into prices ws atkins international this includes households municipalities businesses public institutions farmers etc it also includes nonconsumptive water users such as hydropower companies and thermal power companies and industries using water for cooling purposes before returning it to a public water course although these penalties are theoretically part of a command and control regulatory regime in practice these fines are often treated more like a cost of doing business akin to a tax oecd eap task force b,6
+it provides insights into the important roles of ecosystem services ess and why their valuation matters it describes the manual s aims focus target audience structure content and limitations in terms of scope and application the module also introduces scenarios specific to the context of bangladesh which can be used as references examples and exercises in considering the approaches methods and concepts presented in the manual,15
+over the period a permanent trend is observed of increasing the tree biomass stock by per cent for coniferous species and per cent for deciduous species in spite of the decrease in emissions observed the share of the removals in the total ghg emissions in co eq is still remarkable the reason for this is that the emissions in the other sectors have dropped dramatically,13
+in the s and s european governments in particular put in place family and childcare policies to encourage couples to have children and ensure that it is feasible for women to combine work and family responsibilities oecd a oecd a enrolling children in ece helps prepare them to enter and succeed in formal schooling mitigates social inequalities and promotes better student outcomes there is a growing body of evidence that shows that children who have a strong start in their development learning and wellbeing will have better outcomes when they grow older duncan and magnuson,4
+master service agreements contract terms modifications extensions appendices etc as an example the building information modelling bim guideline in germany is to be implemented until the year aiming to collect relevant information of a building s lifecycle in order to ensure transparent communication of all stakeholders bundesministerium the visualisation of the versioning without a central counterpart creates an ecosystem without any vendor locking,9
+this project is part of a national estrategy it involves the deployment of g broadband network infrastructure to enable digital inclusion and provide access to information and knowledge and make icts available for all the deployed network also provides service to remote and poor connectivity areas,9
+four connect mediumtolarge ports to core networks some have specialised in serving lowdensity areas with strong agricultural sectors while others connect major industrial clusters to the main network they have managed to form sustainable businesses where the private and public national operators had failed,9
+the report enumerates many of the most prominent multiple benefits of energy efficiency and although the list is not exhaustive it provides a rich menu of the variety of the benefits that may be of interest to policy makers based on a review of existing literature this report summarises the significance of each of these potential outcomes of energy efficiency measures in many cases a ripple effect emerges when energy efficiency improvements take effect at the individual level triggering benefits for a household andor enterprise that have a multiplier effect on a specific sector and possibly the whole economy in addition as utilities notably in developing countries improve their supplyside efficiency they can provide more electricity to more households thereby supporting increased access initiatives which is often an important stated objective of supplyside energy efficiency activities in developing countries the effect of increased spending and investment can in turn result in positive macroeconomic effects described below,7
+teachers are trained to adapt their teaching to different learning needs and styles of students there is also emphasis on the teaching practicum which includes a minor portion of basic teaching skill practice in front of peers in student groups and a more significant portion of required teaching practice at teacher training schools run by the university or at affiliated schools in addition other teacher groups such as preprimary teachers and vocational teachers are required to have a tertiary education degree,4
+a first reform led to the national plan for mental health which brought substantial improvement in mental health services both at the primary and specialised health care settings then the regular general practitioners scheme was instituted in to improve the quality and the access to primary health care services a gp is normally responsible for a patient list size of up to persons,3
+capacity building efforts for forest conservation and sustainable management have been enhanced in the last six years through strategic forest programmes such as proarbol the poor remain the most heavily affected by the loss of forest and soil fertility thus it is relevant that the situation of indigenous and local communities has been taken into account when formulating policies for the conservation and sustainable use of forests and biodiversity,15
+the state and municipal levels have been growing in importance in the last decades as they have asserted their powers and are increasing their share in the distribution of tax receipts figure provides an overview of the directions of the key financial flows in the mexican water sector further information on the organisation and role of federal institutions for water management is provided in chapter in some cases they directly provide water and sanitation services which have to be funded,6
+the most striking example is india which is seen to have the lowest level of labour market insecurity due to unemployment lower than the oecd average but a large proportion of workers in subsistencelevel jobs this methodology discussed in annex a delivers an estimate of upward mobility the probability of transitioning out of low pay and an estimate of downward mobility the probability of transitioning into low pay the two can be combined to derive a measure of the longterm incidence of low pay which can be interpreted as the risk that a random worker in the economy will be in a lowpaying occupation at a given point in time,8
+three climate change scenarios were considered low emissions rcp medium emissions rcp and high emissions rcp each scenario was projected using twelve different climate models and the median result was taken as the value for the respective drought and flood indicators scenarios of no adaptation as well as low and high adaptation were taken into consideration the greatest vulnerabilities are seen in areas of subsaharan africa and south and south east asia where millions of people are likely to face greater risk of food insecurity as a result of climate change by the s,13
+least developed countries in the region had a lower unemployment rate of per cent in upper middleincome economies the rate was per cent and in high income economies it was per cent landlocked developing countries faired significantly worse with unemployment at per cent the north and central asian subregion had the highest youth unemployment rate at per cent in however that rate represents a steep drop from the high of percent in over recent years the region has continued to grow as a major tourist destination,8
+however for lowincome households with relatively heavy healthcare needs such costs can accumulate research using a household expenditure survey navon and chernichovsky estimated about households spend at least onethird of their disposable income excluding spending on food on health care there has already been some widening of exemptions in recent years including reduced copayments for mother and child care and for the elderly nevertheless more maybe needed to provide a good enough safety net,3
+world bank also available at lance world bank also available at bangladesh nutrition at a glance world bank also available at to tackle its underlying causes it is important to address the problem from different angles and link production consumption and nutrition perspectives within a holistic food system approach,2
+since wheat price support through a transportation subsidy and domestic market interventions is observed price policies in the livestock sector have been increasingly protective as border protection has increased and additional per tonne payments introduced however with prices of wheat supported above world levels in recent years livestock producers face higher feed costs than would otherwise be the case,2
+marine energy technologies such as wave tidal oceanthermal or salt power were not assessed because they are still relatively immature it is the work of an international scientific and technical expert team meeting the rising energy demands of a growing world population presents an ideal opportunity to make technology choices that also address the climate environmental and health issues caused by fossil fuels,7
+at every level of the workforce women drop out or stall below top leadership positions creating a leaking pipeline of talent for new zealand s management sector as the national women s machinery it is responsible for providing policy advice on how to improve the situation of women across the country as well as suitable women nominees for state sector boards and committees additionally the ministry provides support and policy advice to the national advisory council on the employment of women an independent advisory body that monitors women s employment for mwa stronger gender balance is not just a goal unto itself but has longlasting and countrywide impacts for organisational performance and productivity basing its theory of change on the growing body of international evidence demonstrating the economic value of increasing gender diversity mwa asserts that more women in leadership will bring diverse views to the decisionmaking table this correlates to better decisionmaking and organisational performance as well as stronger connections to clients stakeholders and investors,5
+with regard to transport policies the governments policy document smarter travel a sustainable transport future sets out how the vision of a sustainable travel and transport system can be achieved through actions by relevant government departments and agencies facilitated by the department of transport it recommends actions such as fostering a cycling culture and a walking culture which failte ireland believes will also enhance the tourism offer from july the rate of vrt purchase tax for all new and used cars registered in ireland is calculated on the basis of the co,13
+while the share of solar and wind in the overall energy mix still remains below the country s potential just over in chile has become a leading solar producer in the latin american region in response to argentina s curtailment of natural gas exports in chile has initiated efforts to reduce its dependence on fossil fuel imports and tap into domestic renewable energy resources moreover public discontent has put pressure on the future development of largescale hydropower projects,7
+also because of the capital lumpiness in water supply this provides an incentive to expand the capacity in surface water storage at a single point in time rather than spread out over time which can mean that it may be a considerable duration before demand materialises to use this capacity policy interventions in agriculture regarding water commonly involve changing the quantity andor quality of access as usually farmers have some access to water hence to measure the benefit from an increment in water supply for farming in the receiving areas it is necessary to estimate the marginal value of water marginal net profit in the agricultural uses that would go out of production without the new increment of water,6
+however replicating the development path of industrialized countries based almost exclusively on fossil fuels would result in a level of emissions that would preclude reaching meaningful global targets with respect to emissions reductions renewable energies could in theory address both issues allowing developing countries to develop while limiting the growth in emissions from that part of the world such causality is best demonstrated at the micro level there is a wide body of literature showing how access to energy especially clean cooking energy and electricity radically improves livelihoods and basic development indicators,7
+for this to happen it is essential to have the acceptance and support of such development from the communities that will reap the benefits and costs associated w ith tourism development as in many countries destination management plans dmp can be used to support tourism development and take into account local needs and characteristics oecd a they can help to coordinate public and private actors,8
+the global alliance to monitor learning works on the technically more sophisticated learning outcomerelated indicators primarily on minimum proficiency in reading and mathematics adult literacy and digital literacy it began inviting countries in late with the prospect of developing into part of the tcg structure the interagency group on education inequality indicators works on indicators based on data from household surveys but has not yet included countries the forum provides political leadership guidance and recommendations on implementation and followup tracks progress encourages elaboration of coherent policies informed by evidence science and country experiences and addresses new and emerging issues,4
+in all cases special measures should be instituted to address the particular justice needs of victims of sexual and other forms of genderbased violence these might include special hearings on violence against women andor men boys or girls victim support prosecution procedures that uphold victims rights and reparations that include health care services bratislava undp dcaf,5
+effective measures include agricultural research technology transfer and extension and advisory sendees food insecurity is a consequence of poverty except in emergency situations where physical supplies break down tariff protection for staple foods which is sometimes suggested as a means to improve food security may expand domestic output and hence raise the availability of food but it does not help poor consumers to gain access to the food they need,2
+in remote rural regions food supply can be a major challenge as can access to food moreover because these regions have small populations that tend to be politically disenfranchised they are not a highpriority constituency for national governments when food insecurity challenges emerge for poor households food consumption typically accounts for around half of all expenditures making them particularly susceptible to price increases,2
+awarding a qualification is thus an official recognition of a student s achievements by a competent body in a further step certification assures the documentation of students skills which allows them to communicate their competencies to others oecd as the end of upper secondary education represents an important point of decision for a student s career progression in most oecd countries assessment for qualification and certification at this stage of education carries high stakes which leads to several particularities for its design and implementation,4
+the close involvement these critical partners often determines the success of a biodiversity mainstreaming initiative as the objective of biodiversity mainstreaming is to embed biodiversity considerations directly into the planning and operations of such production sectors through a strong community of practice in biodiversity planning a number of biodiversity priority areas have been identified for terrestrial freshwater and marine ecosystems at various scales spatial biodiversity planning is conducted at national provincial and municipal scale and is based on best available biodiversity science including species distributions climate change adaptation ecosystem services and more avoided lossdegradation by ensuring that biodiversity is properly considered during development planning and decisionmaking loss of biodiversity priority areas can be prevented,15
+while output is determined by demand supplyside inefficiencies contribute to inflation overly aggressive monetary policy responses can also have strong output costs with limited effects on the underlying causes of inflation as the case of india suggests high budget deficits in most of these countries also have inflationary implications poor infrastructure and high relative public service costs are contributing factors exchange rate depreciation affecting a number of currencies in the subregion also resulted in price rises of imported commodities including food and fuel the persistence of high inflation in pakistan is primarily due to entrenched expectations of inflation remaining high,8
+in addition children from poor households who are more likely to be exposed to such diseases as pneumonia and malaria are less likely to receive proper medical attention than children from betteroff households victoria and others at the global level the net relative mortality risk of a child from the richest quintileis per cent that for a child from the poorest quintile figure as observed before for the whole age range of years months the net relative risk of infant mortality diminishes steadily with the level of household wealth the relative mortality risks are per cent for infants from the middle quintile and per cent for infants from the rich quintile compared to children from the poorest quintile,3
+the new urban agenda adopted at habitat iii supports the implementation of sdg and outlines a new paradigm fundamental to this paradigm is a shared vision where cities and human settlements fulfill their social function engender a sense of belonging and ownership amongst all inhabitants practise civic engagement empower women and girls meet the challenges and opportunities of future growth enhancing urban economies and valueadded activities and link people places services and economic activities this includes cities and human settlements that strengthen sustainable urban transport and mobility ict communication networks egovernment strategies as well as citizencentric digital governance tools tapping into technological innovations digital technologies have impacted urban development and management over recent years,11
+furthermore the green growth poles are selfdynamic in nature with catalytic and spillover effects notably in terms of income generation enhanced technological and skills capacity as well as lower pressure on materialresource depletion and related resource pricing however in some areas eg ee in enduse sectors and renewable energy equipment additional investments will have to be made by a large number of small investors for which viable financing arrangementsfacilities should be made available furthermore mobilization of private investment in poor developing countries will not be straightforward and will likely require significant additional official development assistance and other foreign assistance as well as foreign direct investment similarly a group of companies including sony and nokia have created an ecopatent commons with initial donations of eerelated patents,7
+the successful groups have managed to reduce headcount poverty rates from over in the s to close to in while for the lagging countries the total poverty rate has remained at well over throughout the period both the headcount ratio and the number of the poor in this group of countries were declining over this period their share increased from about to of the total population between the early s and while the percentage of their population living below a day increased from about to over,1
+in privatesubsidised schools principals are employed according to the labour code while the employment framework therefore differs school principals in both systems need to have relevant training and teaching experience to be eligible for a position professionals from other fields outside education may only apply in exceptional cases,4
+the mean number of events per patient increased by for each additional medication between of errors were correlated with polypharmacy that could be reduced through the use of reminders in an electronic prescription ordering system meredith et al complexity can be clinical as well as biopsychosocial,3
+in the securities and exchange commission issued interpretive guidance on climate change disclosure but so far it seems to have had limited effects of standard poor s companies do report on climate but according to some their disclosures have been disappointing ceres this reporting requirement has not been changed in spite of the july repeal of the climate tax in march the ndrc announced a new regulation requiring all firms emitting more than tonnes c eq to begin reporting their annual ghg emissions it is expected to be enforced from reuters,13
+several chambers of commerce notably in the gulf countries have established businesswomens committees to increase womens participation in these associations businesswomens associations exist in all mena economies and offer networking opportunities mentoring training and in some cases business incubation to women entrepreneurs this is a dynamic business association of dedicated female professionals in jordan working to increase womens economic participation in jordan by harnessing the underutilised economic and social capabilities of jordanian women by drawing on the experience of its accomplished members its resources and its networks and providing effective services in response to the needs of its members female professionals and business owners,5
+these possibilities are however limited by the gendered violence that stems from strong ethnic identification which seems particularly pronounced among kyrgyz migrants even when females have not faced such violence on their own the knowledge of such risks serves as a limiting mechanism however before doing so a look will be taken at the plans migrants have for the future in order to consider whether this transnational migration is a desired way of life,5
+interviews at regional and country level revealed that the lack of gender materials in languages other than english also posed a problem gender net a peer informationsharing and problemsolving network for undp staff was initially set up as an emailbased platform later becoming an active network in addition communities of practice were established by each regional centre curated by regional gender advisorspractice leaders and these were subsequendy transferred to the teamworks platform participation dropped to from one year to the next according to statistics maintained by the knowledge management staff,5
+it has therefore decided to engage in a project dedicated to advancing the aquaculture agenda the overall project objective is to examine the policy challenges for a competitive and sustainable aquaculture sector in oecd countries in addition the project fully embraces the vision of the recent oecd declaration on green growth oecd which states that the oecd can through policy analysis and identification of best practices assist countries in their efforts to respond to the growing policy demands to foster green growth and work with countries to develop further measures to build sustainable economies,14
+moreover general medicine specialist training also includes tasks that require a deeper knowledge of common public health issues mental health included oecd mental health questionnaire as there is no gatekeeping in primary care to limit the access to specialist mental health services many patients in need of treatment for severe mental disorders in particular may seek specialist level care directly psychiatric specialist services are mainly provided in psychiatric outpatient wards located in general hospitals,3
+management institutions are unable to address compliance while low skills and technological development in the region which may otherwise permit improve public attitudes towards conservation is inadequate these social aspects are discussed in the rest of this chapter there are nevertheless several examples of coastal communities in the region who have upheld resource use regulations informed by their sense of attachment to a resource base cinner and aswani in some fisherfolk describe their rights to marine commons as akin to communal ownership derived from their ancestors or a spiritual being,15
+these indicate that commodity sectors feature prominently in these countries climate change mitigation and adaption commitments although cddcs as a group have contributed only modestly to climate change and notwithstanding their heterogeneity they have pledged to contribute to global efforts to mitigate climate change,13
+a betterdesigned approach could help win support from the city government and citizens diverse approaches to congestion pricing including value pricing and area pricing could be examined with a view to diversifying congestion fees in korea reflecting the characteristics of different urban development patterns boxes and the united stales by contrast charges congestion fees by value pricing for travellers on a particular segment of a facility,11
+womens election to urban local government has increased their social respectability and provided them with the ability to solve the problems of ordinary people ibid in chennai too several resident welfare associations concerned about the absence of educated middleclass citizens in public life fielded their members including women as candidates regardless of having a number of prominent and powerful female politicians womens participation in politics in both countries is very low despite the provision for reservation of onethird of the seats in local governments women members are not able to participate effectively,5
+there is currently only one largescale project operating in the power sector in canada the boundary dam plant and two more in the united states which were scheduled to come online in global ccs institute a in other industries only a handful of projects currently operate most are in natural gas extraction and processing where two norwegian projects stand out this c which is classified as one type of fugitive c when emitted is often released to the atmosphere both intentionally and unintentionally either through leakages or venting during the extraction process itself or during onsite or downstream processing of extracted natural gas the statistics vary especially on the former but are in principle reported by all countries who report annual greenhouse gas emissions to the unfccc secretariat annex i countries,7
+this new investment cycle will constitute a major test for competitive markets and one of the last opportunities to decarbonise the electricity mix by many economists as well as the iea recommend wellfunctioning electricity markets as the efficient solution provided that prices can rise high enough during periods of scarcity and that there is a stable regulatory framework yet a growing number of countries have recently adopted new rules mandating system operators to contract for generation capacity new zealand ontario california norway and sweden or have introduced explicit margin or capacity targets pjm italy australias eastern states and latin america,7
+the concept of zero emissions whether gaseous liquid or solid has been linked with zero defects in product quality control and zero industrial accidents in workplace safety management in the course of disseminating the asian zeroemissions concept the first international meeting on the subject was held in jakarta and released the declaration on zero emissions to the world united nations university two workshops held in hanoi and ho chi minh city followed by a workshop in beijing provided the opportunity to promote a mutual understanding of the situations in developing and developed countries,12
+it aimed at recognizing the concerns of women as occupying a separate but overlapping space with the concerns of development however women and development was criticized for overlooking the major influence of the ideology of patriarchy and thus being insufficiently gendered south africa journal of human rights vol moreover it saw women as agents of change rather than passive recipients of development assistance,5
+however if abused they can also be used to facilitate iuu fishing or if not taken into account in fisheries management can increase fishing power in general and result in overexploitation of resources this is a risk with blockchains for example as they make it possible to gather more information and to use it more efficiently and effectively thus increasing predictive capacity some new technologies have also created barriers for fisheries that lack the capacity or financial resources to adopt them similarly it is essential to address barriers to fishers and fish farmers access to new technologies and to build their capacity to take advantage of disruptive technologies,14
+see annex for notes fwwwoecdoryeducationeducationataplance html it is crucial to provide and ensure access to organised learning opportunities for adults beyond initial formal education especially for workers who need to adapt to changes throughout their careers and who have difficulty achieving high labour market outcomes oecd social integration requires that individuals have the basic skills and knowledge needed to exercise their rights and responsibilities as citizens and enjoy the benefits of community life,4
+a special case concerns secondary teachers in agrarian schools whose salary compensates of direct teaching hours and of production activities as long as they have years of service retirement with a full pension is possible for female teachers at age and for male teachers at age however after the economic crisis of the devaluation of the currency meant that in real terms teacher salaries were lowered idb and despite increases since then salaries compare unfavourably with those in other latin american countries as shown in figure,4
+now the court because of the pressure of palestinian women introduced a law that forces at least a sixmonth waiting period before a woman can be asked to sign off her inheritance to a brotherinlaw father or brother after this she has to be aware of how much the inheritance is and how much the cost of it is they explain that this is their right,5
+at the same time in countries where of preschool age children were excluded denmark hungary italy latvia malta and slovakia there were no significant differences by income however missing values for austria and bulgaria are relatively low per cent while data for sweden per cent need to be interpreted with extreme caution there are no significant differences by income for the oldest age group except in slovakia where poor children were more likely to be excluded this helps construct the profiles of multiply deprived andor poor children identifying the most vulnerable subgroups,1
+imports of nonedible fishery products were valued at usd billion an increase of usd billion compared with fresh and frozen exports were almost million tonnes valued at usd billion an increase of tonnes million pounds and an increase of usd million compared with in terms of individual items fresh and frozen exports consisted principally of tonnes of groundfish valued at usd million tonnes of salmon valued at usd million tonnes of surimi valued at usd million and tonnes of lobsters valued at usd million canned items were tonnes valued at usd million,14
+by contrast three out of four apprentices at the upper secondary level were in technical and industrial fields some evidence shows that employment rates are higher for graduate apprentices than for students with equivalent schoolbased qualifications abriac rathelot and sanchez more than adults aged to were surveyed in countries and regions since isced b and a each include both general and vocational programmes shortcycle postsecondary vocational programmes were approximated by modifying isced and b by reference to the field of study the survey provides information on the areas of studies for current education and for the highest qualification,4
+there are three main conditions that must be met risks should be nonuniform at the national level highrisk regions should be welldefined and bounded and hotspot assessments should be supported by robust information and data both steps will vary depending on the scope scale and time horizon as well as the level of information this exercise identified china india and the united states as the top three water risk hotspot countries for agriculture production,6
+for instance the alliance for affordable internet a broad coalition with more than member organizations from civil society and the public and private sectors has proposed the affordability target of for gb of data for no more than per cent of income alliance for affordable internet the two benchmarks are considered given that there are a number of countries that have not yet achieved the per cent target set for for broadband services and therefore they are benchmarked against this goalpost on the other hand those countries having achieved the per cent target are benchmarked based on their progress towards achieving the target of per cent of gni pc it will include the presentation of the end mobilecellular basket and country rankings and show some regional differences in the affordability of mobilecellular prices,9
+tutoring is a rapidly expanding and profitable business with several providers listed on stock exchanges in over of families spent money on afterschool tutoring mainly at the primary and secondary levels with rapidly growing household disposable incomes as long as tutoring is a prerequisite to academic success such spending will increase,4
+poverty lines defined as a proportion of the mean or median are strongly relative in the words of ravallion in the sense that the elasticity of the poverty line to mean income is unity this property implies that a proportional increase in all incomes or all levels of consumption in an economy leaves the poverty measure unaltered ravallion and chen indeed their proposed poverty schedule has elasticity zero for mean incomes up to usd a day and then elasticity rising from at usd a day up to an asymptotic value of unity indeed when all incomes increase by a given proportion the median increases by the same proportion,1
+improving sanitation services recommended activities the plant would be built in myasnikyan community at the end of the operating collector adjacent to the irrigation canal the emergency segments of the collector from baghramyan to myasnikyan about km in length as well as the emergency segments of the collector passing through the area of myasnikyan village about meters should be restored the renovation and expansion of the internal sewerage network is not planned at this stage,6
+replacing chemical fertilisers with organic alternatives for greener food production diversifying renewable energy sources to close the energy access gap integrating land use management with community forestry approaches and tackling urbanlevel climate change are among the actions which are also currently outlined in the crge as having great potential to achieve accelerated economic growth mitigate climate change and scale up development benefits the global financial crisis saw these concepts enter political debate and frame economic decisionmaking particularly when most g countries dedicated a significant proportion of their economic stimulus packages to green investments the idea was that stalled growth and unemployment could be kickstarted through investing in new green sectors such as lowcarbon energy transport buildings and other infrastructure others have viewed the idea as making changes in economic governance to tackle resource scarcities how can the energy transport agriculture water and other resource demands of economic growth best be met oecd,13
+the growth pattern of the s which was relatively successful is beginning to show fissures and vulnerabilities and change is needed fissures provide opportunities to reshape institutional arrangements and forge new social and political agreements that are compatible with a development pattern founded on both more equality and more sustainability the success of democratic societies lies in recognizing these challenges and negotiating the establishment of new institutions that adapt to new scenarios or foster the necessary changes,10
+the effects of these policies on lung cancer death rates remain to be seen over the coming decades in the government established several smallscale programmes to fight excessive alcohol misuse among young adults through awarenessraising activities which are part of the national action plan in the fight against drugs and related addictions a national alcohol strategy is currently under development,3
+but it also generates inequalities in access to health care as only employees can benefit from it and leads to duplication of services hence it would be desirable to remove privileged access to primary care through the occupational sector however it is only conceivable if responsiveness is not affected user fees from which only the occupational sector is exempted could be another contentious issue the impact on private health care is more ambiguous,3
+a number of plans also include targets and indicators such as those related to deforestation land use and degradation colombia ethiopia increase in forest cover nepal uganda species in danger of extinction and the number and size of protected areas most countries have devoted separate thematic sections to biodiversity ecosystems or environmental protection more broadly china s th fiveyear plan fyp for example addresses biodiversity under ecosystem protection and accelerated restoration as part of the plan s overarching strategy to build a resourceconserving and environmentfriendly society through green development,15
+for every percent increase in the proportion of seizurefree epilepsytreated patients there was a percent reduction in the number of patients with at least one epilepsyrelated emergency hospitalization the cost savings were found to mainly be due to reductions in emergency admissions and outpatient visits rather than to lower costs for patients treated in hospital or to reductions in elective admissions in contrast they found little evidence of savings arising in other specialities,3
+studies in showed that when women and girls earn income they reinvest per cent of it into their families as compared to the to per cent that men and boys contribute research has also shown that higher levels of schooling among mothers correlate with better infant and child health yes this is the girl effect and we have only begun to see its myriad effects,5
+it is very important that the commitment to gender equity and equality in the ssf guidelines be reflected in this process and that women in fishing communities and their legitimate representatives be integrally involved the example from brazil in case study is a good illustration of this process there should be monitoring mechanisms that define gendersensitive outcome and process indicators and measure compliance in participation with the various stakeholders therefore a balanced and equitable partnership approach and crosssector collaboration are prerequisites for successful implementation fao b,5
+while each topic covered could merit much deeper analysis on its own this paper takes a broad overview of these implications of paris on trade a crude picture can be drawn the european union and the usa industrialised historic ghg emitters with emissions caps under the kyoto protocol sought to broaden the agreement to require all states to make mitigation commitments,13
+urban challenges can be separated into two broad categories developed versus developing countries and within those categories primate versus secondary cities this simplified typology is not intended to be exhaustive but rather illustrative of some of the differences in urban conditions and challenges which exist and would influence policy recommendations and specific solutions of the new urban agenda the levels of gdp per capita of countries are used as proxies for level of development,11
+assuming that we are able to match similar students across waves of the pisa study we can estimate how the reform affected students who without the reform would still be in vocational schools we use treatmentevaluation nomenclature see lee to formally define the groups the treatment is defined as a yearold student in vocational secondary school szkola zawodowa in,4
+one model that seems to fit well with the findings of this paper is developed by maclver and maclver they suggest a strategy for dropout prevention that can be applied at all levels of the education system and which serves as a good example of a strategy that can be implemented even in a time of financial crisis the report presents a strategy that combines targeting easily measurable abcs of disengagement high absenteeism behavioural problems and course failure with comprehensive school reform and targeted interventions,4
+similarly in honduras nicaragua and peru percent of all agricultural producers were creditconstrained world bank in part this is also because informal credit is often very expensive banerjee and duflo in many countries addressing credit market failures through special programmes credit guarantee schemes and specialized banks is a priority,2
+among young adults under rising mortality rates from accidental poisoning a large proportion of which were due to drug misuse increased overall mortality rates at these ages during making a small negative contribution to changes in life expectancy at birth in england phe c ons d high or rising levels of drug overdose mortality are apparent in several highincome countries eg the uk sweden canada australia although not approaching the levels in the usa ho and hendi in the usa sharply rising death rates from the largescale drug overdose crisis among younger men and women and from unintentional injuries overall are significant contributors to falling life expectancy box sherry et al the usas opioid crisis includes use of both illegal opiates and prescribed opioidbased painkillers canada is also experiencing a serious opioid crisis especially among young and middleaged adults which is slowing improvements in life expectancy government of canada,3
+it puts forward a working definition of the ocean economy which encompasses not only the oceanbased industries but also the natural assets and ecosystem services that the ocean provides focusing on the ocean industries the chapter outlines the findings of the oecd ocean economy database and briefly presents the estimates of the current value added and jobs provided by the ocean economy worldwide turning its attention to the future the chapter describes the principal forces driving the ocean economy forward and estimates value added and employment in the global ocean economy by,14
+they must learn how to construct abstractions starting with what is concrete and familiar instead of learning empty abstractions as though they were given truths this should be the basic goal of any education reform it must be a tool for abolishing all human relations based on fear domination and aggression,4
+a dedicated trust fund for the promotion of the software industry fonsoft has been established managed by the national agency of scientific and technological promotion it supports rd projects professional training quality improvement and startups it targets individuals as well as new firms financial support includes a subsidy of to be executed over a twoyear period activities eligible for funding include hiring professional services obtaining technical assistance and a certain proportion of the entrepreneurs salaries,9
+the assessment should be based on performance measures that teachers consider to be fair and accurate which could include common professional teaching standards and should provide incentives for behaviour that supports the overall goals of the education system oecd for example teachers in romania reported to the review team that they would like to be rewarded with professional learning opportunities the ministry also currently has the legislated authority to award teachers a range of decorations orders medals and titles which could be used to publicly champion teachers efforts to increase the equity of the education system by supporting success for all students improving appraisal processes to support teachers continuing professional learning and competency development and providing teachers with greater opportunities to make use of their higher levels of knowledge and skills will benefit teachers students schools and the education system as a whole,4
+the reform of msw management replaced a poorly regulated system in which each household or building contracted separately for waste collection with one in which municipalities are responsible for msw preliminary evidence suggests that this reform is helping achieve the main msw policy objectives nevertheless a range of challenges remains in particular municipalities need significantly more capacity and support to carry out their responsibilities and to ensure that waste management services are provided efficiently and effectively,12
+the largest vessel group consists of the smallest coastal vessels less than meters they account for of the vessels the oceangoing vessels account for only of the vessels all vessel groups showed a positive operating profit the total operating revenues for the fishing fleet in the population were estimated to nok billion while the total operating expenses were estimated to nok billion,14
+however while contribution credits can be a valuable tool to improve womens pension benefits they are unlikely to close gender gaps in coverage and benefits on their own and need to be conceived as part of a wider package of gender equalityenhancing measures in a context of gendered labour markets contributory pension systems face several constraints to guarantee universal and adequate pension benefits for women women s lives of work are different from men s in a number of important aspects and these differences affect gender equality in pension entitlements even under genderneutral pension system rules,5
+another important barrier is the beliefs of clinicians who underestimate their patients needs for vocational services bond et al similarly bell et al this longitudinal study reinforced former crosssectional studies concluding that work might improve cognitive dysfunctions eg mcgurk and meltzer,3
+a number of participatory intersectoral assessments informed by analysis have been carried out in transboundary basins such as the alazaniganykh the sava and its tributary the drina and the syr darya this inclusive approach provides a good basis for identifying solutions jointly moreover meetings and workshops on the waterfoodenergyecosystem nexus provide for exchange of experience on intersectoral impacts and tradeoffs as well as good practices to address them at the national level the project aims at improving legal and institutional capacity of authorities involved in dam safety management,6
+aluminium is also the largest in iceland in which this industry accounts for almost fourfifths of industrial energy use the remainder is primarily iron and steel in denmark the largest energy user is food and nonmetallic minerals the latter being predominantly cement production both sectors account for around onethird of denmarks industrial energy use figure shows that this industry represents of the industrial energy use in the nordic region,7
+they use acts of violence and a series of behaviours including intimidation threats psychological abuse isolation etc they choose their tactics carefully some destroy property some rely on threats of abuse and some threaten children any man who disregards a women s no is raping her withdrawing support for the prosecution of her abuser may appear to be her safest shortterm choice in a context of many difficult choices,5
+however of greater value for monitoring sfm is intensity of use work to understand how data is collected could inform proposals for common definitions and methods that could then be promoted across europe to enhance the quality of this part of the indicator this is perhaps the priority area for the development of social indicators for forestry at european level,15
+the analysis also assumes a increase in gas tariff by this flaw in the methodology limits operators investment because they need to account for the risk that these investments may not be profitable and may not even cover the costs of capital also there is a need to set asset value based on economic and not on accounting value which in the case of old assets has a significant effect on the capacity of the operator to replace assets,7
+approaches to participatory and genderresponsive budgeting offer prospects for genderresponsive decisions in funding allocation decisions and for ensuring accountability for tracking and reporting on genderspecific financing benchmarks international human rights frameworks offer important standards for holding states accountable however to achieve sustainable development with gender equality at its centre women s rights need to be brought far more fully into policy frameworks global efforts to integrate gender equality and sustainable development thus far have been mixed ranging from exclusion to nominal inclusion cela dankelman and stern,5
+with a digital signature and its incorporation into a blockchain for example it is possible to check the authenticity and uniqueness of radio frequency identification tags used to track parts through a supply chain the international organization for standardization iso created a technical committee on blockchain and dlts isotc the standardization sector of the international telecommunication union itu established a focus group on applying dlt the european telecommunications standards institute etsi produces a variety of standards in the telecommunications industry including those that enabled key global technologies such as gsm g g dect and smart cards,9
+in addition to sectorspecific activities austria has taken steps to mainstream climate change adaptation throughout government operations one such step was the climate impact test a mandatory test on climate change mitigation and adaptation applied to proposed federal regulations it was later integrated into the new regulatory impact assessment process in force since,13
+the objective is to support an integrated and crossdisciplinaiy planning process instead of a sectorspecific one and to foster regionallocal coordination on thematic topics evidence on the role of urban governance from five oecd countries oecd regional development working papers no studies on the agricultural and food sector in central and eastern europe vol,11
+the reforms include fundamental changes to health care financing and planning health promotion and care coordination sound governance accountability and oversight are needed to ensure these reforms do indeed result in better outcomes for the polish people health policy vol pp how poland can accelerate growth with inclusion world bank washington,3
+at the same time they may feel intimidated by ride services that combine technological elements that they may poorly master and the need to provide banking details in advance in cities where frequent accessible buses and onstreet hail taxis are available this would mean ensuring that ride services licensed by public authorities provide services as accessible as those they complement or replace and that drivers are sufficiently trained this may mean a substantial number of vehicles deployed would meet international accessibility standards ongoing monitoring of these outcomes is necessary,11
+in comparison system costs for dispatchable technologies such as nuclear coal and gas are at least one order of magnitude lower ie below usd per mwh for instance a significant share of hydroelectric resources would provide some or all of the flexibility required to integrate variable renewables and thus limit the increase in system costs depending on their technical characteristics which differ according to the reactor type nuclear energy further contributes to the flexibility provision in lowcarbon systems,7
+the shortterm forces are related to the business cycle as explained by conventional keynesian theory in the long term the potential income of the poor is determined by the growth rate of the economy the elasticity of employment with respect to output growth and the quality of employment quality of employment refers not only to the returns to labour but also to a host of attributes of work that are subsumed under the notion of labour standards and the decent work criteria set by the international labour organization ilo including for example protection against unfair dismissal health and safety standards at work the length of the working day the right of workers to organize and engage in collective bargaining with employers and the scope for the workers to participate in decisionmaking processes,8
+the difference between this indicator and the initial poverty rate is the distribution effect both effects can also be calculated by exchanging the initial and end periods both obstacles can be overcome by averaging the calculated effects using each of the two base years respectively kakwanii which is the procedure used to perform the calculations in this chapter journal of development economics vol amsterdam elsevier for this analysis and in the absence of longitudinal surveys that would serve to identify changes in the income sources of the same households the variations between and are studied for the same proportion of households those whose per capita income at the start of the period was below the poverty line thus if poor households represented of the total in for the poorest of households by income are selected regardless of whether the households in that range are living in poverty or not,1
+these tools are contributing to the growing science of cities this initiative envisions the use of circular economy techniques to link an urban extension to existing settlements the initiative aims to incentivize ideas for decentralized closedloop models of spatial planning and periurban service provision that replace fossil energy with renewables derive new water biogas and fertilizer from wastewater and produce food and biofuel with recycled inputs all cogenerated at near netzero waste each reneww zone would offer within walking or cycling distance a green space for community recreation recycling and sanitation services as well as a place to purchase fresh food recycled goods biofuels and safe drinking water,11
+several agencies supported countries developing sti policy frameworks including unctad unesco unido unece unescap and the world bank iattsti the declaration made at the fourth united nations conference on the least developed countries ldcs in istanbul in welcomed the establishment of a technology bank dedicated to ldcs the istanbul programme of action for the least developed countries for the decade included the establishment of a technology bank and science technology and information supporting mechanism dedicated to least developed countries which would help improve least developed countries scientific research and innovation base promote networking among researchers and research institutions help least developed countries access and utilise critical technologies and draw together bilateral initiatives and support by multilateral institutions and the private sector building on the existing international initiatives the aaaa and the agenda for sustainable development reaffirmed the importance of this mechanism and requested through sdg target for it to be fully operationalised by,9
+the effects of broadband internet expansion on labor market outcomes industrial and labor relations review april vol the digital road to recovery a stimulus plan to create jobs boost productivity and revitalize america the information technology and innovation foundation washington dc,8
+seoul is indisputably the most affluent and the most autonomous subnational government in korea with a financial independence rate calculated as the percentage of local own resources over total budget of which is by far the highest rate among subnational governments in korea the bars do not equal due to a number of possible reasons when there was no response when the government voluntarily eliminated some responses to protect individuals privacy and when the census automatically eliminates records if the number of responses collected in the investigation area is less than five to eliminate outliers it ranks first among korean tl regions in terms of road length mkm compared with a national average of mkm the number of train stations including subway stations railway length mkm and subway line length mkm far above secondranked busan with mkm and thirdranked daegu with mkm in koti kostat a the combined modal share of public transport and nonmotorised modes is almost see figure,11
+while improvements on some indicators in some p p schemes are found no clear breakthrough in performance improvement can be clearly linked to the introduction of a p p scheme the share of hypertensive patients with controlled blood pressure is significantly higher in fhu models a and b where there is the greatest p p component than in traditional health care centres the same is true for controlled diabetics louren o see table,3
+to date the development has been uneven and internships have benefited only a small proportion of students closer partnerships between universities and industry could ensure quality workbased learning opportunities for students contract research is however not well developed universityindustry interactions in research and development remain limited to consulting arrangements and troubleshooting contracts in the last three years only of firms surveyed in penang have collaborated with a research institute when upgrading or acquiring a new technology,4
+for instance the climate and early warning systems crews international initiative launched in aims to increase the capacity of ldcs and sids to generate and communicate early warnings and risk information wmo these are expected to boost these countries resilience to changing climatic conditions and climate variability in addition to mitigating disaster risks in the agricultural sector strengthening emergency response and recovery systems can help limit the impacts of natural disasters on rural lives and livelihoods,13
+however the taxes are more onerous in ldcs where they account for a larger share of per capita income data for ldcs included in the gsma study show that handset taxes range from to of the cost see box chart the country has the second lowest taxes on handsets among the ldcs which has an important impact on the price by almost half of cambodians had a smartphone,9
+in this way it attempts to value neets unpaid household work in monetary terms time devoted to nonmarket production by youth neets in argentina is almost constant across the three age groups but much higher among young women than young men there are three possibilities within the input approach first is the opportunity cost wage that a person could be paid for working an extra hour in a market job rather than an hour of unpaid household work,8
+in general the vet systems in the eesc countries lack standards cannot supply the growing demand and are unable to meet modern requirements little is done to ensure that the vet institutions cover all territories and respond to all occupation needs inadequate financing deteriorating infrastructures and ineffective mechanisms for building social partnerships all contribute to the lack of credibility of vet systems importantly the countries must improve their systems for monitoring labour market developments and anticipating future skills requirements and must consult with industry and potential employers although in belarus and ukraine tertiary education significantly reduces the likelihood of being unemployed all five countries have very high percentages of unemployed with postsecondary nontertiary education with particularly high figures in belarus and ukraine compared to the oecd average of at the other end of the scale only belarus has a significant percentage of unemployed whose education ended at or below primary level,4
+high investments in and partly supported by enova s schemes have led to expectations of further growth in district heat consumption in the coming years however although district heat consumption is increasing it only accounts for of the net domestic consumption of energy about half of the resources used for district heating in norway are forest biomass and municipal waste which are supplemented by gas oil hydro power and waste heat,7
+in turn social norms are grounded on deeper principles and values associated with just social arrangements and institutions articulated by competing ethical perspectives our discussion demonstrates the relevance and significance of ethical perspectives for poverty and poverty reduction in particular they throw light on antipoverty programme design features heavily contested in the literature,1
+ideal indicators would also inform on the linkages between the various health components and how for instance physical and psychological aspects of health are related as functioning across multiple domains is a critical aspect of health in practice the picture of health status provided by existing indicators is incomplete table however they refer only to the length of people s lives rather than to the health conditions of the living,3
+it is likely that as each generation reaches old age it will face similar difficulties as the pace of technology moves faster than peoples ability to stay ahead of it mentally and physically given the likely increase in prevalence of digital interfaces especially in the context of mobility as a service maas designing services that are accessible for as wide a population as possible will become a core concern this is already the case for finland a pioneer in maas policy and deployment see box over the past years in north america europe and elsewhere there have been developments initiated by the civil rights movement and increasingly enshrined in law to require all public transport to be designed and operated by vehicles and systems accessible to people who use wheelchairs have walking difficulty impaired sight or hearing etc,11
+it was written to provide inspiration and good points of departure that may lead to improvements of the korean road safety data system the analysis of data and its use in policymaking and research one hundred years later this is still true another phrase very relevant for this research is you cant manage what you cant measure it is advisable to consider these different sources as part of one road safety whole and clearly agree on who collects which data with what frequency and how data is managed and made available to users,11
+through input indicators it is possible to account for the existence of legislation and policy instruments the process indicators account for actions contributing to the achievement of outcomes eg coordination and monitoring instruments indicators combine de jure rulesbased indicators since they concern legal policy and regulatory inputs and processes and de facto ones since they seek to capture the level of implementation of existing water governance dimensions undp et al it is based on the lessons learnt from the use of the indicator framework in the years to come impact indicators could be developed in the future,6
+section provides a detailed analysis of the availability and coverage of incomesupport programmes for youth it suggests that a better design of benefit systems eg unemployment or social assistance schemes could help reach a larger share of the neediest youth in a number of countries notably when economic conditions worsen often one year of work only will however provide benefits for less than a year and many young people and in particular the neets may not even have these months of work experience,8
+yet targeting efforts on specific concerns such as water scarcity flooding risk or pollution is more likely to lead to effective results given the complexity of each of those problems for agriculture this is probably because water quantity and quality are rarely affected only by one sector at the same time agricultural policies can be instrumental to progress on water objectives and environmental policies can trigger action on agriculture for instance the eu directives affecting water benefitted from pillar ii rural development fund from the common agriculture policy cap,6
+the structure of the benefit is progressive and consequently almost universal in the sense that while first designed to combat poverty it also aims to support middleclass families indexing the ccb for the benefit year will provide an additional billion in support to canadian families over the to period as an example of the benefit of this proposed change for the benefit year for a single parent with of income and two children one under the age of and one aged to the accelerated indexation of the ccb will contribute more towards the increasing costs of raising his or her children department of finance poi,1
+its original function was to provide funeral services and to support bereaved family members morally and financially but its scope is now much wider abay kahsay and berhane in lesotho the cash transfer had no impact on credit borrowing or debt daidone davis dewbre and covarrubias also paraguays tekopara programme had a positive impact on access to credit but only for the moderately poor not the extremely poor beneficiary households had on average percent higher access to credit than nonbeneficiary households,1
+it is important to acknowledge the immense physical and psychological pain confronted by survivors of such violence and the farreaching consequences not only for the victim but also for her entire family in the face of abuse women often suffer from isolation and a limited ability to work and care for themselves and their children a and onfp,5
+as public health systems across the region face a barrage of challenges family and community care providers albeit with minimal support fill in a health care gap left by governments as seen in the recent ebola outbreak women were especially affected confirmed cases are overall equitably distributed between men and women with women s numbers of cases just slightly higher,5
+the programme is called energy efficiency it aims to achieve a reduction of energy intensity by per cent by and by per cent in the programme will incorporate nine areas among which are energyefficient enterprises energyefficient construction and transport energyefficient society as well as the innovative energy sector,7
+according to the report on drug use in the americas annual cannabis prevalence among secondary school students in central america was reported to be highest in belize at per cent and lowest in honduras with a little more than per cent prevalence rates of less than per cent were reported in antigua and barbuda barbados dominica the dominican republic el salvador guyana haiti honduras panama saint kitts and nevis and saint vincent and the grenadines according to the report on drug use in the americas the annual prevalence of cocaine abuse among highschool students in the caribbean ranges from per cent to slightly more than per cent,3
+what do we know about climate finance and what are the current knowledge gaps further the exact amount of financing needed to address climate change will depend on many factors including the level of ambition of mitigation goals and adaptation objectives and the extent to which correct price signals are provided oecd la yet there remains international debate about what role private finance should play in fulfilling those commitments and how it should be measured when assessing progress towards the climate finance goals laid out above this report addresses questions of private climate finance throughout how do we measure performance and in particular what lows of capital need to be tracked to answer this question it is useful at the outset to outline a number of key definitions for use in this report,13
+such a move might change the business model behind ridesourcing and ridesharing see below from one based on a technology platform connecting riders and independent drivers to one based on a companyowned operated and managed fleet of automated vehicles if this were to happen the service delivery model of ridesourcing may more closely resemble that of companyowned and managed public transport fleets these typically centre on how to both license ridesourcing services and address the possibility of unfair competition with other service providers,11
+meanwhile with support from the commonwealth education fund acamo aimed at developing a curriculum for children with special needs and bringing it to the attention of the ministry of education unfortunately the work on a new curriculum was not completed due to cefs lack of funding at policy level acamo participated in the preparation of mozambiques annual plan for special needs education there are only five special schools in the country and this should be used as an opportunity to develop inclusive education not build more as in donor aid programmes,4
+the lowcarbon transition will require mobilising of all sources of public and private sector investment and finance including institutional investors governments need to use their scarce resources to trigger largescale private sector investment in activities otherwise unlikely to attract sufficient private funding however some financial systems regulations hinder the allocation of longterm finance to lowcarbon infrastructure investments,13
+the rio markers are descriptive allowing for approximate quantification of financial flows not all climaterelated oda is reported to the unfccc as climate finance out of total bilateral climaterelated oda in usd billion on average per year only a share is reported as climatefinance preliminary estimate usd billion on average per year this reflects how party reporting to unfccc whilst often based on is not directly comparable to the dac climaterelated development finance statistics,13
+in particular in the absence of a pumping constraint this model would predict that each producer would pump until the value of the marginal product of water or marginal benefit of pumping was equal to zero as the pumping constraint becomes more binding the value of the marginal product of water will increase the optimal choice of marginal benefit depends on the degree to which pumping must be constrained to meet the aggregate pumping target the lower the desired value of the target the higher the marginal benefit needed to achieve it as each producer must be constrained more,6
+after the introduction of the mental hygiene law the number of psychiatric hospital beds started to increase reaching in tatara and okamoto of these were estimated to need institutional care and needed outpatient care the government did begin to cover outpatient mental health care with the revision of the mental hygiene law in,3
+whatever the reason for the lack of a relationship between spending per student and learning outcomes at least in the countries and economies with larger education budgets excellence in education requires more than money how resources are allocated is just as important as the amount of resources available to be allocated one finding from pisa is that highperforming systems tend to prioritise higher salaries for teachers especially in highincome countries figure iv,4
+the combination of quantitative technical and qualitative policy information provides the user with a systematic and reproducible assessment and ranking tool to quantify tradeoffs between various technologies table shows a proposed scorecard with the elements to be evaluated for each technology the biggest criteria for choosing a technology are commonly economic especially for wastewater,6
+such a desired shift would also be particularly important for limiting the pressure on the collection of teresken ceratoides papposa dwarf shrubs in the eastern part of tajikistan for use as either fuel or forage intensive teresken collection combined with extensive livestock herding has reportedly led to the species disappearance in some regions of the pamir mountain range the majority of the rural population up to per cent or some million inhabitants still relies on firewood as the main and most available fuel,15
+competition for all nondomestic customers was introduced on april under the water services etc this affects all of the utility s nondomestic customers there is considerable evidence of companies offering a variety of smart technologies and utilities willing to adopt them but they have typically been held back by policy debates that have an aiguable relevance to water scarcity issues affecting parts of the united kingdom,6
+rather policies should respond to the specific social context and gender power relations second policies should be responsive to differences in how diverse groups of women and men engage with land trees water and other resources third policies should pay special attention to womens rights in regard to tenure and property as well as control over labour resources products and decisions within both the household and the community,5
+accordingly reports should use a gendersensitive approach throughout including in the recommendations gendersensitive report writing does not simply refer to the choice of language or disaggregated data but also relates to the reports content structure and focus this chapter will build on the guidance provided in the previous chapters and present aspects to consider when drafting a gendersensitive report,5
+the average kit to equip a classroom cost therefore about eur in abbondanza consip in the involved regions over of lower and upper secondary schools and of primary schools have been touched by this action ferraris the number of schools involved in each school year is given in table,4
+when professor jansen was at the university of pretoria he used to take his doctoral students to mozambique and namibia around maputo there were schools where the bullet holes were still in the walls of the school but yet such schools gave better discipline commitment results and outcomes than in the average township school in south africa he encouraged discussants to address the conditions under which teachers teach as well as the loss of conviction for teaching,4
+as an illustration nearly of those in the secondpoorest strata are in the two richest income quintiles up from in anecdotal evidence suggests that measurement has been altered to widen access to subsidies for political purposes this calls for a more systematic crosschecking of information eg by using a unique identification number such as the cedula for all social and tax purposes the sisben is updated every years which may not be often enough to reflect changes in the personal situation eg loss of job,1
+among the factors cited as contributing to the malfunction of afro are a shortage of human resources and budgetary limitations there were not even staff members working in the department of afro handling emergency responses at that time and the office had also been limited by budget cuts in recent years it has been pointed out that functions of afro pertaining to surveillance and support of countries where outbreaks of infectious diseases occurred did not function adequately who ebola interim assessment panel para regional offices are highly independent and operate based on rules under an organizational structure that is unique to their respective regions,3
+in the un economic and social council ecosoc issued a resolution e on equality in political participation and decision making the resolution recommended increasing the proportion of women in positions of leadership by setting incremental targets by and by the fourth world conference on women held in beijing reported little progress in achieving the ecosoc target of of women in decision making positions accordingly the beijing platform for action called on governments as part of strategic objective gl to commit themselves to establishing the goal of gender balance in governmental bodies and committees as well as in public administrative entities and in the judiciary including inter alia setting specific targets and implementing measures to substantially increase the number of women with a view to achieving equal representation of women and men if necessaiy through positive action in all governmental and public administration positions where does the critical mass for women s political representation come from,5
+such a discrepancy should have dramatic implications for india s poverty estimates a difference in the order of hundreds of millions this also implies hardly any acceleration of per capita household expenditure as surveys reported an equivalent growth rate of per cent during india s prereform period however corresponding data from the national accounts show that household expenditure per capita grew on average by per cent annually over the past two decades thus the survey data seem to fail to take account of india s faster economic growth,1
+there are currently more than private and around public treatment and rehabilitation centres in the country according to official statistics in there were a total of persons registered as drug users in kazakhstan kyrgyzstan tajikistan and uzbekistan compared with a total of persons in the number of officially registered drugdependent persons in kazakhstan in stood at persons which is a significant decrease compared with persons in in kyrgyzstan persons were officially registered as drugdependent in which is per cent less than in,3
+the independent variables are sex parental status with a dependent child the interaction between sex and parenthood and relevant controls age education level and indigenous status to evaluate the heterogeneous effects of being in a couple the model is run three times on different subsamples for all men and women for partnered men and women only and for single men and women only mexican women are less likely to be employed than men especially after becoming parents cont,5
+the national renewable energy action plans nreap require countries to set targets for or a legal framework without tangible action plans and strategies will hinder effective change and growth in national economies national integrative strategies should describe their objectives for adopting renewable energy at national security environmental social and economic levels and clear lines of action to follow to achieve their targets after the invasion of iraq the royal committee on the national energy strategy found that a diversified national energy mix was required to safeguard against oil supply vulnerability the jordanian government decreed that renewable sources should meet per cent of national energy needs by,7
+there a water supply company pays for the maintenance of environmental services and an intermediary institution has been established to facilitate the payments made per hectare of area protected in lombok a similar payment is financed through a nominal fee charged to water users and an intermediary stakeholder institution mediates the payments that support agroforestry and forest protection cambodia presents an excellent example with itsseima biodiversity conservation area project launched in this biodiversity conservation project pays local people for conserving birdnests to address increasing threats to endangered species,15
+the agrienvironment and farmland conservation schemes evaluate either farmers behaviour or hectares of cover crops planted very few of the studies use more specific impact indicators exceptions include an index of biodiversity decline waldron et al an overview of all other results is provided in annex,15
+the aggregate amount of carbon emissions from six asean nations indonesia malaysia the philippines singapore thailand and viet nam surpassed million tonnes in although the regions relative contribution to global c emissions remained modest at around the amount of carbon emissions from these asean countries grew by per annum on average between and compared with an annual increase of in oecd countries in southeast asia nearly a third of the regions total population still earn less than usd a day asean it is in this context that green growth has attracted much attention from asean policy makers as an alternative to traditional exportled growth strategy grow first clean up later should it continue this conventional strategy could increase human costs due to greater congestion and pollution and further reduce resilience to external natural shocks such as extreme weather events which often hit the region badly on the one hand the developed countries as well as those in transition make specific emission limitation and reduction commitments as inscribed in annex b with a view to reducing their overall emissions by at least below levels in the commitment period from to,13
+however the new national health policy not only transfers females in the case of at risk pregnancy but also consolidates lowrisk pregnancies in clusters at regional hospitals between and women in greenland gave birth in their local communities and as late as it was still uncommon for women to leave their communities to give birth females often feel isolated when they have to go to the larger cities where hospital nurses and doctors do not speak greenlandic,3
+however prices remained regulated for a limited number of products that were deemed to be economically andor socially essential for the country including fertiliser sugar and rice the government reduced its control on export and import activities to quotas applicable to main commodities viet nam switched from a fixed exchange rate regime to one in which the rate is permitted to float within a band determined by the state bank of viet nam sbv,2
+these are crucial improvements but major advances are still needed to mainstream gender in policy design implementation enforcement and evaluation with strong mandates and resources mexico can ensure that policies intended effects are fully realised chapter closes with a summary of policy recommendations aimed at promoting gender equality in mexico,5
+the reduction of load factors thus reenforces the impact of the decline in prices with all the impacts for the working of electricity markets already mentioned as already mentioned above in the short run nuclear power with its low marginal costs may well be able to cope with somewhat lower prices in particular if capital costs have been amortised where gas turbines lie idle due to insufficiently high prices nuclear will go on producing regardless in the long run however the prospect for high fixed cost technologies such as nuclear look bleak with reduced load factors the optimal mix for the residual load curve created by the influx of renewables will entail a shift towards technologies with lower fixed costs,7
+the ges lays out desired institutional results with outputs and targets to build undp capacity to mainstream gender within the organization achieving these facilitates the achievement of gendered development results at country regional and global levels gender results were defined for the purposes of this evaluation as outputs or outcomes that have been found to be contributing positively or negatively to gewe in undp interventions the evaluation therefore drew extensively on previous evaluations publications and undp s own selfreporting as the primary data source for the analysis,5
+the manufactures exporters namely bangladesh cambodia and haiti had a mixed growth and employment performance the employment rate declined in bangladesh per cent but grew in cambodia per cent haiti not only registered a negative per capita gdp growth rate it also had a decline in output per worker ie labour productivity fell in part due to the disastrous economic impact of the earthquake,8
+since then the increase in aggregate terms has been one of the most significant globally but in per capita terms growth has been much more modest crop production remains most significant in india given its largely vegetarian diet but livestock production has grown more quickly from its small base it is noteworthy that per capita growth in agriculture has been most significant in the period after the year and especially after it ranks second in the production of rice wheat sugarcane groundnut vegetables fruit and cotton,2
+however skilled workers also send remittances and the fragmentary evidence indicates that their remittances are sustained at levels above those of unskilled workers and continue for a long time with decay not occurring until after years see section this indicates that the economic costs of skilled migration are not as great as has been feared and are probably outweighed by the benefits even if training is in the public sector and remittances are private although it is impossible to accurately cost the health disadvantages of high levels of emigration although there are wellknown general deficits in both the health sector and the education sector little is otherwise known of the impact of migration on labour shortages in other critical areas,10
+in most other countries gender pension gaps range from to and are close to in germany and the netherlands the pension gaps presented in figure only concern pensioners and thus reflect employment and lifestyle behaviours of past decades older generations of women often started a family earlier and generally spent less time in paid work than working women nowadays,5
+nevertheless to work efficiently decentralised governments need to ensure some basic conditions are met for effective decision making for example if a system places most of the decision making responsibility at the levels of the locality and its schools it not only needs to ensure financial and technical resources but also must provide adequate capacity building for school leaders teachers and local administrations to respond appropriately adequate support for struggling schools is essential highachieving systems establish the right balance between local initiative and central efforts of improvement yet this has also led to dispersion of responsibility and limited capacity for delivery it seems that the different responsibilities of counties municipalities and schools are not clearly defined,4
+while rising levels of school enrolment among the poorest is a positive trend secondary education completion rates are still low in of the incomevulnerable population had either attended or completed higher education one is relative monetary poverty which expands the traditional concept of absolute poverty to take fuller account of what people need to fully participate in their society,1
+in a country where women face very high levels of discrimination in social norms they devote over five times longer than men do to unpaid care and domestic activities compared to twice in countries with very low levels of discrimination this is explained by both a decrease in women s unpaid care work and an increase in men s unfortunately veiy little is known on how to challenge discriminatory social norms although innovative programmes are proving that it is possible see box their main purpose is to raise awareness among men around issues of gender inequality and negative masculinities and advocate for working with men and boys to be considered a priority in gender polices and plans,5
+many families survive due to the borrowing of cash or inkind supports from their relatives friends or neighbours household and community relations and networking act as safety nets and as shock absorbers and help reduce the vulnerability of the poor social capital wantok and kerekere systems greatly assist in this regard,1
+states particularly countries of origin can address increases in vulnerability to traffickingrelated discrimination and violence against women through a range of practical measures such as providing safe shelter with medical psychological and legal facilities for women experiencing violence longerterm measures that seek to address the social cultural and structural causes of violence are also important these may include reforming legislation that either discriminates against women or fails to address violence against women ensuring the prompt investigation and prosecution of complaints related to violence against women providing access to effective remedies for genderbased violence and implementing initiatives aimed at educating the public and relevant officials about violence against women promoting and protecting the human rights of trafficked persons migrants asylum seekers refugees and internally displaced persons should be at the centre of all antitrafficking measures,5
+in it launched a professional development programme for current and aspiring school leaders plan de formacion de directores but there are some concerns about the quality of the training on offer it has also introduced an induction process for school leaders recruited through the new standardised recruitment process for public schools the creation of two national school leadership centres promises to support the development of the school leadership profession further,4
+in honduras specific primary care services are included in the basic health package for disadvantaged communities while uruguay runs a care and diagnosis protocol for older persons at the primary care level it includes various types of assistance provided in their residences to enable them to remain at home and in their own environment one of the main advantages of these services is that they reduce institutionalization and hospitalization costs while slowing the functional deterioration associated with old age englishspeaking caribbean countries seem to have more extensive experience in providing social and health services for older persons,3
+for instance governments and other clients of pmscs can include in their contracts clear mechanisms for accountability guarantees that human rights abuses will be prosecuted incentives to increase the recruitment of female personnel and assurances that personnel have completed gender training and are properly vetted these regimes should be guided by the existing international legal framework this framework includes standards that mandate the integration of gender issues the possibility of the state being held responsible for violations by pmsc personnel and the direct accountability of pmsc personnel for violations of international humanitarian law international human rights and criminal law and national laws,5
+systemlevel policies schools and postsecondary schools should focus on improving the educational success of students from diverse backgrounds and delivering quality education across all schools a recent reform is looking to provide more choice for students through the development of new partnership schools which will need to be managed to ensure equity org eaq enerrorl hyperlink reference not valid at the same time students socioeconomic background has more impact on their performance in pisa than the average across oecd countries,4
+such modelling tools can be a useful for comparing sustainable transport policies and assisting policy makers to select the most effective measures to reduce c emissions in the inland transport sector pilot exercises for the model and organization of regional and national capacity building workshops are planned which will provide opportunities to learn about various emission measurement methods and mitigation policies as well as to apply model over per cent of this air pollution is attributed to vehicle emissions with older vehicles poor vehicle maintenance inadequate infrastructure and low fuel quality exacerbating the situation,11
+the technology for using coal to produce electricity is very well developed and its relatively low cost has made it especially attractive to developing nations like china and india as a source of electric power according to the united states department of energy global coal use will rise by per cent between and an increase greater than for any other major source of energy however when used in a conventional manner coal releases more co into the atmosphere per unit of energy produced than the other two fossil fuels so an increase in coal use of this magnitude will result in a significant worldwide increase in c emissions undermining global efforts to slow the rate of climate change because nuclear energy releases no c emissions some energy experts see it as an attractive alternative to fossil fuels,7
+such an approach involves horizontal accountability to multiple stakeholders including students parents and the community for multiple aspects of schooling based on various sources of information including processoriented measurements hooge since the folkeskole reform these reports have been required on a biannual basis quality reports seek to further the cooperation between local politicians local authorities and schools and aim to contribute to transparency as they are made public in their quality reports municipalities must describe their schools quality of education the measures the municipal board has taken to evaluate the quality of education and the steps the municipal board has taken in response to the previous quality report as part of the folkeskole reform special emphasis was put on ensuring that quality reports focus less on input factors and more on outcome information,4
+the volume of aquaculture production increased by from to tonnes accounting for of total australian fisheries production output controls with a total allowable catch and individual transferable quotas and input controls limited entry closures applies longline trial started in the macquarie island toothfish fishery in for a period of four years a trigger point for total catch was established to provide for a decision making process should catch levels significantly increase,14
+one of the most important initiatives in this sense is the national programme for access to technical education and employment pronatec being carried out by the ministry of education in partnership with the ministry of social development the programme offers free professional training courses lasting a minimum of hours for citizens years and older focused on those in the single registry for social programmes those who prefer to work autonomously are encouraged to register in the brazil without poverty plan as individual microbusinesses enabling the brazilian small and micro businesses support service sebrae to coordinate their participation in a programme that offers technical and managerial assistance,1
+market access and growth can be particularly daunting for women in the informal economy the extension officers and technicians posed the biggest barriers including women producers involved changing their vision paradigms and approach they had to work harder to incorporate new ideas and use participatory techniques to promote more inclusive practices and diagnostics,5
+thus the purchasing power of a leap cash grant may be much lower in urban than in rural settings one implication is that programme impacts will be diluted one rule of thumb is that cash transfers should be worth at least per cent of the households pretransfer consumption to achieve significant impacts ilo,1
+in europe social exclusion has also been used to refer to a lack of wageearning employment in this case its opposite would not be social participation but participation in the labour market although having a job might serve as a proxy indicator for participation in other spheres of life the third distinction stems from the idea that social exclusion is an extreme form of poverty those who are excluded would be in the worst situation the poorest of the poor gordon,1
+more needs also to be done to monitor ecosystem integrity and to develop indicators that better reflect the state of and changes in biodiversity at the habitatecosystem level many natural ecosystems have been degraded limiting the ecosystem services they provide the diversity of genes species and ecosystems continues to decline as the pressures on biodiversity remain constant or increase in intensity mainly as a result of human actions scientific consensus projects a continuing loss of habitats and high rates of extinctions throughout this century if current trends persist,15
+this shows the adaptability of eeos as an effective policy instrument an ifc programme the china utility based energy efficiency programme chuee provided usd billion in loans that were leveraged to a total usd project investments to companies without a default loss in its rd phase chuee moved beyond its utility base to work through a wider range of medium sized financial institutions to reach more industrial consumers and smes prokilowatt is a tender based funding programme based on a levy on transmission charges from onwards the maximum level of available funding is chf million,7
+indeed while new cases were registered in new cases were registered in the maximum number of new cases was in mortality related to hiv infection was also the highest in with five registered deaths infections transmitted through blood transfusion medical assistance or from mother to child are not yet registered rodents are involved in several disease transmissions such as plague and leptospirosis and may be part of the tickpathogen cycles,3
+if the land use policies ensure that especially the poor households who cannot afford any form of motorized travel are located close to employment opportunities resulting in short travel distances this will result in reducing the risk of fatal crashes because the distances and travel time will reduce in addition to increasing the accessibility to education health facilities and employment opportunities level of service of an intersection is measured in terms of delay faced by the motorized traffic,11
+on the other hand poor vetting of private local partners inadequate enforcement of environmental safeguards and insufficient accountability on the part of development finance endusers can lead to a lack of tangible positive environmental impacts if not actually produce negative outcomes oxfam box highlights one type instrument used in financial intermediation ie credit lines challenge funds financial contribution to a project is usually small compared to the overall size of the project but sufficient to improve its risk profile and financial viability irwin and porteous challenge funds typically require the grantee to match a portion of the funds disbursed so as to ensure ownership and commitment to success,13
+the list of licensed products included live animals dairy products oilseeds flour products vegetable oils and margarine in the export licensing and quota system for agricultural products were abolished all export contracts had to be registered with the kiae mandatory minimum prices were set by the government for different grades of grain to prevent foreign exchange losses and the kiae controlled compliance of export contracts with the minimum price requirement a export tax was imposed on grain exports,2
+the relative cost impact to csp is similar to that of fossil fuel power plants usdoe in a rankine steam cycle the heat input is at a high temperature and rejected at a low temperature these are called the source and sink temperatures respectively the efficiency of the cycle defined as the ratio of the turbine work output to the heat input is a function of the difference between the source and sink temperatures,7
+research shows that these assumptions are only partially true and nordic policy makers provide interesting insights on the pros and cons of selfinterest as a motivator for sustainable lifestyles this is referred to in the literature as the rational choice model of consumer behaviour this in turn forms the belief that if we can change peoples attitudes through information provision this will lead to a change in their behaviour a range of consumptionoriented policies or policy instruments have been developed based on these assumptions the majority of them focus on adjusting for market failures by providing more accurate information to consumers eg ecolabelling and awareness raising campaigns and by correcting prices eea this type of intervention perpetuates the idea that sustainable consumption is most appropriately tackled through individuals making different choices rather than through institutional and infrastructural changes and leadership from governments or businesses,12
+the prediction of the state of poverty for children is estimated using a proxy means approach with a quintilebased regression model which estimates consumption on a limited number of easily observable sociodemographic characteristics table a the targeting carried out in this manner is robust table finally the annual individual amount is fcfa,1
+a simple scatter plot of inequality and growth also shows no link figure still specific structural reforms that aim at raising average living standards also influence the distribution of income table provides a qualitative summary of the findings of new research on the gdp per capita and inequality effects of various structural reforms the inequality measures refer to the late s except for france and ireland for which they refer to the mid s,10
+low salaries and difficult working conditions make it difficult to recruit and retain a sufficient number of skilled health workers since latvian doctors and nurses are generally considered welltrained and highly competent many of them have found employment elsewhere in europe particularly after the financial crisis section s however the number of discharges remains slightly above the eu average,3
+the main category of cases wherein the notification procedure is followed involves shipment of hazardous or nonlisted waste and shipping of any kind of waste for disposal also when greenlisted waste is shipped to a nonoecd country for recovery the notification procedure is required if the importing country has not replied to the commission in this connection or if it has responded that it requires a notification whether an importing country allows the import of certain greenlisted waste with an annex vii document or instead requires a notification can be checked in regulation ec on shipment of green waste into nonoecd countries it is important to note that the description given here forthe procedures applied is a general simplification covering the most common situations only one should consult the wsr for more details when needed these bans are listed in regulation ec,12
+likewise the addis ababa action agenda commits to financing sustainable development across its three dimensions economic social and environmental the agreements urge countries to develop and implement coherent plans to deliver sustainable development financed by climate and development finance from a mix of sources oecd d climate finance has too often been treated independently from development finance failing to capitalise on the synergies for sustainable development despite the fact that much climate finance qualifies as oda brown et al,13
+the reports have also addressed publicprivate partnerships support for small and mediumsized enterprises integrating green innovation in national innovation strategies and establishing ecoinnovation clusters to foster cooperation among government business and academics besides action on the supply and demand sides improved governance mechanisms and broad stakeholder engagement will be needed to facilitate systemic innovation more generally adopting a systemic approach bringing together policy domains that are often kept separate such as economic including innovation policy environmental and social policies will also be important,7
+for further information see guidance on commissioning targeted mental health and emotional wellbeing services in schools department for education a and me and my school department for education b the tier system describes the services that should be available at different levels of need responding to different complexities of demand but both the affected child or adolescent and the camhs teams should be able to move between these tiers so that the most appropriate services are accessed and delivered support from an early intervention team is for a limited amount of time usually three years,3
+european review of agricultural economics government support for ethanol and biodiesel in indonesia global subsidies initiative gsi international institute for sustainable development usd geneva nondistorting farm support to enhance global food production food and agriculture organization of the united nations rome pp,2
+the growth will be primarily driven by gains in aquaculture output which is projected to reach of total fishery production in however growth in aquaculture production is anticipated to slow down to pa relative to the previous decade fish consumption growth in the outlook period will decelerate due to high fish prices and slower population growth the main drivers affecting world fish prices for capture aquaculture and traded products will be income and population growth limited growth of capture fisheries production sustained demand for fish increasing meat prices and high costs for feed energy and crude oil,14
+other countries may be carrying out gender mainstreaming activities without a specific strategy although many countries employ some form of gender mainstreaming according to the oecd survey on national gender frameworks public policies and leadership only a few mena countries eg the palestinian authority take active steps to systematically integrate gender equality considerations in the design implementation and monitoring of policies programmes and laws since then sweden has consolidated its gender mainstreaming strategy which aims at achieving equal opportunities rights and responsibilities for women and men progressively into all policy areas,5
+however recalling that this is not at present the main avenue for mitigation under the paris agreement it remains to be seen whether demand for developing country emissions reductions will be a major source of exchange and opportunity or only play a minor role it is also unclear whether the scope of the sdm will specifically favour ldcs or a broader group of developing or vulnerable states that reflects the specific circumstances of the sids an issue that arose under the cdm of the kyoto protocol again however the vague nature of the paris agreements provisions on technology transfer commends some caution as to how and when this element of the agreement will actually affect the global economy,13
+at the same time remittances enable women to rent more land shahriari and others and thus become wealthier this is even more important as women in tajikistan rarely own land when they do own land their land plots are smaller than those of men khitarishvili p there are contradictory findings on die influence of male migration on die gender gap in labour force participation,5
+some areas of teacher policies and of wider education policies with which teacher policies closely interact receive only scant if any coverage in this report greater school autonomy increases recruitment and management costs making it harder to provide consistent service for this reason granting schools greater responsibility for hiring teachers could lead to greater disparities in teachers qualifications and experience among schools oecd p m,4
+it was created in through the merger of three previous grants a wide range of health infrastructure projects are funded including large projects to modernise hospital infrastructure and equipment general maintenance and infrastructure projects at smaller hospitals and the refurbishment and upgrading of nursing colleges and schools it enables the shifting of teaching activities from central to regional and district hospitals conditional grants are designed to reflect differential need across provinces,3
+compared to men women in the asiapacific region are less likely to progress in their careers with the share of women among legislators senior officials and managers around and declining since by contrast women carry out most of unpaid work providing care to children elderly and sick or disabled family members as well as doing other unpaid household work in the asiapacific region the gender gap in unpaid work is about three hours per day and such gaps are particularly large in southern asia across the asiapacific region about of men and women hold bank accounts with a financial institution,5
+such materials include biomass fossil fuels metal ores and nonmetallic minerals that support the cultivation of food the production of energy infrastructure and transport systems and production of consumer goods the term domestic material consumptionis defined as the total amount of materials used by an economy extracted from the domestic territory plus all physical imports minus all physical exports china billion tons per year largely dominated domestic material consumption at the regional and global level in followed by india billion tons per year indonesia billion tons per year japan billion tons per year and australia billion tons per year over the same period consumption of fossil fuels and metal ores increased by and times respectively,12
+not only are financial and human resources often scarce there is also low flexibility with respect to how resources are allocated and used this is detrimental to a city s ability to increase the quality of life for its residents for example an evaluation of subnational financing dimensions relative to cities that scored in the top five for quality of life based on the universidad catolicas quality of life index signals a moderate to strong correlation between higher rankings and a municipality s ability to generate ownsource income and the amount of income budgeted per resident table,11
+further details of the calculations and the full set of values calculated can be found in the annex in such a case the median income of the distribution is easily identifiable and the number of individuals subsisting on less than a certain proportion of the median eg or is simple to count directly however given the wide variety and uneven coverage of household survey data a number of tools allow poverty measures to be estimated directly from more aggregated data sources such as grouped distributional data that can be derived from either household surveys or administrative sources,1
+the current quality of biodiversityrelated data has been considered insufficient to permit a comprehensive national evaluation of biodiversity or to formulate concrete measures to promote conservation and sustainable use ceplan insufficient information is listed as a key issue for various biodiversity components including forests wetlands open waters and soil the fifth national report points out that one of the challenges in the implementation of the nbsap has been in carrying out a comprehensive inventory of biodiversity resources and that consequently there has been minimal progress towards the target to integrate biodiversity values in strategies and plans for development economic growth and wealth creation and incorporating them in national accounts and reporting systems by,15
+in some cases improving coordination will require national level legislative action in other cases is can be accomplished through better consultation between government agencies and nongovernmental organisations fao multisector contribution is fundamental to a comprehensive approach to climate changes in fisheries and can assist in building institutions that are responsive to these broadscale effects such coordination can usefully include international networks to share information experiences in fisheries and between fisheries and other sectors,14
+the social value and time burden of womens unpaid work is essentially ignored and there is no real commitment to promoting gender equality in the distribution of that work daly however the result for growth ultimately depends on the gender distribution of social reproduction if a state is successful in using social and labour market policies to push an economy into or maintain in the case of changing structures of production a wageled regime growth may still be elusive if the provision of care is constrained by the time squeeze associated with a more traditional gender division of labour maintaining such a division between women and men with the consequence that womens labour market attachment is more limited may help protect the production of human capacities but at the cost of constraining women s contributions to market production and lower overall economic growth,5
+although taxbenefit rules are not in general explicitly genderspecific certain aspects of taxbenefit systems may be more relevant to either men or women so exacerbating the unequal distribution of paid work and earnings in many couple families for example the man is the main earner with his female partner frequently earning considerably less chapter and oecd c for the latest data on earnings broken down by gender figure compares on one hand the net transfers to government of a dualearner couple with two children where both partners earn of the average wage with on the other hand the net transfers of a singleearner couple with two children and the same household earnings,5
+discussions began with an overview of the four main areas of work which were agreed by the g agriculture ministers agricultural production in the long run transparency and information in international markets international coordination and risk management and financial markets the g discussions had led to the establishment of the new agriculture marketing information system amis a joint oecdfao initiative that seeks to provide uptodate data on agriculture markets to as wide an audience as possible the agencies represented on the panel highlighted the various fora that are available for countries to discuss approaches for achieving food security and the types of changes these organizations are making to contribute to global food security,2
+worker skill is defined by educational attainment and therefore not the actual skill level of workers whilst this is not hugely problematic at the country level since the definition of skill levels does not vary within country it can be cumbersome when calculating inequality at the global level it also presupposes that educational attainment is directly linked to skill levels three other sources are identified the first is the gini coefficient from the word development indicators wdi database wdi gini,10
+the diverse set of actors and sectors including for commercial fisheries aquaculture renewable energy tourism and shipping transport recreation among others often compete for resources and space sectoral policies such as fisheries agricultural forestry or infrastructurerelated policies that most commonly lie outside the remit of environment ministries also impact marine biodiversity schroterschlaack and ring although often in a negative way oecd a,14
+the variation of performance explained by students socioeconomic status is higher than the oecd average rurality is an important aspect of disadvantage in costa rica students in rural schools are more likely to drop out and fall behind in their learning than those in urban ones with small rural primary schools demonstrating the lowest performance rates in the country pen the large number of small primary schools has enabled costa rica to bring education services to every small village,4
+however there are concerns that people who have long been accustomed to driving might stick to their old habits in particular pull factors alone are often not enough because the doortodoor convenience that only private vehicles can offer may be too attractive unless the disadvantages of driving are felt more acutely another factor of complexity stems from the fact that suwon is part of the functional urban area of seoul according to the oecd methodology which requires collaboration across administrative boundaries,11
+a common estimate is that more than per cent of remote area dwellers nationwide are san and for some areas the figure stands at per cent hays schools and hostels tend however to be unwelcoming to minority students including many san students san students at boarding schools experience feelings of pain and alienation which are at times acute,4
+these measures can be decomposed to reflect the contribution of subgroup poverty levels eg by ethnicity geographic area to the overall poverty rate they can also be broken down to show the relative contribution of each dimension to the poverty rate within subgroups or within the overall poverty rate the alkirefoster methodology has also been applied to multiple national studies of multidimensional poverty it recognizes that poverty and deprivation may affect children differently to adults however moda differs from both the bristol approach and the existing applications of the alkirefoster method such as the mpi as it distinguishes between the needs of children of different ages early childhood middle childhood and adolescence it acknowledges that different dimensions may be relevant for children at various stages of their life cycle,1
+the introduction and deployment of new re technologies from a very narrow basis holds the possibility of more considerable progress it must be noted in this context that while shifting from coal to gas in electricity generation does reduce gfig emissions in climatefriendly scenarios like the scenario of the weo iea a the global consumption of natural gas decreases after while renewable energy production continues to expand accepting too large an investment in renewable technologies while neglecting timely energyefficiency programmes clearly runs the risk of lockingin societies toohigh energy consumption patterns with detrimental longterm implications for both energy security and climate protection,7
+these companies pay lower tariffs because they are moldova s largest consumers and as such have lower distribution costs the rest have a common meter for multiresidential properties moldovagaz is progressively switching all consumers to individual meters under the new law on heat and cogeneration law no,7
+foreign ownership of quota or ace is not allowed unless a specific exemption is granted spatial exclusions and restrictions apply including by vessel size and gear type in general trawl fishers must use a minimum mesh size of mm with some limited temporal and spatial rels must use seabird mitigation measures that depend on vessel size and gear type the target biomass for orange roughy is b a proxy range for busy,14
+for forests and other terrestrial habitat types the patch size distribution of habitats may be derived from vegetation information systems for river fragmentation defined as the interruption of a rivers natural flow by dams interbasin transfers or water withdrawal fragmentation can be assessed based on number placement and amount of water stored behind dams description the fragmentation of habitats caused by human activities has significant largely negative implications for their native biodiversity through the effects of area reduction edge exposure and isolation as well as through interruption of ecosystem processes and associated ecosystem degradation,15
+following this is a priority to ensure that individual students receive learning adapted to their abilities in addition for years municipalities have to ensure that adapted teaching in norwegiansami language and mathematics is provided and is especially directed towards pupils with weak abilities in reading and mathematics some subjects also have competence aims after year a quality framework defines the principles for developing optimal learning environments and learning achievements research and education nifu show that the reform has contributed to school owners being more engaged as a result of more accessible information about their school and school results and that some objectives are well on the way to being achieved,4
+by exposing students to college level coursework and college culture it familiarises and prepares students for the academic expectations of college in of high school students in florida earned college credits after several years of professional experience graduates from technical and agricultural vocational colleges are granted the title engineer the vocational colleges are also accessible for graduates from other upper secondary programmes increasingly vocational colleges provide an important route into tertiary education one in four university students and almost one in two fachhochschulen students are now vocational college graduates,4
+in contrast developing countries are affected by their limited capacity despite the overall importance of the fisheries as a source of food protein fisheries on the high seas and those for straddling stocks face unique challenges as fish move across national boundaries the following paragraphs identify the state of play at the national and international level and in some cases illustrate how nations are seeking ways in which to deal with the four types of uncertainty identified earlier,14
+the aim of the shoks was to reinforce global market relevance of publicly funded rd and innovation by enhancing the joint involvement of industry or public rd institutions they were considered as being used mostly by large firms incumbents with limited participation by other firms smes and new firms and functioning under a rather closed regime and with a bias towards existing technologies and products there are however interesting cases of practice still under operation such as dimecc ltd and clic innovation ltd whose features and evolution should be examined and better understood active and promising innovation networks could be further mobilised and better utilised to address innovation challenges in highpriority areas such as bioeconomycleantech the circular economy and digitalisation,9
+through a collaborative effort among ghananianbased professionals local community members and international experts the initiative developed strategies to convert a twoacre plot of land into an urban green space not only do roads ensure population mobility they foster the local economy and prosperity in general between and per cent of a citys land area should be reserved for this essential urban backbone in order to prioritise active and public transport with limited to no streets slums are socially and economically weak and disconnected from the rest of urban areas in planned city areas the street space may be unequally distributed or designed in favour of active and public transportation the modes of mobility children and their families depend on,11
+currently however across countries it is those women and girls who experience multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination who are often the furthest behind they fare worse than all other groups in key dimensions of wellbeing differences related to wealth location and ethnicity for example combine to create deep pockets of deprivation across a range of sdgs from access to education and health to clean water and decent work they transcend national borders and have been the topic of landmark human rights treaties and human rights council resolutions but data on women and girls that experience these forms of discrimination are often lacking this will make it possible to inform and develop policies and programmes that respond to their realities but disaggregation by sex alone is insufficient,5
+nor is it ideal to rely on flying medical practitioners in and out of remote communities as this is a costly way to provide health services and does little to promote continuity of patient care as discussed later in this chapter overcoming resistance to change and the more strategic use of local health professionals already living in these communities will be key highperforming health services demonstrating strong governance should be identified and given greater freedom to develop and implement innovative models of care promoting quality health services and good outcomes one idea worthy of exploration is that of earned autonomy which has been adopted in the united kingdom box,3
+water has to be available of sufficiently good quality and accessible both economically and physically without discrimination ensuring the right to access water and water facilities and services on a nondiscriminatory basis especially for marginalized or disadvantaged groups is part of these core obligations in relation to womens right to water general comment no,5
+this can be especially important for young women in migrant or minority groups who experience oppression along lines other than gender in this case the family may represent a haven from discrimination in the outside world the often violent conditions under the israeli occupation have bolstered a palestinian neopatriarchy that is highly deleterious to women however a study of palestinian women s birthing experiences in occupied east jerusalem shows that husbands and family members are the most important support for young women in difficult times embattled situations can strengthen patriarchal society while also strengthening young women s reliance on and appreciation of family members young women not only participated in these protests but many also took the lead in organizing them,5
+surface water resources generated in finland s part of paatsjokipasvik basin arc estimated at x m ycar groundwater resources are x s m year some of the withdrawal was for industry and for domestic use the total water use including nonconsumptive for hydropower generation is some x m ycar,6
+the mismatch between demographics and education spending could indicate that the resources provided are insufficient or that the education system is inefficient although enrolment rates vary for eesc countries of students move on to secondary school the eesc countries share a variety of disadvantages among them topdown authoritarian governance in the education system an outdated curriculum and no effective monitoring,4
+the main objective of the reform was to anticipate and manage the risk of shortage by apportioning available water among water users france was looking for an option for allocation reform that would combine the capacity of users to selfregulate and provide an incentive to farmers to act collectively this option reflected french experience with the development of irrigation and the management of scarcity in france experience shows that when water users associations were in place at catchment level overallocation was properly managed as the chair of the water user association along with the members regulates water uses among members in cases of scarcity,6
+gender budgeting is often referred to as the capacity of government and individual government entities to develop realistic budgets on gender equality gender budgeting is an application of gender mainstreaming in the budgetary process this integration of the gender dimension should happen in all phases of the budgetary cycle from the budgetary proposals to the actual spending to the evaluation and control of the money spent decuyper,5
+many countries were already in the process of introducing ict in hospitals and health centres however as mentioned there is no agreed international definition for the description and therefore measurement of health facilities the closest established indicator is the number of hospital beds per population,3
+however several factors which are essentially outside of the ukrainian authorities control such as the building of alternative pipelines in europe and the development of new technologies might put into question the planned upgrading of existing facilities or their extension for example a combination of political and economic factors has prompted gazprom the russian gas monopoly to diversify its gas export routes which circumvent ukraine s territory moreover since future trends in gas supply and demand are increasingly uncertain the demand for gas transit services on ukrainian territory may become less favourable in the horizon of to years,7
+this finding highlights that male and female incentives to migrate differ suggesting gendersensitive migration factors additional control variables are included distance contiguity population of origin and destination countries income and language differentials female education and female unemployment rates in origin and destination countries the exclusion variable in the selection equation is diplomatic exchange,5
+although temporary special measures are permissive rather than mandatory the cedaw committee encourages state parties to take such measures in order to correct underrepresentation of women in any area in which it occurs particularly in relation to the inclusion of women in decisionmaking concluding observations peru fifth periodic report instead difference must be accommodated by changing structu res,5
+open school choice if not well managed with policies to mitigate its negative impact can generate further inequities according to oecd research this can have a negative impact on students with lower academic performance if extensively practiced in almost onethird of students in new zealands schools were maori and pasifika,4
+it also promotes greater cooperation and infonnation exchange between countries so that flag states are in a position to refuse to register vessels that have previously been reported for iuu fishing or that are already registered with another flag state the guidelines also provide recommendations on how to encourage compliance as well as on how to assist developing countries to fulfil their flag state responsibilities,14
+abused women also suffer from depression anxiety and even posttraumatic stress disorder moreover there is evidence that violence against women has a direct economic impact according to one study conducted about years ago the cost of intimate partner violence in the united states alone was estimated to exceed us billion per year of which us billion were for direct medical and health care services and us billion for productivity losses due to absenteeism campbell globally it is estimated that up to per cent of women experience physical andor sexual violence in their lifetime unwomen,5
+the recommendation of the center for transitoriented development ctod to expand housing opportunities near transit provides useful insights into establishing a comprehensive tod strategy in korea strategies proposed by the ctod include i identify and utilise opportunities for tod ii provide incentives for mixedincome market response iii remove regulator barriers to higher density and transport plans and investments iv improve local capacity and partnership center for transitoriented development this includes examining which portion of regional housing growth can be located around transitaccessible locations and providing transit service to underserved areas,11
+it focuses on a broad range of items related to smart city planning and the optimisation of government services it is centred on three key components digital economy digital government and digital society the smart nation initiative follows a multistakeholder approach and is highly inclusive it aims at preparing singaporean society for the digital era for instance it provides retraining schemes to the elderly improving digital and physical infrastructure and cybersecurity and ensuring privacy of data,11
+if the reefer is running as expected only a quick visual inspection is performed prior to release which is now the case for around per cent of reefers meaning faster turnaround times better asset utilization and operational savings for maersk murison the savings generated by the rcm system have led maersk to launch a pilot project recently to extend the monitoring system to other types of containers this allows for corrective actions to be taken in case the container is not operated optimally during any of the various stages of the cold chain from the suppliers proper precooling of the cargo to the trucker ensuring that the reefer is plugged in from accurate performance during the ocean leg to the correct handling at destination and to final delivery to the endcustomer,9
+most telling is the fact that at the southern end of western scandinavia skane generally frames its own development as part of the copenhagen area as illustrated in the creation of the greater copenhagen and skane committee see earlier description and the common branding of skane under greater copenhagen paradoxically this is a case where crossborder governance to better control borders may have addressed one policy issue migration but aggravated others labour market environment highspeed train running at kmhour was supposed to connect stockholm with gothenburg in hours and with malmo in hours by,11
+the committee was also briefed by international organizations on a number of international environmental initiatives and activities the european union provided an update of its voluntary environmental footprint project being developed under the eu single market for green products initiative the threeyear pilot phase of the project covering a broad range of industrial and agriculture products tests the development of environmental footprint methodologies for products and organizations and examines related verification and communication methods one of the objectives is to reduce consumer confusion over the proliferation of national green labels and methods used to demonstrate the green credentials of a product or organization,13
+race to the top launched in prioritises improving stem overall and in underrepresented groups including women and girls in the grants it awards to states the department s investing in innovation programme also has a stem focus it seeks to increase the number of stem teachers from groups traditionally underrepresented in stem eg minorities individuals with disabilities women,5
+the law outlines some practical steps in the organization of the legal financial scientific and technical support specified in its provisions however weak institutional capacities at central and local levels inhibit enforcement of res policies small hpps with capacity below kw are exempt from royalties,7
+the reduction and rationalization of subsidies and incentives for energy supply and for energy efficiency is a complex and often controversial process approximately of those people live in rural areas mainly in subsaharan africa and south asia the low level of electrification is due to a number of factors including poverty a highlydispersed rural population a low degree of industrialization a historically inefficient energy sector and difficulties accessing capital to finance the development of modern energy sources iea biomass fuels such as firewood charcoal straw agricultural residues and animal dung supply of all energy consumed in the subsaharan african region riso most of these fuels are not traded commercially in the formal sector of the economy rather they are gathered as needed by household members or particularly in the case of charcoal may be sold via the informal sector,7
+these rights are provided for under international human rights law including articles right to a remedy and equality before the law of the international covenant on civil and political rights the right to an effective remedy is relevant for the realization of all human rights and is to be enjoyed on the basis of equality without discrimination of any form such as on the basis of sex or gender the human rights committee in its general comment no,5
+these observed changes in climate have already had an influence on human and natural systems ipcc b the greatest warming over the past century occurred at high latitudes with a large portion of the arctic having experienced warming of more than c the intergovernmental panel on climate change s fourth assessment report ipcc a concluded that a doubling of c concentrations from preindustrial levels when they were approximately ppm would likely lead to an increase of temperature somewhere between c and c the socalled climate sensitivity,13
+early intervention to prevent and remedy homelessness is warranted both from a social and costeffectiveness point of view in that respect the strategy focusing on prevention recently outlined by the department for communities and local government is welcome dclg but this is not the case in the united kingdom as children participation in ecec is higher at the top than at the bottom of the income distribution oecd c,10
+schools should be encouraged to use early warning systems to identify students at risk and support them as early as possible timeliness matters because later interventions are less costeffective this suggests reinforcing educational programmes targeted at early intervention such as the community teachers programme the teacher teacher programme maestro mas maestro and aprender schools,4
+the global average degree of implementation of iwrm was per cent mediumlow but there were great variations among countries modest progress is being made but most countries will not meet the target by at current rates of implementation if the components of iwrm are broken down most progress towards implementation is found in crosssectoral coordination and public participation at national level per cent but financing per cent gender issues per cent and aquifer management per cent are areas of concern,6
+climate change expert group paper no the ccxg formerly called the annex i expert group is a group of government delegates from oecd and other industrialised countries the aim of the group is to promote dialogue and enhance understanding on technical issues in the international climate change negotiations,13
+trends in the use of biomass energy construction and other minerals show that while the economies of other regions of the world are becoming less resourceintensive over time the asiapacific economy is requiring more resources to produce one dollar of gdp as the economy grows see figure one factor behind this is the stillsignificant unmet needs of developing countries in the region however a large part can be attributed to economic growth strategies employed by countries notably the region as a whole in used almost twice the input of resources to create one unit of gdp as the global economy,10
+the other gases hydrofluorocarbons hfcs perfluorocarbons pfcs and sulphur hexafluoride sf account for less than but their total emissions are growing these gases differ in terms of their warming effect and their longevity in the atmosphere apart from these six ghgs there are several other atmospheric substances that lead to warming eg chlorofluorocarbons or cfcs and black carbon see box or to cooling eg sulphate aerosols,13
+stronger numeracy and literacy study in vocational programmes could not only improve the access of graduates to academic tertiary education but also contribute to a stronger credit transfer system fazekas and field as shown by the example of the netherlands in box below improving support for those with weak basic skills might benefit enormously from a system that facilitates information across institutions and teachers when this information is comprehensive it also might allow policy development to tackle and anticipate the needs of certain student groups,4
+by extension cofinancing and conditionality mechanisms could be useful tools to bolster fiscal relations across levels of government finally there are opportunities to give a more strategic role for the existing fora for sharing information good practices and analysis on urban challenges in mexico sedatu could follow up on the outcomes of these discussions modernising the municipal administration and where appropriate developing metropolitan governance arrangements will be central to better urban planning and management measures could include enabling municipal reelection andor longer terms in office for mayors recent federal legislation has already paved the way for this change to be determined at state level in addition to creating incentives for urban planning and introducing city managers professional civil servants to guide the daytoday administration within municipal administrations,11
+rigorous environmental impact assessments conducted to international best practice standards need to be undertaken and made available for public scrutiny planned new investment in coalfired power plants of around gw across the region is inconsistent with commitments to meet eu carbon targets agreed by all the see economies under the paris agreement given the lifespan of coalfired power plants this raises the real prospect of new coal plants becoming stranded assets if their operation is prematurely curtailed by existing climate policy obligations,7
+most of the ongoing projects aim to increase the capacities of the balkan countries in particular macedonia serbia croatia and bulgaria for lobbying and advocacy concerning ewaste management issues and to raise awareness about proper ewaste management among citizens government officials and the private sector bulgaria and slovenia are members of the eu and have therefore adopted the weee directive however there is still no national legislation tackling ewaste in kosovo,12
+some experts barnes however warn that the necessary conditions for such economic growth lie in the parallel or complementary development programmes for the newly electrified communities while electricity is indeed an important input to rural businesses farms or other small rural structures adequate local conditions such as organised rural markets and sufficient credit are necessary for such businesses to grow lack of such complementary development programmes in these regions may hinder their economic growth,7
+targeting the poorest for disability benefits would save of gdp and reduce the poverty rate by percentage points they relate to the initial phase of unemployment after any waiting period any income taxes payable on unemployment benefits are determined in relation to annualised benefit values ie monthly values multiplied by even if the maximum benefit duration is shorter than months no social assistance topups are assumed to be available in either the inwork or outofwork situation,10
+but it s far from clear whether typical workers reaped any benefits during the early stages of the industrial revolution many workers were clearly hurt over just the past few decades the number of people employed as telephone operators and shorthand typists has dwindled markedly other jobs will go in the future including some knowledge work that today might seem to be immune to technology,10
+current drivers of norway s re policy ie climate change mitigation and liberalisation of the national energy market which ends longterm supply contracts to energyintensive firms do not engage local communities and may actually erode regional competitive advantages linked to the availability of cheap hydro energy for manufacturing activities higher prices for energy will generate larger rents for hydropower owners and higher taxes and fees for municipalities and counties but it is difficult to understand the net impact for rural communities if re deployment was better linked to local dynamics and if there was compensation available for possible negative impacts this could increase public support for re in this report troms county is used to identify the county and troms to identify its major city and administrative capital,7
+the challenge is further complicated by the fact that people who are extremely poor or highly vulnerable to extreme poverty have very little access to retirement or other pensions in most countries in the region the proportion is only around or less at the same time social security coverage the percentage of employed workers paying contributions is under eclac p in view of this trend eclac b pp if this transfer were to be targeted at all over s living in vulnerable households it would cost between of brazil s gross domestic product gdp and of the gdp of the plurinational state of bolivia,1
+the stocktake of progress found that of the countries that reported on the indicator have systems to track and make public allocations on gender equality oecdundp many more are stepping up their efforts to improve transparency and accountability in financing for gender equality the strong takeup and interest in the global indicator even from countries without a system in place to track and make public resource allocation is a measure of the strength of government commitment to financing gender equality priorities,5
+the initial risk analysis is based on a review of each school s outcomes annual accounts and failure signals such as complaints for its inspection visits the inspectorate uses a detailed framework of quality indicators and a clear set of decision rules as part of this framework the inspectorate of education also evaluates the internal quality care undertaken by schools,4
+a universal approach such as that just mentioned would in fact have the advantage of eliminating undercoverage error of the targeting approach and the provide a higher individual transfer for younger children hpgskolen i akershus akershus university college akershus the impact of macroeconomic policies on poverty and income distribution macromicro evaluation techniques and tools palgrave macmillan,1
+as discussed in chapter while these individual regions are large in population size in their national context they remain relatively small in the international arena in fact none of them gets close to the size of the average oecd region however when considered altogether western scandinavia is almost twice as large as the typical oecd region achieving a potential critical mass of more than million people nearly double the million oecd average table and figure regarding the regional level a government bill was presented to the parliament in april and put forward a proposal to reduce the number of counties from to plus oslo,11
+it might be important to implement higher cost options together with lower cost options if the deployment of the former has the potential to reduce the longerterm costs of mitigation these include a contribution to increased energy security reduced dependence from imported fossil fuels hedging against price volatility and longterm price increase of fossil fuels a contribution to the reduction of other pollutants and related risks arising from the use of other energy sources and a willingness to develop local employment sometimes reinforced by a perception of the first movers advantage when it comes to overlapping c and re policies the additional cost imposed on the achievement of the c target by the re policy instrument might be simply considered the cost of reaching the other objectives pursued by this policy instrument,7
+drugs included in a positive list are reimbursed at three different rates and using criteria such as severity of illness availability of substitutes the importance in the therapeutic process and financial burden the contribution from the central budget to the cns is legally determined at of its total resources with no budget cap given the resilience of public finances and the favourable labour market situation the financial resources for health care are expected to be stable in the medium term however a major health reform in introduced a number of costcontainment measures to prevent shortfalls in the health insurance budget that had been projected box despite this luxembourgs economy weathered the financial crisis quite well and revenue from health insurance contributions increased more than expected,3
+some elements of directional flow listed here may be more important than others and all elements may not warrant an equal focus care should be taken to ensure this flow is not double counted in estimates of multilateral climate finance flows the rio markers do not allow exact quantification of amounts allocated within projects specifically to address climate concerns but instead provide an indication of the extent to which donors address the objectives of the rio conventions in their aid programmes there is thus significant room for interpretation and also opportunity for error a marker for adaptation has been included only in while the initial rio markers did not explicitly exclude adaptation projects rendering the distinction between adaptation and mitigation for the past years could only be attempted by review of individual project details and even then may not be possible,13
+the ability or inability of these projects to continue functioning as planned irrespective of climate variability will affect whether they can meet their stated objectives in particular the global investor statement on climate change iigcc outlines the elements of investinentgrade climate and energy policy necessary to attract largescale investment focusing on the clean energy sector the iigcc has signatories who represent assets of more than usd trillion,13
+this can be generally described as a pattern of growth in which resource use meets human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met for generations to come therefore when examining the benefits of energy efficiency it is not enough to solely look to the energy savings achieved but rather at the outcomes in terms of economic social and environmental development although there appears to be clear evidence of multiple benefits resulting in welfare gains from energy efficiency improvements they are difficult to quantify in many cases a scan of the multiple benefits identified in this report would indicate that aside from energy savings the benefits associated with energy security improved health energy affordability economic growth and job creation are all outcomes that are also current priorities for governments,7
+similarly female labour force participation rates have often changed dramatically within countries over time while tunisia s female labour force participation rate is low by oecd standards it has increased significantly in the past years in addition women in tunisia are considerably more likely to be active than women in other most other mena countries,8
+rethinking trade and finance wigleyand cary the future is decentralized itc unblocking crossborder trade she is also cofounder and ceo of the digital citizen fund which helps girls and women in developing countries gain access t technology connect virtually with others across the world and obtain the skills needed to succeed in todays expanding global market the company began as part of the herat information technology incubator program and then grew quickly as i hired many women programmers and bloggers,9
+this chapter documents gender differences in life expectancy and birth rates to cover health status in average years of schooling labour force participation inheritance rights and marriage age to cover socioeconomic status and in parliamentary seats and suffrage to cover political rights a composite indicator shows strong progress in reducing gender inequality in the past years in most regions only in east asia and in eastern europe this decline stalled in the s,5
+while these roles could be reversed women typically specialise in household labour because of a temporary comparative biological advantage in caregiving around child birth these initial comparative advantages then turn into longlasting behaviours because people tend to get better at skills the more they use them early socialisation also reinforces gendered roles becker argues because parents seek to prepare their children for responsibilities which they assume will benefit them in the marriage market yet this division of labour is neither strict nor fixed as common preferences models like becker s would suggest rather divisions of labour vary across couples and have blurred with time bianchi et al,5
+indeed although the spreading of alternative school arrangements widens the scope of users choice it may exacerbate the correlation between socioeconomic backgrounds and school resources and quality teaching practices could be also improved by reducing the extensive reliance of the system on test scores and rather develop more comprehensive indicators of school performance indeed despite being important benchmarking is deemed to have incentivised grades inflation teaching to tests and scarce attention to the development of noncognitive skills,10
+the recent imf agreement has prompted progress in energy price reforms and the energy policy dialogue with the eu aiming at gradual convergence of ukraine s energy sector with the eu internal market has been instrumental in efforts to liberalise ukraine s internal gas market and modernise its regulatory framework these reforms are indispensable for putting in place and implementing energyrelated projects cofinanced by international agencies access to international knowhow on financing options and technologies is important especially in the sphere of energy efficiency and renewable energy investments,7
+they actively use this information to tailor their education responses to individual students needs the starting block equips teachers with resources to measure and record student progress and achievement in literacy attendance and general conduct on a daily basis at the end of each term students families and community members attend starting block awards ceremonies to recognise their achievements the programme is designed to help children leam to set and realise personal goals,4
+taking average income as the benchmark point the analysis focuses on the lowerhalf of the income distribution ie moving progressively from median to bottom incomes this is consistent with a rawlsian approach to social welfare which puts relatively stronger weight on the lower end of the distribution it investigates the extent to which structural policies have differential longrun impacts on gdp per capita and household incomes at different points of the distribution relying on this assessment different countries may implement different policy reforms depending on various factors such as societal preferences and aversion to inequality but also shortterm budgetary and or political constraints,10
+while not reflected in market prices researchers can nevertheless fairly well identify the external impacts of electricity generation and provision often measuring them and sometimes even monetising them partially or tentatively the full costs of the electricity generated by a given technology are thus the sum of the technology s private marketbased costs plus its social costs since at least the early s when a raft of major studies on energy externalities was launched accounting for the full costs has become part of the work of a large constituency of researchers,7
+gender mainstreaming pays particular attention to disseminating statistics in formats that are easily understood by a wide audience and making clear the limitations of data collected on the basis of concepts and methods that are not gendersensitive mainstreaming a gender perspective in national statistical systems requires political will at all levels not only in national statistical offices but also in the statistical services of other government agencies and in all institutions that provide administrative data united nations sensitizing and raising the awareness of both users and producers of data is critical in linking gender statistics to policies,5
+additionally the degree to which these longterm emission reduction objectives are part of an internationallybinding agreement will influence clean energy investment decisions and also potentially access to international finance for example international agreements such as the kyoto protocol are correlated with increased innovation in mitigation technologies hascic et al emission reporting schemes can pave the way for implementation of carbon pricing,7
+thus although immigrants seem to decrease the employment rate of ghanaianbom workers no effect is seen on the unemployment rate this would suggest that if nativebom workers lose their jobs they also leave the labour force and are not among the unemployed it seems therefore likely that immigration is detrimental for workers with a relatively weak attachment to the labour force,8
+these concerns abour wafting times led to the adoption of a health care guaiantee legislation in that wovided guidelines on the maximum waiting times for a range of primary care and specialised care services in substantial progress was achieved over the past decade in reducing mortality rates for people admitted to hospital for these lifethreatening conditions with the day mortality rate now the lowest among eu countries with available data for ischaemic stroke figure this reflects the streamlining of emergency care processes and the provision of better treatments notably a greater use of thrombolysis for ischaemic strokes due to early diagnosis and effective treatments people in finland diagnosed with various types of cancer such as breast cervical colon and rectal cancer have higher survival rates than in most eu countries oecd and overall mortality from cancer is among the lowest in the eu,3
+australian energy providers delivered another usd million in spending crossley et al while brazilian energy providers spend about usd million each year mauer energy providers have a strategic position in energy markets often serving as middleman between energy producers and energy consumers energy providers have longstanding commercial relationships with even the smallest enduse customers allowing them to influence energy saving activities in diffuse markets,7
+this subsection shows that while scheduling mandatory interviews may already generate positive employment impacts through a threat effect such services are particularly effective if they are of high quality while a high frequency of interviews may be desirable it is often constrained by staff caseloads the ratio of clients to employment counselling staff as for initial eligibility reviews counselling services may be more effective through the threat effect ie causing flows off benefit prior to the actual interview than through the actual delivery of the service graversen and van ours and hagglund a recent study for the united states shows that claimants who exited benefit before a scheduled jobsearch assistance programme had improved job prospects in the longer run compared with those who participated cebi et al,8
+within each pathway a number of more detailed measures are defined in addition within the ndc landscape the nordic countries are well positioned to help build the financing system we need for climate action and from the global agenda perspective and support the required financial sector and fiscal reforms not only in improving conduciveness of policies but also breaking apart unconducive policies such as the fossilfuel subsidy schemes in an equitable and peaceful manner overall nordic countries have been actively involved in adaptation funding through multilateral agencies with a strong adaptation mandate and addressed adaptation through crosscutting initiatives,13
+this implies no responsibility by community or government and gives the impression that road trauma is inevitable the implication in the use of the word accident is that road trauma is an act of god and outside our control new zealand police prefer the term crash or collision to ensure that these events are not regarded as inevitable as most road incidents are preventable,11
+she joined the oecd programme on international management in higher education imhe in to coordinate and manage the first round of oecd reviews of higher education in regional development which took place in and embraced regions in countries she is leading the second round of reviews in which is reaching out to regions and cityregions in g countries and emerging economies she is the coauthor and editor of the oecd publication higher education and regions globally competitive locally engaged oecd before joining the oecd puukka had experience in higher education and regional development in finland as a national and local government adviser programme manager practitioner and evaluator,4
+rigorous and continuous methods to assess and anticipate skill needs are also needed together with methods for quality assurance and the monitoring of training providers the share of women on board of listed companies in chile is among the lowest in the oecd figure panel b the major obstacle chilean women face to participate more fully is the traditional gender roles towards work and care,5
+early marriage which disproportionately affects young girls in some countries in the region decreases the chances that girls continue studying or engage in economic activities as they usually became responsible for home tasks and the care of children unicef the figure in this box shows that both in north and subsaharan african regions married women are more likely to be neets than unmarried women young girls are much more likely than young men to be married early and therefore look for more flexible jobs that they usually find in the informal sector,8
+more positively there are emerging signs of cambodia expanding into products offering higher export growth opportunities than traditional products eg footwear unprocessed rice and some electronics and transport equipment although they still remain relatively limited compared to the more traditional export basket diversification across export destinations is also taking place to some extent but at a much slower pace as the major export markets remain the us and the eu warr and menon while recent increases in the real minimum wage for the garment and footwear sector may be warranted from a social policy perspective notably after years of stagnation in real terms in the s ilo rapid surges in labour costs without productivity improvements put additional pressures on producers,8
+at age students sit for the caribbean examinations council cxc examinations the equivalent of general certificate of education gce olevels at around the age of those students who continue at school can sit for the caribbean advanced proficiency examinations equivalent to gce alevel also set by the council a strong emphasis on education has resulted in a national literacy rate of around per cent which is one of the highest in the world barbados education education is promoted nationally as a lifelong activity which seeks to produce culturallybased technologicallydriven diverse and dynamic outcomes for all of its citizens the university of the west indies uwi which has a high reputation for its standards operates three campuses in the caribbean with the cave hill campus located in barbados,4
+the type and quality of jobs can have direct effects on health through occupational hazards or may affect health indirectly through income security or through psychological and social mechanisms in central and eastern europe the roma people routinely suffer deprivation in bulgaria for example their life expectancy at any age is five to six years below the rest of the population while their infant mortality rate is six times the national average in hungary infant mortality among the roma is nearly four times the average for the country while in romania it is two and a half times greater in indonesia in mortality among nonjavanese children was per cent higher than among javanese while nonchinese children had mortality rates nearly four times higher than the rate observed among chinese children whose parents are likely to be wealthier social determinants of health new york oxford university press the widening gap in mortality by educational level in the russian federation american journal of public health vol in latin america the prevalence of child diarrhoea and maternal mortality is significantly higher among indigenous people than among nonindigenous,3
+the agricultural sector is responsible for approximately of the worlds methane ch and of its nitrous oxide n o emissions vermeulen et al this necessitates a transition within the agricultural sector which not only meets increased productivity and meets poverty alleviation and adaptation goals but also delivers mitigation benefits on a global scale the agricultural sector carries a significant potential to mitigate climate change eg by reducing emissions and increasing productivity throughout the supply chain and by increasing sequestration through changing land use practices campbell et al,13
+how labour market information could contribute to the design of various employment services is likewise a challenge given the wideranging services involved job matching vocational guidance information dissemination organising job fairs subsidies for unemployed workers wage subsidies and onthejob training flexibility in the management of labour market policies and programmes is central to optimising their contribution to competitiveness inclusion and prosperity at the local level flexibility can take the form of the involvement of local offices in the design of programmes freedom to choose how to spend budgets the possibility to negotiate performance targets and choose target groups for programmes and the opportunity to collaborate with other actors see box,8
+strengthened capacity in key sector ministries to include environmental sustainability in their strategies improved livelihoods and access to environmental and natural resources for the poor a review of these below illustrates the various approaches that are emerging strategic goal a is to address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society,15
+the local government units public financial management lgu pfm reform roadmap and implementation strategy an initiative launched by the national government in could consider this particular topic given the horizontal fragmentation of lgus in metro cebu and the need to develop infrastructure across the whole metropolitan area eg water transport this is a critical obstacle to finance urban green growth the board should be entitled to borrow from banks and on markets to make the necessary investment to carry out the functions devolved by the local government code by legislation metro vancouver districts are required to operate balanced budgets and any deficit must be repaid immediately the follow ing year,11
+special schools are left with a student population with a higher level of special needs on average which will increase expenditure per student they will typically have to continue to cover the fixed costs of operating a school but with fewer students figure shows that the number of special schools has declined by between and,4
+with funding of aud billion the water for the future programme has targeted improving water use efficiency securing water supplies and improving river health a key aim of the programme has been to improve environmental flows in the basin this is being achieved through a combination of voluntary buybacks of water entitlements primarily from irrigators and investment in irrigation efficiency upgrades with a percentage of the saved water being held by the commonwealth environmental water holder and used for environmental purposes,6
+concurrently pollution from landbased sources including marine litter is threatening species and marine habitats and climate change compounds these effects altering both the thermal and chemical characteristics of the ocean as well as its dynamics and nutrient availability bijma et al since the s for example an estimated of global mangroves have been lost and of coral reefs have disappeared undp the welfare costs that this imposes on society are high estimates suggest that the cumulative economic impact of poor ocean management practices is in the order of usd billion per year undp,14
+it covers all sectors except transport on november the european commission proposed an update to the eed including a new energy efficiency target for these include indicative national energyefficiency targets strategies to reduce energy consumption of existing buildings the introduction of energyefficiency requirements in public procurement obligations for energy companies to help customers save energy and improvements to customer metering and billing,7
+however applying these principles will nevertheless have an impact on effectiveness this is because they help the financial institutions determine whether projects are climateresilient for example whether projects such as hydropower plants mitigationrelated or coastal infrastructure development adaptationrelated will be able to function as planned given expected ranges of rainfall sealevel rise etc,13
+metropolitanwide planning raises questions about the appropriate scale to tackle landuse issues the democratic legitimacy of decisions that take place outside of formal governmental institutions and the ability to secure stable forms of funding and achieve longterm goals experiences from other jurisdictions demonstrate some potential strategies for prague to pursue following this strategies to manage interjurisdictional landuse conflicts are discussed along with the potential of ruralurban partnerships,11
+however things may not be quite as straightforward from the point of view of a private investor given that in a liberalised market the marginal fuel the one with the highest variable cost ie gas sets the price of electricity the electricity price in a liberalised market tends to fluctuate with the gas price thus preserving a rather stable profit margin for investors in gas in a market with regulated prices instead investors in nuclear would benefit from a stable profit margin and investors in gas would have to cope with the volatility of their cost base,7
+vocationaltechnical education prepares individuals to acquire professional knowledge and a tradespecific qualification there are institutions offering programmes for secondary specialized education including private institutions in young professionals graduated from vocational training institutions and students from secondary specialized vocational training institutions received a diploma these numbers correspond to the overall demand for workers in the economy,4
+the skills are not only important to working in a job but at the same time determine how easy or difficult it is to find another job for example in case of dismissal or problems at the workplace for this reason a further indicator measures employability in other words the selfperceived usefulness of the workers skills and experiences for finding another job finally a further indicator regards skills match in other words whether employed persons can actually use their skills in their current job,8
+asymmetries of revenue and funding are also likely to undermine the coordination of water policies across ministries and public agencies as water is a regional issue in belgium flanders and wallonia replied separately often ministries of finance and economy are not directly involved in making decisions during water policy reforms which can raise implementation challenges at a later stage,6
+it also seeks to help streamline smart sustainable cities action plans and establish best practices with feasible targets that urban development stakeholders are encouraged to meet the u ssc is supported by united nations agencies programmes funds and secretariats it has also developed key performance indicators for measuring progress towards achieving the objectives of smart sustainable cities the key performance indicators are being implemented by cities globally,11
+this results in the development of fiveyear education budgets that only weakly link to medium and longterm strategies for the education sector nonetheless in a positive development subsequent to the visit by the oecd review team anep established annual targets for the period in its budget plan covering indicators in a range of areas there is the perception that education councils distribute resources so as to ensure some horizontal equity across individual schools ie similar resources are given to schools with similar type of provision the allocation mechanism seeks to ensure that in each school a basic level of resources is made available that enables students regardless of their socioeconomic background to benefit from a similar schooling experience,4
+the city of cologne for example coordinates water and spatial planning for new building areas to prevent flood damages because of heavy rainfalls municipal authorities in the netherlands through the water assessment instrument take water management into account in their spatial planning decisions even though it is not binding this tool is considered effective for linking water authorities and cities oecd b energy production is strongly dependent on water for power generation fossil fuel extraction transport and processing and irrigation of biofuels crops,6
+awareness and understanding of the achievements and challenges in implementation of the platform for action are important if gender equality is to be achieved gender equality is in turn important because it is fundamental to all persons women men girls and boys fully and freely exercising their fundamental human rights and freedoms to their living lives with dignity agency and voice and for the development and preservation of inclusive equitable democratic and peaceful societies while noting exceptions a general trend is evident with a positive correlation between human development and gender equality,5
+younger and better educated women have more opportunities to start their own business in the emerging knowledgebased economy according to the study of adrien et al between and revenue growth for firms run by single selfemployed women rose by a cumulative three times faster than revenue growth among firms run by married women cibc third better educated women are becoming the majority in most fields they are gaining ground in traditional men s areas such as business natural and applied sciences and engineering they are entering in new growth sectors such as finance insurance and real estate and the growth rate of women s selfemployment in the emerging sectors related to the knowledgebased economy including health social services and business services is rising adrien et al,5
+many benefit from womens unpaid labour including care for others performed in households firms for example rely on the human resources that are produced and sustained through such work the unequal distribution of the costs of care therefore supports economic growth since those who benefit from these investments in the next generation do not pay the associated costs the world bank has examined this relationship and concluded that improving gender equality is smart economics that is it contributes to growth and economic development in fact whether greater gender equality or greater gender inequality is associated with economic growth depends on the specific indicator used,5
+increases in health insurance coverage then stagnated but picked up again after reaching of the population in see figure in chapter thus practically achieving universal health coverage uhc together these expansions allowed the uninsured population to shrink from of the population in to in table moreover the coverage of sem with respect to the salaried economicallyactive population was around while it was among nonsalaried economicallyactive population table shows the insurance coverage of the population by income quintile sociodemographic characteristics by sex and detailed occupation,3
+however in the south irrigation is managed mainly by large boards which are highly interconnected with urban and industrial water supply agencies this is essentially due to the fact that most important water structures eg dams aqueducts pumping stations are constructed for multisectorial water use and their management is frequently under the boards competence the group is a notforprofit organisation established in by members of parliament environmentalists and representatives of regions local governments trade unions and company managers,6
+when using surveys andor questionnaires evaluators forming an ultimate judgement of a school leader s performance need to bear issues of fairness and objectivity validity and reliability in mind especially where appraisal may lead to summative consequences different stakeholders may hold different expectations of their school leaders depending on their interests levels of experience and involvement in the school s affairs ginsberg and thompson davis and hensley not all decisions a school leader makes may be viewed equally favourable by all stakeholders reeves,4
+this allows an analysis of the population of founders seeking financing in a way that has not previously been possible and a direct investigation of whether and why gender appeals to be an important determinant of fundraising success examples include but are not restricted to alexy et al first crunchbase cannot avoid selection insofar as startups initially may also seek other platforms or ways to receive financing this does not necessarily pose a problem for investigating the gender gap as long as there are no grounds to think that this selfselection is related to gender,5
+the majority of adaptationrelated bilateral oda targets adaptation as a significant objective figure this means that the intervention has other prime objectives but has been formulated or adjusted to consider the effects of climate change however the oecd dac creditor reporting system dac crs database includes data on the volume of oda allocated to disaster risk reduction drr these figures also include financial flows targeting risks unrelated to climate but the overall trends are informative,13
+to be more precise it includes policies and programmes that aim to reduce poverty and make people less vulnerable to unemployment social exclusion sickness disability and old age by helping them to manage these risks and shocks this is one of the most important innovations in recent social protection policy and is a reaction to the problem of how to find and target the poor while most social protection programmes do include administrative mechanisms for reaching the poor increasingly policy makers recognise the high costs associated with poverty targeting and are aware of the important tradeoffs,1
+information on land take by urban and and other artificial land development in europe is given as a complement their interpretation should consider the levels of economic development and the structure of countries economies and patterns of trade geographic factors and population density also play a role internationally harmonised data on conversions from one type of land use to another are not yet available,15
+this includes seasonal migration a particularly important form linked to agricultural production cycles these differences in opportunities also imply that migration has a high potential to contribute to economic social and human development ruralurban migration in particular has always been and will continue to be an integral part of this process,2
+to this end unitaid has committed up to million for one year the patent pool may license substances and technologies received from patent holders to pharmaceutical producers to supply certain low and middle income developing countries although licenses will be available without discrimination as to the geographical location of the producer the rationale behind pooling patented technologies lies in the fact that until now patents on the most recent drugs owned by different companies have blocked the development of more affordable generic versions of these drugs as well as of fixeddose combinations fdcs by generic or rdbased producers,3
+reported costs of desalinated water per cubic metre are usually given in a summary form however summary costs do not specify what is included in the cost and may or may not contain such cost factors as land acquisition and regulatory costs or contingency factors that can significantly influence the cost of desalination a large review of published desalination costs shows a range of m to m for seawater desalination and so,6
+of note qualitative evidence from the target population finds that many women believe the balance of benefits to risks is acceptable and welcome the opportunity to take part in breast screening independent uk panel on breast cancer screening what is still lacking however is a national populationbased system that issues personalised invitations to all czech citizens regularly based on age gender and screening history the plan has a number of objectives all linked to the ultimate aim of reducing the burden of cancer in the czech republic including improving rates of early diagnosis in part through more effective screening accrediting treatment centres on the basis of workforce skills equipment selfevaluation and communication and encouraging research and innovation the czech society for oncology exists as a professional network a significant part of whose work is dedicated to supporting patients through education and information including around screening and prevention,3
+this is largely due to the limited attention which ghps have given to support activities and technical assistance in beneficiary countries which has made it difficult for the poorest countries to maximize benefits from the ghps programmes in spite of the important achievements accomplished on hiv aids it should be recalled that today the top killer diseases in most poor countries are respiratory and intestinal diseases leading to child deaths from pulmonary failure or diarrhoea see table yet there is very little advocacy for addressing these problems and there is no ghp to support them,3
+the prevention and control of epidemics through public health care programmes requires a high degree of coordination among different authorities and the prompt mobilisation of physical and financial resources most countries have legislation to avoid the spread of epidemics consisting of two parts the identification of a health problem and the actions taken to control it smith et al losses due to epidemics cannot be insured as they are not characterised by definite and calculable losses,3
+the mudflow damaged electric lines which supply electricity to the region from the main hydropower station pamir to prevent further flooding die water going to the khorog hpp was blocked and there was no electricity in the whole area including khorog town the ebrd is supporting the kayrakkum hydropower rehabilitation project which aims to strengthen the climate resilience of tajikistan s hydropowerdominated energy sector box kayrakkum hydropower rehabilitation project has won the ebrd award of best project in climate change adaptation the experts involved in the project have calculated the future hydrology of the reservoir under different scenarios of climate change which was the base for selecting the most suitable design for rehabilitation of the station in the whole range of projected possible climate change scenarios the fundamental approach of the inclusion of climate change issues into investment planning will greatly improve the sustainability of kayrakkum hpp in the context of the changing climate of tajikistan as well as provide a reliable power supply for the people of the northern part of the country,7
+in the european commissions analysis the emission intensity of this sector is too low to be included we do however find that the energy intensity in denmark is rather high on average in the period for the other nordic countries energy intensity in this sector is low it is in particular the processing of potatoes that is energy intensive,7
+for instance pension contributions of many professionals such as engineers which are set at a fixed amount depending on the number of years of activity regardless of earnings could usefully be rationalised the recent activation of two centralised interlinked electronic monitoring systems is a welcome step in this regard more specifically the helios scheme monitoring retirement pay is linked to the ariadne scheme that directly records major demographic changes facilitating in this way the detection and suspension of ineligible pensions ec b regional differences in the distribution of different categories of pensions in mid particularly regarding disability pensions suggest the need for further monitoring of the social security system to avoid abuse in the future the uninsured have a meanstested access to some basic health care services through the health insurance book providing free access to public hospital and medical services including pharmaceuticals,10
+the highest risk ratings for in situ and development risks respectively are used to produce initial ratings the setting of water security targets can be guided by several economic characteristics in part following oecd however achieving the targets can also entail significant economic costs,6
+on one hand a mix of power plants with different characteristics such as price and ramp up and ramp down times allows grid operators to optimize electricity generation costs and increases system stability on the other hand an electricity network consisting solely of sources with fast response would allow electricity generation to follow electricity consumption easily these technologies however are often more expensive,7
+carefully designed policies strategies and projects can work within existing cultural norms through the public and private sectors in ways that benefit both women and men box specific recommendations for closing the gender gap in access to land rural labour markets financial services social capital and technology include the steps outlined below women have not always benefited from general land distribution and titling efforts however and in some cases have seen their customary rights eroded as formal rights have been extended to male heads of household many governments have attempted to strengthen womens tenure rights within marriage and as individuals but these efforts are often frustrated by a combination of legal and cultural practices that still favour men many countries in the region have instituted legal reforms that have strengthened married womens land rights but landtitling efforts have not always facilitated the practice of including both husbands and wives names this section is based on fao oh which provides an extensive review of the relevant literature,5
+the region should be seen as a laboratory for developing research students workbased and experiential learning and development projects in many different fields for researchintensive universities the principal driver is scientific excellence there is a need to acknowledge the key role that heis can play in local and regional development and provide incentives at the institutional and individual level to mobilise the full potential of heis if malaysia wishes to mobilise its higher education system in support of regional development the higher education policy which embraces teaching research and community service should include an explicit regional dimension there should be an acknowledgement that the diverse regional contexts within which higher education institutions operate and the national policies especially funding regime have differential regional impacts,4
+middleclass households are not immune on average nearly of mortgaged middleclass homeowners are overburdened by their monthly mortgage payment across oecd countries significant numbers of people are homeless while statistics are difficult to compare most oecd countries report that to people in every thousand lack regular access to housing in addition many households live in lowquality dwellings of lowincome households live in overcrowded dwellings and do not have access to an indoor flushing toilet,11
+see annex for notes wwwoecdorgedueaghtm education systems in oecd and most g countries now provide universal access to basic education such that both preprimary and upper secondary education are becoming universal in most countries see also indicator c the expansion of upper secondary education has been driven by both increasing demand and policy changes ranging from a more flexible curriculum and a reshaping of vocational studies to efforts to expand access to education to the entire population while the same changes have been made to tertiary education participation rates at this higher level of education are significantly lower,4
+in the oecdimhe conducted an extensive study with regional reviews across countries this resulted in the oecd flagship publication higher education and regions globally competitive locally engaged oecd with recommendations to benefit both higher education institutions and national and regional governments in the oecdimhe launched a second series of oecd reviews of higher education in regional and city development to address the demand by national regional and local governments for more responsive and active higher education institutions,4
+working alongside ministries and agencies with direct responsibilities over environmental matters the ict regulator is likely to be a critical actor in formulating policies and strategies for addressing concerns about ewaste generated from ict gadgets and devices good collaboration with related agencies is necessary in order to monitor all actors compliance with ewaste governance requirements effectively organized by the communications commission of kenya,12
+in addition to interfering with aquaculture and spoiling beaches for tourism such algal blooms can lead to dead zones anoxic zones and lowoxygen zones hypoxic zones such zones occur when algal blooms decay and the bacteria breaking up the dead algae use up the oxygen dissolved in the seawater the zones drive mobile species away and kill the seabed benthic wildlife,14
+since then governments and the clinical community have slowly stepped up efforts so that every hospital is today accredited against these standards having achieved these service standards the challenge for australian policy makers now is to develop increasingly robust metrics linked to their implementation and impact ensure that standards remain relevant to quality and safety priorities and to apply them beyond hospitals the standards form the building blocks for a national approach to quality assessment and improvement,3
+the types or regulatory tools that are needed in most capture fisheries are those that reduce the level of fishing pressure and promote flexible adaptation to change reducing fishing pressure can be accomplished through actions to reduce fishing capacity eliminate harmful subsidies and reduce fishing effort it is also accomplished through a precautionary ecosystem approach to fisheries management and targeted financial instruments to create incentives to switch to lowimpact gear fao,14
+climate finance was also on the agenda of development finance negotiations in emphasising a growing priority to better understand and manage the cobenefits and tradeoffs between financing for sustainable development and climate change the growing recognition of the urgency to act on climate change and the importance of financing for development heighten the need to ensure that finance is effectively allocated disbursed and delivered this paper and the underpinning qualitative research upon which the findings rest explores the question what enables effective international climate finance in the context of development cooperation,13
+examples of indicators used for performancerelated payments include national waiting time targets preventive services patient experience registration in national quality registers and efficiency eg prescribing of generic drugs feeforservice payments on the other hand are said to provide little incentive to improve the quality of care and reduce use of services the government s expectation is that the reforms in primary care with their focus on promoting choice competition and transparency supported by performancerelated incentives will reduce these negative effects and improve the access responsiveness quality and value for money of services,3
+natural catastrophes impose the largest toll in terms of human fatalities and economic consequences if only humanmade accidents are considered the energy sector is the secondlargest contributor with transportation causing about of all mortalities ec risks of severe accidents in all energy chains should not be neglected however as they have the potential to cause largescale and longterm impacts to human health to the environment and to the whole of society severe accidents also tend to have broad media coverage and to attract the attention of the population and different stakeholders,7
+other similar indicators can be developed focused on a minimum intake of different nutrients eg proteins rather than energy see nutvalnet an initiative from the world food programme wfp and the un refugee agency unhcr the cost of the dietary energy needs the food poverty line is estimated based on the assumption of the energy requirement for a healthy life of a representative individual in a given population usually calories per capita per day and the cost of a food basket required to meet that energy requirement taking into account the need for a properly balanced diet and the food habits of a given population the share of the population whose expenditures or income fall under the food poverty line is considered food poor this indicator captures the access dimension of food insecurity,2
+it produced million tonnes of rice this year after setting aside million tonnes for its own population it has million tonnes surplus for the world market the fouryear ban on rice exports was lifted in september wheat export too is free of export controls ports rail transport roads and handling documentation and facilitation must improve if supplies to the poor are to be made at the lowest transaction cost,2
+also of flemish lower secondary teachers had completed a teacher education bachelor s programme the th highest figure among the talis participation countries against a talis average of oecd b teachers are hired into schools through an open recruitment procedure organised at the school board level and with considerable involvement of the school principal schools boards have autonomy in teacher recruitment selection and appointment and therefore act as the employers however schools need to observe regulations at the flemish community level regarding teacher required standard qualifications and the statutory rights of teaching staff,4
+the various strengths and weaknesses identified with these different approaches are also summarised in the table many of which also relate to how stakeholders are engaged overall however some combination of topdown and bottomup governance approaches is likely to be more effective than single approaches de santo et al challenges in effectively engaging stakeholders remain especially in times of for example budget constraints as discussed in de santo an example of how local communities are able to engage in the management of the great barrier reef marine park is provided in box currently placed under the governance of the ministry of ecology sustainable development and energy the french marine protected areas agency is to be integrated into the french agency for biodiversity as of,14
+it is however still debatable if the growth rate is sufficient to keep up with the aging of the population the growing burden of disease migration of health professionals and other factors that influence the supply and demand for health professionals in a specific country it is however relatively certain that the prevalence of chronic conditions and the prevalence of people with multiple chronic conditions will increase over the next few decades therefore educational systems should make sure that they are focused on better care for people with multiple chronic conditions,3
+mapping gps tracking and widely accessible mobile data have the potential to improve spatial efficiency and the way urban residents interact with public transit transport congestion the real estate market and monetary transactions in africa ict is already enhancing urbanrural linkages supporting the codevelopment of cities and their hinterlands through better market information better access to services and easier cash transfers the pattern of growth of african cities will no doubt be shaped by new technology incentives for dense and compact development fall as transport trade and communication over longer distances become easier but as density decreases negative externalities costs borne by society increase including congestion pollution segregation infrastructure costs loss of walkable commercial districts and the costs associated with public transit viability only those with cars and smart phones,11
+the low share of nonrd innovation expenditure results in an average level of innovation intensity compared to the eu despite the high level of rd expenditure in the austrian business sector in of all firms reported newtomarket product innovations this share has increased only slightly in the past ten years and at a much lower rate than the share of firms engaged in process organisational or marketing innovations in of total sales originated from product innovation,9
+it is responsible for of occupations in china a transition to more sustainable production consumption systems will call for new professionals more sustainable tvet also seen as a strategy to bring more dignity to the technical and vocational jobs needs to address ethical and sustainability goals associated with each occupational specialisation the curricula methods of delivery and required competencies for graduates needs to evolve,12
+although the value generated from the first sale of fish products from mediterranean and black sea fisheries may seem relatively small compared with other sectors representing less than percent of regional gross domestic product gdp the sector targets some of the most economically vulnerable communities in the region making it a key player for sustainable development in fact the value at first sale as a percentage of gdp is six times greater in the developing countries of the southern mediterranean than in the wealthier northern mediterranean countries furthermore around percent of employment in the region s fishing sector is found in the developing countries of the southern and eastern mediterranean indicating that most of the jobs provided by this sector are located precisely where jobs are needed this includes improving the sources of data available for stock assessment increasing the percentage of fisheries that are the object of specific management measures incorporating past and current socioeconomic characteristics of the fisheries and studying the potential socioeconomic impacts of alternative management measures,14
+in the seven countries with significant drops in poverty levels labour income accounted for at least three quarters of the variation in total per capita income transfers public and private including pensions and retirement benefits and other income capital income imputed rent and others also helped bring the poverty rate down albeit to a lesser degree the discrepancy is due basically to the fact that the price deflator used by the institute to adjust the indigence line which reflects the variation in the prices of the specific products that make up the basic consumption basket rose less than the deflator used by eclac which reflects changes in food inflation and is therefore composed differently the discrepancy is due to minor methodological differences related to the calculation of aggregate income and the value of the lines used changes in demographic factors labour markets the overall economic climate and institutional responses to poverty along with falling poverty rates could have gradually reshaped the profile of persons living in need for analytical purposes the poor population is divided into two groups the indigent and the nonindigent poor,1
+montenegro was the exception with its share of livestock output being slightly greater than crop output since the composition of total output value has seen an increase in the share of crops in albania and kosovo and an increase in the share of livestock in bosnia and herzegovina and montenegro the composition is fairly stable in the former yugoslav republic of macedonia and serbia,2
+it is well established that the endowments of the area explain a substantial proportion of the poverty of people living in it controlling for individual and household characteristics such as age household composition or ethnolinguistic group jalan and ravallion regional imbalances in poverty rates are often persistent as internal migration processes tend to be selective with poorest people facing higher migration costs the regional income distribution and poverty indicators discussed in this paper send the clear message that national averages mask important intracountry variance in poverty and inequality,1
+the payment for public school tuition and the fund for privateschool students do not cover other charges such as textbooks and school trips such regulations cover inter alia total area per child play areas kitchens and safety features the minimum standards set by national governments are upgraded in some municipalities for example local governments in the tokyo area established a system of certified centres in to reduce waiting lists for licensed childcare,4
+monitoring has suffered owing to a general lack of national funding even if recently the situation has improved in some countries due to an increase in national environmental budgets eg armenia in georgia no systematic groundwater monitoring has taken place for the past years improvement in microbiological and biological monitoring is reported in armenia and georgia selfmonitoring of sewage water by enterprises has been introduced in georgia armenia and azerbaijan but enforcement is not always strict,6
+companies can receive grants for providing trial employment to freeters aged and unstable workers in their late thirties and further subsidies when they give these workers fulltime positions after trial employment further measures include the extension of intensive counselling for this group of workers as has already been mentioned older freeters are also a target group of the job card system mhlw a in the context of the financial and economic crisis a system of grants again jpy million per person for smes and jpy million for large companies was introduced for employers who hire older freeters aged by allocating certain job openings to them mhlw a,8
+discrepancies between the different sets of standards can hinder efforts to close the gender gap imported from french law where the rules are incorporated into the civil code the personal status code can be defined as the set of rules that relate directly or indirectly to the life of the family including inheritance some countries prefer to use the term family code qanun alusra but this is equivalent to the personal status code legislative change on family matters is needed to further women s empowerment both through full access to the economy and in their personal lives these laws also define men s roles which have a major bearing on women s autonomy under the convention s article states parties shall ensure on a basis of equality of men and women a the same right to enter into marriage b the same right freely to choose a spouse and to enter into marriage only with their free and full consent c the same rights and responsibilities during marriage and at its dissolution,5
+however teachers can provide such services outside their school as an additional paid activity teachers can also work in afterschool activities provided by education organisations other than schools however individual tutoring can also be organised within the context of school activities for which teachers receive an additional compensation twothirds of the country s schools provide instruction in two shifts and a small number of schools operate in three shifts elimination of threeshift schools was one of the central pillars of the schools hospitals program yet such schools were in existence in up from in,4
+in that sense it could be attractive and probably wise in future situations to reverse the process and create committees only when executive powers in a river basin are clarified and effective this may require specific legislation and an investment in improving the capacities of relevant institutions first before formalising such institutions as according to the specific circumstances a basin agency linked to the state water agency or the state water agency itself shortly emphasis should be put on the side of the executive capacity of the system,6
+a number of inefficiencies have also arisen from this reform however in terms of the system s financing and the distribution of its teachers this understanding is supported by evidence that indicates that there is no more important empirical determinant of student outcomes than good teaching the quality of an education system cannot exceed the quality of its teachers barber and mourshed,4
+thus programmes like the teacher salary boost ldrarldnelyftet could ameliorate the current teacher shortage in sweden but they also raise some concerns about equity among teachers the programme aims to increase wages for up to teachers per year selected by the municipality or independent school provider based on a certain number of requirements additionally statskontoret found that the teacher salary boost is linked to an imbalance in motivation some principals reported that motivation increased among the teachers who received pay increases while it decreased among those who did not get pay raises one reason could be that the financial contributions could create a perceived injustice,4
+in addition to this human cost grade repetition has a financial cost for the system in that children repeating years of schooling are effectively tying up more resources over a longer time period than those that do not once recognised alternatives to grade repetition include remedial classes after school or during the summer for students with an unfavourable outofschool learning environment spending more time in school can be beneficial oecd,4
+for example burs contained information that could to some extent be compared with information on climate finance reported in the crs database eg consistent years type of flow due to the above reasons finance figures in burs varied significantly from the crs figures from of the amount in the crs database for chile to for montenegro in addition parties will also participate in a facilitative multilateral consideration of progress in relation to their efforts under article,13
+additionally costa rican students are more likely than their peers in oecd countries to arrive late skip a lesson or miss a full day of school according to selfreported data in pisa about of yearold students reported having missed at least one full day of school in the two weeks prior to the pisa test compared to just in oecd countries about of students in costa rica are in schools where principals consider that the shortage of educational materials eg textbooks it equipment library or laboratory material hinders a lot student learning in their school which is one of the largest proportions among pisa participating countries see figure,4
+box provides a simple conceptual model of an unconfined aquifer with linked surface water systems to illustrate key aspects and dynamics of the coupled naturalhuman system this simplified model shows a that there are multiple flows in groundwater systems b that different wells can have different effects depending on their relative location and depth and c that crop irrigation practices may also matter a simple model of humannatural interactions in an aquifer figure,6
+this requires active communication to raise the profile of climate change issues the strategy envisages a broad publicfocused awarenessraising campaign including printed and multimedia materials suitably adapted for different target groups a series of media events television programmes workshops and other relevant awarenessraising events will be organized the country ratified the paris agreement on march it entered into force for bosnia and herzegovina on april,13
+in buildings frequented by the public the certificate has to be disposed in a visible place learning energy efficiency networks leen support innovative companies increase energy efficiency and improve their competitive position by learning from each other a multitude of companies cooperate in order to save energy in the most costeffective way,7
+they do not stand alone as isolated principles but are rather informed by several broadbased international agreements and declarations these principles respond to the questions what is the direction of transformation how does it connect to the world that we want the key strategic components are considered as development enabiers that can be thought of as frameworks for action in response to the multiple challenges raised by the often chaotic forces of urbanization and also at the same time as frameworks for action to harness the opportunities that the same urbanization brings,11
+however this type of job will undoubtedly appear more attractive to men than to women and hovgaard discusses the implications of this in his article in the faroe islands per cent of the working women work parttime haagensen the large pay gap however cannot be explained solely by the large number of part time employments overall knudsen ascribes structural inequalities as a contributory factor to the large pay gap between men and women she highlights the company faroe seafood which in consisted of employees a vast majority of whom were women however in none of the five members of the companys top management were women knudsen,5
+children who are deprived while not living in poor households tend to be slightly older have a head of household who is less educated and more likely to work on a farm more than one half of these children lives in rural areas children who are both poor and deprived are more likely to live with a head of household who is more likely to be female slightly older and less likely to have a higher education,1
+entre et le niveau de vie median des menages a peu progresse voire a recule dans plusieurs pays la principale raison en est la montee du chomage alors que le revenu median des menages a affiche une croissance globalement stable one reason is that growth dividends may not be shared fairly among individuals and social groups,8
+therefore for each element the risk assessment score is multiplied dependent on the category by the relative share in primary energy sources pes final energy demand fed or total energy import adding the individual values together and multiplying the total by results in the risk assessment subindex a value between and this is partly due to international commitments such as the iea treaty and partly due to national contingency planning,7
+the delta area accounts for approximately of the city s area which spreads out in such communes as vinh bao tien lang an lao kien thuy an duong and the south of thuy nguyen the delta area stands between metres metres above the sea level city of hai phong the city is vulnerable to flooding on a periodic basis and tsunamis at any time as well as being threatened over the longer term by sealevel rise localised flooding due to more intense rainstorms precipitation and ocean storm surges,11
+the total valuation of cse portfolio companies goes beyond eur million their total turnover of cse portfolio companies exceeds eur million key success factors include close linkages between education and startup support recruitment and matchmaking of students and hightech projects actionbased venture creation pedagogy and the structured venture development process and network centered around encubator consideration should be given to the establishment of a business plan competition in penang devised around the key opportunity areas for new firms resulting from the strengths and weaknesses of the local economy penang has critical mass in terms of students and entrepreneurship support providers to experiment what is welldeveloped in the berlinbrandenburg metropolitan area in germany box the privately funded bpw has been organised every year since with a duration of eight months it receives annually approximately eur of sponsor s money for activities and prizes,4
+rapid and wellinformed interventions need more local coordination and better knowledge of needs placing local education services in a good position to play a key role in the management of education infrastructure in the context of the new legal framework that does not allow privatesubsidised schools to charge copayments or to obtain profits from the school operation there is a need to provide access to the financing mechanism suggested above in similar terms for both public and private providers incorporating private schools in the infrastructure cadastre established by the ministry of education appears to be a first logical step addressing this will require affecting not only teachers with fixedterm contracts but also those with openended employment contracts including through the use of early retirement schemes which are already in place,4
+in many cases it is better to procure the food locally but to target the distribution to those who are already priced out of the market this should not affect prices when foodforeducation programmes offer a greater variety of food as well as nonstaple cereals such as wheat in bangladesh for instance biscuits provided on the school feeding programme opened a new market opportunity for local wheat growers around half of the food goes to africa but around onethird goes to countries in asia and the pacific,2
+the review recommended the prioritization of accounting principles that provide consistent consideration of natural disturbance regimes temporal scales and system boundaries in contrast an extensive study of the status and future potential of global bioenergy resources systems and markets scope suggested that as much as of the worlds fuel supply could be biobased by although it also found that the implementation of successful bioenergy production systems will require clear sustainability metrics and monitoring programmes stable land tenure and effective local and national governance conditions not yet established in many countries this was an increase of million hectares over the previous months although the increase was about million hectares less than that seen in the preceding month period in the caseof the pefc data are reported to december and more forest may have been certified to may more than of the double certification is in europe million hectares and north america million hectares,15
+most young women she sees marry between the ages of and she said although in urban ismailia where she grew up yearold brides are not uncommon in violation of the law at any age young women and their husbands know very little about what to expect sexually since premarital chastity is strongly guarded she must wait until after marriage to dispense them because she said a brides virginity must be intact on her wedding day but by then the woman has been informed about choices,5
+she would like to thank ivana capozza brendan gillespie nilsaxel braathen felix hiifner andreas worgotter robert ford andrew dean karsten neuhoff and german government officials for their valuable comments on previous drafts but retains full responsibility for any errors and omissions the author is also thankful to thorsten ehinger elie chachoua and joseph curtin for their excellent consultancy work margaret morgan for research assistance and josiane gutierrez for technical preparation despite significant gdp growth since primary energy use has been reduced by and energy intensity has decreased on average by per annum figure right panel,7
+this mode continues to be advocated by major donors but it is becoming much more modulated and open to newly recognized stakeholders concerned with ecological impacts dislocation of local people often minorities in the respective countries and other undesirable localized social cultural and economic outcomes that in changing who benefits and who loses challenge the use of social costbenefit analysis to defend largescale projects the mrc region in particular has been able to become open to many more voices in research and at international forums discussing policies and project outcomes this has led to proposals for integrated water resource management iwrm which is now supported by many international donorlender institutions including the asian development bank gwp abdullayev et al,6
+grouping the state of mexico with a large number of other entities makes it impossible to analyse waste management at the metropolitan level according to the development programme of the federal district of the city s territory is conservation land located mainly in the south and southwest see chapter the conservation land is critical for recharging the aquifers improving air quality protecting biodiversity regulating weather and providing recreational opportunities which in turn promotes ecotourism,11
+expectations reveal that this phenomenon will continue over the next few years such a situation will create a substantial pressure on the labour market its implications require the arab region to carry out intensive efforts in terms of job creation across the region and according to most recent estimates out of a total of million people belonging to the working age only million are recorded as being active in the labour market more than three quarters of the labour force are men million and only one quarter are women million,8
+often the penalty takes the form of a proportion of nominally attributed funds being withheld this is the case in the hospital p p scheme of norway the payment covered by the p p programme is capped approximately nok million and covers a small part of the block grant each region receives annually,3
+there are many noncarbon reasons for ethiopia to pursue greener paths of development notably improving income from sustainable natural resource and biodiversity management from cleaning up pollution from recycling waste and from export opportunities eg exporting hydropower to neighbouring countries yet different issues need to be analysed here so the methodology being narrowly focused on climate change has missed these additional green growth opportunities it could also have looked at resource efficiency for example identifying how waste energy and materials have been and can be used in a wide range of activities and enterprises suited to poor groups,13
+a growth incidence curve presents the growth in income of each percentile over a given period the shape of the curve indicates the nature of propoor growth a downwardsloping curve indicates that the poor benefit disproportionally more from growth which is therefore propoor while an upward curve indicates that the betteroff do as gini coefficients merely quantify the rise or fall in inequality using a scalar measure they thus tell the policy maker much less than a growth incidence curve about which part of the income distribution changed and affected inequality,10
+over the last couple of years fishers have also made important efforts in order to increase selectivity and reduce energy consumption however employment in capture fisheries decreased by between and to persons sole and plaice are the two most important species both in terms of value and volume,14
+support for such technologies in the past has proved both costeffective and successful thereby generating high social returns on investment fri much greater emphasis needs to be put globally on improving enduse energy efficiency complemented by behavioural change and limits imposed on energy land water and materials use such a programme would promote cooperation among countries communities and individuals so as to achieve lower primary energy use and lower greenhouse gas emissions,7
+under lapps and ifq regimes major reductions in capacity have occurred in the bsai crab surf clamocean quahog south atlantic wreckfish and alaska halibut sablefish fisheries in addition harvest cooperatives were established in two federally managed fisheries starting in the mid and late s pacific coast whiting and bering sea pollock resulting in rationalized harvesting operations and reduction in overcapacity or transfer of some overcapacity to other fisheries a new cooperative was recently implemented in the bsai groundfish nonpollock fishery in the administration including in its ocean action plan an emphasis on increasing the use of marketbased approaches to fisheries management,14
+today mobile cellular penetration is approaching saturation with more than billion subscriptions worldwide globally billion people are expected to be using the internet by end mobile broadband is the most dynamic market segment globally mobile broadband penetration is expected to reach per cent with fixed broadband access expected to reach more than million fixed broadband subscriptions by the end of the number of internet users is growing reaching per cent of the world population,9
+that is how easy is it in an age of gvcs and highskilled migration to keep research insights and knowhow within innovating countries knowledge externalities that extend beyond borders would facilitate potential technological leapfrogging of developing countries and blur out differences in technology if digital knowledge externalities are however confined within borders the existing advantages of highincome economies in innovation are likely to persist and provide these economies with a lasting comparative advantage in digitalintensive sectors the server farms that are necessary to support digital technologies depend on storage devices power supplies and cooling systems that consume vast amounts of energies van heddeghem et al,9
+that is in an inequitable world efficiency can be improved by imposing higher carbon prices in richer countries this is not to suggest that the problem of climate change can be solved in highincome countries alone rather it means that it is equitable for richer countries to invest in more costly measures higher up on their marginal abatement curves,7
+buses are tracked in real time and provide information beyond the simple traffic flow the system recognises whether a bus stops accelerates rapidly or opens its doors allowing monitoring of driver behaviour the collected information on traffic flows is made available to the public via smart phone apps and information boards at bus stations which include the precise arrival time of the next buses current traffic conditions and details on arrival of metros at neaiby subway stops,11
+blockchain technology can address these challenges by creating new ways of raising capital providing transparency through an immutable record of transactions and establishing new inclusive market mechanisms it is likely that many technologies operating in concert will be needed to tackle the complexity of the problem at hand investment and innovation in energy storage renewable energy generation materials transportation services agricultural sciences and digital technologies are some of the areas that are vital to the lowcarbon transition,9
+to further consolidate the evaluation and assessment framework there is room to embed evaluation and assessment approaches with broader education goals continue to build on teacher professionalism and build networks and capacity for effective and forwardlooking evaluation and assessment in particular in the areas of classroombased student assessment teacher appraisal and schoolselfevaluation following this overview the succeeding chapters will analyse the issues regarding each individual component in more depth the term assessment is used to refer to judgments on individual student performance and achievement of learning goals,4
+if sustained this trend could increase the risk of refinancing and pose challenges for the financial viability even of existing projects powerpurchasing agreements may for instance be changed to reflect increased use of refinancing as a result additionally market uncertainty may lead banks to adopt a more conservative stance potentially reducing their portfolio of projects they perceive as risky eg renewable energy and energy efficiency investments and smallerscale projects in general this context may also induce higher loan market concentration all of these factors combined could likely lead to a higher cost of lending with reduced access to longterm loans clean energy infrastructure developers may therefore increasingly have to rely on loans with shorter maturities and thus bear higher refinancing risks,7
+rapid economic growth and human development since the s have come at a significant cost in terms of global environmental pressures and impacts overconsumption as a cultural norm and as a conspicuous signifier of modernity and class status is a defining characteristic in developed countries and is increasingly an aspirational signifier in middleincome and developing countries neither are they evenly distributed on smaller scales including at the intrahousehold level,12
+a second example in this category is new zealand on the one hand service delivery and related infrastructure municipal water supply and wastewater disposal is generally undertaken by territorial authorities such as district and city councils with the exception of large municipal areas where the regional councils may assist with bulk service delivery eg wellington alternatively several territorial authorities may contract with the same councilcontrolled organisation eg watercare in auckland,6
+acidified waters which have increased by per cent since the industrial revolution and are the telltale symptom of excessive greenhouse gas emissions can impact the growth and reproductive patterns of fish and invertebrates we are all in the same boat this means tapping potential partnerships extending well beyond industrial production and engaging communities and consumers in particular,14
+using drgs has led to lower cost variability across hospitals milcent a and to an increase in the surgical activity of those public hospitals that are exposed to privatesector competition chone et al the main statutory insurance scheme assigns each stay to a drg hospitals then receive a sum that depends on the number of their patients in each drg group and the associated tariffs,3
+available from wwwebrdcom whatwedoeconomicresearchanddatadataforecastsmacrodatatransitionindicatorshtml transition report and transition report rebalancing finance london ebrd available from wwwebrdcom documentsocepdftransitionreport englishpdf and wwwebrdcomnewseventstransitionreport rebalancingfinancehtml respectively the area devoted to cultivation of the opium poppy fell in for the first time since,8
+economic viability and technical feasibility determine whether or not these resources are exploitable the parameters were used as criteria to delineate exploitable areas within the identified aquifer systems as explained below the middle east geological map series meg maps were used to determine the depth to the top of these formations,6
+enfin il analyse a partir des statistiques de l ocde sur la sante les relations empiriques qui existent entre le chomage et l utilisation la qualite et l efficacite des soins de sante dans cette optique il s interroge sur la question de savoir si les mesures d austerite ont contribue a attenuer les effets du chomage sur les resultats en matiere de sante pendant les periodes de crise on observe une deterioration de la sant mentale et une augmentation de la frequence des maladies contagieuses mais le nombre de deces lies a des accidents de la route diminue la relation entre la situation economique et les resultats d ensemble en matiere de sante tels que la mortalite et la qualite des soins est de moins en moins evidente neanmoins il apparait que plus le taux de chomage est eieve plus le recours aux soins diminue ce qui peut avoir des consequences a long terme encore non perceptibles dans les donnees disponibles aujourd hui,3
+as parliamentarians they enact laws on security and armscontrol policy as civil society activists they lobby governments to increase security and build peace when this happens womens experiences are more likely to be discounted and their needs more likely to go unaddressed which can in the long run facilitate and legitimize violations of womens rights and violence against women and can undermine sustainable development peace and security,5
+the results are similar for waterflow restrictor tapslowflow showerheads and for water efficient washing machines the reason for the higher investment in water efficient appliances is clear for those who pay by volume of water consumed this may indicate greater level of water conservation awareness when there is at least partial cost recovery even if there are no incentives to reduce consumption ownership status always has a positive impact on adoption of waterefficient equipment and its marginal impact generally exceeds that of the household size and income,6
+it puts women s health and lives at risk and is a violation of their rights and a manifestation of gender discrimination some countries have introduced legislation banning the practice for example djibouti and egypt but the law faces entrenched social norms and is not always implemented some interviewees also reported new types of violence and harassment such as internet and mobile telephone stalking such conduct can be humiliating and may constitute a health and safety problem it is discriminatory when the woman has reasonable ground to believe that her objection would disadvantage her in connection with her employment including recruitment or promotion or when it creates a hostile working environment,5
+across countries at different level of development and with different social institutions women represent an important share of the owners of such enterprises figure in mexico and south africa for example women tend to be more prevalent in the informal sector and account for the majority of informal business owners without employees ownership of a microbusiness in the informal sector is often the most practical source of employment for lowskilled and poor women most of these businesses are operated from home which makes it easier to reconcile business and family commitments,5
+according to the fao fish price index international fish prices were higher on average in the second half of compared to the same period in the previous year despite higher prices consumer demand for fish was sustained with an overall slight increase in per capita fish intake due to a revision of historical capture fisheries data new statistics indicate that since aquaculture has become the main global source of fish for human consumption rather than as previously believed average nominal prices for both aquaculture and capture species are expected to remain relatively flat or decrease slightly up to but then begin growing up to,14
+in many cases data for were not available in particular a full analysis of revenues and expenditure for the water sector at city level was not possible due to incomplete data on sources data were collected from respondents on the basis of their knowledge and available sources of information it lias to be noted that some indicators eg w ater loss population in households connected to wastewater treatment are regularly collected in some oecd countries but a common methodology on these statistics lias proven difficult to establish thus far,6
+the courses are usually in the evening and include general subjects management and theoretical and practical vocational topics switzerland has opened fachhochschulen to graduates from the dual apprenticeship system through the creation of a specific vocational matriculation examination the berufsmaturitat to be completed in parallel to an apprenticeship programme and providing access to tertiary education around of all apprentice graduates obtain the berufsmaturitat and they represent half of the students in the fachhochschulen fazekas and field a access to fachhochschulen is also possible through recognition of prior learning,4
+also following the economic crisis the central government imposed an obligation to adopt regional recovery plans in regions with the largest deficits piani di rientro which have proven to be effective in reducing deficits in this context and under a set of assumptions regarding the health of the population and future economic growth italys public spending on health care as a share of gdp is projected to rise modestly to of gdp in more recently the pact for health went a step further towards care integration requiring regions to establish primary care complex units comprising gps specialists nurses and social workers,3
+fourthly apart from delivering cash transfers social assistance should link poor urban residents to basic services such as health care through subsidies vouchers or case management fifthly urban contexts offer more opportunities to utilize new technologies such as mobile phone networks and atms to deliver social assistance finally different targeting mechanisms have been used in urban contexts but compelling and comprehensive evidence on their impacts remains thin,1
+since many of the factors that are found to be relevant for how labour earnings are distributed among the working population can be influenced by policy makers the article also draws some tentative policy conclusions from the empirical results as far as possible the analysis is based on comparable individual data for this wide set of countries providing a unique countrybycountry assessment of the drivers of earnings inequality the empirical analysis mainly makes use of the unconditional quantile regression technique proposed by firpo eta i this method allows estimating the effect of the potential determinants on all parts of the earnings distribution and is thus better suited to answer questions about the drivers of earnings inequality than standard least squares techniques that only allow estimating effects on mean earnings,10
+this calls for considerable capacity for ghg abatement project business planning management and monitoring reporting and verification mrv all of which is anticipated by the crge however international climate finance regimes face uncertainties on the part of too many countries and companies therefore ethiopia will do well to bear in mind other international possibilities notably in regional markets for the goods and services produced by a green ethiopian economy in wider international environmental markets and in global collective action,13
+the standard errors for the quantile regressions are computed using data analysis and statistical software stata and are based on bootstrap replications the reference category is a bluecollar single woman with less than complete secondary education who is a nonmother public worker and is employed fulltime at a small services firm the control variables are the same as in table significant at an alternative approach is to consider penalties associated with the age of children or the timing of childbearing,5
+they are also a litmus test for political will and commitment to gender equality gender equality and womens empowerment in particular are recognised as essential components of human development and basic human rights yet nowhere says the report of the united nations un to the fourth world conference on women in beijing in is the gap between de jure and de facto equality among men and women greater than in the area of decisionmaking un p the world economic forum wef gender gap report wef noted that while the gender gap in political participation was the widest that year it exhibited the most progress narrowing by per cent since,5
+the review should make clear whether relevant gender issues as defined by major data users are covered by existing data collection programmes and made available to users based on this review the strategy of gender mainstreaming can involve collecting new types of data expanding data collection in some areas to fill existing knowledge gaps and better disseminating data already collected hedman perucci and sundstrom united nations the strategy of gender mainstreaming should be based on strong collaboration between users and producers of data strong internal coordination within the national statistical office and the national statistical system and data sharing agreements between the national statistical office and other agencies of the national statistical system or other producers of data,5
+target of the sdgs calls for the global community to promote developmentoriented policies that support productive activities decent job creation entrepreneurship creativity and innovation and encourage the formalization and growth of micro small and mediumsized enterprises including through access to financial services most businesses owned and operated by women are overwhelmingly micro or smallsized businesses but unlike their male counterparts women business owners must contend with a unique and disparate set of challenges in addition to those challenges facing small businesses more broadly,5
+a restrictive licensing scheme operates and no new licences are issued by the uk authorities anyone who wishes to fish for profit must acquire a licence from an existing fishing vessel owners of all vessels fishing against the united kingdom s quotas have to maintain a genuine economic link with the united kingdom,14
+selecting sites of special conservation interest outside protected areas would bring added value in kolkheti national park part of a ramsar site was allocated for construction of the kulevi terminal and part of kazbegi protected areas was allocated for construction of a hydroelectric power plant the country s drive for economic development in particular the countrys hydroelectricity generation and regional development strategies are preventing progress towards the development of the network,15
+in section key developments in international markets are discussed exploring changes in production prices and trading patterns in section changes in the policy landscape are explored taking the three broad categories in the wto agreement on agriculture as the organising framework those of market access domestic support and export competition policy responses as a result of the food price crisis are also discussed,2
+but the first step is the need to acknowledge that there might in fact be a problem and that the vet system needs to take responsibility for addressing it interviews conducted during the visits suggested that even this first step may be a challenge because most young people in these countries leave fulltime schooling after only nine or ten years parttime vocational schools have a special responsibility to provide continuing general education alongside the more occupationallyspecific education that is their main focus in germany dual system students receive only hours annually of general education and that time is divided among the subjects german english sports and economics or social science by contrast danish dual system students spend between and of their time in vocational school this raises the larger question of how to ensure that the broader purposes of schooling are respected in a system principally focused on preparing young people for work,4
+however due to the relatively resourceintensive nature of time use surveys these are generally conducted at about fiveyearly intervals with the exception of the united states in interim years or where their implementation is not feasible data on unpaid work and use of time can be collected through survey instruments with lower collection and response burden eg light diaries with precoded time use categories unece a number of initiatives have been launched by national statistical offices and international organisations to spread awareness of genderbased violence,5
+conflict in one country shaves an estimated percentage points off the annual rate of growth in a neighbouring country collier et al it can create a refugee population disrupt trade provoke an arms race provide a haven for rebels and itself become theatre of a new war this chapter aims to make a contribution by painting a picture of youth in employment and unemployment the needs they have and the obstacles they face,8
+of the largest corporations in the world only have a female chief executive officer women are abused physically and sexually by intimate partners at different rates throughout the world yet such abuse occurs in all countries or areas without exception younger women are more at risk than older women and since the consequences of such violence last a lifetime it has a severely adverse impact on womens family and social life,5
+nearly all oecd countries that use capitation adjust for risk factors including age gender and health status to ensure that the health care needs of specific groups such as the elderly are properly addressed capitation is usually combined with feeforservice to encourage particular activities costa rica starts from a good base here since it already has a blended payment system in primary care and a rich understanding of local health and social care contexts through the family record held within edus ideally payments to clinicians should reflect value as far as possible,3
+initiatives to increase the contribution of the nursing workforce are being considered but reports suggest that logistical challenges such as the unavailability of a room for nurses to work in is limiting the impact of this change in particular more attention is still needed on indicators of quality of care there is no national system for adverse event reporting for example and no information on hospitalacquired infections,3
+the impact of students socioeconomic background on mathematics performance and grade repetition rates is higher than the average for other oecd countries portugal systemlevel practices include enrolment rates for yearolds above the oecd average universal enrolment for yearolds and compulsory education recently extended to years from age to age one of the longest periods of compulsory schooling among oecd countries attainment rates at upper secondary and tertiary levels are below the oecd average and enrolment in upper secondary vocational education and training vet is around the oecd average portugal has steadily reduced dropout since accelerating the decrease in recent years although it remains high compared to the average of oecd countries,4
+six years after its onset in a global economic climate characterised in many oecd economies by slow growth and high unemployment countries continue to deal with the consequences and adjust to a new reality furthermore a primary focus on economic growth often at the expense of other policy objectives resulted in growth being considered an end in itself rather than a means to improve the wellbeing of the population a key aspect of this interconnectedness and complexity relates to the relationship between growth environment and social outcomes with a good understanding of the relationship between environmental policies and economic growth vital for policymakers aiming to achieve greener growth,8
+in the case of projects implemented directly by sedesol the aforementioned departments serve as technical advisers world bank at the present time the population targeted by the pet consists of individuals aged years or older who suffer a temporary income cut owing to a lack of demand for labour or the effects of an emergency government of mexico in the authorities included a new area of action related to climate change and increasing the resilience of communities by building infrastructure to provide protection against flooding or landslides the strengthening of coastal areas against damage caused by hurricanes water harvesting in arid areas and the maintenance of rural roads among other activities,13
+a study on this is likely to be commissioned in the near future the strategy focuses on a few priority areas for conservation of biological diversity and sustainable use of resources the strategy contains actions to strengthen the knowledge base for conservation of biological diversity and to improve monitoring,15
+enrolment in basic education has been close to universal for many years in the net enrolment rate is in primary education and in lower secondary education statistics lithuania grade repetition is comparatively low according to pisa survey only of lithuanian students report having repeated a grade as compared to the oecd average of,4
+limited resources are often spread thinly and there is a lack of critical mass to generate comprehensive regional approach that would have real impact at the cross border regional level each institution has responded according to their own mission to the social cultural and environmental needs collaborative mechanisms between the higher education institutions at the state level or northern corridor economic region to build capacity and foster joint efforts remain limited in scope and representation interethnic and interreligious dialogue and collaboration remain limited,4
+but in my conversations with education ministers around the world the challenges they most commonly cite are not about designing reforms but about how reforms can be put into practice successfully schools colleges universities and other educational institutions are among the biggest recipients of public spending and because everyone has participated in education everyone has an opinion about it everyone supports education reform except when it might affect their own children,4
+achieving these changes will require increasing the resources available for assessment and examination design and support the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law when an education system achieves the right balance between different types of assessment and all assessment practices are oriented towards supporting student learning classrooms are characterised by a positive assessment culture,4
+new public management also addresses increased demands for accountability and efficiency in education systems that are triggered by decentralisation reforms as stated in the eurydice network s comprehensive publication national testing of pupils in europe in the last two decades national testing has been increasingly introduced as a natural accompaniment to growing school autonomy which has resulted in a need to systematise the monitoring of education systems and in efforts to improve the quality of education in europe decentralisation reforms of the s gave schools more autonomy likewise increasing the need for resultsbased management eurydice network for example in latvia and poland nationallevel measurement tools were implemented following reforms to increase school and teacher autonomy eurydice network,4
+the relatively small female advantage in africa in is mainly a consequence of the differential impact of the hivaids epidemic on mortality levels by sex with hiv prevalence estimated to be higher among women than among men in the more developed regions the female advantage is larger in europe years or per cent than in northern america years or per cent and oceania which includes australianew zealand the child mortality rate also known as the underfive mortality rate declined at a remarkable pace of about per cent per year between and,3
+in the oder basin for example some and additional people in the polish and czech parts respectively are expected to be connected to sewage systems between and continuing investment will still be required to increase coverage and maintain or replace ageing water supply and sanitation infrastructure the high infrastructure costs of meeting the requirements of the uwwtd place a particular burden on new eu member states who arc therefore given more time to achieve compliance,6
+watershed agencies are not without their flaws and have been criticised for embracing a topdown approach driven by experts and lacking in transparency in addition the prioritisation of holistic management often typical of watershed management agencies has resulted in conflicts of interest in which regulatory ownership and service provision functions overlap sometimes with negative consequences at the initiative of brazil it was later restmctured and in institutions from countries gathered to agree on common principles a major feature of lac countries as compared to oecd countries is the preponderance of conflict resolution mechanisms of countries surveyed and informal cooperation around projects,6
+further analysis of the programme is deferred to the next section of this chapter where policies are discussed as they may affect the outlook with its national food security mission of india has undertaken a number of substantive policy actions to further increase agricultural output and policies have been enhanced to promote its wider distribution this section examines the prospects for india s commodity sectors over the next decade and attempts to provide a framework against which the various challenges may be examined,2
+however in three countries cyprus luxembourg and spain transitions from no employee income at all to at least some employee income are positively associated with falling into poverty although these effects are not very precisely estimated p and there are very few households with zero employee income at time who are not poor and are still at risk of entering poverty seetable pages and this suggests that moving into employment everything else being equal does not always protect from poverty compared to the risk in households where the same number of adults work in both years children in households where fewer adults work at t are more likely to move into poverty in belgium bulgaria estonia finland hungary luxembourg slovenia spain and the uk,1
+it is important to ensure provision of sds throughout the supply chain so that all downstream users including those in smes will receive them in colombia established a single environmental registry rua which focuses to a large extent on collecting information from companies on the use of natural resources some information on releases to the environment is also requested,12
+c intensity tc eqtj estimate of final heating energy nonbioenergy was based on eurostat data in total bioenergy for heating would contribute mt c eq as abatement potential table the solution is not analysed for the baltic states where it is already beyond the benchmark case in poland bioenergy for heating would decrease ghg emissions by mt c eq and in ukraine by mt c eq,7
+the directorate general for schools direccaogeral dos estabelecimentos escolar other services were merged to create a more cohesive governance system for instance the directorate general for education also took over the responsibilities of the directorate general for innovation and curricular development,4
+other countries do not allow the use of factory vessels within their eez transhipments or the use of foreign vessels for harvesting such regulations although they may offer other benefits may insulate the fishing fleet from certain opportunities offered by globalisation seen from the perspective of the fisheries management authorities however regulations are essential for ensuring a proper functioning of the fisheries management system and adherence to national and international standards following the extension to miles and the associated loss of foreign fishing grounds for distant water fishing nations dwfns they had to negotiate access to marine resources within the mile limit of third countries or fish on the high seas at the outset these fleets were most often redeployed in those countries waters where they had previously been fishing,14
+the central asian internal drainage basin is the largest and includes the great lakes depression including lake uvs lake kharus lake khar and lake khyargas mongolias water resources are distributed unevenly throughout the country with sufficient water resources in the north and extremely limited resources in the south the flow of rivers is not stable this is a result of the severe winter which holds down the rivers for half a year and reduces or stops the flow reduction of precipitation from north to south and aridity of the gobi desert region where a lot of water is lost because of evaporation and infiltration,6
+in finland medically certified absences were higher among lifetime abstainers former and heavy drinkers compared with light drinkers vahtera et al a review of studies from different countries observed a substantial economic burden of alcohol on society thavomcharoensap et al in the united kingdom nearly million working days were lost by alcoholdependent workers in and the total cost of absenteeism due to alcohol was estimated to be billion uk cabinet office in the european union alcohol accounted for an estimated billion worth of potential lost production through absenteeism unemployment and lost working years through premature death in anderson and baumberg potential production losses were found to be an important part of alcoholrelated costs in scotland france and canada rehm et al in particular in the united states lost productivity represented of the total economic cost of excessive drinking,3
+however its deficit has overshot targets as the recent monetary and tax reforms weighed on immediate economic activity despite the expected mediumterm benefits escar b another reason for the wider deficit was the debt restructuring of state power distribution companies the national budget deficit target for the fiscal year is per cent of gdr lower than the estimated per cent deficit in but higher than previously set targets india ministry of finance,8
+it also recognized the obligation of state of due diligence which requires prevention investigation and punishment of acts of violence against women whether those acts are perpetrated by the state or by private persons art united nations general assembly see eg concluding observations of the un cedaw committee on norway cedawcnorco march and concluding observations on the combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of india cedawcindo july,5
+this growth slowed in the s energy use by transport has been relatively stable since figure as the total number of vehicles and distance travelled per vehicle have stagnated emissions in were about above the assigned amount mt c eq per year under the kyoto protocol,7
+examples include the recent mw wind project of the aes corporation as well as dow chemicats investment in solar pv among others their origins stem from variations in the financial capacity and strength as well as the business objectives of wind project developers we are not going to discuss these specific financing models but present the classification developed by harper et al and veiy often it is the solar and wind energy companies which have themselves reached the utility stage that become active investors in their respective subsectors,7
+equity is measured by the difference in the index of quality of schools educational resources between socioeconomically advantaged and disadvantaged schools korea has a negative value which means that disadvantaged schools receive more resources than the advantaged ones source oecd a pisa results what makes schools successful volume iv resources policies and practices the gap in tertiary enrolment rates between students from the highest income quartile and those from other quartiles has widened dramatically since and the gap between young people from the highest and the lowest income quartiles is especially large figure,4
+orgi imarpol whatever the building blocks the essential consideration is that msp must work across sectors and give a geographic context in which to make decisions about the use of resources development and the management of activities in the marine environment gubbay see chapter for further discussion on policy mixes,14
+the smallest proportions are found in costa rica and uruguay although in each case informality encompasses just over one third of all nonagricultural workers this highlights the fact that despite the decision adopted by ilo members to abolish this type of practice there is still a lack of protection for children and adolescents especially in guatemala paraguay the plurinational state of bolivia and peru firstly wage discrimination in employment between women and men is illustrated by the ratio between the average pay of women and men which averages among the countries for which information is available,8
+faculty of sciences of the university of novi sad ministry of energy development and environmental protection and ministry of health a certain number of river reservoir and retention ponds contribute to flood protection but still a large part of the territory remains potentially threatened by floods,6
+it explores the ways in which development cooperation providers and their partners can be better prepared to exploit synergies between the different international processes outlined in this paper and maximise effectiveness at the country level nine factors are listed below which can influence the extent to which coherence between climate and development financing can be achieved in the overall pursuit of sustainable development table the factors are informed by the principles of aid effectiveness development financing and climate finance as set out in the busan partnership the addis ababa action agenda agenda and the unfccc including the paris agreement,13
+it includes provisions on professional development for teachers in numeracy and literacy guiding materials for good practices and schoolbased programmes for class management to increase student motivation and reduce the differences in motivation between boys and girls and between students from different social backgrounds the action plan introduces more practical and varied instruction methods in lower secondary education as well as a new subject with a practical approach the working life course arbeidslivsfagef this reform builds on the knowledge promotion reform a major curricular reform of the whole system see spotlight the programme for basic competence in working life targets adults who lack basic skills,4
+building resilience can also help mitigate the potential negative effects on the sexual and reproductive health of women and adolescent girls since the first ebola patient presented in monrovia in june the number of new cases was growing every day by august it was topping per week the ministry of health and social welfare was forced to suspend virtually all nonebolarelated activities to focus on managing the crisis the unintended result was that women of reproductive age in liberia experienced some of the worst fallout from ebola regardless of their own infection status,5
+this underlines the potential to expand irrigated agriculture which already for a number of countries generates a high and growing share in total agricultural production value in excess of and value of exports more than for example in italy mexico spain and the united states crop sales only oecd this is being achieved in many oecd countries through better management and uptake of more efficient technologies such as drip irrigation and adoption of other water saving farm practices in addition many countries are undertaking agricultural and water policy reforms that seek to transmit the value of supplying water to irrigators by lowering support for water supplied to agriculture which in some cases has led to allocation of water to higher valued commodities which frequently require less water such as vines and horticultural crops oecd a australia stands out as the oecd country making the largest improvement in irrigation water application rates consistently over the two decades from to figure,6
+consequently the level of ghgintensive production and consumption activity is higher than is socially optimal the most costeffective means of ensuring that these external costs are internalised is to price emissions either through an emission tax or a capandtrade scheme which sets a cap on emissions and allows trade in emission permits this will encourage producers and consumers to exploit abatement opportunities to the extent that their marginal abatement costs are less than the price of emitting ghgs,13
+the annual budget of approximately eur is financed by the european social fund the berlin senate administration for education science and research and the federal ministry of economics and technology the main partners include the tub alumni business angels vc tub faculties and university institutes active involved in business startups external business support organisations berlin networks the technologie coaching centre colleagues in the rest of germany and abroad and organisations fostering womens entrepreneurship the oecds way of working consists of a highly effective process that begins with data collection and analysis and moves on to collective discussion of policy then decisionmaking and implementation,8
+basinlevel management for example may require upperlevel governance to avoid inequities in water allocation within a water basin and also to ensure that the public good aspects and values of water are given sufficient recognition oecd la at the same time while intermunicipal supramunicipal and metropolitan bodies have been set up to respond to coordination challenges while creating economies of scale and improving the quality of service there might be risks of duplication and overlap of responsibilities with lower and higher levels of government the oecd developed a riskbased approach consisting of three steps knowing targeting and managing oecd d,6
+successful bds will link businesswomen businessmen and their associations for mutual benefit to be sensitive to the needs of women clients services should be designed for delivery within short time periods of less than a day and preferably not on a series of consecutive days wherever possible bds services should be near clients homes or businesses,5
+to enhance returns projects should be able to generate sufficient revenues over their life cycle through adoption of user charges public sector support typically in the form of viability gap finance and additional funding proposed measures to reduce risks and uncertainties include clear identification of actual returns and possible risks including of default development of governance structures to ensure approval of stakeholders including through compensation schemes provision of derisking instruments such as sovereign and credit guarantees and government mapping of longterm investment paths to reduce investors uncertainty about the future woetzel et al in addition standardization of contractual terms is identified as important to attract funds to smaller projects as is project pooling to reduce transaction costs and attract larger investors,9
+public subsidies to operators disproportionately cover these low frequency services in thin markets replacing these trips with less costly and possibly more convenient options could also free up public resources for other uses according to the survey carsharing and rideservices were generally seen as competing more with taxi and private car use than with public transport even if there were it would be difficult to generalise at this stage on how this impact either positive or negative might evolve as more and more people use ride services but at present there seems to be evidence that in certain contexts especially where the provision of public transport services is expensive and quality is low welltargeted policy to replace certain poorlyperforming and expensive bus services may indeed increase the overall attractiveness of public transport in these cases public authorities and public transport operators can start to evaluate where these synergies are strongest by undertaking inventories of existing public transport routes and services to evaluate the potential for alternative service delivery models including those based on cooperation with ride services,11
+for example the national mekong committees coordinate mekong river commission s programmes at the national level and provide links between the commission s secretariat and the national ministries and line agencies the convention on the protection of the rhine requests parties to report to the icpr on measures they have taken on the basis of icpr decisions and on problems arising in implementation of these measures if a party cannot implement the commission s decisions in full or in part it shall report this the commission organizes consultations and may decide that measures will be taken to assist the implementation of the decisions,6
+the construction of the three power stations and dams in the area north of vestmanna was done in the period from to the hydropower station with two turbines in the northern part of eysturoy ei i was connected to the system in and extended with a third turbine in their expected total lifetime is up to years so most of the plants still have many years of production left the annual production of hydropower in the faroe islands is around mwh or of the annual electricity consumption,7
+nevertheless variable renewable producers benefit from a tolerance for deviation of while conventional producers are accorded only however in this case renewable producers receive a regulated premium over and above the hourly electricity price the premium payment representing the presumed positive externality stemming from the use of the renewable technology in some cases the remuneration for renewable producers has also seen floors and caps put in place to mitigate the uncertainty resulting from variable electricity prices such as in spain royal decree nrel,7
+as cities have adapted to accommodate greater car use however walking has been marginalised as a convenient and enjoyable mode of transportation exposing pedestrians to environmental risks in the form of accidents and poor air quality a high level of walkability is defined as involving good public transit connectivity high residential density and the presence of many local destinations within walking distance a critical factor for maintaining walkability in larger cities is accessibility to public transit for longer journeys,11
+with the objective of integrating nature and biodiversity into the city of the city is allocated to manmade lakes and wetlands as for road and transportation infrastructure of the network is allocated to public transportation with the goal to minimise private transport use the township has precincts with the business and commercial activities concentrated in the core islands,11
+the share of this spend coming from public sources is particularly low only chile and the united states report a share of public spending on health lower than mexico the low public spending and limited total investment in the health system is reflected in national health resources mexico has practicing doctors and practicing nurses per population much less than the oecd averages of and respectively,3
+better infrastructure is expected to raise female labour force participation one way to measure it is the women mostsay index developed by montag montag the index counts the number of cases in which the respondent identified herself as the one who has the most say in a household in response to the following questions what do you cook on a daily basis whether to buy an expensive item such as a tv or fridge how many children do you have what do you do if a child falls sick and who should your children marry,5
+significant regulatory issues including questions of liability such as insurance against damage remain unresolved as is the case with environmental ecosystems there is no single definition for the term the ecosystem described in this years report is therefore the one most relevant for smes that trade or seek to trade the business ecosystem for exporters is composed of a network of forprofit organizations such as buyers suppliers distributors financial actors and certifying bodies and nonprofit institutions such as education providers standardsetters and chambers of commerce,9
+the nhif cut prices paid to providers but by and large protected primary care expenditure there is overall little debt accumulated in the system lithuania has indeed reduced its hospital bed sector considerably since the s although not as drastically as its baltic neighbours and it still has the second highest ratio of curative care beds per population in the eu in more recent years downsizing mainly focused on mergers of hospitals as legal entities without changing the actual infrastructure,3
+without this first step precious development dollars will continue to be spent without an analysis of the impact on related infrastructure assets and on the system as a whole a variety of established statistical models and other techniques as well as tools are available that use rulebased approaches indicators random sampling or statistical outlier detection to aid with maintaining high quality data tools like openrefine can also be used to cleanup data to some extent although there is no substitute for collection of highquality data to begin with its easy to adopt an all or nothing approach to information security,9
+the survey also found that adolescent birth rates are lower in higherincome groups but in all income groups higher literacy among young women is associated with significantly lower adolescent birth rates investing in girls education is also associated with the overall empowerment of girls enhances their status in their communities improves their health and increases their bargaining power in marriages the quality of education and how girls are treated by classmates teachers and staff are also important determinants of whether girls stay in school,5
+as a result the incentive mechanisms for generics are costly cour des comptes c rebalancing part of the current support for generics towards more payments to pharmacists for careservices such as counselling coordination between care providers patient monitoring and coaching would reduce the dependence of their income on pharmaceutical sales and would reward their counselling function this could be associated with further expansion of their public healthcare missions notably for following up patients with chronic diseases as foreseen in a law loi hopital patients sante territoires which remains to be fully applied the cnamts introduced such incentives through their payforperformance scheme in and enhanced them somewhat in,3
+the service is intended for users wishing to have internet access at home at work or on the move without any volume limitation this opening up to global connectivity and visibility will make for the availability of constructive highclass solutions using tools based on free software with minimal investment and high levels of security and confidentiality it is an appropriate solution for facilitating and meeting the requirements of startups and providing the computing infrastructure they need as a service on a cloudbased platform a package of such services and resources for a limited period eg one year free of charge is available to startups this service tailored to the needs of the user provides constant and ubiquitous access to intranet and internet resources each government agencys tasks include service delivery to citizens making issues relating to informationstorage reliability and uninterrupted information systems operation critical,9
+note that all antipoverty programmes have conditions even those characterized as unconditional our focus is on behavioural conditions attached to antipoverty programmes the most commonly used conditions are those that incentivise physical asset creation usually at the community level or human capital accumulation in terms of education or health,1
+evidence further shows that most vietnamese consider tax evasion unjustifiable but despite good tax morale underreporting of wages to evade social security contributions is widespread only of domestic private firms are registered with the social security system and these report only of the wages actually paid profound structural changes in viet nam have impacted not only the economy but also households in terms of income and social mobility,10
+following inspection of fishing practices existing methods for exploiting hake have been modifed while the distribution of individual quotas per vessel has been maintained in light of previous catches reported furthermore as mentioned in the section on structural adjustment plans to adjust the way certain stocks are fished have been adopted given the smaller size of the fleet associated with this fisheiy it was felt that vessels should not be decommissioned but that reductions should be made in other areas to ensure the viability of fishing operations,14
+different forms of collective action can allow women to question current macroeconomic policies and when needed press for alternatives take the example of monetary policy where womens voice is particularly silent in deliberations since central banks in most cases function independently from government possibilities for participation and accountability through the state are often limited,5
+this adversely affected their ability to participate in skill training employment and other activities second labour market restructuring led to an increase in the role of women as labour of last resort concentrated in lowwagejobs lacking social benefits third tensions from economic hardship and shifting gender roles in the family gave rise to domestic and other forms of violence against women,5
+this section describes these ppp investment strategies using case studies to illustrate the key characteristics of each approach the government normally retains ownership of the network after the contract expires the private operator and the government share the funding network ownership and daytoday management responsibility,9
+they are characterized by a combination of practices and knowledge about the human body and coexistence with other human beings with nature and with spiritual beings they involve all aspects of health promotion prevention of illness and treatment and rehabilitation but differ from most western health systems in that they take an integral or holistic approach many indigenous families address illness with a variety of approaches and practices using either traditional or western medicine or a combination of the two if treatment administered in the home proves insufficient the choice is made often by a woman who is the primary decisionmaker in this arena as to whether to send the sick person to a practitioner of traditional or of western medicine in the absence of state health systems that incorporate the philosophies and practices of both traditional and western medicine the choice becomes polarized between the two systems often to the detriment of the sick person,3
+ecuador haiti nicaragua and paraguay for instance have public health spending below high outofpocket spending and a very low proportion of older persons given that the pace of population ageing in these countries will be very rapid and that they must also face the epidemiological backlog amidst widespread poverty the lack of health protection will definitely worsen unless measures are introduced to strengthen the public system inequity on the other hand stems from having to make outofpocket payments to access health services or buy medications titelman,3
+however an opportunity could be missed if esf funds are not made available to businesses in terms of subsidies grants or even indirectly through training and investments in technology as it is businesses that will essentially create wealth and jobs from their green activities pomorskie in the north is perceived as having a more vigorous approach to the economy while podlaskie in the so called eastern wall is an economically challenging region the analysis of gdp trends in poland and in the two regions shows that both regions have a similar evolution see table the problem exists however in the relatively low level of gdp per capita in podlaskie which represents about of averages in poland and in pomorskie,9
+original plans envisaged that existing gps would progressively gain recognition as family physicians provided they completed ten days of preliminary orientation followed by a twoyear programme of specialist training efforts are being made however to increase the number of primary care doctors and reduce the list size for each doctor from current levels each public hospital service is paid by package rates that bundle prices for outpatient and inpatient services established by the social security institute within a global budget that is negotiated between the social security institution ssi and the ministry of health the payment of staff involves a salary and a performancebased component,3
+within this discussion it is also important to consider the interdependencies between the system of local taxation and finance as a whole in the wake of the recession the crisis and recovery act was adopted in order to speed up the planning process by reducing or simplifying some of the permit requirements at the same time there were emerging discussions about how the spatial planning system could be further simplified and how it might better address some of the growing tensions between economic and environmental agendas that are embedded in sectoral policy responses the national government forwarded a view that existing sectoral policies are increasingly ineffective in dealing with the interconnectedness of projects activities and land uses a policy brief at the time notes that it is difficult to meet societal challenges relating to economic development flood protection supplies of raw materials water and sustainable energy housing accessibility and agriculture while at the same time protecting environmental quality nature and cultural heritage government of the netherlands,11
+in order to carry out this calculation the indigence line is multiplied by a factor that varies between urban and rural areas for poverty estimates for up to a factor of was used for urban areas and a factor of for rural areas the factors applied since vary depending on the difference between price trends for foodstuffs and for other goods and services for estimates calculated up to december the same rate of variation was applied to both lines since the indigence line has been adjusted to reflect changes in cpi for foodstuffs while the part of the poverty line corresponding to expenditure on nonfood goods has been adjusted to reflect changes in the nonfood cpi,1
+while the allowance only covers those affiliate ie in formal jobs most lowincome families are in informal work nevertheless the programme slightly reduces income inequality and poverty as its distribution is less unequal than the distribution of income nunez in the benefit s reference level in arauca the highest was higher than the national average in choco the lowest the reference level was lower than the national average similarly the proportion of workers eligible to the benefit ranged from in norte de santander to in cordoba,10
+based on its definition it is not a requirement that an innovation activity or outcome is successful it is also not a requirement that an innovation has a positive effect on society or the financial results of a firm this new measure total official support for sustainable development tossd aims to track all resources invested to achieve the sdgs and will for the first time allow transparency of the full array of officially supported bilateral and multilateral financial flows to developing countries as well as southsouth cooperation for sustainable development,9
+from the tac an allowance is made to provide for recreational fishing customary maori uses and other sources of fishingrelated mortality the remainder is available to the commercial sector as the annual total allowable commercial catch tacc for example if a quota owner owns of the quota for a stock and the tacc is set at tonnes that quota owner receives tonnes of ace the quota owner may choose to fish the ace or trade it,14
+one of the goals of the ministry is to prevent illness through promoting healthy secure and nutritious food the ministry is responsible for formulating and monitoring all health policies national programmes and national standards national health agencies and health institutions at the local level have the role of implementing the health policies and programmes in three staff worked on environmental health in the ministry and worked in the environmental health department at the national centre for public health until one official in the ministry was in charge of climate change and health but since no action in this area has been taken,3
+feasibility is supported by the experience of one health plan in the us that conducted a virtual allpayer pcmh pilot their approach could serve as an inspiration also for policymakers and health care administrators in the nordic countries thus health care has to be rationed in one way or another this article by luigi siciliani reviews the relative merits of three different forms of rationing i price rationing which takes the form of a copayment or a coinsurance rate and two forms of nonprice rationing ii rationing by waiting when a patient is placed on a waiting list before receiving treatment and iii explicit rationing when the patient is explicitly refused treatment,3
+a discussion of the rebound effect in energy efficiency is needed that incorporates not just the expected energy savings from energy efficiency but also the wider socioeconomic outcomes policy measures are needed to overcome the market and behavioural failures that lead to less investment in energy efficiency than is optimal it is important to overcome critical challenges that involve complex synergies and tradeoffs among the different aspects of energy efficiency policy,7
+although many countries have undertaken climate and disaster risk assessments the systematic integration of these assessments into national financial and fiscal planning processes is still limited this indicates the extent of policy coherence or integrated risk governance that is already being made possible under this mechanism projects are explicitly documented in relation to the sdgs that they help to implement,13
+between and million tonnes of plastic debris per year enters the ocean of which approximately originates in only countries with china indonesia and the philippines topping the list of marine plastic polluters jambeck ef al the impacts of plastic debris include entanglement of birds turtles and marine mammals as well as marine animals ingestion of plastic fragments resulting in blocking of the digestive system the fact that plastics persist for very long periods and are largely insoluble has significant implications for human health roy eta,14
+however legal settings policies conditions and institutions are evolving in the region as governments and civic activists campaign to improve women s legal status eliminating legal discrimination against women and enabling their full empowerment to participate in public life requires focused action at multiple levels from ensuring compliance with international standards eliminating discriminatory provisions from laws and policies and mainstreaming gender considerations into all policies and programmes this action should be supported by efforts to improve the effectiveness of public institutions to promote equality and to promote a deep culture change across societies necessary to reverse deeply rooted discriminatory attitudes gender equity is a set of actions attitudes and assumptions that provide opportunities for both women and men recognises differences and accommodates them in order to prevent the continuation of an inequitable status quo and emphasises fairness in process and outcome,5
+both ministries provided financial resources complementing the core support provided through european union structural funds as of esd is a part of teaching and learning from form through to form opportunities for teaching esd concepts are presented in all subjects all estonian schools have to prepare the school curriculum on the basis of the national curricula which requires that sustainable development concepts be integrated into everyday school life,4
+in order to lift the financing constraint on enterprise development several alternatives can be considered by ldc policymakers such banks can provide longterm financing to domestic companies including smes startups and innovative firms possibly on more favourable terms than market institutions they can supply other financial services like shortterm loans and cofinancing,8
+notable exceptions include the adaptation fund gef and sida which include indicators for infection rates of climatesensitive diseases the number of health measures introduced and sanitation and wastewater facilities respectively mitigation and adaptation interventions can create jobs secure incomes and reduce losses in the face of increasing extremeweather events recognising the economic dimension of resilience some institutions have developed results indicators for tracking economic vulnerability for instance both the gef and adaptation fund include indicators to assess the effectiveness of an intervention in diversifying and strengthening livelihoods and sources of income for vulnerable populations gef and af a,13
+the risk of contamination of water supplies will also increase in response to reduced dilution of upstream pollution and potential increases in waterrelated disease outbreaks harmful algal blooms and other health effects wastewater reuse will increasingly be a costeffective alternative of conventional water supply soil shrinking due to reduced soil water content may induce cracking of water mains and sewer pipes making them vulnerable to infiltration and exfiltration of water and wastewater the combined effects of warmer temperatures increased pollutant concentrations longer retention times and sedimentation of solids may lead to increasing corrosion of sewers shorter asset lifetimes increased risk of drinking water pollution and higher maintenance costs ipcc b,6
+mobile telephony has for the first time made immediate interactive communications readily available to the poor in lowincome countries access to the internet has grown more slowly and has had a substantial impact mainly on governments and larger businesses its relevance to the poor is currently more limited but may grow as the internet becomes more accessible through mobile phones much attention is now being paid to the deployment of broadband infrastructure which will enhance the capacity of fixed and mobile networks alike and has the potential to make faster cheaper internet accessible to the poor,9
+for a more complete analysis of revenue and costs across for the total mediterranean and black sea fleet see chapter socioeconomics a breakdown of the percentage of revenue from ssf by cpc is presented in figure these figures however only consider revenue from first sale of capture fishery products and do not include revenue from other uses of the vessel such as pescatourism which has been shown to have considerable economic potential for ssf piasecki et al,14
+once introduced the cap also served to support the emerging water markets in the basin which in turn helped accelerate the movement of limited water resources towards highervalue uses a broad basinwide framework underpinned individual basin state implementation of these reforms it contained the possibility of funding being withheld if desired outcomes were not achieved the nwi recommitted governments to the national water reform objectives that commenced in and which sought to improve management of water resources and water infrastructure and to increase national cooperation via financial incentives and other mechanisms the nwi also committed jurisdictions to defining water rights water allocations and water access entitlements in a manner which would encourage greater compatibility and facilitate more trading across state borders,6
+in the number of infant deaths estimated in the region was million which represents about per cent of the total number of infant deaths worldwide as mortality among older children has declined neonatal mortality has increased as a proportion of all under deaths in terms of neonatal mortality six countries have rates above deaths per live births namely afghanistan pakistan india myanmar nepal and bangladesh,3
+the country reviews have revealed many examples of promising practices at different levels of education the challenges ahead will be to learn from these practices and to implement them on a wider scale of critical importance are political leadership adequate resources and incentives knowledge management and clear policies informed by a strong evidence base,4
+source ministry ot education internal rates of return irr to education are a standard measure in the literature of the profitability of undertaking additional years of schooling and are used to summarise financial incentives both costs and benefits associated with studying the most common methods are the discount method and the mincerian approach the discount method is an application of costbenefit analysis to the decision making process regarding further educational investment,4
+why have most social protection interventions been focused and implemented in rural areas one reason for this is the dominant perception that poverty and vulnerability are more widespread and felt more deeply in rural areas another reason relates to the assumption that due to the vibrancy of labour markets in urban areas as compared to rural areas a substantial part of the urban population has access to income security and social protection through employment,1
+household surveys show that women of prime working age are more likely than men to live in a poor household in out of countries with data properly designed fiscal wage and social protection policies including minimum wages family and child allowances and oldage pensions can be powerful tools to reduce poverty redress womens socioeconomic disadvantage and guarantee their right to an adequate standard of living these are particularly important in the context of changing demographic family and household structures and in the face of economic shocks but the burden of doing this work is unequally distributed,5
+ministries of education and ministries of foreign affairs often did not coordinate their registration processes for migrant teachers even in nonemergency environments yet establishing a coordinated and consistent plan of action would increase efficiency the role of institutions is clear stringent eligibility requirements inconsistent application of rules and restrictive laws result in many refugees being undocumented in some cases because they are forced underground unesco among these are improving organisations preparedness strengthening institutional policies and interagency cooperation,4
+the remaining subsections will address the implications of the concentration of poverty among particular sections of the population for social cohesion this will focus on three areas in which poverty has tended to concentrate in the past i young people ii the migrant population and iii arearegional deprivation the section will assess how trends in family structure and poverty are likely to impact on poverty in these three areas assessing their implications for social cohesion and public policy intervention,1
+currently spatial planning in france is increasingly integrated across thematic areas eg ecosystem protection climate change mitigation and adaptation management of land uses and comprehensive in the sense that intermunicipal planning is encouraged as far in the past as during the years of the french revolution a struggle took place between the jacobins who favoured strong central power as a way to pursue the goal of equality for all citizens and the girondins who instead valued local independence debates in the constituent assembly at the time centred around whether national unity and equality before the law could be reconciled with local liberty schmidt,11
+this aims to prevent direct entry of livestock waste into streams thereby reducing environmental pollution agricultural enterprises started disposing of manure jointly at four largescale plants equipped with specialized technologies and facilities in with the intention to build stable infrastructure for manure processing and to efficiently manage livestock waste in areas with highdensity livestock farms including pigs these facilities started to produce solid or liquefied fertilisers partly motivated by the korean government s decision to ban the oceandumping of livestock excretion in,6
+some countries have also further committed to gender balance by moving from gender quotas ensuring a minimum percentage of the underrepresented sex to the adoption of requirements for gender parity ecuador was the first in followed by costa rica in bolivia in nicaragua and panama in and mexico in the electoral reform in chile establishes socalled flexible parity allowing neither gender to exceed or fall below of all candidates,5
+it is only if the entire community adopts sanitation simultaneously as opposed to individual households adopting that full health benefits can materialise and that the spread of epidemics such as cholera can be stopped as a result it is often assumed that significant reductions in the prevalence of diarrhoea can only be achieved when an entire community gains access to sanitation rather than isolated individuals this observation underlies communityled approaches to sanitation such as the communityled total sanitation clts campaigns which rely on eliminating opendefecation in a particular area barreto et al the study was developed in the context of a citywide programme bahia azul to increase sanitation coverage when the programme started in only of the population of salvador million inhabitants was connected to the sewerage system when the program officially ended in coverage had increased to and it has since risen to almost in the city itself,6
+the guide gives information on existing external finance options available to entrepreneurs especially from banks it also gives examples of practices in the mena region along with helpful tips for women entrepreneurs in addition banks current private noncredit services such as business coaching and financial planning advice could be adapted to women,5
+by measuring these discriminatory social institutions in key areas that affect a womans life the social institutions and gender index sigi produced by the organisation for economic cooperation and developments oecd development centre has been instrumental in documenting the persistence and prevalence of gender discrimination across countries at different stages of development the sigi also has been used increasingly to explore the links between discriminatory social institutions and gender disparities in wellbeing outcomes gender equality is not only a fundamental human right but also a critical economic challenge,5
+however total oda to the poorest countries is falling as their vulnerability to climate change increases the paris agreement aims for a balance between adaptation and mitigation finance to achieve this goal finance for adaptation will have to increase as in the period the majority of climaterelated development finance targeted mitigation,13
+in addition significant discounts for public transport fares and transfers were granted to easy card users najman in taipei use of private vehicles has been significantly reduced by improvements in public transport infrastructure and services demand management has also played a key role for example since motorcycles have no longer been permitted to park along sidewalks and motorcycle parking pricing was introduced in certain areas in,11
+draining of agricultural land has also intensified nutrient emissions from the soil into groundwaters as concerns the assessment of the relative share of pollution from diffuse sources some of the noneu countries in the region still lack experience on the use of proper evaluation methods or models which makes the development of management scenarios difficult the importance of pesticide use varies along the basin in comparison with the upstream danube countries the level of pesticide use in the central and lower danube countries remains relatively low,6
+one good example of this type of plan is the city of los angeles urban mobility plan in a digital age that reorients the focus to mobility as a service where frequent accessible buses and onstreet hail taxis are available licensed ride services must not erode overall levels of accessible transport appbased ride services can improve overall accessibility by better matching supply of accessible vehicles and demand but only if the design of the service and of the partnership takes into account the specific needs of travellers with impairments by undertaking inventories of existing public transport routes to examine the potential for alternative service delivery models public authorities and public transport operators can evaluate where synergies with innovative mobility services are strongest,11
+from onward prices began to increase in germany owing to rapidly expanding demand both domestically and for exports to emerging economies and later owing to higher commodity prices further china mandated domestically produced components and along with india instituted domestic technology certification programmes as in the case of europe wind power plants were not necessarily built in the most suitably windy locations the local policy environment was a much more important factor for example in india in per cent of wind power capacity was installed in tamil nadu which only has per cent of the wind resources global wind energy council world institute of sustainable development and indian wind turbine manufacturing association,7
+however the lack of evidence on the overall rollout of the ser concept eg in the netherlands is not very surprising the concept is so wrapped up in the overall dutch safety strategy which has been a general success story that it is hard to single out the effect of this particular element they tend to overestimate their speed reduction this creates a need to reinforce the perception of driving speed particularly at transitions to lower speed limits on the entry to towns and villages on the approach to intersections and on the approach to sharp curves,11
+across countries however risks and vulnerabilities associated with the informal economy chapter disproportionately affect women this chapter provides updated evidence on gender disparities in key informal employment outcomes such as employment status and wage levels it then examines the role of genderbased constraints in employment outcomes and access to social protection last it reviews gendersensitive approaches that have been instrumental in empowering women in the informal economy in a number of countries with a view to identify priority areas for policy makers,5
+the reform proposal however envisages introducing a flat tax rate of on inheritances to dissuade individuals from evading this tax the contributory pension system accounts for the bulk of total transfers to households and absorbs a large share of central government spending more than of central government spending in yet its coverage is low and the absence of a first tier minimum pension leaves many elderly in poverty,1
+the form such support takes also differs leading to diverse reporting practices and classifications tracking progress towards collective commitments to mobilise climate finance may require information from nonparty actors such as multilateral development banks environmental funds international organisations and private actors in addition to national governments while the transparency framework for support also aims to provide clarity on support received by developing countries this objective may take longer to fulfil since experience in this area is currently more limited and reporting of this information is not obligatory,13
+in addition to helping design the curriculum elop also supplied research labs provided its scientists and engineers as teachers and tutors in specific areas trained teachers hosted students visits to the company s facilities and supported the colleges management in its request for recognition of the programme by the ministry of education workplace learning opportunities are also a direct expression of employers needs as employers will be ready to offer opportunities in areas where there is a skills shortage box details how one city created a campaign to increase the number of apprenticeships,4
+however using fuas instead of administrative data suggests that while mediumsize cites are indeed larger than expected almaty s size is not lower than it should be under zipfs law almaty s fua is indeed much larger than the population of almaty city alone see table overall the city size distribution of kazakhstan s fuas conforms better to zipf s law than statutory cities both in and in,11
+the first section of the chapter presents a range of alternative solutions to the measurement of labour inputs in doing so it examines the various choices in collecting information on timeuse for instance should data be recorded via a full timediary or less resourceintensive stylized questions,8
+the response was that the extra cost on a new vehicle was negligible road safety management speed enforcement plus isa are tools that deliver serious consideration should be given to reducing the urban speed limit from to kmh accompanied by additional implementation of kmh speed zones,11
+moreover in many countries the definition of domestic violence in national criminal justice systems remains ambiguous such as in east timor and cambodia chapter as domestic and sexual violence and harassment tend to proliferate during the immediate aftermath of armed conflicts women are further victimized at an already particularly challenging time in some cases the worst aspects of the maledominated cultural norms can be rebuilt such as polygamy early arranged marriages and segregation,5
+in addition the emergency medical service act obliges the ministry of health and seivices every year these research centres were established as part of the clinical research support project the research centres are responsible for developing practice guidelines which are made available on the website of the korean guideline clearinghouse assessment is based on a broad range of indicators covering outcome structure and process the korea institute for healthcare accreditation koiha also conducts audits to ensure that agreed minimum standards are applied in hospital as part of the accreditation programme,3
+the courses were compulsory within the mathematics subject cluster and were revised in and to respond to technological developments when thailand introduced a new basic education curriculum in it included standards for what students in all grades should know about ict technological education comprised ict and content on design and technology thailand expanded its efforts to integrate ict in education by developing a series of fouryear strategy documents and amendments to the basic education curriculum,4
+just what moderate means is not easy to define but an approximate definition is not much higher than people have been used to over the last few years and fairly close to the trend level of the corresponding border prices fane and ware another important aspect of this objective relates to ensuring an appropriate distribution of food throughout the archipelago especially to isolated areas during periods of famine for five food commodities rice corn soybean sugar and beef targets have been set at levels that would achieve selfsufficiency based on the forecasted consumption table production increases for rice during the late s which averaged per annum between and enabled indonesia to once again claim selfsufficiency in rice in,2
+they can upon attaining certain requirements including a minimum population size and annual revenue opt to become a city cebu province comprises municipalities finally municipalities and cities are composed of barangays the smallest independently elected lgus there are over throughout the philippines and in the province of cebu alone metro cebu specifically is composed of lgus in total including three independent cities four component cities and six municipalities,11
+the performance in solid waste and wastewater management is poorer in smaller cities for example only of class iv and v cities meet the national wastewater treatment criteria addressing this challenge necessitates the timely application of a clear and workable urban policy framework a key to getting cities right is a holistic and integrated approach to urban challenges and policies,11
+as a result despite very thorough water cooperation agreements among central asian governments the crossborder governance system has more or less come to a standstill allouche huge irrigation systems constructed during the soviet era have overdrawn water to the extent that the aral sea is mostly depleted of its water and is classified as one of the greatest humanmade ecological disasters of the twentieth century libert related salinity and water pollution have human impacts such as a high morbidity in the aral sea region krahenbiihl gely and herren,6
+states parties undertake to combat disease and malnutrition through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking water taking into consideration the dangers and risks of environmental pollution it binds states parties to make available and accessible to every child compulsory and free primary education and options for secondary schooling including vocational education article it also obliges states parties to encourage the provision of appropriate and equal opportunities for cultural artistic recreational and leisure activity article,3
+good work is recognized by coworkers peers and others and provides a sense of accomplishment selfrespect and social identity people have historically defined and named themselves by their occupation miller in english or hurudza master farmer in shona healthier workers have longer and more productive working lives and can explore more options at home and abroad better educated and trained workers can do more diverse work and to a higher standard and be more creative and innovative workers who can participate more fully in their communities will be able to negotiate at work for better conditions and higher labour standards which in turn will make industries more efficient and competitive volunteers benefit from their work either because they value altruism or through the personal enrichment they gain from community involvement,8
+availability of results of national assessments in denmark who has access to the results individual students their parents and their teachers have access to information about individual student assessment result individual student assessment results are not shared with other teachers except in specific cases such as join teaching school principals have information about the average assessment results of their school in each assessment the average results of each class and school data adjusted for socioeconomic factors municipalities have information about the average mark of the schools in the municipality and the average results for each school as well as data for each school adjusted for socioeconomic factors at the national level the national average test result for all schools together is published and available to the public,4
+figure shows how much each income source influenced the variation in per capita income for households below the poverty line in countries where poverty rates have decreased significantly in recent years in the countries where poverty lessened labour income accounted for half or more of the change in total per capita income thus in this most recent bout of poverty reduction the labour market has been one of the main drivers of the upswing,1
+the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes are determined for each cell depending on the risk factors within that cell the population base is updated every three years to reflect population ageing according to estimates from the australian bureau of statistics assumptions of changes in the prevalence of modifiable risk factors are based on historical trends alternative prevention programs are tested by moving records from cells with higher prevalence of certain risk factors to cells with lower risk factor prevalence,3
+looking at these two types of deprivation in tandem suggests that french children who are monetary poor are also considerably more likely to be financially strained however it should also be noted that per cent of children experiencing union poverty are financially strained but not monetary poor finally children living in the uk are more likely to be either monetary poor domain deprived or both with relatively high rates of union poverty,1
+the objective is to produce stylised features that are analysed in the light of existing coordination tools allowing for a customisation and integration of water policy a closer look at each of these gaps is provided in order of importance starting with the policy gap which was considered as the most important gap by countries surveyed out of followed by the accountability gap out of and the funding gap out of sectoral fragmentation across ministries and between levels of government is considered as an important or very important obstacle to integrated water policy in of countries surveyed,6
+additionally in costa rica where allowances can constitute a large proportion of a teacher s salary some form of external evaluation could help to ensure a much more effective use of financial rewards to recognise and incentivise good teaching practice international research shows that career prospects career diversity and giving teachers responsibility as professionals are important to keep teachers motivated particularly in systems like costa rica where teaching is a job for life schleicher each track includes several positions as depicted below in the declaration of the quality schools as the axis of costa rican education centro educativo de calidad como eje de la educacion costarricense marked a turning point affirming the importance of school engagement to raise education outcomes,4
+more generally a few years ago france was lagging many european countries in the takeup of personal electronic health records and exchange of information between professionals european commission a and its overall readiness to adopt etechnologies remains low oecd a a single phone number has been in place to coordinate outofhours services since but progress remains partial increased use of performance reporting would incentivise providers to concentrate on aspects of quality that give rise to genuine improvements in patient outcomes the available administrative data could be better used for additional ex post medicoeconomic evaluations notably by independent institutions and researchers or to improve the detection of abuses and fraud,3
+slovenia follows with of cancer spending on prescribed medicines in and korea with of cancer care spending on prescribed drugs and on overthecounter medicines in they were also authorised rapidly in switzerland chile sweden and france for example in the united states and switzerland seven out of the ten drugs were authorised before the year some countries such as japan norway and hirkey were initially slow in authorising these drugs but caught up with the others by authorising all ten drugs,3
+with the exception of south africa all of the briics countries experienced large increases in material extraction when average income rose indicating that material extraction rises rapidly at relatively low levels of income when average income grows this is likely attributable to the high rates of population growth typical of lower income countries and to the strong connection between the size of the population and the use of materials especially those required to fulfil basic needs but there appears to be two distinct trends for oecd countries with average incomes exceeding usd,12
+in particular it called for measures of innovation in the public sector including in the education sector measuring innovation in education responds to this call offering new perspectives on measuring innovation in education thebook gives readers new international comparative information about innovation in education compared to other sectors and documents change in a variety of dimensions of school practices between and it is a key resource for readers interested in educational innovation but given the variety of practices covered it also provides material of interest to a wider audience,4
+the reform has been implemented since the school year as basis of this reform the government set three national goals i the folkeskole must challenge all students to reach their full potential ii the folkeskole must lower the significance of social background on academic results and iii trust in the folkeskole and student wellbeing must be enhanced through respect for professional knowledge and practice in the folkeskole these three goals were conceived to set a clear direction and a high level of ambition for the development of the folkeskole and to provide a clear framework for a systematic and continuous evaluation of the reform the three national goals are operationalised through four clear simple and measurable targets that form the basis for dialogue and followup regarding the development of students academic performance and wellbeing at all levels,4
+according to baltic researchers a large proportion of the existing biomass boilers in lithuania is expected to be decommissioned in estonia and latvia existing biomass boilers are expected to remain in operation in in all scenarios the district heating sector dominates in these two countries in the results show that heat pumps provide a competitive source of heat generation for district heating companies lacking capacity whereas it is difficult for heat pumps to compete with the shortterm costs of generating biomassbased heat,7
+the project focuses on treating the underlying factors that affect education and learning outcomes allied health staff from a range of specialisms address behavioural and learning issues for aboriginal and torres strait islander students the six schools receiving allied health care are located in remote geographic locations with limited specialist services,4
+the guidelines are widely used by government agencies for all federal dietary guidance and food assistance programmes toole and kuchler as well as by consumers and dietrelated industries usda the ichrn also put in place the hnrim system to record and track all nutrition research projects performed or funded by the federal government advancing bioenergy technologies has been an important objective for both the usda and the doe,2
+whilst all issues need attention this is the area where policy makers in particular need to concentrate their initial efforts generally the depth of the data is stronger and there is lower volatility in the solar resource compared to the wind and generally there are fewer variables to be considered in the estimation investors are most concerned with the apparent mismatch between the longterm nature of capital commitments inherent in climate change financing and the relatively short time frame of climate change regulations,7
+in this case higher tariffs which may also provide an incentive for more efficient water usage are essential to generate the financial resources needed for the investment and ongoing operation of water services this is particularly true of the underdeveloped wastewater services adb some of this pollution is caused by widespread and indiscriminate dumping of solid waste but a greater source is discharges of untreated sewage from municipal water utilities world bank b,6
+there are ngos that are focused on womens rights in uganda they do not work in isolation but in collaboration with the ministry of gender labour and social development this organisation was formed to represent a united voice of women as well as to create a platform where women would collectively put forward issues of their political and economic life and other kinds of discrimination in various spheres of society there is need for ongoing support and a dynamic daytoday relationship between wros and women politicians,5
+feminist press p it began to be understood as primarily an addon to existing development policies specifically this approach failed to factor womens reproductive and informalsector work into its analyses it also treated women as a homogenized category missing the impact of intersectional discrimination as a result of class and race in short this liberal feminist model failed to have a transformative effect on the lives of women gender neutrality ignored gendered structural inequalities which had and indeed continue to have negative effects on women the women and development approach further argued that the failure to integrate women as economic actors in their societies contributed to sustaining existing international structures of inequality,5
+overuse and misallocation of water resources due to incomplete or overallocated water rights underpricing of water and deficiencies in longterm resource planning contribute to this imbalance which in turn mechanically translates into higher water shortage risks in water basins where there is structural water stress water shortages are more likely to arise from even mild precipitation deficit in short water stress generates water shortage risks and thus vulnerability to droughts,6
+these have several advantages over capitalintensive technologies they generate more jobs have lower costs can contribute to local enterprise development and capacitybuilding provide more readily available maintenance and repair services and can generate foreign exchange savings even more worrying is that the ldcs youth population aged years which is becoming better educated and growing fast is increasingly seeking job in rapidly growing urban centres the main responsibility for creating these jobs rests largely with the ldcs themselves nevertheless the international community can also play a role in helping to ease the constraints faced by these countries in creating sufficient jobs,8
+we expect to find a negative relationship between poverty and this variable it is worth noting that the brazilian economy showed growth in income per capita over the period thus the absolute poverty indicator used is the proportion of poor people this index is frequently used to express income inequality and may be linked to the socalled lorenz curve which is defined by the set of points obtained by plotting income shares against population shares in ascending order on the basis of this curve we then calculate gini coefficients for each of the states between and as discussed in the previous section the relationship between the gini coefficient and poverty must be positive,1
+the pilot was so successful that we are now building a permanent digital platform for it the same holds across countries topperforming countries in pisa like japan singapore and south korea in asia estonia and finland in europe and canada in north america also came out on top in the pisa assessment of collaborative problem solving for example japanese students did very well in those subjects but they did even better in collaborative problem solving,4
+in general spending on public goods such as infrastructure and agricultural research can facilitate both developments whereas direct subsidies to farm activities notwithstanding potential benefits that are discussed later run the risk of impeding adjustment they have done this both explicitly for example via export taxes and regulated food prices and implicitly by investing relatively less in rural areas since the mid s there has been a reduction in this tendency but it still prevails anderson et al as incomes rise and as agriculture s share of employment decreases countries find they can afford more easily to provide support to their agricultural sectors and the opposite tendency is observed,2
+tax payers finance about of total water expenditure given the strong increases in federal budget for water supply and sanitation programmes the federal government is currently financing close to of all water expenditures that are currently tracked state and municipal governments represent an additional of water expenditures water users finance over of total water expenditures through water and sanitation tariffs mxn billion from households commercial and industrial users water resources charges mxn billion mostly industrial users bulk water tariffs mxn billion mostly from urban water users and investments operation and maintenance of irrigation infrastructure mxn billion from agricultural users,6
+in bangladesh for example by production of rice might drop by per cent and wheat by per cent small island states could suffer extended periods of droughts interspersed with heavy rainfall which could degrade the land and reduce soil fertility though in highlatitude islands the effects could be beneficial however given the present context it should be determined whether this is being achieved at the cost of food security of particular interest is biofuel production in the asia pacific region,2
+the water sector is emblematic of this fragmentation by constitution the sector is managed at three levels federal state and municipal and involves a number of agencies and consultative bodies in addition to the three levels of government according to article the federal government is the owner of water resources with a right to transfer the titles to other parties article grants the responsibility for providing wss to municipalities,6
+road safety action plans should be integrated or linked to sumps since road safety is critical to making active travel both popular and inclusive governments should establish a framework for the collection and reporting of relevant urban mobility and casualty figures such urban mobility and road safety observatories should also be integrated into the development and review of sumps this would make it easier to analyse and interpret road safety trends,11
+this would to lay the foundation for a new generation of fisheries experts through mid and longterm specialization curricula in collaboration with regional and national researchtraining institutions in addition in order to build on ongoing cooperation and further strengthen fisheries governance in the black sea the organization of a highlevel conference and the launch of a regional scientific and technical cooperation project for the black sea should contribute to further bridging gaps at the regional level finally bolstering cooperation in the gfcm area of application not only with the fao fisheries and aquaculture department and its regional projects for the mediterranean but also with partner organizations with which the gfcm has an mou is predicted to foster synergies avoid duplications and promote comparative advantages sciencebased regulations are strengthened and more fisheries are subject to multiannual management plans see chapter,14
+government subsidies in the fisheries sector can also have severe negative social and economic impacts for the most vulnerable countries and communities the adoption of sustainable development goals sdgs by the united nations general assembly in september brings hope of addressing this unfair situation specifically thanks to target whereby the international community has committed to prohibit fisheries subsidies that contribute to overfishing and to iuu fishing considerable resources would be saved if harmful fisheries subsidies were prohibited and spent to secure the implementation of other sdg targets for the conservation and sustainable use of the ocean for example through a blue fund that would be established to that effect inaction on fish subsidies at the latest ministerial conference of the wto held in december three months after the adoption of the sdgs is not an encouraging sign but the upcoming highlevel united nations conference on oceans and seas in june may provide a new opportunity,14
+on mdb finance concessional and nonconcessional flowing to climate change is the most difficult to estimate because there is comprehensive data set from which to draw and available estimates are now dated drawing on world bank it is estimated that just over bn usd flows to support climate action remaining constant as what was reported in this is considered to be a minimum estimate exportcredits vary widely from year to year for this reason the authors use an average year estimate drawing on data from the low estimate of mitigation flows is estimated to be about bn usd total funds pledged for adaptation are estimated to amount to billion of which a little over half has been committed,13
+sector skills councils and sector training councils can play a role in this area but this requires that they expand their coverage and scope to other employers who do not actively participate in the northern ireland skills system in manchester and leeds local apprenticeship hubs have been successful in increasing participation in apprenticeship programmes while also offering coordinated support to smes lessons from the leeds city apprenticeship hub highlight that local smes often found a fragmented advice and guidance system which limits their knowledge about where to go to participate in apprenticeship programmes as well as the administrative requirements of participation,8
+and the rights of women have therefore not been honored in some places but some countries like bangladesh have made major strides in meeting the unmet demand for services bangladesh which has seen declining fertility rates has also made great progress in educating girls and in meeting other targets within the millennium development goals evidence from a social experiment in matlab bangladesh,5
+alcohol is one of the four lifestylerelated factors tackled by the noncommunicable disease strategy legislative measures to cut binge drinking through restrictions that reduce access to lower priced alcohol and its consumption in specified areas were introduced in more recently the first national alcohol policy was issued for consultation in malta was one of the first countries to introduce a smoking ban in and has continually updated regulations on tobacco advertising and promotion,3
+the methodology for imputing multilateral flows estimates the share of multilateral oda contributions by dac members in a given year that are climate related imputed multilateral contributions are the product of a country s multilateral contribution to an organisation multiplied by the share of climaterelated projects financed by that organisation added to rio marked bilateral flows the imputed multilateral contributions represent the provider perspective of climaterelated development finance,13
+in the discount method the optimality of the investment is assessed at the margin and the resulting rates of returns are compared with that of alternative investments for instance blondal et al while the discount method has the advantage of summarising various benefits and costs associated with further education it often relies on more broadbrush average earnings across educational groups failing to control for other relevant individual characteristics in its simplest form the log of gross earnings is regressed on educational attainment linear and quadratic terms capturing labour market experience tenure and other relevant individual characteristics the coefficient of educational attainment is interpreted as the percentage wage differential due to an additional educational investment the major advantage of this approach lies in its simplicity,4
+a middle school principal has transformed the practices and plans in her school by studying the staffing models and more flexible timetables of a school in south australia seeing in this part of the ciel programme is leading to deeper respect and to new possibilities the call for disruptive innovation of education systems where schools as we have known them cease to exist has a certain appeal for those frustrated with the seeming snail s pace of system change others urge systems to focus intensely and consistently on improving the quality of teaching and learning with a few strong and carefully constructed goals,4
+in estonia rates fell by nearly over the year period but not before rising substantially in the mid s death rates from suicides have increased in countries such as japan and korea in japan there was a sharp rise in the mid to late s coinciding with the asian financial crisis but have remained stable since suicide rates also rose sharply at this time in korea but unlike japan rates have continued to increase,3
+this practice is mainly widespread in the coastal zones of aden and hadramawt el malira and hodeidah although the health ministiy lias released a public decision for banning the practice of female genital mutilation in official hospital facilities the yemeni government continues to turn a blind eye to cutting practiced by traditional community women in particular locations articles and articles and bis of the algerian penal code of june algerian penal code of,5
+the backcasting period is years from to prices include technology expectations government policies and inflation of input factors population ageing and government health expenditures in new zealand new zealand treasury working paper health expenditure trends in new zealand wellington ministry of health,3
+a third option which is sometimes used for agricultural withdrawals is to base charges on the acreage of irrigated land abstraction and pollution charges set at meaningful levels will create incentives for these utilities to make efficient use of raw water and to treat their wastewater effluents it is customary to levy abstraction charges on nonconsumptive use at a fraction of rates applying to consumptive use w ith the precise rate dependent on sector location and other local circumstances,6
+the large uncertainties involved which can produce results that change considerably over time or between comparable projects are also easy targets for detractors others have pointed to social factors as one of the impacts that will remain outside the scope of even very comprehensive efforts estimates established for the social cost portion of the full costs of electricity provision will never be able to mimic the more reliable information about individual and social preferences conveyed by market prices,7
+bycatch and discards work plan applies the statutory management plan provides for the grant of individual transferable quotas and statutory fishing rights the afma commission endorsed the management policy and entered into a memorandum of understanding with the norfolk island government to maintain a monitoring and advisory role in the fishery,14
+innovation policies also need to be consistent over time by using a portfolio approach with a longterm perspective driven by this insight applied economic research on external effects externalities or social costs have frequently taken the electricity sector as a starting point in the s and early s a series of broad wellfunded studies with dozens of highlevel experts from different fields took on the full costs of electricity many of the results produced from these studies remain relevant today while estimates of social costs inevitably display large uncertainties the studies converged in the identification of key problem areas however decision makers never properly implemented the policy conclusions from these studies,7
+overall half of men have contribution densities lower than and half of women have densities of less than these low contribution are associated with work histories that include periods of selfemployment informal employment unemployment or professional inactivity and are particularly a problem for women and individuals in low income brackets the recommendations of the commission will be examined by a special council of minister which will analyse which of the different recommendations could be implemented,5
+some opportunities exist to increase water abstraction charges which do not cover abstraction costs and are currently regulated by the regulatory office for network industries moe c the challenge will be to prioritise and phase investments over time to focus on areas with the best costbenefit ratio and the highest positive impact on water resources the classification of the whole of slovakia as a sensitive area under the urban wastewater treatment directive should be reconsidered with a view to prioritising the most sensitive areas,6
+this has triggered a component price war which in conjunction with the aforementioned technical progress has substantially lowered the permw price of installed capacity the counterexample would be chile where despite investor interest the functioning of the electricity market does not make it possible to put forward projects that banks could finance the cornerstones are longterm contracts that guarantee an income to the generator and considerably facilitate project financing together with mechanisms that make it possible to cushion the variability of energy production in mexico this has been achieved through the energy bank whereas in brazil the variability of supply is assumed by all generators through a reliability charge,7
+insurance for disasters may become gradually less costintensive given the transparency and access to better data especially in the fields of urban mobility services and power grids many emerging startups and other players have proposed suitable use cases blockchain technology supports this development as it enables microinteractions between a large group of participants in an efficient and secure way,9
+in addition nuclear energy is the only dispatchable source of electricity that remains consistent with the original intentions behind the policy decision to support renewable technologies namely to reduce climate change inducing greenhouse gas emissions and to reduce import dependency this should sufficiently remunerate dispatchable capacity including nuclear to keep it attractive for investors virtually all major oecd countries are currently looking at different designs for capacity markets,7
+a key challenge was the lack of available data specifically on indicators representing water renewability sdg and its sustainable management sdg which could hinder valid policymaking this challenge was addressed in two ways first escap provided training on the unwater s integrated monitoring guide for sdg targets and indicators which informs ministries on how data collection can occur second it became evident during the national sdg workshop that many of the interagency and expert group s sdg indicators were not feasible under sri lanka s national context as a result stakeholders and policymakers consulted in small working groups to consider more valid indicators and how to approach data collection and analysis encouraging official financial flows sdg b can promote greater economic risk diversification sdg and inducing sustainable food production systems sdg and wateruse efficiency in the agriculture sector sdg,6
+in countries child poverty has increased by at least lppt which can be interpreted as statistically significant however while focusing on changes in child poverty since the start of the economic crisis it is important not to lose sight of the absolute levels after a substantial increase in poverty iceland had some of the highest anchored child poverty rates in but so did romania after a ppt decrease in poverty since the precrisis levels in both countries nearly onethird of children were poor in based on the threshold,1
+four institutions have been brought together under the afb the agency for protected marine areas the national office for water and aquatic environments the national parks of france and the technical workshop for natural areas a joint research unit will be set up with the national natural history museum and the national centre for scientific research such information is critical for establishing baselines quantifying benefits taigeting biodiversity expenditures to where they are most needed and monitoring and evaluating change over time bass the lack of sufficient data is a challenge that has often been raised in the context of mainstreaming,15
+in the bottom quintile coverage is per cent however pensions are small and contribute less than per cent to total household consumption of the poorest households receiving a pension world bank a pensions are an important component of social protection and contribute significantly to poverty reduction although this is not their main objective,1
+in many countries labour market activity among childless men and women is fairly similar but large differences tend to emerge once women become mothers and men become fathers oecd while in some countries like portugal and the netherlands mothers frequently return to paid work after a few months of paid leave oecd wall and escobedo in many others the share of mothers actually at work rebounds only once children start to enter preprimary education at around age three or primary school at about age six oecd in many countries women who experience childbirth are far more likely than those who do not to suffer from a large drop in income from one year to the next figure indeed in the czech republic iceland the netherlands and sweden women are approximately twice as likely to experience a yearonyear decrease of or more in their household disposable income when they have a child,5
+an additional poverty line is based on of the median income measured in income reference year and is then uprated with inflation for all the intervening years contemporary poverty lines are sensitive to sudden shifts in the income distribution median household income may fall during an economic downturn reducing the poverty line and resulting in an artificially lower child poverty rate even if the number of poor children remains the same anchoring the poverty line in in real terms helps circumvent this limitation by keeping the threshold fixed at a moment in time rather than allowing it to move with the current income distribution,1
+these effects however depend strongly on the specific characteristics of each generating technology and on the time frame considered for a given technology the effects will differ considerably in the short term and the long term as will be shown in section in the short term all generating technologies experience a reduction of load factors and profitability compression effect with high variable costs technologies such as gas being particularly affected in the long term the introduction of renewable technologies affects primarily baseload technologies while the effect on the other dispatchable technologies is limited,7
+holders of these rights are entitled to land use rights certificates by rights to of agricultural land had been certified they mostly confine farmers to growing rice on paddy land at the expense of other crops or fisheries that could be grown more profitably on the same land farmers can apply at the district level for a change in their designated land use but in practice changes or removals of these restrictions are rarely allowed,2
+the americas pledge initiative was launched by california governor jerry brown and the un secretarygenerals special envoy for climate action michael bloomberg to demonstrate nonstate actor leadership on climate change in the absence of federal leadership to unlock inclusive economic growth companies from countries adopted emission reduction pathways in line with the paris agreement on climate change the paris agreement has thus proven itself resilient against this first challenge,13
+this will improve the understanding of the problems and strengthen the knowledge base for identification and implementation of appropriate management measures to reduce transboundary impacts and improve the status of transboundary waters the second assessment is intended to serve as a tool to inform guide and stimulate further action by governments river basin organizations the international community including donors and concerned nongovernmental organizations it allowed riparian countries to discuss and highlight needs in transboundary cooperation,6
+therefore the largest percentage of males in the northern district require vocationaltechnical training at a level less than tertiary education compared to in the haifa district and in the central district in contrast of the females in the northern district are employed in occupations requiring a tertiary education compared to in the haifa district and in the central district central bureau of statistics statistical abstract for israel,4
+many of these redeveloped markets have fallen into disuse with serious adverse effects on informal livelihoods in the istanbul declaration national governments explicitly recognized local governments as our closest partners and as essential in the implementation of the habitat agenda in the area of sustainable development as environmental concerns started getting mainstreamed into the development agenda the role of local governments was again deemed as crucial when it comes to identifying local sustainability priorities and implementing attendant longterm action plans,11
+another example of an early blockchain initiative is the incorporation of the energy web foundation ewf as a global consortium of generators integrated utilities and related companies such as research institutes it service providers and startups in addition to developing a new opensource core technology platform that is purposebuilt for the energy sector ewf has set up several specialised working groups and knowledge exchange forums in order for ewf affiliates to accelerate development of blockchainbased applications for certificate of origin markets for green power demand response programmes electric vehicle networks and other application domains on one hand the development and piloting of several blockchainbased digital services is increasing as most auto original equipment manufacturers oems tier suppliers and many software firms are working on solutions to current pain points such as inefficient processes and data sharing,9
+phased implementation may be one strategy that can be employed along with managing shortterm adjustment costs and building capabilities to exploit opportunities generated through trade of the roughly billion people worldwide that have jobs some billion have regular wages or salaries while another billion work in farming small household enterprises or as casual or seasonal day labor the latter make up the majority of workers in the poorest countries although there is little data on employment in many of the poorest countries complicating analysis of their situation the creation of jobs for those who want to work is critical and as discussed in this report trade can drive the economic growth that delivers jobs along with the reallocation of people to better jobs and improving aspects of the work people do,1
+planning and aid coordination dsppac vanuatu the peoples plan national sustainable development plan to available at http wwwnabvusitesdefaultfilesdocuments vanuatu sustainable dev plan en pdf accessed september vanuatu government a vanuatu climate change and disaster risk reduction policy available at filesnabvanuatuccdrrpolicyminusatt v pdf accessed september,11
+innovation the network has developed an extensive database documenting innovations by the poorest including in agricultural practices eg natural pesticides machinery and other sectors the aim is to foster the diffusion of knowledge to a wider group of potential users the networks newsletter is printed in seven indian languages,9
+professor raghunath anant mashelkar chairman of the national innovation foundation of india and president of the global research alliance defines it as any innovation that leads to affordable access of quality goods and services creating livelihood opportunities for the excluded population primarily at the base of the pyramid and on a longterm sustainable basis with a significant outreach mashelkar this is strongly contingent on innovation since providing high quality at a low price requires introducing new products rather than adapting existing ones it is even more complex from a global perspective encompassing developing emerging and advanced economies where the poorest have very different income levels,9
+it then looks at the ways in which education policies can influence these factors to improve the educational opportunities for migrant students part two looks at systemlevel policies to allocate resources in order to support migrant education strategies finally part three deals with schoollevel policies that seek to shape school and classroom environments as well as schoolhome relationships,4
+employed persons age employment is defined according to the resolution of the th icls in see glossary labour force surveys have the benefit of including information on all employed persons both selfemployed and employees household surveys have the advantage of reducing the risk of double counting active contributors since the person is counted and not the contribution record note that a person may contribute to more than one scheme,8
+self management fisheries of korea newly systemized the traditional management of fishing community focusing on fishing village communities in this system fishermen communities make voluntary decisions for them to manage and use available resources such communitybased management fisheries can be linked with fish stock rebuilding plan to actively reflect the opinions of fishermen in establishing the plans and to obtain active participation and cooperation of fishermen in management in particular it is advantageous in that the efficacy of fsrp can be maximized through voluntary acceptance of restrictions for resource recovery and self control on unlawful fishing,14
+she suggests that east asian countries the republic of korea singapore and malaysia and taiwan province of china could be seen as perhaps the best examples of countries that have been able to bring economic and social development policies into significant alignment ibid in this sense there has been a return to early development theories which implicitly assumed the existence of strong developmental states capable of carrying out the suggested coordinated investment programmes however times have changed and the tasks that are contemplated for developmental states today are much more complicated than those conceived in the s however policy space cannot be of much use unless there is a government capable of using it wade has documented the important role that states played in governing the market in the firsttier east asian newly industrializing economies as they went about achieving catchup growth and poverty reduction in recent years the role of governments has also been vindicated by the experience of latin america where government activism has proved crucial not only in reducing external dependence and promoting aggregate growth but also in reducing poverty directly through various innovative social policies see for example cornia,1
+in addition since work has been underway to develop local integrated resource frameworks for health and community care which enable local systems to quantify resource use across health and social care across populations rather than organisations and realign resources accordingly the aim is to realign resources to deliver better value and better patientcentred care there is clear innovation in its use of digital infrastructure to train health professionals so that they are equipped with the skills consistent with the needs of the nhs,3
+the index will draw on publicly available data regarding physical scarcity and water quality and overlay important factors including the regulatory regime and social and reputational issues that have not previously been incorporated into water risk measurement the index measures four areas including access to improved drinking water and sanitation the availability of renewable water and the reliance on external supplies the relationship between available water and supply demands and the water dependency of each country s economy to date many modelling studies have simulated the impact of mitigation strategies on annual pollutant loss as opposed to pressures during seasonal ecological windows collins and mcgonigle further development of these models to improve the targeting of policies however needs to pinpoint specific ecological windows of opportunity eg salmon spawning season as opposed to annual loadings and their abatement collins and mcgonigle environmental science and policy vol a helcom helsinki finland,6
+so the ability of the chinese growth pattern to generate more productive and remunerative employment outside agriculture played an important role in addition per worker output in agriculture increased dramatically from the early s reflecting the institutional changes described earlier what is significant is that it continued to increase at a rapid rate thereafter such that it nearly doubled in the decade after the growth was broadbased and widely shared because of the egalitarian land distribution as well as the simultaneous creation of nonagricultural employment opportunities they found that government expenditure on education had the largest impact on reducing both rural poverty and regional inequality and a significant impact on boosting production,1
+however in iceland all increases were from a much smaller base it is important to have the same countries in the model for every wave in order to be able to compare changes in the estimates across the waves of the survey italy had to be excluded because there is no data in the samip dataset for it from onwards as before the anchored poverty definition is used here the dependent variable is whether the child under lives in a household with equivalent disposable income below of national median estimated in and then uprated for inflation,1
+moreover given that water supply growth is limited but domestic and industrial water demand are growing rapidly a significant share of the additional water for domestic and industrial uses will come from the irrigation sector this transfer will lead to a substantial increase in water scarcity for irrigation giving rise to more conflicts in the future between water for food and water for other uses in many parts of the world policy reform including agricultural research and management in rainfed areas and changes in the management of irrigation and water supplies are therefore urgently needed to ensure sustainable water access and affordable food prices,6
+these practices are incompatible with the equal enjoyment of rights by women and with respect for their rights and dignity they put women at special risk of violence and abuse poverty and unemployment force many women including young girls into prostitution prostitutes are especially vulnerable to violence because their status which may be unlawful tends to marginalize them they need the equal protection of laws against rape and other forms of violence,5
+the proposal was a continuation of the structural quota system sqs implemented in the coastal fleet in and the sqs in the oceangoing fleet implemented as of a time limit of years on the structural quotas was reintroduced years for already allocated quotas and from the sqs in the coastal fleet was introduced for vessels between and metres prices for important species such as herring mackerel cod and haddock have been reduced from to while the price for saithe has increased north arctic cod has been under particular pressure due to iuu fishing in the barents sea,14
+a strong alliance of women and peace developed around the movement for nuclear disarmament frauenfriedensbewegung another important alliance was forged around the decriminalization of homosexuality in the german democratic republic former east germany gdr the political scenario was a different one the state formally supported women in the workplace and provided childcare as well as economic incentives maternity leave and other provisions supporting pregnant womenmothers while this did not change preconceived notions about motherhood and childcare being a primarily female task under german law abortion is a criminal offense but is not punished if the pregnant woman accepts counselling prior to the abortion procedure and within the first trimester cf in the gdr model an authoritarian productivist regime womens employment was mandatory as was the creche for very young children the labour force participation rate at per cent in was the highest in the world bundesministerium fur familie senioren frauen und jugendliche federal ministry for family affairs senior citizens women and youth p,5
+at present the sccs experience a lack of facilities high cost of transportation and low local demand so far the sccs have been dealing mainly with fruit and vegetable produce in the fall season sccs purchase fruits and vegetables from producers into stabilisation funds and sell them during the winter and spring season when prices increase the ministry of agriculture estimates offseason needs for each of the products by region,2
+a first option is to consider a person as poor if he or she falls below the poverty line in at least one dimension bourguignon and chakravarty this approach is called the union approach but it has been criticized on the grounds that it may identify as poor some persons who are not truly poor an alternative to the union approach is the intersection approach whereby a person is defined as poor if he or she falls below the poverty threshold in all dimensions but this may fail to identify individuals suffering from extensive deprivation in certain dimensions,1
+central to understanding the impact in the fisheries sector is how the management system operates for the fishery in question while fuel is an important input and tax concessions can have a significant impact on the fuel price paid by fishers the impact of such support will be contingent on the management system constraints faced by and alternatives available to the fisher in this case support lowers the cost of effort leading to more effort and a smaller fish stock in equilibrium,14
+these are important amendments that could reduce regulatory burden and streamline the building approvals process without reducing environmental diligence as the investment climate in kigali improved so too the construction industiy combined with forward looking urban planning focused on working with the community to improve the quality of public spaces and based on disaggregated data collected through tools such as the one stop youth centres this allowed us to guide urban development in the right direction,11
+third oil prices do have an impact on food prices but the nature of that relationship has probably changed over recent years with the emergence of biofuels still the extent to which biofuels impact food price remains a subject of discord amongst researchers finally macroeconomic data is critical to an agricultural market outlook exercise given their contribution to commodity prices,2
+the share of students who expected to pursue a career in teaching also increased in chile the czech republic estonia and the slovak republic but by less than two percentage points turkey shows the largest drop by percentage points followed by jordan indonesia and tunisia with decreases of between and percentage points the declines in turkey jordan and indonesia might be related to the large increases in secondary enrolment rates and in the share of yearolds represented in the pisa population oecd table mi,4
+however with the very rough and ready metric for system adequacy used in this exercise which is the ratio of total generating capacity over peak demand ceteris paribus the ssdi would increase in response to increased renewable production during their life cycle nuclear power plants source up to of their inputs in terms of value domestically imports of uranium just as imports of rare earths for the rotors of wind turbines are not a major concern as they are widely diversified and frequently stem from other oecd countries,7
+yet girls are still far less likely than boys to choose scientific and technological fields of study this section looks at gender gaps in school enrolment rates educational attainment and policies to address these gaps including the role of aid in improving gender equality in education in developing countries it examines gender differences in performance and attitudes in reading and maths and the reasons why despite good performance women find it harder in many developing countries to find a job on leaving school,5
+in november a faoagreement on port state control was signed as a major step to reduce iuufishing globally in addition norway has endorsed and fully implemented the regional scheme for port state control adopted by neafc and has entered new bilateral arrangements with other countries in the field of resource control in the fisheries norway is of the opinion that there exists clear links between different types of transnational organised crime and organised iuufishing,14
+its prioritisation of gender equality is a wholeofgovemment effort signalled through a tenfold increase in spending on gender equality across government between and as one of three thematic priorities within development cooperation sweden s main approach to gender equality has been to systematically mainstream it into all programmes policy directives require that contextspecific analyses including clear gender equality perspectives guide the design of all programmes and operational measures the target for mdg promote gender equality and women s empowerment seeks to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by and at all levels of education by,5
+data for the period refer to the year sources austrian federal ministry for agriculture forestry environment and water management facts and figures and austrian water facts and figures data include water use for fish farming average average average data for irrigation are used because data for agricultural water use are not available,6
+the impact of environmental risk factors on infant and early childhood health nutritional status and mortality in west africa the impact of socioeconomic inequalities on early childhood survival results from the demographic and health surveys how well do health programmes reach the poor social inequality in infant mortality what explains variation across low and middle income countries social science and medicine vol,3
+the largest disparities in the perceived quality of material resources between schools with different socioeconomic profiles are observed in caba argentina lebanon macao china mexico peru and the united arab emirates by contrast in fyrom iceland and latvia yearolds attending disadvantaged schools enjoy greater access to educational resources than their peers in advantaged schools and in about half of the countrieseconomies that participated in pisa students in disadvantaged schools appear no more likely than students in advantaged schools to have access to better or more resources the relationship between access to educational resources and student performance is analysed in chapter of pisa results volume ii policies and practices for successful schools oecd c,4
+the ability of the adaptation communications to meet the global information needs on adaptation depends on their scope and structure which is yet to be defined but for which some proposals already exist kato and ellis as well as on the extent of reporting by individual parties climate change risks to coastal buildings and infrastructure a supplement to the first pass national assessment guidance note twelve reasons why climate change adaptation me is challenging,13
+there is however a lack of efforts to provide learning and skills development programmes in tourism and concerted efforts to develop and enhance entrepreneurship activities there is also scope to increase knowledge transfer from higher education institutions to the tourism industry higher education institutions could for example help smes to better access global markets policy measures and collaboration by universities and other tertiary education institutions are needed to ensure that smes do not miss out in their ability to compete with larger suppliers,4
+and household taxes are more progressive in the united states than in most eu countries however some countries including chile korea and japan combine a relatively low tax burden with very little progressivity the data are available for only a few years which makes it difficult to assess the impact of tax reforms furthermore most household surveys focus on the personal income tax social security contributions paid by employees and sometimes property taxes they do not therefore take into account consumption taxes employers social security contributions and corporate income taxes thus leaving aside more than of total tax revenues on average across the oecd,10
+the intervention was highly costeffective at about per qaly gain the annual cost savings were estimated at which is considerable at the hospital level although the methodology developed represented a novelty in the world of generic service delivery evaluation it points towards considerable potential savings if the transition from one level of care to another is strengthened,3
+this study building on regional studies by unhabitat and the oecd on the state of nup for the oecd member countries provides a first attempt at assessing nup trends strengths and ways forward across member and nonmember countries and paves the way for the definition of a common methodology to monitor the progress of nups at the global level in terms of nup development stages countries per cent already implement their nups whereas countries per cent are in the process of developing nups only countries per cent have reached the monitoring and evaluation stage the stage of nup varies by region,11
+furthermore it discusses the planning of resource use eg definition of priorities and targets distribution of responsibilities for school funding the monitoring of funds use eg audit systems transparency and reporting as well as incentives for the effective use of school funding in addition it analyses the distribution of funding between the different levels of the administration eg central regional and municipal and between individual schools eg through funding formulae in addition the chapter places special emphasis on funding incentives to improve the effectiveness of the school network while analysing the equity implications of funding approaches both the source of funding for school education and its distribution to individual schools are centralised central government provides around of funding and the formula operated by the ministry of education determines the budgets of individual schools with only limited scope for locally determined variation,4
+issuing an infringement notice or prosecuting an impaired driver should not be regarded as punishing the citizen but protecting the community it is important for police officers to understand the risks associated with speeding the impact of low end speeding and the obvious risks of high end speeding so they can actively enforce speed limits understanding when and where crash risk is occurring allows officers to target areas of greatest risk and maximise impact,11
+however the incidence of attempted suicide using medicine was high in the nuuk especially among females the highest incidence of suicide attempts using medication was observed among females in the age group years who as mentioned earlier had the lowest selfrated health in the first public health program in greenland inuuneritta let us have a good life was proposed,3
+this strategy entails integrating and incorporating gender equality efforts at the institutional leadership level so that gender equality is not a separate area of specialisation but rather an area that permeates decisionmaking at all tiers of the institution a shift in gender equality efforts in academia has occurred in the nordic region and as already mentioned the focus has been redirected from viewing female researchers as the problem to examining the research system and the way research is structured the objective of the current gender equality efforts in academia is primarily to change the structural conditions that create inequalities and to use instruments that integrate gender equality in order to achieve the institutions other objectives,5
+table summarises the policy and regulation status of the countries targeted in this report the two main electricity generators are the stateowned bahamas electricity corporation per cent of total electricity production and the privately owned grand bahamas power corporation per cent of total electricity production and together they have a generating capacity of mw because of the archipelago geography of the bahamas its electricity system comprises isolated grids which leads to substantial diseconomies of scale except for trinidad and tobago the bahamas has the highest energy consumption per capita among the target countries,7
+world bank and a unctad importantly the climatefriendly mitigationspecific flows are estimated to account for less than onesixth or about of the total flows to emitting sectors across these types of finance figure more precisely for fdi cers the low estimate includes the primary transaction values of cers only about bn usd world bank whereas the high estimate also includes unctad estimates of low carbon fdi flows from developed to developing countries about bn usd similarly for bilateral oda and oof,13
+concrete measures are needed to improve energy productivity rationalize energy use optimize energy resources and deploy sustainable energy technology and infrastructure already the gtf results are a wakeup call for greater effort on a number of fronts increased financing bolder policy commitments and a willingness to embrace appropriate technology on a wider scale are urgently needed,7
+this is aligned with the oecd s argument that linking urban areas with public transport is one of the three key characteristics of the compact city oecd a several policy initiatives to promote public transport in particular as expressed in government documents including the greening urban and building initiative announced by korea s ministry of land transport and maritime affairs in should be continuously implemented to send a consistent signal to local government and private investors more roads could invite more traffic the volume of car traffic almost everywhere is more or less arbitrary depending on the available transportation infrastructure because we can always find new ways to increase our car use building extra roads is a direct invitation to buy and drive more cars since the earthquake san francisco has converted certain freeways to city streets which has turned the embarcadero into a city boulevard with trolley cars trees and wide sidewalks,11
+high and volatile food prices can lead to irreversible harm a loss of physical and longrun human capital which may reinforce poverty traps through diminished income resulting in malnutrition mortality withdrawal of children from education and a consequent sustained high level of unemployment a lack of dietary diversification aggravates the problem as price increases in one staple cannot easily be compensated by switching to other foods first agricultural output varies from period to period because of natural factors such as weather disease and pests,2
+this encompasses the following actions define and communicate the role of instructional leaders provide school leaders with training support and capacity enhancement develop networks for school leaders to share and work together on improving instruction a pilot project was developed in preparation for schoolbased programmes on class management and professional development for teachers in numeracy and literacy it resulted in recommendations for fullscale implementation of the programme strengthen the competence of school leaders in pedagogical and collaborative leadership establish and communicate clear goals for the project to all participants strengthen professional working environments for teachers within schools particularly the capacity of schools to reflect on their organisational and pedagogical practices and implement collective learning processes and increase the quality of teaching methods and practices including the learning and social environments for pupils,4
+however all countries should reduce maternal morbidity and mortality to levels where they no longer constitute a public health problem disparities in maternal mortality within countries and between geographical regions socioeconomic and ethnic groups should be narrowed all countries with the support of all sections of the international community must expand the provision of maternal health services in the context of primary health care these services based on the concept of informed choice should include education on safe motherhood prenatal care that is focused and effective maternal nutrition programmes adequate delivery assistance that avoids excessive recourse to caesarean sections and provides for obstetric emergencies referral services for pregnancy childbirth and abortion complications postnatal care and family planning,3
+this national regulation will be succeeded by a technical regulation of the customs union which is currently under the discussion within the countries and should be approved by all three countries currently most supermarkets in kazakhstan sell milk on a commission basis and expect the dairy plant to send one of its own workers to pack the products in coolers monitor expiry dates and keep displays organised and clean this section is based on interviews carried out in january and march for this review usually the plant has individualwork contracts with farmers who have more than fifty head of cattle for milk supply,2
+there is no discussion regarding excellent teaching within schools municipalities or at the central level and no benchmark to which teachers can selfassess or school or municipal leaders can assess against this is different to many other oecd member countries clear wellstructured and widely supported teaching standards can be a powerful mechanism for developing the profession and for aligning the various elements involved in developing teachers knowledge and skills,4
+investment flexibility is particularly valuable in deregulated electricity markets where electricity market prices may have higher variability in order to continuously reestablish the balance between load and generation a certain amount of active power is kept in reserves such reserves are usually referred as spinning reserves but definitions vary among countries rebours and kirshner kirby bovo et al in chapter those reserves were subdivided into primary secondary and tertiary reserves depending upon the time window of availability,7
+in some cases the women work in slaverylike conditions and their employers frequently take away their passports they lack access to services or protection mechanisms and do not report abuse for fear of being deported in many countries domestic workers are not recognized as workers entitled to protection by labour laws strict immigration laws lead to many migrant domestic workers being in an irregular situation outside the protection of the law or dependent on the employer since their immigrant status depends on the employers continued sponsorship,5
+each member state should calculate the annual energy savings target for by multiplying with the energy sales to final customers by volume average over the previous three years prior to january the savings should have a cumulative effect with saved in reaching in year times years in practice member states have a flexibility to ensure the achievement of their energy savings overthe whole period as long as the total amount is achieved by in new buildings of or when a building undergoes major renovation individual meters shall always be provided the proposal does not in this case include a clear costeffectiveness criteria,7
+an even higher default rate is expected for and beyond because of the revolution the fonds national de promotion de lartisanat et des petits metiers national fund for the promotion of crafts and small enterprises the banqne de financement des petites et moyennes entreprises bfpme small and medium enterprise financing bank provides loans for larger ventures between tnd and tnd million indeed according to a oecd and idrc study on new entrepreneurs and high growth enterprises in the middle east and north africa low enterprise activity rates in the region are in part due to the low levels of participation of women in the formal economic sphere as both employees and business leaders,8
+further stimulus was provided by the renewable energy sources act erneuerbareenergiengesetz enacted in and amended later it grants renewable energy project developers privileged access to the nearest grid connection point which minimizes the risk of unforeseen grid costs for the investor the investment certainty based upon the feedintariff is complemented by lowinterest loans and grants from the stateowned kfw bank we inserted a marker for each policy tool implemented which is considered to support investment in physical capital directly,7
+in practice important sources of climate finance may also be domestic the key definitional issue is that climate change finance has greenhouse gas mitigation or adaptation as an explicitly stated objective or as a main outcome ie reduction or sequestration of greenhouse gas emissions or reducing vulnerability to inevitable climate change climate change finance may also support climate change reporting as required under the convention eg preparation of national greenhouse gas inventory reports national communications or biennial reports as well as mitigation or adaptation capacity building more generally,13
+to do this information is needed from mdbs which have begun developing common classification and backing systems as well as multilateral climate change funds such as the global environment facility which also report to the oecd dac creditor reporting system oecd the global stocktake could take into account information from such actors in addition to unfccc bodies such as the technology mechanism the capacity building committee and the standing cominittee on finance this will require a wide range of inputs on financial flows including i information on the resources required for a lowghg emission and climateresilient development path in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication ii whether these resources are flowing and having an impact and iii the magnitude of the gaps between resource needs and availability,13
+noncontributory benefit schemes coexist with contributory social insurance systems narrowly targeted social assistance benefits aimed at the poorest households have been introduced in all countries in some countries these benefits replaced the oldstyle categorical benefits privileges and subsidies while in others they are created in addition to the existing categorical benefits,1
+an alternative policy approach is to allocate resources directly to students families including through conditional transfer programmes that offer financial incentives to disadvantaged or marginalised families to encourage their children to enrol in and attend school brazil mexico and peru have introduced such programmes mexicos oportunidades now rebranded as prospers and programa de becas de media superior are examples of cashtransfers programmes to poor families aimed to raise enrolment rates in secondary education especially among girls oecd a,4
+a list of all the indicators and their methodologies is available at some of the sdg indicators correspond to indicators already published in other chapters of education at a glance in those cases the data are not repeated in this chapter and reference is made to the corresponding indicator,4
+efforts to break down stereotypes are also necessary gender stereotyping takes place from an early age and is pervasive across society at home in schools in the media and through daytoday social attitudes and interactions which embed and reinforce them this contributes to the clustering of women and men into different subject areas in secondary school and higher education as various studies have shown the low representation of women in science technology engineering and mathematics is related to attitudes rather than ability girls for example do not receive lower scores in mathematics,5
+another pillar of the nas was extensive stakeholder engagement involving about organisations over three years this approach with active participation and involvement going far beyond normal practice widened the scope from the original scientific focus integrated perspectives of other relevant groups and helped raise stakeholder awareness it also facilitated the emergence of a climate change adaptation community,13
+criminal laws and other legal restrictions disempower women who may be deterred from taking steps to protect their health in order to avoid liability and out of fear of stigmatization by restricting access to sexual and reproductive healthcare goodsservices and information these laws can also have a discriminatory effect in that they disproportionately affect those in need of such resources namely women as a result women and girls are punished both when they abide by these laws and are thus subjected to poor physical and mental health outcomes and when they do not and thus face incarceration ibid,5
+in the context of the global financial crisis this upgrading needs also to consider the potential to shift business models in a more sustainable direction in economic social and ecological terms first the understanding of innovation needs to be broadened especially given the context of the stage of evolution of mexico s economy in one sense this means an acceptance that some activities may be carving out specialisms in intermediate or even relatively lowtech market niches for example it companies providing software solutions and contact centre functions while such activities may not be considered to be at the very top end of hightech cutting edge and new technology development they may still be worthy of support in the context of learning by doing and potential upgrading of their sophistication and value adding over time another area where local upgrading might focus is upon support for services for industry for example in it services maintenance and distribution that complements and builds upon the typical current focus upon direct materials larger firms typically outsource such services to large providers which can shut out local service firms,8
+this chapter explores how mexico can meet those challenges and the steps it can take to close remaining gender gaps in top public decisionmaking positions whereas women accounted for only of members of parliament in the camara de diputados chamber of deputies in they currently hold of the seats in the camara de senadores senate they occupy of the seats compared to in such representation is well above the oecd average of of seats in lower houses and unicameral legislatures,5
+there are species including two subpopulations listed as threatened table the great majority of these species are listed as vulnerable vu with considered endangered en and eight species listed as critically endangered ce a ray three sharks two fish and two marine turtle species the full list of threatened marine species in the wio is presented in appendix,14
+at the international level measures also have to be taken to prevent excessive food price volatility and to ensure that a profood security trade system is in place for instance when comparing the highest and the lowest income quintiles of the population in developing countries the poorer children are almost times more likely to be underweight than children in the wealthiest per cent of households united nations c hence increasing the income level of poor households will help ensure adequate food quantity and quality and reduce the prevalence of undernourishment,2
+brazil colombia peru and uruguay saw the largest declines in all three indices at least per year while this is not a large value it does represent a noticeable change it is striking that paraguay showed a significant drop in inequality according to the gini coefficient and the atkinson index with an inequality aversion ratio of but did not according to an index that assigns greater weight to the lower portion of the distribution nonetheless the usual way of quantifying these deprivations is to equate poverty to the lack of economic resources because income is the means whereby most material needs can be met and inadequate income is closely associated with deprivations in other areas of wellbeing,1
+the usd poverty line corresponds to the mean of national poverty lines for the poorest countries of the world while the usd line is the median poverty line found among developing countries as a whole people living with less than usd a day are said to be in extreme poverty the poverty data here concern lowand middleincome countries as categorized in line with world bank definitions aboutcountryclassifications at these low income thresholds poverty rates in highincome countries are close to zero,1
+in countries where social institutions highly discriminate against women gender norms are strongly enforced consequently in those countries with high sigi both men and women are compelled to behave as expected by social institutions data on gdp per capita in ppp government expenditure and population in both origin and destination countries are taken from the penn world table,5
+their implementation should then become more systematic the redefinition of the scope of services provided by health care facilities must be accompanied by adequate investment to cover the necessary physical and human resources investments decisions including through ppp projects should be selected on the basis of their ability to move towards the desired service delivery structure,3
+populations of schoolage children have shrunk in many oecd countries while in others enrolments in urban schools have swelled alongside internal migration to cities both situations have raised concerns about the quality and cost of small schools particularly in rural areas rather than identifying an optimal size empirical studies indicate that the effect of school size varies across student groups and levels of education in general secondary school students tend to benefit more from larger schools than primary school pupils and lowincome and minority students appear to perform belter in smaller schools howley and howley some studies also find evidence of diminishing returns to scale suggesting that student performance improves up to a certain school size which tends to be smaller in primary education than in secondary education and declines thereafter many countries offset the higher cost of maintaining small schools by providing them with additional funding or promoting consolidation programmes to reduce the fiscal burden of a fragmented school network,4
+this can erode the support for certain antipoverty programmes despite their relatively low cost this is particularly true when systems are split along formal or informal lines which can reinforce barriers to moving between formal and informal jobs when schemes for informal workers are comparable to those for formal workers but subsidised rather than contributionbased informality is effectively being subsidised levy,10
+particularly vulnerable to inequitable access are older and disabled people economically disadvantaged individuals women young adults and those who live in remote and rural communities the main focus was on why transport planning is failing to provide adequate transport services to large parts of the population discussants were robert cervero director of the transportation center at university of california berkeley usa chantal duchene chd mobilite transport france angela glover blackwell ceo of policylink usa david lewis senior vice president of fidr corporation canada and professor geetam tiwari chair of the indian institute of technology it ensures access to basic needs such as education health services shopping social interactions and working,11
+data over the last years suggests that had we switched off government subsidies to fossil fuels global emissions would have been more than a third lower than they actually were in countries need to make a swap nordic countries have started this shift away from fossil fuel subsidies and toward government support to heat pumps as in sweden electric cars as in norway and wind power in denmark,7
+tutoring sessions focus on homework and study assignments as well as prepared exercises and other learning activities to help students develop as competent learners while boosting literacy numeracy and general knowledge croup mentoring is provided for grade and students while specialty and career mentoring is provided for grade and students the overall goal of group mentoring is to provide positive experiences where youth can further develop ageappropriate social skills including problem solving team building communication and negotiation,4
+in light of limited financing and uncertainties about future impacts developing countries require greater emphasis on early adaptation actions lowregrets options and the populations including subgroups such as women and girls these options will affect such options need to build in flexibility for longerterm decisions and formulate early planning for likely major future risks unep,13
+these differ from the general policies reviewed in previous chapters which concern agriculture and other sectors as parts of the overall economy this chapter presents the objectives of turkey s agricultural policy it examines domestic price policies and payments based on various parameters of agricultural production as well as based on environmental criteria trade policy measures associated with domestic agricultural policies are then examined followed by an overview of land consolidation and rural development programmes,2
+the condition of lichen grounds has been deteriorating for over the past two decennia due to the high level of reindeer herd grazing this has also other negative impacts on the alpine flora and fauna including the deterrence of regrowth of mountain birch forest after autumn moth outbreaks other pressures on alpine habitats include tourism and offroad traffic the disturbances by tourism in alpine areas can indudethe trampling and resultant erosion of vegetative cover ahokumpu etai this is of concern as alpine ecosystems are often fragile and this can cause loss of resilience towards natural hazards such as landslides avalanches erosion and insect outbreaks in iceland most alpine habitats are seriously degraded,15
+finally section gives some insight into the costs of integrating the npp into the grid it is composed of a generation park consisting of different production groups hydroelectric fossil nuclear solar wind etc one or several transmission system operators tsos assure the efficient operation stability and safety of the electrical system at regional and national levels,7
+on the other hand there is some evidence of the benefits of certain informal justice mechanisms such as womens courts which are often more accessible to women survivors of violence than the official court system both in terms of their geographical location and in relation to the language and manner in which court proceedings are conducted an interesting example of integration of customary law into the formal justice system is the criminal law compensation act of papua new guinea which allows survivors of crimes including sexual violence and domestic violence to claim compensation from the perpetrator claiming compensation for wrongdoing is a common feature of customary law in papua new guinea and the enactment of legislation on compensation was intended to reduce the occurrence of payback crimes in the united states the personal responsibility and work opportunity reconciliation act created a family violence option which permits survivors of domestic violence to be exempted from certain employment restrictions related to receiving public assistance payments,5
+macroeconomic policies have an impact on gender equality through markets and state interventions which distribute key economic and financial resources and economic opportunities genderspecific impacts are mediated by the state s willingness and capacity to intervene on behalf of less powerful groups within society and by the voice and influence of women within the structures of governance at different levels in society while women s access to education and employment improved in recent decades the transformative potential of those changes has been curtailed by persisting inequalities in the gender distribution of resources,5
+indeed many of the scientific and technological advances in the pipeline are expected to have a transformational impact particularly striking are the potential innovation benefits to be reaped from combining different ocean technologies constructing multipurpose ocean platforms colocating oceanbased activities from different sectors and seeking synergies from collaboration among different ocean industries to this end initiatives are proposed to create international forums that would bring together for example maritime clusters or innovation laboratories and centres of ocean excellence to foster multisectoral and multifunctional innovation in the ocean domain,14
+this is when certain countries find it difficult to increase the share of domestic value added in their manufactured exports and sustain the movement of labour towards more productive and technologically more demanding manufacturing activities unctad reversing the process of structural change is likely to have adverse distributional effects because the labour displaced from the manufacturing sector will tend to move into lowproductivity activities and often to informal services or unemployment rising income inequality in china over the past tw o decades has been characterized by a strong increase in spatial inequality with high incomes concentrated in some locations and low incomes in others,10
+it is critical that governments take the necessary steps to ensure that the current economic crisis does not lead to unsustainable fishing however oecd production continued its longterm downward trend which has seen production decline by an average of a year over the last decade in the value of oecd marine capture production totalled usd billion,14
+based on data from the eusilc survey unmet need for medical care due to cost distance and other reasons in denmark is relatively low with only of the population reporting such unmet needs compared to the eu average of figure coverage decisions for new pharmaceuticals are relatively quick taking between one and two months in denmark residents have the right to seek treatment anywhere in the country if their home region does not provide a service delivered elsewhere in these cases the home region needs to cover the expenses of treatment this includes a project to collect and store genetic information from people and a funding pool to enable precision medicine research patients with high annual outpatient medicine expenses over dkk s or eur and those with low personal assets below dkk s or eur receive reimbursement for all drugs commonwealth fund,3
+most contributors agree that active facilitation and cooperation by all actors whether local or international are crucial in engaging and supporting women in the transformation of all aspects of a postconflict society thus each case is relevant beyond its own context and its lessons will likely resonate with the challenges faced and opportunities for change offered in other settings however these remarkable advancements met with many obstacles and difficulties while there is a committed network of individuals and institutions that are dedicated to moving a prowomen peacebuilding agenda forward widespread ignorance of women s right to equality a refusal to address violence against women and obstruction of women s peace efforts are still real constraints chapter they are detrimental to but also highlight the need for creative and feasible solutions to give women more just and meaningful roles even in the most adverse political economic and cultural environments postconflict processes continue to serve the interests of maledominated parties and tend to overlook the needs and interests of women as if they were a special interest group or simply one of many vulnerable groups rather than half or more of society,5
+it suggests a threelevel institutional structure which comprises i a programming entity ii an implementation unit and iii a technical support unit the chapter also suggests a possible division of responsibilities across these three entities and describes the minimum operating regulations required to adequately manage the programme simple expenditure programmes eg financing research or education purchasing simple equipment or standard services may be managed directly by assigning additional responsibilities to existing government institutions at different levels using their regular staff and routine budget processes,9
+indeed many of the soft skills which experience in the tourism sector develops are valued by other sectors which may not necessarily foster these skills to the same degree box direct spending on travel supports american million jobs this rises to million jobs or in every private sector jobs across many different sectors when indirect and induced effects are taken into account,8
+the international association of public transport authorities uitp has detailed the challenges of developing av use and has offered several insights regarding their introduction the ultps space project places public transit at the centre of the av revolution aiming to give members the tools and knowledge that will enable them to provide higher quality and more efficient services the projects objective is also to assess the impacts of automated road transport systems develop operational concepts and new business models and advocate for a harmonised framework that would foster the safe operation of avs as a mode that is integrated with other mobility modes,11
+the valle de mexico should learn from the dutch experience that without a system of laws and regulations for waste materials and control measures established from the outset all waste could end up in a landfill if the authorities want to promote the participation of private wasteprocessing companies it needs to give them the possibility of developing profitable activities with mandatory and prohibitory provisions and taxes a better grade of waste processing can be enforced table presents a nonexhaustive overview of those policy instruments which can be designed and implemented in different ways to influence their effectiveness those presented in table are options authorities in the valle de mexico might explore,11
+these policies can lead to substantial changes in the structure of generating capacity in according to the international energy agency iea variable power sources such as wind and solar already constituted of total generating capacity in denmark in germany and in spain iea a b these shares have already increased in the past two years and may grow further in the years to come,7
+groundwater is used as drinking am household water some s of he jbsvktion surface wan is used for agriculture and household needs in the ukrainian part of the basin the flow is mainly regulated by the i echenizke on the donets and krasnooskolskoe on the oskol reservoirs channels have been constructed that bring water to the basin,6
+while member countries are free to choose the energy mix they prefer the combination of fixed feedin tariffs fits and grid priority for renewables means that the latter have no incentive to adjust their load to overall market conditions utilities already make an increasing share of their profits in the balancing and adjustment markets for primary secondary and tertiary reserves to adjust load to the variable production of renewables while this may alleviate shortterm commercial pressures it is an inefficient manner in which to run an electricity system creating additional costs that ultimately have to be absorbed by consumers through higher tariffs for transport and distribution,7
+wider use of marketbased including water abstraction charges and private sector financing mechanisms should also be considered to spread payments for water infrastructure over the lifetime of the assets the share of irrigated land in total agricultural area is well above the oecd average italy s water consumption by household is characterised by strong regional variations,6
+in recent years water charges have risen as a result of the transfer of irrigated areas operated by the dsi to water user associations a study of cotton and grape production in the gediz basin for example showed that where these transfers have occurred and water charges increased irrigation water productivity showed significant gains many of these projects are financed by international development agencies and donors eg the world bank as national funding is limited the southeastern anatolian project gap which was financed mostly by national resources is the largest regional development project in turkey covering of the total land at an estimated cost of tky usd billion for the world bank funded anatolian watershed rehabilitation project dokap with funding of tky usd million over to the aim is to restore degraded soils to increase farm and forestry production even so the gap project is increasing the supply of domestically produced hydroelectricity and has brought socioeconomic welfare gains to villagers,6
+gender awareness gained through gender sensitivity training enhances understanding of the sociallydetermined differences between women and men based on learned behaviour which affects access to and control over resources this awareness can then be applied through gender analysis into projects programmes and policies to increase development effectiveness the definitions in this table have been simplified,5
+furthermore indonesia plans to realise its estimated gw of geothermal potential from the installed capacity of gw in indonesia has considerable further potential for biomass amounting to gw of electrical output of which less than gw had been exploited in because of their geographical constraints singapore s and brunei darussalam s technical potential for renewable energy is more limited although singapore is targeting a rapid development of solar pv,7
+intentional releases happen primarily for safety reasons if needed to vent pressure or during startup or winddown of production most intentionally released methane is burnt on release flaring and converted to c usually because the production site is too far away from a major demand centre to make transporting and selling the gas unattractive large but poorly quantified amounts of methane also escape through leakage from downstream distribution networks as well as from refineries and various methaneconsuming industries,7
+these strategies can potentially be implemented by other brands wishing to engage recycledcontent yarns are often more expensive than virgin and venturing outside the regular supply chain requires new routines in the company therefore it is key that there is a drive for engagement at leadership level brands have tackled this through close cooperation with their suppliers in an iterative development of fabrics that both meet functional needs while including recycled content or being readily recyclable,12
+as in the previous section the approaches and tools presented address in turn the policy regulatory and economic dimensions of the enabling environment energy efficiency investments can generate significant economic dividends including job creation reduced exposure to energy supply volatility reduced vulnerability to energy price fluctuations and improved industrial and commercial competitiveness the policy will also facilitate coordination among these groups and increase investment opportunities for energy efficient technologies from both the domestic and international private sector,7
+onshore wind projects for example will enjoy a smaller spread over libor than offshore projects and solar pv a smaller spread than solar thermal before the financial crisis renewable energy project debt was reported to be at a premium of approximately basis points chadboume and parke above a public financial indicator such as libor for instance large public subsidies for all energy forms distort investment cost decisions the world bank and international energy agency estimate global annual subsidies for fossil fuels to be still veiy significant ranging between us billion,7
+second it discusses opportunities and challenges to make collaboration more effective and fruitful third it offers a set of insights on concrete steps that could help build a stronger more integrated megaregion western scandinavia brings together the norwegian capital and the second and thirdlargest swedish cities,11
+however when the system relies wholly on trust and thus has few incentives or sanctions for the actors longterm implementation in the face of resistance becomes problematic school leaders must involve the teachers in the process of developing school cultures based on a real understanding of the intentions and principles of afl yet the majority of the teachers interviewed struggled with interpreting the afl programme and what would be considered as correct practice there is still a lack of understanding regarding the government s intentions and teachers have not developed a common understanding on how to transform the theory underlying afl into high quality teaching practices,4
+cash crop cultivation establishment of industrial tree plantations and shifting agriculture are among the key drivers of forest change all of these activities have had an impact on forests including primary forests for thailand after the forest area remained constant but there was still an increase in agricultural area this is an interesting phenomenon and quite in contrast with other gms countries an explanation for this is that viet nam has promoted massive afforestation and reforestation programmes in the last few decades,15
+in each participating country a minimum of around to students take part in the study the number of participating countries has increased from education systems in to over in the first stage consists in selecting participating schools and the second stage consists of selecting one or more intact classrooms from the target grade of each participating school,4
+in tanzania research and academic institutions were actively involved in the drafting of the marine parks and reserves act and the national integrated coastal management strategy and their implementation as an example of the latter the institute of marine sciences played an important role in the establishment of the mafia island marine park and mnazi bay marine park between as part of the implementation of the marine parks and reserves act more universities in the region are now offering postgraduate degree programmes in areas of marine and coastal science and associated resource management disciplines,14
+project is financed by swiss confederation and greece and cofinanced by macedonia with total amount of eur mln due to their high discharge of organic and trophic material they cause significant pollution in the rivers which has a very bad impact on the aquatic ecosystem with its aquatic communities such as fish fauna macroinvertebrates and macrophytes dead river sections and decline in aquatic species have been reported,6
+highquality vocational programmes embed core academic skills into an occupationally focused curriculum in contrast programmes that focus very narrowly on occupational skills can leave students illprepared to navigate career transitions or deal with many other demands of modem life that require broader knowledge and skills participating in vocational training can allow students to acquire the skills needed to gain a firm foothold in the labour market which improves their chances of having a successful professional career oecd a evidence shows that highquality vocational education pathways particularly in upper secondary education can help engage students who find it easier to master general concepts and theories when they are connected to practical problems and knowhow,4
+intentional aquifer recharge dillon can result from different techniques tuinhof and heederik among which aquifer storage and recovery injection of water into a well for storage and recovery in the same well or infiltration ponds ponds constructed offstream where surface water is diverted and allowed to infiltrate to the underlying unconfined aquifer for small volumes of water aquifer recharge can be more economical than building storage dams that might lead to significant evaporation losses in arid countries many alternative water supply options have been developed in different parts of the world indirect wastewater reuse involves the mixing of reclaimed wastewater with another water supply source before reuse,6
+if children from disadvantaged backgrounds cannot attend highperforming schools because of financial constraints then school systems that offer parents more choice of schools for their children will necessarily be less effective in improving the performance of all students for example crosscountry analysis shows that in the systems where more students repeat a grade the impact of students socioeconomic status on their performance is stronger furthermore trends analysis shows that stratification is negatively related to systems overall performance students in schools where no ability grouping is practiced scored eight points higher in mathematics in compared to their counterparts in while students in schools where ability grouping is practiced in some or all classes had lower scores in pisa than their counterparts in pisa in contrast in comprehensive systems schools must find ways of working with students from across the performance spectrum these different incentive systems may help explain the greater level of equity achieved in systems that use stratification less,4
+over the past two years sales in metropolitan france have fallen substantially amounting to a decline in constant euros national expenditure which was strictly controlled primarily related to research fisheries inspection and exceptionally the payment of compensation to the victims of natural disasters these efforts will continue in,14
+this will include learning change and improvements that have occurred in addition healthcare improvement scotland undertook an extensive consultation exercise with nhs boards clinicians patients and other stakeholders in to understand how these systems could be improved this feedback along with existing evidence and good practice from scotland and internationally was used to develop learning from adverse events through reporting and review a national framework for nhs scotland the adverse events framework allows local boards to identify areas for change and improvement,3
+the absence of adequate public support also reinforces the reliance on informal social security systems dependence on kinship and community networks can be deeply problematic from a gender perspective on the one hand these networks usually rely to a significant degree on womens unpaid care work on the other hand prevailing social norms and gender power relations in households and communities may limit the extent to which womens own needs are acknowledged and addressed,5
+not only the amount of rainfall but also the temporal distribution matters for agricultural production demeke bewket for instance evidence indicates that a decrease in seasonal rainfall from its longterm average leads to a decline food production von braun studies eg gebreegziabher et al bewket world bank von braun conclude that the frequency and intensity of drought is likely to increase over the coming decades which will present a serious threat to biodiversity ecosystems water agricultural and human health due to the strategic importance of agriculture to the national economy and its sensitivity to water availability this sector has been given priority by the government there is much to consider poor people s dependence on agriculture and their related skills society s dependence on farmers managing land well in order to conserve watersheds and biodiversity the threats of climate change including increased risk of drought and more extreme weather the unique attributes of ethiopia s agricultural products and its potential for green hydroelectric power and the powerful market drivers associated with rapid urbanisation these problems and opportunities are linked and demand systematic attention,13
+most of the companies that have joined the network are small family enterprises with a limited capacity to invest in international marketing on their own networking also enables cooperation on the practical level with regard to the capacity of the service providers for instance by developing the same type of product packages peaks in the visitor flow can be managed more smoothly training and capacitybuilding is also more easily carried out utilizing the existing network of entrepreneurs,8
+setting an expectation of continuous improvement through standards of practice for the profession would help put the conditions in place that encourage teachers to reflect on their practice strengthening pedagogical leadership in schools which should include improving school leaders skills for classroom observation feedback and coaching and encouraging the further distribution of leadership and teacher leadership would also help establish informal feedback in schools including from teachers peers considering the small size of the school leadership profession measures that target this group can furthermore constitute highly costeffective measures for improving teaching and learning in schools pont etal,4
+monitoring has also been developed in particular with a requirement for quarterly publication of waiting lists by all public health care providers the legislation led to a large reduction in waiting times vuorenkoski et al waiting times for hospital treatment have shrunk spectacularly with the number of patients waiting more than days falling from close to at the end of to around in spring,3
+the fear of demographic annihilation haunts the israeli subconscious and plays a key role in constructing the enemy the evergrowing palestinian population as an existential threat jacobi the demographic policy of the palestinian national aspiration is equally aggressive with the gaza strip sporting the highest population growth in the world and everincreasing pressure on palestinian women both in the territories and in refugee camps to bear sons for the struggle to annihilate israel women on both sides are thus fetishized as reproducers of the ethnicitynation and their wombs are appropriated and mobilized for the political struggle,5
+the groundwater management reform in california box may represent a case with a moderate level of the three characteristics the nutrient trading program in new zealand box could be depicted with a medium scope of reform and government involvement and a low scope of action chile s small grant program to fund irrigation and reservoirs box involve medium government involvement for a relatively low scope of action and reform,6
+other countries support days of action from november until december but campaigns can occur at any time of the year in white ribbon day was officially adopted by the united nations as its international day for the elimination of violence against women today the white ribbon campaign is the largest effort in the world involving over countries that encourages men to condemn violence against women,5
+the chapter argues for the need to sharpen the focus of these assessments in several ways targeting the importance of bringing inequalities to the fore it is also argued that engaging stakeholders policymakers experts and researchers vulnerable groups and local communities in the design of policy scenarios and in the discussion of policy options is critical to strengthening the political process through which policy decisions are made bringing forth the evidence provided by integrated climate impact assessments with full transparency regarding both the use of data and the assumptions built into the modelling tools that facilitate those assessments will critically improve the knowledge base policy options and political processes in countries seeking to build climate change resilience as an integral part of sustainable development policies in addition chapter iii focuses on areas where capacities need to be strengthened so that developing countries can expand the construction and use of assessments,13
+the provision of public wifi areas enables anyone with a wireless or card device pc smartphone tablet etc in the short term it is expected to achieve connected devices per month and some to access points per province it is also in line with sdgs and by working towards inclusive and equitable quality education promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all and fostering inclusive safe resilient and sustainable cities the goal of this project is to build human capacity with a high level of specialization in telecommunications and ict,9
+urban poverty and household strategies in dhaka city bangladesh in qualityassured stream in conference proceedings of the sociological association of aotearoa conference knowledge capitalism critique december auckland university of technology available at health and social conditions in the dhaka slums the international society for urban health accessed from wwwisuhorg downloaddhakapdf on june new evidence on the urbanization of global poverty policy research working paper no,3
+in chile the question about the certification of teachers was adapted as authorised or enabled by the ministry of education the timing of the pisa data collection can have an impact on principals responses to this question for example if most teachers in a country or economy had participated in professional development programmes during summer holidays and the pisa data collection was conducted before the summer break in this countryeconomy the reported proportion would be an underestimate of the reality the index of equity in resource allocation staff is the percentage of the variation on the index of shortage of educational staff explained by the school pisa index of economic social and cultural status of the school multiplied by a negative or positive sign depending on the sign of the relationship,4
+the transfers to sector numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures where missing world s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from tire fao yearbook fishery and aquaculture statistics both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of chinese production reported to the oecd,14
+local governments can provide a platform which can be a tourist service centre to exhibit local arts and crafts products and services that can spur more startups and business dynamism in the tourism sector of which the great majority are micro and small enterprises however banks holding more risk may increase lending interest rates in response,8
+it is a condensed and updated version of the oecd education working paper no parts of the analysis may be reproduced in individual country notes or the final synthesis report of the oecd thematic review on migrant education often their access to high quality education is restricted by a range of factors including residential segregation selective mechanisms and resource inequality,4
+the most efficient vehicles such as various hybrids already come very close the challenge will be to make the average vehicle in similar to the very best today a related challenge will be to avoid letting vehicles get ever larger and more powerful as this offsets the fuel economy benefits of the available technologies,7
+these diffuse sources cannot be precisely located due to the large area of contamination and are spread diffusely in space and time the situation of the diffuse pollution sources is unknown and not analyzed it is commonly thought that there are no problems with nitrate pollution especially not from agricultural production,6
+by definition or by design remoteness and reliability can support decentralized energy systems switzerland for example has mandated percent reliability in the backup systems for its communication networks creating a price insensitive niche market for offgrid supply the us per kw in of steam engines when first introduced are in the same ballpark as the current costs of fuel cells which are often classified as prohibitively expensive,7
+however a review of more than studies found that environmental and energy tax reforms will in many cases cause negative distributional effects these effects can be mitigated and fully compensated through policy design and thus avoid negative distributional effects in developing countries exposing the agricultural sector to world markets and specialisation in a few goods should also be considered where applicable,7
+by around one third of chilean banks were actively involved in financing renewables including solar pv wind and small hydro power projects oecd the increasing engagement of the chilean domestic financial market shows the important role that development cooperation can play in building domestic investor confidence in the chilean renewable energy sector and improving the industry s access to finance oecd development centre in addition a banking consortium advised by milbank and including bank of tokyomitsubishi ufj credit agricole and sumitomo mitsui banking corporation provided a year loan and a letter of credit facility,7
+these results may also indicate that price rises have a more immediate impact on people taking up smoking policies will also have an impact on passive smoking for example the ban to smoke in public places is likely to reduce the exposure of nonsmokers to harmful tobacco smoke in fact numerous evaluations have linked the ban to smoke in public places with a reduction in heartattack admissions among nonsmokers and smokers alike pell et al it is not straight forward to predict how individuals respond in terms of their risky behaviours when faced with loss of income or greater financial stress increased stress may arise due to greater employment uncertainty which in turn induces depression or anxiety which in turn may invoke some people to engage in more risky behaviours,3
+and which one should teachers be using for what purpose data from the pisa assessment indicate a prevalence of teacherdirected methods but deciding how to teach mathematics is not as simple as choosing between one strategy and another teachers need to consider both the content and the students to be taught when choosing the best teaching strategy for their mathematics lessons the results indicate that teacherdirected practices are used widely,4
+the structure of the model enables a rich set of interactions and policy simulations on the growth impact of higher female economic participation and empowerment agenor the model is calibrated for india based on existing studies on the various variables it follows a similar model developed for brazil agenor and canuto,8
+table gives an overview of early childhood mortality rates in jordan by time interval prior to the survey while underfive mortality has declined steadily over the three fiveyear periods prior to the survey from to per live births this was mainly owing to similar declines in infant mortality child mortality in contrast has not moved much over time hovering around or per live births in turn the decline in infant mortality seems to have been driven mostly by the decrease in postneonatal mortality whereas neonatal mortality rates have not followed a clear time trend,3
+transparent and complete reporting combined with subsequent thirdparty consideration helps to increase trust and confidence in the information reported the current reporting component of this unfccc framework lays out which countries are to report what information in which format and with what frequency this framework is delivering mixed results according to unfccc reviews information on greenhouse gas ghg emissions and trends is generally being reported in a transparent and complete manner by annex i countries the expert review teams also indicate that information on the provision of means of implementation moi ie climate support via climate finance technology or capacity building by annex ii countries is usually mostly transparent and mostly complete,13
+some of these latter organisations serve a very specific target group of either more established businesses with highgrowth potential endeavor egypt or technology enterprises eg technology innovation and entrepreneurship center tiec and ipark where there is a much smaller pool of potential women clients from which to draw for example the caisse centrale de garantie ccg in morocco developed a protocol with the association of women entrepreneurs of morocco afem to create a partnership in the organisation of regional caravans to create awareness and provide information to women entrepreneurs about ilyaki their new loan guarantee product designed for women the small and microenterprise promotion service smeps in yemen networks with microfinance institutions to promote its services among their women clients and organises open seminars and workshops to which women are invited,5
+sensible heat thermal energy storage shtes has been proven to reduce csp capital costs and as a result several new installations have implemented shtes the disadvantages of shtes include the large quantities of salt medium required to store the thermal energy the two correspondingly large storage tanks as well as the risk of solidification of the salt if the temperature within the storage tanks drops below the salts freezing point mills latent heat thermal energy storage lhtes is of particular interest because it stores thermal energy through solidliquid phase changes and when compounds with a high heat of fusion are used it requires less storage medium relative to shtes reducing capital and construction costs,7
+specialisations include medical devices and cloud computing good practice takes the form of working with startups from incubation and helping existing companies migrate to better value markets through specialised incubation and acceleration it does this by focusing on niches for example in ict where there is a cluster of companies in software and mobile devices,8
+in food processing the authors argued that energy could be saved at the processing plant level by optimising and integrating processes and systems to reduce energy intensity eg through better process control advanced sensors and equipment for online measurement and intelligent adaptive control of key parameters likewise they proposed the minimisation of waste through energy recovery and better use of byproducts in the food retail sector they note that significant progress in energy efficiency has been made in recent years but that there still exists potential improvements in the efficiency of refrigeration systems heating ventilation and air conditioning hvac and refrigeration system integration heat recovery and amplification using heat pumps demandside participation dsp system diagnostics and local combined heat and power chp systems and trigeneration,7
+following a limited deployment of utility scale solar in indonesia with only a handful of the more than planned locations actually completing the tender process the pace is now expected to pick up after the government introduced a new decree on solar fits in july susanto the deployment of renewables could further be facilitated by establishing a central coordinating authority for renewable energy projects in malaysia foreign ownership is limited to for a company to be eligible for the fit system while projects in the philippines can only have foreign equity,7
+to compensate and maintain international market shares domestic prices may fall for net exporting countries such a decrease in the domestic price would normally trigger a decline in production over time for net importing countries commodities become relatively less expensive and demand would normally rise,2
+however rail transport has an important role to play in the growth and sustainable development of the african continent over the next few decades afdb for instance more than of ethiopias trade passes through the port of djibouti the new addis ababadjibouti railway provides landlocked ethiopia with railroad access to the sea the new line was built between and and financed by china at around usd billion,9
+the dominance of construction minerals is not surprising given their importance in the material mix of oecd countries about of total extraction and their high weight to volume ratio in chile copper ore extraction grew from million tonnes mt in the early s to well over mt by in australia metal ore extraction grew from under mt to over mt between and with the extraction of iron ore copper and zinc more than doubling,12
+monetary policy directly affects the resources available for the realization of economic and social rights especially the right to work by influencing interest rates exchange rates and the amount of credit available in the economy however central banks are rarely held accountable for human rights obligations central banks typically are expected to keep inflation as low as possible in line with policies of price stability the tradeoffs between maintaining inflation targets the realization of rights and gender equality are rarely considered,5
+these unstocked forest areas are areas that have been deforested due to various disturbances such as forestry andor nonforestry operations overgrazing overexploitation for fuelwood and timber repeated fires and attacks by insects and diseases figure these areas are expected to be regenerated nonforest areas million ha include areas within forest land which include high mountain subalpine tundra vegetation mountain slopes rocky areas meadows and tree nurseries however due to its small population million people and vast territory and thus its low population density inhabitantskm one of the lowest in the world mongolia is not designated a low forest cover country on the basis of its ratio of forested area per capita which is hacapita the global ratio is hacapita,15
+the increases ranged between per cent and more than per cent in the transition economies both total and current government expenditure as percentage of gdp rose by more than percentage points or more between and bycontrast in west asia the share of such expenditure in gdp fell though it remained higher than in africa and other parts of asia the new approach aims at providing broad social protection against significant risks improving access to social transfers for those in need and greater provision of public services and goods with the same quality standards for all groups of society,10
+countries such as australia canada and the united states also face distributional challenges across regions particularly in rural or isolated areas for example across canada many of the specialised cancer treatment centres provide chemotherapy via satellite clinics but there is still geographic inequality in access in the united states national experts indicated that even with specialists travelling to clinics access in the west and midwest regions is still challenging due to long distances and travel times,3
+as implementation progresses and renewableenergybased electricity generation increases a reorientation of incentives to promote improvements in grid quality will become increasingly necessary to accommodate a larger share of clean electricity generation is the regulation easily accessible and understandable to all investors this is particularly important from an investor s perspective since energy infrastructure is a fixed longlived and illiquid asset high longterm visibility of the policy signal is particularly important for clean energy infrastructure lower visibility increases the chances that a conventional power plant will be refurbished rather than replaced by a clean energy power plant blyth et al longerterm financial support reduces financing costs for renewable energy projects varadarajan et al,7
+countries such as malaysia and the republic of korea and more recently china have constantly upgraded their economic structures through appropriate policy and regulatory changes and forwardlooking investments reform often started with the rural and agricultural sectors the ine represents private investment flows,8
+while their analysis is by no means conclusive several analytical tests support the notion that changes in the supply of labour in nursing home care are linked to falls in mortality for nursing home residents cutler et al focuses on mexico in the mid s and finds evidence that economic crisis is associated with higher mortality among some age groups with evidence that these effects are directly related to the magnitude of the economic shock as well as the reductions in public sector medical services as the number of physicians per capita falls mortality among the youngest age groups and particularly among childbearing women rises the coefficients suggest that a decline of per cent in public sector physicians leads to a per cent increase in mortality rates among childbearing women and a per cent increase in mortality rates among children aged to,3
+in the late s prior to the uprising in syria syrianturkish relations had improved considerably with the establishment of the turkishsyrian strategic cooperation council agreement in table under this umbrella the parties signed several protocols projects and memorandums mainly on security issues they also agreed to cooperate in the domain of water with specific reference to the construction of a pumping station on the syrian stretch of the tigris river the improvement of water quality and the pursuit of joint efforts to combat drought,6
+portugal launched a major reform on school leadership in which established three councils in schools the general council with representatives of school staff teachers parents and local authorities which is in charge of operational and strategic planning and monitoring and selecting the school leader the pedagogical council which supervises and coordinates pedagogical activities and the administrative council which is responsible for administrative and financial matters conditions for granting of an autonomy contract include a school selfevaluation and receiving a positive external school evaluation these contracts allow for greater autonomy in areas such as pedagogical organisation curriculum organisation human resources school social support and financial management,4
+the tunisian reforms induced changes in norms regarding women s and men s roles in the family and society and have led to women marrying at a later age oecd a the introduction of paid leave entitlements on a use it or lose it basis for fathers in a number of oecd countries has led to men taking longer parental leave oecd c one example of an economic incentive in a developing country context is the indian programme called apni beti apna dhan our daughter our wealth,5
+national level plans are now needed to translate these interlinked agendas into mainstream planning including at the sector level this paper reveals a number of themes such as equity country ownership and protecting the most vulnerable which are common to all four agreements and argues that there is a need to move away from the siloed approaches and individual sector goals that characterised the mdgs to a more integrated and mutually interdependent post landscape it also provides perspectives on how development cooperation practitioners can adopt coherent approaches in their agencies and in their support to partner countries climaterelated official development assistance oda has been increasing in absolute and relative terms since,13
+improving the quality and availability of facilities for childbirth and increasing the number of midwives and health professionals with obstetric skills is essential alongside this community mobilization is vital to ensure that all pregnant women are making use of skilled childbirth services this dual strategy is targeted at achieving universal coverage of skilled attendance at childbirth within the context of the primary health care approach,3
+the majority of water intakes larger canals and water mains and reservoirs are under mowe management and supervision for example mowe operates km of internal canals which are part of the irrigation network including the karakum canal which has a length of over km incorporates hydrotechnical facilities and features three reservoirs with a total capacity of km it is also responsible for overall control of remedial actions and the protection of ecosystems prevention of deterioration of surface and groundwater resources monitoring of environmental media and ecological appraisal of projects,6
+the amount of aviation kilometres has increased and some travel agencies have paid attention to the environmental impacts of the concept there are alternatives to longdistance travelling namely domestic and nearby tourism and plenty of projects promoting them as a line of business there are also initiatives emphasizing the ecological and cultural sustainability options for travelling especially local tourism project,11
+some institutions who do report on these other activities also providing modelling estimates for those activities c impacts eg cif and gef b additionally a number of institutions include indicators on policies implemented or capacity building activities held eg usg idb kfw and gop nd while these interventions may not lead directly to ghg reductions increasing technical knowledge and capacity can help facilitate enhanced mitigation actions subsequently,13
+improving conditions with respect to these other factors can therefore also help attract investment in clean energy considering the numbers of risks faced by clean electricity generation projects eg completion risk technology risk revenue risk supply risk weather risk etc the inability to do so will affect both the risk and the cost of clean energy projects similarly with regards to energy efficiency it is crucial for energy service companies that their counterpart can be forced to comply with its obligations under the service contract,7
+from a feminist viewpoint the political objective of introducing the issue of care into economic analysis is to transform its current social organization which is considered to reproduce social and gender inequalities without overlooking the slow but steady progress that has been made with women s economic participation it must be emphasized that the redistribution of care remains one of the greatest unmet challenges p de villota ed,5
+in a large majority of oecd countries women were also more likely to report suffering from activity limitations due to health problems than men figure panel b in italian women were twice as likely to report limitations in daily activities when compared to men similar gender gaps were found in sweden spain and the netherlands on the contrary men were more likely than women to report activity limitations due to health problems in australia korea japan and ireland,5
+an international body charged with identifying appropriate actions coordinating responses and monitoring implementation of an information system would facilitate more transparent and consistent information disseminated on a timely and coordinated basis country requests to the two organisations for capacity building in the development of inhouse outlook and market analysis capabilities using the aglinkcosimo model have increased recently in response to the volatile market situation cooperation agreements are under development with brazil and china and india has expressed an interest in greater collaboration in the areas of agricultural outlook and food security,2
+rural development policies have focused more on farm modernisation and the continued use of agricultural land than on targeted protection of water resources luxembourg must also meet the objectives of the new eu directive on ambient air quality ec for the coming years the environment administration is tasked with establishing an action plan to improve ambient air quality for luxembourg city and its surroundings in accordance with directive ec on ambient air quality assessment and management,6
+they also involve a potential risk of exacerbating existing economic social and technological divides as countries with strong existing capabilities harness new technologies for development leaving others ever further behind applying technology to the challenges of achieving the sustainable development goals requires building local capacities and developing policies and an enabling environment as well as unprecedented resource mobilizatbn partnerships and multilateral global collaboration to a fund research and development rd that is relevant to the sustainable development goals b build networks c strengthen the global sciencepolicy interface d transfer technologies and e support the development of capabilities in developing countries current national and international efforts are seriously inadequate for this task,9
+with heterogeneous methods used for the estimation of trips and distances travelled annex a and b extra care should be taken regarding interpretation of differences across cities on the other hand they contribute to a significant risk of vrus such as pedestrians being killed in collisions with cars scholes et al table does not account for that phenomenon and more research in this area is needed,11
+taking this on board and a growing body of evidence that shows that teachers professional development can have a positive impact on student performance and teachers practice yoon et al some jurisdictions and national organisations have also developed professional learning standards or their equivalent eg learning forward aitsl gtcs highlighting that standards for teaching need to be complemented by standards which ensure high quality learning opportunities for teachers and other practitioners an oecd initiative on improving school leadership concluded that leadership development needs to be a lifelong learning process through different stages in the school leadership career pont et al,4
+moreover they stipulate the need for the requisite parental consent both of which contravene the right to equality under the constitution also the provisions of ss this is discriminatory and contravenes the antidiscrimination provisions of the constitution she also raised the ground that the provisions of s of the marriage act allow a child of years of age to get married if her father mother guardian or court consents yet all human beings are equal so to let another person decide on behalf of another contravenes the right to equality and dignity of a person and is discriminatory,5
+with few exceptions for example all oecd countries have a nationally established list defining which medications are covered by their insurance schemes secondary insurance plays a role in almost all oecd health systems of particular note given structural similarities to mexico secondary insurance in israel is very common,3
+in the first place they need to actually know that financial institutions offer such policies at reasonable rates particularly for lowincome clients since the annuity value declines as the interest rates increases and rises with declining life expectancy homeowners should also feel able to deal with the red tape that converting their home equity would pose the yaxis shows percentage reductions in the risk of poverty for the over s and measured with reference to the of the household equivalised income drawn from the share survey financial assets encompass deposit accounts bonds stocks mutual investment funds life insurance and investment and financial assets that include pensions drawing on two main sources this section analyses such financial wealth and the part it plays in adequate retirement incomes,1
+it also helps stakeholders develop government and corporate srb agendas which help businesses to achieve inclusive and sustainable development the srb model for a sustainable future seeks to mitigate adverse impacts of business operations on stakeholders it also tries to broaden shareholder considerations to include the social and environmental as well as financial aspects of business,12
+in chicago the city s climate action plan recognizes the uncertain nature of the challenge and is expected to evolve as new information from assessments and changing priorities comes to light all three initiatives exemplify clearcut approaches to avoidance of path dependence constant reevaluation of information and redesign of policy interventions so as to improve outcomes under the programme research was conducted and pilot projects were implemented which demonstrated the importance of learning from experiences and from stakeholder dialogue and knowledge exchange,13
+a survey of activity within oecd countries agrawala et al this is one element of the spanish climate change adaptation strategy for example the most advanced country in this respect is canada where there is a requirement to incorporate the effects of climate change into the appraisal of major projects,13
+the objectives of the resolution include ensuring adequate food supply sources for immediate and longterm national food security meeting nutrition needs and putting an end to food shortage and hunger improving food consumption structure and quality and stepping up intensive rice farming and ensuring that rice producers earn higher profits in addition it includes a commitment to ensure farmers receive a profit from rice production of at least above the cost of production tran and dinh a the government develops legislation and regulation and tenyear socioeconomic development strategy seds and the fiveyear socioeconomic development plan sedp to implement these directions the latest tenyear seds for the period approved in january reinforces the overall objective of making viet nam a modern industrialised country by it has been developed to give effect to resolution no,2
+however there does not appear to be a large margin for operators to also face the need to renew and replace ageing infrastructure although very few countries provided data on this item an analysis of specific cases such as finland switzerland or belgium suggested that efforts have been made to increase costrecovery in many oecd countries and in particular to cover the costs of wastewater management where larger investments are needed these average figures hide some areas of water poverty however with wss bills representing up to or of household income for the poorest decile in mexico and poland respectively,6
+given that broad unemployment is much lower among adults with secondary education than among those with primary education or less mismatches seem to be a serious problem for young people with secondary education in a survey among experts on african countries about the major challenges youth face in labour markets found a mismatch of skills between what job seekers have to offer and what employers require to be a major obstacle they were to identify a general lack of skills among job seekers as a major obstacle figure the recruitment and temporary work agencies surveyed reported a general lack of targeted education and frequent major discrepancies between candidates profiles and the skills required for a job,8
+it is based on the availability of childrens books at home as well as an indicator of formal childcare services attendance for children between the age of and compulsory school age and ability to participate in school events that cost money for schoolage children children aged are assumed to be nondeprived on the second indicator so their deprivation in the education resources dimension depends entirely on the books at home indicator missing data on the education dimension more precisely on the school trips indicator tend to drive exclusions from the sample in these countries to check if missing values are missing at random or are related to household material resources we estimate the association between the probability of being included in the study and household income poverty which does not suffer from missing data among the seven countries with more than per cent cases excluded from the multidimensional child poverty estimation sample the probability of exclusion does not vary significantly with income poverty in ireland romania or the united kingdom this is particularly good news for romania with its high percentage of excluded cases,1
+article of the nationality law modified by amendments no however before reaching the age of the applicant shall become tunisian upon joint declaration by his mother and father in some countries women enjoy equal legal access to justice yet other institutional and legal impediments limited awareness and understanding and persistent societal restrictions continue to hinder de facto their access to such justice,5
+radioactivity is monitored by belarus in the pripyat at mosyr and in the lower braginka at gdcn and ukraine monitors for lwcs and sr at transboundary monitoring stations according to the results concentrations of radionuclides arc insignificant and do not exceed permissible limits groundwater monitoring is carried out by belarus in four points in transboundary areas levels temperature physical properties and chemistry but there is no joint monitoring,6
+the unfccc process and international peer pressure could play an important role in encouraging governments to raise the level of ambition of their commitments when domestic political conditions allow the periodic review or consultation could have both substantive dimensions eg consideration of commitments in light of the latest climate science and procedural dimensions eg the timeline and who undertakes the process however it would be challenging for all countries to synchronise their potential revisions of commitments because the length of policy cycles and dates of election cycles are different in every country,13
+failure to receive a comparability finding will lead to prohibitions on the importation of the exporting nation s associated fish and fish products into the united states the proposed rule also calls for any intermediary nation that exports fish and fish products to the united states to prohibit the reexportation of fish and fish products from any harvesting nation s export fishery that is subject to an import prohibition pursuant to this rule the proposed rule is currently in clearance in hq,14
+the new corps of learning consultants can provide a further source of support to municipalities and schools for the development of effective formal internal teacher appraisal municipalities and schools should also be encouraged to cooperate and disseminate good practice through networks and partnerships to build capacity across the system oecd b to give an example from another school system the province of ontario canada has developed a teacher performance appraisal system based on the standards of practice for the teaching profession box,4
+the social and economic benefits of urban green spaces are equally important and should be viewed in the context of global issues such as climate change as well as other priorities set out in the sdgs including sustainable cities public health and nature conservation thus reducing socioeconomic disparities in the availability of urban green spaces can help to reduce inequalities in health related to income minority status disability and other socioeconomic and demographic factors air pollution contributes to rising temperatures and heat wave episodes leading to increased rates of mortality from heart attacks or stroke as a result of heat stress particularly in people with preexisting ncds parks and green spaces provide people with the opportunity to walk and cycle more often and engage in leisuretime physical activity therefore investments in city parks green spaces and waterways are an effective and economical way to both promote health and mitigate climate change cities should use this information to make decisions that will promote health mitigate climate change and enhance the quality of life for residents,11
+as people without public health care coverage have to finance their health care services through private insurance or outofpocket payments they are especially sensitive to a drop in personal income this is especially true for low income people who may forego or postpone health care services because too expensive devaux and de looper comparing equity of access to health care services in oecd countries find that in countries with higher public expenditure the frequency of doctor visits are more equally distributed among people of different incomes also devaux and de looper show that inequality in specialist dental visit is increasing in the share of outpocket payment as percentage of total expenditure on specialist dental care,3
+indicators can facilitate the monitoring of climate risks and vulnerabilities over time and between locations since the identification collection and use of indicators is resource intensive a carefully defined set of qualitative and quantitative indicators may be aligned to the adaptation priorities identified in the country s strategic approach on adaptation alternatively the indicator set may draw on existing datasets and where possible on indicators used to monitor and evaluate national development plans and policies,13
+i realized that social media could give women in conservative countries a digital voice digitization can connect them with other parts of the world and change their world allowing them to live beyond the borders they have always known in addition to helping free women from restrictions in conservative societies technology upgrades our operations and raises productivity,9
+at graduation rates for academic tertiarytype a programmes are below the oecd average of while graduation rates from more technical tertiarytype b programmes at are above the oecd average of in contrast to many oecd countries males have a higher graduation rate in tertiary education than females to improve tertiary education and students competitiveness the national qualifications framework aims to align higher education studies with the european higher education area according to the implementation,4
+a large majority of national responses also note that groundwater management is at least partially linked with surface water it is systematic for most countries or regions with mandatory management plans but there are exceptions countries with no management plans can also have systematic connections and some regions with mandatory plans only link the two in a limited fashion historically water laws started to focus on surface water because groundwater was less visible and subject to pressure but as some countries evolved others lagged behind mechlem,6
+its recommendations will be presented to the executive group to be reviewed for implementation by gsic it will refresh the undp gender parity strategy with a view to achieving a more holistic approach to gender parity issues in undp greater focus will be put on improving capacity for gender analysis accuracy and consistency in gender marker ratings and gender in areas of profession,5
+they may also capture the experiences of adult survey respondents providing guidance on the nature and prevalence of those respondents food needs in terms of measurement existing systems do not tap childrens perspectives on their own lives nor do they flow from a conceptualization of food insecurity that is grounded in childrens experiences their roles within households or the ways in which they make sense of their environments adult survey respondents tend to underreport child food insecurity missing as many as half of children who themselves report going hungry because there is not enough food in terms of delivery these systems rely on household samples which exclude children in institutional settings and homeless children and can substantially underrepresent them in highly vulnerable household situations migrant workers those living in urban slums distant rural households those living in refugee camps multifamily or extended family households,2
+reactive power control is also available to enable voltage control of the plant output even at no load in some cases the graph below shows that traditional variability of consumption in france can typically increase by to gw in one hour between and for a typical winter day during which generation has to be ramped up accordingly other generation plants such as hydro and gas turbines can technically provide high ramp rates and can be made available to follow load,7
+even if we make allowances for the better recording of deaths in the second decade the corresponding rates of increases are mindboggling table in chapter shows the global prevalence rates of hivaids and table shows the prevalence rates in the caribbean which is second only to subsaharan africa prevalence rates ranged from a low of per cent to just over per cent across the englishspeaking caribbean countries,3
+the expected impact is mainly related to increased costs for infrastructure maintenance due to the expected increase of thermal stress on the road and railway infrastructure problems resulting from the thermal stress require strict adaptation expenses an annual increase of adaptation costs by to per cent for road surfaces until and up to per cent for railway infrastructure in the realistic scenario to this area includes floodplain and riparian forests in a substantial part of miziian forestry district especially in the region of the dobrudzha coast in zone a will also cover low subbelt forests of durmast beech and fir in the balkan mountains eastern rhodope and pirin subregion,13
+the evaluation of outreach noted that in some communities the visiting specialist service was the most stable health service providing continuity for patients other issues were a lack of physical space to provide services and broader social and economic issues affecting the most disadvantaged remote communities health policy analysis a good example of this was in aurukun in far north queensland where the general physician and paediatrician had conducted regular clinics in the community for more than years,3
+specific knowledge skills and competencies are expected of ecec practitioners there is a general consensus supported by research that welleducated welltrained professionals are the key factor in providing highquality ecec with the most favourable cognitive and social outcomes for children research shows that the behaviour of those who work in ecec matters and that this is related to their education and training the qualifications education and training of ecec staff are therefore an important policy issue oecd,4
+yet implementation remains a challenge as it crucially hinges upon the collaboration between individual institutions fazekas and field however the different learning routes including vocational programmes are structured in such a way that young people have the possibi lily to go up a step within the track they have chosen and reach the equivalent of tertiary level education isced level possibilities for upstream transfers also exist between vocational and university education oecd a,4
+this means that some of the difference can be explained by observable characteristics such as differences in education choice of study field employment history eg interruptions due to child care when analysing the gender pay gap or professional experience in this regard while the pay gap is a useful measure to the difference of earnings between groups it is less useful for understanding the underlying reasons for which the gap exists discrimination being only one possible explanation since means are sensitive to extreme values users are also encouraged to also analyse median earnings and make note of any differences between a computation of the indicator based on mean and median earnings,8
+this means ensuring that schools comply with national education policies on administrative technical and legal matters and advising principals on compliance with school planning management and evaluation regulations school supervisors are in regular contact with schools visit them at least once or twice per year and request from them a variety of reports eg time arrivals attendance in the mep clarified the roles of school supervisors to ensure greater consistency in supervision practices across schools and prevent unnecessary interference that could limit school leadership and autonomy mep the initiative more education and less paperwork mas educacion menos papeleo sought to identify processes controls and requirements that could be simplified or withdrawn,4
+for instance information contained in patient records was limited making it not possible to trace all the amendments that may have been made the audit raised concerns about the increasing use of social unavailability codes the proportion of people waiting for inpatient treatment who were given a social unavailability code rose from in to just over at the end of june,3
+economic growth is obviously critical to achieving food security objectives the scenario also leads to lower imports of vegetable oil and higher exports of wheat rice and coarse grain result in marginally lower international market prices one scenario result illustrated in this case is that with weaker markets domestic wheat prices fall to msp levels causing public stocks to build as additional wheat is procured to support prices,2
+in the russian federation continued supporting the provision of law enforcement training in counternarcotics at its national institutions to the counternarcotics police of afghanistan as part of the unodc regional programme for afghanistan and neighbouring countries that joint cooperation will be extended into and expanded to include assistance to the five countries of central asia moreover the russian federation informed the board about a number of initiatives to strengthen joint efforts to tackle the world drug problem including the international conference of the russianafrican antidrug dialogue held in banjul on july and the regional antidrug operation operation channel for the period,3
+even this does not provide a complete picture since as in other countries underreporting of gbv is a huge problem although it already had legislation and institutions to address gbv the government realised that this legislative and policy framework was deficient it was not aligned with the country s international commitments under various treaties conventions and agreements while the inadequate response to gbv in grenada was mainly due to archaic laws nonexistent policies and institutional weakness in enforcement these included a mapping of existing social service delivery systems and identification of gaps in current services a review of policing and prosecution of sexual offences country report for grenada and a study of the existing domestic violence act cited in ministry of social development and housing these projects are supported by the un children s fund unicef un women and the un trust fund to end violence against women the government has multiple measures in place to address the issue of gbv including revising related laws and policies to be more current and responsive to the needs of women victims of violence,5
+while hivaids and infectious disease control absorbed about per cent of oda commitments in the s and per cent respectively these programmes accounted for per cent of all commitments in and per cent respectively firstly fighting against certain diseases especially contagious diseases is a global public good and it therefore requires global and effective responses secondly focusing on a specific disease can mobilize public opinion and resources in a more effective way,3
+the principles focus on the positive carbon contributions of managed forests the steps the sector can take to maintain and grow productive and managed forests in the us to sustain forest carbon understanding public policy and market mechanisms and their effects on forests and supporting innovation in the forest products sector that provides longterm benefits in addressing the carbon challenge forest policy forum members from australia brazil canada chile china europe japan new zealand south africa and the us contributed data for the report this found that icfpa members had reduced ghg emissions intensity by since the previous report and increased the share of bioenergy used,15
+while unemployment has fallen to very low levels and income is starting to pick up other signs point to a less rosy picture labour force participation including those ofprime age has declined facing possible future shocks from automation taking stock of factors that help workers find jobs and remain in employment can help improve labour market performance there are a number of economywide features including providing workers with adequate skills easing barriers to taking jobs arising from child and elderly care responsibilities and addressing the problems of felony records and drug abuse can pose for job search,8
+finally better connectivity across the subregion and beyond can help leverage the subregion s strategic location at the crossroads of asia and the pacific to reemerge as the hub of eastvfest trade that it once was growth was driven by buoyant domestic demand backed by supportive policies fourth quarter growth was particularly strong in several economies in the subregion strong economic growth over the past two decades has resulted in a growing middle class,8
+this is particularly the case in agriculture where land is the most immediate asset for many of the poor as it will constrain the potential for poverty reduction through the rise of small farmers or micro small and mediumsized enterprises msmes thus securing property rights and ensuring efficient land administration systems are critical factors in enabling propoor growth byerlee diao and jackson in the late s and s both the republic of korea and taiwan province of china carried out land reforms through dissolving land elites and conducting largescale land redistribution with these reforms both economies began their highgrowth phase in the mid s with a low level of inequality and a gini coefficient of around,1
+physical infrastructure investment such as spending on clean water sanitation and health clinics can reduce womens unpaid care burden social infrastructure investment defined as investment in people s capabilities refers to the fundamental social intellectual and emotional skills and health of individuals or level of human development a country relies on for its economy to function both types have a public goods quality in that they generate positive spillover effects on economywide productivity financing for gender equality in these areas is more properly seen as an investment that yields an income stream in the future due to the beneficial development and growth effects as a result both physical and social infrastructure spending have the ability to create fiscal space,5
+if that analysis is taken on trust then users can move quickly to considering implications and actions any move to a more inclusive and holistic approach may jeopardise the quality of the evidence due to lack of expertise on a variety of fronts in particular a stronger focus on the quality of learning and teaching in classrooms requires an evaluator to have more than personal competence as a teacher or school manager,4
+the edi was originally developed in ontario canada and it is a measure of children s development as they enter school the results are aggregated to the group level school neighbourhood and city to provide a populationbased measure of children s development the data are not reported at the child or class level which means they are not used as a diagnostic tool for individual children,4
+gross fixed capital formation increased rather solidly in line with the improving investment climate public consumption also stepped up with a slightly higher share in gdp in relative to the past several years employment growth however decelerated from in to in higher job creation in the formal sector remains a key challenge for inclusive growth,8
+the paper proposed management instruments to promote efficiency and profitability in the fishing fleet the proposals in the white paper were also a continuation of the structural quota sqs system implemented in the coastal fleet in and the sqs in the ocean going fleet implemented from but with some modifications a time limit of years on the structural quotas was reintroduced years for previouslyallocated quotas and the sqs in the coastal fleet was introduced for vessels between and metres from,14
+finally quantitative and qualitative data on the burden of preventable and treatable disease disability and premature death and their determinants among indigenous peoples should also include in such a data revolution envisioned in post development framework this would be in line with the high level panels call for designing goals that focus on reaching excluded groups by making sure we track progress at all levels of income and by providing social protection to help people build resilience to lifes uncertainties indigenous peoples however further face distinct set of complex issues that require initiatives specific to indigenous peoples,3
+some progress can be noted but much more needs to be done to achieve the c goal the transition to a lowcarbon climateresilient development path requires financing innovation and strategies that also address potential negative competitiveness and employment impacts such a path can also create new opportunities as part of a green growth strategy,13
+facilitating factors leading to the adoption of the reform water pollution had been slowly mounting as a concern for the general public in the european union in the council of ministers of environment requested the european commission to work on a directive to tackle the issue in a holistic way this began with the nitrates and waste water treatment directives in council of ministers of environment and the european parliament s environmental committee requested the eu commission to proceed with a more global approach to water policy,6
+important strides have been made in recent years towards enhancing pay transparency such efforts are slowly bearing fruit yet on average gender pay gaps across the oecd remain at about at the median with little progression recorded in recent years oecd the higher the position the lower the proportion of women in many oecd countries across all branches of power,5
+without the progress of these countries the global poverty record would have appeared far less successful poverty has remained high in these countries partly because economic growth rates have been comparatively low economic and social commission for asia and the pacific the prospects for halving poverty remain a major challenge however for papua new guinea the philippines and timorleste,1
+however in the ministry for environmental protection mep undertook a trial to assess air soil and water quality in a sample of villages this is consistent with recent studies showing significant pollution spillovers from cities into surrounding areas and high levels of pollution coming from rural areas themselves cao et al likewise rivers can transport pollution over large distances such that populations living in areas without high concentrations of heavily polluting industries may be exposed to upstream activities as well as environmental accidents which continue to pose a serious threat he et al,6
+excluding students with an immigrant background reduces the percentage of poorly performing students slightly to by contrast in shanghaichina hong kongchina canada finland and korea the proportion of poor performers is or less figure in pisa results volume i students proficient at level are capable of very basic tasks such as locating information that meets several conditions making comparisons or contrasts around a single feature working out what a welldefined part of a text means even when the information is not prominent and making connections between the text and personal experience,4
+public health care expenditure is expected to reach of gdp in from an average of about over the period de la maisonneuve and oliveira martins this is the largest increase among the briics countries and close to the highest among oecd countries around of the public health care spending rise will be due to demographic trends against an average of and for the other briics and oecd countries respectively the south african health care system is highly fragmented and mostly privately financed the poor are particularly vulnerable to catastrophic health expenditure,3
+during two annual national immunization days normally held each january and february approximately million children under are vaccinated by immunization teams going doortodoor to every house in the country pause for a second to examine those numbers then consider what characterizes the highestrisk areas for poliovirus transmission highdensity living poor sanitation,3
+the initiatives could focus on enhancing student pathways among institutions increasing the percentage of students from lowincome and minority populations gaining a tertiary education certificationdegree or increasing opportunities for adultmature students to pursue and complete tertiary education within this context malaysia is encountering difficulties to translate scientific knowledge into technological capabilities although an important player in knowledge diffusion and st activities universities have not yet enlarged the national research potential and reached the quality of rd performed in the oecd countries the country has been overperforming in terms of publication intensity but among asean economies its scientific publications are less frequently cited and its researcher population less numerous,4
+an enabling policy environment is important for the development of a strong and competitive renewable energy sector to supply both industrial and domestic consumers section identifies key enabling policy factors required for the replicability and accelerated uptake of the available renewable energy solutions throughout the mining sector major companies and conglomerates among others such as glencore barrick gold rio tinto antofagasta codelco and iamgold have all made use of renewable energy in their mines table,7
+new working conditions improvement of teacher compensation creation of incentives to work in disadvantaged schools and regulation of nonteaching time as part of contract hours training for development entitlement to free and pertinent professional development individual professional development plans informed by the needs of both the teacher and the school and school principals empowered to define professional development plans for their teaching bodies these were performing a range of duties as described in table the distribution of teachers by type of school provider in was as follows in municipal schools in privatesubsidised schools in private nonsubsidised schools and in schools with delegated administration the equivalent shares in were and respectively,4
+since morocco has produced a gender report providing a vital tool to ensure accountability and in the prime minister of morocco sent a letter to all departments urging them to take up grb currently a total of departments accounting for more than per cent of the governments budget have adopted the tool a major advance was achieved in with the passing of a new family law which guaranteed equality of the sexes in marriage in the same year moroccos new labour code spelt out womens rights to maternity leave meanwhile the confederation of moroccan businesses cgem has produced guidance to its members to make creches available in workplaces to support working mothers which means that when it comes to crucial policies such as universal education targets are set for both sexes and the barriers which could prevent girls going to school are factored into the budgeting process,5
+for example an intervention that seeks to promote transformational change in a given sector may be judged effective at the projectlevel if it produces the expected outputs eg offgrid renewable electricity number of people trained in droughtresistant agriculture however if the intervention is not replicated at scale the transformational impacts of the intervention will be limited such aims could include promoting lesson learning and supporting effective processes eg at sectoral or national levels which often requires mainstreaming climate concerns aligning with government priorities andor achieving longerterm transformational impacts,13
+for instance many respondents said that proximity low cost and simplicity no waiting time were the main reasons for preferring their provider these factors were influential particularly in cases where services were sought from traditionalreligious healers and chemist shops in the case of minor illnesses though the poor preferred traditional healers and chemists to ngo facilities as visiting these providers was more convenient and less timeconsuming,3
+yet these policies largely driven by quantitative objectives came with high qualitative costs for the country s urban development housing development had been identified as an integral component of the country s development in previous national development plans and conceived as a question of ensuring housing in sufficient quantity at a minimum level of quality particularly for populations in poverty and with lower incomes federal housing finance programmes including subsidies for lowincome populations offered by the national housing commission comision nacional de vivienda conavi the national trust fund for popular housing fondo nacional de habitaciones populares fonhapo and the ministry of social development secretaria de desarrollo social sedesol and publicly backed mortgages offered by infonavit fovissste and others have been integral in supporting the push to expand housing access,11
+as large food retailers tend to have the most power in processed food value chains the institutional framework and infrastructure to support each of the linkages in the food value chain are essential to supporting domestic food production working with lead firms in this area has the potential to be a powerful policy lever the institutional framework here influences the ability of housing suppliers to respond to demand,11
+such efforts might be in collaboration with civil society organisations andor government ministries prioritising external security threats such as terrorism can also lead to the exclusion of internal security threats such as high rates of domestic and sexual violence increased understanding of the importance of integrating gender into ssr initiatives and adequate prioritisation can be gained through practical gender training relevant briefings mentoring employing personnel with gender expertise and other initiatives,5
+in this case kubler s discussion of types of negotiations might suggest that a more limited set of objectives might be desirable while prague will be entering into an evolving longterm relationship with the municipalities it needs a limited framework agreement from central bohemia that gives the municipalities in the prague east and prague west districts permission to negotiate with prague without the regional government of central bohemia blocking the process further the development principles of both prague and central bohemia should align on strategic spatial objectives,11
+san francisco has collected more than a million tons of food scraps yard trimmings and other compostable materials and turned it into compost that is used by local fanners and wineries in napa and sonoma counties san francisco diverted nearly diversion in the highest rate of any major us city source epa zero waste case shidy san francisco ca wwwepagovtransfomiingwastetoollesswastccascstudvsaiifranciscoca as identified by the jica roadmap study a comprehensive study and formulation of a masterplan for solid waste management at the metropolitan scale needs to be prioritised the proposed mcda bill makes provision for the establishment of public commissions of which solid waste management is included,11
+in both entities deciduous forest is dominant this indicates that conifer forests have been properly managed round wood for industrial processing from deciduous forests accounts for only per cent while pulp and firewood account for per cent in the prewar period there was no industrial capacity for deciduous pulp processing and no board factories that used deciduous wood,15
+there is less variation in distribution of electricity with lower access in the north west but little difference between rural and urban areas table although there are differences in gender equality for men and women in viet nam these are generally not very significant and do not appear for every dimension of inclusiveness education and health outcomes are relatively equally distributed along gender according to vhlss women in viet nam tend to earn substantially less than men,10
+the world needed to be mobilized and made aware of the existential threat posed to humankind by the accelerating change in the earths climate caused largely by human activity together with those with whom he worked closely ban kimoon resolved to elevate climate change to a leaderslevel issue to mobilize the world to confront it frontally and in the process to help achieve a truly global climate change agreement the countries which participated at the summit also adopted the voluntary agenda which provided a blueprint for development that simultaneously supported environmental protection economic growth and a better quality of life for all this principle balanced the need for all parties to the convention to take responsibility for addressing climate change with the recognition that there were wide differences in the level of social and economic development between parties thus requiring leadership from developed countries given their historical responsibilities,13
+global investment in energy enduse technologies was more than double the supplyside investments and reached an estimated trillion in of which almost trillion was for road vehicles griibler and others forthcoming other private sector investments in energy technology include investment by angel investors companies internal investments debt instruments project finance mergers and acquisitions and investments in publicly listed energy technology firms energyrelated venture capital investments boomed in eu and north america in recent years reaching billion or per cent of all private investments in energy technology diffusion in international energy agency,7
+with rising producer prices the hpp has also had to rise in order to enable bulog to purchase enough rice for its obligations the programme provided interestfree credit for selected rural business units so that they could assist in stabilising the price of rice at an acceptable level during the harvest season by purchasing rice on the basis of the hpp in the programme was extended to include corn and soybeans with the target prices determined by the provincial government during the life of this programme the government provided finance to lueps in provinces,2
+in the emergency admission bed day rate was emergency bed days per population since the rate has shown a steady reduction note that the figures are provisional and likely to be slightly lower than the final figure the proportion of the last six months of life spent at home or in a community setting was in the year ending march,3
+but they also acknowledged that the reproductive health needs of adolescents as a group had been largely ignored and they called on governments to make information and services available to help protect girls and young women from unwanted pregnancies and to educate young men to respect womens selfdetermination governments in the icpd programme of action also underscored the need to take actions to promote gender equality and equity the icpd programme of action points the way forward in helping girls face these ongoing and emerging challenges,5
+treatment facilities have been constructed for waters from the severniy severniyglubokiy and kaulakotsclvaara mines in the russian federation the smelter area was cleaned of heavy and nonferrous metals and new technology was introduced for processing coppcrnickel concentrate several discharge points of industrial wastewaters will be eliminated as a result of closure of mining and metallurgical production and their transfer to monchegorsk however the development of a joint environmental monitoring program in the norwegian finnish and russian border area project with the objective of ensuring reliable and comparable monitoring data was implemented from to water quality assessment in norway and finland with the russian federation is not clearcut,6
+it attempts to minimise the risk that the target stock will be overfished and recruitment impaired the second decision rule focuses on the maintenance of ecological relationships between predators and prey as set out in article ii b it limits the effects of harvesting on krillbased predators by setting a target of median escapement constable,14
+in april the european commission adopted its communication building a sustainable future for aquaculture a new impetus for the strategy for the sustainable development of european aquaculture in this communication the commission examined the root causes of the stagnation in eu aquaculture production on the basis of this process the commission will issue in strategic guidelines for a sustainable aquaculture,14
+based on the swot analysis the lag then convened a number of meetings with fishers to collectively create fundable projects some fishers did not understand why they should be innovative and what it was that was supposed to be created typical questions were for whom is fishing unprofitable it is not that hard,14
+although politically attractive in the shortterm acrosstheboard subsidies come at huge fiscal and economic costs ravallion grosh et al they are difficult to reverse and are most often regressive ie they distribute relatively more resources to the nonpoor than to the poor scalingup existing cash transfer schemes is easier than installing a programme from scratch the ability to respond quickly depends on the quality of the existing programmes mitra et al,1
+while arrangements vary across countries school boards usually embrace leadership management and strategy functions costa rica has taken a welcome step in requiring principals to include school boards in the elaboration of school plans yet further measures are needed to effectively empower them to contribute to school governance by providing their members with clear guidelines on their roles training opportunities and information about the performance of schools,4
+further finetuning of the basic payment scheme includes a reduction of amounts paid per recipient above a certain threshold the option to grant higher payments to the first hectares per recipient a compulsory topup of payments to young farmers and simplified procedures for small farmers who receive only small amounts of direct support the precise definition of the latter was still in progress as of april alternatively member states have flexibility to implement national certification schemes instead,2
+moreover its share of females is larger than the cis average female migration is driven by both genderneutral pull factors such as demand for labour and longlasting ties between the countries as well as by genderspecific pull factors such as the demand for female workers to be employed in the growing services sector such employment often means preferences for kyrgyz females due to their relatively higher level of russian language facility and simplified documentation requirements,5
+reforms to the swedish penal code regarding violence against women introduced by the kvinnofrid package in emphasize the importance of collaboration between the police social services and healthcare providers in many societies women belonging to particular ethnic or racial groups experience genderbased violence as well as violence based on their ethnic or racial identity it is important that legislation or subsidiary legislation where necessary make specific provision for the appropriate and sensitive treatment of women complainantssurvivors of violence who suffer from multiple forms of discrimination title vi of the united states of america tribal law and order bill if passed would enact specific provisions regarding the prosecution and prevention of domestic violence and sexual assault against native american women,5
+as familybuilding often starts with a marriage the consequences for fertility is obvious globally fertility declined to births per woman but women who bear more than five children are still common in countries where women marry early early marriage and high fertility limit such women s opportunities for education and employment and can severely diminish their chances for advancement in life,5
+if information in adaptation communications is recorded in a manner similar to the data interface for annex i biennial reports this would facilitate recognising individual aspects of countries communications this is because the global stocktake is to be undertaken by the cop which does not have the authority mandate or funding to undertake specific adaptation actions nevertheless the global stocktake could indirectly enhance adaptation if it can distil information included in countries adaptation communications or other information submitted including that to the unfccc in order to fill knowledge gaps and disseminate lessons learned part of the third component of the global stocktake reviewing the adequacy of adaptation support discussed below could potentially also lead to enhanced adaptation action if it led to increases in funding for adaptation,13
+as such the emphasis for the inclusion of nationally appropriate mitigation actions namas within the scope of cdm is intensifying there is no silver bullet solution to the challenges raised by the current cdm mechanism the most serious proposals for reforms include simplification of the monitoring and verification process which is quite challenging for enduse ee projects as well as technologywide agreement which would enable an exante benchmarking of ee technologies the call for sectoral nolose targets snlts or technology wide cdm would answer these preoccupations,7
+the reference period corresponds to consecutive monthly observations in the income reference year januarydecember of year t plus one additional observation at the moment of the interview in year t the threshold is equivalent to eurostat s lowworkintensity measure above zero but no more than of potential working time in the income reference year to reconcile information reported for the income reference period and at the moment of the interview the following individuals are also considered in this group workers who report no work activity during the income reference period but who are working at the moment of the interview and workers with between and of work activity during the income reference period who do not report any work activity in either the last month of the income reference period or at the moment of the interview,8
+the most important capture zone is the pacific ocean near the california gulf with of the overall catch tonnes while the gulf of mexico accounts for the remaining tonnes fishing takes place mainly in costal lagoons estuaries and marine shoreline on both coasts with the majority of landings being in sinaloa tonnes and sonora tonnes in the pacific ocean and tamaulipas tonnes veracruz tonnes and campeche tonnes in the gulf of mexico in the states surrounding the gulf of california and in those in the gulf of mexico the fishery is exploited at msy and only those states in the pacific outside the gulf of california have some potential for increased catch all holders must comply with the official mexican standards noms and respect fishing bans,14
+the plans should also include orientation and mobility skills facilitating peer support and mentoring facilitating the learning of sign language and the promotion of the linguistic identity of the deaf community and disability awareness with an increase in disabled teachers implementing these sounds daunting but it does not require every teacher to learn braille or sign language specialist resource and itinerant teachers are needed to support the development of the necessary learning of specific skills like sign language and braille too little time and effort goes into working on an inclusive pedagogy that will reduce the number of individual adjustments necessary for children with various impairments,4
+they also highlight the importance of being aligned with broader policy goals and broader efforts by the international community to scale up climate finance as such it is consistent with views of the development community that effectiveness is enhanced when individual interventions are consistent with nationally determined priorities as the level of assets of iigcc signatories dwarfs that covered by the climate finance commitments under the unfccc moves towards greater effectiveness by iigcc members could have a significant impact for example at the international level greater discussions and coordination between development donors and partners can help align different actors behind common objectives,13
+however considering that the average amounts of zois and national scholarships were eur and a month in respectively financial barriers still exist in the absence of access to loans or parental help as students studying abroad do not take advantage of subsidies to cover living expenses such as public transportation and free healthcare additional grants or loans should be introduced to make outbound student mobility less financially unappealing by law heis that offer a course in a foreign language must offer the same course in slovenian,4
+see world bank in ukraine s tpesgdp toe usd ratio stood at compared to the oecd average of global average of and the former soviet union region average of iea a according to the iea data in poland industry and transport sectors accounted respectively for and of total final energy consumption,7
+poverty exists in many forms and arises in a broad range of circumstances the causes may be manmade and systemic or they may be environmental meaning people may live in poverty because they are not part of a system in other words poverty may be the result of effective as well as ineffective policy interventions policies tend to be effective where interdependent systems exist it is possible to rationally coordinate and direct collective action in a certain direction and people are sufficiently dependent upon the system to feel the pinch,1
+the category labourintensive manufactures includes leather textiles clothing and footwear however the two sources of productivity growth result from substantially different corporate behaviour while technological progress relies on investment in innovation and the associated dynamic gains in an enterprise s longterm growth strategy substituting lowercost imported intermediate products for highercost domestic inputs achieves productivity growth through cost reductions from the globalization of production the ways in which the different corporate strategies may affect changes in income distribution are addressed in more detail below the manufacture of parts and final goods in different countries entails not only costs of transportation and tariffs but also of coordination,10
+the adriatic sea partnership under the lead of the rec addresses all states bordering the adriatic sea another transboundary project addresses the protection and sustainable use of the dinaric karst aquifer system which is shared by four countries albania bosnia and herzegovina croatia and montenegro much of albania s economic activity is dependent on the utilization of water resources,6
+parents of immigrant students sometimes choose more segregated schools for their children precisely for those reasons and thus providing quality service delivery for areas of high concentration of immigrant students is important information materials need to be prepared and disseminated to students and parents in different languages as well as made accessible to parents with limited literacy oecd j one study shows that more information does not necessarily lead to better outcomes for all students but that native and highskilled parents are more likely to choose topperforming schools which can lead to the displacement of students with a foreign background kessel and olme oj therefore providing more information is not sufficient this information must be made accessible to disadvantaged families to help them choose the right school for their children,4
+total excludes electricity and heat data for are estimates in the framework of the eu effortsharing under the kyoto protocol germany has committed itself to cutting its emissions of climatedamaging gases by a total of in the period to compared with taking a large share of the total target of emission reductions set by the eu,7
+better educated women fully recognize the importance of health care and education and know how to seek them for themselves and their children oecd a in this manner education helps reduce child and maternal mortality as well as increase school attendance among future generations girls who have been educated are likely to marry later and have smaller and healthier families,5
+in this sense open means free to access and free to change it is for this reason that one of the central characteristics of an oer is the liberal licensing eg through creative commons which facilitates this process they include learning content software tools to develop use and distribute and implementation resources such as open licenses the learning content is educational material of a wide variety from full courses to smaller units such as diagrams or test questions,4
+it also recognizes and solicits the support of religious and cultural leaders to accept and implement measures designed to protect the rights of women and children see also case study on china and case study on rwanda in kenya in the ntutu case the high court heard arguments by the sons of the deceased that masai customary law of succession does not recognize the rights of daughters to inherit the estate oftheirfathers however in rendering its decision the court applied international human rights law international covenants and treaties which had been ratified by kenya as well as previous case law,5
+nevertheless widespread gender segregation continues to confine women to the lowest paid segments of the labour market gender inequalities with regard to earned income wealth time use and social security documented in detail in chapters and clearly indicate that something is terribly wrong why are equal opportunities not translating into equal outcomes in some contexts patriarchal structures and practices constrain womens ability to seek paid work or even health care and to participate in social and political life,5
+it is based on an exhaustive compilation of data on the distribution of vme indicator species including published and unpublished data and new data gathered during the project from areas where information is sparse an overview of the approaches and methodologies for mapping of vme distribution is presented eleven vmes are identified based on management goals for coral and sponge communities present in the study area a risk analysis is conducted based on the modelled distribution of vmes and its cooccurrence with high fishing intensity the report discusses the uncertainty associated with modelled distributions and fishing pressure estimates and management implications areas where information on vmes is lacking are identified and the need for more detailed knowledge on the distribution of human activities is discussed,14
+the river has its source in the central tien shan at the confluence of the tekes and kunes rivers the kash saryn and silik are other tributaries to the hi in flowing into lake balkhash it forms a vast delta on kazakh territory see the assessment of the hi delta in kazakhstan the flow is regulated at the kapchagai reservoir which is used for irrigation drinking water supply and hydropower production,6
+the findings of this study highlight the opportunities for partnership to aid implementation success these centres which bring together service providers in one place have the potential to address some of the challenges faced by the education system in terms of dealing with mental ill health first despite increased investment in schoolbased mental health support available services often lack the capacity to deliver effective and comprehensive responses students mental health concerns see section,3
+the results are presented in figure by the bars showing that the multidimensional deprivation incidence in the selected countries of subsaharan africa is in other words two thirds of all children in this region experience two to five deprivations which in absolute numbers is million children the prevalence of multidimensional deprivation ranges from in gabon to in ethiopia,1
+even after accounting for sociodemographic factors such as gender age foreignborn status and the number of years the respondent has been working for a current employer or has been selfemployed a gap in literacy skills remains in all countries participating in the survey oecd a the gaps are particularly high in israel the united kingdom england the united states greece the slovak republic poland slovenia and chile oecd a this suggests that adults with more educated parents have benefited from much better learning opportunities and support than those whose parents who are not as well educated,4
+the lack of knowledge on such transfrontier migrations could place in question the reliability of statistical data on the population numbers of important animal species permanently inhabiting the territory of albania in particular bird and large carnivore species the common practice is to carry out research each year only in a few selected small areas eg protected areas and similar research is conducted in remaining areas in other years the law on protected areas was amended in by inclusion of the main provisions of the habitats directive the law on the protection of wild fauna endorsed provisions of the birds directive related to protection measures,15
+on this occasion however given the importance of the subject and the need for information regarding it the chapter on social spending analysis for the region now incorporates the functions classified as nonsocial at the time this edition went to press data were available for only countries since most of them used an aggregate functional classification by major group this is true for social protection in the plurinational state of bolivia from to el salvador from to and trinidad and tobago from to as well as for figures on social security in nicaragua,10
+when restricted jobs are in highpaying sectors this type of regulation reinforces the gender pay gap that is the case for instance in the mining and oil industry where certain jobs are deemed too hazardous and thus not accessible to women in a number of countries such as the russian federation restrictions may also apply to the hours men and women are allowed to work in costa rica umisia and hirkey for instance women cannot work the same night hours as men world bank even if such regulations may be circumvented in practice they help to sustain inequalities in pay foster occupational segregation and increase the risk of informality for women,5
+as a result many water utilities are in dire financial situations with undercapitalised balance sheets that impede their capacity to raise debts in the absence of any repayment capacity or history of past lending most commercial banks are unlikely to lend to the sector which they do not perceive as being creditworthy there is often a discrepancy between longterm investments needed in the water sector to match the life of the assets and the shortterm lending capabilities on local markets,6
+analysis of the south african child support grant working paper school of development studies university of kwazulunatal evidence from south african pensions nber working paper stellenbosch university of stellenbosch south african economic policy under democracy oxford oxford university press,10
+giving birth in a health facility is an important factor in reducing infections complications morbidity and mortality for both mother and child the sudan and yemen reported the lowest proportions by a wide margin at per cent and per cent respectively according to the latest available data most countries report maternal mortality ratios under per births,3
+service providers for example should give clear instructions and use data visualization techniques to allow users to access and understand the fundamentals of the services provided and their contingencies other stakeholders including governments and nonprofit organizations should offer easily navigable spaces online or facetoface to increase understanding of consumer and business rights younger entrepreneurs and consumers could also benefit from financial literacy and awareness programmes on the fastpaced digital age this is particularly the case in low income countries and remote rural areas,9
+countries with the lowest share of women under a partner s coercive control were sweden the united kingdom ireland denmark and the czech republic all of which had rates below the highest prevalence of coercive control between and of women was in eastern europe ibid such findings present a puzzle for causal inference are women in northern european countries more likely to experience noncoercive control violence or are they simply more likely to report it,5
+unemployment rates in were especially high for those with less than upper secondary education compared to the oecd average of while they were lower for individuals with upper secondary education compared to the oecd average of and those with tertiary education compared to the oecd average of teachers working as parttime education counsellors offer students information on educational pathways as well as study and behavioural counselling a broader approach to career guidance linked to the curriculum can better meet student needs and help develop selfmanagement skills disadvantaged students such as roma students have difficulty attaining this level and could benefit from targeted initiatives,4
+in some countries great discretion is given to the faculty as a whole and its individual members in others more discretion is given to schools that are doing well and less to those that might be struggling in some countries the school head is little more than the lead teacher in others the authorities continue to look to the school head to set the direction and manage the faculty,4
+in egypt unemployment among university graduates was in in south africa it was in table these high rates point at serious mismatch and schooltowork transition problems that will be discussed in more detail in the section on education later in this report as was seen in the preceding section young people with a university education not only have the highest unemployment rates they also have the highest rates of wage employment in addition analysis of earnings provides evidence that those with higher level qualifications earn more when they are in employment see annex,8
+a range of private services are available to feepaying patients or patients with private medical insurance coordination between gps and community care teams for example is actively encouraged and when this coordination is working as designed this approach can be highly effective the integration of social care services for example supported housing or employment services with medical mental health services is one of the priorities and one of the particular strengths of the strategy set out in no health without mental health closing the gap and achieving better access to mental health services by,3
+significant fiscal redistribution in latin america has also been achieved through inkind transfers such as the provision of health and education services provided costfree or at a low cost social protection in this region differs from other developing regions in terms of coverage quality and level of assistance until the late s formal social protection schemes covered on average less than per cent of the workforce palacios and pallaresmillares,10
+in of all engineers in sweden were women tillvaxtverket in of all newlystarted immigrant businesses in sweden were run by immigrant women whereas the corresponding rate for nativeborn women was nutek in abbasian and bildt according to a recent study of abbasian and bildt there are three groups of immigrant women entrepreneurs in sweden today i women who are passively assisting in typically familyrun businesses controlled by men ii women who despite a certain level of independence are still dominated by men in their business decisions and actions and iii independent women who start and run businesses on their own without major assistance from relatives whether men or women,5
+recommendations to reduce fishing activity were intended to restore reproductive biomass particularly that of the white anglerfish the main species fished were black scabbard fish and deepwater sharks in the case of the black scabbardfish a species targeted in the continental longline fisheries the ices found the abundance indicators for the period to be relatively stable procedures for granting licences have also been adjusted as appropriate,14
+about ha are required for cooling towers if the unit uses indirect or dry cooling the same ha surface is required if storage buildings for spent fuel and waste are foreseen on the layout finally an area of about ha is required in the vicinity of the power plant for an outdoor substation thus a nuclear installation of one or two units requires a minimal area of ha depending on cooling method and needs for interim waste storage,7
+in the case of the ppcr and fip countries policy frameworks were identified as challenging for mobilizing private investment trabacchi brown boyd wang falzon some of these barriers include unstable regulatory and tax policies for low carbon and climateresilient cities and gaps in regulatory frameworks for agriculture and forestry trabacchi brown boyd wang falzon concessional loans are useful where climatefriendly technologies are too expensive and nonconcessional loans where access to finance is a challenge,13
+during the s and s a campaign was conducted in order to eradicate sources of disease and over million marmots were exterminated losses in prey species have in turn affected predators such as bears wolves and snow leopards as well as large predatory birds such as vultures including egyptian black and griffon vultures declines have also been reported in many indigenous fish species in lake issykkul as a result of overfishing,15
+moreover agricultural diversification also gives farmers a better chance to cope with the effects of climate change further still dietary diversification is a costeffective affordable and sustainable means of strengthening local food systems and reducing hunger and malnutrition recognizing the complex range of factors that contribute to hunger and malnutrition recent reviews highlight the need to focus on multisectoral approaches to ensure that agricultural production utilizes the potential of crops with better nutritional qualities for improved and diversified diets,2
+there is a much stronger emphasis on public transport than before including reduced funding for motorways new metro extension and tunnels and substantial increases in all toll charges toll charges will also be differentiated and spread more widely across the region with higher costs for diesel vehicles and during rush hour several priorities have been identified a new bridge over the river gota alv which divides the city a new tunnel under the same river increasing the capacity in west sweden to relieve the demand on gothenburg central station new investments in roads a more sustainable public transport system cycling lanes etc,11
+gender issues in rural societies eg the construction of rural femininities and masculinities may be relevant for migration since traditional gender roles and expectations are more prevalent in rural societies rahut og littke however in contrast to this stenbacka writes that the idea of the rural machoculture which is also underlined in the swedish tv programmes she has studied can be seen as an attempt to place the blame for the problems in the peripheral areas on the men who choose to stay there elaborated later see also forsbergand stenbacka the economic factor in this context means mainly the support or the welfare services that they are entitled to in denmark compared to the welfare services they can get in the faroe islands knudsen own translation from a gender perspective however it is interesting that alands statistik och utredningsbura asub since has compiled an annual report concerning essential gender differences in the society of the aland islands,5
+the unbalanced growth model is based around exploiting scale economies and complementarities in favoured sectors that can induce more investment and productivity growth those sectors in hirschman s framework have more backward and forward linkages the former referring to provision of inputs from other activities and sectors the latter to demand for new activities the development policy challenge is accordingly about identifying lead sectors addressing missing linkages and strengthening interindustry and intersectoral interdependencies to boost productivity growth in this sequence infrastructure would follow rather than lead the growth process it is laigely around this sequencing issue that differences between balanced and unbalanced growth strategies emerged in early development policy debates see box despite these differences there was general agreement that in most developing countries investment in general and in infrastructure in particular involves a series of nonmarginal adjustments that are poorly coordinated by markets and for which planning techniques of various kinds are desirable,9
+inefficiencies may result from harmful subsidies eg subsidising energy for groundwater abstraction by farmers for instance freer trade in agricultural commodities and the reform of farm support policies in oecd countries can alleviate some of the tensions between food security and water productivity box the linkages between the policy areas also have to be considered early on under this programme which involves an aud billion investment over years the government is acquiring tradable water entitlements with the objective of returning more water to the environment the water is acquired through direct buybacks of water entitlements from irrigators as well as savings from infrastructure upgrades,6
+it is also lower than the average in the united states its main competitor for several products the oecd average is there are also specific programmes that target smallscale agriculture with some purchases being distributed via food programmes they are announced regionally through the pgpm politica de garantia de pregos minimos by the secretary of agricultural policy spa operated by the national food supply agency companhia nacional de abastecimento conab this mechanism covers a great variety of crops from rice wheat maize cotton soybeans to regional crops like cassava beans agai guarana sisal and a few livestock products like cow and goat milk and honey other price support mechanisms for commercial agriculture are the direct government purchases aquisigdo do gouemo federal agf and the provision financing of storage by the fepm financiamento para estocagem de produtos agropecuarios integrates da politica de garantia de pregos minimos former emprestimo do gouemo federalegf,2
+in addition to the magnitude and duration of low income status attention should be paid to the extent to which poverty is recurrent fourage and layte the higher income mobility or volatility and the shorter the duration of poverty the higher the proportion of people experiencing poverty at least once during the reported period thus the higher the reported poverty rate will be in the republic of moldova during a decomposition of poverty into chronic and transient components revealed that poverty was mainly chronic accounting for as much of of the people classified as poor beegle that is despite transitions among households in terms of rank a very large fraction of the poor in any year are likely to remain poor in the next period,1
+to this end the norwegian health network see section develops and operates information technology infrastructure for the health care sector across health care institutional levels the norwegian s life expectancy at birth is also higher than in denmark and finland but is below the sweden and iceland average and respectively as in denmark mortality rates from ischemic heart disease ihd in norway are well below the oecd average,3
+see puecunam this means that on average residents in this neighbourhood have transport expenses of mxn per month which represents of the average monthly payments for houses acquired in the neighbourhood based on various sources inhabitants commercial agents transport service providers and field visits it is estimated that of houses in paseos de san juan are vacant negrete and paquette vassalli,11
+in a second decarbonisation scenario with additional strict energy efficiency measures and a energy consumption coming from renewables the carbon price only doubles and million jobs are saved compared to the bau it must be noted that the results are sensitive to the way the carbon revenues are returned to the consumers either as direct payments or by using the revenues to offset income taxes offsetting labour taxes leads to better results in terms of saved jobs for scenario compared to scenario,7
+geographical environmental and economic factors also have a considerable impact there is a diversity of situations across oecd federal and unitary states in terms of the institutional organisation of water policy on the other hand though some unitary states still retain significant water responsibilities at central government level with highly centralised water policy making korea chile israel most oecd unitary states france new zealand greece the netherlands have de facto delegated many responsibilities to lower levels of government these models are not intended as normative in the sense that one would be better than the other but they highlight different coordination challenges raised by a given institutional organisation of water policy even if within a same category the degree to which governance challenges have an impact on the performance of water policy may vary from one country to another in addition to outlining the challenges to coordination they could be enriched by adding other dimensions eg capacity gaps variety of tools in use etc,6
+students follow a general curriculum during their first two years of secondary education grades and then get sorted during the last two years of secondary education grades into a general track humanisticscientific midlevel education emhc or a vocational track technicalprofessional midlevel education emtp in practice however tracking happens from grade when students enrol in secondary school students that are tracked in th grade are more likely to remain in this track during all secondary education the upper secondary vet curriculum consists of hours of general education per week compared to hours in the general track the upper secondary vet curriculum also includes hours of vocational education mineduc students obtain the secondary schoolleaving certificate licencia de ensehanza media after completing the four grades of upper secondary education,4
+the aquatic ecosystem is subject to disturbance by natural factors and human impact recently human impact has strongly affected the aquatic ecosystem for example global warming overfishing habitat loss creation of artificial river channels dam construction and the negative effects of aquaculture and hatchery programmes kaeriyama and edpalina,14
+decisions should not be based on initial costs but on a longterm perspective based on the assessment of all the costs and benefits of urbanisation a balance between urban and mral development could help make better investment decisions that prepare for natural and manmade disasters view the economic and social realities of the country through the lens of the right geographic scale to identify appropriate policy packages,11
+the policy suggestions that follow are drawn from the experiences reported in the country background reports the analyses of external review teams in country reviews and the available research literature it should be stressed that there is no single model or global best practice of school leader appraisal the development of practices always needs to take into account countryspecific traditions and features of the respective education systems also see chapter,4
+the latter include an interstate council interparliamentary assembly and the community court of justice interstate council unites national heads of state and the heads of government its role is to define the overall strategy and set directions for the community policies including policies related to the agrofood sector food safety transportation energy labour and international activities of the eurasec interparliamentary assembly consists of delegates appointed by each member country according to the size of the country,2
+however many cities are failing in proper collection and transportation as well as environmentally sound treatment and disposal of waste uncollected waste blocks urban drainage resulting in the spread of infectious diseases leachate generated in uncontrolled dumpsites pollutes surface and groundwater as well as the coastal environment dumpsites located in coastal areas are one of the largest sources of marine litter and plastic pollution open dumpsites are also major source of green house gases ghg,11
+this section turns to literature and experts discussions to explore these questions the problem of the terms conceptual ambiguity in european policy making was identified during research for the cost action accessibility instruments for planning practice in europe silva and larsson silva and larsson explain that accessibility is often used without definition or given a connotation that is quite different from the terms meaning in a transport context the ease of reaching destinations or activities distributed in space,11
+empowerment processes change existing power relations and are characterised by contestation and competition for influence and control over opportunities resources and assets that have real and significant value to those involved there is always the potential for conflict although there may be risks for donors those most at risk will be the least powerful the poor and marginalised people that donor interventions are seeking to benefit,1
+in japan they are seen as competitors to the coastal fishers and no longer benefit from the open access they used to enjoy fao a recreational fishers in the european union are not represented on the advisory committee for fisheries and aquaculture the main stakeholder advisory body to the eu commission in fisheries matters recreational fishers are becoming increasingly important both because of the volume of their catches and because of the value of the contribution of the recreational fishing industry to gnp in the united states the contribution of marine recreational fisheries to gnp is of the same order of magnitude as commercial fisheries fao b,14
+it begins with an assessment of the main challenges of the current system of intergovernmental relations and offers possible alternatives to improve coordination across levels of government and among national policy actors it also explores local government finance and the way the current arrangements for managing local public finance act in detriment of urban development it formulates some recommendations to ensure that local governments have access to resources to pay for urbanisation the chapter proposes some recommendations for strengthening civil service reform with a particular focus on subnational levels of government,11
+due to their limited resources and sensitivity to price and availability of supplies msmes are especially susceptible to the effects of climate change in its first phase the programme focused on the tourism sector these efforts include promoting new business models for sustainable growth and entrepreneurship influencing business behaviour for instance by promoting corporate social responsibility csr activities and improving access to finance to encourage uptake of green technologies dced,13
+fortunately the public health strategy for focussing on perinatal and neonatal health mental health cardiovascular and oncological diseases as earlier mentioned allocates considerable financial resources for health promotion and prevention activities from both eu funds and state budget while latvia has already reduced acute hospital beds and closed a number of hospitals and emergency departments more changes will be needed in order to secure highquality care that represents good value for money difficult decisions and compromises will need to be made continuing to balance the priority of assuring appropriate access to services for all latvians and the need to close hospitals with lower activity rates to promote quality and efficiency gains a starting point would be a comprehensive mapping of services hospital outpatient community and primary including service volumes to assess where there is slack in the system,3
+moreover some of the indicators in thailand s indc seem to have linkages with their national disaster risk management plans eg strengthen disaster risk reduction measures and reduce vulnerability to climate risks since the nap processes may include a monitoring and reporting component its content could inform countries effort to communicate adaptationrelated information more adaptation components refer to existing adaptation plans at the national level in belarus s indc the adaptation component is linked with the country s strategy for forestry to climate change to and the strategy for the adaptation of agriculture to climate change adaptation actions listed in some indcs build on projects communicated through national adaptation programmes of action napas,13
+in the vocational education and training system resources continue to be allocated on a historical basis a more endogenous adjustment of the system to better align students qualifications with labour market needs requires active participation of social partners students and education institutions the rapid expansion of tertiary education without a corresponding increase in resources has led to fears about declining quality measures to better balance family and work lives can improve career options for women and therefore reduce the current tensions between having children and full time labour market participation of younger women this could also ease the coming labour shortages associated with population ageing the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law,4
+we emphasised that such examples needed to have operated through time so giving evidence of implementation rather than initiatives that were still at the planning and promise stage they might cover a variety of different approaches often in combination direct promotion of innovation the provision of incentives network creation knowledge management leadership strategies and other professional development capacity building creating new forms of expertise and change management and more general drives to create climates favourable for innovative learning they could target change in one or more of the different components of learning environments particular learner groups the learning professionals content materials facilities and technologies and the different ways in which these are organised and assessed,4
+can the child poverty rate really be said to be rising for example at a time when the incomes of the poor are also rising and can there really be more children in poverty in the united kingdom or the united states than in hungary or lithuania as shown in figure lb does the child have three meals a day a few books in the home,1
+public policy helps especially by means of the rapid development of policies to reconcile work and family responsibilities eg childcare which facilitate parental employment and maternal employment in particular however korean workers frequently experience low quality andor unstable employment conditions with limited coverage andor only limited income support provided by the employment insurance and social assistance system societal changes have also contributed to rapidly evolving changes in the profile of poor families,1
+to this end with many rural communities in csn lacking access to modem energy and demonstrating reliance on expensive carbonintensive fuel or traditional biomass for cooking renewable energy provided through appropriate national and regional policy frameworks can enhance energy access reduce dependency on imports mitigate climate change improve health conditions especially for women and children and mitigate inequality a clear pathway towards the implementation of the agenda indeed policymakers need to build resilient infrastructure to ensure that various sectors and related policies receive enough attention rather than focusing only on the aspects of infrastructure development and its maintenance united nations escap enhancement of regional infrastructure systems must focus on affordability efficiency and environmental sustainability while policies that promote these increases must focus on inclusive growth and sustainable development in this way overall development of infrastructure can play a catalytic role in stimulating economic growth promoting social inclusion and accelerating the achievement of the sdgs in the region especially in the csn,9
+the evidence regarding declining returns on job creation is not that clear however on the one hand as it has been demonstrated in diffusion theory early technology adopters are generally those who can elicit the higher returns of a given innovation on the other hand while job creation in traditional industries tends to diminish the emergence of new economy jobs compensates for the former effect clearly the job mix will change over time but the positive net impact will remain,8
+electricity access is commonly acknowledged as a basic need for human development scott and seth and has been described as a moral imperative socially prudent and an economic necessity gea aside from the publicgood dimension of safe and reliable electricity supply consumer protection and guaranteed access are important politicaleconomy considerations bamber et al such energysecurity concerns generally serve to reinforce state control and regulation of the electricity sector kuik et al,7
+in the programming period the regions with the largest per capita funding allocations are zachodniopomorskie swtytokrzyskie lubelskie and podlaskie respectively among all rops social inclusion is the largest priority in terms of funds allocated followed by the transition to a lowcarbon economy and network infrastructure in transport and energy while climate change technical assistance and information and communications technologies receive the smallest funding envelopes figure these programmes are therefore a major impetus for endogenous development and in large measure rely on the engagement of public and private actors to mobilise activities and investments,9
+in contrast the imposition of collective management schemes has led to mixed results the use of local management districts in parts of the high plains region of the united states has allowed spatial variations in implemented groundwater use rules to be established that are decided by farmer members of district boards of directors and tailored to local needs eg nebraska dnr and urnrd nebraska dnr and mrnrd in spain the water act imposed the creation of water user group to manage the overexploitation of aquifers but in many cases the result has not been successful iziquierdo et al,6
+diabetes mortality rates are the highest in the eu additionally the number of deaths due to alzheimer s and other dementias has almost tripled since reflecting population ageing better diagnosis lack of effective treatments as well as more precise coding lung cancer continues to be the main cause of cancer death with the number of people dying from this disease nearly doubling between and nonetheless rates are still low compared with other eu countries,3
+if the cycle of decline in which it is currently caught is allowed to continue the deleterious impacts on the lifeforms dwelling in above and next to the ocean may well become irreversible if we are to ensure a bountiful planet for ourselves and for future generations the time for action is upon us having been born and raised in fiji from my earliest childhood i observed the ocean s status as the ultimate lifegiver,14
+these examples illustrate how participation and inclusion of children in developing transition activities and education can be further advanced to really place children s needs at the centre of the debate despite important efforts by jurisdictions in providing information to parents through special publications brochures and parental meetings further work is needed the belief that transitions are straightforward and organic hinders parental involvement in transition activities,4
+the portfolio is prepared for a given educational level and area of teaching expertise as defined by the curriculum and assessment unit within the ministry of education teachers are provided with a portfolio manual which among other things specifies the descriptors of the good teaching framework which are associated with each of the components of the portfolio the class is filmed by a cameraman accredited by the docentemas team,4
+green power is largely displacing existing generation modes of conventional energy the faster the displacement takes place the greater the industry s annual installations and economic impact in terms of jobs and output but the shorter the window of displacement becomes after the displacement takes place there is only replacement so the industry shrinks unless it can export,7
+second the grant of asylum to the victims of such atrocities is increasingly not available leading to greater numbers of internally displaced persons idps loescher orchard third the decline of asylum has gone hand in hand with a shift from the protection offered by states via the grant of asylum to the less effective incountry aid and assistance offered by humanitarian organizations orchard it is worthwhile considering each of these challenges in more detail as a matter of international law forced displacementforcible transferdeportation can itself amount to a breach of international humanitarian law geneva convention relative to the protection of civilian persons in time of war art a crime against humanity rome statute art,10
+because they are largely invisible these forms of child labour are the most difficult to tackle domestic workers most of them girls are isolated and subject to the whims and arbitrary discipline of their employers from whom they may suffer abuse sexual abuse is frequent but seldom prosecuted violence or abuse at home or in the neighbourhood drives many away as studies have shown in cities as diverse as dhaka bangladesh and moscow russian federation poverty also plays a part,3
+many of the experiences come from cleantech clusters that started from small origins in other industries and developed through branching processes favoured by procurement centres of excellence startup funding collaborative innovation projects and ecocity development these are all elements of the policy approach that should be applied to growing cleantech in the negev,7
+smartphones and tablets are displacing basic mobile phones and traditional pcs for many users making connectivity both more mobile and more capable in a process that will be strengthened by the spread of lte networks social media services in their infancy at the time of wsis have become crucial drivers of demand for connectivity others particularly those concerned with gender cybersecurity and environmental impacts require new data sets which are currently in the process of development,9
+the death of the employee is one of the causes that terminates the employment contract without liability for the worker and without extinguishing hisher rights or those of hisher successors to claim and obtain payment of any benefits or indemnities that may accrue to them under the code or pursuant to special provisions the fact that the worker takes retirement benefits is one of the causes that terminates the employment contract without liability for the worker and without extinguishing hisher rights or those of hisher successors to claim and obtain payment of any benefits or indemnities that may accrue to them under the code or pursuant to special provisions the national steering committee to combat child labour attached to the secretary of state for labour is hereby created,8
+the economic and social implications of the resulting trust deficit make it an essential component for sustainable and inclusive growth a lack of public trust can in turn affect public policies potentially leading to shorttermism and expedience rather than supporting strategic decisionmaking and reforms as such tourism was not able to avoid the impacts of the global financial crisis which apart from depressing overall tourism demand has shifted tourism flows with less long haul travel from major european source markets and led to more holidays being taken closer to home,8
+this is related to several specific aspects of pension system rules including the nature of derived benefits the rules regarding joint annuities and the existence and characteristics of contribution credits for carerelated reasons they have various underlying logics for instance some are based on the idea of economic dependence others more clearly reward family members for their unpaid care work while others are mainly concerned with basic poverty protection but they are similar in that they all address the impact that the distribution of family roles including paid and unpaid work in the family can have on women s future pension entitlements the first relates to the changes that have been taking place over the past decades in both women s lifecourses as well as pension system rules,5
+in senegal mlouma is a virtual agricultural platform that allows farmers and investors to get realtime information on the price location and availability of farm products via a website or their mobile phone innovative applications have helped to provide citizens with critical health information remind people to take their medication or provide access to healthrelated services in malawi airtel provides information on maternal and child nutrition information in the local language and via the mobile phone in tanzania the registration insolvency and trusteeship agency rita and mobile operator tigo together with unicef and local governments have developed an smsbased application that makes the birth registration process more efficient costeffective and accessible for parents since its launch in the app has registered nearly million children and has now been scaled across seven regions,9
+in tanzania for example there is evidence that higher female adult illiteracy rates correlate with the tendency of parents to devalue educating their daughters thus perpetuating the cycle of illiteracy and lack of schooling for girls unesco as the world bank points out in its world development report on gender equality families in many societies still send their sons to school before their daughters in part as a rational response to markets and institutions that value men over women world bank these same norms can get in the way of girls being able to establish relationships with peers and older mentors role models who are critical to them being able to navigate their teen and young adult years austrian for boys having to conform to norms of being real men can lead to behaviours that are detrimental to themselves and girls,5
+it is multidimensional nature and the whole spectrum of formalityinformality that should be taken into consideration what is also required for better policy outcomes is the development of a broader understanding of informal settlement formations a narrow understanding is when the consideration of informal settlements is dominated by the images from the third world poverty and selfmade housing areas,11
+the transition rate will thus be increased as more students will be allowed or able to access secondary schooling and move on to the tertiary level by having more students graduating at the tertiary level greater numbers of young people will become members of society able to contribute to sustainable development in mauritius first teachers teach the essential learning competencies elc for standards iii iv and v to ensure that pupils are ready to address the elc component of the cpe next to boost their selfesteem a model question paper focussing on the elc component is completed by pupils,4
+this study thus begins with a presentation of the system effects of nuclear power in chapter this holds in particular for lowcarbon technologies that influence public policymaking in one form or another such as renewables nuclear energy carbon capture and storage ccs or efficiency improvements the focus in this study will thus be on renewables and nuclear energy renewables are affected by policy primarily through the creation of stable fits above average market prices whereas nuclear energy implicates governments through the need for sectoral regulation waste storage and disposal as well as proliferation safeguards,7
+attempts at planning across governments and facilities are limited making it difficult to design robust patient pathways from primary care to hospital and back into the community as the evidence suggests that the number of people suffering from one or more chronic diseases will increase it will be critical for primary health care services to adapt to models of health care delivery that require coordination across several health professionals alongside this efforts to improve the ability of patients to be more proactive about managing their health and avoiding serious health conditions could be implemented,3
+in contrast the new benefits package was developed on the basis of current epidemiological and demographic needs and defines in detail the health services available to the population through public resources expanded benefits include additional ambulatory specialist services with particular emphasis on clinical effectiveness new vaccinations and neonatal screenings and new measures of innovative technologies such as prostheses to replace old procedures moreover there is an expanded list of chronic diseases for which services are fully covered by the national health service,3
+in addition reporting countries support the provision of social rental housing either through the direct provision of housing or through subsidies to providers around one third of the reporting countries also use construction subsidies to promote the production of rental housing rent controls are used in over half of the reporting countries but other forms of support for private rental housing such as provision of guarantees and rent tax relief for tenants are currently used by just over one fifth of the reporting countries,11
+while general the framework should be adapted to locally specific constraints the following paragraphs provide supporting evidence for the main management elements in their review of groundwater irrigation policies garduno and foster call for the design and use of pragmatic four tier approaches combining i administrative measures regulations and charges ii community involvement and selfregulation iii financing supply and demand interventions and iv macrointervention to constrain groundwater demand agriculture policies energy subsidies,6
+although most of the headline indicators of how s life therefore this chapter uses a few additional metrics that capture genderrelevant differences in wellbeing some differences between the two sexes are inevitable only women experience pregnancy and childbirth for example but many others stem from institutional cultural and social influences,5
+a recent assessment of land degradation in mongolia indicates that in around per cent of the total territory was degraded to some degree with per cent slightly degraded per cent moderately degraded per cent severely degraded and per cent very severely degraded table the severely and extremely severely affected areas include dry and semidesert lands of the lake uvs basin the great lakes depression and dundgobi and domogobi aimags annex iv map this change has happened due to increased livestock numbers and the changes in the composition of livestock herds the consequences of a changing livestock herding pattern and the overexploitation of land and plant resources coupled with the effects of climate change have led to a decline of animal and plant habitat areas and loss of resources which has become the main contributing factor to the increase of species to be categorized as endangered,15
+no price rise for those consuming less than lookwh per month a number of direct payments subsidies have been made to address this in september indexing was suspended as it became politically difficult to sustain due to high international prices verme elmassnaoui araar the justification for subsidies was to ensure price stability consumer purchasing power and the promotion of selected industrial sectors,7
+in mexico it is the second largest private generator with mw capacity in combinedcycle plants in the dominican republic it has mw in costa rica mw and in panama mw in the distribution segment it has million customers in colombia in nicaragua and in panama its most important project in the region is currently the construction of a wind farm in mexico with mw capacity and a mw hydroelectric plant in costa rica,7
+pedersen sees a number of european canadian and australian pension funds active in the same space with good opportunities for cooperation the fund is also working with ekf denmark s export credit agency to provide longterm financing of export credits to allow foreign enterprises to obtain loans to place renewable energy orders with danish companies in pggm committed capital to the bnp paribas clean energy fund on behalf of its clients,7
+to ensure the quality of ecec staff should have a preservice education level comparable to that of primary teachers in order to be similarly prepared and should also have an equivalent professional status ilo this is not always the case however in ireland for example preschool teachers are required to have at least one year of postsecondary nontertiary level training while primary teachers receive separate training at university level studies suggest that this difference in status is reflected during the transition process into the first year of primary school teachers of the first year of primary do not feel that preschool teachers are properly preparing children for the transition into o kane and hayes,4
+the value in obtaining input from stakeholders including women and women s organisations lies in obtaining to the extent possible a wide range of inputs for evidencebased decision making this recognition was reflected in the regional charter on the importance of transparency in the regulatory and rulemaking process in this context mena countries often report undertaking public consultations when developing draft programmes or laws figure draft primary legislation yes in some cases bahrain egypt lebanon morocco palestinian authority no not foreseen kuwait tunisia no but foreseen yemen,5
+for example in india a large gap exists between the price of diesel and gasoline due to fuel subsidies on diesel this has lead to substantial increases in the sale and production of diesel vehicles which now make up to per cent of the indian vehicle market initiatives can include the development of electric vehicle infrastructure see box or the conversion of transport fleets to cleaner fuels see box,11
+this planning tradition became less prevalent after the s which resulted in considerably less dense outward development in the municipalities outside the central city while provincial and city land use plans continued to stress compact development and public transit use the realities in many parts of the toronto region were urban sprawl and high car use as a result of the application of many land use instruments such as zoning bylaws and building codes that did not support compact higherdensity development,11
+this has led to a financial squeeze on power generators and forced them to offset losses incurred from power generation by expanding activity in profitable noncore businesses including component manufacturing electricity prices to endusers also often deviate from the nationallydetermined benchmark with provincial and local governments at times employing preferential pricing to support industrial objectives chen prices also vary geographically depending on the level of affluence with lower prices offered in poorer regions electricity prices are hence used as both a redistributive tool as well as an instrument for industrial policy however as environmental protection sometimes lags in the poorer parts of the country luring businesses to these areas through cheaper energy is likely to be particularly environmentally harmful,6
+france suffers from a high rate of premature male deaths from accidents and unhealthy habits such as smoking and alcohol consumption which are the most common causes of avoidable mortality regional disparities also remain substantial the difference in life expectancy between those living in the areas with the highest and lowest unemployment rates has increased by half a year since the mid s panel d estimated values for some countries differences in access to health care services across regions and neighbourhoods high outofpocket expenditures for some households heterogeneous medical practices notably among hospitals and the low focus on prevention all play a role,3
+as a starting point key elements from the paris agreement are highlighted which are relevant for climate finance as well as the finance sector more broadly this is followed by an overview of finance needs as articulated in the intended nationally determined contributions indcs submitted by countries as part of the paris process the lndc analysis is complemented by a summary of findings on four cases studies to better understand country and sector specific finance and support needs the earlier commitment by developed countries on the joint mobilization of usd billion per annum by for mitigation and adaptation was extended through to but specific numbers are not included in the legally binding part of the agreement with a decision on the level of finance postponed but with a requirement that it should represent a progression beyond previous efforts accordingly before a new collective goal is to be defined with the usd billion constituting the minimum,13
+as a result tgc price can fluctuate over time however as administrative costs for tgcs can be higher than for fits actors may require capacity building before engaging in such markets economic performance will also depend on other parameters including how close the technology comes to competing with fossil fuel technologies and its stage of market development studies by the iea show that differences in impact and costeffectiveness among the various economic support systems tend to be smaller than the differences among countries that have the same system iea a,7
+however those costs are mainly borne by the nuclear power plant developer and only impose limited additional costs on the electricity system as a whole section will then analyse the special conditions that nuclear power plants impose on the electrical system at the level of the transmission these include the higher requirements concerning grid stability and security the specific requirements on grid layout due to the large size of a nuclear unit as well as the interaction between the overall generation system and nuclear plants due to the latter s operational characteristics,7
+chile also saw poverty decrease in this case between and the official estimates available for these countries corroborate the trends described although the estimates are larger in argentina and el salvador smaller in costa rica and similar in the other countries see table ii figure ii and annex table iia this is the case of ecuador panama peru the plurinational state of bolivia and uruguay among the countries with data available to only brazil showed a slight rise in poverty,1
+establish clear institutional roles and responsibilities for promoting gender balance in the public sector including independent recourse and appeal mechanisms which should be adequately funded resourced and linked to executive teams to ensure their effectiveness raise awareness of gender equality considerations among public sector managers and enhance management and executive accountability to ensure gender balance at all levels and occupational groups and deal with gender equality issues in workplaces including through performance management frameworks the oecd is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns such as corporate governance the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population,5
+hence policies oriented to improve gender equality in old age need to be carefully designed considering countryspecific features including labour markets demographic patternsinstitutional configuration and fiscal space as well as family structures and womens lifecourse patterns a key genderrelevant policy choice regards the link between contributions and benefits in other words how tightly work histories should be coupled with pension entitlements and the policy tools available to offset gender differences in paid work earnings and unpaid work such as contribution credits all these policy choices naturally involve setting goals and priorities over the distribution of rights and resources,5
+the label is assigned to products that have lower environmental impacts than similar products over their whole life cycle from material extraction to disposal manufacturers who are awarded the ecomark pay an annual fee that is proportional to product sales the market share of ecomark products has increased,12
+these figures most likely underestimate the contribution of offfarm earnings because they capture only the income coming from activities integrated from the accounting standpoint either fully or partly within the farm business however studies on rural diversification indicate that the majority of alternative enterprises of agricultural households are financially and structurally independent of the farm business oecd e for example around of living expenses of those households involved in dairying and sheep and beef farming originate from offfarm income maf e,2
+global warming requires global solutions but the current twotier architecture on mitigation actions has raised concern over the problem of emissions relocation while total c emissions from oecd countries tended to stabilise after the turn of this century those from developing asia continued to rise much faster than the world average versus during the period this is due largely to chinas emission growth doubling from in to in table,13
+tangermann the world bank b and oecd explain in detail the complexity of each of these designrelated and practical decisions and provide some suggestions on how to tackle them that is the nature of buffer stocks is such that the government is limited in the amount it can sell or buy if a country is faced with a few consecutive years of low availability and high prices then it will exhaust its buffer stock once the buffer stock is depleted it loses its capability to lower prices,2
+however there is a tradeoff between increasing the price through market interventions and doing this in a way that maintains the longterm credibility of the trading scheme indeed the longterm credibility of the carbon price after the current phase ending in will be crucial for longlived lowcarbon equipment such as nuclear power plants ccs or off shore windfarms the floor price will start in at gbp per tonne and will reach gbp per tonne in,7
+only of single women with or without children in finland said they were finding it difficult to make ends meet in but this share goes up to for single women in greece total income is defined as the sum at the household level of the following components wage salary and selfemployment income of household members capital and property income private pensions private occupational pensions and all kinds of private transfers and social security transfers from public sources total income is expressed in terms of equivalent household member by dividing it by the square root of household size,5
+the government agencies involved were national regulatory and standardisation authorities this directly contributed to the achievement of sdg increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix both support the use of local forms of energy and help reduce energy imports,7
+there is potential for conflict in achieving both at the same time while investment incentives and other fiscal policies are designed to increase agricultural output the focus of shortterm policies is to influence market prices the incompatible objectives of keeping prices low to benefit consumers while keeping them high to guarantee rural incomes gives rise to inconsistent price stabilisation policies that combine procurement and price interventions with quotas when rice prices are low the central government provides interest rate support to enterprise to buy rice from producers putting upward pressure on prices,2
+analysis of various underground networks globally shows that quality improvements have higher demand elasticities than lower fares uitp b introducing this mechanism will be an important asset for authorities to shift from negotiations based on ensuring fixed levels of profits and instead set remunerations based on cost structure public transport fare policies need to strike a balance between economic and social sustainability service provision should move away from granting generalised subsidies and instead set public transport prices at or near costrecovery levels while granting targeted subsidies to certain segments of the population,11
+on the other hand while overall alcohol consumption is high binge drinking rates in austria are slightly below the eu average among adolescents in of yearold girls and of yearold boys reported having been drunk at least twice in their life shares similar to the eu average while this share is still lower than in most other eu countries it has increased substantially since when only of austrian adults were obese austrian adults are among the most physically active in the eu but physical inactivity among yearolds is relatively high,3
+they are costly complex typically land intensive and for all of these reasons involve risk given this meaningful public engagement in decision making is an important part of the policy process this entails raising public awareness of about the scope cost location and timeframes for a project early on in the process so as to gather information and opinions on various elements at its most involved level such engagement practices include citizens in some element of decision making for example including the opinions and ideas of citizens or stakeholders in a project can lead to more and better information with which to design or deliver a project,11
+in other countries especially belgium canada new zealand and portugal the gender difference in individuals ability to cope with a shock appears to be smaller once gender differences in financial knowledge are also taken into account this suggests that at least in some countries gender differences in financial knowledge are associated with differences in financial resilience and that improving women s financial knowledge could help them to set up more successful financial strategies to face negative shocks some governments continue to address the needs of girls and women as part of coordinated national strategies for financial education as in australia bangladesh brazil india israel lebanon and turkey,5
+rather it focuses on the lived subjectivities of migrant women from nepal trying to unpack the multifaceted experiences of their journeys the transnational migrant has become the living embodiment of the contradictions of globalization playing out her fears and hopes aspirations and struggle for capabilities in the context of global structural inequality and gendered fluxes of labour see silvey for an overview,5
+while numbers of teachers have increased in the last ten years the percentage of qualified teachers has dropped significantly education international this could be attributed to the rise in enrolments after the introduction of free primary education in as a result while access has increased between with an old ner of compared to respectively gmr the issue of quality in education is a prevalent one,4
+after they have been lost primary forests cannot be recovered except through major efforts to reintroduce native species followed by longterm protection of the candidate terrestrial landscapes in the extreme case viet nam lost more than per cent of its primary forest area compared with the forest cover that had existed in that country in in terms of proportions of primary forest to total forest area shares of primary forest in asia and the pacific are well below the global average developed countries tend to have smaller shares of primary forests compared with the developing and low income economies in the region,15
+subsequentlysection three reviews the objectives and instruments of alternative pension systems and the gender gaps that are currently found both in pension coverage and in the incidence of poverty in old age building on that section four identifies the key sources of gender inequality in pension entitlements in a context of gendered labour markets and section five deals with gender gaps in defined contribution pension systems section six then briefly addresses the main reform directions afterthe global crisis and their likely impact on women s pensions section seven is dedicated to noncontributory pensions reviewing the development of these benefits around the world and the potential they have to address existing gaps in access to old age protection section eight discusses some of the most relevant components built into contributory pension systems to protect women in the family including pension rights for widows divorcees and caregivers finally section nine summarizes the main findings and concludes,5
+improving teaching quality has been a policy priority in the netherlands in recent years as evidenced by the introduction of teacher competency requirements the obligation for school boards to monitor teacher competencies and the inspectorate s increased focus on monitoring teaching quality in schools going further the teaching profession in the netherlands could benefit from a revised and refined set of teaching standards strengthened schoolbased appraisal processes linked to professional learning opportunities especially for beginning teachers and an enhanced registration system that could be linked to teacher career development teacher appraisal refers to the evaluation of individual teachers to make a judgement about their performance teacher appraisal has typically two major purposes,4
+significant progress has also been made with respect to inert waste the targets of reduction in specific disposable waste and bulky waste has been missed municipal waste management still suffers from a lack of coherent planning at the national level which makes it difficult to exploit synergies,6
+these countries have low current mean transfer amounts and a low proportion of children receiving these benefits spain is the most extreme example with a mean family transfer per child being of which only of children receive and a mean housing transfer of that of children receive in these countries targeting poor children raises the takeup rate among poor children significantly as well as the transfer amount so some poor children leave the poverty line while having a minimal effect on those children above the poverty line,1
+factors such as family size whether or not a child lives with both parents the educational climate at home ethnicity geographical area socioeconomic status and gender age birthorder and other characteristics provide a full picture of the childrens situation and of generally overlooked aspects of child poverty the drop in total and extreme child poverty levels has also been associated with a lesser intensity of poverty understood as the number of simultaneous deprivations or violations of basic rights albeit to differing degrees from one country to another whereas an individual analysis of deprivations by dimension is useful for identifying which rights are most breached among children and adolescents in general a look at those dimensions among the poor or extremely poor specifically helps identify priority areas for the action of social policy and its sectoral components,1
+due to increased fish prices for the most important demersal species sole plaice and north sea brown shrimp there was only a slight decrease in landings value capture fisheries production value increased at annual average rate of between and in the oosterschelde estuary about farms produce mussels and farms produce oysters,14
+for the sake of brevity only the sigi and measures of gender inequality in outcomes are presented column only includes the sigi and regional dummies columns include the complete sets of control variables including income groups in as convergence terms latitude landlocked rule of law civil liberties population size trade openness inflation oil natural resources urbanisation rates life expectancy fertility ethnic fractionalisation religion unemployment rates gender gap in outcomes and regional dummy variables,5
+these gender trends in paid and unpaid work confirm previous findings eg aguiar and hurst gimeneznadal and sevillasanz while the development of labour saving devices and their massive adoption by households should also have contributed to the decline in time spent on household work yet evidence suggests that such appliances had little effect bittman et al the diverging trends across countries are a result of different evolutions of traditional gender roles as well as of policies that affect female labour market participation including parental leave oecd a,5
+in addition a number of specific regulatory measures can be implemented in order to improve the functioning of both designs however since electricity is a nonstorable good with inelastic demand energyonly markets can lead to large price swings at moments of high or low production of renewable energy for instance the european energy exchange market eex in saw spot prices that reached the ceiling of eur per mwh imposed by the operators as well as several instances of negative spot prices,7
+however it assumes that this date has no effect on female male migration then the exogeneity of female male migration flows per capita is rejected by the wuhausman test at the level finally the validity ie covcedaw eq and the relevance ie covcedaw sigi of this instrument are tested this instrument is significantly correlated with the endogenous variable as indicated by the first step of the iv estimations table moreover simple estimation of the sigi including additional controls and instruments result in a relatively high partial r finally the paper checks that instrumental regressions are not null with fstatistic higher than suggested by the rule of thumb stock and yogo,5
+in asia and the pacific where there is rapid urbanization and significant shortfalls in almost every kind of infrastructure investments in infrastructure may be turned into investments in environmental sustainability and an opportunity to build more sustainable economies the rate at which these goods and services are produced and how they use environmental resources and services as raw materials in their production as inputs to their operation or as waste sinks are critical sources of environmental pressure these pressures are growing with the rise of the consumer classes and the growing power of asia and pacific as an engine of the world economy the greening of business and sustainable consumption remain the core prerequisites for meeting both human welfare and environmental protection needs,12
+households headed by single females fare worse than married couple households particularly at the lower end of the wealth distribution however no data on wealth are currently available for international comparison of gender inequalities data from the european survey on income and living conditions eusilc show that single women with children are at high risk of material deprivation with significant differences across countries,5
+in this sense it is an effective way of improving the efficacy and quality of the service that primary care practitioners are already providing furthermore given this introducing primary carebased cbt or talkingtherapy equivalents is likely to be costsaving relative to introducing standalone programmes increasing reimbursements of nonprimary care practitioner provided therapies especially where alternative practitioners are private or investing in capacity building for the delivery of psychological therapies in particular in countries with weak primary care systems and where there are high levels of stigma around mental illness introducing cbt to primaiy care is not likely to be the most efficient use of resources,3
+overall the projected costs series is one of the few sources of plantlevel electricity generation cost information across a variety of technologies across a variety of countries the lcoe indicates the discounted lifetime costs averaged over the electricity generated the lcoe thus provides a handy and transparent tool for assessing and comparing different technologies,7
+as analyses of climate change impacts suggest that there is no immediate need to undertake practical adaptation measures with regard to hydropower bmlfuw projects focus on understanding climate change impacts except for a few practical measures aimed at introducing district cooling from biomass or wastetoenergy plans which would also have a positive impact on climate change mitigation the conclusions of the oecd still hold true many hazards which have strong linkages to climate change actually have relatively low medium economic significance the clearest impact of climate change on natural hazards involve glacial and permafrost areas which may be of limited economic significance from a national perspective although the implications for local communities may be quite significant on the other hand hazards which have considerably higher economic and social significance such as floods and windstorms have more complex and less certain linkages with climate change despite the uncertainty of climate change impacts on flooding and winter storms the related risk should be taken seriously given the impact of such events and the growing vulnerability to them on the part of alpine societies because of demographic land use and other pressures,13
+other key institutions include the network of servicios estatales de salud or governmentfunded state health services shs for those without employmentlinked insurance prior to seguro popular these individuals would have had access to shs but been liable to a userfee now nearly all mexicans have access to a health insurance plan the significant increase in sp affiliation represents an important step towards universal health coverage uhc,3
+for example del valle suarez and oecd chapter show that the introduction of seguro popular in mexico contributed positively to the country s growth by freeing women from their caring duties and bringing them into the labour force bolsa familia has lowered poverty and income inequality without decreasing labour force participation soares et al new results on the child support grant in south africa suggest that the programme has no adverse impacts on participation rates and formal employment and may even contribute to reducing informality tondini,8
+similar instruments are used for example also in france and the united states scanlon and kochlan the ability of this instrument to increase supply of affordable rental housing needs to be better understood and assessed against their cost in addition to public support towards the sector the protection of tenancy and the rules for rent setting are crucial for enabling the delivery of affordable housing through the private rental sector among the reporting countries that provided information report applying rent controls mostly regulating rent increases,11
+through their men in the kitchen programme hopem encourages men particularly young men to participate more actively in maintaining the household the organisation uses a mobile kitchen to engage with communities as well as initiating debates on gender equality issues hopem has also introduced a television show focusing on issues previously identified in focus groups by men as not having opportunities to support actively women and girls,5
+secondary school instructional hours which are also lower than the oecd average are only about lower for students aged and are the same for students aged figure in addition norms for students in kazakhstan require two hours of individual and group counselling per week in trilingual schools students may study their own language of instruction russian for example kazakh language and a foreign language english for example,4
+the framework is intended to strengthen school principals and teachers leadership capacity it can be used in various ways eg for selfassessment performance and development reviews school leader selection coaching and mentoring and leadership induction and planning the victorian leadership framework breaks new ground in being applicable to leadership throughout the school at all levels in the school showing where a teacher or school leader is located on a leadership continuum and what they need to know and be able to do in order to improve,4
+estimates of data growth are generally difficult to come by but cisco estimates that traffic over the internet will grow by over a year between and that by global ip traffic will reach an annual run rate of zettabytes cisco also projects that by of all internet traffic will be video up from in viber owned by rakuten currently offers calling video and messaging services to over million people,9
+brazil also directs substantial public funds into land reform to empower the poor to generate better incomes this consists of providing to disadvantaged groups access to agricultural land financial resources and knowledge and skills necessary to undertake fanning and other economic activity agricultural growth has been increasingly subjected to sustainability criteria through government policy and industry initiatives,2
+in other oecd countries which have a social assistance benefit as well as wagerelated unemployment insurance social assistance caseloads range from about to of the workingage population with a median of about thus the caseload is several times below the average for other oecd countries even though most of them also provide more coverage of the unemployed and other workingage target groups by social insurance benefits some accounts suggest that implementation of this requirement was vigorous in the s but has been relaxed since,8
+the changes have hardly affected the incidence of poverty since most of the affected households already had incomes below the poverty line however the reforms have made the poor poorer the poverty gap defined as the difference between the median income of those below the poverty line and the value of the poverty line itself expressed relative to the poverty line has increased by almost percentage points table,1
+the inclusion of something as basic as the sex of family farmers in agricultural censuses is vital to ensure the visibility of womens contribution to this work see story of change the simple scheme thats driving a quiet revolution for brazils family farmers there is no global database that brings together national statistics on migration flows to enable a better understanding of migrant family life these data limitations in all regions should be addressed through sustained investment in national statistical systems and in methodological development at global regional and national levels,5
+as benefiting from such programmes tends to be easier in extractive and sustainable development reserves some communities have requested this status for the area they live and work in overall this mix of issues goes beyond the responsibilities of the mma and other environmental authorities and calls for stronger intersectoral coordination a biome is a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a geographic region,15
+instead the financial technology companies generate their own scores and probabilities for example some models confuse correlation with causality an entrepreneur s education or the type of school attended may be correlated with his or her income and business management skills but is not sufficient for determining his or her future income or ability to repay a loan the past and present however often involve significant social economic and historical biases that can undermine an entrepreneurs ability to obtain finance or credit this raises issues of fairness and equality of opportunity even in an environment that depends so heavily on algorithms,9
+it has thus shown that equality can only be exercised when there is autonomy ie when decisions capabilities and personal development do not depend on others furthermore feminism provides a critical view of the individualistic concept of autonomy conceiving autonomy instead as relational mackenzie and stoljar first equality of resources and equality of opportunities are not enough to put it another way a policy of equal opportunities needs to take account of the differences in starting conditions between men and women in terms of socialization the history of male accumulation of power the continuing sexual division of labour and discriminatory sociocultural patterns,10
+quality improvement programmes should be applied to primary care and community care services more extensively and consistently consolidation of some content from the multiple data platforms that currently exist would facilitate transparency and public understanding of the quality of care the lack of a national system for reportingcounting adverse events is another weakness despite other innovations in promoting patient safety consideration should also be given to the creation of a more independent mechanism for assessing health system performance since this function currently sits too closely to the agencies responsible for the task of quality improvement itself,3
+all anpme executives are aware of and take into account the specificities of gender whether in terms of targeting or in deployment of programmes whenever a programme is not adequately reaching womenowned businesses moussanada infitah imtiaz corrective actions are taken to improve the target performance moreover as part of the entreelles in regions programme training was provided to trainers in order to refine their ability to support the needs of women entrepreneurs according to their personal and professional specificities,5
+in africa had a balanced agricultural trade when both exports and imports were at about usd billion but by its agricultural imports exceeded exports by about usd billion faostat the increase in agricultural and food imports has been particularly striking for basic foodstuffs such as dairy products edible oils and fats meat and meat products sugars and especially cereals implying that food imports have been playing an increasingly important role in ensuring food security for lowincome fooddeficit countries persistently high and rising import bills can have serious macroeconomic and social impacts,2
+men who have received higher education in czech republic england and italy are more likely to engage in hed whereas they are less likely to do so in australia chile hungary ireland new zealand and the us regarding the ses gradient australia canada and england show a significant social gradient the welloff more at risk conversely chile germany hungary portugal and the us show reverse social gradient but not always significant similarly for women the direction of the gradient of inequality is not clearcut within all countries educationrelated disparities in hed emerge in few countries figure with the highereducated being more at risk although five countries show the reverse relationship australia canada ireland japan and new zealand correspondingly the pattern is mixed for sesrelated inequalities in women figure,3
+the goal is to group the water users of these small central irrigation systems in a bigger water users association in order to have better understanding of the situation and then to streamline the rehabilitation of these systems the second component is related to river basin management the project will contribute to improving the monitoring network through the purchasing of equipment for realtime water quality monitoring developing a gis database and training agency apele moldovei specialists,6
+these constructs are based on the participating countries educational priorities and goals in one sense indicators are descriptive however descriptive information about the state of education systems and teaching and learning environments is useful only when the data for any one system can be compared with data for other systems and over time,4
+france s approach aims to primarily track progress on the implementation of its adaptation measures on the assumption that implementing its nap would lead to a reduction in the country s vulnerability to climate change government of france kenya and philippines approaches focus primarily on evaluating the outcomes of their adaptation plans with philippines even defining immediate intermediate and ultimate desired outcomes philippines kenya the united kingdom s first statutory assessment of national progress on adaptation first monitors the degree of achievement of actions planned in its nap figure,13
+social protection and rural health infrastructure will be necessary to cope with the new demands of an ageing mral population meanwhile mechanisation can help offset the lack of labour in rural areas in the future while physical and human capital in ict offers the opportunity of shifting to a knowledgebased economy that is less labourintensive close to of the population is rural characterised by high poverty and limited access to soft and hard infrastructure,9
+the yemeni government has implemented this gender auditing process in several government sectors at the national level and within four govemorates between and administrative leaders received training in gender analysis and mainstreaming in development planning preparation implementation and analysis of gender budgeting good quality genderdisaggregated data is required in all areas of public policy along with a framework and structures for collecting data linkages with a gender equality vision and strategy and the capacity to undertake research and analysis within the government and outside oecd,5
+close scrutiny shows that the acceleration of growth in these countries had its roots in a relatively egalitarian initial distribution of assets see for example morduch and world bank on the basis of such an expanded definition of poverty many people lying just above the poverty line will also be regarded as poor,1
+these figures are usually attributed to such factors as the absence of schools within the vicinity of indigenous communities the prohibitive costs of education according to the standards of indigenous peoples the lack or inadequacy of specialized infrastructure and teaching staff discrimination and exclusion of indigenous interests from curricula there is a need for improved state and civil society engagement with indigenous peoples at local and national levels national curricula and materials should be intercultural and include accurate information regarding indigenous peoples their cultures histories and experience,4
+in the czech republic of apprenticeship schools do not offer any kind of training with local employers in of schools less than half of the student population receive training with local employers and only in of apprenticeship schools the majority of students carry out training with local business provision of training in technical vet is even lower but this might be because in these programmes traineeship is provided to students older than yearolds who are not covered by the pisa study these results may be overestimated the questionnaire was sent to vet schools and only schools responded,4
+the final report was publicly released in december in august the government released its response to the review as part of a broad package of reforms for australia s national environment law in volume terms australian fisheries production increased slightly by tonnes to tonnes over the past years rock lobster and prawns remained the highest value wild catch production the two species contributed of the gross value of wild catch production in,14
+a more professionally based recruitment of water professionals and mandates based on medium and longterm consensual strategies may help stabilise the activity of state agencies ideally state agencies and basin agencies should replicate as much as possible the high standards of the ana a new version of the national plan emphasising its strategic nature based on a vision for the next one or two decades and addressing explicitly the very distinct conditions of the various regions of the country could be a very useful tool for building consensus on strategic water issues,6
+they form isolated communities in innercity slums or on the outskirts of growing cities without access to services and with limited access to the formal labour market cities fail when they do not address equity without strong institutions effective health and social networks fair wealth distribution and a safe and clean environment for living and working populations distrust in institutions grows disparities increase violence increases and new economic investments do not occur when they succeed cities are prosperous for all,11
+much can also be gained by helping landless households to get hold of nonland assets such as livestock or farm equipment which they can rent to farmers enabling them to participate in the agricultural market economy in a selfemployed capacity not only as labourers it can provide the basis for nonfarm and more productive employment allow children from poor households to perform better in school because they can do more homework and has a variety of other benefits providing a light bulb or two will not change many lives for the better however enabling chronically poor households to be part of the energy revolution will involve reducing the upfront costs of connection to the grid by allowing the poorest to pay the initial connection charges over long periods or be crosssubsidised by wealthier customers other essential steps include extending the grid or investing widely in offgrid decentralised and environmentally sustainable power at the same time energy providers need to work with other development agencies to enable the poorest households to acquire the equipment they need to render access to energy productive thereby reducing drudgery scott et al,1
+in korea announced a plan to introduce tyre fuel efficiency standards and labelling korea should ensure that these standards and labelling systems are based on international test procedures for measuring rolling resistance korea should also speed up planned policies to promote proper tyre inflation levels,7
+respondents from the survey underlined the riskiness and lack of trust in ee technologies as key barriers in explaining the large gap between economic potential and project realisation for energy efficiency as one investor argued the reasons why the energy efficiency market has not caught the imagination of the financial institutions are because they are still perceived as too risky an effective means of tempering this high risk perception is an increased diffusion of laymen information on ee project advantages,7
+access to dialysis treatment or a kidney transplant can be more limited in remote communities because there are no hospitals in proximity to these areas or there may be difficulties in accessing transportation to travel to health services however in aboriginal and torres strait islander people with kidney disease were less likely to receive a functioning kidney transplant than their nonindigenous counterparts compared with aihw b it is estimated there were new cases of endstage kidney disease in australia between and about new cases per population in all age groups up to years more than of cases were treated but the rate fell substantially among older age groups data provided for five jurisdictions suggest the agestandardised ratio of treatment rates between indigenous and nonindigenous australians was indicating that indigenous australians had slightly lower treatment rates aihw between and they were most likely to die from circulatory conditions of all indigenous deaths followed by cancer and external causes such as suicides falls transport accidents and assaults,3
+the sids accelerated modalities of action pathway samoa pathway was adopted to address priority areas for sids this provides a key avenue for multistakeholder engagement when considering marine litter reduction measures chapter there are three groupings of sids the caribbean community the pacific islands forum and aims africa indian ocean mediterranean and south china sea,14
+on average across oecd countries the odds ratio of girls expecting to work in a sciencerelated career increases by about per oneunit increase in the index of enquirybased teaching by contrast boys appear to benefit when their science teachers provide them with greater support providing more feedback to students in science lessons appears as the second most promising teaching approach followed by adaptive teaching and teacherdirected practices,4
+for ease of interpretation the indicators sewerage system and water were grouped into a single dimension under the heading urban features and the indicators child labour and school attendance were grouped into a dimension under the heading of children three other indicators unemployed adults functional illiteracy and assets were grouped under the heading of unskilled lowincome adults the factor analysis also turned up another grouping of indicators of low socioeconomic status which was not apparent in table because of the small number of observations main material used in the construction of the external walls of the dwelling and fuel used for cooking,1
+following the introduction of reference pricing if a patient chooses a product whose retail price exceeds the reference price heshe needs to pay the share above the reference price due to shortages and long waiting times in some municipalities primary care providers do not always function as gatekeepers and patients sometime seek specialist and emergency care directly even if these visits may often be unnecessary this is partly related to the fact that accountability is assigned separately to providers delivering primary care specialist care and longterm care and funding mechanisms with multiple sources do not embed adequate incentives to strengthen care coordination among providers finland invested substantially in ehealth,3
+the packages are regularly reviewed through consultation with the industry sector ensuring that the courses remain both relevant and effective in the national standardization projects for child care teacher qualification and training were implemented resulting in the provision of standard teacher training subject list and field practicum guidelines and the standard inservice training curriculum the implementation of these which will be enforced by law is expected to occur in due to the changes in the living environments of children and in the ways of child rearing by parents the expectations for the role and quality of nursery centres increased,4
+furthermore jewish values define the dominant culture of most of the higher education institutions in the galilee government of israel the development of the nazareth academic institution nai in the heart of the majority arab city of nazareth is an especially important development see box given the large arab population in the galilee these are critical issues that must be addressed in an examination of the role of colleges and universities in the future of this region,4
+this is the area where the conceptual linkages between social protection and food and nutrition security are the strongest the main mechanisms by which social protection programmes improve household access to food are through instruments that focus on protection or prevention objectives through i the direct transfer of food ii smoothing or raising household income and iii improving subsistence farming production across the range of programmes that increase household income or transfer food such as cash transfers in latin america public works programmes pwps such as the productive safety nets programme psnp in ethiopia supplementary feeding fortified school meals and takehome rations freeland cherrier improvements in diet in terms of quality quantity and diversity including greater access to micronutrients can often be seen,2
+costa rica on the other hand reports around nurses for every doctor there are nurses per inhabitants compared to per inhabitants on average among oecd countries oecd b differences in the way a nurse is defined may partly explain this finding for example auxiliary nurses without a degree may not be counted in costa rica but included in other health systems nursing headcount,3
+the proportions receiving psychotherapy were only half of this and respectively figure the better access to psychiatrists psychologists and general practitioners trough the medicare benefits schedule initiative the access to allied psychological services initiative as well as other programmes like online supports the mental health online portal and virtual clinic are targeted on improved treatment and management of mental illness in the community to a closer collaboration between gps and mental health specialists and to increased referrals from gp professionals providing psychological treatment it may also to some extent reflect the relative costs of the two approaches with medication generally being cheaper than sustained professional therapy visits,3
+where children decide to leave school or play truant parents living in slums are in many cases unable either to monitor their attendance or to force them to go kabeer and mahmuds respondents had particular difficulty controlling the behaviour of older sons and one respondent did not realise his son had stopped attending until his admission was cancelled because both parents were working all day the heavy assessment orientation boredom physical punishment and occasionally fraught relationships between teachers and students could both worsen learning outcomes for students who stay in school and increase the risk that they will drop out before even taking their final examinations,4
+finally although declining in recent years the cost of printers materials and scans is still relatively high especially for deployment in micro small and mediumsized enterprises msmes information once added to a blockchain is timestamped and cannot be easily modified making it easy to track attempted changes and transactions are recorded shared and verified on a peertopeer basis by anyone with the appropriate permissions blockchain is only one type of distributed ledger technology however the term blockchain is now commonly used to refer more generally to distributed ledger technology and to the phenomenon surrounding it,9
+while climate change increases the risk of too much too little and too polluted water urban growth represents a threat for the sustainable use of the resource and economic crises push towards new business models to do more with less global water demand rose by more than double the rate of population growth in the last century oecd an important component of water demand in cities is domestic consumption,6
+such indirect emissions however are a function of the structure of the existing electricity system not of the individual technology being produced the only local airpolluting emissions from the generation stage of the nuclear fuel cycle are minor operational radionuclide emissions the contributions to background radiation from these operation emissions are numerically minute and thus the radiological risks that such emissions might cause possibly fatal and nonfatal cancers genetic effects etc this is compounded by the emission of large amounts of pm s nox and toxic metals common throughout all carbonbased sources with significant damages to public health and ecosystems when compared to any carbonbased source airpolluting emissions from nuclear power generation are numerically extremely small,7
+however as interest and activities concerning adaptation remain concentrated in the environment ministry and agency a key challenge is to secure support for measures in other sectors and at other levels of government there is thus a need to extend and deepen political and administrative support for climate change adaptation at all levels of government and to build on the stakeholder participation process the nas identifies potentially relevant actors but timescales and responsibilities for actions remain unclear,13
+nevertheless there is a high degree of uncertainty concerning the status of several species with data deficient dd species additionally the population status of per cent of cr species per cent of en species per cent of vu species per cent of nt species and per cent of lc species is presently unknown this represents a total of species of unknown population status the biodiversity strategy observes that of some floral species are endemic in comparison with other mediterranean countries morocco has the highest percentage of endemic reptile species and the highest number of european relict reptile species as well as harbouring centres of diversity of certain reptile genera the biodiversity strategy puts the figure of endemic reptiles at out of a total of species,15
+availability refers to the provision of a sufficient quantity of functioning public health and health care facilities goods services and programmes accessibility implies that health facilities goods services and programmes must be accessible to everyone without discrimination acceptability implies that health services goods services and programmes should respect medical ethics be sensitive to gender and lifecycle requirements and be culturally appropriate,3
+even before the most recent round of planning reforms put in place by the french government that now require better coordination of planning local governments in this region took advantage of earlier legislation that allowed the formation of intercommunal organisations to facilitate cooperative activities including land use planning managing the loire estuary and local streams and wetlands cannot be done on a commune by commune basis and this common issue provided an early impetus for collaboration similarly historical competition between nantes and saintnazaire over shipyards and port facilities evolved into cooperation when both places were forced to come together in order to build a more efficient port complex that could compete with other port cities in europe thus the governance and regulation of land use are as much a political project as they are a reaction to social economic conditions and urbanrural morphologies the preceding discussions of the area s spatial planning objectives illuminate several major challenges and opportunities these are discussed in turn,11
+the organisation provides quality improvement support to hospitals primary care practices nhs boards patients carers and communities a particular emphasis is to encourage patient involvement and shared decision making in an effort to improve the effectiveness safety and patientcentredness of care a key aim of the inspectorate is to reduce health careacquired infections through the promotion of infection prevention and control between october and december it conducted inspections of which were unannounced,3
+acidic water from the copper mine at bolnisi is the main source of pollution considering the seasonality of georgian rivers these resources can be distributed only by building hydropower plants hpps with regulating water reservoirs table the nonconsumptive use of water for this sector has been increasing from billion m in to billion m in,6
+the council has over active members from countries it aims to promote awareness build political commitment and trigger action on critical water issues notably through the world water forums which are held every three years the wwc has a working group on transboundary governance which is tasked with preparing a series of perspective papers documenting current practices progress and prospects in transboundary water management and wider regional cooperation including how such practises contribute to economic growth safeguard the environment and strengthen regional security,6
+in other words what constitutes a healthy diet is less clear than what constitutes a healthy attitude towards smoking and drinking in contrast the reported health risks associated with obesity and diabetes are more or less conclusive at least as regards the qualitative content different sizes of the perceived risks are reported in the literature in this section i will report on published health risks associated with certain dietary components and with being obese,3
+this report examines the situation in canada with respect to child poverty material deprivation affecting families and the wellbeing of children and adolescents based on indicators available for comparative analysis it also reports on policy developments to understand child poverty trends and identify some policy directions that can help reduce child poverty in the future the report is organised as follows,1
+understanding why risks are higher or lower is a basis to attach priorities to problems the title clearly reflects korea s ambition to reduce the number of road deaths this means there is a target deciding on a realistic and ambitious timeframe within which this halving should be realized is a key component of target setting experiences in other countries teach us that a halving within years is possible but may also be ambitious halving the deaths with a year target cannot be considered ambitious,11
+figure illustrates these as two cycles responding to climate change that must be properly combined to be fully effective such impacts will lead to socioeconomic effects such as human migration decreased crop yields decline in the number of ski resorts and failure of infrastructure it is clear that climate change affects multiple sectors regions and countries however the degree of impact varies widely,13
+on the other hand the per capita consumption of icts is higher in denser areas indicating the possibility of a different scenario when telecom usage is associated with a more compact living modality in any case what is clear is that icts increase the degree of choice available when deciding which type of habitat to opt for literature is rife with references to dystopian risks associated to the authoritarian control of icts eg huxley orwell,11
+further it approved the order by which the quantity of trees to be planted annually by each ministry should be defined in particular the presidential resolution provided the impetus to launch the state programme entitled green construction in this programme foresees planting trees in the countryside yelojats in cities and around settlements and establishing green zones for the amelioration of climatic conditions and prevention of land degradation this is why a zone consisting of forests and parks is being developed in the foothills of the kopetdag mountains,15
+compared with other caribbean nations trinidad s tourism and agriculture sectors are small oil and gas reserves are currently predicted to run out between and and so there is a growing sense of urgency to diversify its economic sector it is responsible for operation and maintenance of all of the country s transmission and distribution lines and is also the sole power generator on the island of tobago,7
+he also noted that while such assessments may be graded and used as part of the judging and classificatory function it is much more effective if it is separated from the grading process and used primarily as an aid to teaching p assessment is central to effective learning therefore because even if learners start in roughly the same place with respect to a particular piece of learning they will very quickly be at different places due to the differences in what they have learned in other words assessment functions as the bridge between teaching and learning,4
+however there is a federal mandate the no child left behind act which requires that all th graders be technology literate pedagogical content knowledge for teacher candidates teacher candidates understand the relationship of content and contentspecific pedagogy delineated in professional state and institutional standards they have a broad knowledge of instructional strategies that draws upon content and pedagogical knowledge and skills delineated in professional state and institutional standards to help all students leam,4
+this means that roughly yearolds in mexico in france and around million yearolds in brazil do not yet have the basic knowledge and skills needed to thrive in modern societies the oecd already offers measurement tools to this end and is committed to improving expanding and enriching its assessment tools in december results from the most recent pisa cycle involving more than high and middleincome countries will become available through pisa countries can also build their capacity to develop relevant data and while most countries that have participated in pisa already have adequate systems in place that isn t true for many lowincome countries,4
+increasing competition in product markets should help reduce the wage gap by replacing old habits with the hunt for talent regardless of gender finally a corporate governance code in favour of a more equal representation of women in leadership positions and setting ambitious quantitative targets for women on boards combined with the comply or explain practise or quotas should help remove the socalled glass ceiling it ranks fourth in terms of gdp per capita in the oecd regularly places among the best countries in terms of quality of life and is one of the few western european countries that has managed to grow over the past few years however switzerland suffers from a number of weaknesses that prevent it from doing even better as outlined in the previous chapter one is the country s relatively modest longerterm productivity growth performance in this chapter it is argued that making fuller use of the economic potential of swiss women can be part of the solution,5
+this may be achieved through landing quota catches into the united kingdom employing crew resident in the united kingdom or other measures sufficient to ensure that a satisfactory economic link is achieved the remaining quota is divided between the nonsector vessels over m in overall length but not members of a po and the under metres fleet of these were employed as fulltime fishers,14
+nevertheless it should be acknowledged that even with the postponement of the deadlines lpt schedules are still impressive and missing the target should not have come as a total surprise the twin policies of universal access high costs and low tariffs low revenues for concessionaires lead to a very difficult situation even when accounting for the subsidies the utilities receive zerriffi as operation and management capital and replacement costs need to be covered by the service providers in the long run the dominance of grid electrification even when little productive use can be expected in the near future is causing this problem further compromising the financial balance of the utilities promoting productive uses of electricity in order to raise utilities revenues is thus vital to guarantee the longterm success of the electrification installations once lpt comes to an end zerriffi an ex post study on the benefits of lpt found that thanks to the programme households find their living conditions significantly improved,7
+subnational government spending in this field represented more than of total public spending in in france the netherlands portugal and spain in some sectors eg waste sewerage parks and green spaces this competence is almost fully devolved to local governments or dedicated functional bodies eg water boards in the netherlands it is also often outsourced to agencies external entities or private providers through publicprivate partnership contracts eg in france,11
+the inability so far to deal with these pressures in an effective timely way is attributed in large part to what is historically a sectorbysector management of marine activities much as a response to growing pressures recent years have seen a significant increase in the number of countries and regions putting in place strategic policy frameworks for better ocean management within their eezs however many obstacles stand in the way of more effective integrated ocean management which will need to be addressed in the near future,14
+this growth will be the result of increased aquaculture production which is anticipated to surpass captured fish for human consumption in in of the world aquaculture production will take place in china further resource constraints like land degradation water scarcity and increasing environmental pressures present additional limitations particularly in regions where land availability for agricultural expansion is severely constrained,2
+the city of san clemente subsidises the difference until the approximately usd budget allocated for this pilot is exhausted additional sources of revenue for the programme are being explored by both lyft and octa to extend the pilots duration the programme requires using the lyft app on a smartphone but since not all orange county residents own a smartphone or have an adequate data plan city officials will help qualifying residents purchase government subsidised smartphones,11
+although the redistributive factor has not had such a large impact as the rise in average income its contribution has nevertheless been essential for strengthening poverty reduction and for avoiding backsliding hence if the poverty line is kept constant in real terms changes in the poverty indicator can be analysed from the perspective of variations in average income and in income distribution the difference between this indicator and the initialperiod poverty rate can be interpreted as a growth effect it is also possible to calculate the poverty rate that corresponds to the average income of the initial period but with an income distribution similar to that of the final period,1
+in addition a multicriteria decision analysis mcda process was organized with decision makers who were given the full information data on externalities such differences are a robust finding across mcda carried out among utilities and policymakers both in europe and in china hirschberg and others such results do not bode well for fullcost pricing solutions to clean energy because the binding constraint will be sociopolitical rather than technoeconomic in most of global fossil fuel consumption subsidies amounting to billion were in developing countries,7
+if the lower level does not comply it can be forced through directives ordering it to do so furthermore national and provincial governments can directly impose landuse plans on municipalities horizontal coordination at all three levels of government occurs through the legal requirement to coordinate spatially relevant decisions between the responsible public authorities at the respective level of government there is also inherent flexibility in how the plans are elaborated by each level of government,11
+recently the regulation of coverage for immigrants was changed with some improvements for new arrivals see box to mitigate this structural problem there are normative guidelines developed by the national board for health and welfare and coordination efforts by the swedish association of local authorities and regions where regions agree about common rules and strategies since sweden has a relatively large immigration defining the right to health services for asylum seekers as well as irregular immigrants has been a challenge while adult asylum seekers have access only to acute care and maternal care all children regardless of residence status have full right to services,3
+the decline for men has been particularly strong since figure shows the relationship between declining rates of cvd morality and gains in life expectancy the horizontal axis represents the reduction in cvd mortality in percentage terms achieved by oecd countries between and for example in the netherlands the cvd mortality rate fell from per population in to in representing a fall countries such as israel and australia have been able to reduce cvdrelated mortality by more than over this period whereas other countries such as greece the slovak republic and mexico have reduced their rates by or less,3
+this may indicate that personal choice and the availability of job market or lifestyle alternatives may play an important role in the decision to apply for vc financing the ultimate objective would be to lift policy related barriers or discriminatory social norms that discourage women from embarking on risky business strategies thorough collection and monitoring of relevant policy settings including but not restricted to public investment schemes would be a milestone in assessing their effects and costeffectiveness,5
+the trend of teacher shortage is generally seen across all levels of education but poor countries are particularly focusing their efforts in meeting the goal of universal primary education upe according to the unesco institute for statistics uis among the countries that reported teacher data for countries will have a shortfall and collectively need at least million extra teachers between and to meet the upe goal more than half of these countries or per cent are in subsaharan africa uis given the situation at the initial level of education further levels up to higher education face even greater challenges,4
+the gap is also found to grow slightly more sensitive with the length of the leave period figure it stops increasing for periods longer than one year as also confirmed by the piecewise linear model the explanation for such a profile might be due to the fact that women who work fulltime were selected from a group with a higher earnings potential whose earnings drop sharply and below those of men after a break from work of one year and more,5
+several african countries have adopted the union of plant varieties upov and conventions as their sui generis regimes regardless of their impact on their local contexts literature on the point has been particularly vocal on the fact that the upov convention especially does not contain provisions to cater to the needs of farmers in developing countries and expressly prevents them from saving seeds to sow back in subsequent seasons policy choices on these issues will determine the space available for agricultural innovation and needs to be evaluated carefully,2
+this process can prioritise namas and enhance their implementation through a longerterm consideration of the supporting institutional and policy framework some countries do not have the current capacity to develop a leds and thus could continue to take action on namas and consider moving towards a leds in the future preparing a leds is an opportunity to consider how namas work together towards a national strategy over a longer time frame and should be an evolving process over time building on existing development plans and involving policy makers in economic planning can enhance the opportunity of climate change strategies to influence policy,13
+according to a survey of the federal service on surveillance in health care and social development three quarters of doctors found no sense in introducing such systems more generally the medical education system may not have fully embraced the international trend towards evidencebased medicine ebm courses on international experience of ebm and the ways of organisation and management of health care provision are very seldom covered in the university medical programmes but it is difficult to know to what degree the measures have been implemented,3
+consequently large developers withdrew their interest in the site and some new guidelines were established to react to the changing conditions namely office space was removed and diy builders were encouraged writing on the dutch spatial planning system in the late s needham remarked it is probably not so much the plan itself that brings about a coordinated dutch physical planning strategy but much more the exceptional talents of the dutch to reach compromises the idea of a planning doctrine has been forwarded to explain this consensusoriented approach the idea that dutch spatial planning actors have embraced interrelated and durable notions about spatial arrangements development and how they are to be handled faludi faludi and van der valk,11
+the minimum wage is particularly binding in the poorest lowproductivity regions where its level is above median and average income and where informality is also most prevalent figure data are for except for brazil china india and russia for which they are for the average wage for colombia covers both formal and informal sectors,1
+this is occurring in the uk south africa pakistan and some south pacific island countries parental responses to surveys underline the importance of transport a survey in bangladesh found that parents of disabled children saw the absence of a specialised transport system from home to school in rural areas and the lack of subsidised support for rickshaw transport as major constraints ackerman et al,4
+between and domestic material productivity of oecd economies improved rising from dollar per kilogram usd ppp to over usdkg today oecd countries generate more economic value per unit of material resources used than in and more than in relative decoupling has occurred across all material groups and oecd regions but there are only a handful of instances of absolute decoupling,12
+reporting at such a disaggregated level is already done in the crs database however this database is not currently designed to provide transparency on which projects a donor reports to the unfccc there can be significant differences in what countries report to crs and to the unfccc see annexes a and b for example some countries include climaterelevant official development assistance and other official flows in their estimates of climate finance provided others include just oda in addition to these differences in the scope and coverage of climate finance reporting on support provided is not consistent across countries table for example in some cases countries apply a coefficient to the total amount of finance provided to multilateral institutions corresponding to the share of resources disbursed by the multilateral financial institution or development bank that are climaterelevant,13
+a stronger consultative role of the river basin committees and greater devolution of deliberative and executive powers to water agencies would match decisionmaking to capacity and accountability lines and result in less unimplemented decisions this does not imply deflating the role of the national and state water resources councils or overlooking the role of basin committees it would require water agencies to consult with the advisory councils and the committees and give thorough explanations when they do not follow their advice in order to guarantee transparency and accountability another requisite is that water agencies be totally neutral and independent from any vested interests from water users in order to have such deliberative roles water charges in several cases are applied and governed at both state and federal levels the issue of scale includes differences in terms of charge rates across states and federal waters the cost of inaction and the related consequences on water quantity and quality when charges are not applied and the lack of harmonisation for audit and accountability processes across levels of government,6
+integrating students with an immigrant background is part of the socioeconomic challenge and the performance levels of students who immigrated to the country in which they were assessed in pisa can only be partially attributed to the education system of their host country with the united states has the th highest share of students with an immigrant background among oecd countries however the share of students with an immigrant background explains just of the performance variation between countries,4
+at the same time the expansion of agricultural subsidies introduced more potential obstacles to agreement on a protocol of accession and the list of commitments the process lost momentum also due to the implementation of the cu with russia and belarus which brought about changes in kazakhstan s trade regime in particular an increase in import tariffs progress has been made in making sps and tbt legislation wtocompatible as in developing the regulatory base for the cu its members aimed at the harmonisation with wto principles,2
+legislative changes were adopted to relax sovietera hygiene standards permitting early childhood education and care to be provided in a wider range of accommodations to stimulate provision the lithuanian central government authorised municipalities to use the funding received through the student basket funding methodology to support provision in private ecec facilities as well as public facilities as a consequence of these changes the number of private kindergartens has been steadily increasing and in of the country s municipalities had private kindergartens expand participation in rural areas by focusing on stimulating parent demand for services,4
+in line with the growing interest for these activities as a driver of growth science technology and innovation sti activities became prominent in these plans and strategies in the mid s a detailed examination of the early policy initiatives in particular since the mid s when malaysia started to develop a distinct sti strategy framework governance structure and policy helps to better understand some of the current strengths and weaknesses of the national innovation system and related policies while the country was still a british colony the increasing needs of industrialised countries for raw materials spurred the growth of malaysian production and exports of tin and rubber malaysia accounted for half of the world production of tin at the end of the th century and of rubber in the s,9
+in the last two decades researchers have scrutinised the conditions under which aid is effective william easterly argued that the us billion spent on aid to africa over the last years has not lifted average african incomes other recent crosscountry analyses also conclude that the relationship between aid and development is weak and often ambiguous rajan and subramanian easterly et al in a recent metaanalysis of the literature doucouliagos and paldam conclude that the overall finding on aid ineffectiveness has not been overturned though there are some results suggesting certain components of aid may be effective,10
+total health spending was of gop in of which nearly half is financed outofpocket on a feeforservice basis the government spent of its total budget on health in the lowest share in the eu moreover the difference in life expectancy at birth between men years and women years is lower than in most other eu countries,3
+compliance assurance and enforcement of water and environmental legislation are conducted by the state environmental inspectorate of the ministry of nature protection through its local inspectorates its core tasks include preparation and implementation of water legislation development of a national water management plan following the provisions of the eu wfd assessment and management of flood risks provision of appropriate budgets and financial incentives collection and assessment of water data and representing austria s water interests in all international fora the ministry is supported by the federal environmental agency and the federal agency for water,6
+government leaders from more than countries confirmed at the world summit in johannesburg xo years later that the convention is the key instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from use of genetic resources it emphasises the need for counteracting the loss of biological diversity through conservation and sustainable development genetic variations within the species for example in the populations of the same species spread over a large area are also covered by the term,15
+it also facilitates access to premises science park inside hub several professors act as entrepreneurship ambassadors in their respective faculties and departments and help to create entrepreneurial mindsets they also act as multipliers scouts mentors while facilitating team building and participating as members in startup teams,8
+in the ldc group value added per worker is higher in asian ldcs s than in african ldcs see chart c however during the period what is particularly striking is the rapid rise in agricultural labour productivity in asian ldcs up around per cent in african ldcs by contrast productivity levels have been stagnant up only per cent and in island ldcs these levels actually declined by per cent over the same period labour per worker data are based on constant dollars,8
+despite significant sustained total population growth from billion in to billion in as of the average total electrification rate in the region was per cent up from per cent in this amounts to more than million people gaining access to electric power each year energy access is measured in the tieredspectrum from tier no access to tier the highest level of access beyond connections energy access redefined esmap technical report significant market barriers prevent consumers and firms from purchasing costeffective energy efficient equipment and appliances the result is an energy efficiency gap in which the level of efficiency achieved is lower than the level judged to be optimal at prevailing market prices,7
+the independent observe reflect act schools which are tailored specifically to the needs and culture of indigenous children and are supported and promoted by the european union unicef and wfp were taken into account in the development of the national education strategy although there has been some improvement rates of access to services by indigenous peoples is two to three times lower than those of other groups their school enrolment ratio is per cent while their civil registration rate is per cent united nations childrens fund however although the khoe and san languages are recognized they are not official languages and thus there is little government funding available for their development,4
+an interesting example can be found in chile the desalination plant built in the city of antofagasta chile to supply water for the population brings water from the altiplano to the coast across kilometres in addition to securing water supply the water s high levels of arsenic are reused in local mines and other industrial sectors,6
+the technicalvocational track offers the same diploma and a technical qualification and therefore takes three years with longer hours of study than the academic track the academic track offers study alternatives while the technical track proposes agriculture industry and service specialities those who already have the bachillerato may seek a vocational qualification through two years of night school,4
+the remaining is spent by either provinces or the central government which is mainly financed from the general budget the same applies to the benefits of the water management services by the municipalities which mainly entail installation and maintenance of local sewage systems the benefits of which accrue to and are paid by local beneficiaries in the community the beneficiaries of sewerage and wastewater treatment services extend beyond the direct users to downstream water users and the environment the ten drinking water companies provide drinking water in the region where they are located and users pay for their costs this implies in principle that those who benefit from the provision of a water service should pay for this service,6
+at the same time longterm trends in inequality population growth urbanization economic globalization technological change and other socioeconomic processes will exert profound impacts on the changing climate which are difficult to envisage see chap in addition future climate trends will depend on national and international actions aimed at mitigation over the next few decades the uncertainty associated with forecasting longterm climate trends and their effect on weather patterns is complicated by the need to be geographically precise since the effects of climate hazards are felt at the local level,13
+a viable package of alternatives to current policies could include the following elements more open markets in renewable fuels feedstocks and foodfeed commodities efforts to ensure that production occurs where it is most socially and environmentally sustainable increased scientific research on second generation biofuels and other pathways to reduce carbon emissions and to contribute to both energy and food security globally and actions to improve efficiency of energy use and thereby reduce demand and limit stress on finite resources including those needed for food and feed production this has resulted in a relatively constant level of support to the farm sector while its composition made it less production and trade distorting the degree of market distortion is particularly reduced if the direct payments are made with no requirement to produce,2
+a study from the king s fund and the centre for mental health naylor et al mental illness is responsible for of england s total burden of disease but receives only of nhs health expenditures centre for economic performance these regional commissioning bodies were pcts but have been replaced by clinical commissioning groups as part of the nhs reforms detailed in section following the current nhs reforms a percentage of the health care budget is to be directed towards public health england to be used by local authorities to commission public health services,3
+a remote village or remote hamlet will be considered page electrified if at least of the households are provided with lighting facility under the rve programme the electrification process entails choosing the most adequate energy technologies through the identification of locally available energy resources however in the case where these solutions are proven unfeasible and if the only means for electrification is through use of isolated lighting systems such as solar pv these should be taken up,7
+professors at institutions that grant teaching certificates should be required to have closer contact with schools and to support and mentor their teacher trainees in their teaching practice and first year of schooling institutions that teach educators should also be asked to regularly revise their programmes to make them current and relevant to the schools their graduates work in and to reflect national education priorities in the government launched its programme to promote the quality of initial teacher training programa de fomento de la calidad de la formacion inicial docente pfid,4
+first tariffs should be lowered as carbon prices on the eu ets should increase creating additional incentives on the energy market to develop low carbon power sources in germany the feedin tariff for photovoltaics was eight to ten times higher than the electricity price and more than three times the feedin tariff paid to wind in significant reductions have been implemented over the past two years but tariffs remain two to three times higher for solar compared to wind or hydro power,7
+the csg was initially targeted to poor children up the age of seven but has progressively been extended to poor children up to the age of as a consequence of the financial crisis the government of south africa has further extended the age limit to children must be south african citizens and have per capita household incomes below a threshold,1
+inkind benefits and consumption taxes however are excluded as the underlying income surveys do not provide this information the bottom inequality in a country is obtained as the ratio between overall average income and average income of one bottom decile eg the second an increase in this ratio signals a widening gap between average and poor households ie higher inequality at the bottom the top inequality is measured as the ratio between average income in one top decile eg the eighth and overall average income and therefore informs about the gap between rich and average households,10
+in an effort to take stock of existing initiatives the oecd inventory water governance indicators and measurement frameworks launched on line in october mapped instruments eg indicators maps databases and assessment tools see table for measuring and evaluating several water governance aspects most of these indicators relate to specific functions water sanitation and hygiene and integrated water resources management scales eg national basin or governance dimensions transparency capacity etc the most relevant toolkits and indicators for the implementation of the oecd principles on water governance are summarised in table the challenges are related to the complexity of the water governance dimensions to be assessed data availability data collection through expert views comparability over space and time and the difficulty in drawing causality linkages between outcomes measured by indicators and policies aiming at generating certain impacts figure it contains evidencebased tools and advice as well as country examples showcasing practices which have been successfully tested in a number of countries,6
+within this framework nups are highlighted as being a primary tool for governments to articulate the implementation of such global commitments and the definition of a national vision for sustainable urban development by engaging coordinating and leading multiple actors across different sectors and scales it aims to record the global advancement of nups as an indicator of the implementation of global agendas and to provide national governments and other stakeholders involved in the nup process with more information and perspective for the successful development of a nup while it would be beyond the scope of a global report to provide a detailed blueprint for nup development as this should be tailored to national needs and aspirations this report still highlights general opportunities challenges trends and best practices of nup development at global and regional scales,11
+however school organising bodies hold ultimate responsibility for determining if when and how to appraise their school leaders appraisal typically involves an external expert it typically takes the respective local quality management programme into account and school principals are often rated according to grades exceptionally suitable suitable less suitable not suitable,4
+experience has not borne this assumption out women s increasing participation in paid work has not been accompanied by a commensurate increase in men s share of unpaid work within the home see chapter iii the gender division of unpaid domestic work has displayed a remarkable resilience and continues to shape the terms on which women are able to take up paid work it limits the transformative potential of employment for the position of women within the home and in the wider society despite this reproductive work is largely absent from macroeconomic theories and policies,5
+students who misunderstand some important point in mathematics will find that they can identify with a student who is at the blackboard and has made a similar mistake and can in effect get individual attention without monopolising the teachers time asian teachers often complain about class sizes getting too small to find a useful range of student solutions to a problem in order to conduct a good class instead of complaining that the class is too large to teach effectively as in the united slates it applies a learnercentred approach that places considerable emphasis on student selfassessment in which students are expected to take an active role in designing their own learning activities and work collaboratively in teams on projects that cut across traditional subject or disciplinary areas by the time students enrol in upper secondary school grades they are expected to be able to take sufficient charge of their own learning to be able to design their own individual programme where without a grade structure each student proceeds at his or her own pace within the modular design of the system,4
+providers stated that the clinics were underused partially because parents discouraged young household members from relying on the services although the experience of one ngo was positive after parents had participated in awareness sessions over percent stated they would return to the clinics the report identified the same barriers as above on provider attitudes and gender differences it found that the services did not meet many of the needs expressed by youth such as mobile clinics educational programmes targeted at specific agegroups and according to gender outreach services and training courses on how to tackle major risk factors according to who universal health care coverage ensures that all people have access to promotive preventive curative and rehabilitative health services of sufficient quality to be effective while also ensuring that people do not suffer financial hardship when paying for these services,3
+this category also includes fish caught by trollinghanding from small vessels in the open sea adjacent to islands for simplicity the catches from recreational fishing are considered as production for home consumption and therefore as a component of subsistence fisheries farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production such as regular stocking feeding or protection from predators these results are even more striking given that inshore fishing depends on little more than per cent of the total ocean space under national jurisdictions,14
+measures were also taken to strengthen teaching by posting more experienced teachers in the early grades this is now used as a diagnostic tool to identify learning difficulties and students needing remedial education the number of outofschool children fell from million in to in from to dropout rates fell from to per cent when the reforms were first introduced gradespecific enrolment rates followed a similar pattern to those in many other countries in the region high initial enrolment followed by dropout in subsequent grades,4
+in contrast in countries where there is no integrated national climate change action plan or domestic climate change policy framework it has been observed that donors are more likely to finance their own priorities see eg cameron zou and ockenden this is reported to be the case even when national climate change policy reports exist ie namas or nap as have been submitted to the unfccc but it is not clear if this is a case of poor alignment or if systems are not in place to support these plans for example the use of country systems and procedures such as national arrangements and procedures of public financial management accounting auditing procurement monitoring and evaluation is encouraged where appropriate ie busan and manila consensus to improve the effectiveness climate finance through reinforcing the sustainability of results and allowing recipient countries to take greater ownership practitioners recognise aid effectiveness principles and the benefits of using country systems eg ec gcca,13
+schools are required to engage in selfevaluation and reflect its results in the school annual report organising bodies also inspect their respective schools but typically concentrate on compliance with financial regulations a range of tools are used to monitor performance of the education system the monitoring system includes a range of statistics on education based on snapshot data collected from schools on a standardised format,4
+overall the gas infrastructure in both scenarios requires investment of around usd billion the capital needs for coal supply amount to usd billion in the baseline scenario in the blue map scenario by contrast the use of imported coal is more attractive than the mining of domestic indian coal since the coal import price is lower than in the baseline scenario as a result of the lower global coal demand the investments for the coal supply infrastructure of usd billion in the blue map scenario are mainly related to expansion of the harbour infrastructure,7
+activities that can be beneficially promoted include reading to children singing songs and nursery rhymes going to the library and playing with numbers an academic approach makes use of a staffinitiated curriculum with cognitive aims for school preparation an academic approach can prescribe teaching in critical subject areas but can also limit a childcentred environment characterised by selfinitiated activity creativity and selfdetermination eurydice prentice,4
+between and about of all taxes were shifted from distortive taxes on labour towards a taxation of pollution and resource use the highest taxes are paid by the household and the public sector followed by the transport sector and space heating which together account for of energy taxes paid in denmark in households and the public sector paid electricity taxes of eur per kwh in a general tax reform was adopted by the danish parliament which included a number of changes for energy taxes,7
+it is somewhat similar to the issue of multifunctionality because concerns often have to do with ncos related to agricultural production animal welfare environmental implications genetically modified organisms the quality and safety of food products and the social conditions of production are just a few examples of issues where modem societies have concerns often arising out of widely diverging views on what is right and wrong responding appropriatety to such societal concerns and identifying the best policies to address these issues has often proven difficult for policy makers the oecd has therefore dealt with such societal concerns and their policy implications in a number of activities for example tothova and oecd b given the rather different nature of the various societal concerns the optimal policy responses differ very much,2
+it is also not clear whether significant numbers of teachers have been trained to date however while new competences and skills are being defined new courses developed and tvet programming revised in some member states less than half of member states indicate that significant progress has been made a number of challenges and obstacles have persisted throughout the strategy for esd period such as securing structural reform of education systems and embedding esd in mainstream budgets preparing educators strengthening mechanisms for cooperation and engagement across a broader crosssection of stakeholders and addressing the need for more esd research monitoring and evaluation,4
+the index presents a rich data set to identify and analyse global innovation trends other countries and areas in the region that ranked highly in the index in were hong kong china eleventh the republic of korea fourteenth new zealand fifteenth australia seventeenth and japan nineteenth at the other end of the scale countries in the region that ranked poorly among the countries analysed were myanmar th nepal th and pakistan st,9
+complemented by the lack of harmonized standards this misalignment at the regional level mostly leads to the inefficiency of investments beyond particular groupings the current relative institutional insufficiency partially reflects on countries resistance to approach compliance with collective decisions beyond sovereignty kong and ku synergy between subnational experience and expertise may thus be realized while the scope for energy agenda may be extended through incorporation of common values such as sustainable energy development principles as the global community embarks on a sustainable development pledge and international governance embraces a more complianceoriented and rulesbased approach a cooperative framework would generate greater trust among the countries in and create opportunities for regional energy planning,7
+the nineyear lapse underscores the fact that this was not just a static analysis of initial conditions leading to stable favoured actions involvement of area residents is key and plans have a distinct institutional component as the intent is to foster a social process which will affect actions by private and civic institutions as well as governments the broader range of issues represented in strategic and other more recent planning forms ranges across housing economic development jobs education infrastructure environment and natural resources as reviewed in the next section egypt with the support of unhabitat has been preparing strategic spatial plans for small cities whose population is less than,11
+this figure is higher than previously quoted figures as it includes all water and sanitation related diseases as well as the lasting impact on children via malnutrition and being underweight which causes of all deaths of children under years old worldwide for example priiss et al yet priissustiin et al this percentage goes up to nearly deaths of children under years old wateraid,6
+the countries with above and below average cuts in health care expenditure growth are listed in the table below for example for general mortality a increase in unemployment in countries with high cuts in health expenditure is associated with a fall in mortality the results show whether the relationship between unemployment and a given health outcome is different in countries with modest health expenditure cuts compared to those with high cuts all outcome variables reported in table were d were estimated using this model but only in six cases were results found to be statistically significant,3
+pharmaceuticals account for more than half of private expenditure figure panel b and for those with longterm illness and retirees that share rises to about green book specialist medical services paid out of pocket typically consultations provided at private medical facilities is the second largest component of private expenditure prepaid packages of medical services are also purchased by employers from specific providers these packages include occupational medicine as well as primary and secondary treatments and have been growing in importance in recent years,3
+by contrast the number of fixed telephone lines decreased by about per cent as more people are opting to use only mobile cellular networks or bundled internet and voice services in developing countries where fixedline telephone services have been undersupplied and of poor quality in many locations the spread of mobile cellular service continues to be rapid having grown by an estimated per cent between and in developing countries accounted for only about per cent of global subscriptions to mobile services but by their share had increased to per cent between and mobile cellular penetration in developing countries surpassed the per cent mark and by end it had reached an estimated per inhabitants figure,9
+gaafar reports that customary law which often discriminates against women and limits their land and property rights still governs at least per cent of land in kenya and the patriarchal nature of kenyan society often limits the rights of even those women not living on land governed by custom according to gaafar as little as one per cent of land in kenya is titled in the names of women and as little as five to six per cent is titled jointly by women and men this includes assets such as inventories and receivables household goods and vehicles likewise liberia s collateral registry has unlocked about million of debt financing for smes twebaze,5
+gender parity is not only a fundamental human right but also a critical economic opportunity for countries research using the sigi results reveals that genderbased discrimination in social institutions is significant and represents a cost of usd billion for the mena region ferrant and kolev addressing the obstacles to women s and girls empowerment could benefit the economy as a whole,5
+in ethiopia malawi uganda and united republic of tanzania for example female farmers deploy fewer male household labourers than do malemanaged farms world bank and one they are less likely to own cell phones than men and are at a particular disadvantage in accessing icts where they are available they may be prevented by cultural attitudes from using rural access points frequented by men and their ability to upgrade their skills is impaired by more limited literacy and educational attainment as well as time and mobility constraints these gender differences may reduce female farmers access to more lucrative markets by limiting their access to market information or their ability to transport inputs and farm produce,5
+effective implementation of these commitments requires that the constitutional changes be incorporated into national legal frameworks and this is work in progress women and men in the six countries have equal access to justice in principle but in practice women face a number of hurdles the fact that few judges are women may also be a factor,5
+there are significant variations regarding the proportion of private units between the counties for instance stockholm halland and vastmanland private units account for around half of all units whereas in other county councils there are only a few there are approximately hospitals providing specialised care in addition seven regional university hospitals provide highly specialised care,3
+the degree of crra of is chosen for the entire simulation analysis the results in part ii depend on this level of risk aversion some sensitivity analysis is presented in tadcaapmwprd fin al since the first order conditions to maximize the expected utility lead to analytical expressions that are difficult to quantify the analysis depends on simulation with an empirically calibrated model the first step of calibration generates the multivariate normal distribution of uncertain prices and yields that have already been performed to simulate crop specific revenue in the previous section the benefit from crop yield insurance strategy gt is the net of an indemnity receipt and insurance premium payment,2
+in particular regulatoiyinduced misalignments between the time horizons of investors and the need for longterm infrastructure financing would undermine the lowcaibon transition greater transparency and harmonisation of corporate disclosures on climate risks and liabilities could also encourage climatefriendly investments public finance and investment could be powerful catalysts for the lowcaibon transition yet they are not fully aligned with climate goals although its share has been rising over time less than onefifth of official development assistance oda is climaterelated public support to private investments in coal and gas is still significant national and international public financial institutions could more systematically lead the way by reconsidering their support to greenhouse gasintensive projects,13
+and what is the impact on cost compared to a more traditional approach of health service delivery this part summarises the results of evaluation studies carried out in a number of countries on the impact of apn on patient care and cost it builds on recent reviews of such evaluations that have been carried out by other researchers,3
+source oecd health statistics most oecd countries have now implemented universal health coverage for their population only a few countries reported in that a significant share of their population were still uninsured greece mexico and the united states,3
+this is not only the simplest operational mode but also economically the most advantageous as long as prices are stable and it is thus the operational mode that is preferred in most oecd countries for different reasons there exists considerable experience with load following by nuclear power plants in france and germany in france nuclear capacity exceeds baseload needs during certain periods during which it is necessary to reduce nuclear load,7
+it has been widely documented that people living in adequate homes have better health and higher chances to improve their human capital and seize the opportunities that urbanization offers a housing sector that performs well acts as a development multiplier benefiting complementary industries contributing to economic development employment generation service provision and overall poverty reduction conversely lack of adequate housing contributes significantly to marginalization of populations and different forms of exclusion in cities,11
+par ailleurs les resultats suggerent que l effet des services de la petite enfance sur l emploi des femmes est renforce lorsqu ils sont associes a d autres mesures favorisant les meres qui travaillent comme par exemple le conge paye parental mais que cellesci reduisent l efficacite des incitations financieres a travailler pour le partenaire,5
+if the transparency framework is to provide clarity on whether these features are met parties need either a common understanding of progression scaled up and how country strategies are accounted for or each would need to provide an explanation of how they interpret these requirements by itself aggregation of the information requested from individual parties on mitigation and support will be insufficient to meet the objectives of the stocktake this is because there are information gaps regarding the expected overall effect of ndcs aggregate financial support provided and mobilised and whether mitigation actions and finance flows are consistent with lowemission and climateresilient development pathways these information gaps are partly due to the lack of common methodologies for estimating the expected effects of mitigation policies unresolved and divergent views on the definitions and methods to estimate mobilised climate finance and limits to aggregating countrylevel information on climate finance provided and mobilised,13
+a zero waste city requires combining social political economic and technical interventions in targeted urban areas that complement one another options for policy makers include userpays waste charges the demarcation of space for recycling biodigesters upcycling and composting it is made up of two parts mergers and acquisitions and greenfield investments,11
+in france as in other oecd countries centralised planning models had largely failed to end regional economic inequality in the process while communes have maintained the ultimate responsibility for developing and managing land use plans these plans have become more constrained by laws regulations and other actions taken by higher levels of government the specific process of devolution in france has been seen as analogous to a three act play the chevenement law of established new structures through cooperative institutions epci and facilitated the pooling of services and projects among communes,11
+the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change ipcc establishes that developing countries are expected to suffer the most from the negative impacts of climate change as their economies strongly rely on climatesensitive sectors noticeably agriculture and are particularly exposed to the impacts of climate change due to their geographic and climatic conditions these countries are likely to be the first victims of climate change moreover they often display a low adaptation capacity due to institutional weaknesses particularly in the financial sector,13
+an indicator can provide either qualitative information on for instance the degree of development and implementation of a policy process or quantitative information such as the amount of funding dedicated to the policy as of april about of indcs with adaptation components include qualitative indicators by which progress towards their goals can be communicated kato and ellis fewer about also have quantitative indicators that can be used to assess progress however some adaptation components of indcs do not include any indication eg proposed indicators against which progress can be assessed ibid,13
+most primary schools are very small some twothirds of primary schools have just students or less and of these around half are singleteacher schools unidocentes for up to students together these small schools enrol around of all primary school children pen by law classrooms can accommodate between and students although multigrade classrooms can have students and singleteacher schools can operate with as little as just one student the average primary class has students much less than the oecd average of pen oecd a with students on average class sizes in secondary schools are almost double those of primary schools and above the oecd average of,4
+this is the case in israel where every ministry or government agency involved in establishing waterrelated policies or tariffs acts within the constraints of the water law passed by the knesset in this year old comprehensive law includes items such as the explicit identification of the mandate of the israeli water authority the national agency that sets policies manages monitors and plans the national water supplies the identification of the organisations that are authorised to work in the water sector and their respective responsibilities the identification of necessary restrictions in water and wastewater management as well as regulation of the methods by which water tariffs are set in each sector domestic agriculture and industry this is the case of belgium canada chile france mexico the netherlands spain and the united states,6
+the latter would involve school providers allocating individual schools the amount dictated by the formula eliminating their discretion in the distribution to individual schools perhaps allowing a margin of flexibility eg to ensure horizontal equity in other words school providers would have very limited flexibility to shift resources across schools but great flexibility in deciding how to spend resources in each school which could serve as the platform for giving schools more autonomy a transparent mechanism to which all public schools in need of support have access is imperative,4
+pricing signals often favour investment in unabated fossilfiiel intensive activities over lcr alternatives since the social costs of emissions are not adequately reflected and even commercially viable lcr projects can be associated with higher risks and transaction costs as governments work to meet their pre and post emission reduction pledges they will need to make efficient use of public funding to mobilise much larger amounts of private investment in lcr infrastructure a gib is a publicly capitalised entity established specifically to facilitate private investment into domestic lcr infrastructure and other green sectors such as water and waste management,9
+without serious and concerted action on the part of municipal authorities national governments civil society actors and the international community the numbers of slum dwellers are likely to increase in most developing countries a number of accounts of the appalling living conditions in slums and informal settlements were published during this period a recent analysis examines the history and planning architecture behind various stalled attempts to redevelop the dharavi district in mumbai a vast area with nearly people if the grand visions of master planners referred to by many in mumbai as hallucinations were realized then the social dislocations they would bring about would be unimaginable,11
+these deaths mainly resulted from people drinkdriving driving at excessive speed and not wearing their safety belts other driving errors such as not giving way not stopping and not keeping left were also a contributing factor estimates of the total cost of the road death tragedy to new zealand society was around nzd billion ministry of transport new zealand,11
+the climate change policy directorate is in charge of the coordination elaboration and implementation of the national policy on climate change mitigation and adaptation the participation of bulgaria in the international negotiations regarding the unfcc in coordination with the ministry of foreign affairs coordinates reporting and compliance with the international commitments regarding the unfccc the kyoto protocol and eu legislation carries out and coordinates activities related to the european policies on climate change and the implementation of the eu emissions trading scheme in the republic of bulgaria the agency is responsible for the preparation of the ghg inventories it carries out the procedures for issuing ghg emission permits,13
+not only is this method more expensive for the public but it also lacks treatment continuity as a patient can see different doctors on different visits and can generally harm overall clinic quality due to discontinuity meanwhile these difficult working conditions can in fact discourage interested individuals from seeking a career in psychiatry which would in fact work to remedy the root cause of these difficulties sweden s most recent mental health action plan aims to address these issues by increasing psychology training locations and creating psychiatry research posts oecd internetbased cognitive behavioural therapy cbt is one development used to a limited extent in sweden in an attempt to provide services despite personnel shortages studies have shown that patients with panic disorder receiving this type of treatment do just as well as those receiving more traditional treatment,3
+the reduction in target numbers to is a reassuring signal of this healthy balance a new approach to measuring and understanding waiting times came into effect at the beginning of called the new ways of defining and measuring waiting lists known as afew ways isd scotland new ways sets out new guidance on how nhs boards should manage patients waits and how to measure and report waiting times consistently,3
+reciproquement lelimination de toutes formes de discriminations envers les femmes au sein des institutions sociales reduirait la proportion dindividus insatisfaits de a au niveau mondial but what makes us happy does living in a country guaranteeing equal rights and opportunities to women and men increase peoples happiness this paper shows that genderbased discrimination in social institutions measured by the social institutions and gender index sigi impedes wellbeing beyond its negative impact on economic growth and gdp,5
+smart city strategies in emerging asian countries are at varying stages of advancement with those of china and singapore being the most comprehensive followed by those of india indonesia malaysia and thailand key recent trends are discussed below as a response china published two nationallevel strategies which lay out principles for smart city design and applications of smart technologies these strategies were developed further in the th fiveyear plan,11
+centre leaders were defined as persons with most responsibility for the administrative managerial and pedagogical leadership in their ecec centre in smaller centres the centre leaders might also have spent part of their time working with children these reports offer an international perspective of ecec systems discuss different policy approaches and provide policy orientations that can help promote equitable and affordable access to highquality early childhood education and care,4
+child marriage derails a girl s future and means she has no control over her fertility thus making the demographic dividend a more distant possibility keeping girls in school and supporting them in making healthy decisions about their own lives have been found to be the most important determinants of age at marriage for example in india which has criminalized child marriage only people were actually convicted of perpetuating child marriage in unfpa unicef,5
+the quality of drinking water abstracted from private or local wells in rural areas is not monitored albania does not yet apply the blue flag programme for beaches throughout the years the qualify was excellent at per cent of the monitoring stations and poor at per cent poor qualify implies that bathing should be prohibited in the qualify was excellent at per cent of the monitoring stations and poor at per cent figure,6
+for some groups such as youths not in employment education or training neets inactive spouses and early retirees there may be scope to better identify individuals in the group eg by matching public datasets for a targeted offer of services increased integration of pes services with those of other public actors such as health childcare or social services and education institutions can enhance the service offer policies outside the direct remit of employment and related services such as employment protection or tax legislation also need to be addressed although this chapter does not analyse them prior to the recent crisis this led to significant increases in labour force participation rates and relatively low unemployment rates,8
+its construction led to the creation of lake assad the countrys largest water reservoir with a projected capacity to irrigate ha of land the thirdlargest dam on the euphrates in syria the baath dam in addition two development projects in the balikhjallab subbasins use water imported from lake assad while water from the sajur river is also used for irrigation this volume should be added to the mcm used in operational irrigation projects official data states that ha were irrigated by the euphrates river in figure in addition to ha from the khabour and jagh jagh rivers amounting to almost ha applying a commonly accepted rate for irrigation requirements this suggests an irrigation water use of about mcm from the euphrates khabour and jagh jagh rivers,6
+excluding pensions from the calculation of eligible family income on the other hand would increase the number of eligible beneficiaries by per cent delarue and nikaj eligible families are identified through a mix of communitybased targeting and means testing a commission chaired by the deputychairman of each district hukumat is responsible for the final selection of beneficiaries,1
+the most optimal approach to ensure this was to model a shared taxi fleet that was accessible as is the case in certain cities around the world international evidence also points to the potential of accessible transport systems to generate large economic benefits itf d feigan s and c murphy shared mobility and the transformation of public transit,11
+the transition from state budget support of forestry to selffinancing brought various problems to forest management in general of course there were reasons for the shift to selffinancing during the previous period activities within the forestry sector were centrally planned and financed by the government after independence the situation in the forestry sector became very difficult since the forests were declared state property but at the same time the state system of financial provision was no longer functioning,15
+unclear land tenure has historically exacerbated deforestation pressures but the new forest code and its implementation mechanisms notably the rural environmental cadastre see chapter promise to reduce illegal logging for landtitling purposes other threats to biodiversity include alien species and exotic diseases overexploitation pollution fire and climate change mma a in of the territory was covered with forests double the oecd average see basic statistics,15
+in south asia demographic trends are such that the youth labour force continues to grow and few opportunities exist for paid work even if paid work can be found the risk of low wage employment is substantially higher for young workers therefore workplace training schemes the creation or improvement of apprenticeship systems and entrepreneurship training programmes as well as programmes that are aimed at offsetting the mismatch of technical skills among youth are important to enhance the employability of youth therefore countries in the subregion should maximize growth through productive job creation and appropriate structural change to reduce poverty hunger and inequalities,8
+this chapter also summarises the intended nationally determined contributions that the eecca countries submitted in time for the st conference of the parties cop to the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc finally this chapter outlines a set of recommendations for policy development that the eecca countries and their development cooperation partners could pursue to scaleup finance for climate finance in the region based on the results of the analysis detailed in chapters and at the same time vulnerable populations are already experiencing the impacts of a changing climate thus actions that strengthen adaptation to such adverse effects of climate change are also needed,13
+this will involve setting clear objectives concerning training innovation and infrastructure investment and coordination among the different stakeholders around a concrete plan endowed with adequate financial means this vision must go beyond an urban development plan to include economic and social aspects it is important then to come to an understanding to this end discussion forums are needed but it must be recognised that there are not in large supply paris metropole a study group syndicat d etudes that embraces municipalities as well as the departements and the regional council is an interesting example in this regard,9
+for example a report by the organisation for economic cooperation and development oecd on the most recent programme for international student assessment pisa study focuses on both excellence and equity oecd a there is broad agreement on suitable measures of excellence the most commonly used measure for this purpose is mean test scores sometimes supplemented by the percentage of children who have reached a specific threshold of proficiency there is much less agreement on what equality is and how best to measure it,4
+all institutions and policy areas count for gender equality as they all impact men and women and yet in a different way due to their different circumstances this is why gender mainstreaming is a fundamental commitment of countries that aspire to eliminate genderbased discrimination across the board and realise a fully inclusive society in addition ensuring gender balance in public decision making has been increasingly highlighted by oecd countries as a key governance issue related to fairness transparency and inclusive policy outcomes,5
+rationalisation of tariffs and stricter compliant mechanisms mean that the end users are now more exposed to the true cost of power as electricity distributors have used innovative technologies to crack down on theft electricity demand in delhi has grown much more slowly in the last years ie post reforms than in the pre stateofaffairs despite a much stronger economic growth in delhi post this is equivalent to nearly of india s total powersector emissions in mt of co and about of europe s total emissions in clearly powersector reforms will have a significant developmental impact in india by improving the access and reliability of the electricity system,7
+the first is that of absorbing labour that has been freed up from the subsistence sector the second is that of generating foreign exchange revenues which in turn is necessary for importing essential goods and servicing foreign debt the ldcs have been focusing on the tradables sector for the past years which has meant shifting resources to encourage exports and introducing policies conducive to exportled growth this shift has generally been successful in increasing foreign exchange earnings export revenues rose vigorously during the s since both the volumes exported and the prices of exported goods expanded where exports are based on natural resource extraction the employment intensity of growth has been low,8
+in the case of the cetram zapata most commercial development has been connected to car park facilities with no connections to the cetram the overall result has little to do with encouraging transitoriented development and the use of public rather than private transport another shortcoming of the modernisation projects is the limited access to the facilities for people with disabilities the persistence of a divided public space within cetram and between the centres and their surrounding areas makes walking difficult medina,11
+stanford was a facility for multinational research centres whilst the small spinoff firms began in cheaper premises such as garages and starter units elsewhere in many us research parks there may be some manufacturing activity also and this in part accounts for their large scale some of the early european experiments in science parks followed a similar model notably cambridge and sophia antipolis although with some minor changes the initial cambridge science park was a smaller development and with a stronger focus on local startup firms and did not include manufacturing firms,9
+these types of policies can be implemented to address externalities like noise and pollution intensity including ghg emissions associated with heavy cars and trucks zoning may influence the demand for transport volume notably by reducing traffic by heavy cars in urban centres which can in turn help to reduce ghg emissions per kilometre driven only recently some metropolitan governments in korea for example daegu busan and incheon have introduced transit mall districts which are only accessible to public transit and bicycles,11
+such guidance could facilitate looking across a wide range of reports which would in turn facilitate adaptationrelated tasks of the global stocktake discussed in section below this structure highlights information specifically mentioned by the paris agreement in the context of adaptation communications and also includes in italics other information that could facilitate clarity and understanding clarifying what the indc is proposing and what adaptation actions are currently being implemented is particularly important given the current lack of clarity on these topics in the adaptation components of many indcs at present,13
+as a result this intense questioning reflects the current stage and evolution of the brazilian society and new requisites brought by economic growth and social development from the point of abstraction of water for any sort of use up to the extremities of the river basin and beyond there is a full span of administrative and political boundaries that correspond to institutions that are relevant and have a say in the management process in this context clearly mapping of the responsible authorities and their duties is essential as is the effective management of their interdependences and interactions figure,6
+instead it is best to distribute ownership across all relevant departments in the lisbon municipality pedestrian accessibility design templates were adopted and implemented by a range of departments such as public space public works and local intervention these models cover all factors related to physical accessibility such as relation to nearby public transport stops drainage lighting signal timings and type of pavement,11
+the aim of the agreements is to prevent and reduce absence due to illness to help bring employees back to work to improve the working environment and to prevent exit from working life about of employees work in firms with an inclusive workplace agreement oecd b the employment gap between those with a severe mental disorder and those without mental health issues is percentage points and jobless rates for people with severe disorders are in many countries four or five times higher than for those with no mental health issues oecd b,8
+these are divided into enabling environment activities policy and administrative management environmental educationtraining and environmental research and sectoral activities health water and sanitation agriculture forestry fishing flood preventioncontrol and disaster prevention and preparedness based on this classification the project and programme documents analysed for this study were categorised as follows i climate risk reduction ii policy and administrative management for climate change hi education training and awareness on climate change iv climate scenario and impact research and v coordination on climate change measures and activities across relevant actors table provides a description of the categories,13
+the dichotomy between small and mediumsized firms smes and large corporations with their corresponding effects on job creation will continue but its modalities will change in directions which the regions countries would do well to monitor the most advanced countries have been proactively promoting this type of manufacturing which has often translated into a resurgence of industrial policymaking and a return to more advanced manufacturing activities in former production hubs the current thinking on this topic as well as the actions taken in these and other countries compel latin america to address the issue in all its technological and public policy dimensions the productivity gap limited research and development in technology and weak industrial policies in most of the regions countries are problems that must be tackled concomitantly,10
+it also looks at possible drivers for changes in poverty and inequality patterns this section analyses the various sources of bias that may be found in the content of this report by virtue of this problem we focus specifically on the differences in measurement of income which is the variable upon which the analysis of poverty and inequality rests,10
+unless an agreement is reached however further developments could trigger tensions between the two countries although the permanent indus commission is given the duty to implement and monitor activities of the indus waters treaty it is weak in research capacities needed for evidencebased responses to water resources issues babel and wahid in this situation international lending institutions such as the world bank continue to play a key role in promoting cooperation along with policy agenda toward more private sector participation and management of water the construction of the baglihar hydropower project on the chenab river in jammu and kashmir was just such a case with the world bank appointing a neutral expert to arbitrate the issues arising with pakistan which continues to launch protests over water diversion by india dinar et al although tajikistan is in an upstream position on the amu darya and kyrgyzstan controls the flow of the syr darya half of the aral sea basin s population lives in uzbekistan,6
+this chapter examines the various financing instruments and approaches that are available ranging from traditional government budget and donor funding to user fees taxes and fines and payments for ecosystem services among others the chapter concludes with a discussion on the need to develop finance strategies for mpas drawing on examples from different countries this significantly undermines their ability to achieve their management objectives and mpas have therefore sometimes been described as paper parks gelcich et al this holds true when looking only at mpas as well table other sources of finance include user fees fines debt swaps biodiversity prospecting trust funds and donations more novel financing sources either underway or being explored include marine payments for ecosystem services pes marine biodiversity offsets and blue carbon finance,14
+another clear tendency is that in the main destination countries most female migrant household workers are mothers during the second half of the decade a number of countries launched systematic efforts to enhance social programmes especially those aimed at fighting poverty this was a first turning point in social spending patterns however the pickup in social spending to a certain degree in counterpoint to economic trends has been primarily due to policies that were implemented over time to deal with external shocks i rising food and fuel prices in and spiralling export commodity prices starting in ii the global financial crisis the worst of which ran from late to the end of and iii more recently international uncertainty and slower economic growth worldwide,1
+this section focuses specifically on energy supply the next section considers energy use the approaches and tools presented here address in turn the policy regulatory and economic dimensions of the enabling environment national energy policies should integrate renewables into the country s energy portfolio engage the private sector in technology development build confidence in the financial community about renewable technologies and where appropriate coordinate investments across national boundaries iea such policies can support cooperation among institutions and provide guidance in selecting lowcarbon options tailored to unique country circumstances and priorities,7
+frequently there is a large gap between historic and future costs because of the lumpiness and longevity of surface water supply systems as demand grows and the capacity is more fully utilised it is optimal to switch to a charging system based on longrun ie replacement marginal cost but often public water agencies get locked politically into only recovering historic costs there are also equity considerations in recovering financial costs in that farmers might be expected by society to repay the benefits they receive where public investment has been involved,6
+in the norwegian government decided to provide students in upper secondary education with free educational materials the regional educational authorities were tasked with distributing these resources using funds provided by the national government a total of out of regional educational authorities teamed up to produce some of their own learning materials instead of purchasing materials produced by publishers,4
+aggregate indicators that focus on countrylevel analysis allow for comparison across countries but not across individuals within countries for example under sdg on climate change indicators related to forest area and its protection are essential but indicators to monitor the human impact of depletion including one that captures how women and men are affected by environmental degradation in different ways are also important and necessary see chapter but an assessment of gender data availability suggests there is a long way to go before this standard is met many of the genderspecific indicators cover emerging statistical areas where measurement methodology is not well developed this is true for one third of the genderspecific indicators,5
+however it is up to individual countries to adopt an approach that suits the needs of their children best as the sdgtarget calls for national definitions of multidimensional poverty there are inevitable tradeoffs between international comparability of a child poverty measure and its suitability to the national context counting and multidimensional poverty measurement journal of public economics,1
+the tac system established in and the tae total allowable effort system in are the main tools for japanese output controls under this system the national and prefectural governments foimulate resourcemanagement policies and based on policies fisher s organisations create resourcemanagement plans and implement them it is a campaign as publicprivate collaboration with overall fishing industry such as fishing operators processors distributers administrations etc,14
+the existence of gender inequalities may bolster an economic recovery if their effect on costs outweighs the negative implications of inequality in terms of effective demand the second section contains a review of the literature on the links between growth and gender inequality the third covers the methodology used in this study while the fourth presents the results,5
+these events were supported by private companies including microsoft oracle strathmore university the advanced information technology institute safaricom ibm and ecoband as of march the coders africa online community had reached more than members in countries to sustain itself the initiative created local chapters that organize coders africa in action events monthly gatherings where workshops and boot camps are held,9
+where necessary tipos can provide training to national companies to raise quality to the level needed for promotion via their own platforms such an environment is crucial to promoting trust in new technologies and signalling to smes the technologies in which they should invest this is happening at an unprecedented pace and is not about to be reversed,9
+next the chapter focuses on primary teachers pedagogical beliefs and practices in these six countries specific topics in this area are classroom teaching student evaluation teacher cooperation and collaboration and teachers beliefs about teaching and learning the final section of this chapter examines teachers feelings of selfefficacy and job satisfaction,4
+with regard to these goals there are various linkages to tourism as tourists both increase transport demands in cities though they are also likely to have a great interest in alternative forms of mobility bicycle travel speed should increase by since when the first bicycle policy was published copenhagen has made considerable progress towards these goals largely on the basis of commandandcontrol measures ie the development of bicycle infrastructure in combination with soft policy campaigns framing the bicycle city as a desirable future,8
+the city prosperity index is a composite index based on six dimensions and over subdimensions that are contextually specific and globally comparable the dimensions are infrastructure development productivity quality of life equity and social inclusion environmental sustainability governance and legislation the city prosperity initiative incorporates new analytical tools based on spatial indicators that facilitate a systematic disaggregation of information along with the key dimensions of urban development,11
+earnings quality is captured by average eamings measured in pppadjusted usd labour market insecurity denotes the risk of extreme lowpay among the employed measured in percentage points while the quality of the working environment captures the incidence of long working hours among all employed measured in percentage points the reference category is loweducated males aged working in the formal sector for more information on data sources see the respective figure notes in the main text,8
+by the s spain was the major beneficiary of this tariff peak it accounted for per cent of eu production in and since has been the world s secondlargest producer of canned tuna behind only thailand globefish given the highly competitive conditions in the spanish retail market this market share indicates the effectiveness of tariff protection alongside various productivityenhancing strategies of firms hamilton et al the eu market for canned tuna is the largest in the world and preferences available to developing countries can be grouped into two types canned tuna is widely recognised as one of the very few success stories of industrial upgrading sparked by the lome conventions,14
+concerns about health care expenditure growth and its longterm sustainability have risen to the top of the policy agenda in many oecd countries as continued growth in spending places pressure on government budgets health services provision and patients personal finances policy makers in oecd countries have launched forecasting projects to support policy planning this study presents a comparative analysis of health expenditure forecasting methods through examination of leading methods that have been used by health policy makers,3
+the first is the idea that macroeconomic policies and events are linked with people and households or percolate through to them via a system of institutions which include the state the market and the community that operates in neither a fully automatic nor a fully organized manner this system functions within a genderbased framework that is founded upon power relations in which a visible maleoriented policy approach dominates or influences an invisible femaleoriented one carrasco and elson a and blau ferber and winkler the introduction of a gendered framework of considerations and factors sends out biased or skewed signals to the market where given the assumption that women workers are expensive employers are reluctant to hire them or once hired to continue to employ them employment decisions therefore entail a process of bargaining and conflict in which both material and immaterial factors wield influence,5
+improving the national rd system will require the support and participation of researchintensive public and private universities many firms are specialised in ee which are researchintensive fields but not an option for universityindustry collaboration firms do not regard university and research institutes as main collaborators furthermore universities are not organised to efficiently deliver services to firms see box,4
+this refoim will allow many local communities to keep their hospital facility but with many of them providing a different and smaller set of services coordinated with closely located hospitals or specialising in rehabilitation and nuising in addition since as part of the drive to improve efficiency and quality of services nhif has restricted contracts for obstetrics and surgery departments when yearly volumes have been below births and complex surgeries lithuania has put a lot of emphasis on expanding primary care outpatient and day care services,3
+thus while professional continuity is crucially dependent on staff training and development it is also framed by the structural and procedural environment in which they operate professional continuity can be seen as a facilitating factor for ensuring continuity of pedagogical practices across transitions discussed in chapter and continuity from a child development perspective as discussed in chapter the chapter then identifies three key challenges highlighted by countries and strategies they have developed to address them,4
+various countries expanded the definition of sexual harassment through new laws and regulations others have stiffened maximum penalties eg france better defined employer obligations eg iceland korea mexico and slovenia andor focused on harassment in particular industries or sectors eg higher education in israel australia portugal and sweden report having strengthened their legislative systems and policies in various ways to combat violence against women and girls,5
+encouraging developed and other countries to report disaggregated information on climate finance provided in a comparable format would facilitate this however as the paris agreement s entry into force is considerably earlier than originally anticipated such mpgs are in practice unlikely to be adopted in these include encouraging reporting of items currently nonmandatory but that will become mandatory under the paris agreement such as mobilised climate finance or climate finance provided by nonannex ii parties quantifying ex ante levels of climate finance is likely to be challenging for several countries,13
+available from worldfoodsituationwfshomefoodpricesindexen although higher prices provide incentives to increase production many small farm holders are unable to respond owing to lack of access to finance agricultural inputs markets and technology united nations a nevertheless in developing countries with a large share of net producing households high food prices boost demand for rural labour and incomes chant mcdonald and verschoor,2
+however the figure is still much higher than those for europe teu and north america teu the southeast asian subregion has the highest figure in asia and the pacific at teu per million of gdp whereas the north and central asian subregion has the smallest figure at teu all subregions in asia and the pacific have experienced solid growth of between and per cent per annum in their air transport passenger numbers with the exception being the pacific subregion which still grew but by a modest per cent within the concept of sti importance is placed not only on developing and utilizing new technologies but also on learning to use existing technologies enhancing local absorption capacity and transferring knowledge to meet the needs of cross sections of society,9
+the majority of wastewater plants in northern and central europe now apply tertiary treatment although elsewhere in the eu particularly in the southeast the proportion of primary and secondary treatment remains higher this has led to a reduction in discharge of nutrients biological oxygen demand a measure of organic pollution and of ammonia to receiving waters the emission of some hazardous chemicals has also been reduced to mitigate pointsource pollution by micropollut ants in switzerland for example the large mem plants in areas of concern are to be upgraded with a furthe treatment step in addition to tertiary treatment the correspond ing legal basis is currently being established contaminant transport pathways are complex and the ultimate fate of urban pollutants highly variable depending among other things on the mode of wastewater collection and treatment,6
+ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages by halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents make cities and human settlements inclusive safe resilient and sustainable by provide access to safe affordable accessible and sustainable transport systems for all,3
+the effect of parental involvement in the school community on students schoolworkrelated anxiety and motivation to achieve are not as pronounced as on the other outcomes considered in germany immigrant students are less likely than native students to have parents who are involved in the school community and parental involvement increases the likelihood of students reporting low anxiety and high motivation by around five percentage points results are consistent with the finding that resources are weakly associated with education outcomes they also show that there is a weak link between educational resources and the wellbeing of students however some individual countries and economies show large differences between immigrant and native students and strong effects of certain resource indices on students outcomes in albania for example immigrant students were percentage points more likely than native students to be enrolled in a school whose principal reported lack of educational material,4
+for the latter the figure shows the percentage of a particular purpose travel of all travels occurring per every hour of the day at the same time however the ticket fare should not exceed the level at which the passengers would consider the ticket fare to be affordable too high prices can cause the demand for mobility shifting from public transport to other modes,11
+statutory instruments are promulgated under this framework for such measures as quota management fishery closures licensing regimes effort control and technical conservation measures a review of the existing national legislation in this area undertaken with a view to updating it to ensure ireland s compliance with the obligations of the cfp was completed early in with a new act the sea fisheries and maritime jurisdiction act enacted on april this act coupled with a further act introduced in has totally updated the national framework for the implementation of sea fisheries law this modem legal framework ensures ireland s full and continued compliance with the control obligations of the cfp and allows for the implementation of the cfp this enactment allows for the introduction of secondary legislation statutory instruments to bring into force eu and national control and conservation measures in addition fishery management notices are also in place to provide for management of irelands quota and fishing effort entitlements,14
+for potential minigrid operators the prospect of future competition with ongrid electricity providers with different cost structures might be a significant deterrent to investments that entail substantial sunk costs this highlights the importance of transparency and integrated planning of grid extension and minigrid deployment and of appropriate regulatory frameworks so as to avoid discouraging private investors and ensure the viability of an incremental approach while the experiences of china india and nepal suggest that this option is technically viable deshmukh et al,7
+forest now covers of the land area a proportion roughly on a par with the oecd average oecd and on track to meet the forest cover target of in the nfp table by the end of the forest area amounted to million ha a increase since table in central and eastern europe only russia and ukraine exceed this and poland has the th largest forest area in the oecd,15
+a factor that would determine whether or not people are in the poverty culture is social participation since ignorance of the forms of organization and functioning of groups outside the family would cause integration attempts to fail and thus generate despair miller lewis nonetheless criticisms also began to be made of some of the implications of hypotheses such as the culture of poverty and the need to culturally rehabilitate the poorest people to overcome deprivation doubts also emerged about the causal role of cultural and psychosocial factors in the historicalstructural perspective it was argued that marginality was not the outcome of a lack of integration but represented a way of participating in dependent capitalism the survival strategies of the poor were thus forms of adaptation and not expressions of a subculture social regulation is defined as the moral demands imposed on the individual as a result of group membership whereas social integration is the extent to which social relations expose people to the moral demands of the group bearman,1
+for every peso that migrants send federal state and municipal authorities contribute pesos thus the name x external reviews highlight some weaknesses of this programme including insufficient government budget lack of transparency conflict during project selection insufficient involvement of beneficiaries and public works concentrated in less marginal localities gonzalez clearer operational rules and increased public investments are needed for the projects of the x programme to contribute to regional development such measures were primarily intended to prevent moderately poor families from falling into extreme poverty,1
+one of the objectives of rmk is to offer outdoor recreational possibilities and introduce sites of protection value through the nature tourism system based on everymans right in recreational and protected areas in total there are rmk recreation areas across estonia and since february rmk is also dealing with visitor management in five national parks and in approximately other protected areas in rmk published the manual visitor monitoring in nature areas kajala et al in april rmk took into use a new application kosi for entering and processing the visitor information,15
+sustainable aquaculture should be ecologically efficient environmentally benign productdiversified profitable and societally beneficial integrated multitrophic aquaculture imta has the potential to achieve these objectives by cultivating fed species egflnfishfed sustainable commercial diets with extractive species which utilize the inorganic eg seaweeds and organic eg suspensionand depositfeeders excess nutrients from aquaculture for their growth thus extractive aquaculture produces valuable biomass while simultaneously rendering biomitigating services,14
+as to studies conducted in the region berlinsky and galiani analysed the effect of providing free preschool centres in argentina and concluded that this led to a significant increase in the labour supply of mothers by contrast studies conducted in chile encina and martinez medrano aguirre found that expanding childcare services had no significant impact on the number of mothers in the labour force the authors argue that various factors including cultural aspects as well as the characteristics of the care supply in terms of the hours it is available and application procedures may explain this lack of impact,5
+the results indicate that the largest vat contributions amongst the foreignborn subpopulations were made by individuals from other ecowas countries followed by those originating in nonafrican countries and those from nonecowas african countries international aid through the provision of grants related to projects programmes hipc and mdri as well as the liberalisation of trade were important for this achievement quartey et al yet foreign aid may also be a burden on the government of ghana as its overreliance on international financing has increased the country s level of debt niyonkuru taxes on international trade were solely applied to individuals aged and above,8
+involving a peer school leader in the appraisal process also corresponds to the development of school leadership models in which school leaders assume responsibilities beyond their own school and engage in the improvement of the wider education system eg through school partnerships and networks and as critical friends to provide two examples ireland has introduced a leadership development for schools lds programme that provides professional development opportunities with a focus on improving teaching and learning for all students for emerging and established school leaders on an annual basis through a variety of formats eg interactive seminars active learning networks and virtual learning environment norway has implemented a national training programme for principals in that aims to support school principals to become pedagogical leaders that work towards improving teaching in learning in schools initially targeted at new school principals participants took part in the programme that can be taken parttime over oneandahalf to two years between and norwegian directorate for education and training,4
+it could also explore the feasibility of opening up medicare to other rural health professionals and extending incentives to other health practitioners to relocate to rural areas and promote rural retention the value that experienced visiting staff play in quality improvement through training local staff should not be underestimated specialists flying in should as much as possible see patients jointly with local clinicians to optimise training and support,3
+maintaining freshsalt water gradients is a key ecosystem service that produces high biodiversity as well as highly productive fisheries new policies to achieve water security objectives require a careful balancing of the marginal costs of inaction with the marginal costs of further reducing the associated impacts beyond those measures already in place according to the world health organization who of the deaths from unsafe water supply sanitation and hygiene involve children under five years old,6
+through this process two groups were created a treatment group comprised of those individuals living in regions where broadband was introduced during the period and a control group comprised of those individuals living in regions that already had access to residential broadband services by the fourth quarter of using this approach and given that the treatment group and the control group are statistically equal at the baseline of the observed variables a regression model that estimates the impact of treatment on individual income levels was built controls were included for the variables that at the individual level can affect income age gender employment status and healthcare coverage level of formal education and role within the family,8
+one school leader emphasised the importance of being trained specifically for the role of school leader but until the early s norway did not have any particular development programme for school leaders since then national masters level courses have been developed and some of the school leaders interviewed had participated in these programmes the oecd s teaching and learning international survey oecd highlights the importance of team teaching in norway teacher teams offer opportunities for teachers to reflect on their work and discuss their teaching practices,4
+unfortunately patients do not generally have longterm relationships with a primary care provider instead they face an almost unconstrained choice of provider and can choose between western and oriental medicine while there is notionally a requirement to have a referral from a family medicine specialist or a general medical practitioner prior to visiting a tertiary hospital gatekeeping is not strictly enforced and patients have relatively easy access to tertiary hospitals and their specialists chun et al,3
+teachers work with student assessment has contributed to their gaining a stronger understanding of the new subject curricula however large variations between schools remain during the implementation and while all schools are undergoing change the pace is often very different researchers pointed out that there is no coherent strategic plan for implementation of the reform and stakeholders signaled the need for more support and guidance during the implementation period,4
+microregions in hungary are statistical subregions there are microregions in total and budapest is not included in the system day care comprises health care services delivered to patients who are formally admitted to hospitals ambulatory premises or self standing centres but with the intention to discharge the patient on the same day,3
+policy risk is frequently highlighted as one of the most significant risks facing investors in sustainable energy and has a significant role in dissuading investors from allocating capital to this sector parhelion micale et al in particular retroactive policy change risk is highlighted as a principal concern as it directly impacts expected and historical revenues from projects and lowers investor confidence in the stability of the financial support available over the investment lifetime parhelion frisari et al government could precommit to reduce these risks eg through contractual penalties in the case of material policy changes,7
+nonincome poverty relates to access to basic services such as health care and education the percentages of the population below the poverty line and in multidimensional poverty are high in most of the countries for which data are available for both these indicators see table in north and central asia the incidence of multidimensional poverty is much lower than that of income poverty,1
+those include reconstruction work for km of the ulaanbaataraltanbulag road as well as the socalled west and east corridors crossing the country from the north to the south the mongolian government action plan for includes roads from ulaanbaatar to provincial capitals with a total length of km in km of roads to provinces bayanulgii khovd uvs govialtai and zavkhan were under construction the country also plans a massive expansion of its railway network that will connect mainly major mining sites with the centre and with the country borders,9
+the incompleteness of registration of compulsory admissions and the legal status of referrals are two particular concerns especially given that available data suggests that there are significant regional differences in both the marked increase in reporting of waiting times data is encouraging and similar improvements for other indicators are most desirous for example measurement of restraint physical and chemical potentially a key measure for quality for mental health care is included in a paper protocol must be reported to a supervisory board on a monthly basis and should be reported nationally at present this national data collection is not operational and only an estimated of all reports of measures of restraint are collected,3
+the clioinfra human capital hub aims to create a database on education split by gender on a global basis extending back to the early th century however this project is not yet complete and we therefore could not include this data in the current study more information on the data can be found at barrolee educational attainment dataset,5
+highquality vocational education pathways can also improve graduation rates if large numbers of students fail to complete a programme or the programme does not lead to further learning opportunities including in academic programmes it is not a highquality programme similarly programmes that do not position students to succeed in the labour market cannot be regarded as high quality oecd a the strongest vocational systems offer a wide range of opportunities for students to move between vocational and more academic programmes and vice versa,4
+of the such positions in oecd legislatures women hold only a share of just and only slightly above the worldwide average of on st january the netherlands is the only oecd country with women presiding in both upper and lower houses compared to when there were female presiding officers out of only two extra appointments have been made in the oecd ipu numbers of female ministers however vary significantly from one year to another,5
+most funds for river basin management come from federal programmes that target subsectoral problems such as infrastructure development construction without an integrated basinwide perspective this renders river basin organisation entirely dependent on the federal budget for example in depending on how water expenditures are classified conagua will spend between mxn to billion on water resources management furthermore river basin organisations have no revenueraising powers and their river basin plans fail to guide funding for projects water abstraction and pollution charge rates are set at federal level by the federal duties law collected by conagua but proceeds go back to the federal budget this goes against the tentative waterpaysforwater principle the law on contributions for improvements generated by federal public works of water infrastructure ley de contribuciones de mejoras por obras publicas federates de infrastructura hidraulica which establishes the regulations and procedures for recovering the cost of public investments in water infrastructure in mexico this has not yet been applied,6
+other requirements for eliminating violence against women as listed by the beijing respondent countries are education initiatives provision of a range of services including safe houses and reintegration measures for violence survivors community mobilisation ensuring the engagement of leaders research to elucidate the various aspects of violence against women and girls and gendersensitive judicial systems particular forms of violence were highlighted for attention by the beijing respondent countries including trafficking in women and girls child early and forced marriage and other harmful practices domestic violence cyber prostitution and pornography sorceryrelated crimes and violence against elderly women to equalise relations of power between women and men the respondent countries emphasized improving the status of women in society and revising negative and stereotyped images and attitudes about women and girls and their roles,5
+according to section of the constitution of tanzania all people are equal before the law however the constitution is silent about the age of marriage tanzania recognises three types of laws which govern marriages including customary law civil law and religious law section of the law of marriage act lma sets the minimum age for marriage at years for men and years for women the lma allows the court to grant permission in special circumstances for a marriage where the parties are below the prescribed ages but have attained at least years of age under section a female who has not attained the apparent age of eighteen years must seek consent from her father if he is dead then her mother or if both are dead then from her guardian in their finding their lordships associated themselves with the loveness mudzuru decision and noted that the requirement of parental consent impacts negatively on the child and subjects her to complex matrimonial and conjugal obligations,5
+in general a commune corresponds to a municipality a city town or village the term is used for all basic units of local government that have direct administrative capacity regardless of their size communes are governed by a directly elected city council that is chaired by a mayor the mayor is both the chief executive of the commune and also an agent of the central government with respect to certain powers eg civil registry elections organisation,11
+equally the expansion of productive energy use can play an important role in strengthening the electricity sector by providing the demand needed to make investments viable and possibly supporting the diversification of ldc energy sources it requires proactive efforts to ensure transformational energy access and to promote the use of electricity in productive processes unless producers energy needs are met including in terms of adequate peak power reliability quality of supply and affordability the unprecedented development opportunities offered by recent technological advances in electricity generation and to a lesser extent storage will be largely missed such investments are very longterm in nature and may give rise to an important element of path dependency,7
+agarwal argues that gender norms often prevent women from acting overtly in dieir own selfinterest and this may result in the appearance of compliance mabsout and van staveren point out that womens ability to exercise dieir bargaining power derived from earnings are affected by social norms and inequalities in markets including labour market as well as state support or actions or lack thereof however only a few studies have examined the factors affecting womens role as household managers and care providers using household and other surveys,5
+by introducing full accountability through catch quotas instead of landing quotas the fishermans incentive to optimise the value of his catch by discarding less valuable fish would be substituted by his incentive to use selective fishing methods to optimise the value of his total removals from the stocks the trial aimed at testing whether cqm could provide a reliable accounting for all catches of cod give better scientific data and encourage fishermen to fish more selectively and reduce accidental catches the main feature of the trial is that all catches count against the vessel quota and that the fishing vessels are monitored from port to port using sensors and cctv technology,14
+robots and smart machines are able to replace workers in ever more complex tasks such as those that require visual inspection and classification they have slowed employment growth in both developed and developing countries experience with the digital industry underlines the potential for increasing access to technology as well as challenges in managing intellectual property,9
+only descriptive assessments and feedback are used depending on how student assessment is described in the school curriculum or municipal education plan finnish schools accept that there may be some limitations on comparability when teachers do all the grading of students but the fact that primary school is to a large extent free from standardised testing enables teachers to use creative teaching methods and pupils to concentrate on learning and sustaining their natural curiosity the national pisa report concludes that only of yearold finnish students said they feel anxious when working on mathematics tasks at home compared to in japan kupari valijarvi,4
+growth performance however deteriorated in the second half of amid declining workers remittances and a slowdown in gold exports which weakened consumer spending and domestic investments meanwhile despite depreciation of the currency by in inflation softened to as price increases were constrained by weak household spending while monetary policy remained tight a rebound by in is expected contingent upon stabilization in global commodity prices and revived economic activity in the subregion,8
+for example if the top of the cretaceous is less than m bgl however this type of water is rare in large parts of the region particularly in the extensive shared aquifer systems of the arabian peninsula moreover as the water is used in combination with desalination or to grow highly salttolerant crops such as date palms brackish groundwater is also considered an exploitable resource,6
+the increase in p demand will come mainly from manufacturing electricity and domestic use in the face of these competing demands there will be little scope for increasing water for irrigation the country groupings briics and row are explained in table in chapter the rate of groundwater depletion more than doubled between and reaching over km per year the consequences will be increased eutrophication biodiversity loss and disease,6
+equivalent work is also expected to start in on a range of finished wood products including doors windows shutters curtainwalling and flooring anderson efforts are being made to assist with the development of epds at the national level by compiling comprehensive lca data for timber and wood products for example through the united kingdoms wood first plus initiative these epds are independently verified by underwriters laboratories to ensure that epds conform to iso requirements,15
+without these investments one billion people will still be without access to energy by iea id principally in subsaharan africa ssa yet by the time of the rio summit in the energy access funding commitments received by the un secretarygeneral were only equivalent to around of the nearly usd trillion in cumulative investment needs iea a sustaining growth in emerging markets will also require even more substantial investment in energy infrastructure by emerging economies are expected to account for nearly of total global gdp leading to a considerable expansion in energy demand oecd b,7
+most of the ldc migrants are low or semiskilled workers coming from rural areas these migrant workers often have to pay exorbitantly high charges to unscrupulous middlemen additionally because of the cumbersome migration process some aspiring migrants tend to take recourse to illegal means to travel to host countries in search of jobs middlemen take advantage of this and charge higher fees from the migrant workers,10
+poverty is traditionally measured based on income or expenditure aggregated at household level and the number of poor is calculated as the number of people living in poor households inequality within the household in satisfying individual basic needs is not taken into account mainly because it is difficult to know how household income is spent or consumed on an individual basis within the household or how expenditures are distributed to each household member if in the same household women consume or spend less than what they need to function properly physically and socially while men consume what they need or more those women and men in the household are still considered to have the same poverty status either poor or nonpoor depending on the average consumption estimated at the household level,1
+moreover they will not cover smallscale project developers who are most in need of insurance and guarantee pricing is typically of the project cost or stipulated savings with a wide range to depending on the caliber of the bond purchaser one example identified bond costs for a usd year energy saving guaranty usd million cap cost project were usd to usd annually to of the projects lifetime savings the case of riskguarantee mechanisms have led to sustainable changes by granting local financial stakeholders time to familiarise themselves with the specificities of ee project financing and learn the technicality required,7
+these challenges are magnified by high rates of informality the earnings gap between selfemployed men and women in mexico is one of the highest gaps in the oecd and well above the oecd average of part of the gender gap in earnings can be attributed to women s preferences for selfemployment women more than men are more likely to selfemploy out of a desire for work flexibility which fosters a gender gap in hours worked and affects earnings oecd,5
+flood risk from storm water is particularly high in areas where stormwater infrastructure has not been adapted to elevated runoff in creeks coming from mountains as in santiago ebert a and j mcphee urban expansion in the eastern part of santiago towards the andean piedmont has also increased the amount of impervious surfaces contributing to increased risks from flood hazards romero to reduce the risk of flooding and to increase absorption of storm water between the city of chicago replaced the pavement in more than alleys in the city with more permeable surfaces and plantings oecd c city of chicago since stormwater infrastructure has been the responsibility of mop and the ministry of housing and urbanism ministerio de vivienda y desarrollo urbanominvu,11
+although these factors differ per country state region and even programme highquality wellimplemented ece curricula provide developmentally appropriate support and cognitive challenges that can lead to positive child outcomes frede a common framework can help ensure an even level of quality across different forms of provision and for different groups of children while allowing for adaptation to local needs and circumstances a clear view and articulation of goals whether in the health nutrition or education field can help foster programmes that will promote the wellbeing of young children and respond adequately to children s needs oecd,4
+it is the intention to maintain the fundamental elements of the qms ie quota and annual catch entitlements but engage with stakeholders to improve the system for the future this programme incorporates three projects to improve fisheries information create the opportunities to reset the system including to resolve discarding such as the return of unwanted live or dead fish to the sea and to ensure our fisheries management system meets future needs this will improve the quality of information on which decisions about fisheries management are based and strengthen compliance with the quota management system qms,14
+removal of any distortionary regulation and taxes will create the foundation for large reductions in emissions however the dependence on intermittent power generation for a large proportion of the energy supply will require economic incentives to make the final transition to the carbon neutral emissions target the scenario analysis suggests that hydrogen fuel cells could be a costefficient solution however hydrogen production has a very low efficiency which does not correlate well with an energy system that relies on relatively costly wind power,7
+many women left the smaller fishing towns for a more diversified labour market and career opportunities in the capital region and regional centres julmsdottir et al this lead to an increased number of foreigners mainly young women from scandinavia and northern europe working seasonal jobs in the countryside in their study of women having chosen to remain in the small community husavik karlsdottir and ingolfsdottir emphasise that many of the women who were willing to adapt to the changing labour market have found employment in the tourist industry,5
+the eusilc dataset has been constructed with the aim of collecting timely and comparable crosssectional and longitudinal multidimensional micro data on income poverty and social exclusion european commission a it was launched in and contains crosssectional as well as panel data the wave covers data from eu member states plus norway and iceland all current households and their members residing in the territories are part of the reference population those individuals living in collective households and institutions as well as small parts of national territories are not included european commission a,1
+building the stancacostesti dam led to modifications of the habitat the stancacostesti reservoir is covered by the prut water quality monitoring system surveillance and operational monitoring are carried out wastewater discharges and water abstractions are aiso monitored organic micropollutants had values which did not exceed the limit values,6
+for many educators politicians and researchers evaluation was seen as a tool of control rather than an instrument to monitor and support education the improved collection and use of evaluation information has allow ed brazil to improve the quality and efficiency of its education system reforms first focused on building the enabling context for evaluation activities this included defining the overarching policy framework for evaluation creating the right institution to lead evaluation programmes ensuring stable and sufficient funding and developing incountry capacity for carry ing out evaluation tasks,4
+a similar solution based on us measures to reduce methane emissions was discussed in the global green to scale report afanador et al we here look at the results obtained in norwegian oil and gas production and scale those up globally as described below some countries have launched major efforts to measure the emissions notably the us environmental protection agency see eg us epa b and in a nordic context the norwegian environment agency husdal osenbroch yetkinoglu stebrat,7
+it is important to note in these circumstances that introducing competition does not automatically mean that prices for electricity will fall for a range of reasons but we must consider the baseline for energy prices which may be increasing for example because the cost of inputs such as fuel is increasing in this instance prices for electricity are likely to grow regardless of the supply model adopted and may rise less under a competitive model than they would have under a regulated model,7
+it is often difficult to allocate system costs with precision as they interact with virtually all parameters of the electricity system for instance is the decline in the share price of a traditional utility due to inefficient management errors in the forecast of electricity demand or to the system effects induced by a myriad of decentralised wind and solar plants there are also difficult distributional questions to be considered that are only now beginning to emerge,7
+the principal driver of researchintensive universities is scientific world class excellence while the tafe institutes usually have close links to the labour market and also local and regional development they are constrained by their limited capacity to move in this direction for example the tertiary education innovation fund in the united kingdom has considerably increased locally relevant activities of tertiary education institutions,4
+this is partly explained by the availability of renewable energy sources which is high for instance in nordic countries benefiting from large hydroelectric capacities in germany wind and biomass account for two thirds of the res electricity production while hydropower and solar remain limited and uncertainty regarding environmental policies hampered the development of res in other oecd countries oecd a some studies also show that feedin tariffs were more efficient than other policies in increasing res penetration,7
+the petrol subsidy in indi was removed in june producing annual savings of billion diesel was deregulated in october producing annual savings of billion for example government savings realized from the removal of fossil fuel subsidies could be redirected towards sustainable infrastructure which would support improvements in energy access and efficiency and contribute to further development of renewable energy however the evidence so far does not point uniformly in this direction in fact global investment in renewable energy rebounded in to billion a percent increase from that of,7
+this assumption seems justified both on the basis of the literature and the findings in previous chapters and is widely used in the literature shen and whalley in combination with labour force survey data national accounts data have been used to make empirical estimates of the extent to which labour and capital are substitutes in thailand the same is the case for highskilled and lowskilled labour where highskilled labour has been defined based on major occupational groups including groups managers professionals and associate professionals,8
+these are the investment necessary to build domestic capital stock physical capital human capital and so forth which economists refer to as capital accumulation structural change or structural transformation and building the capabilities of the domestic enterprise sector the policy framework proposed here is intended to contribute to thinking about how this might be done given the specific conditions of a typical ldc the main novelty in the framework is that it explicitly links employment creation with the three processes through which productive capacities develop,8
+they have also paid special attention to expanding social opportunities by setting policy priorities nurturing selected industries fostering statemarket complementarities committing to longterm reforms having strong political leadership learning by doing and boosting public investment getting policies and policy priorities right raises the equally important issue of getting policymaking right governing institutions and policies are profoundly and inextricably linked one cannot succeed without the other it is thus important to have policy processes managed by committed people in effective and responsive government structures policies also change at different stages of development at early stages for example many countries prioritize job creation and poverty reduction,1
+moreoverfull employment is a prerequisite to address the problem of male unemployment this will help to avoid gender conflict resistance and in some cases backlash as more women enter the labour force in a global context in which men s access to paid work has been falling public investment should be directed at expenditures that reduce women s care burden and allow for care to be more equitably shared by the state and men and women,5
+however the business case especially in terms of making a profit is not as easily applicable in all areas of environmental protection and in the countries that need the most support in those countries and sectors additionality must be assessed eg replication at lower cost and there is a need to develop pilot and document innovative ways to engage the private sector such as through the use of green and inclusive business models one example of this is the need to better finance climate change adaptation efforts as is discussed in chapter less than a fifth of climaterelated development finance targeted climate change adaptation in,13
+the objective of switch was to develop new solutions with regard to increasing the efficiency of urban water systems and their resilience to a range of future climate change scenarios the project s approach was one of strengthening the connections between experts and stakeholders and decision makers so as to facilitate knowledgesharing the directed spiral with arrows whose origin is the point of intersection of the x and yaxes represents an ideal policy path,13
+support for viet nams policy framework for green investment has included enhancing the capacity of key ministries to implement viet nams green growth strategy vggs for example the macroeconomic reforms green growth programme in viet nam implemented by giz on behalf of the german federal ministry for economic cooperation and development bmz is supporting the ministries of planning and finance to implement their green growth objective including providing technical advice to strengthen green fiscal reform and develop green finance guidelines for the state bank of viet nam similar support from undp and usaid as well as from the global green growth institute are helping to implement the vggs at the sector and province level by supporting the ministry of planning and investment mpi to track and monitor progress on the vggs and develop provincelevel action plans for green growth,13
+they are also adversely affected by the underlying determinants of health such as access to safe drinking water sanitation adequate housing and nutrition additionally health practitioners may give lowerquality diagnoses medication and care and may even show neglect towards those discriminated against indirect discrimination that indigenous peoples experience may on the surface appear neutral but it has the effect of discrimination one prime example of indirect discrimination includes providing health information and services only in the dominant language or in accordance with dominant cultural practices which results in the de facto exclusion of indigenous peoples in the asian region as in other parts of the world indigenous peoples have spoken clearly on this issue stating that such a data revolution should include the collecting disaggregated information on key indicators for both baseline and progress tracking,3
+in some situations such as voluntarily quitting a job a large number of oecd countries impose an extended waiting period before benefits can start or in some cases complete disqualification from the benefit in countries with unlimited duration of benefit entitlements a termination of entitlement may not be possible but in the united kingdom a loss of benefit for up three years may apply for repeat offences oecd a there is some expectation that additional requirements will apply if skilled and employable jobseekers do not fairly quickly find work by their own efforts,8
+the use of competitive tendering to license renewablesources power plants makes it possible to keep actual compensation levels below the feedin tariff rates thereby helping to reduce system costs iea a in support to renewable electricity accounted for about of domestic customers monthly electric bill erse currently only hydropower plants are registered under the recs,7
+finally at the top of the pyramid regional and continental trading of cereal crops mainly wheat and rice is controlled by major traders who are often close to those in power food security relies on the sound functioning of this food sector above all for the most destitute urban dwellers but also for rural people in times of crisis this has underpinned the emergence of a coherent system,2
+teachers salaries and the social status of the teaching profession are related in different ways to students expectations of a teaching career depending on the students academic proficiency and certain characteristics namely gender socio economic status immigrant background and mathematics performance results indicate that boys are more sensitive to salary differences but there is no evidence that higher salaries would attract highachieving students into the teaching profession to a greater extent than lowachieving students education systems could therefore do more to encourage and support the pursuit of a teaching career among all motivated students,4
+the latter may include crosscutting services such as vulnerability analysis and mapping vam procurement or logistics which inform and support the implementation of instruments similarly food reserves supply locally procured food to support safetynet programmes initiatives such as purchase for progress p p when integrated into social protection strategies a reinforce safetynet systems,2
+capabilities can be thought of as the prerequisites for adults to engage in production that provides a secure and adequate livelihood typically measured with education and health variables livelihoods refers to measures such as wages employment access to credit ownership of productive assets the third domain agency or empowerment can be understood as the ability of individuals and the groups to which they belong to shape their environment thus gender equality in this domain would imply that women are equally agentic as men women s share of trade union membership and of managerial and leadership positions in cooperatives businesses and governing bodies are useful indicators in this domain,5
+box provides an example on how this has been done in western australia to inform allocation planning for a groundwater system see the section on managing the risk of shortage for further discussion on using economic instruments and a riskbased approach to allocation in terms of monitoring the compliance of objectives the central government is responsible for the national waters and the provinces are responsible for the regional waters for example for some aquifers a high risk to groundwaterdependent ecosystems can be reduced to a medium level if the risk is managed through appropriate buffer zones,6
+france israel and switzerland do relatively well compared with countries of similar average performance in nurturing excellence but at the same time they have sizeable shares of students who do not reach the baseline level of proficiency among girls the difference between the top and lowest performers is narrower in hong kong china and singapore two of the highestperforming countries and economies similar shares of boys and girls perform at level or above in mathematics,4
+given the interconnectedness of the world economy mitigation and adaptation actions applied within the borders of individual countries may have global repercussions this is particularly the case for measures taken by countries that account for a large share of global demand for commodities such as china and the united states climate response measures are expected to reduce global demand for and trade in carbonintensive commodities as well as their prices which will have a significant impact on the economies of many cddcs,13
+the population growth was also marked in five cities that are oblast capitals brest gomel grodno mogilev and vitebsk and in almost all cities of regional significance people cities with residents accommodate about per cent of the country s population including minsk and all oblast capitals as well as bobruisk baranovichi borisov mozyr novopolotsk orsha pinsk and soligorsk at the same time these settlements account for only per cent of all urban settlements in the country,11
+obese people earn per cent less than people who are not obese organization for economic cooperation and development a therefore the first concern will be increasing agricultural productivity in particular in countries where the prevalence of hunger is higher and where large productivity gaps still exist the main challenge however is to increase food production while minimizing the environmental impact and increasing natural resource use efficiency,2
+the initiative has been a steppingstone for young people seeking to build skills and engage in socially responsible work while also earning wages it has been successfully replicated in other districts including cova lima dili and liquia training was provided by infotimor staff in who also assisted the community centre in setting up a computer maintenance workshop software and hardware training an internet cafe and a satellite dish to deliver the internet to the local community the centre has since become a registered ngo and training organization,8
+expenditure on primary secondary and postsecondary nontertiary education was of the gdp in lower than the oecd average of but it has increased by percentage points since in public expenditure on public educational institutions per student in primary education secondary and postsecondary nontertiary education was usd compared to the oecd average of usd while for private institutions it was usd compared to the oecd average of usd school funding is allocated based on an increase over the previous years school budget,4
+with the reform wienumgebung was divided into four parts each of which was absorbed into a different predominantly rural county bruck an der leitha komeuburg st polten land and tulin this stated objective is visible in most of the regional strategic documents currently in place the osloakershus joint regional plan for transport and land use the vision of vastra gotaland and the regional development programme rup of vastra gotaland vg skane s regional development strategy the open skane and strategies for polycentric skane table in the case of osloakershus the national government s push for a joint regional plan on transport and land use stimulated coordination between both counties and municipalities box in the case of the two swedish subregions the focus on polycentric development may also reflect the fact that the current perimeter of vastra gotaland and skane is the result of county amalgamations in the committee for sustainable development in vastra gotaland ensures effective coordination and mutual reinforcement between regional and municipal initiatives box,11
+strengthening the school supervision profession and creating supervisory teams could enhance the quality of evaluations and build greater trust in the process develop a strategy to raise education quality in small primary schools steps should be taken to consolidate or close small schools when others nearby can provide better quality,4
+there has been some reported success in reducing global poverty levels the number of people living on less than a day in developing countries is said to have declined from billion to billion between and figure in addition the proportion of people living in extreme poverty dropped from to per cent over the period,1
+by the price of the benchmark us maize no a noteworthy feature is the drop in wheat to maize price ratio to a low ratio of compared to in the past indicating a stronger upside potential for maize prices than for wheat continuing instability will be a factor for all cereal markets as the linkages are strong enough to influence them all,2
+the diffusion rate on the service demand side supposed to drive uptake of services on huduma platforms may however depend on a great many more diverse factors such as the population distribution between urban and rural areas the proximity of citizens to service centres the level of information symmetry and the expansion rate of the programme the area outside wider sector conditions for innovation represents those aspects that are outside of the control of the organisation but within the control of policymakers or other public sector bodies of strategic influence these conditions describe how the system in which a public sector organisation operates helps or hinders innovation that is the impacts a system has on an organisation s innovation activity and capability independent electoral and boundaries commission,9
+the key diagnostic messages from the questionnaires and the interview programmes organised by the oecd team largely corroborated the indepth assessment that the chilean government carried out when preparing the national policy for urban development they are fully in line with the assessment that this present oecd review has conducted for administrative and regulatory governance digital government and deployment of ict in the public sector and sme development territorial governance is crucial as it heavily depends on how both urban and rural areas can guarantee agreed living standards develop and prosper designing and managing efficient planning and zoning policies including construction permit procedures has acquired increasing relevance in the light of the challenges posed by rapidly evolving societies and the globalised economy,11
+in west germany paid parental leave was not limited exclusively to the child s first three years the result was low female labour force participation in the gdr by contrast women enjoyed an incomereplacement parental leave benefit for one year while nurseries were expanded and child care infrastructure improved,5
+on average across oecd countries of students from disadvantaged schools are enrolled in prevocational or vocational programmes compared to of students in advantaged schools this difference is largest in austria croatia italy and the netherlands considering that students from disadvantaged backgrounds are times more likely perform below the baseline in science than more advantaged students on average across oecd countries disadvantaged students are more likely to be tracked into a vocational trajectory,4
+improved security should be incorporated in the framework and as applicable into every goal while the necessary measures are taken to minimize the occurrence and impact of adverse risks for human security accordingly policies towards and monitoring of each goal should not only assess absolute achievements but also track fluctuations caused by insecurity the selection of indicators should address poverty exclusion and inequality in the developed world as well,1
+the current annual production capacity of wind turbines manufactured in india is about mw to mw including turbines for the domestic as well as for export markets gwec major wind turbine manufacturers in india are suzlon enercon rrb energy and vestas together they account for more than of the new capacity added in india between and wpi indigenously produced wind turbines and turbine blades have been exported to the united states europe australia china and brazil,7
+a number require active management to control deforestation soil erosion and other forms of land degradation proceeds from these charges would be returned to the organisation responsible for operating and maintaining the facility this report focuses on the related issue of how pes can contribute to the strengthening and financing of water resource management payments are made by the beneficiaries of the services in question for example individuals communities businesses or governments acting on behalf of various parties department for environment food rural affairs,6
+the second round which was ultimately cancelled targeted a further mw of solar generation capacity the plants also needed to be grid connected and required the endorsement of the relevant state or territory governments in terms of funding requirements the commonwealth funding to the successful proponent was to be awarded through taxable capital grants applicants needed to seek for funding for the project and were expected to access other government state government funding sources each project had an educational infrastructure fund component to support university research and training activities and this funding was subject to separate legislative and funding requirements it was anticipated that the round one project would be selected in to be fully operational by,7
+the aim of the project is to reshape the delivery of agricultural research and extension services towards a dynamic multiprovider system so that farmers can become more competitive increase their income and improve their livelihoods by the end of farmermanaged activities fmas have been implemented in around villages located within districts provinces in addition districtlevel rural extension centres have been constructed with a total project objective of,2
+the pattern of occupational growth suggests that the demand for labour is an important factor explaining the role of immigrant workers in thailand this is underlined by the relatively low proportions of foreignbom workers in occupations that have become less important such as skilled agriculture and legislativesenior official occupations in particular the share of lowskill occupations is high in comparison with other countries including the partner countries while it has been growing for foreignbom workers and decreasing forthaibom workers,8
+according to the snc an increase in sea surface temperature and medium sea level and changes in extreme weather and climate events might occur the world meteorological organization declared the period as a decade of climate extremes montenegro was also affected by weather extremes in this period,13
+the kruonis pumped storage plant with a power capacity of mw was originally established to provide backup for the ignalina nuclear power plant in recent years wind power capacity has been growing steadily and total capacity amounted to mw by the end of in electricity prices were significantly higherinthe baltic countries compared tothe nordic countries eurmwh in latvia and lithuania,7
+the economic and social contributions of migrant workers are typically well recognized in source countries remittances are found to be countercyclical and play an important role in sustaining domestic demand in source countries remittances are also an important source of foreign exchange vitally needed for essential imports and for development activities,8
+originally they were designed to inform mitigation policy but some are now applied in the context of adaptation policy as well this chapter reviews the modelling of climate impacts and adaptation in global iams including both models with an economic focus and those with a science focus key advances in the representation of climate impacts in iams during the last decade include improved consideration of differences in impacts across regions the development of nonmonetary reducedform models and coupling global iams with regional and sectoral impact models to assess climate change together with other sustainability issues,13
+the years following the creation of the task force saw a decrease in deaths caused by road accidents by between and the task force was not only interministerial with representatives from different ministries and agencies but also intergovernmental as it was composed of local officials from seoul incheon gwangju daejeon gangwon province and south chungcheong province it is reasonable to assume that coordination at the highest level of the government was instrumental in integrating scattered measures and sending a powerful message throughout the society leading to major improvements in road safety the improvement of child safety has been one of the most important successes in the past two decades,11
+obtaining reliable gender statistics that adequately reflect differences and inequalities in the situation of women and men in all areas of life requires a strategy of gender mainstreaming in all stages of data production this means that gender is brought into the mainstream of all statistical activities rather than dealt with as an addon united nations mainstreaming a gender perspective in statistics means that gender issues and genderbased biases are systematically taken into account in the production of all official statistics and at all stages of data production hedman perucci and sundstrom united nations a b,5
+the community care subprogramme is complemented by other services including the circulos de abuelos grandparents circle attended by of the country s older adult population and the programa de atencion al anciano solo care for elders alone which covers of the total elderly population living in singleperson households there are older persons homes in the country staterun with a total of residents of the country s older adult population these facilities are staffed by physicians nurses physical therapists and psychologists among others the national office for older persons care and social services evaluate the management of these homes and offer performance support,3
+knowledge of these patterns is important as they enable us to understand the habitat requirements of the biodiversity of shelf organisms as well as having implications for exploitation of both renewable figure and nonrenewable resources eg sand extraction heavy minerals of terrigenous origin associated with particular sedimentary facies further distinctions can be made on the basis of the size of the organism macrofauna such as amphipods isopods gastropods and polychaetes are pm meiofauna rotifers harpacticoid copepods nematodes are between and pm while microfauna ciliates are pm then there are the benthic microalgae or microphytobenthos cyanobacteria benthic diatoms and flagellates which form a layer on shelf sediments in the euphoric zone and which can contribute substantially to continental shelf productivity gattuso and others these are more correctly considered as benthopelagic as they can be suspended in the water column particularly during turbulent seas thereby forming part of the plankton also included in the benthos are the nonplanktonic foraminifera either living or dead with carbonate tests which are typically mm in diameter,14
+finally it provides input to the mayors council on proposed borrowing limit increases in tenyear transport investment plans it aims for solid waste volume reduction better resource conservation and recovery prohibits certain actions and products provides penalties and appropriates funds despite the comprehensive policy framework lgus are struggling to implement the policy,11
+similarly chetana from sunsari district is now active in preventing trafficking in her community she has mobilized the media and national stakeholders including higher authorities in the police to rescue trafficked women from her village new ideas images beliefs and values brought by the migrants to their community levitt,5
+moreover whether severance pay must be disbursed or there is protection against unfair termination at the end of the contract and whether contracts can be terminated before the end date with or without notice clearly matters as regards the relative costs associated with different contracts these are also key issues as regards labour market duality see section above as well as bentolila et al second standard fixedterm contracts and twa employment represent only an albeit important fraction of temporary employment,10
+greenland is also looking at other renewable energy sources while the country s own energy utility company is researching into hydrogen technology for energy storage energy savings are also on the national agenda for example in greenland will be the first country to have coverage with remote monitoring of energy meters which help end users keep control of their energy consumption and encourage them to reduce it one such project currently under way is the establishment of an aluminium smelting plant,7
+by there were ebais in costa rica mostly among underserved communities with rates of access in rural areas rising from in to in alongside ebais some of the population is attended by private providers that are contracted by the ccss to deliver primary care with at least one medical doctor one nurse or nursing assistant and one health care assistant ebais serve around households each,3
+environmental conditions also regularly impair energy equipment furthermore with limited economic resources kiribati is highly dependent on official development assistance accounts for of gdp with almost total dependence on external funding for energy projects which results in long lead times and adds complexity to implementation moreover there are significant capacity issues in the energy sector lack of awareness regarding renewable energy and energy efficiency and availability of energy data is limited with the assistance of spc and other partners kiribati is in the process of developing a longterm energy sector strategy which will include several renewable energy targets,7
+the balance of the overall generation portfolio as well as the potential costs of environmental externalities that may have to be paid in the longer term should always be an integral part of the discussion whenever countries negotiate with donors on investment in new assets although international coal prices have risen dramatically over the past decade the direct costs of coalfired generation are often low compared to other sources especially if the coal can be used close to its source reducing transport costs political economy considerations may well prevent sufficient compensation being paid to developing countries to incentivise them to leave these resources in the ground,7
+they can i ensure even quality across different settings ii give guidance to staff on how to enhance children s learning and wellbeing and iii inform parents of their children s learning and development countries take different approaches in designing curriculum there is a need to think beyond curriculum dichotomies eg academicoriented vs comprehensive approaches staffinitiated instruction vs childinitiated activities etc almost all oecd countries have a framework in place either curriculum or learning standards from age three to compulsory schooling,4
+figure shows the poverty gap relative to the absolute poverty accounting for regional prices threshold for the years and in the median poverty gap as measured at the th percentile of individuals in absolute poverty was of the poverty threshold compared with gaps of in and in the median poverty gap was largest in denisova thus not only has the incidence of absolute poverty declined it also has become less pronounced,1
+only in panama did the headcount ratio decline but the gap diminished by less than the poverty rate and severity was unchanged suggesting that the households exiting poverty were the ones with the highest incomes among the poor in honduras moreover the relative situation of the poorest was worse at the end of the period since the gap as measured by the fostergreerthorbecke fgt method grew more quickly than the headcount ratio h this indicator is used to compare the percentage of poor women aged between and with that of poor men in the same age group,1
+the experience of dairy farms in eastern european provides examples of vertical integration to overcome market failures eg dairies organising cold chains to individual farms public investment in the cold chain is not necessary but private sector providers must have incentives to invest access to capital and trust in contract enforcement creating such an environment is complementary to the provision of more traditional public goods such as improved infrastructure,2
+this represents the equivalent of new large nuclear reactors increasing the load factor and the electricity output offers the possibility to recover more rapidly the capital and the fixed operational costs a conventional power plant with a higher capacity factor has the ability to provide backup capacity for variable renewables as well as ancillary services to the electricity grid primarily fleet management reduces the maximal residual demand imbalance of the power system and thus the need for building additional generation capacity in addition fleet management reduces the average energy production cost by improving the use of different electricity production capacities,7
+having schools that are close by and ensuring that classes are structured so girls can return home before dark can also encourage parents and reduce risks of genderbased violence allgirl classes and complementary safe learning spaces can provide girls with room to develop decisionmalting and leadership skills that may be more difficult to cultivate in places where these skills are mostly reserved for men and boys extracurricular sports can also be important for empowerment sperling and windirop,5
+reproductive roles are those associated with child rearing raising and caretaking of the home ie cooking and cleaning community involvement highlights those tasks related to collective support and community gain feminists have also highlighted the importance of the collective dimensions of empowerment and power in addition to individual empowerment for example see srilatha batliwala the meaning of women s empowerment new concepts from action in g sen a germain and l c chen eds population policies reconsidered health empowerment and rights pp,5
+furthermore it is not clear however that the regions population has the knowledge and skills necessary to move up the value chain as needed to compete in the regional and global economy the significant urbanrural disparities in socioeconomic conditions and educational attainment between penang and the other states in the northern corridor economic region also present challenges tertiary education institutions should work together towards better alignment of their education provision with the needs of the region,4
+it will be important to continue efforts to set priorities that build on and are aligned to the decentralised system approach and to continue improving access and efficiency of funding in tertiary education in part the strategy aims to align kindergarten to grade and postsecondary education with labour market needs so that students can gain the knowledge and skills needed for an easier transition into the workforce for instance prince edward island s professional learning report defined areas of improvement in teachers learning and the ontario government recently announced a modernisation of teacher education in the province the impact of socioeconomic status on student performance is lower than the oecd average figure,4
+net replacement rates are evaluated for a primeage worker aged with a long and uninterrupted employment record see oecd a for full details finland and germany saw the biggest reductions in net replacement rates a decomposition of these changes not reported shows that in germany and to a lesser extent finland effective tax burdens on employment incomes were reduced at the same time which further widened the gap between incomes inwork and outofwork,10
+as of the workforce participation rate for women is per cent and for men it is per cent wgea b according to a survey conducted by the australian bureau of statistics abs nearly per cent of women gave caring for children as a reason for not working compared to just per cent of men jericho in women comprised more than per cent of the workforce in three occupations clerical and administration community and personal services and sales wgea a,5
+this often incentivises migrants that have recently arrived to the country to opt for the academic route rather than a vocational one which may not always be best suited to their needs liebowitz et al the adultleaming system may in such cases offer training in portuguese as a second language to young migrants who have no other options in the education system several studies offer insights on practices for increasing participation in adult learning oecd igj european commission i j windisch oincreased participation is viewed as a key objective based on the benefits of participation outlined in chapter box,4
+in addition the ifa enables the secretary to provide assistance to persons engaged in commercial fisheries for measures to alleviate harm incurred as a direct result of a fishery resource disaster for example the fishermen s fund programme in alaska provides for the treatment and care of alaskan licensed commercial fishermen who have been injured while fishing onshore or offshore in alaska benefits from the fund are financed from revenue received from each resident and nonresident commercial fisherman s license and permit fee measures to address capacity fall in three broad categories i limited entry and other permit programmes ii exclusive quota programmes including limited access privilege programmes lapps a new term included in the reauthorised magnusonstevens act individual fishing quotas ifqs community development quotas cdqs and cooperatives and iii buybacks,14
+consistent with okun s law these data suggest a crosscountry okun coefficient of approximately well below however okun s law is more typically applied to the association between changes in output and unemployment within countries the analysis of labour demand adjustment in section examines this relationship,8
+on the other hand of danish adults report regular heavy alcohol consumption the highest in the eu almost of danish adolescents report having been drunk at least twice in their life obesity rates are below the eu average but on the rise of danish adults were obese in up from in,3
+it also assesses the impacts of coal and gasfired power with carbon capture and storage ccs the impacts of these technologies are compared with those of modern coal and gasfired power without ccs but with stateoftheart pollution control bioenergy is not included because it is covered in a recent irp report bringezu et al nuclear power generation is not included because unep sees this technology as being under the responsibility of a different un agency iaea oil fired steam power plants were excluded because they are seen as less relevant for the future,7
+this model is mandated in the european union and many other liberalized jurisdictions in the united states canada and latin america where multiple operators in different segments of the electricity supply chain are present and participate in international trade in electricity electricity cooperation and trade can bring economies of scale in investments strengthen electricitysector financing capability enhance competition and improve sector efficiency increase toad and fuel diversity enable costeffective renewable electricity penetration address seasonal variability in generation provide emergency support provide a market for surplus generation and generally increase the security and robustness of participating national electricity systems trade in electricity demands considerable infrastructure to ensure the interconnection of different electricity transmission systems across national borders,7
+however the significance and magnitude of the effect of these characteristics depends on the particular domain under consideration in this section we pay particular attention to factors underlying domain visavis income poverty and the role of income poverty in predicting a child s risk to domain deprivation tables to in the annex present the regression results for the different estimation models and report marginal effects and standard errors,1
+ten questions allow the reader to selfassess driving performance in difficult situations intersections dense traffic and reversing incidents of failing to see other road users experience of fatigue and vision problems when driving slowing of reactions in critical situations and negative feedback from the driver s friends and family or from other road users respondents are recommended to see a doctor if they experience any of the listed problems and to undergo a detailed assessment of their fitness to drive as for most selfassessment tools no scientific evaluation is available however one main result of the euproject size was that a most important barrier for agreeable outdoor mobility of older persons stems from difficult interaction with other car drivers,11
+in middle income countries about to of the intended beneficiaries are reached with an increasing role for social assistance rather than social insurance benefits hi lowincome countries only a quarter of the intended benefit population is covered and on average less than of the intended beneficiaries are covered by social insurance benefits there are two major types i skills development and training and ii cashor foodforwork programmes however cash for work programmes do not improve skills and in themselves do not offer opportunities to participants to escape poverty the challenge is to improve these programmes so that they contribute to the transition to more productive employment and more and better jobs,1
+the proximity of bangladesh to myanmar and the surge in domestic demand made the country a big market for yaba yaba is mainly smuggled from myanmar by fishing boat it is bartered for other drugs of abuse such as buprenorphine and tranquillizers that are then smuggled in the opposite direction from bangladesh to myanmar diazepam and buprenorphine ampoules were reported to be smuggled into nepal from india in ampoules of diazepam and ampoules of buprenorphine were seized in nepal slightly more than the ampoules of diazepam and ampoules of buprenorphine seized in,3
+the determinants of female labour force participation cont accordingly the expanded provision of child care services for the under s was found to have a weaker effect on female employment rates in continental and southern european countries where it may have merely converted the informal into formal child care akunduz and plantenga by contrast there was no effect among poorly educated women thevenon estimates that higher tax rates for second earners deter woman from working although that effect is tempered in an institutional environment which is friendly to a worklife balance the effect of financial incentives is greatest in englishspeaking countries where female employment rates appear to be reduced by increases in the duration of paid leave andor the relative tax rates affecting second earners in couple families this finding makes sense in countries where labour markets are flexible enough to allow workers to move in and out of the labour force and where working hours can be adjusted to family needs and constraints like high child care costs,5
+populations in small rural villages that are too small or too dispersed for ongrid electrification can take advantage of offgrid distributed generation solutions in malaysian borneo for instance pvdiesel hybrid systems have been developed for schools that are not gridconnected another advantage of des is that the construction of the system can take place in a couple of months whereas expansions of the centralised grids to remote areas may take years and even decades,7
+an initial evaluation found an increase in participation funding is given to schools to support trustees and school leaders in better meeting students needs the ministry oversees the education system develops curriculum and assessment standards for students and teachers intervenes in instances of school failure provides funding and leads crossgovernment initiatives,4
+trade costs among developing countries southsouth were the slowest to decline at the beginning of the period but their decline gained momentum after the mid s outpacing the rest they also show that trade costs are higher for services mostly due to high variable costs the first three categories capture the cost of delivering goods from suppliers to customers they include the costs of transport cargo loading storage port services and the costs of complying with customs procedures,9
+finlands education system is also highly efficient in finland spent of its gdp on education less than the oecd total average of oecd b this efficiency is discussed further in the conclusions to this chapter this philosophy included the beliefs that all pupils can learn if they are given proper opportunities and support that understanding of and learning through human diversity is an important educational goal and that schools should function as smallscale democracies just as john dewey had insisted decades before,4
+this makes it difficult to conduct the sorts of longterm investments in human capacities that characterize altruistic growth regimes we see this pressure manifested in figure c where australia canada and the united states are classified as having weak caring spirits and the united kingdom is below the trendline we thus might expect at least for women outside the upper classes who cannot afford to compensate for the absence of the state andor men in social reproduction that female labour force participation is associated with stresses on the production of human capacities,5
+these projects have been completed or are at various stages of development the key program which the iau implements is the indigenous aquaculture strategy to deliver important outcomes sought by indigenous participants through projects that are socially environmentally and economically sustainable as part of the biennial australasian aquaculture conference and trade show august the iau held a halfday workshop to discuss the current and future operating environment within the indigenous aquaculture sector and funded the participation of eight people from around australia however the value of australian seafood production only dropped by compared to to aud billion in,14
+the report offers insights into womens labour market participation and entrepreneurship across the six countries takes stock of countries international and constitutional commitments to gender equality and looks at women s access to justice it examines the existing legal frameworks governing women s work as employees and entrepreneurs and assesses the impact of family law and traditional gender roles on outcomes it also provides a succinct list of policy recommendations to support governments in their ongoing reform efforts to build more prosperous and inclusive societies by unleashing the economic potential of women in the aftermath of the uprisings governments and nongovernmental actors underscored the need for a clear picture on legislative frameworks and their impact on women s economic involvement,5
+women are often traditionally tasked with preparing dead bodies for burial exposing them to direct contact with disease also women can contract the disease through sexual intercourse with men who have recovered from ebola as the virus stays in the semen for up to seven weeks after recovery it is not that ebola targets women however a simple analysis uncovers the effect that gender roles can have on the rights of women starting with the basic right to life the ongoing discrimination that victims may face and the impunity that typically prevails requires that investigators and interpreters win the trust of victims in most societies it is often not socially acceptable to discuss the systematic oppression of women and igbti persons or certain prevalent violations such as sexual violence consequently besides the absence of reliable information the investigation team may struggle lo identify where such violations have occurred and to find victims or witnesses who are willing to provide testimony,5
+in oecd countries overall energy intensity of passenger transport fell by per cent between and iea however improvements in the efficiency of engine technologies were partially offset by the increased weight of larger cars in europe in the european commission set a target to reduce c emissions from new cars to grams per kilometre gkm,7
+even if ethiopia s own ghg emissions are inconsequential globally this focus both confers moral legitimacy on ethiopia and is potentially attractive to emerging international climate finance moreover as a single factor relevant to all sectors it is relatively easy to include ghg levels in a wide range of sector plans mainstreaming several biodiversity pollution and soil and water conservation issues albeit issues that may often be of greater importance locally is trickier and consequently is rarely done effectively the crge s green economy component focuses on ethiopia s particular resource endowments addresses some of the biggest economic risks facing the country identifies the lowestcost ghg abatement options and makes the case to attract international finance,13
+the rise in resource use has been coupled with growth in waste and emissions contributing to a series of pressure points including climate change reduced food security water scarcity and air pollution it has also lead to supply insecurity for a number of resources that are strategically important in modem production and consumption systems weisz and schandl more recently the governance and functioning of the global economic systems has been challenged during the global financial crisis that started in,12
+much can be learned from an international exchange of information on whatworks and what are the likely pitfalls thats where this joint project policy development project comes in from the local economic and employment development leed programme of the oecd and the german federal ministry of transport building and urban affairs since the aim of the project has been to analyse policy challenges and options in enhancing entrepreneurship and to offer inspiration for new approaches through local capacity building and international exchanges of policy experiences,8
+the issue of teacher shortages and hiring of teachers without a finished diploma is also prevalent in austria both countries have adopted a number of policies and practices to provide language training in classrooms the country is balancing school choice policies and similar increases in immigration with a increase in foreignborn individuals since,4
+governmentapproved projects are again exempted from such limits and the time limit for tax exemption should be specified in coordination with the relevant ministry once the tax exemption has come to an end the land tax value is usd per ha for perennial crops and aquaculture usd per ha for horticulture crops and usd per ha for seasonal crops and livestock they can lead to employment creation including through backward and forward linkages and multiplier effects,2
+reviews of higher education in regional and city development are the oecd s vehicle to mobilise higher education for economic social and cultural development of cities and regions they analyse how the higher education system impacts local and regional development and help improve this impact they investigate how higher education institutions contribute to human capital and skills development technology transfer and business innovation social cultural and environmental development and regional capacity building the review process facilitates partnership building in regions by drawing together higher education institutions and public and private agencies to identify strategic goals and work together towards them,4
+this situation is comparable to the first option discussed above with the difference that in case no subsequent medical uses are claimed the initial product patent on a first medical use will comprise all possible subsequent uses rather than being usebound such modest contributions to the existing state of the art are referred to as incremental innovation such innovation often lies within the range local firms particularly those that could not realistically aspire to developing truly new or nonobvious inventions that may require more technical research capabilities than are available,3
+these firing costs along with complex dismissal procedures play a key role in depressing hiring rates on permanent contracts of new labour market entrants such as youth in addition very short trial periods are likely to discourage the hiring of young people whose productivity is difficult to judge exante finally the use of fixedterm contracts and temporaiywork agencies is highly regulated although loose enforcement translates in their frequent use this strict protection of formal workers may be one factor behind the spreading of informal employment and disguised selfemployment whereby an employeetype relationship is masked as independent work for a single clientemployer,8
+implementation was often given insufficient attention today the planning process is viewed to be more important with significant consideration given to data collection monitoring and evaluation policy networks decisionmaking procedures as well as other procedural and interim products critics have objected that the outcomes of the statute have not been as profound as intended,11
+this chapter examines key features that need to be considered for biodiversity mainstreaming at the national level these are the extent to which mainstreaming of economic development and where relevant poverty alleviation objectives are reflected in national biodiversity strategies and action plans nbsaps the extent to which biodiversity is reflected in national development plans ndps and other relevant strategies institutional arrangements in place to foster mainstreaming the role of data and information in mainstreaming and the extent to which biodiversity is reflected in national budgets it is important to note that these issues should be considered in the broader context of assessment frameworks that have been developed for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity which include the need for mainstreaming figure,15
+this tax should be equal to the marginal societal damage at the point of optimality which implies that it is also equal to the marginal private benefit at that point in a world with no further disturbances this would force a profitmaximising producer to restrict his emissions exactly at the optimal point governments in the interest of maximising the total welfare of society act here as the caretakers of social resources and set the socially optimal price the incentive for the producer to reduce his emissions is now the price he has to pay for emitting sparks particulates or greenhouse gases,7
+the results are typically also expected to inform future professional development all states and territories have existing statutory teacher registration authorities responsible for registering teachers as competent for practice the levels of teaching accreditation vary according to the jurisdiction,4
+demands for more social spending have been building up since the early s and social protection is financed mostly through social security contributions as opposed to general taxation as a result nonwage labour costs have risen substantially social security contribution rates for health and pensions have increased by percentage points from to since the early s table,1
+this approach is geared towards the production of knowledge and innovation and contributes to raising awareness among dutch citizens about water risks their activities often consist in infrastructure financing capacity building and education programmes as well as policy guidance and they are a vital means of complementing limited public sector and operator capacity to undertake these activities hence better educational materials for different grade levels related to water availability and sustainable development should be developed,6
+the main species harvested in were herring tonnes cod tonnes and mackerel tonnes the relative share of the landed value by the norwegian fishing fleet is presented in table the reduction consisted of fulltime fishers and parttime fishers the number of fishing vessels registered in the register of norwegian fishing vessels decreased from vessels in to vessels in,14
+both sets of policies reduced national and global economic welfare inhibited economic growth and added to inequality and poverty because no fewer than threequarters of the world s billion poorest people still depend directly or indirectly on farming for their livelihood world bank yet myriad policy measures continue to distort world food markets in many and complex ways anderson in some developing country settings they raise food prices for consumers and the earnings of farm households while in other settings they lower them however in most situations there is a mixture of winners and losers both in rural and in urban areas not least because many farm households receive some of their income from nonfarm sources,1
+however chile solidario represents an innovative approach with some idiosyncratic features making it a particular case if not a model itself fiszbein and schady programme eligibility is defined using a proxymeans the ficha cas which ranks families according to their sociodemographic and economic conditions poverty is explicitly considered as a multidimensional experience and a capability approach is specifically adopted to ensure greater equity among beneficiaries barrientos palma and urzua according to some authors the latter feature is particularly relevant as it enables social protection to address more effectively the needs of children whose experience of poverty often has multidimensional aspects barrientos and de jong families accepted for the programme initially cooperate with a social worker in order to assess their conditions and to agree on an action plan including specific measures to escape poverty these formally become the conditions according to which they are enrolled in the programme,1
+between and this investment would avert an estimated million child deaths million stillborn deaths and million maternal deaths yet more than developing countries lack the civil registration and vital statistics crvs systems needed to generate accurate birth and death data that figure includes per cent of children in subsaharan africa and per cent of children in south asia in the absence of reliable data estimates for child mortality in countries lacking crvs systems are based on a sophisticated statistical model using survey responses census information and other sources,3
+the balance of such tradeoffs and options for managing them is assessed in this paper such policies include micro and macro level responses this group could potentially include the food insecure although the main beneficiaries of price protection tend not to be smaller foodinsecure farm households but rather more commercial farms with significant food surpluses to sell the challenge is to either raise productivity and thereby redress a lack of competitiveness or create new opportunities in other sectors,2
+while no hard and fast rules can be applied municipalities are generally responsible for providing and managing service delivery water and wastewater while highertier local governments eg regions provinces are responsible for competences associated with resources management a holistic approach is called for in designing the institutional mapping because some roles and responsibilities can complement with or neutralise each other at central and subnational levels there is a diversity of situations across oecd federal and unitary states in terms of the institutional organisation of water policy on the one hand some federal countries united states canada belgium have delegated many water responsibilities to lower levels of government while in other federal states mexico australia the central government still plays a strong role eg strategic planning regulation etc,6
+information on student learning outcomes is collected from international surveys national monitoring sample surveys peridodiek peilings onderzoek ppon and jaarlijks peilingsonderzoek van het onderwijsniveau jpon the longitudinal cohort survey school careers cohort onderzoek onderwijsloopbanen cool the standardised test results reported by schools eg results from the lvs or the cito school leavers test and the results from the secondary schoolleaving examinations this student performance data is complemented by a wide range of demographic administrative and contextual data collected by the ministry of education science and culture directly from schools system evaluation also makes use of bron register data based on the unique student number,4
+for example bangladesh now prohibits sexual harassment thanks to a milestone decision issued in by the high court thanks to a training manual titled cedaw made easy empowering traditional leaders in cameroon to use the convention to bring about concrete improvements in the lives of women in their communities they are changing traditional practices that are harmful to women the cedaw denounced the prevalence of early marriage in several countries some of which have thus changed their legal age of marriage which in turn has reduced the prevalence of such practices the average prevalence of early marriage across developing countries has decreased from in to in cerise et al this paper considers the cedaw ratification date as good predictor of the level of discriminatory social institutions,5
+peer effects could operate through multiple channels for instance women may exhibit greater confidence when they are in a more supportive environment or peers may help women attain their goals by providing support after the training is over there was also evidence that the positive impacts of training with a friend were stronger among women from religious or caste groups with social norms that restrict female mobility they should also incorporate financial education into other initiatives where women are likely to be the main beneficiaries such as conditional financial transfers to improve women s financial independence evidence from developing countries word bank policy research working paper no identifying complementary effects of financial education on migrant households world bank policy research working paper no american economic journal economic policy vol,5
+recently the burden of such discrimination on economic growth has been estimated to cost up to usd trillion for the global economy yet using standard economic indicators such as gdp as a measure of social progress is inherently limited what is equally important is assessing the impact of gender inequality on other measures of wellbeing using subjective wellbeing indicators for instance allows a broader perspective of the complex consequences of genderbased discrimination in social institutions,5
+this is not intended to be an exhaustive list of strategies and reports the point here is to illustrate that a multitude of different strategies and reporting channels already exists in many countries this can help to clarify what elements may usefully be included in a leds versus what may be redundant of other exercises and thus left out to avoid duplication for example while many existing national climate change strategies may also contain forwardlooking components they may not adequately integrate economic development with climate change so this could be a core objective of a leds moreover several of the existing national climate change strategies prepared to date only plan forward for the shortterm ie up to,13
+regional innovation strategies need to reveal the reasons why the neighbouring area is a good partner for collaboration in this field whether due to complementarities in areas of specialisation cost differentials in labour or land markets common interests in branding etc however if there are few opportunities for firms to collaborate with other firms universities or technology transfer offices on the other side of the border then forcing collaboration will only waste resources in the north of england withincountry crossregional efforts sought to build greater critical mass and political power,9
+biofuel support policies generate additional demand for feedstocks which translates into higher incomes for crop farmers both in subsidizing and to a lesser degree in other countries but higher costs for downstream industries including livestock farmers and consumers fertiliser policies reduce crop production costs increase yields and result in expanded production resulting in higher incomes for crop farmers in subsidizing countries but lowering incomes for crop farmers abroad in contrast livestock prices are affected only moderately generally higher feed costs resulting from biofuel support policies raise livestock prices slightly fertiliser subsidies where they are applied tend to lower feed costs and hence reduce livestock prices with the exception of the effects of large fertiliser support in india changes to livestock prices remain below by reducing crop production costs in countries that apply fertiliser subsidies they disadvantage crop farmers in other countries,2
+it is expected that this programme will cover villages and people by the end of mvs highquality drinking water from alazanagrichayskoy depression in oguz region will be provided to the absheron peninsula when the km oguzgabalabaku water pipe will be completed it is expected that with all these improvements baku will be served hours a day with m s of drinking water,6
+many of the sediments have been reworked by erosion cycles associated with varying sea levels and are exposed as palimpsest relict pavements along the mid and outer shelves exposed to the action of fringing shelfedge currents such as the agulhas current green and mackay in press these may be interspersed with submerged shorelines of varying ages which have added small in situ quantities of rubble and bioclastic debris to the shelf system green and mackay in press along the east coast of south africa the relict sediment is thinly overlain by a sheet of holocene aged material on average no more than m thick with a few localised depocentres up to m thick usually associated with the localised convergence of littoral and geostrophic currents,14
+about of students are enrolled in private tertiary educational institutions in poland close to the oecd average of in of yearolds are enrolled in education against of yearolds these figures were higher for poland than for oecd countries where the average was for yearolds and for yearolds,4
+the focus then turns to municipal solid waste msw where data on quantities and composition as well as past trends and future projections are presented section section overviews the status of msw management across income groups and regions it focuses first on the protection of public health by ensuring that all wastes are collected and then on environmental protection by phasing out uncontrolled disposal and open burning of waste this is followed by an examination of the global industry in secondary materials section,12
+continued labour and skills shortages indicate the need for more proactive strategies to better align labour supply and demand attention has tended to focus on the availability and supply of suitably skilled labour there has been less consideration of demandside issues and policies to support and encourage industry to do more in terms of workforce planning and development attracting recruiting and retaining people in the sector,8
+outofhours care is available through hour telephone hotlines staffed by nurses evening care centres urgent care centres and home visit services the bulk of patients suffering from chronic conditions are likely to find doctors and nurses working to help monitor their health and manage their condition through proactive practices such as regular measurement of blood glucose and blood pressure for those suffering with diabetes these efforts are often supported by information technology platforms such as those that remind clinic staff which patients have not received a regular checkup in an estimated years of life were lost in israel by men under the age of compared to an average of amongst oecd countries,3
+mobile services had been a monopoly of comoros telecom until late when telma an operator from madagascar launched operations as the second mobile operator this resulted in comoros telecom dropping its price from the precompetition period left while affordability improved in the comoros the availability of a diversity of data bundles to cater to different data requirements lags other more intensely competitive markets,9
+reducing pollution and minimizing dumping of hazardous materials into upstream ecosystems will benefit marine environments and reduce the impact on coastal ecosystems most effects due to climate change will be experienced through changes in the hydrological cycle such as overall water availability water quality and frequency of extreme weather events eg floods and droughts waterrelated hazards account for a large part of disaster loss and impact,6
+due to the lack of data on students who are out of school this report focuses on those who are receiving instruction however it acknowledges the importance of drawing attention to the challenges faced by this population group and addressing these issues through concrete policy actions in this section indicators that are relevant to understanding the equity status of yearolds from pisa will be examined in detail table,4
+not all efforts need to take place in the classroom however in costa rica for example the innovating at home programme aims to teach parents how to develop their children s creativity from an early age these examples show there is increasing emphasis and interest in developing wider skills in a variety of country contexts,4
+at least per cent of the population will directly benefit from this project the project is expected to increase the fixed broadband connectivity from the existing per cent of households to more than per cent of households and is expected to contribute a percent increase to gross domestic product this project is developed in partnership with the china railway international group and it is relevant to the advancement of sdgs and,9
+the existence of such standalone ministries sends a strong political message about the government s commitment to women s empowerment and gender equality and facilitates opportunities on the part of the national gender institution to influence budgetary decisions that may impact gender equality johan single ministries with a minister for gender equality also bring visibility and the opportunity to advocate for gender equality concerns within the cabinet yet it is essential to ensure clear and powerful mandates and sufficient resources for these institutions to place gender considerations effectively on top of the policy agenda,5
+for each programme monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are set up to assess their impact on the ground and the costeffectiveness of their implementation for the water and sanitation progranunes such indicators include service provision performance number of litres per second number of sewer connections etc the difficulties encountered by some concession contracts with large multinational companies were due to a range of problems such as incomplete initial sustainability assessments poorly designed tender processes and contractual arrangements and inadequate regulatory frameworks,6
+this can lead to low use of capacity and high costs per bed and per case the situation is made worse when limited local supply combines with poor transport facilities and networks medical aviation was not well developed during the soviet period and completely died out during the transition due to lack of financing,3
+the pacific sids see the imperative for a concrete pathway for states with specific timelines targets and milestones to facilitate the sustainable management of oceanic resources and increase the share of benefits from their utilization this should include enhanced direct economic participation and capacitybuilding the cooperation and assistance of the international community is also necessary to enable sids to realize their development aspirations,14
+the comparatively large size of nuclear power plants requires increasing the amount of available reserves to offset according to the nl criterion the risk of a frequency drop in the case that a nuclear plant would trip these nuclear system costs are real and were estimated as being in the range of usd to per mwh slightly above those of other dispatchable technologies variable renewables such as wind and solar however generate system effects that are according to the results reported in chapter at least an order of magnitude greater than those caused by dispatchable technologies,7
+but they may also present a problem for those countries hoping to gain market share in the lowcarbon economy that the paris agreement should usher in they may be offered with local content requirements attached as a condition which forecloses foreign opportunities for trade and investment with the implementing country for those countries with thin treasuries foreign subsidies may simply be unmatchable even if they are properly employed in every sense the contest for market share in the emerging sectors is definitely tilted towards larger economies both because of their superior ability to support infant industries and also because they provide supported firms with a larger domestic market for their products,13
+defective or complex description of competencies can augment the lack of confidence into certificates and induce ineffective signalling cedefop even though stakeholders have similar interests towards the signalling function of certificates certain aspects need differentiation for employers and further education institutions on the labour market certificates may bring about earning advantages for students who successfully passed upper secondary graduation tests as their diplomas confirm that students master a specific set of skills,4
+law june boletin del estado july for more examples see note swedish cohabitees act the same world bank study showsfor example that in at least countries women cannot be heads of household and in countries they can not even get a job without the husbands permission in some regions where multiple legal systems coexist such as subsaharan africa the middle east north africa and south asia discriminatory customary and religious provisions continue to prevent the equal enjoyment of rights in the family context often they are a precondition for ensuring the effective enjoyment of the rights related to the family as well as the wellbeing of its members,5
+the following are some practical examples of actions that can be implemented to improve energy efficiency climate resiliency should also be included to ensure that these energy efficient buildings are located away from rising sea levels storm surges and floods and can withstand cyclones these could be mandatory for new homes,7
+thus it has the potential to facilitate smallholder farmers adaptation to climate change and their becoming more resilient to the increase in climate extremes while potentially reducing ghg emissions an example of the use of the eba approach is in uganda where various projects implemented agroforestry conservation agriculture integrated nutrient management and the establishment of woodlots the result of these projects were an increase in productivity by conserving soil and water as well as the use of leguminous cover crops further planting costs were reduced by because of conservation techniques,13
+the programme has reduced the incidence of the practice and has contributed to other favourable outcomes such as a reduction in die number of child marriages diop et al many constraints need to be addressed including sociocultural norms vulnerability to violence costs both direct costs and opportunity costs inadequate school infrastructure and poor quality of teaching as well as the impact of hiv on girls and their families these included changing policies laws and administrative rules that discriminate against girls for example those who are pregnant or have given birth to a child and the establishment of compensatory programmes for them providing incentives for households to help overcome dieir reluctance to send girls to school and reduce the costs they incur in doing so improving the quality and relevance of education and expanding educational options for outofschool girls,5
+it is based on information obtained from the statistics division and the population division of undesa as well as from the five united nations regional commissions the united nations conference on trade and development unctad the united nations world tourism organization unwto the international monetary fund imf the world bank the organization for economic cooperation and development oecd and national and private sources estimates for the most recent years were made by eapd in consultation with the regional commissions unctad unwto and participants in project link an international collaborative research group for econometric modelling coordinated jointly by eapd and the university of toronto forecasts for and are primarily based on the world economic forecasting model of eapd with support from project link historical data may differ from those in previous editions of wesp because of updating and changes in the availability of data for individual countries,9
+similarly poland has achieved significant improvement in the oecd programme for international student assessment pisa while the performance of polish yearolds was still below the oecd average in it now surpasses that average by a sizeable margin poland has also made remarkable progress in terms of the health outcomes of its citizens,4
+while common factors help determine labour market participation for both women and men women often face a far more restrictive range of such factors compared with men household and social norms in the subregion assume that women take the vast majority of responsibility for domestic work and caregiving and are sometimes restricted from labour market participation altogether if household income levels are sufficiently high labour market segmentation and economic decisionmaking norms restrict the range of possible jobs in which women can participate low incomes and high informality in segmented occupations and economic activity create significant gender gaps in participation in premiumlevel formal employment,8
+for example the stormwater zoning plan aims to i limit the amount of stormwater discharge into the river seine ii minimise the stormwater that overflows wastewater control plans and hi prevent flooding in the city the purpose of the zoning plan is to provide urban planners and construction operators with recommendations and guidelines on new alternative techniques these will include green roofs gardens lagoons and other green spaces to encourage reuse and filtration of stormwater and to coordinate decision making in urban stormwater management processes the aim is to collect the first inch of rainfall on of the impermeable areas over the next years when it rains in new york city the most densely developed city in the united states a vast amount of runoff from rooftops streets and other impervious surfaces is produced if the key cause of runoff impervious surfaces is not kept in check the dep will have to spend more on tanks and tunnels to store stormwater flows which will further swell with climate change,11
+a risk management strategy that successfully achieves overall risk reduction for at least one or both risks that does not require a tradeoff between risks can be illustrated by an outward shift right panel figure resulting for example from increased efficiency in use this can be done by altering risk drivers by limiting exposure or enhancing the resilience of the community physical assets and the environment by making them less vulnerable to potential harm there are many possible adaptation strategies that can be used to manage water risks illustrated in table from an economic perspective it is possible to have too much or too little adaptation as well as maladaptation in the context of risk and uncertainty decisions are informed by weighing expected costs and benefits that is the probabilityweighted mean over the range of possible outcomes in the case of climate change adaptation the cost of actions is more likely to be known and incurred in the near term while many of the benefits avoided climate impacts will accrue far into the future and will not be known with certainty,6
+these costs are additional to the ongoing expenditures needed for managing water resources and providing water services in mexico in total water sector expenses are in the order of mxn billion per year two ultimate sources of finance support water policies and water services in mexico users through water resources charges and water services charges and tax payers through budgetary resources earmarked for water projects and general budgetary resources the financing mix is currently excessively supported by public budgetary resources and is not sustainable,6
+it also examines the shifting geography of innovation the emergence of new global players and the global competition for talent however the notion of what innovation involves and what role policies to encourage innovation can play has changed considerably over the past decade it is increasingly recognised that in addition to rd innovation encompasses a wide range of activities including organisational change training testing marketing and design box these activities can strengthen capabilities for developing innovations or the ability to adopt innovations developed by other firms or institutions successfully,9
+to the extent that population categories people with disabilities elderly orphaned children are closely identified with acute levels of poverty and disability ethical perspectives which justify that assistance should be directed to those that are worse off in society are dominant alternatively a stronger basis for assisting these groups might be found in ethical perspectives on recognition fraser this view highlights the perception that vulnerable groups are denied their value and contribution to society through unjust economic and political institutions however recognition policies are distinct in nature and scope from antipoverty policies these programmes assume that in the absence of a sufficient level of productive assets raising consumption will not address poverty sustainably,1
+nonetheless the data also show a reduction in the volume of contracts for grains oilseeds and other food commodity products in the latter months of so the impact of commodity price speculation could be limited to a specific period eclac b nonetheless there are several reasons to expect the rise in food prices to have a regressive impact varying from country to country and the population concerned generally speaking the poverty impact of world food prices will depend on the degree to which international prices are passed through to local markets the initial scale of poverty the balance between households that are net buyers and net sellers of food products the percentage of the budget that poor households spend on food and the trend of the ratio between incomes earned from low productivity jobs and food inflation these include several central american and caribbean countries which also face high logistics and transport costs access difficulties to food products and productive bottlenecks such as a shortage of seeds and fertilizers,1
+this will place additional strains on a variety of material and energy resources and the global environment a growing population with higher average income requires more food more industrial products more energy and more water for domestic purposes dire predictions regarding the exhaustion of nonrenewable resources have failed to materialise a complex interaction between population and economic eg commodity prices economic shocks dynamics public policies technological change and consumer behaviour drive the demand and supply of natural resources,12
+the dominant regulatory instruments in poland are these decisions or decisions on the location of public land uses gdesz they are ostensibly similar to development permits but they are detached from any local plans and do not have to conform to higherorder government policies or guidelines apart from selected areas governed either by national infrastructure decisions often accompanied by expropriation or nationally designated highquality agricultural land proposals for decisions on development conditions or decisions on the location of public land uses are bound by only one rule local government may reject them if they do not meet the neighbourhood rule that is if they differ too much from their surroundings this notion however is largely discretionary and landowners often contest rejection decisions,11
+there are several programmes and initiatives which aim to strengthen patient safety work across the nhs a network of patient safety coilaboratives a sign up to safety campaign a healthcare safety investigation branch several specific programmes of safety work are also underway in the english nhs including initiatives on pressure ulcers antimicrobial resistance mental health etc this is accompanied by an indicators of performance direction which sets out a range of performance indicators intended to improve health and social care trust performance,3
+this also helped the analysis to be done in the very short time available from february to the durban climate change conference cop at the end of the year over ethiopian experts from the selected sectors generated data which the external consultants calculated bau emissions projections for sectors that were identified to be higher sources of emissions table and came up with possible abatement measures in those sectors and their individual marginal abatement cost projections for demonstrated that the current pathway for economic development will increase ghg emissions by more than,13
+initiatives to capture and reuse nutrients as a source of fertilizers or bioenergy provide economic opportunities for example reducing flood risk or the risk of shortage can increase the risk of undermining the resilience of freshwater systems in a heavily modified environment that is also spatially constrained such as the netherlands riskrisk tradeoffs are a part of the daily activities of water management,6
+there is a persistent difference between development trajectories spanning the extremes of highly energy intensive eg the united states to highly energy efficient eg japan the concept of path dependency discussed further below helps to explain these differences in energy use patterns among countries and regions even at comparable levels of income the first is characterized by the emergence of steam power relying on coal that helped to overcome the constraints of preindustrial energy systems including the limited availability of mechanical power lowenergy densities and the lack of ubiquitous and cheap transport systems see also landes the second energy technology transition is characterized by the displacement of the previously dominating coalbased steam technology cluster by electricity drives light and petroleumbased technologies automobiles aircraft petrochemicals this second transition is far from completed some two billion still lack access to modern energy services provided by electric appliances and enduse devices johansson et al,7
+in response to these challenges countries have started to adopt policies aimed at increasing gender diversity in public life ranging from the constitutional requirement for equal representation in the legislative bodies in tunisia to quotas in algeria and morocco although further effort to ensure impact and sustainability of these reforms would be necessary such reservations also influence the implementation of principles of gender equality nondiscrimination and freedom of movement and hinder the protection of women against the violation of basic civil and political rights other restrictions relate to differences in access to opportunities in public life employment and leadership,5
+overall urban children and rural children account for per cent and per cent of all extremely poor children respectively but the character of poverty and the nature of the deprivations that children face are quite different in urban and rural contexts which is why disaggregated needs assessments and tailored policy responses are called for however there are strong reasons for paying more attention to child poverty in urban areas and for considering its specific characteristics,1
+an eia must include documentation on the facilitys impact on the environment natural resources or the local community in addition the norwegian water resources and energy directorate will be involved if extraction of fresh water is planned if any of the above sector authorities decline the application the applicant has the right to appeal the decision to the relevant sector authority via the country council authority this is important for minimising the occurrence of infectious diseases pollution and discharges and for maximising growth health and welfare of farmed fish,14
+however there are challenges as elsewhere technological advances in pharmaceuticals and treatments bring both opportunities but also demands on resources while population aging is adding pressure on the system policymakers in israel are also facing particularly significant difficulties in ensuring an adequate supply of health care professionals and in dealing with socioeconomic divides in health outcomes,3
+the course of study lasts five years three for the bachelor s degree and the remaining two for the master s degree students graduate with all initial requirements to teach in public finnish schools including a professional teaching qualification and master s degree overall the ite programme emphasises the lifelong process of intercultural learning encouraging students to consistently find ways to challenge their notions of diversity university of oulu t ij,4
+the study will focus on the last years of womens engagement with the political process with an emphasis on how women created and took advantage of opportunities to participate in public decisionmaking institutions the primary objective of political women activists during this year period has been inclusion within political decisionmaking institutions in order to affect law reform that recognised the rights of women and influenced the allocation of resources to address the needs of women the study will track the successes and failures of various strategies and tactics during this period and the impact womens political leadership has had on new zealands democracy and development,5
+european policies put more emphasis on water quality and ecosystems the reduction of encroachments on rivers and the environment and inclusive water governance the dutch tradition of engineered responses to risk is generally at odds with this policy direction the netherlands has displayed a relatively low level of ambition visavis the wfd claiming that most of its waters are artificial systems and that restoration could only be limited,6
+o beirne et al identified reports of patient harm incidents per month across family practices in australia disagreement exists even on the best metric to capture occurrence responses did not converge on any one specific unit of measurement for capturing patient harm in primary and ambulatory care for developed countries three of the four suggested units temporal population proportion of painted encounters proportion of patients attracted identical response numbers for lmics the preferred unit of measurement is proportion of patients figure when asked to estimate the occurrence of patient harm using their preferred unit of measurement responses varied greatly,3
+strengthened preparation of college leaders is also very important as effective leadership is a powerful means of driving improvements in the overall quality of the system career guidance provision remains patchy it may be very difficult to realise expansion of the tvet system unless it is seen that students are likely to complete their studies evidence from different countries shows that as part of a wider package of youth employment measures effective vocational programmes can smooth the passage from school to work,4
+specifically women are expected to fare better in the formal sector where legal and customary protections may allow them to earn higher wages and sustain them during motherhood finally bo decomposition is complemented by a nonparametric alternative decomposition developed by nopo this allows for a better explanation of motherhood wage differentials since it also shows how much of the gap calculated is accounted for by the outcomes of mothers and nonmothers outside the common support the glass ceiling hypothesis concerns the discrimination that women and minorities in more educated groups often face in trying to move up the hierarchy of an organization especially when they have more children by comparison with men and with childless women the quantile regression qr results vary substantively across the conditional wage distribution the poorest of the informal women sample are the ones who suffer the largest motherhood wage penalties,5
+in ireland for instance all residents are covered but entitlements to services and levels of cost sharing vary across population categories each resident belongs to one of two categories depending on income level people in category or medical card holders are entitled to a full range of services without charge for example general practitioner services prescribed medicines inpatient and ambulatory hospital care dental and ophthalmic services while people in category have a limited eligibility and must copay for many health services in italy and spain regions and autonomous communities have some latitude to adjust benefits covered or copayments at the margins in the united kingdom copayments vary across the constituent countries there are no copayments on prescription drugs in scotland wales or northern ireland while there are in england in other countries entitlement to health coverage is contributory coverage is linked to the payment of social contributions or health insurance premiums,3
+how should this paid leave period be divided between the mother and the father parents behaviour around the birth of a new child is important for determining later roles and responsibilities within a family baxter schober bames up to parenthood many couples share paid and unpaid work relatively equally but upon birth of the first child couples often revert to traditional roles and even as children grow older mothers do not always return fully to the labour market,5
+in most countries the gap between higherpaid workers and lowerpaid workers widened for men but not necessarily for women earnings are cpi adjusted in national currency source oecd secretariat calculations from the luxembourg income study lis in the united states for instance these developments were linked to stagnating educational attainment among men and deteriorating employment prospects for lesseducated males autor and wasserman in australia hours worked have increased mostly among parttimers who are mostly women in the lower part of the distribution while working hours for fulltimers have been stable and employment rates for men have declined greenville et al,5
+the category receiving the lowest monthly income is domestic service workers of whom are women eclac b whose income is slightly lower than that of unskilled selfemployed workers the monthly income of ownaccount workers is relatively similar to that of public sector workers although it is not possible to monitor the working life and the trend in labour income of each member of the active labour force on the basis of household surveys an analysis of labour income levels in different age cohorts gives a good indication as shown in figure i b and as may be expected labour income wages income from independent work or employers earnings increases as workers gain more experience nonetheless labour income levels are clearly the highest among workers aged years and then decline gradually by on average for those aged years and by among workers aged years,10
+promoting outreach activities to reengage inactive youth the second stage is primarily concerned with bringing lowskilled youth into vocational education the tliird one focuses on better identifying and monitoring inactive youth and organising outreach activities that help raising their motivation to return to studies or to the labour market in order to access support through the youth guarantee participants need to register with the sea or apply to a vet school for participation in a second chance program,8
+one of the most effective approaches to increasing children s later achievement and adjustment is to support parents in actively engaging with childrens learning activities at home desforges and abouchaar harris and goodall activities that can be beneficially promoted include reading to children singing songs and nursery rhymes going to the library and playing with numbers an academic approach makes use of a staffinitiated curriculum with cognitive aims for school preparation,4
+the nearshore sediments are thus younger than those on the outer shelf flemming and hay typically being produced by deposition of sand silt and clay from rivers with subsequent redistribution by longshore currents flemming and hay however where these riverine clastic sediment inputs are small biogenic bioclastic sedimentation produced by erosion of the skeletal carbonate remains of marine organisms can dominate the type of sediment can thus change substantially along and across a shelf depending on the relative contributions from carbonate andor clastic sediment production,14
+environmental improvements and landuse reforms in disadvantaged neighbourhoods may actually trigger exclusion by driving property prices up and attracting wealthier residents while displacing workingclass residents cowell and thomas banzhaf and mccormick bunce dale and newman dooling quastel checker this concern is reinforced in brownfield areas where gentrification becomes extremely profitable through the realisation of the rent gap the difference between actual and potential ground rent smith urban regeneration strategies therefore need to strike a careful balance between environmental and socioeconomic goals designing urban spaces that are just green enough requires government authorities residents and business owners to work together to achieve environmental remediation without environmental gentrification,11
+the systematic inability of different levels of government to guide urban development has contributed to increasing levels of urban sprawl and the accumulation of severe service deficits that reduce the overall quality of life and may impair the metropolitan region s future development while these challenges are generally well understood by policy makers in mexico it has nevertheless proven difficult to address them due to weak urban planning herbert et al municipalities regularly authorise land subdivisions without updated master plans and without a metropolitan framework to gauge the longterm costs of the urban sprawl moreover they are often operating with outdated landuse plans some approved more than years ago when the region was a fraction of its current size which do little to guide more sustainable development patterns,11
+this could raise total agricultural output in developing countries by which could in turn reduce the number of hungry people in the world by research commissioned by the bill melinda gates foundation also shows that by increasing women s participation in smallholder sourcing and support programmes international food companies can improve crop productivity and quality grow the smallholder supply base and improve access to highvalue markets bill melinda gates foundation the subsectors of agricultural education and research and forestry had a particularly strong focus on gender equality technologies such as fuelefficient stoves or motorised scooters and other timesaving products are particularly important,5
+indeed feedin tariffs in photovoltaics induced negative private abatement costs thus explaining the huge increase in solar energy installations mckinsey subsidies are calculated by egert as the lower and upperbound feedin tariffs in excess of the market prices multiplied by electricity production from a given energy source in the graph shows the midpoint where a range of tariffs exists,7
+empirical results from the multivariate analysis are discussed in section v section vi displays estimation of the wellbeing reduction associated with genderbased discriminatory institutions and potential improvements in life satisfaction associated with more gender equal social institutions section vii concludes with some policy implications and directions for future research broadly on the one hand the socalled bottomup approach described by wilson embraces the notion that given basic and universal human needs if a persons circumstances allow him or her to fulfil these needs he or she will be happy,5
+these include those working on development and climate issues as well as the private sector each of these communities has their own views on important issues for climate finance some of which have been laid out as principles relating to climate finance effectiveness these views and principles are often at the institutional national or international level indeed the extent of common ground has been growing over time as the climate community has integrated principles agreed in the development community eg via the paris declaration and busan partnership and vice versa eg on the importance of transparency for example all three communities agree that scaledup climate finance is needed that both public and private sources can play a key role and that the self sustainability of a project and transparency is important,13
+a significant experience has been accumulated in the use of a variety of instruments and sources of information however two major concerns remain as both the new career structure and the new system for the recognition of teacher professional development are being introduced first the formative function of teacher evaluation remains limited it is not clear from the strategy it proposes what teacher evaluation processes will inform the future professional development plans for teachers,4
+the thirdparty reference report is the final instrument to be completed between weeks and from the delivery of the materials teachers receive the individual evaluation report about months after the start of the process as shown in table by municipal teachers had participated in the teacher performance evaluation system of whom were evaluated at least a second time taking into account the number of teachers in municipal schools in about and the proportion of teachers who had been evaluated who were still teaching in a municipal school in about it can be concluded that about a quarter of the municipal teaching working force had not undergone an evaluation process,4
+the red dotted lines signify three sealevel scenarios used in the analysis the green line signifies a possible adaptation pathway as the forecasts on sealevel rising change note that the recently revised forecast of sealevel rise three feet gillis is within the likely range of metres which is used in this analysis,13
+at federal level dehoga funds the german seminar for tourism which specialises in providing further education courses for smes which last for up to days and are targeted at staff already working in the tourism sector the german travel association also has a training initiative which aims to motivate companies to offer more vocational training places to young people and to invest more in continued training and enhancement of employee loyalty it also targets young people to draw attention to training opportunities in the sector,8
+analysing snups in the context of the nup will be an important future topic of study although it was beyond the scope of this study many nup processes examined had relatively little stakeholder participation though this was highly variable at both the regional and national levels table these include bilateral investment arrangements and multilateral trade partnerships,11
+minimising external control of schools and maximising trust will be the success factors of finnish education for the decades to come as a consequence of the lightening financial conditions in finnish municipalities about basic schools were shut down during the first decade of this century many of them were small rural schools population according to language and the number of foreigners and land area km by area,4
+improving energy efficiency implies improving the technical energy performance of the energy delivery mechanism but can also include improving energy management or organisation traditionally the focus of energy efficiency in particular in oecd countries is the use of less energy for the same energy service therefore an improvement in energy efficiency can be when either less energy is consumed to provide the same level of services or the same energy is consumed for a higher level of services,7
+as a possible consequence demand for public transport is higher in rome the other differences are relatively more congested roads less bicycle use and relatively higher fares in riga versustallinn while the congestion should speak in favor of riga in attracting demand for public transport the already mentioned its and the cheaper fares seem to attract more users to public transport in tallinn even despite more popularity of cycling for transfers the combination of better accessibility at a lower fare may be crucial in this context,11
+the former is generally associated with the opportunity cost and provides an indication of the value of the water allocated to alternative users irrigation can affect the environment through its direct impact upon water resources soils biodiversity and landscapes as well as its secondary impacts that arise from the intensification of agricultural production through the transformation of rainfed land into irrigated land ec the list of regions or basins where problems related to excessive irrigated water use have been identified would be very long,6
+to achieve this a wide range of measures were ordered by the committee targeted at the legal system to improve the judicial handling of rape cases as well as training and education to change discriminatory attitudes towards women ensuring adequate representation of women in the judiciary is also important the human rights committee specified in its general comment no however she was unable to obtain such an order since she could not afford a solicitor and legal aid was not available the european court of human rights held that this was a violation of her right to access a court for the determination of her civil rights and obligations art,5
+the ministry of the environment is currently working on how ecosystem services value to society can be made more visible in a decision was made to introduce clarifications and interim targets to the system of environmental objectives the project produced a set of indicators based upon the decision viii of the conference of parties convention,15
+clarity of the mission and the mandate of these institutions including crosssectoral authorities to promote gender equality and mainstreaming are also critical to ensure the effectiveness of these institutions in terms of the responsibilities not unlike in oecd countries the primary focus is on the policy functions of developing policy proposals providing expert advice and making policy recommendations figure yet few gender institutions in the mena region are involved in guiding the development of genderdisaggregated data monitoring the implementation enforcing genderrelated policies and conducting research,5
+sweden also uses its coiporate governance code to steer companies towards gender balance an approach that has brought results australia and chile together with other countries like finland spain and the united kingdom started to include disclosure requirements in their corporate governance codes and regulations compelling corporations to reveal the gender balance on their boards they also pledge to develop and enforce measures to that end finland while it does not enshrine targets in law in its stateowned enterprise sector has a rule in its nomination practices that ensures at least representation of each gender while quotas have boosted the number of women on boards in many countries the gains at the top have not been reflected below board level,5
+there are direct user charges flatrate payments for primary and specialist care which are set by the regions leading to variation across the countiy in the fees for consulting a primary care physician varied between sek eur for an outpatient hospital specialist between sek eur and per day of hospitalisation for an adult between sek eur dentistry has separate and less generous coverage and no cap in costsharing private supplementary insurance is held by of the population mostly in the form of coverage from employers to provide quicker access to specialists and elective treatment see section,3
+cannabis continues to be the most trafficked and abused drug in the region mainly due to domestic cultivation in its reporting period from july to june australia recorded drug seizures weighing more than tons in total the highest numbers on national record police and customs seizures of amphetaminetype stimulants in the country were also the highest on record,3
+the decomposition of men with and without dependent children by age is presented in annex figure a a key determinant of a mother s likelihood of engaging in paid work is the age of her child flexible work arrangements another important worklife balance strategy are discussed in chapter,5
+sport for health aims to reduce the burden of noncommunicable disease in tonga the project has two connected activities strengthening the capacity of the tonga netball association tna to increase opportunities for tongans especially girls and women to participate in quality sport activities and a targeted sport for health intervention harnessing the improved capacity of tna to develop a programme focused on women and girls the sport for health intervention uses a social marketing approach target a specific audience develop specific healthrelated behavioural objectives for that audience take a holistic approach to engendering behaviour change and conduct a baseline and measure the target group s progress through the programme sport is being used to support health in mobilising women and girls to engage in healthy behaviours as a setting to educate women and girls about healthrelated behaviours and as a means to empower girls and women to take the lead in improving health behaviours in their communities the nd pacific island forum declared ncd as a crisis and called for a holistic government approach,3
+given that exports of nuts must meet international regulations and standards a decline in quality can make it impossible to export the nuts disrupting the market and preventing smes such as mira impex from fulfilling their potential an estimated of the cashew apple harvested annually in africa goes to waste due to lack of standard storage facilities using a reputable forwarding agency is an effective way to transport our goods to our end buyers,9
+in many developing countries climate change increases stresses from climate variability ipcc as climate change exacerbates the existing economic vulnerabilities ldcs are expected to be the most affected among the developing countries moreover pages out of dedicated to the priority area are related to climate change and environmental sustainability thus the climate change issue is not presented clearly in the declaration although the recommendations made are highly important for the international community one of the main goals as stated at the beginning of section f paragraph is to strengthen least developed countries ability to withstand and overcome the adverse effects of climate change enhance sustainable growth and protect biodiversity,13
+the agency deducts per cent of all such income for remittance to the state budget a procedure of calculation and payment of the said deductions for the state budget is set forth by the ministiy of finance the chief state tax service and the agency its responsibility includes the monitoring and inspection of energy sector activities,7
+often the succession will go back to primary species like birch and rowan focusing more on the natural environment like management approaches now being introduced in forestry emphasise the need fora research effort related to natural recovery processes and how to prepare the forests for coming storms by actions aiming at improving the postwindthrow resilience after deposition the tephra can be a longterm source of sandstorms which can cause extensive soil erosion furthermore the redistribution of volcanic materials years and decades afterthe volcanic event can cause hazardous dust pollution which affects human health,15
+without working with men and boys discrimination violence and inequality will continue sufficient opportunities and knowledge must be afforded for how young people particularly boys and young men can challenge gender norms stereotypes and harmful practices furthermore reaching adolescent boys through ageappropriate comprehensive sexuality education which allows them to reflect and question predominant norms around masculinity and femininity is a critical way to better ensure future generations of genderequitable men communicating positive messages that change is possible and that boys can positively influence not only their own lives but also that of girls can increase boys participation and responsiveness,5
+the gcf seeks to catalyse funds multiplying the effect of its initial financing by opening markets to new investments gcf nd there is an expectation amongst some actors that the green climate fund will over time become the main vehicle for climate finance under the convention reducing some of this fragmentation amin jaramillo however this is dependent on the gcf becoming a transformative fund attractive to both donors and recipients and operating at scale unfccc it may take time for the gcf to emerge as the central driver of a coherent climate financing system so it will be important in the interim to ensure that the various funds work well together and that country systems and country plans are the central drivers of climate and development action amin et al,13
+young people visited the cotroceni national museum while several members of ngos who took part in debates about women in politics and decisionmaking positions an essay competition for college and high school students was also organized for example we ran a weeklong facebook campaign about female scientists who have made history in romania and the world,5
+la protection economique des femmes en age avance depend aujourdhui de plusieurs facteurs liesy compris des regies des systemes de retraite des conditions du marche du travail et des dispositions familiales prises a divers moments cet article se penche sur les regies des systemes de retraite et leur interaction avec d autres conditions sociales et du marche du travail au cours de la vie d une femme pour reproduire ou attenuer les inegalites entre les sexes au moment de la vieillesse une rubrique separee est consacree aux systemes de retraite sans cotisation a leur evolution dans le monde et au potentiel quils ont de resoudre les lacunes existantes en matiere d acces a la protection au moment de la vieillesse independamment du sexe et du niveau de revenu,5
+the italian approach to digitalising schools box offers one example of the need to put pedagogy in the driver s seat to use technology effectively the aim was that the plan would be conducive to new teaching practices new models of school organisation and new products and tools to support quality teaching the plan was to equip italian classrooms with ict namely interactive whiteboards,4
+thus despite the more reasonable average outcome much needs to be done to promote healthier behaviours among men in kazakhstan women in kazakhstan are much more frequently obese than men in latest available data measured obesity data indicated that more than of women were obese compared to of men world obesity this places kazakhstan on par with some of the most obese countries in the oecd the prevalence of obesity varies about six fold across oecd countries from a low of in japan and korea to over in mexico and the united states across all oecd countries of the adult population is obese,3
+in of all deaths in costa rica were due to ncd cardiovascular diseases being the principal cause of death accounting for followed by cancers with of all deaths figure who in a survey adults had hypertension high cholesterol levels and had low or no engagement in physical activity prevalence of obesity was of the population in which is higher than the oecd average of oecd b,3
+if tall oil or wasteoils are used as a feedstock the climate impact of hefahefa will likely be comparable to the ftspk from the second scenario around an ghg reduction per mj fuel avinor is one of them with a listed value of an co reduction relative to fossil jet al no luc or iluc included in this estimate for ftspk fuel using energy crops such as willow or switchgrass estimates are comparable in the range of reduction swafea partner,13
+this chapter looks at them in greater detail later the seven objectives are equality in the workplace between men and women reconciliation of family and work life and the sharing of domestic and family obligations eradication of violence against women women s participation in social economic and political life education development of actions in other sectoral policies and instruments for incorporating the principle of equality in government policies and action which is fundamental for clearly understanding how to update the eosp s tenets across sectors and issues in this way spain has developed methods of strengthening the integration of the gender perspective in all government programmes and policies,5
+a stable longterm domestic policy framework with wide political support helps provide investment certainty although global uncertainties will still cause investors to question the probability of these policies being modified in the future to provide this sort of certainty the eu has already set targets for in its emissions trading system and intends to set targets in the next few years emissions trading schemes ets are currently regarded as the most politically feasible means of pricing greenhouse gas emissions aiming at providing appropriate incentives for investment in lowcarbon technologies and demand reduction however the detailed design of these schemes matters particularly setting the overall cap on emissions at a level that requires emissions reductions from participants,7
+some clients can profit from social skills training while others need enduring support furthermore if diagnosis and symptoms affect the success of vocational rehabilitation it is vital that vocational rehabilitation is integrated with specialised mental health treatment lastly the schizophrenia focus of most current research on success factors of vocational rehabilitation calls for a broader research agenda looking at predictive factors of the most prevalent mental disorders as there is some congruency of illnesssymptoms and workfunctioning the efficacy of treatment to a large extent decides whether and how fast workfunctioning can be restored,3
+this measure has effectively encouraged people to consume electricity in offpeak hours similar pricing incentives also agreed and implemented at the provincial level are applied to industry to promote peak shaving and load shifting along with measures to shut down energyintensive factories to help rationalise electricity use in extreme weather conditions as the measure divides the day into two or three time intervals for which prices are fixed it does not allow realtime response to demandsupply fluctuations across smaller time intervals as might result from variable renewables,7
+the independent variables available in the data included place of residence age age at marriage education level children ever born prior experience of abortion or stillbirth and contraceptive use prior to pregnancy which are found to be correlated with pregnancy intention in the ilfs data in addition to these variables the region of residence four selected provinces was added to the analysis and children ever bom was replaced by pregnancy order the ilfs further provides information that allows for exploration of the association between pregnancy intention and the outcome of pregnancy in relation to the timing of pregnancy pregnancies are divided into three cohorts those that occurred at an early age years before during the period from to and during the period from to,3
+it can be expected that once increasing supply risks are appropriately communicated and major supply vulnerabilities are manifest actors in importing countries will enact public and private measures to respond an early attempt to use stirling s swi to assess security of supply by an international organisation was made by the iea in towards a sustainable energy future iea the swi remains a useful tool but as has been pointed out above it must be complemented by qualitative information about different supply options welldiversified liquid markets may provide a hedge against the exercise of market power competition authorities tend to focus on the related but opposite characterisation of markets the extent of market concentration the most common indicator used to measure market concentration is the hhi developed above,7
+the land law of refers to the principle of compensation at market prices but how district or provincial party committees do this is left open and compensation is still based on the agricultural use value thus much below market prices for alternative uses of land the negotiation over the price of land should be left to the buyer and seller so farmers could negotiate a higher price if they chose and could do so it would then be less critical to alter the procedures for compulsory takings and price arbitration for truly state uses of land such as for a highway which account for a small minority of current land conflicts,2
+grants are available to sites across the decd public schooling system and for all levels of schooling and care in a partnership arrangement with a university over a month time frame these emerging innovative sites are being supported through initial research training and support in developing their research proposal access to an academic critical friend or to purchase additional academic time for particular aspects of the research process presentations at various events and progress reports are required and there is the option of final report formats including longer reports posters and powerpoint presentations although certain basic research report features must be covered background to research research methods findings conclusion and references these schools and preschools have also joined the existing innovation community of practice as active members,4
+seven sites or mw of capacity will allow electricity storage to help stabilise the electricity system pumped storage public tenders to allocate the privately funded construction and operation of the ten selected hydroelectric sites were launched as of the end of eight sites were attributed one had already passed the environmental impact assessment stage and the others were awaiting environmental assessment results iea a,7
+this update focuses on smart cities discussing in particular challenges for smart city strategies and addressing environmental risks in emerging asian cities in light of rising urbanisation increasing economic activity and climate change high levels of air pollution have serious health consequences especially among lowerincome households and can curtail economic growth prospects policy makers in the region would need to strengthen the enforcement of existing rules and work towards clearer and targeted policy frameworks with the participation of all levels of government cooperation between countries in the region is just as crucial since environmental hazards are often transborder issues,11
+however his analysis did not explicitly consider either gender or the provision of care razavi orloff this group includes new zealand the united kingdom the united states and to a lesser extent australia and canada the most extreme variant is the us model where markets supplement a very basic public safety net that is highly targeted espinganderson the result from a gender inequality perspective is a sort of twotiered system of social welfare with men s insurance centred on labour market issues and women s being familyrelated and primarily meanstested social assistance orloff,5
+the pace of urbanisation is quite regular but is proceeding even slower than was expected by the current scot despite aspirations to increase density within the city suburbanisation and periurbanisation continue apace and appear difficult to stop box at the same time even if the core of the city provides building opportunities on the old industrial land the process of reconversion is difficult to handle because of the cost of remediating soil pollution and the possibility of archaeological constraints but in clermontferrand as in other urban places there seems to be a clear preference by many households for this type for dispersed development and not the more compact approach favoured by planners and city officials as has been discussed this imposes a number of costs and externalities including the environmental costs of commuting and fiscal costs borne by the municipality when expanding and servicing infrastructure to periurban areas,11
+more specifically an agreement between the oecd and the mexican ministry of education secrelaria de education publica sep was established to support the design and implementation of education policy reforms to improve the quality and equity of the education system in mexico support was requested specifically in the areas of teacher career paths school management leadership and social participation three types of contributions include comparative analysis communications workshops conferences and country visits and recommendations presented in this report delivered by the oecd mexico steering group on school management and teacher policy,4
+oats spring cropping turnip winter feed and clover increasing nitrogen nutrients using nitrogenfixing bacteria by cultivating forage legumes on fallow ground were grown to provide feed for draught animals and animalpowered tillage supplying barnyard manure etc this new system required close cooperative work by farm families transforming formerly dispersed rural hamlets into centralized villages one of the benefits of this threefield system was that during the fallow stage the use of ploughs to perform deep ploughing and overturn the soil removed weeds fallowperiod weeding work,2
+their functions include making recommendations on plans and training programmes teaching methods programme evaluation and teacher training among others these councils are chaired by the director and include as appropriate the assistant directors heads of class or subject atps presidents of the students council and representatives of the parents association the school cooperative and the school garden plot where this exists in general terms these councils attributions are limited,4
+the images are then often sent across time zones spain australia india with the receiving radiologist working his normal daylight hours teleradiology can also be utilised to obtain a consultation with an expert or subspecialist see earlier comment on a mental health night stay which is usually also recorded as a day case,3
+they can be significant especially if distant resources have to be connected as can be the case for offshore wind if load factors are low or if the technology has more stringent connection requirements than for nuclear power connection costs are sometimes integrated within the system costs nea but more often are not considered as system costs and implicitly included in the lcoe as plantlevel costs the difficulty in this assessment is that connection costs are sometimes borne by the plant developer and sometimes paid for by the transmission grid operator,7
+the benefits of electrification are direct and indirect direct benefits include improvements in living conditions such as illumination and hence also the opportunity to study longer hours in the evening or to work longer hours in family businesses and improved cooking methods and hence the reduction of health hazards associated with biomass burning moreover access to electricity can also reduce energy costs especially for lighting and small uses resulting in savings for poor households,7
+at the same time fossil fuelbased energy systems incur relatively higher operating costs driven by volatile fuel prices as discussed above which are however spread over the whole lifetime of the asset tenth plenary meeting of the policy dialogue on natural resourcebased development june paris wwwoecdorgdevtenthmeetingpdnrjune htm innovation in the battery industry has created viable solutions to the challenges related to the variability of renewable energy output which depends on weather conditions,7
+the caribbean countries with low child poverty levels saint lucia and antigua and barbuda are in the same range as the latin american countries with the lowest levels ie chile and uruguay poverty levels in the other caribbean countries range from mediumhigh suriname to mediumlow grenada and trinidad and tobago these initial estimates suggest that the scale of child poverty in the subregion at least in the seven countries studied is similar to that in latin america,1
+without climate change mitigation those numbers would grow to million in the s and million in the s among the developing regions southern asia and africa would be the most exposed to an increased risk of hunger as a result of climate change the impact of climate change on total production will be relatively small,13
+include the contribution of higher education institutions to local and regional development in their annual evaluations mobilise the resources of higher education institutions in the preparation and implementation of regional and urban strategies help identify areas of research for regional development between and the share of the malay population living in penang increased from to,4
+this pattern is verified in all countries although the gradient is not significant in a small number of countries and with the exception of korea which displays an unclear relationship between education and drinking status almost all countries display a negative index indicating that people with less education and with lower incomes are less likely to consume alcohol in the past months the magnitude of these inequalities varies among countries,3
+they may also deter students who are riskaverse andor are from a disadvantaged background from participating in higher education in the first place as they may face financing difficulties later in their studies the pattern of enrolments in the first grade of undergraduate professional and university education by regions reveals that most students attend higher education institutions in the regions of their residence for instance the greatest share of the students of the university of ljubljana comes from the central region of slovenia osrednjeslovenska regija where ljubljana is located,4
+the washington programme places higher priority on protecting natural areas than the oregon programme and its governance is less centralised vancouver and clark county have revised their comprehensive and implementing regulations to comply with the gma both local programmes have been found to comply with the act the act calls for periodic updates to local plans to ensure continued compliance as growth occurs,11
+the northeast strategic technology centre centro de tecnologias estrategicas do nordeste cetene the national institute for the semiarid instituto nacional do semiarido insa minerals technology centre centro de tecnologia de minerais ctem the national amazon research institute instituto de pesquisas da amazonia inpa and the national institute of technology instituto nacional de tecnologia int are examples of the centres that have relevant activity in the field of water examples of waterrelated programmes undertaken by these institutions include systems for integrated production in the semiarid region and climatic and environmental monitoring conducted by the insa as well as topics in health climatology and water resources and sustainable management of water resources promoted by the inpa some percentage of the royalties paid by hydropower companies is allocated to research in the field of water resources,6
+the definition of national multidimensional child poverty indicators is therefore necessary as a tool to monitor progress towards this sdg target the headcount is as high as per cent in rural areas while it is per cent in urban settings nationwide per cent of children are not deprived in any dimension however this is true for only per cent of children in rural areas while per cent of children in urban areas do not suffer any deprivation,1
+he devoted specific attention to violations of reproductive rights he explains that forced sterilization is an act of violence a form of social control and a violation of the right to be free from torture and other cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment he called on states to safeguard free and informed consent on an equal basis for all individuals without any exception through legal framework and judicial and administrative mechanisms including through policies and practices to protect against abuses he recommended that states ensure that women have access to emergency medical care including postabortion care without fear of criminal penalties or reprisals,5
+the findings of the ipcc served as the scientific basis for the secretarygenerals climate leadership throughout and provided added urgency to the negotiations under the unfccc on the paris agreement as defined by both cop and cop o indcs were to reflect parties planned climate actions in order to facilitate clarity transparency and understanding and were to be submitted well in advance of cop and in the first quarter of by those parties able to do so in early the secretarygeneral prioritized engaging leaders on early submission of indcs meaning that by the time the cop opened countries had submitted their indcs,13
+immutable ids of assets and projects have to be seamlessly integrated with related it systems and monitoring services by adopting a decentralised registry based on blockchain a new renewable power plant as an example with its key specifications can be registered globally rather than locating this process with various national and subnational entities an effective crossborder system could be provided by participating governments,9
+the objective is may not be to develop a working career but to contribute immediately to the household income for the benefit of younger members discrimination occupational segregation and workfamily conflicts result in lower wages and fewer opportunities for women regardless of labour market sector although a key advantage of enclave employment is access to resources that facilitate entrepreneurship research shows that women in the mainstream economy encounter more barriers to selfemployment than men therefore enclave employment may be more exploitative of women gilbertson,5
+ninety gw of new power plants would go through early retirement but after having recovered their investment costs these reserves are often referred to as unbumable carbon as part of their commitment to climate change mitigation governments regulators and central banks should start addressing this market failure alongside the implementation of core climate policy instruments,13
+indeed programme outcomes are mixed for instance ccts have demonstrated a reduction in malnutrition in mexico and nicaragua maluccio flores and increases child height of approximately one centimetre in mexico fiszbein schady however there is no evidence that positive initial impacts observed in oportunidades were sustained over time neufeld et al,2
+developing and other economies include all other countries regardless of whether they receive oda of critical importance is the fact that access to an improved water source does not necessarily mean access to safe water fit for human consumption as a result half of africa s hospital beds are filled with people suffering from a waterrelated disease oecd b,6
+the youth unit provides several programmes and services that are available in the galilee region including science days and lectures enrichment courses visits to the technion and summer workshops the unit on fostering excellence conducts a summer campus promotes mathematics education in the schools and conducts a preatidim programme there are special programmes for example to orthodox jews and outstanding arab youth from northern israel nam,4
+however the russian federation and all the latin american countries analysed except peru have a higher share of female executives than the average oecd country by contrast in egypt india morocco tunisia and hirkey the share is below in all the countries analysed except egypt and peru the share of women in topmanagement positions has grown since the most significant improvements relative to the initial level have been recorded in chile china mexico and hirkey,5
+during windy periods there is abundancy of electric power in the nordics and the electricity prices are very low or in some hours even negative the subsidized investments into renewable electricity generation partly drive the electricity market prices down and the profitability of condensing power generation has decreased which has led to closing down of power plants as a result there is increasing need for energy storage but also need to cut the peaks in power demand,7
+the main findings confirm that labour mobility has an important role in narrowing the ruralurban income gap not only in theory but also in practice although the empirical efforts are still preliminary and are not sufficient to prove this conclusion they lay out a new direction for further research on the subject moreover as more people have shifted from unemployment and underemployment to full employment through mobility between regions and sectors mainly benefiting rural workers and their families the income gap between rural and urban areas has tended to narrow since the ruralurban gap contributes the major part of overall inequality the narrowed gap will in turn reduce the country s overall income inequality,10
+focusing solely on direct mobilization may lead to overestimating the role of projectlevel climate finance and in worst case neglecting the importance of finance directed to capacity building budgetary support eg feedin tariff scheme for renewables and overall work to strengthen enabling environment oecd while to date only few studies have assessed the mobilizing effects of public policies and support for policy development and these mainly direct and projectbased mobilization preliminary findings from wri highlight the importance of overall policy frameworks and stability as key enablers of climate compatible investments according to gcf a key challenge for mobilization is the missing link between climate projects and initiatives that strengthen underlying policy regulatory or enabling environment,13
+increasing food availability leads to more robust diets and decreasing numbers of malnourished children however the price changes that we see in the adaptation scenarios are fairly modest and lead only to small increases in food availability globally less than a increase with a correspondingly small improvement in the rate of malnourishment which decreases by less than thus while these scenarios help mitigate some of the effects of climate change they do not fully mitigate potential food insecurity in developing countries,2
+universities in collaboration with regional stakeholders should rediscover and develop regional assets and use project approach and potential of flagship events to mobilise sustainable regional collaboration finally the existing good practices in schoolcollege collaboration rural development recognition of prior learning and industry engagement should be scaled up into a system within and between institutions despite progress made the human capital capacity remains low,4
+these cultural practices are a strong determinant of higher poverty among women than men high poverty and a lack of empowerment affect the well being of women and have a strong impact on the future outcomes of their children such disadvantages may work at national local community or even at household levels,1
+kazakhstan and its cities are modernising but its urban centres still have issues to address before they can achieve their full potential as the engines of economic growth kazakhstan inherited a legacy of low car ownership and extensive but not always costefficient urban public transport from the soviet era however car ownership has risen rapidly since the s with the highest motorisation rate in almaty and astana and cars per inhabitants respectively in car ownership has been increased by the high demand for private automobiles moderate gasoline prices road extensions and improvements in and around big cities and the low quality of public transport services,11
+the department of education established a strategic mediumterm action plan for the institutionalisation of gender equality in the education system the plan falls under the framework of the national strategy for gender equality through the integration of gender objectives in public policies and development programmes which was adopted by the government in may as well as the najah emergency plan which aimed to give new impetus to educational reform it also aims to ensure that the state secretariat in charge of education has the adequate institutional capacity to mainstream gender in the educational system in terms of the design budgeting delivering monitoring and evaluation of educational services,5
+governments should provide the necessary backup facilities to meet the demand created in keeping with the declaration of alma ata all countries should reduce mortality and morbidity and seek to make primary health care including reproductive health care available universally by the end of the current decade countries should aim to achieve by a life expectancy at birth greater than years and by a life expectancy at birth greater than years countries with the highest levels of mortality should aim to achieve by a life expectancy at birth greater than years and by a life expectancy at birth greater than years efforts to ensure a longer and healthier life for all should emphasize the reduction of morbidity and mortality differentials between males and females as well as among geographical regions social classes and indigenous and ethnic groups the role of women as primary custodians of family health should be recognized and supported,3
+journal of economic inequality vol beyond headcount measures that reflect the breadth and components of child poverty in a minujin and s nandy eds global child poverty and wellbeing measurement concepts policy and action subnational disparities and intertemporal evolution of multidimensional poverty across developing countries ophi research in progress university of oxford multidimensional poverty reduction in india between and where and how indice de pobreza multidimensional para colombia ipmcolombia,1
+sweden s public health policy under the medical services act aims to provide health care on an equal footing to all regardless of age gender the ability to take initiative education capacity to pay nationality or cultural differences overall minority groups are wellserved in sweden both officially listed national minorities as well as other minority groups present in the country however there is nonetheless evidence of generally reduced mental health levels amongst swedish minority groups which indicates the need for culturally adapted outreach efforts there is also evidence that such groups are more frequently prescribed hypnotic and sedative drugs than the majority population which points to a general difference in the way their treatment is approached language barriers may play a large part in explaining this treatment gap,3
+contaminated earth from a railtwinning project on the luxembourgpetange line produced a recent jump in exports the environment administration works with the customs and excise administration to detect illegal waste transfers in written warnings were issued to firms found to be noncompliant during these inspections regulation ec in force since makes industry responsible for managing the risks that chemicals may pose for health and the environment,6
+some areas that are critical for lifting the quality of agricultural production and per unit returns received by farmers such as inspection and control and marketing and promotion receive relatively little support the growing share of support that is provided to the agricultural sector as a whole rather than to individual producers is an important reorientation of agricultural support spending to forms that can bring significant benefits to producers and consumers with potentially less production and trade distortions despite the large increase in expenditure on irrigation and to a less extent agricultural knowledge and innovation system the gsse has remained small at in tables and,2
+secondly land tenure arrangements and the urbanisation of agricultural or collectivelyowned land ejido have left a complex legacy for modernday housing and urban development thirdly mexico has managed to address to a large extent and with remarkable speed the country s quantitative housing gap and transition to more permanent housing for an increasing share of the population such a rapid expansion of the housing stock has been seen in only a few oecd countries fourthly while public policy in other oecd countries has also tended to varying extents to favour home ownership in recent decades mexico along with italy and spain is unusual in focusing its social housing policies on home ownership finally mexico is now beginning to transition out of a long period in which housing policy has been set by an implementing body infonavit housing and urban policy is now in the hands of an explicit policymaking body sedatu,11
+by a total of beneficiaries had contracted savings accounts and had acquired basic credit conaif yet norms and expectations around gender are hard to change public opinion about the role of men and women has shifted very slowly over time especially in emerging and uppermiddle income countries oecd d,5
+in its general comment no education must also be provided in a way that respects the strict limits on discipline reflected in article and promotes nonviolence in schools un committee on the rights of the child crc gc general comment no article the aims of education,4
+although these type of projects have not disappeared they have significantly decreased instead the projects are progressively devoted to general and qualitative goals such as the welfare of citizens the quality of employment efficiency of firms and sustainable development oecd for instance the stateregion contracts have five priorities for which billion eur will be made available transport higher education digitalisation innovation and ecological and energy transition charbit and romano n,11
+the effective integration of land and water management issues is hampered by the fact that although the province of venice has the administrative responsibility for residential and industrial development on much of the coast it does not control upstream land use which also affects water quality in the lagoon and in coastal waters and it does not control the main urban areas of the lagoon the responsibility of the municipalities in theory all plans are required to refer to the watershed plan but compliance with and interpretation of these plans is often weak sewage in the historic centre is untreated and flows directly into the lagoon which receives an organic and pathogen loading equivalent to a city of more than persons during the tourist season,6
+in a move to promote better ownership of projects funders are exploring options such as the use of innovative financing mechanisms such as blending loans and grants for development and project management by external contractors who are able to relieve oftenoverloaded local stakeholders ecdpm as most utilities work on timescales that account for the expected life of their generation plant to years it is definitely conceivable that by the caribbean s energy system can be per cent based on clean sustainable generation plant this will help the region to connect to the international community and develop on an economic and social level renewable energy technologies can provide substantial economic relief to farmers who can boost their incomes with the careful installation of solar wind and biomass technologies the use of climatecontrolled greenhouses and cool and coldwater agriculture can improve food security in the region,7
+san francisco box is a good example of a city that has managed to divert waste to landfills by in efforts to reach zero waste by the year sf environment sweden is similarly a good example as only of waste goes to landfill sites several jurisdictions in oecd countries such as new york city kamikatsu japan toronto canada seattle washington and new south wales have all adopted a longterm zero waste goal,11
+young people with only a lower secondary education have limited opportunities to realise their potential and develop their learning skills this may be due to the poor quality of the educational assistance given to them in schools and lack of resources including availability of trained teachers or methods of teaching much less attention is being paid to the quality of the teaching and learning that pupils experience only recently has the focus shifted to the quality of the education on offer and support for transition to secondary and tertiary education,4
+the planning exercise starts with a map of enforceable conditionalities in which several constraints to land use are taken into consideration from the veiy beginning among these enforceable constraints the adjacent areas including the areas threatened by floods have to be taken into account this legislation has led to a systematic consideration throughout the country of the flood risk areas and the protection of those areas from undesirable human occupation,6
+as long as adequate framework conditions are provided in particular low financing costs and stable electricity prices nuclear energy is wellplaced to contribute to the security of energy supply and the smooth working of electricity systems with adequate capacity margins in oecd countries from this discussion can be drawn a number of broad policy conclusions as far as the temporal dimension is concerned one can distinguish periods reaching from a few seconds for technical failures a few days for policy responses to supply interruption to several years the time to implement new policies up to years the lifetime of certain energy structures the list of security of supply risks presented above quite naturally reflects this distinction between a shortrun and a longrun aspect of the security of energy supply,7
+moreover the main distinction of the sigi is that it focuses on rights as well as on social institutions that often are not codified in laws but are based on norms and values as well as attitudes and practices that shape womens opportunities and decisions branisa et al in addition the sigi is a more comprehensive measure considering other dimensions of gender inequality in social institutions it is a composite index which scores nonoecd countries on the basis of variables table l the scale of the sigi goes from meaning low discrimination to high level of discriminatory social institutions however it may still be a good measure of gender norms governing male behaviour and opportunities,5
+welfare provision therefore has a substantial influence on how market income is distributed in the first place as the oecd notes welfare states that maximise employment and earnings will have a more equal distribution of original income and policies to encourage employment particularly among highrisk groups such as lone parents may be more effective tools for poverty reduction than transfers public transfers may influence not only individuals employment and earnings decisions but also their choice of living arrangement in particular where the income of single parents is supported there may be a greater risk of individuals choosing these living arrangements and therefore being at greater risk of poverty sawhill has argued that there are growing behavioural differences between the welloff and the poor in particular in relation to education marriage and childbearing and that policy should focus on behavioural change in particular increasing the role of conditional cash transfers however most empirical studies on partnership decisions suggest that the tax and benefit system produces small behavioural effects adams and brewer,1
+however this approach whereby water planners assume they have all the energy they need and energy planners assume they have all the water they need is not likely to work effectively in the future countries that deploy incoherent water and energy policies might find themselves with severe scarcity of one resource or the other or both support provided to lower the costs of water supplied to agriculture for example by not reflecting the scarcity value of water can undermine efforts to achieve sustainable management of water especially in situations experiencing water stress,6
+an additional problem associated with the sale of standing timber is the incorrect evaluation of the harvested timber and poor recording and monitoring of harvesting and removals the current timber sale methods do not give equal access to forest resources to all sectors due to the existing competitive auction system and to the lack of availability of the results of all timber sales in the context of forest europe the ministerial conference on the protection of forests in europe the ministry of forestry regularly takes part in expert meetings on the preparations for the ministerial conferences and contributes to the work on paneuropean indicators for sustainable forest management and the state of europe s forests report,15
+the framework evaluates local health authorities across indicators in the domains of access continuity effectiveness efficiency patient satisfaction and organisational competence many indicators reflect processes such as coverage of vaccination or cancer screening but each of the five effectiveness indicators reflect outcomes such as adequate control of lipids and blood pressure in people with diabetes see annex c for full list of indicators for each indicator a national target is set,3
+hence children in low work intensity households holding other characteristics constant are more likely to fall into the poorest decile than children living in households with work intensity that higher or is equal to differences in the probability of being in the bottom income decile by household work intensity is highest in slovenia closely followed by slovak republic and estonia the proportion of children living in deprived households differs across european countries with the lowest being in switzerland and highest reaching approximately in bulgaria in all the european countries included in the analyses at least in children in the poorest decile lives in a deprived household,1
+serbia has developed and implemented a system of permitting of waste management activities and is improving its control over the transboundary movement of waste in data were delivered by of companies data reported from some companies are still based on estimates although the regulation on the methodology for collecting data on the composition and quantities of municipal waste on the territory of the local government unit og prescribes the methodology for analysing the amount and composition of solid waste in local government areas,12
+consistent with the increase in mean bmi the prevalence of overweight or obesity increased between and among both men and women in all european and eu countries for which data are available wilkins et al childhood obesity is increasing the average for selfreported overweight rates among year olds in the eu having increased from in to in the rising trend in child and adolescent body mass index bmi has plateaued in many highincome countries but at a high level ncdrisc these adverse patterns are likely to have negative consequences for current and future morbidity and mortality rates,3
+even with the tremendous effort of draining the basin seasonal floods remain a concern between and rainrelated flooding incidents occurred every year and caused severe traffic disruptions damages to business homes and residents during the rainy season the metropolitan area experiences highintensity rainfall in a short amount of time a single storm can produce as much as of the total average annual precipitation see anis the southern parts of the metropolitan zone along the area with the highest elevation exhibit high risk levels but the area at risk extends north beyond highrisk municipalities and delegaciones along the border between the federal district and the state of mexico from to the delegaciones and municipalities along the northeastern border between the federal district and the state of mexico experienced several severe spells of rain that led to declarations of states of emergency figure left panel,11
+however changing land distribution practices securing property rights and creating incentives that benefit small farm holders often require the formation of political coalitions that might challenge the status quo in other instances the scaling up of innovative practices inter alia for rice intensification for farmers training and in the case of india for the watershed initiative mentioned above was possible through the endorsement by international organizations national nongovernmental organizations and local governments of new practices in support of dissemination of knowledge greater participation by and capacity development of farmers building of missing infrastructure and improving access to credit information and other supportive services women in rural areas face major labour constraints as a result of their multiple responsibilities besides providing traditional family care rural women are typically responsible for fetching water and firewood tending animals and farming the house garden and often engage in wage employment,2
+the maximum level of subsidised savings is set at cop per year ie usd and the benefit at retirement cannot exceed of the minimum wage the beps will help broaden pension coverage and should be implemented swiftly familias en action is the main conditional cash transfer programme created in to protect the rural poor during the severe crisis of the late s it has since been expanded to urban areas and now benefits poor displaced and indigenous households it covers of the municipalities and benefits roughly a fifth of the population a higher proportion than many similar conditional cash transfer programmes in latin america figure for a fiscal cost amounting to of gdp in the average benefit amounted to about cop per household every two months which annually represents about of gdp per capita,1
+for renewable sources such as wind solar and biomass once capacity is installed land use no longer increases the more hours of the year one of these sources runs to generate electricity the smaller is the land requirement per mwh fthenakis and kim while all renewable sources share the quality of having a constant land occupation over the time of generation the variation in land requirements is greater both quantitatively and qualitatively than among nonrenewable sources,7
+based on selfreported data nearly one in live adults are now obese a higher level than in most eu countries see also figure this is of particular concern given that being overweight or obese during childhood or adolescence is a strong predictor of weight issues in adulthood the czech republic has initiated several national action plans on nutrition preventing and treating obesity and promoting physical activity for example the population with the lowest level of education is more than twee as likely to smoke on a daily basis and nearly twice as likely to be obese as the highesteducated population,3
+in human systems adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities ipcc a mitigation in contrast is a human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases ipcc b vale encantado is at risk as rio plans to upgrade and remove favelas,13
+we assume that the cost starts a us per kwh which is the value used in the useia study and then declines at a decreasing rate over time to reach us per kwh in we use the cost curve for conventional coal from the useia study for both natural gas and oil costs the cost of conventional coal is used as the indicator cost for all coal production,7
+dhaka bangladeshs capital has been identified as the city most vulnerable to climate change among asian cities in its adaptation planning the government identified a range of investment and technical capacity related priority activities in relation to building urban resilience investment related activities include i construction of cycloneresistant housing schools hospitals and shelters ii construction of flood and cyclone shelters iii urban drainage systems and iv earlywarning systems and communication infrastructure including information and assistance centres,13
+in addition attending hospitals and clinics are provided with krw per registration for persons aged and over and krw per registration for persons aged under funding for the scheme is split between national government provincial government and the gwang myeong municipality the programme has been running since and will be expanding to three other korean cities,3
+before introducing capacity mechanisms governments should consider their impact on incentives and define common rules on a marketwide basis they are quite heavyhanded administrative interventions which may ultimately lead to reregulating many parameters of electricity markets their introduction can be motivated by a lack of trust in energyonly markets or poorly designed electricity markets however capacity markets involve very technical discussions still ongoing about the incentives and their expected effects price restrictions or regulatory opportunism governments anticipate that they will not let electricity prices go high enough during periods of scarcity,7
+in australians accessed services through this programme however it has become an essential part of the australian health workforce outreach represents of specialist services in very remote areas and in remote areas health policy analysis an evaluation of the medical specialist outreach assistance programme which has since been brought into the rural health outreach fund indicated it had the greatest impact in reducing the gap in access in very remote areas health policy analysis,3
+similar disparities were found in egypt and other developing countries in these and other indicators of maternal and child health montgomery thus although there is an urban health advantage health disparities are larger in urban than in rural areas and the burden of disease bome by the urban poor is similar to that borne by rural populations for example poor households may lack the information or the agency needed to seek health care in addition poor city dwellers often live in close proximity to health services yet lack access to basic sanitation or safe drinking water thereby facing a higher risk of contracting communicable diseases,1
+the trend towards smaller families facilitates greater public and parental investment per child which in korea as in many other countries is then spread equally among boys and girls behrman et al at present young korean women are as well educated as their male peers chapter men spend little time helping women with household chores chapter and married women are still expected to leave their jobs upon giving birth kim,5
+these shortages estimated at about gwh about one quarter of winter electricity demand impose economic losses estimated at over us million per annum or per cent of gdp when the losses during transmission and distribution of electricity are considered the deficit at the generation level amounts to about gwh during winter compared with a total winter supply requirement of gwh a gap of about per cent without prompt action to remedy the causes of tajikistan s electricity crisis and with growing demand the shortages could increase to about gwh by over one third of winter electricity demand or worse rehabilitation also offers an opportunity to increase the electricity generation per unit of water,7
+strong growth in ict infrastructure connectivity access and use promise great development opportunities but the full potential of the internet remains untapped as over half the worlds population remains offline unless policymakers address infrastructure affordability but also broader socioeconomic challenges outside the ict ecosystem the internet is liable to reinforce existing inequalities instead of addressing them this chapter analyses progress but also the gaps that exist in developing countries and in particular the least developed countries in terms of infrastructure connectivity and quality of service particularly for mobile and fixedbroadband internet it addresses some key connectivity bottlenecks and points to recommendations to overcome these,9
+today penang is at the crossroads in need of new strategies to revitalise its economy and attractivity it highlights the key features of the higher education system in malaysia and in penang and identifies the main strengths and challenges that penang is now faced with it is a multi racial multi cultural country table,4
+however other countries are still catching up with northern europe whose collection rate is the highest in the world the directive is meant to regulate the collection recycling and recovery of ewaste it includes the provision of national ewaste collection points and processing systems which enable the proper disposal and treatment of ewaste,12
+while school choice can be seen as an end in itself it can also be used as a tool for accomplishing agreed upon goals of the education system miron et al in the case of the flemish community school choice is primarily seen as an outcome or end in itself as will be explored in this chapter the goal of ensuring school choice may compete with the goals of quality equity and efficiency in the section discussing policy recommendations this chapter will highlight design features of school choice that could be established to help pursue quality equity and efficiency rather than compromise these other goals estimated for reference year,4
+it can be seen that there are none for reserved seats but that there are for the number of female candidates columbia has gone furthest establishing that at least of posts at the highest decisionmaking level and at other decisionmaking levels in the public administration must be held by women law of why should there be a particular interest in studying and understanding female enterprise though,5
+drawing from a number of existing or proposed rbf programmes relevant to climate change these triggers can include the number of natural gas connections made or solarhome systems installed gpoba the number of technical assistance sessions held ifc a or the amount of fugitive methane emissions abated mfsg the first relates to the requirement of demonstrating verified results upfront with an exante assessment of mutually agreed outputs or outcomes donors can more easily account for results to both taxpayers at home and development partners abroad the second is how rbf approaches transfer risk from donors to service providers thus creating a direct incentive to achieve the result more efficiently and effectively world bank a,13
+this type of structure has tended to lead to rivalries among ministries and its effectiveness is being called into question by many of the oecd countries that have utilized it in a centralist system the full range of green technological projects and issues are coordinated by a single ministry an interministerial committee formulates policy approves the technology budget and oversees all decisions related to technology policy,7
+increased competitiveness of countries in the region including through the recent euviet nam free trade agreement and other such agreements might also threaten cambodia s current competitive advantages in the garment industry cambodia has been able to exploit its competitiveness and expand market share in traditional export industries in the last decade gaining market share from economies like china and viet nam but the potential for these industries to continue to propel growth in the future is unclear with growing competition from other lowcost producing economies such as myanmar garment producers in cambodia are mostly foreignowned and generally engaged in low value added labourintensive cutmaketrim activities within the value chain which are potentially more footloose and sensitive to cost pressures,8
+moreover the concept of services for the children under the age of is broadening in many countries from a labour market perspective to the inclusion of quality objectives especially in integrated systems increases in the access to ecec are not limited to children under the age of and preprimary education now begins for most children well before they are yearsold however universal access is not a guarantee for highquality ecec and inequities still persist in many countries,4
+where changes in the anchored poverty rate across the eu or the oecd are reported it is usually only done for the overall population caritas europa oecd social protection committee the severe material deprivation indicator uses the threshold of four items out of nine the only exceptions are slovakia and hungary where severe deprivation increased to a greater extent than would have been linearly predicted based on their standard deprivation rates and ireland and poland where the reverse pattern was observed however as the child deprivation module is currently only available for one wave it cannot be used to analyse the changes during the great recession the absolute difference in the poverty change between children and the overall population is then used as an indicator of how much poorer children have become over the course of the great recession compared to the population as a whole,1
+women politicians more often bring attention to such issues as genderbased violence familyfriendly policies and responsiveness to citizen needs a judiciary that is representative of a country s population and its different perspectives is found to evoke greater societal trust add to the credibility of the judicial system and bring new insights to different challenges finally a diverse public sector at all levels helps to achieve fairness and improves the quality of service delivery through a better understanding of the citizenry these range from uneven access to decisionmaking posts across the public sector to the persistent pay gap and women s concentration in lowerpaid occupational groups,5
+however costeffectiveness is not systematically assessed according to a welldefined and rigorous methodology and the decisionmaking process lacks transparency as financial pressures from the health system increase ensuring that investment is driven by evidence on costeffectiveness would be worthwhile at a time when switzerland will need to rely increasingly on primary care personnel to coordinate and support patients living with chronic disease the number of general practitioners has been declining relative to specialists and there are substantial differences across cantons the swiss medical and nursing workforce is ageing and a significant number are expected to retire in the next two decades,3
+each of the cities will have an spv headed by a fulltime officer that includes on its board representatives of the central state and local city governments india ministry of urban development the spvs were established to ensure transparency and multilevel coordination because they foster autonomy in the implementation of each mission in fact part of the programme ensures that each selected city will have a smart city centre scc which acts as an integrated command and control hub,11
+this section reviews the existing or foreseen regulatory instruments which contribute to promoting lowcarbon electricity and discusses their merits and impacts from the perspective of electricity markets and investment decisions in this perspective the longterm credibility of governments to have a high carbon price will be important but both the last summit dedicated to global climate page negotiations and recent carbon market experiences suggest that this is far from being the case,7
+the three indicators are g coverage of population mb monthly mobile internet of gni pc for example in sudan mobile internet access is affordable at of gni a reflection of the relatively high level of competition with three strong operators however coverage and school enrolment are far less developed,9
+what is essential about these is that they have the potential to put a value on urban amenities and the benefits of agglomeration they can therefore discourage greenfield development while raising revenue for urban services that can help further mitigate the negative externalities of agglomeration such as public transport to reduce congestion and green spaces to mitigate higher densities many cities in the oecd particularly in north america impose development fees on new developments to cover the costs of new infrastructure,11
+during the period primary secondary and tertiary education saw an unprecedented increase in enrolments higher education showed the greatest growth at representing a yearly increase of enhanced access is reflected in the percentage of the higher education enrolment in the to yearold age cohort which grew from in to in,4
+the concept is accredited to charles booth who undertook to classify londons society statistically into four categories on the basis of daily income measurability and quantification were crucial for the success of this approach since booths work many countries have adopted different criteria for the definition of poverty through income grouping the world bank played a major role in establishing the first unified international standard for the measurement of poverty in the s with reference to those earning less than a day in the united nations consolidated this approach by adopting the millennium development goals particularly goal aimed at the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger,1
+the climate change expert group oversees development of analytical papers for the purpose of providing useful and timely input to the climate change negotiations these papers may also be useful to national policymakers and other decisionmakers authors work with the ccxg to develop these papers however the papers do not necessarily represent the views of the oecd or the iea nor are they intended to prejudge the views of countries participating in the ccxg,13
+for each application compliance with required distances to other aquaculture facilities and rivers is evaluated the evaluation also includes the maximum standing biomass being sought relative to disease risk and control and the applicants ability to perform responsible delousing treatments an adequate contingency plan for handling of high mortality and serious diseases must accompany the application,14
+in addition in july the government began to privatise eight stateowned energy distribution companies oblenergos to increase competitiveness in the electricity sector given recent economic and political developments the ukrainian government has stepped up its efforts to intensify its indigenous energy production and improve energy efficiency policies this document adopted in sets out strategic objectives for the various energy subsectors and defines largescale reforms it is set to become the coordinating framework for sustainable energy investment,7
+however their coverage increases with age in contrast coverage is relatively constant across age groups in mandatory or quasimandatory private pension plans as australia and the netherlands illustrate among the poorest income groups however voluntary scheme coverage is quite low around except in the united states where it reaches by contrast the mandatoryquasimandatory systems of australia and the netherlands plateau out much earlier after the nd or rd deciles and coverage of the poorest income groups exceeds,1
+the system of information gathering about the regional environment as well as about the successes and failures of respective activities of tertiary education institutions is limited in scope and quality there is a lack of information and robust data for example in terms of innovation performance in the private sector student progress graduate employment graduate destinations outmigration as well as the breadth and scope of workbased learning activities which make it difficult to evaluate the outcomes of local policies and institutional practices there is a need to develop collaboration across government private and public tertiary education sector and to share extend and scale up the many good practice examples that are already in place stronger incentive structures would help mobilise tertiary education institutions and their staff for local and regional development in order to improve regional development outcomes more robust data is required for example in terms of student records,4
+firstbest instruments may involve entry costs or cause frictions that make them much less affordable than more ad hoc contractual solutions taking into account preexisting regulatory frameworks that address the core constraints of water quantity and quality the marginal benefit of action may not cover its significant marginal cost in this setting ad hoc smallscale contractual arrangements which have the advantage of addressing a particular city s specific constraints and involve a limited number of actors may have much more appeal than welldefined but complex or challenging institutional responses,6
+here we discuss two main constraints faced by msmes following the crisis namely limited access to finance and taxation and skills development and provide examples of recovery measures that have been put in place to address them during the crisis access to finance was tightened even more for smallsized businesses in many regions and developing asia was no exception many governments responded by loosening monetary policy and providing stimulus through fiscal policies and tax reductions in order to help enterprises maintain working capital and retain workers policy measures have been put in place to assist msmes access credit through loans for small sized businesses credit guarantees and fund trusts for micro and small enterprises have also been set up as well as duty reductions and the elimination of tax refunds,8
+currently there is no gender requirement in the fpa s hiring practices key policy recommendations cont such measures may include disclosure requirements target setting or quotas and the inclusion of the gender perspective in managerial performance criteria in order to improve executive accountability for gender balance at all levels and in all occupational groups such data would include variables like contract types and wages and salaries by grade scale and occupation indeed over the past decade alongside efforts to incorporate the gender perspective into all government action mexico has embarked upon a series of reforms to narrow the gender gap in public decision making,5
+a lesson from oecd countries such as sweden is that the zoning process should not be too complex or restrictive as it can have an adverse effect on housing supply and prices kazakhstan s authorities may wish to emulate the experience of new zealand whose zoning practices are comprehensive predictable and easy to implement box above illustrates the use of municipal planning and zoning as a tool to facilitate the construction permit process,11
+this means that individualshouseholds missing a certain durable or good are deprived of this durablegood only if the reason for lacking it is that they cannot afford it see for example de neubourg et al a guio guio et al whelan and mattre nolan and whelan fusco et al and fusco et al it allows identifying the individual children on the basis of whether they suffer from monetary poverty multidimensional deprivations both or none of them this allows exploring the underlying distribution of consumption or income and the relationships between deprivation multiple deprivation and monetary poverty,1
+as a result the further development of the renewable energy sector was at risk since low spot market prices had an adverse impact on the bankability of renewable energy projects increasing their cost of capital to overcome the overcapacity challenge in chile s national electric coordinator cen completed a major infrastructure project to connect the sic with the great northern interconnected system sing the latter is located in the north of the country and services a large share of industrial activities in particular the mining sector the further successful development of the chilean renewable energy sector will depend on continued technological advancement including storage solutions regional interconnection with neighbouring countries and effective energy demand management government may contribute to bridging remaining risk gaps in innovative pilot projects particularly those that might otherwise not be implemented but have significant potential to generate benefits for the economy and society in the future,7
+available data for latvia suggest that underreporting of working hours is indeed significant for instance while lfs data show that less than of workers aged and above report working parttime less than hours data provided by revenue authorities show that reported earnings are less than the fulltime minimumwage for of employees data from the state revenue service for february macroeconomic trends may have contributed to this decline but a number of welcome policy initiatives have played a role as well,8
+the global fund and the world bank are the major international investors in hivaids in the caribbean and along with the european union these loans and grants affect the relative significance of national expenditures reported under this indicator support is also received from the united states agency for international development usaid and the interamerican development bank idb in june the bank approved a us million lending programme for the caribbean to help countries finance their national hivaids prevention and control projects under this programme the bank has approved loans to barbados the dominican republic jamaica grenada st kitts and nevis trinidad and tobago the caribbean communitys caricom pan caribbean partnership against hivaids pancap guyana st lucia and st vincent as of december all countries reporting to ungass for the review receive assistance from the world bank in support of national aids responses except antigua and barbuda the bahamas cuba dominica and suriname,3
+it is also vital to womens ability to shape their relationships including with intimate partners and to exercise voice and agency in their lives improvements in girls education declines in infant and child mortality and increased access to modern contraception have paved the way for sharp declines in fertility rates in most regions of the world further progress is dependent on greater access to rightsbased reproductive healthcare services which often go hand in hand with overall health systems strengthening see box policies to reduce deaths and suffering caused by unsafe abortion are also needed see story of change compassion was a key message,5
+in the bolivarian republic ofvenezuela chile costa rica honduras and mexico its importance diminished steadily during the decade under consideration reflecting improved provision of household waste treatment methods however the contribution of the drinking water dimension to total child poverty was found to have increased in countries a notable case is costa rica where it increased from in to in see table in this country the drinking water dimension contributed even more to extreme poverty rising from in to in as table ii shows in the case of jamaica it shows some of the deprivations for which data are available,1
+energyintensive firms can receive up to an discount if they join a climate change agreement cca which requires meeting energy efficiency or carbonsaving targets renewable electricity suppliers are exempt from the ccl receipts from the ccl amounted to billion in the ro requires electricity endsuppliers to purchase a certain fraction of their annual electricity supply from producers using specific renewable technologies and they receive tradable renewables obligation certificates rocs for doing so the supplier can also buy out the obligation by paying a set price per mwh the buyout revenue is recycled to participating suppliers in proportion to their rocs,13
+shortages are mostly felt for family physicians and nurses it has also become increasingly difficult to attract health professionals to rural areas because of budgetary constraints and also because increasing workloads are particularly onerous for rural staff there is also a need to develop a cohort of auxiliary professionals such as nutritionists and dieticians who can help combat the growing obesity challenge,3
+nonetheless care work is also driven by other inequalities apart from gender per se thus poor women indigenous women and afrodescendants are all overrepresented in paid domestic work in nearly all countries of the region rico and vacatrigo womens contribution to the total economic value of unpaid work is considerably greater than that of men representing between peru and guatemala of the total gdpequivalent value of unpaid work eclac a,5
+justifications for this discrimination are sometimes explicidy tied to religious or cultural mores to add social legitimacy sometimes they are framed as being natural given a particular gender s disposition but when stripped down to their roots they are merely aims to prevent women from obtaining power resources and control though some inequalities run deeper and are more present in some contexts globally than others gender inequality is a longstanding persistent and virtually universal phenomenon,5
+he believed that enhanced connectivity between regions would encourage trade commerce and industrialization in europe and the ottoman empire and that this was the only way to foster political harmony this vision tied public works as infrastructure was then known intimately with the economic political and industrial progress of europe at the time the essential features of this plan were indeed adopted by france as well as a number of european countries that became independent between and including belgium the german empire greece italy serbia and romania and it even led to crosscountry multilateral initiatives for infrastructure expansion ambrosius and henrichfranke,9
+these include long or inflexible working hours being a sole parent in addition to language barriers since parents of immigrant or migrant families may not be fluent in the school s language of instruction or have little formal education themselves oecd an extra effort must therefore be made both by schools and through government reforms or programmes to reach out and encourage increased participation by parents particularly those of low socioeconomic backgrounds horizontal accountability which encourages them to participate in the management of schools through formal channels such as school boards is one effective way to increase involvement,4
+costa ricas path toward achieving universal health coverage is explained as well as the major actors in the health care system and main policy frameworks upon which the system is built early prioritisations on primary care permitted population health indicators to improve and today costa rica has the second highest life expectancy among countries within the western hemisphere access to health in costa rica has continuously improved over the past decades achieving significant progress towards universal health coverage data from indicate that health care coverage in costa rica reached of the population,3
+through its awareness raising activities it has generated greater visibility of the barriers women face in economic participation taken together these activities demonstrate institutional and systemiclevel change in particular the partnership approach between a specifically created independent council and government has been a significant success,5
+policy makers have recognised that equitable access to quality ecec can strengthen the foundations of lifelong learning for all children and support the broad educational and social needs of families and they have therefore increased the resources allocated to this sector over the last decade with this trend governments have taken recent initiatives that aim to enhance the quality of ecec services and improve the equity of access to ecec settings this is in contrast to the public debates of the past which were limited to quantitative issues and public spending was mainly concentrated on measures to expand access to affordable ecec,4
+for example precipitation was lower in than in the previous year but emissions from energy generation continued to decrease in portugal emitted kt of nox and kt of sox per mtoe of tpes compared with the oecd averages of and kt for example the sodium hypochlorite used to prevent algae proliferation in the pipes the pnaee implements the eu directive on energy enduse efficiency and energy services ec this directive contains an indicative national energy savings target of up to to be reached through energy services and other energy efficiency improvement measures in the sectors not covered by the eu ets the eu targets set out in march seek i a reduction in eu ghg emissions of at least below levels ii of eu energy consumption to be provided by renewable energy sources and iii a reduction in primary energy use compared with projected levels to be achieved by improving energy efficiency,7
+firstly the higher education institutions can contribute more to the role that culture and tourism play in the socioeconomic development of the region in order to develop the region into an attractive place to live work invest and study secondly the higher education institutions need to address the unbalanced growth and challenges linked to health and social cohesion thirdly the higher education institutions need to respond more actively to environmental challenges and opportunities seeking new sources of growth in the green economy are there gaps in delivery and are resources and incentives aligned with the objectives increasing life expectancy has led to a growing share of the population at risk of oldage conditions there are also concerns related to health inequalities while certain demographic and socioeconomic groups face significantly poorer health circumstances oecd a who,4
+building lastmile infrastructure connects isolated rural areas to urban centres creating conditions that foster agribusiness development the farmers benefiting from this irrigation scheme sell their crops to the agropark developing gateways such as ports and airports may also be needed to move agricultural products to domestic and international markets,2
+the indicator poverty rate simply reflects the proportion of children that does not meet the established threshold for the particular indicator the domain poverty rate is consequently constructed along the lines of the union approach as aggregation procedure considering a child to be poor in a particular domain when they are poor with respect to at least one of the individual indicators within that domain atkinson alkire and foster consequently the domain poverty rate represents the proportion of children that is poor within that domain given the union approach,1
+the indicator provides an indication of the length of time that stocks would last if supply were disrupted storage capacity and critical stocks of fuel including oil gas uranium as an indicator provides a useful indication of a strategic resilience aspect of energy systems the indicator is transparent with respect to specific primary fuels typically storage capacity data is available for oil and gas,7
+both of these sets of implications are examined below certainly if the ambition of the ndcs is ramped up to match the scale of action needed as per the agreements degree objective it implies a transformation of the global economy not paralleled since the industrial revolution this in turn implies a massive increase in investment trade and new technological development in fields such as energy transportation construction waste management and agriculture in the area of energy the international energy agency iea has built scenarios for global energy demand and investment assuming the global community is successful in its ambitions to limit anthropogenic climate change,13
+the growth in the numbers of selfemployed contractors working for just one company or franchisees constitute groups on the borders of dependent and selfemployment defining nonstandard forms of employment cont definitions across countries outside the european union are not harmonised and are based on different approaches for korea workers in temporary jobs include fixedterm jobs or jobs of a limited duration which is close to socalled contingent workers as well as other atypical workers ie temporary agency workers individual contract workers athome workers oncall workers and others,1
+such reforms comprise mainly two elements i reform of environmentally harmful subsidies and ii the introduction of environmental taxes andor the strengthening of environmentrelated taxes or tax elements possibly within an environmental tax reform in which a tax shift reducing distorting taxes on labour is implemented see definition given under section and the discussion under section fossil fuel subsidies have been shown in many countries to disproportionately benefit the richest per cent of the population del grenado et al nonetheless governments have to take care when reforming subsidies to ensure that the vulnerable are protected from energy price rises and indirect impacts such as food price rises by means of compensation for possible approaches to social protection see section,7
+while it was critical to get major emitters to reduce their emissions whether developed countries would take the lead and whether the strict firewall between annex i and nonannex i countries of the unfccc would remain in place proved to be sticking points at the end of very contentious negotiations late on friday evening december the text of the copenhagen accord was released the text had been negotiated by a small group of world leaders behind closed doors and only indirectly based on the partynegotiated texts under the awglca or awgkp this contributed to feelings that the negotiations were unfair and opaque and the process looked to be on the verge of collapse,13
+private consumption growth continued to be the main growth driver as reflected in robust services activities relating to trade finance transport and communications and real estate however strong household consumption was not broadbased rural demand was weaker due to muted agricultural activity and slower rural wage growth resulting from subpar monsoon seasons in recent years meanwhile stalled largescale infrastructure projects and somewhat cautious investor sentiment resulted in sluggish fixed investment growth,8
+in order to ensure consistency among cost data the exchange rates used in the projected costs study were adopted the assumed exchange rates are usd eur and usd gbp those investment costs are then divided by the total amount of electricity produced by a given plant during its lifetime opportunely discounted for a given country a given technology and a given penetration level the firm capacity guaranteed by that technology and the one guaranteed by the existing mix of dispatchable technologies that would provide the same electrical energy output were calculated,7
+however city akimats usually do not have budget allocations to order districtspecific plans akimat of uralsk city in many cases local governments have to attract additional financial resources to implement the plans the shortterm budget provisions diminish the city akimats capacity to forecast and be prepared for the longterm development of the city,11
+this report also includes details of band usage and sharing studies for each of the frequency bands identified for imt this entire band was unanimously adopted by wrc as the future imt band and was recommended by itu to its member states to free up as soon as practicable the resolution as revised by wrc and the footnote mod a bring out the conclusions of the deliberations during the wrc on agenda item,9
+with a higher interest rate a larger capital expenditure implies greater upfront financing costs while the effect of fuel savings throughout a plant s life cycle tapers off quickly because of discounting this highlights the critical importance of sensitivity analysis in the interpretation of the lcoe while its exclusive focus on private costs is in line with private investment decisions it neglects key policy issues including unpriced environmental externalities systemwide considerations notably the time profile of generation and energy security energysecurity concerns underline the importance of attention to resource endowments and geographical factors as well as the relative climate resilience of different energy sources highlighted by the slump in hydrobased electricity generation following the drought in southern africa such considerations are essentially ignored in lcoe metrics iea c anticipating growing complexity as systems develop and enhancing system flexibility from the planning and design phases for newly built electricity infrastructure could offer significant leapfrogging opportunities to ldcs by reducing the need to retrofit existing infrastructure welsch et al,7
+this ecotax on water abstraction mostly on groundwater but also on surface water eg in the case of france tries to internalize environmental and social costs but the level of environmental cost recovery is quite low as seen from the first reports presented by the eu member states reporting on wfd implementation the spanish government is debating whether to charge an ecotax on all water use both surface water and groundwater to contribute to global integrated resource management at the basin level and meet the deadline set by the wfd for implementation of measures including water pricing provisional estimates for this ecotax eur m make it a political contribution of users rather than an environmental cost recovery charge,6
+they might yield major ghg reductions but at the cost of considerable social upheaval as well as removing what can be the ecologically optimal use of rangelands indeed this proposal faces so many cultural constraints that it is probably the clearest example of the need to conduct environmental and social impact assessments esias of all the crge proposals to ensure they are both doubly green and inclusive the methodology is certainly credible with its roots in ipccled assessments and potentially rewarding with its tendrils in new international climate finance,13
+as a result the annual capital repayments which represent the majority of the lifetime costs of a renewable energy plant when spread over a shorter term of a ppa would be significantly higher than when spread across the longer potential operating horizon of the asset this can be done by redeploying the renewable energy asset elsewhere upon the closure of the mine however relocation of solar and wind system is often uneconomical given high disassembly transport and reassembly costs besides the cost of the technology itself the risk of stranding the renewable energy assets due to their limited redeployability may therefore create a barrier to their increased uptake in mining activities arena,7
+the un special rapporteur states clearly that transition from segregated special education to inclusive education is not a simple matter and the complex issues it raises must be squarely faced for example integration often in the guise or in the place of true inclusion in education has created its own difficulties attempts at integration into mainstream schools without accompanying structural changes in organisation the curriculum and teaching and learning strategies have failed to meet the educational rights of disabled persons integration may simply lead to exclusion in the mainstream rather than in special schools,4
+gender issues are evolve over time and are affected by socioeconomic shifts undertaking participatory needs assessments and offering coaching and feedback sessions are critical to ensuring women and men can empower themselves through bds successful bds for women sme owneroperators needs to be supported by organised advocacy by women and for women with government officials and bankers,5
+it provides a glimpse of the health care resources available to and used by the various health care agencies conversely there is international agreement on the inclusion criteria and classification of types of expenditures in the form of the system of health accounts sha developed by the organization for economic cooperation and development oecd in northern norway the per capita expenditures are per cent higher than the national average whereas in northern sweden and finland the difference is less than per cent greenland reports a lower level of per capita health expenditure than denmark the only instance where expenditures in the north are lower than in the south,3
+it serves as a resource and forum for agencies aiming to achieve a comprehensive federal government approach to policy on women and girls the council members are the heads of every federal agency and major white house office reinforcing the statement of former secretary of state madeleine albright that in our government responsibility for the advancement of women is not the job of any one agency it s the job of all of them after analysing each federal agency s focus on women the council works to ensure that each agency is directly improving the economic status of women as well as developing and evaluating policies that establish a balance between work and family the council has also focused on finding new ways to prevent violence against women through cooperation with the vice president and the justice department s office of violence against women,5
+the value of producer support has been growing in recent years and is now just below that in oecd countries figure transfers included in the pse are composed of market price support budgetary payments and the cost of revenue foregone by the government and other economic agents to the extent possible income support to agricultural producers should be provided through the social welfare system and not through introducing distortions into agricultural markets,2
+firstly as was noted in chapter this is because the employmenttopopulation ratio of the foreignbom population is higher than that of the nativeborn versus in secondly the share of the population that is of workingage is also higher for immigrants than for the nativeborn versus in furthermore as demonstrated in chapter immigration does not seem to reduce employment of nativeborn workers at the national level,8
+even though aspen snowmass spending on kc product was low the case attracted a considerable amount of media attention and as a result kc changed their fibre resourcing practices in the table below are some examples of green initiatives in the artie region many of the certifications focus on reducing the carbon emissions where possible as well as limiting waste water usage etc,7
+labour market perspectives are positive compared to most oecd countries unemployment rates are among the lowest across oecd and the proportion of yearolds who are neither employed nor in education or training neet is below average in recent years school leaders have benefited from increasing autonomy and their use of instructional leadership approaches is above the oecd average according to school principals reports in pisa teacher training takes between and years and the teaching workforce is ageing teachers salaries are among the highest across oecd countries,4
+adopted on december it is the leading modern instrument on womens equal rights it has thus been described as the definitive international legal instrument requiring respect for and observance of the human rights of women it entered into force as an international treaty on september after the twentieth country had ratified it in accordance with the convention s article it therefore examines the praxis in selected domestic jurisdictions as will be seen tremendous success has been recorded in some countries in the domestication ie bringing into domestic use of the convention s provisions the chapter also identifies normative customs and practices in nigeria and other jurisdictions which if modified or even completely abrogated would lead to the maximisation of the potential of the individual and collective potentialities of women as enunciated in the convention,5
+she teaches advises and supervises our activities and now i really know much about farming however with the coming of the wolar project we women farmers have been highly targeted and we are part of the greenbelt government initiative on irrigation where we will be growing similar crops and market them this process has helped to implement the inheritance law passed in that provides for women s equal inheritance rights with men,5
+common carp production fluctuated around approximately tonnes cagr of between and its value followed a similar pattern to that of rainbow trout increasing from eur million usd million in to eur million usd million in before falling back to eur million usd million in blue mussel production changed more substantially falling in volume between and and in value over the same period,14
+how do they envisage moving towards sustainability marginalised communities and poor people are rarely asked their opinion about their lives or aspirations for the future chambers narayan et al the equity and sustainability field hearings project initiative for equality set out to do this by asking people living in impoverished and disempowered communities around the world what they think about poverty sustainability and the future for their families and communities a global collaboration between social scientists and nongovernmental organisations ngos the field hearings project aims to ensure that poor people s voices are included in discussions on environmental and social sustainability such as rio and the post sustainable development goals processes,1
+this would go along with several other benefits such as greater availability of funds for heis from private sources and encouraging students to make better informed decisions regarding what to study the low share of private resources allocated to higher education in slovenia and relatively high private returns suggest that there is room for introducing costsharing in funding higher education without undermining access and equity figure increasing the share of private expenditure on tertiary education would clearly reduce the duration of studies beyond what is necessary brunello and winterebmer for instance a repeat student can take the exam up to six times to stay in the study programme at the university of ljubljana,4
+at the nd meeting on may an introductory statement was made by the director of the forum secretariat at the rd meeting on may a statement was made by roman michalak of the joint forestry and timber section of the economic commission for europe ece and fao on the ecefao study on progress towards global objectives on forests and challenges for the region at its th meeting on may an introductory statement was made by the director of the forum secretariat,15
+one study in pakistan found that while girls with more schooling did not delay their marriages or first births they were more likely to use contraception and delay second births alam et al successful cashbenefit programmes to improve health and education indicators in brazil and mexico for example have helped girls overcome gender disadvantage in school lindert et al evidence suggests they may also help delay marriage baird et al,5
+the share of ghanaianborn workers with less than primary education decreased far more than the commensurate share of foreignbom workers while the share of ghanaianbom workers with secondaiy education increased much faster in fact the share of the foreignbom employed with secondary education was stagnant and this share increased by more than percentage points for the ghanaianbom employed however there was a sharper rise in the share of the foreignbom employed with tertiary education which increased by percentage points percentage points for the ghanaianbom employed,8
+while universiti sains malaysia strives to become a globally competitive research university serving billions there is limited targeted attention to the needs of the population within its region but it is constrained by skills shortages and mismatches there is a need to increase the relevance of education and its alignment with the regional labour market needs firms in penang are being impeded in their rd or produceprocess development efforts by shortages of specialised skills,4
+it is also a clear contradiction of the principle of equality of opportunity to which all oecd countries aspire allowing children to fall unnecessarily far behind brings in its wake a long list of practical costs and consequences causality is always difficult to establish but many hundreds of studies in many different oecd countries have shown what the costs of falling too far behind may be but this cannot change the fact that children who fall behind early in their lives or who spend a significant part of their early years in poverty are likely to find themselves at a marked and measurable disadvantage,1
+pass rates and exam results at large would also allow prospective teacher students to assess the quality of the programme where they intend to enroll institutions that turn out not to prepare students effectively for the exam on a prolonged basis should face sanctions that could ultimately result in a withdrawal of their accreditation evidence shows that young teachers find their first experiences in school often overwhelming veenman britton et al,4
+patients can choose whether they have a medecin traitant or not but face significantly lower reimbursements if they choose not to the medecin traitant can be gp or specialist and their role is to guide patients through the health system and keep patients medical records if patients have an attested longterm condition affection de longue duree the medecin traitant receives an annual payment for documentation and coordination point presse de l assurance maladie paris,3
+the removal of subsidies resulted in public financial gains as the government was able to save the equivalent of of gdp oecd while the purpose of fossil fuel subsidy reform was not environmental protection it did create a boost in clean energy generation by removing price distortions for conventional and clean fuels the subsidy reform was also hailed for its compensatory measures that helped cushion consumers from rising living costs oecd,7
+both discharge of mine waters and water abstraction for agriculture irrigation are assessed by the russian federation as local but severe in impact silting of the riverbed caused by flow regulation is a minor factor according to the russian federation s classification water quality in the mius at kuibyshev station at the border of rostov and donetsk oblasts is in class dirty which has been the level in previous years,6
+for reasons of sample size this exercise used a recoding of the income groups originally defined in the world values survey steps and in each country refer to the lowincome group while steps refer to the highincome groups of the population but the collapse of the old order and the opening of a window on developedcountry levels of consumption might have brightened expectations that subsequently went unfulfilled because of the crisis that hit eastern europe in the mid s,1
+young people with no education are more likely to be discouraged or working while this pattern holds for almost all african countries unemployment rates among the educated tend to be much higher in mics than in lics table in ixinisia the unemployment rate among university graduates in was among men and among women stampini and verdierchouchane,8
+given the potential impact of widespread av use in urban areas eg in terms of congestion environment road safety user behaviour and infrastructure development it will be important for cities to assume a more prominent role regarding av policies if this does not occur the promised impacts of av adoption may not materialise or even generate negative impacts eg if people shift from walking and cycling to personal av use it is therefore important to judiciously frame the introduction of avs in order to ensure that this technology benefits rather than hinders mobility in urban areas accomplishing this represents a significant challenge while avs are an attractive choice for users their attractiveness could in fact lead to overpurchasing low utilisation capacities congestion urban sprawl loss of public space as well as the decreased use of public transit walking and cycling along with the accompanying health implications,11
+as a consequence foreign agriculture investment is often associated with decreased standards of living and loss of subsistence means for local communities and long term consequences with water users on the other hand international law guarantees to foreign investors the access to the necessary means of production including access to local freshwater overall it was estimated that appropriation of water rights associated with land purchases represent billion m of surface and groundwater each year rulli et al,6
+these benefits arise from the regulating supporting provisioning and cultural services that biodiversity and ecosystems supply ma figure use values refer to benefits derived directly in the form of consumables eg timber fuelwood genetic information tourism and recreation indirectly through nonconsumables eg water purification soil conservation flood protection as well as cultural and spiritual values and option values eg potential future benefits from genetic material nonuse values comprise bequest and existence values while valuing the magnitude of biodiversity and ecosystem service benefits can be resourceintensive it does enable making a case to other stakeholders such as those in finance and agricultural ministries of the size of tradeoffs that are likely to be involved and indeed estimates of the size of biodiversity and ecosystem service benefits suggest that these are considerable for example the worldwide economic value of pollination services provided by insect pollinators was estimated at usd billion per year in gallai et al,15
+les jeunes adultes ne trouvant pas de travail regulier sont desormais reconnus comme groupe cible pour les programmes du marche du travail la plupart des entreprises fixent toujours age obligatoire de depart a la retraite a ans mais elles sont obligees d etablir un systeme qui permet de continuer it travailler jusqua l age legal de la retraite ce qu elles font typiquement en offrant a leurs anciens employes des cdd avec des salaires plus faibles assortis de retraites complementaires d entreprises en fait de nombreux travailleurs ages changent de metier et continuent it travailler jusqu a l age de ans et meme davantage,8
+includes centres that were not launched or that do not have a website or web page with information about the leadership all of these analyses were carried out after the schemes were introduced a danish study of the research councils distribution of funding in a gender perspective found indications that a gender imbalance was especially noticeable when selective and highly visible instruments were used the report entitled gender equality in research what works,5
+some research is done on crop production and climatechangerelated issues the development of water economy technologies such as bioagriculture can be used to reduce the pressure on water resources and production costs in terms of ecology and economy in the emissions from fuel combustion arose mostly from electricity and heat production per cent followed by the transport per cent manufacturing industries and construction per cent and residential per cent sectors,13
+portugal is highly dependent on imported fossil fuels which has stimulated diversification of the energy mix the increased use of both natural gas and renewable energy sources is the main reason for the decline in greenhouse gas emissions since the challenge will be to sustain this reduction once economic growth resumes with a view to achieving portugal s targets by portugal has also actively supported energy efficiency and renewable sources and it is poised to meet its ambitious renewable energy target,7
+two excellent signs that african countries are taking on the challenge of waste management in urban areas include rwanda s banned on the use of polyethylene bags in africa and ethiopias recentlybuilt waste to energy plant at reppie the largest plant in africa which recycles tons of waste to generate per cent of energy consumed by households the collection of solid waste in many african countries is largely performed by private services in bamako mali for example more than microenterprises collect some tons annually in lusaka zambia per cent of the municipal waste is collected by informal service providers unhabitat,11
+note estimated percentage of adults aged who used drugs in the past year although cocaine use is decreasing or stabilizing in parts of europe wastewater analysis suggests an increase in consumption of the drug in the past five years see booklet chapter b there are also indications of an increase in pans of north america,3
+at the student level many countries such as estonia new zealand or the united states have introduced grants and financial support for students high performing countries build on their institutions and take into account the different governance levels their dynamics and resources to drive improvement across the system and schools oecd to achieve higher education performance governance strategies and funding need to be aligned,4
+identifying potential health care innovations for the future elderly health affairs suppl w r w r a reform in however expanded the types of services available to patients and extended coverage to all veterans on a prioritybased enrolment system the va operates a large integrated health care system that serves over million patients annually,3
+in egypt jordan and libya where the husband can end financial maintenance of the wife on the grounds that he did not authorise her to leave the house or work the insertion of a clause in the marriage contract enables the wife to continue her education seek employment or travel abroad without having to ask permission discussions with focus groups highlighted that the future bride rarely demands clauses such as the right to work women are often not aware of their rights and even when they are strong social pressure dissuades future brides from mentioning this issue during prenuptial negotiations,5
+the initiative building on the experience of the rhouda centre and enterprise qatar will study barriers to entrepreneurship introduce a business plan competition and encourage internships in domestic regional and international enterprises p also gendersensitized legislation will be developed to encourage more women to take active roles in society and a thorough review of gender equity in public sector employment will serve as a first step in removing existing social and cultural barriers pl for example yemen s strategic vision sets a target to increase women s labour force participation rate to by,5
+the reforms increased the flexibility of the previously highlycentralised education system by introducing greater freedom of choice with regard to programme types textbook selection and teaching methods they also promoted democratic participation in educational processes by granting more responsibility to municipalities and parents zogla andersone and cemova in the vocational education system a process of consolidation was initiated,4
+individuals with lower educational attainments are less likely to have participated in adult education and training in the last months being foreignborn does not imply a statistically different probability of attending adult education and training compared to nativeborn when controlling for background variables coefficients with a value below indicate that there is less chance of an event occurring for a particular group compared to the reference group and coefficients greater than represent greater chances literacy and literacy residuals variables are scaled by their respective standard deviations,4
+pollution from factories and power plants has been the classic example for the concepts of external or social cost while long considered a beneficial sideeffect of decarbonisation pollution control efforts are increasingly the primary policy driver for reducing fossil fuel use in power generation with the reduction of greenhouse gas ghg being a welcome sideeffect indeed in most climate change mitigation studies the benefits from reducing human exposure to pm s and nox outweigh the benefits of reducing ghg emissions and the resulting climate change mitigation which offers new perspectives for internalisation,7
+data from water waste water and emission accounts can be taken into environmentallyextended inputoutput model provided that the data in the accounts is sufficiently disaggregated wateramended inputoutput modelling allows interesting opportunities eg for studying water issues in the contexts of circular economy and international trade in the following subchapters we describe some of these applications to illustrate why water accounts are highly relevant,6
+first although the formalization of informal jobs is itself a positive step the effect may be initially to widen the gender pay gap as there may be an increase in the share of women in lowpaid formal sector jobs second womens material position is not improved if the gap is closed either because men s pay has declined or if real wages are falling for both men and women figure i shows that in the united kingdom although the gender pay gap narrowed after the financial crisis real wages were falling for both women and men,5
+qualification mismatch is determined based on a comparison of a worker s qualification level expressed as the international standard classification of education isced level corresponding to his or her highest educational qualification and what is thought to be the required qualification level for his or her occupation code the international standard classification of occupations isco code attached to the job he or she holds because isced levels do not accurately reflect skills not even those acquired in initial education and isco codes do not accurately describe jobs the resulting measure does not precisely describe how a worker s skills set matches the skills needed to carry out his or her tasks at work skills mismatch however refers more precisely to a worker s actual skills and to the skills needed in his or her specific job,4
+heating oil and natural gas are indeed substitutes in electricity generation and certain industrial uses which induces fuel switching and price correlation in the short or medium terms in electricity generation for instance gasfired plants exhibit a very high sensitivity to fuel prices as a twofold increase in the fuel cost can augment the cost of generating electricity by over a third ieanea on the contrary for nuclear power plants the fuel price risk is generally much lower than for fossilfuelled plants since fuel costs are a small share of total cost indeed even a doubling of the cost of uranium would only increase the share of fuel costs from to about implying an increase of about in the total cost of electricity produced by a nuclear plant this translates into stable costs over the lifetime of a plant and depending on market structure potentially into stable electricity prices in the ratio of spot to total deliveries in the eu was euratom annual report,7
+a shift towards heavy industries and a decline in lowcarbon industries light industry machinery etc thus the policies aimed at the elimination of the dominance of heavy industries plays a positive role in terms of emission reduction these measures directly influence fossil fuel consumption and hence the carbon emissions,7
+for the north sea the advice is given on about stocks and is available publicly according to the advice most fished species are fished sustainably following the goal of harvest at maximum sustainable yield msy one exception is european sea bass to address this issue euwide measures have been undertaken including lower catch limits for,14
+patient harm can be caused by a specific incident adverse event or a cascade of events miscommunications delays errors or omissions which are individually innocuous but collectively result in harm error can occur at the planning monitoring or execution phase of health care an acceptable minimum refers to the collective notions of current knowledge resources available and the context in which care was delivered and weighed against the risk of nontreatment or alternative treatment who,3
+strong public institutions and mechanisms to ensure accountability for fulfilling gender equality and mainstreaming commitments tools for evidencebased and inclusive policy making that account for potentially different effects on women and men effective monitoring mechanisms and reliable genderdisaggregated evidence for making informed policy decisions for example mexico s national women s institute developed an institutional mechanism called national system for equality between women and men which coordinates the genderrelated work of federal agencies,5
+occasionally such a scheme is complemented by another scheme usually noncontributory to cover unemployed persons who do not qualify for or are no longer entitled to unemployment benefits from the contributory scheme data from national household surveys labour force surveys in particular and household budget surveys can be used provided that employees contributing to an unemployment insurance scheme can be identified and that the number of persons concerned is sufficient to provide representative results based on a sample survey establishment surveys can possibly be an alternative source for example data from an employee benefits survey ensuring an adequate coverage of employees in the survey the source for the denominator will preferably be census data or labour force survey data,8
+there are with few exceptions salmon hatcheries no measures applied to enhance the productivity of the oceans analogous to seeding fertilization or plowing and harrowing the fisheries take what nature gives them and nature responds in a niggardly way if the fisheries take too much the productivity of the oceans depends on ocean climate the upwelling of nutritional materials from the deep sea that occurs in certain areas depends on currents which in turn depend on winds and currents carry plankton to certain areas so the fish can thrive the strength and even location of ocean currents can vary substantially over time which in turn gives rise to fluctuations in the productivity of fish stocks as well as in their migrations and location,14
+similarly efforts to target women in public works projects by setting gender quotas can lead to unintended outcomes if women who are already overburdened and time poor have to do even more work within die region s complex resource environment and amid die debate on selfreliance versus selfsufficiency in food for sustainable food security the gender equality scorecard is marked by disparity this is reflected in human development index hdi and gender development index gdi rankings,2
+in africa women receive percent of agricultural extension services and less than percent of credit offered to smallscale farm holders moreover inasmuch as educational curricula tend to exclude topics with particular relevance to women such as nutrition sanitation hygiene genderspecific tools and management gender analysis and targeted initiatives must be incorporated in agricultural education research and extension services davis and others the ability of farmers to innovate learn from one another and adapt to change largely depends on their capacity to access and process information including through information and communications technology,2
+expressing the results in this form stresses the importance of reducing losses for the larger cities by comparison the average of the water companies in the uk loose m kmd ten times less than in chisinau moldova there have been some improvements in recent years such as in ukraine moldova or armenia which started from very low levels but performance has sharply deteriorated in georgia,6
+people involved in accidents who are years or older incur a relatively higher share of accident cost in accidents involving pedestrians and motorised vehicles than other age groups figures and figure a the difference arises both because relatively more elderly people are victims in such accidents and because the injuries they sustain tend to be more severe than the injuries of younger victims the total percentage of accident cost from such accidents accounts for of total accident costs for the elderly but only of the total cost for all other people affected by traffic accidents,11
+there are no common standards of collection and use of data some registers are not electronic and information systems are not mutually compatible the implementation of the new legislation on information systems and of the ehealth programme which is planned to be completed by should improve the situation another possibility is that the illness resolves itself while waiting for treatment a more subtle argument arises from the existence of a privatesector alternative,3
+this is underpinned by a bold public health vision that states that by everyone will live longer healthier lives at home scotland has demonstrated keenness to play an internationally leading role in promoting health care quality as evidenced by its innovative patient safety initiatives worldclass training programmes and a clear desire to learn from patients experience scotland is also taking steps to integrate health social care and other services for local populations and has an abundance of data to measure the progress in achieving health system and outcome goals,3
+the union learning fund receives public funding gbp million in to develop the capacity of trade unions to work with employers employees and learning providers to encourage greater take up of learning in the workplace the learning offer generally reflects government skills policy with the current focus on basic skills and apprenticeships the union learning evaluation survey revealed that learners acquire both soft skills selfconfidence professional development and planning skills and hard skills vocational literacy numeracy language and it skills and most believed that the skills they developed could be transferable to a new job union learning representatives perform an advocacy role in promoting learning to their colleagues both union members and not these representatives engage with lowskilled workers who are less likely to participate in training,4
+como explicitly distinguishes adaptive teaching from individualised instruction noting that in adaptive teaching teachers never adapt to individual students in a social vacuum however these terms are used quite differently in the literature for instance whereas diack and campbell et al,4
+in g leaders made a commitment to rationalise and phase out over the medium term inefficient fossilfuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption and called on the rest of the world to do the same in addition to being environmentallyharmful the subsidies absorb substantial public resources that could be spent elsewhere and largely benefit the wealthy the indonesian government continues to pursue reform however at the beginning of it grasped the opportunity offered by falling world oil prices to scrap its existing petrol and diesel pricesetting regime,7
+the oecd has developed a conceptual framework for monitoring progress towards green growth while the set of indicators is still being refined indicators pertinent to the energy sector are those that measure the carbonproductivity or intensity of energy production and consumption energy intensity and efficiency clean energyrelated research and development and patents as well as measures of energy related taxes and subsidies more needs to be done to improve data quality methodologies and definitions and to link the data to economic information it also requires appropriate information and indicators to support policy design and analysis identify ineffective or no longer needed measures and monitor progress,7
+unemployment is particularly high among youth years old with an important gender gap in almost half of all young women in egypt and jordan were unemployed compared to of young men in egypt and in jordan world bank lb various trends in nationality restrictions and in the prevalence of foreign workers can potentially impact women s vulnerability in employment in the last quarter of algeria witnessed a female unemployment rate of compared with a male unemployment rate of,5
+when temperatures drop and lichen is covered with ice many reindeer are likely to starve in addition the thinning of the arctic ice has made tracking reindeer herds more dangerous as the inherited local knowledge regarding safe tracking is then no longer useful this is clear when considering the case of nepal a least developed country where rising temperatures erratic rain and snowfall and the unpredictability of the beginning of the monsoon season have resulted in slow growth and decreased crop production,13
+mexico s productive territories programme for example designates technical teams in charge of designing development plans for specific poor mral areas taking into account existing assets and local needs the technical team also ensures that local communities access all federal support programmes for which they are eligible this is the main objective of the science and technology entrepreneurship development programme in india the analysis of region s potential is made by specialised agencies that receive governmental funds support for smes to integrate ip protection as part of their business models where such protection is appropriate can also support innovative smes several types of ip rights are particularly relevant for traditional sectors,9
+since april nhs england has commissioned health services for all prisoners in england following two challenges under the human rights act in and prisoners are entitled to receive the same nhs healthcare treatments as nonprisoners known as equivalence of care the health and social care act abolished pcts and transferred offender health budgets to nhs england from the beginning of april,3
+in health expenditure excluding investment in the health sector represented of gdp in korea and is estimated to have increased further to of gdp in still the health spending share of gdp remains much lower than the oecd average in this was about twothirds of the oecd average and half of the g average health expenditure per capita in real terms adjusted for inflation more than doubled between and whereas it increased by only about times across the oecd on average,3
+every person bom in the greater lebanon territory and who did not acquire a foreign nationality upon birth by affiliation every person born in the greater lebanon territory of unknown parents or parents of unknown nationality article a woman may transmit her nationality to her children in the event of the death of her husband or if the child has an unknown or stateless father her role in this case is limited to making it possible for her husband to obtain tunisian nationality in accordance with naturalisation laws without being subjected to the fiveyear residency requirement under article of the national code in contrast yemeni women are required to separate from their husband and return to yemen article dictates that in order to recover her original yemeni nationality a woman must terminate her marriage or at least reside in yemen this represents a discriminatory practice towards yemeni women,5
+it is therefore argued that good governance is a precondition for poverty reduction by ensuring sustained growth additionally propoor good governance reforms are supposed to enhance the scale and efficiency of service delivery to people living in poverty the stabilization of property rights the rule of law and the significant reduction of corruption that is the achievement of good governance goals require fiscal capabilities not available in most developing countries as structural and fiscal constraints prevent significant improvements in governance capabilities market failures are likely to remain significant and are unlikely to be significantly reduced by governance reforms,1
+the following four sections describe key features of student assessment and country practices structured around the main topics of the oecd review on evaluation and assessment frameworks for improving school outcomes governance procedures capacity and use of results the final section provides pointers for policy development it encompasses summative and formative purposes and may be designed and implemented internally within the school or externally through standardised assessments,4
+a new type of strategic challengedriven ppps should be established based on new models of governance and operation this includes embedding them into innovation ecosystems improving access to business services that facilitate the development of management skills necessary for the internationalisation of smes and better integrating them into global value chains gvcs all three elements need to be combined to make both new and existing industries more dynamic finally efforts should be geared towards providing better growth opportunities for firms through value creation networks and internationalisation,9
+the initial version of the law on permits and licences considered permits for surface water abstraction and wastewater dischaiges however shortly after adoption permits for surface water abstraction were cancelled the issuance of permits for wastewater dischaige which was also included in the initial version of the law was abolished in the tax code abolished the taxes for environmental pollution including water pollution georgia s waterrelated environmental legislation has developed considerably since the law on water,6
+even if it is assumed that migrant workers send home the entire amount of their wages and salaries the total income generated by them is much larger due to complementarities between migrant and native workers and higher corporate profits that is the increment in gdp is much higher than the income of the migrant workers one approach to estimate this additional benefit uses the concept of consumer surplus borjas consumer surplus arises due to lower prices that consumers pay as a larger supply of goods or services is made available by the migrant workers,8
+methodological choices made this year on refined definitions and accounting approaches represent progress but it may be some time before they can be systematically implemented and before data can be consistently and routinely collected improved methodologies for more robust estimates would need to take into account the effects of public finance for capacity building or budgetary support and of public policies while also considering the role of domestic conditions for enabling private financial flows we note in particular that there are opportunities for developed country parties to improve on the transparency and comprehensiveness of their climate finance reporting under the unfccc the oecd and cpi stand ready to support and continue to cooperate with and contribute towards these efforts,13
+through special measures historical wrongs and inequalities are corrected by temporarily giving advantages to women and giving them access to opportunities that traditionally have been out of their reach achieving substantive equality requires a change in attitudes in gender roles and stereotyping a fundamental societal change which will lead to a change in womens lived realities cambridge university press pp they must refrain from engaging in discriminatory practices ensure that third parties do not discriminate in a forbidden manner and take positive action to guarantee womens equality,5
+this topic includes health statistics on morbidity such as incidence and prevalence and mortality of these diseases or conditions as well as measurement of the associated impact on the labour force and economic costs where available the attributable fraction and burden of diseases premature deaths and dalys associated with pollution are to be included in this topic waterrelated diseases and conditions are still significant public health problems in developing countries,6
+these young people raised three main concerns over the health status in their respective countries the deteriorating health status among women the lack of awareness of health risks and differential health service provision between the public and private sectors annex table a in iraq the rate rose by around per population while in syria it surged almost fourfold in both cases the increases may be attributed to the continuing conflicts in the two countries in the other mashreq countries the rates fell notably in lebanon where the rate dropped in to almost one ninth the rate in,3
+finally the inclusion of intangible capital in the us growth accounts explains a larger share of labour productivity growth leaving a smaller contribution of mfp to labour productivity growth they do not yet reflect standardised methods and definitions japanese estimates do not account for the contribution of labour quality,9
+allowances and deductions for the payment of union dues and affiliation to cooperatives and authorized savings accounts also in the case of the payment of compulsory social security contributions and disciplinary sanctions imposed under the duly approved employment regulations the employer can contract insurance against risks for workplace accidents and occupational diseases of its workers the employer is the party that owes the worker or hisher beneficiaries the benefits established by law the regulation must contain a series of normative provisions including indications to avoid professional risks and instructions for providing first aid in the event of accident,8
+it can also reduce the time they spend in hospital after a medical problem should conventional gender roles and a lack of public alternatives continue to prevail women may find their choices to be increasingly constrained in countries with weak health services the burden often falls on caregivers working silently within the home in these circumstances people are expected to sacrifice themselves for their families and communities even putting their own wellbeing at risk traditional genderdifferentiated roles then result in a further restriction of options for women often greatest for the poor who can least afford them,5
+after piloting the programme for about half a year a first upscaling was undertaken in june by extending it to two schools per district and then subsequently to five schools per district it has been suggested the gnsp and its predecessor might have been directly influenced by the transnational poverty agenda of the s however grebe draws attention to the largely domestic roots of these two policy frameworks he traces their adoption to the identification of extreme poverty as a major impediment to the countrys ambition of attaining middleincome status particularly during the implementation period of the countrys first poverty reduction strategy paper prsp growth and poverty reduction strategy gprs i,1
+agriculture has also exerted pressure on aquatic environments rivers lakes wetlands and coastal zones from increasing levels of livestock effluents and diffuse pollution through the use of chemicals in arable farming other issues include the genetic erosion of maize varieties which show a loss of of local varieties compared to the s and more recently possible contamination of domesticated landraces and wild relatives from transgenic maize oecd while agrienvironmental payments are possible under procampo for soil and water conservation for instance farmers uptake of these payments has been limited,15
+t able overleaf provides an overview of the five indices generally the characteristics and quality of the habitats in the open land will predominantly be determined by agricultural activities including structural changes crop use and intensification also infrastructural developments such as road network developments establishment of power lines wind farms etc in more pristine open landscapes such as open upland landscapes in northern scandinavia agricultural activities do not play a significant role though extensive grazing with reindeer may locally result in notable impacts on the habitats,15
+unforeseen plant outages or forecasting errors related to electricity generation require that a higher amount of spinning reserves be carried out uncertainties in vre power production may also lead to an increase in ramping and cycling of conventional power plants to inefficiencies in plant scheduling and overall to higher costs for the system while all generation plants may have some siting restrictions the impacts are more significant for vre also high shares of distributed pv resources may require sizeable investment into the distribution network in particular to allow the inflow of electricity from the producer to the grid when the electricity generated exceeds demand,7
+as data on market price support in the six see economies are currently unavailable support indicators only include budgetary support as a result assuming that market price support is positive in the six see economies support values are probably lower than they otherwise would be budgetary support to agricultural producers in the six see economies ranged from less than of gross farm receipts in albania to in the former yugoslav republic of macedonia in figure a,2
+the african union is supporting the project as part of an initiative to create regional ixps in the continents regional economic communities limited internet markets meant that ldcs became highly reliant on foreign countries for content hosting and data storage access to these services required international connectivity where they were also disadvantaged since they had to pay for the full cost of the link,9
+this was discovered during the znwl s recent local government conference where it was established that about per cent ofthe women that won local government elections were firsttime politicians the znwl is ofthe view that the newly elected women leaders should be trained in the following areas local government systems and mechanisms gender and gender mainstreaming transparency accountability and good governance effective service delivery in the ward understanding democracy and community participation and decisionmaking skills bargaining power and networking skills advocacy problemsolving skills and building alliances these are some ofthe topics suggested by the newly elected women councillors themselves most of these are highly experienced women who still have the potential to be active in politics,5
+this would contribute to women s economic empowerment and produce significant economic benefits to mena economies most initiatives have been launched within the past five to years as governments have focused more on the importance of msme and entrepreneurship development for job creation social stability and economic growth mainstream bds organisations and incubators are generally aware of the constraints faced by women but less than half of them make special efforts to promote their services to women and adapt their programmes and services to accommodate their specific needs however they demonstrate some examples of good practice in their attempts to attract women clients which can serve as models for other service providers,5
+these methods are based on principles such as teamwork devolution of management responsibility and high levels of workforce engagement in continuous product and process improvement this is argued to require not only mastery of occupationally specific competencies but also an understanding of the theoretical principles and knowledge that underpin routine tasks this broader understanding is necessary to engage in creative problem solving and experimentation keep and payne other skills include literacy and numeracy facility with computers verbal communication skills and capacity to engage with external suppliers or customers,4
+the national agreement for skills and workforce development commits commonwealth and state and territory governments to addressing access and social inclusion issues through collaborative action in skills the national foundation skills strategy for adults aims to help working age australians increase their english language literacy and numeracy skills for improved economic and social participation the higher education participation and partnerships program provides additional funding to help universities attract support and retain students from disadvantaged backgrounds these students may receive financial support through income support grants for eligible students and income contingent loans available to all students expenditure on education institutions at all levels is of gdp slightly below the oecd average of see figure,4
+of these norway has emphasised that its approach is not a monitoring and evaluation framework in the traditional sense rather norway is using existing systems and initiatives to track adaptation and to continuously learn what approaches to adaptation are effective in reducing climate vulnerability and risk giz some of the frameworks outlined in table specify desired outputs and outcomes eg the philippines and france,13
+the most suitable areas for wind power plants wpps in georgia are in the caucasus high mountain zone the highlands of southern georgia in the javakheti region and the southern section of the black sea coast areas and sites for wind farms of mw have been identified many of these sites have a seasonal wind pattern yielding maximum output in winter,7
+for a sample of oecd countries oecd showed that the growth in female employment tended to have an equalising effect on household earnings in all the countries studied despite substantial differences in employment levels and type of employment and in pay gaps across countries it then examines how changes in the distribution of female eamings and hours of work have affected the evolution of individual eamings and household income inequality for the period from the late s up to the economic crisis while most of the literature looks at aggregate employment trends the analyses below decompose different employment types fulltimeparttime fullyearpartyear to analyse the impact of changing patterns of women s employment in more detail the three pathways through which women s labour market participation affect the distribution of household income discussed here are first trends in individual gross eamings second trends in household gross earnings and finally total household disposable income after taxes and transfers,5
+the programme was subject to socioeconomic evaluation and strategic environmental assessment it was approved in december and ten hydroelectric power plant locations were selected out of the potential sites initially identified the ten plants are to be located in the basins of the rivers douro vouga mondego and tejo,7
+this will enable schools to identify where insufficient support is being offered as well as helping national authorities to and scaleup those interventions found to be effective however in practice initial training has placed a heavy emphasis on language learning language skills are central to the success of integration across oecd countries strong language skills facilitate not only access to employment but access to education to social interactions and hence to further acquisition of language skills,4
+this is usually complemented with additional opportunities to learn and be assessed in many countries repetition cannot be applied in transition grades when students poor performance may be due to a shortterm failure to adjust repetition may be limited to grades considered as fundamental for consolidating basic skills,4
+critically it will be important to ensure that information on inequalities in health is then effectively used to tackle inequalities at local and regional level through ongoing central guidance as appropriate agreeing targets disseminating and encouraging the scalingup of successful local initiatives to tackle inequalities and other measures incentivising or requiring young doctors to practise in underserved areas during their early years of practice may be one way to address geographical disparities this does not seem to systematically occur today indeed a concern remains that by specialising certain hospital services at a higher level patients will have to travel further for care,3
+in a competitive labour market wages should be close to the marginal revenue product of workers if wages reflect productivity differences captured for instance by measures of human capital and demographics they should be the same across sectors for comparable workers yet many empirical studies starting with slichter have produced robust estimates of crosssector residual wage differentials,10
+this difficult policy challenge diverting water to valueadding activities including environmental services see below may require reallocation between water users eg from farmers to cities some oecd countries are gaining experience with socially fair and politically acceptable approaches for achieving this these include water abstraction licences which reflect scarcity market mechanisms eg tradable water rights and informationbased instruments smart metering,6
+this information gap will lead to poorer treatment options for patients and a lack of understanding for patients as primary care practitioners in a number of countries are being asked to do more and deliver a wider range of services for mildtomoderate mental illness many gps are being asked to delivery cognitive behavioural therapy for example see table levels of confidence in the ability to effectively care for patients will make the difference between poor average and excellent quality of care effective care at a primary care level includes appropriate diagnosis of disorders initiation and management of treatment referral and case management and the longterm management of some cases of mildtomoderate disorders using the principles of chronic disease management ford et al,3
+this being so any coherent development policy must offer a solution to poverty but the second question is a more complex one there is a broad range of literature that tries to define and measure poverty and there are a great range of antipoverty policies which depend on the approach used to analyse the issue and the way poverty is defined,1
+the introduction of demandside policies via smart metering and smart grids could in principle provide the necessary tools to allow more active participation of all demandside actors to price formation thus achieving a more efficient energy onlymodel see also section however in many liberalised power markets many consumers are exposed neither directly nor indirectly to market prices for instance due to regulated tariffs even reinforcing the demandside policies previously mentioned will thus not help to stabilise prices in addition even under the best of circumstances consumers will require massive incentives to forego heating washing cooking or watching television at the moment they originally desired,7
+it produces about research papers including a technical report a monthly newsletter national epidemiological bulletin and a peerreviewed journal in order to provide technical and scientific assistance to the ministry of health the institute is involved in research clinical trials control and training it supports scientific research and national programme by allocating funds increasing the scope of italian participation in international activities,3
+most africans live in rural areas and so do most of africa s young and most of the unemployed however among those who live in urban areas unemployment rates are higher than among the rural young in some countries the urban youth unemployment rate was estimated to be more than six times higher than the rate in rural areas afdb figure,8
+the present article sets out to analyse the progress and evolution of women s participation in production and business activities in south america considering the situation of female employment its evolution over the past decade and its differences from male employment the article also analyses men s and women s time use women s share of employment in jobs with higher average earnings executive positions and women s empowerment and economic autonomy female entrepreneurs one of the goals laid down at the conference was equitable participation by women in the economic activities of their respective countries,5
+as noted earlier the appropriate processes of implementation for fostering and sustaining innovative learning environments are identified in this section as a series of c s including culture change clarifying focus capacity creation communities collaboration communication change agents coherence and consolidation much also depends on how such approaches are combined in systemic ways rather than treating policies as isolated practices or single bullets the examples and strategies are described here are illustrative not prescriptive,4
+refer to wwwmfegovtnzissuesclimateabout climatechangeaffectregions a changing climate presents both challenges and opportunities for landbased sectors the programme funds research and technology transfer wwwmafgovtnzenvironmentnaturalresourcesclimatechangeimpactsandadaptingtoclimatechangeaspx,13
+the oecd report women in business policies to support womens entrepreneurship development in the mena region was the first comparative assessment of policy measures to promote women s entrepreneurship and covered mena economies oecd a the study underlined that while bds services are known to be relatively weak in mena economies the extent to which women entrepreneurs are being served by those services seems even more limited despite the increasing number of women starting up businesses considering that experience from nonmena countries suggests that women s enterprise centres are successful at helping women entrepreneurs especially in the early stages of business ventures the study concluded that there was a need to collect data on and carry out an assessment of bds services in the mena region and to outline the current good practices in the mena region,5
+there seems to be a relative balance between solar pv and wind power with solar thermal projects remaining scarce notable examples of large plants are antofagastas mw wind power and cap s mw solar pv projects in chile as well as industrias penoles mw wind power plant in mexico among smaller initiatives the geographical distribution is more diverse with australia and canada as well as south africa emerging as potential hubs at the same time in developing countries particularly in lowerincome economies despite the existence of some successful projects the uptake of renewables by mines remains limited,7
+as previously discussed the mcda is in a good position to minimise such coordination challenges as it will be in charge of both transport and overall sustainable development plans for metro cebu however the fact that lgus remain to be responsible for their land use plans clups underscores the need for effective coordination on spatial development metro vancouver provides regional services including three core utilities water liquid waste solid waste and coordinates regional planning by producing the regional growth strategy rgs,11
+while of advantaged students reported having more than books at home on average this is the case for only of disadvantaged peers advantaged students also reported a greater availability of other educational resources such as educational software on average across oecd countries however more than of students regardless of their socioeconomic status reported having a quiet place to study at home and a computer that they can use for schoolwork table ll b,4
+most rivers exhibit a high degree of degradation particularly within the murraydarling catchment australia s main agricultural producing region drinking water quality is impaired in many locations and coastal regions downstream of large agricultural areas suffer from sediment and nutrient loadings in terms of the environmental health of the great barrier reef gbr recent research indicates that quantities of sediment phosphorus and nitrogen entering the gbr have been increasing with agriculture a key contributor to water quality issues in the gbr rolfe and windle but given the lack of a national monitoring system it is difficult to assess national trends in water quality related to agriculture oecd a there are expensive restoration cleanups going on in some iconic lakes and there are questions over the state of groundwater at a national level diffuse discharges now greatly exceed point source pollution,6
+the low population density explains the low level of illness in humans in mongolia transmission to humans occurs primarily from direct contact with animals through injury while handling them or during slaughtering and to a lesser extent from drinking contaminated milk according to the study on emerging infectious diseases as of approximately cases of chronic brucellosis were reported,3
+today many low carbon alternatives are considerably more expensive than the incumbent technologies governments will need to continue and expand the range of transitional incentives from rdd support to market mechanisms to foster technological innovation and move technologies towards market competitiveness these incentives should be tailored to the maturity of the technology and be decreasing over time this should be accompanied by policies that close the dirtiest and least efficient plants at the earliest opportunity,7
+communitybased approaches to medicine and medical education would also benefit the region and improve students learning outcomes medical students will spend far less time in hospitals and far more time in communities students will leam from an early stage to work in multidisciplinary teams alongside nurses social workers psychologists and other allied health professionals,4
+since then the country has made national commitments that go beyond any existing international agreements these changes are explained by the new international context and perhaps more importantly by internal changes in the domestic political landscape as a consequence the brazilian economy has a comparatively low carbon profile of tonnes co equivalent in emissions per capita ranking it th globally,13
+there has been good progress in skopje regarding water meters in houses by getting the used water amount monthly through remote data transfer or by inspectors about per cent of the people pay their water bill outside skopje most households seem to have no meters for billing which does not encourage water saving according to their data drinking water quality in the public water supply systems is very good and safe to use,6
+poor diffusion of icts thus contributes to a digital divide that can undermine policies aimed to stimulate growth and foster resilient economies and inclusive societies lack of access to digital infrastructures at competitive prices is the first barrier in particular access to icts such as mobile broadband including in rural and remote areas as well as access to data which are becoming an infrastructure for datadriven innovation ddi are crucial the lack of appropriate open standards and fears of vendor lockin often due to proprietary solutions are another barrier to adoption in particular for smes with the growth of digital security risks and concerns that privacy and intellectual property rights are violated and not sufficiently enforced lack of trust in the digital economy is also a potential barrier to adoption and use of icts across society the effective use of icts and data requires additional investments in complementary knowledgebased capital kbc in particular in organisationspecific skills and knowhow and in organisational change including new business models and processes,9
+the living space available to the household is a key dimension to be considered when assessing housing quality cecodhas evidence shows that living in an overcrowded dwelling can affect the physical and mental health of household members as well as children s social and emotional development uk odpm moreover living in an overcrowded space corresponds with a higher likelihood of child maltreatment and accidents in the home uk odpm,11
+because the individual commune or group of communes is ultimately charged with developing the actual land use legislation that governs changes in land uses it has to find a way to balance conflicting signals from higher levels of government with the pressures from the local populace to maintain or change the use of particular parcels of land typically rural communes do not have staff with strong competences in land use planning which makes this an even greater challenge while consultants can be hired to provide planning support this can also be problematic because while the consultant may understand the approach of the higher level in spatial planning they may lack a strong understanding of the local milieu and offer advice that is controversial locally,11
+pigou took much the same line in his welfare economics where he argued that poor women and mothers in particular ought to receive financial assistance from the state so that they could perform their domestic work properly without having to look for a job progress was also made in adapting market concepts to the analysis of activities within the home in them people make rational decisions about the distribution of their time between activities for the market paid production work activities for the home unpaid domestic and care work and leisure becker who went closely into this aspect considered that households acted as a unit following the rational choice model and maximizing the shared utility of their members who were subject to time and income constraints,5
+hence what we think we know continues to rely heavily on the accuracy of the poverty estimates generated by the bank this has occurred in the midst of an expanding global economy which has resulted on average in higher per capita incomes in both developed and developing countries sachs united nations a in these countries information on the depth severity and duration of poverty may be limited and available information may be unreliable to address some of these data gaps the research programme of the world bank poverty and inequality group has been engaged in improving current data as well as methods and tools for poverty and inequality analysis through inter alia producing new householdlevel data notably through the group s living standards measurement study monitoring poverty and inequality using householdlevel data developing more reliable poverty maps and rolling out computational tools such as adept and povcalnet see,1
+especially important in this regard was decree no viet nam signalled its commitment to trade liberalisation by entering into a large number of bilateral and regional trade agreements and partnerships increased funding was provided to the viet nam bank for agriculture and rural development vbard to support the opening of commercial credit to farmers,2
+furthermore uruguay needs to improve dissemination of information about activities at the school level including information on school budgets while dissemination of reports may be viewed as another burden in the reporting process the education councils should consider using a single nationallydeveloped format to ensure that parents and voters know how schools operate in their community and how school resources are used in particular it would be important to publicly disclose the public resources each school receives alongside the uses of those resources and the educational outcomes at the school,4
+data for water management and shared responsibilities cont therefore it is always necessary to compare water balances based on the amounts of granted abstraction with data monitored on the ground reflecting the effective use of water compliance is a major challenge and very much influenced by cultural factors,6
+increasing wind speeds the occurrence of stronger more frequent storms and further expansion of wind turbine deployment could place more pressure on existing infrastructure this is especially relevant in winter and during the months in autumn and spring when maintenance is usually carried out because the capacity of the grid is reduced when maintenance occurs both cases also identified climate policy to be a concern for distribution companies,7
+instead the demographic transitions experienced by a wide variety of societies suggest that family sizes tend to decline with higher incomes and greater economic security conversely poor families tend to have more children in the hope of increasing contributions to household income as well as of ensuring continued economic security as parents age leibenstein mamdani robbins a significant proportion of this decline can be largely attributed to the rise in living standards in east asia and the pacific which accompanied explosive economic growth particularly in china other regions of the world also experienced a decline in the incidence of poverty with the exception of eastern europe and central asia where the proportion of people living on less than a day increased from to per cent between and figure ii b,1
+as for water services and specifically drinking water for domestic use municipalities are the primary subnational authorities in charge of codesigning andor implementing policies in twothirds of the lac countries surveyed out of they are followed by regions and intermunicipal bodies the trend is similar in areas of water supply to industrial users and wastewater treatment,6
+this action line is intended to promote the development of national estrategies including the necessary human capacity building taking into account different national circumstances it has ensured in addition the comprehensive exchange of views information and experiences among wsis stakeholders as well as providing advisory services and technical assistance to developing countries at the same time the united nations egovernment survey observes a new trajectory in the efforts of governments to put together a national ict policy and egovernment strategy by strengthening institutions and building the capacities of public servants collaborative service delivery is now pervasive where governments citizens civil society and the private sector often work together to innovate processes and leverage new technologies,9
+the most common models and their basic payment composition are listed below for instance family health organizations blended capitation ffs and p p and family health groups blended ffs and p p account for about of primary care physicians table additionally some incentives are paid periodically eg once a year while others are paid every time a specific service is provided eligibility for some incentives is patientbased ie the physician receives a payment for having provided a specific service to an individual patient while for other incentives eligibility is based on performance across all registered patients practicewide ie the physician receives a payment for having reached a predefined target level based on a number of services a number of patients or a percentage of eligible patients who received the service,3
+this results in geographically dispersed trade through global production networks opening the opportunity for lowincome countries to use their comparative advantage in labourintensive value chains to enter these networks at different stages including final assembly the volatility of import prices and the increased availability of intermediate inputs may have a direct impact on the relative prices of manufactured goods opening up for trade is usually associated with an increase in competition often resulting in a decrease in the relative prices of manufactured products pain et al,9
+learning and education are considered synonymous with formal schooling auxiliary organisations such as education publishers examination boards and teachertraining organisations are seen as extensions to arrangements set by governments such a framework of understanding has become increasingly inadequate,4
+another study complements this approach by investigating and surveying the nature of illegal trade in waste of electric and electronic equipment weee or ewaste in the european context huisman et al the study estimates that among the million tons of ewaste generated in europe in only of them were collected and recycled in official systems while the remaining were either exported recycled under noncompliant conditions in europe processed by the informal sector or simply discarded in waste bins it also estimates that million tons of ewaste departed the eu in undocumented exports that would likely be classified as illegal waste trade,12
+the property rights issue is central in this respect this raises questions as to future sources of finance and asset management securing financial and investment assets may require water user groups to seek privatepublic partnerships to raise capital and develop skills in long term asset management for infrastructure renewal this is because there remain many impediments to water market formation related to for example issues of equity incomplete science specific quantityrelated property rights high transaction costs in creating water markets and the historical allocation of water in addressing these issues a different mix of policies may be appropriate such as the use of welltargeted payments where farmers provide a clearlydefined and verifiable public good or service such as wetland conservation areas a few countries however are using water markets to meet consumptive address the scarcity value of water and environmental objectives,6
+other key factors are car ownership eases the transport of bottled water living in urban area and the lack of trust in government or local authorities table c the lowest the pz the highest the correlation because they invest less in bottled water as it would represent a higher share of their disposable income lower income groups are more likely to be exposed to water pollution and potentially pay a higher share of the health costs of policy inaction the same reasoning applies between the urban and the rural population figure c,6
+it is important to note that extreme poverty is rare in most pacific island developing economies pide there are a further million poor living in the pacific half of which is accounted for by the poor in fiji great variability exists in the incidence of basic needs poverty among pide the lowest basic needs poverty rate was recorded in vanuatu per cent in followed by kiribati per cent in and the highest rates were in the federated states of micronesia per cent in and fiji per cent in,1
+specifically the global ocean commission goc has recently identified five interconnected drivers of ocean decline all of which are related to economic development rising demand for resources technological advances decline of fish stocks climate change biodiversity and habitat loss as well as weak high seas governance the commission and many observers agree that more innovation is needed if humankind wishes to continue to raise the productivity of the oceans while protecting its ecological integrity specifically it assesses the role of new knowledge about the oceans recent technology developments which have enabled the growth of the ocean economy emerging and potentially disruptive technologies and finally what innovation including disruptive developments might be needed to address the challenges of the future,14
+one of the areas of greatest untapped potential in the german labour force is inactive andor parttime working mothers better sharing of unpaid work at home accompanied by coherent public policies helps mothers to maintain labour market attachment and continue their careers young german women are welleducated in comparison to young german men of to yearsold women have completed tertiary education compared to of their male peers chapter,5
+however both male and female mexicans engage in formal banking at rates less than half of the oecd average both men and women face challenges to growing their business in mexico including inadequate access to credit however selfemployed men are more likely to be employers and to be formally registered in the tax and social security system selfemployed women tend to be ownaccount workers and are more likely to work informally often as domestic workers or street vendors women fill of seats in the chamber of deputies and in the senate compared to and respectively in,5
+the college seeks advice of employers for the design of its courses through internships with local employers students gain both practical experience and increased chances for employment because an industry supervisor and a faculty member mentor each student the internships also provide a means for interaction between the colleges faculty and employers on the design and relevance of curricula,4
+in principle all people and communities whose livelihood is associated with crop production should be negatively affected by these hazards however gentle and others have shown that the impacts are not uniform among people and communities while the global forest resources assessment gives detailed country data on forest employment it does not provide an estimate for the total in fact the interviews conducted by the authors of the study revealed that the number of climate hazards experienced by nepalese households was largely concentrated among the poor on average poor households experienced climate hazards over the sixyear period of the study betteroff households experienced hazards on average,13
+the corresponding indicator of changes in material deprivation is constructed the same way the absolute difference in the poverty material deprivation change between children in each of these subgroups and the rest of the child population is then calculated this helps investigate the extent to which the most economically vulnerable children may have been affected disproportionately,1
+in the period eur million has been approved in the electricity sector and eur million in the gas sector erse landscape integration eg use of traditional building materials and local vegetation underground cables and birdlife protection eg installation of anticollision and antiperching devices installation of nesting platforms for white storks compensation measures for the bonelli s eagle make up for the majority of the approved environmental costs of the electric utilities electricity suppliers in the retail market must provide in the bill andor via internet information on the fuel mix from which the electricity they provide is generated and related environmental impacts in terms of c s and nox emissions per gwh and radioactive waste,7
+in particular the poverty rate commonly used in the eu represents the share of people with an equivalised disposable income after social transfers below the poverty threshold which is set at of the national median equivalised disposable income after social transfers eurostat glossary this indicator measures low income relative to other households in a country and not poverty perse it is rather a measure of peoplechildren who are at risk of being poor atkinson et al as described in report card unicef the relative child poverty rate shows the proportion of children who are to some significant extent excluded from the advantages and opportunities which most children in that particular society would consider normal the poverty rate is therefore a relative measure relative to both place and time,1
+aid for trade programmes have a critical role to play along all of these policies however the importance of agriculture varies considerably among developing countries even within one region for example agriculture accounts for of the national gdp in liberia in guineabissau and in the democratic republic of the congo but less than in oilrich middleincome countries like gabon the republic of congo and equatorial guinea usaid a declining share for agriculture in national employment and gdp is an inevitable consequence of economic progress byerlee et al,2
+this is not surprising owing to the rising incidence of teenage fertility in the philippines amidst a general trend towards declining fertility among filipino women evidence from the young adult fertility and sexuality study suggests that the trend towards increasingly early sexual initiation of filipino youth and a low level of contraceptive practice are the likely contributors to the sharp increase in the teenage fertility rate in the past decade drdf and uppi for instance although women aged between and account for per cent of all births worldwide these women account for per cent of the overall burden of disease disabilityadjusted life years due to pregnancy and childbirth who a,5
+they may also reimburse the costs of seeing nonnhs providers about of the schemes have different coverage leading to some level of competition in the market in the aftermath of the global financial crisis some insurance schemes excluded coverage of medications that were not reimbursed by nhs but the extent of coverage for outpatient and inpatient care was generally maintained private health insurance is mainly used by a few large companies to make employment contracts more attractive almost all the privately insured are employees of these companies local governments and other public entities also offer private health insurance to their employees but the coverage of benefits typically more limited the european union for instance provided eur million for improving health system infrastructure and eur million for human resource projects over seven years up to,3
+thus after socioeconomic status is accounted for private schools do not perform better than public schools and schools that compete with other schools for students do not perform better than schools that dont compete thus the crosscountry analysis suggests that systems as a whole do not benefit from a greater prevalence of private schools or school competition principals perceptions of school competition are not necessarily the same as that of the parents of students in their schools,4
+many migrants return to their places of origin after years of residence abroad in some cases returning migrants aremotivated by a desire to live closer to family members who can care for them in old age or to seek affordable institutional care some studies suggest that migrants from some central and eastern european countries who had returned to their country of origin within years of emigrating represented between and per cent of the adult population of those countries,11
+the indicator may also be disaggregated by management category of the protected areas it shows how much of each major ecosystem is dedicated to maintaining its diversity and integrity protected areas are essential for maintaining ecosystem diversity in countries and ecological regions in conjunction with management of human impacts on the environment description management effectiveness of protected areas is an important indicator of how well protected areas are conserving biodiversity,15
+however having a baby during the teenage years increases the risk of school dropout and makes it difficult to enter the labour market and subsequently make career progression therefore the decline in teenage fertility has been accompanied by a decline in child poverty rates the relationship is likely to work both ways the decline in the adolescent birth rate reduces the risk of falling into poverty while the reduced likelihood of living in a poor family reduces the likelihood of an early birth,1
+at federal level and in some provinces a greater emphasis has been put on the expansion of childcare services since the mid s to accompany the rapid increase in mothers labour force participation as well as to enhance the development of disadvantaged children and tackle poverty lefebvre and merrigan services for children are provided through fullday ecec centres including kindergartens partday preschools homefamily childcare schoolage and family resources programs of which the mix varies across provinces and is determined at the local level based on a planning process taking into account community needs and priorities services that seamlessly provide care and learning for children are also offered across canada with parenting support resources integrated into service provision,1
+the correlation coefficient between the share of positive responses to this proposition and support for nuclear energy is even higher than in the case of energy source diversification it is of in and in most nuclear countries with the exception of estonia can be found in the upper righthand square indicating both high degree of awareness of the ghg avoidance advantage of nuclear power and high degree of support for nuclear generation importantly one half of nonnuclear countries in europe are found in the upper righthand square that can be characterised as a section of improved public acceptance with improved knowledge about the strengths of nuclear energy,7
+a quick comparison of these criteria with the present global indicators to measure progress on drinking water and sanitation one could notice that the access to improved or unimproved water and sanitation services accessibility is the only criterion currently used and the other criteria availability quality acceptability affordability wastewater treatment and wastewater reuse are not measured in comparison the mdg initiative measures in addition to jmp accessibility indicator indicators related to the availability water quality affordability wastewater treatment and wastewater reuse the mdg initiative indicators thus move in the same direction as the united nations human rights council recommendations third committee draft resolution ac l revl,6
+in all countries state militaries are predominantly male by a wide margin as are most militarystyle organisations such as paramilitaries guerrilla groups militia village guards private security companies and the like being a soldier and the use of force is often explicitly linked to manhood similarly gangs and extremist groups tend to be heavily male dominated they also often espouse attitudes ideologies and practices that draw on extreme understandings of masculinity misogyny and intolerance of those with diverse sexual orientations and gender identities sogi,5
+these are best thought of as the means to achieve the outcomes sought by the sdgs in the central dial further our focus will be on the role of governments and icts affecting these remaining thirteen sdgs over time as we shall see these form key preconditions for sustainable development and icts have a critical role to play here,9
+men are hospitalised annually for psychoses especially schizophrenia at a slightly higher rate than women in this number was approximately hospitalisations amongst men as opposed to women data from found that of hospitalised schizophrenia patients were rehospitalised within days of release oecd a,3
+this will require rollout of wireless lot platforms reliance on network virtualization and improved fibre connectivity moreover it will require the development of advanced ict skills among users network operators and users will have to adapt their business models to take advantage of the opportunities of the digital transformation policymakers and regulators are called upon to create conditions facilitating entrepreneurial experiments and innovation,9
+in either case poverty reduction was the indirect outcome of growth by the same token some increase in inequality was thought to be unavoidable in the early phase of development because the inequality would be helpful for capital accumulation since as suggested by the keynesian theory of consumption the rich have a higher marginal propensity to save than the poor this was manifested by the strength of suggested radical alternatives even though these were directed against an orthodoxy that now seems disconcertingly progressive by comparison to that of today a prominent challenge to the orthodoxy was represented by the various forms of dependency theory which promoted the view that development and underdevelopment constitute two sides of the same coin and that autonomous development was possible only under socialism see cardoso and faletto kay ch and saadfilho these outcomes were surprising given the expectations of spontaneous reduction of poverty through the trickle down process see bigsten and levin pp,1
+meanwhile there is a need for more systematic impact assessments of factors determining the rate of success of incubators technology parks and software labs android for developing a pilot project was launched in mozambique in and is expected to be replicated and further developed in other contexts the pilot project is part of the first phase of cooperation between fraunhofer portugal aicos and its african partners aimed at fostering the joint development of high technology products that can respond to local demand and thereby have a potential to become commercially viable the open source android platform was chosen as it enables powerful applications for smartphones,9
+one of the main messages of the joint report was that trade openness or trade growth alone may not be sufficient to end extreme poverty the extreme poor face specific constraints due to the fact that they tend to work in rural areas in the informal sector live in fragile states and face gender inequality that can limit their ability to benefit from wider tradeinduced economic gains it continues to focus on the linkages between trade and extreme poverty rather than the broader distributional effects of trade and the agenda of shared prosperity,1
+it can also partly be explained by the difficulty of obtaining data necessary to estimate adjustment effects and by the complexities adjustment considerations introduce into standard trade models francois et al in two recent overviews of trade adjustment in developing countries a partial list of the range of areas affected by adjustment costs included inter alia the public sector eg tax reform revenue replacement civil service retrenchmentretraining and increased expenditures industry eg reallocation of capital and investment support against profit fluctuations labour eg unemployment insurance retraining and wider social costs eg health internal migration francois et al a similarly wideranging view is taken in milner s study on epa adjustment costs for the commonwealth secretariat which considers adjustment across several sectorsactivities including fiscal reform trade facilitation labour retraining and financial sector reform this reinforces the idea of adjustment as a motivation for a given aid intervention rather than a sector or activity unto itself,10
+the second fund is from hg renewable power partners in which pggm has also invested eur million on behalf of one of its clients as of the end of of the infrastructure portfolio was invested in sustainable energy amounting to of committed capital unlike pension funds which are asset owners in addition to their own assets arising from their life insurance and annuity business insurance companies are also asset managers investing money for external clients as well as their own parent insurance company funds this makes it difficult to get a holistic view of how much in terms of green assets an insurance company is in total exposed to,7
+these are increasingly being used to recover regulatory costs from the regulated parties the classical example is water licensing fees when the fee is set to pay only for the administrative cost of issuing a license to abstract water other examples include the pollution control tax in spain to pay for enforcement by river basin agencies or the research charge in south africa they are based on the userpays and polluterpays principles,6
+with respect to the no crisis scenario this amounts to a reduction of percentage points in in in and in the total decline of the number of children in caloric poverty at the national level is in in in and in the vat food subsidy appears to be the most ineffective of these two policies visavis the goal of reducing caloric poverty the likely reasons for the inefficiency of the two policy responses on the reduction in monetary poverty as mentioned above remain valid to explain the inefficiency of these policies in reducing caloric poverty this policy is found to be ineffective at completely eliminating the increase in child caloric poverty generated by the crisis in yaounde and douala,1
+moreover the food and agricultural organization of the united nations fao warns that while land titling programmes have become popular with many international agencies and beneficiaries attempts to formalize land titling and registration can have unintended consequences forwomenincludingthe loss of secondary land rights under customary law fao for example when land registration programmes were first introduced in kenya the maledominated adjudication committees typically registered land to the male head of household but failed to record women s secondary rights to the land this had the unintended effect of extinguishing those rights altogether fao nd the kenyan constitution as amended in prohibited discrimination based on gender,5
+in view of latvia s volatile labour market it does seem appropriate to maintain an ability for quickly scaling up public works programmes should the need arise however current allocations of latvia s limited almp resources should be based on a careful review of national and international evidence regarding the merits of public works programmes relative to other forms of almps on balance the international evidence suggests that while widely used as a redistributive tool and an effective employment buffer during crisis periods public works programmes tend to have little to no positive effect on participants longerterm employment outcomes cahuc et al based on this evidence latvia probably devotes too large a share of the overall almp budget on public works programmes,8
+in the century hydroelectricity was deliberately intertwined with regional development with legislation requiring developers to site industrial plants close to a source of hydroelectric power typically in the remote mountain and fjord regions most often this was used for die metals industry looking for cheap electricity troms county was no exception and several energyintensive manufacturing companies are still located in this region,7
+according to the composition of waste in georgia table the share of recyclables is nearly per cent but achieving higher yield at the sorting plant would require the introduction of separate collection in the serviced area also the sorting plant currently operates on one shift and increasing the throughput would require additional financing for the second and third shifts which the municipal budget cannot provide now the sale of recyclables is low due to the undeveloped market and lack of incentives for recycling,12
+concentrating first on associations with changes in expenditure on social cash transfers results from table panel a suggest that ceteris paribus many social cash transfers frequently share no real clear and systematic association with changes in relative child poverty rates over time given a certain level of pretransfer child poverty produced by market earnings changes in per head spending on unemployment benefits on parental leave benefits on family allowances on social assistance and on other cash benefits share no clear and significant association with changes in the relative child poverty rates only three social expenditure programmes share an association with changes in child poverty rates table panel a,1
+the job card which may be seen as a counselling tool and the japanese dual system which in the case of commissiontype training provides one month of relevant work experience after three months in public vocational training do not represent a radical break from the past structure of public vocational training measures however these measures along with the introduction of life security benefits for participants without an el entitlement seem designed to reverse the earlier decline in training participation which is a welcome change olderworker policies are mainly focused on those aged with a policy objective of increasing actual ages of retirement to at least the minimum age for a public pension which is being progressively increased to reach age in however mhlw seems unwilling or unable to enforce further increases in the mandatory retirement age,8
+in on average of italian waterways were classified as class high or class and were in classes to about of lakes were in these three top classes figure the number of bathing sites closed ie sites where swimming was banned during the summer season increased from in to in but it fell to in closing of these sites has been linked to toxic microalgae blooming which occurs in many coastal regions,6
+as shown in the table below there are differences at several stages of the process although the overall procedure remains the same medicidndelapobrezaporingresostactualitacidn metodoiogica y resultados icfub p december food and agriculture organization of the united nationsworld health organizationunited nations university ifaoomsainui human vitamin and mineral requirements report of a joint faqwhounu expert consultation between and and again between and the poverty rate fell far enough to offset population growth which led to a reduction in the absolute number of people living in poverty in both these periods between and the rise in the poverty rate and growth in the population reinforced each other so that the absolute number of people living in poverty rose more than the poverty rate see figure ii,1
+leaving environmental use rights ie the right to emit co with members of group a will increase their relative income and their willingness to pay and hence climate change impacts must be economically valued in a rather modest manner instead giving environmental use rights ie the right to demand an end to co emissions to members of group b will increase their income and their willingness to pay and hence climate change impacts will need to be valued in a more substantive manner this is the representative value of the probability distribution,7
+recent events in these markets such as the oil price collapse and structural decline in coal markets were not caused by climate change policy but they give us some indication of the potential risks that more stringent climate policy poses to the sector importers and exporters will for different reasons need to manage carefully the implications of the eventual structural decline of these sectors for their own economies,13
+such rights signal the importance of worklife balance considerations to employers while generally granting employers the right to refuse for compelling business reasons in australia the fair work act of provided employees with a legal right to request flexible working arrangements depending on the personal and family circumstances including the responsibility to care for a child of school age or younger accordingly in almost twothirds of all australian working families with children years and under had a parent who made use of flexible working time to help care for their children,8
+it can allocate consumption values to the individual groups allowing cities including those in data scarce environments to monitor the distribution of resource flows where and who this same information can be used as a scenario building tool to simulate the potential impact a policy change can have on the resource flow distribution in addition the approach enables countries to report on a consistent set of cities for which progress can be tracked over time in a more systematic and scientific manner,11
+as with cooperative banks there is broad scope for collaboration and integration between the federal and state governments in the promotion of mgs the national government will need to set the legal framework in which the guarantee societies will operate and possibly ensure counterguarantees state government can also provide public counterguarantees in addition to encouraging the establishment of the mgs at the local level in order not to have the size of their mutual fund reduced by defaulting loans they will have an interest in providing coverage only for reliable borrowers in turn this lowers information asymmetries for the lender,8
+second they suggest that a nonnegligible share of inactive workers that is either receiving benefits that are conditional to inactivity or is too sick too addicted too uneducated to work or disconnected from the labour market or even just too poor to access available jobs will not easily join the labour force despite the tight labour market several measures of regional dispersion applied to oecd data on participation by states and counties show an increase over past three decades especially for men for instance the gap in participation between the bottom counties and the top has increased by about percentage points on average since the gap in participation between the bottom states and the top has increased by about percentage points on average and by percentage points for males,8
+on the may this year more than countries gathered in oslo to establish a global partnership on climate and forest which will improve transparency and coordination of financing in this field the partnership may also be a stepping stone to agreement on redd in the climate change negotiations the partnership established in oslo is the first of its kind and the first partnership between developed and developing countries in the battle against global warming norway has worked actively on international policy development for redd including through its secretariat role of the informal working group for interim finance for redd through the redd options assessment report and other studies,15
+in poland a number of governmentfunded programmes are focused on strengthening the capacity of businesssupport institutions to provide innovation and rdrelated services to smes these partners focus on building links between rd institutes smes and people who can be encouraged to start businesses to commercialise their knowledge and systems that connect incubators technology transfer offices and technology parks further detail on specific programme measures is provided in box at the end of this chapter financial assistance is offered to cover the costs of consultancy services to develop a development strategy for the innovation centre consultancy and promotion resulting from the centre s strategy eg databases coaching matching partners estimating costs of the implementation of a given project for production by client entrepreneurs the assessment of the market value of the rd results implementing expansion or modernisation of existing technical infrastructure and promotional activities resulting from the centre s strategy,8
+the misalignment of fund allocation with transitoriented development is evident for example in the fact that investment in road infrastructure between and for the business and commercial district of santa fe was double the cost of installing the five lines of metrobus medina as a result projects are limited by the lack of physical and operational complementarity and they cannot benefit from shared knowledge and good practices both the regulatory framework for metrobus and mexibus and the financial schemes for implementing corridors are significantly different segmented implementation limits knowledge sharing and harmonisation of quality,11
+the framework is made up of three submodels assessment forecast and management figure a shows the assessment submodel which is used to construct the ecosystem structure and to assess risks first species in an ecosystem are identified and then grouped by the selforganising mapping som analysis based on nine ecological characteristics chon et al the ecosystem structure is constructed using the ecopath model which has been widely used to describe the trophic relationships in aquatic ecosystems on quantitative bases pauly et al,14
+it is difficult to know which generation options will be most financially viable years from now ie the average lifespan of generation facilities at present many of these countries use fossilbased generation technology that operates at efficiencies below that of oecd countries this context creates significant opportunity for the private sector to support the upgrade of such technology,7
+through endtoend tracking and auditable data trails investors may transparently track their investments for successful implementation an international legal framework would need to be established which allows for simple investment transactions for the full spectrum of investors the problem is even more severe as the top recipient countries for climate finance are often also countries with high levels of corruption transparency international,9
+collective bargaining mechanisms were first piloted in the mid s and have been evolving ever since the landmark labour contract law sets out regulations governing collective contracts at the same time tripartite coordination bodies have been set up at provincial level in as well as at city and prefecture levels union membership has also expanded coinciding with an increasingly tight labour market while it remained stable at about million throughout the s union membership has more than doubled during the s to reach million over a quarter of the labour force in cai and wang a significant number of countries increased minimum wages in the years before the financial crisis of ilo while others made changes in response to the crisis,10
+this opportunity might motivate students for higher achievements than without such assessment as assessment for qualification and certification is expected to increase the overall level of achievement the proportion of students proceeding into higher education may be positively affected but findings on incentive effects are diverse in international and crossregional comparative and national studies more on this below,4
+however they are beyond the scope of this paper and as explained in box they have not been surveyed in the oecd quash this complexity makes the classification of policy programmes difficult nevertheless a classification is necessary to collect and monitor information one useful and common classification divides subsidies into supplyside and demandside supplyside subsidies are directed at producers of housing and can consist of direct government grants or subsidies as well as land and tax concessions for provision of housing or urban renewal,11
+this implies a need for a shared vision and strategy for women s empowerment and gender equality which should be supported by an effective institutional framew ork with clear roles and responsibilities and specific mechanisms to embed gender considerations in all policies programmes and budgets in a systematic and evidencebased manner most countries in the mena region have reported developing a gender equality vision and strategy yet these documents do not uniformly integrate international standards nor they are supported by effective implementation capacities,5
+however whether the latter is mainly aimed at identifying supply shortages the indicator at hand is aimed at discovering temporary oversupply whether or not this situation may occur depends on the flexibility of the power system as a whole ie flexibility on the supply side shutdown and ramping capabilities of generation units and demand side interruptible contracts variable pricing smart metering etc the flexibility of the demand side of the power system will be dealt with in more detail under demandside security of supply indices this is particularly relevant when extreme events occur occasioning sudden decreases in demand or increases in supply from other sources,7
+since rapid population growth in large and mediumsized cities has led to a shortage of affordable housing for lowincome residents incoming migrants and even middleclass households after the massive privatisation of housing in the s owneroccupancy is the dominant tenure in kazakhstan as it is in eastern european and oecd countries given the extremely limited direct public provision of housing including social housing the private sector is best equipped to accommodate the rising demand for affordable housing in large cities,11
+private but publicly funded schools receive direct payments for the salaries of teachers and other staff eg special needs assistants and grants to cover daytoday running costs eg heating cleaning maintenance schools can also undertake fundraising activities at the secondary level a small number of schools charge fees but the majority do not however about of schools are oversubscribed and can apply selection criteria,4
+infrastructure is a result of both public and private investment with private investment ranging betw een per cent to per cent of total infrastructure investment in different countries but since data on infrastructure are scant and typically do not provide a comprehensive total of private and public investments public infrastructure is used as a proxy in a large number of studies thereby potentially leading to undercounting of total infrastructure stocks of countries in existing empirical analyses this problem is exacerbated by the fact that many countries have not maintained reliable public infrastructure investment figures until recently which creates issues around comparability hence existing estimates do not capture the efficiency of infrastructure and service quality which is a very important determinant of growth,9
+in members of the african union committed to allocating ten percent of their national budgets to agriculture development in the maputo declaration malawi has successfully introduced an extensive subsidy programme for fertilizers allocating percent of its budget to it which stimulated both agricultural production and economic growth dorward and chirwa in africa overall the number of undernourished increased by percent between and while it remained constant in asia fao their rise was greeted with optimism early on with african countries ostensibly benefiting from the technology transfer higher yields and higher productivity generally associated with foreign direct investment,2
+in koulikoro are poor are deprived and of the children who are simultaneously poor and deprived are found in this region for tombouctou the deprivation rate is remarkably high at but this region has a lower poverty rate since the region has a low population density rate only of all children poor and deprived are living in tombouctou as a result of data limitations no indicators on nutrition and health are included though both are acknowledged to be important aspects of wellbeing for children regardless of their age,1
+further credit meters were generally mounted on external walls of dwellings in all residential areas and suspicion was widespread that supply was accessed by unauthorised users these meters also reduced the problem of nonpayment when selling prepaid electricity the challenge of providing a convenient payment point close to every home can easily be underestimated in most instances the change from credit meters to prepaid meters was started with a focus on the installation of meters but it was soon found that the system only started to operate smoothly once the focus included the sales channel page gg as well from an endusers perspective the real delivery process has much more to do with the logistics of moving vouchers sometimes called tokens or pins from a computer where they are generated to the users home and moving the cash from the users pockets to the utilitys bank account however in the disadvantaged communities targeted by the inep few residents have bank accounts,7
+there is a lack of legislation and control of the authorities in several environmental health domains for example safe use of chemicals waste management industrial emissions occupational health and outdoor and indoor air quality the taiex report also underlines these points the law was amended in by way of harmonization with eu rules,3
+this chapter considers the use of indicator frameworks to monitor key information on school systems the use of tools to monitor student outcomes in particular specific national assessments designed for this purpose longitudinal research and surveys as well as international assessments the use of qualitative reviews of particular aspects of the education system including ad hoc reviews as well as evaluative information generated via external education system reviews and the evaluation of specific programmes and policies the overarching policy objective is to ensure that education system evaluation contributes to the improvement of student outcomes through improved education policies there is a complex range of features associated with education system evaluation,4
+in the sample used for econometric analysis storage patents represent on average only of total patents nevertheless in order to avoid any concern over possible endogeneity regressions are estimated on the difference between the patent total and the dependent variable renewable electricity in the grid earthscan london renewable electricity in the grid earthscan london,7
+discussions aimed to answer how refugee teachers could best be managed so that their rights were protected their impact on the destination country was beneficial and they were enabled to improve educational quality and access participants explored systemic and structural issues as well as good practice and identified future research directions ongoing quantitative and qualitative research was presented by fieldbased practitioners as well as educational managers and academics,4
+the un secretary generals climate change summit in september will provide an indication of whether the facilitative dialogue has provided countries with inputs to raise the ambition of their climate actions the world is not on track to meeting the paris agreements temperature goal of c and even less so for the c goal unep a ipcc as for meeting the aspirational goal of keeping temperature rise below c as smallisland states have pushed for this would require transformation of energy transport and food sectors on an unprecedented scale,13
+other priorities for denmark include ensuring that teachers and principals have quality support feedback and professional development opportunities and that principals take a more active pedagogical role completing a framework for evaluation and assessment and using the results in schools are also considered priorities building the capacity of municipalities and schools to implement national strategies at the local level and optimising resources in a decentralised context are key issues,4
+each region participating in the oecd local indicators project ranks the variables within the framework according to the relevance of an individual indicator to their region each variable is rated low medium or high in terms of its ability to contribute to the green growth assessment at the local level the effectiveness of policy responses in encouraging these green economy opportunities and ensuring that the net economic benefit is captured for schonefelder kreuz is also seen as an important measurement variable,9
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law building on good practices and evidence of what works the oecd recommendation on gender equality in public life hereinafter the gepl recommendation confirms that a wholeofgovemment approach to gender equality is the most effective strategy for achieving gender equal societies for inclusive growth it sets forth important benchmark policy recommendations necessary to set in motion wellfunctioning gender machineries see box in chapter as such these institutions facilitate a consistent wholeofgovemment response to gender equality provide advice and guidance to centre of government and line ministries monitor the status of gender equality and help formulate and implement policies throughout the government,5
+nutritionsensitive interventions ond programmes how can they help to accelerate progress in improving moternol and child nutrition the lancet household dietary diversity ond food expendilures ore closely linked in rural bonglodesh increasing ihe risk of molnulrilion due lo ihe financial crisis association of household rice expenditure with child nutritional status indicates o role for macroeconomic food policy in comboling malnutrition the journal of nutrition higher household expenditure on onimalscurce ond nongroin foods lowers ihe risk of stunting omong children months old in indonesio implications of rising food prices,2
+personality characteristics are linked to the course of mental disorders and to work functioning this is of importance because such personality traits cannot be directly changed this holds also true for personality disorders which can be influenced by psychological interventions coaching or training eg training of social skills or work skills but cannot be directly treated or even cured in clinical practice the significance of enduring personality characteristics be it accentuated personality traits which are quite common or real personality disorders shows that there is a group of people in need of longterm supports in order to achieve vocationally they found that the association between mental disorder and subsequent work impairment weakens or even disappears once personality characteristics were taken into account,3
+the purpose of this guide is to provide corporations with a better understanding of the barriers and challenges preventing womenowned businesses from accessing and fully participating in the corporate supply chain it also provides tools and techniques for overcoming these barriers and leveraging the vast untapped economic potential represented by womenowned businesses to put this in perspective about percent of the top global economic entities are corporations and not countries based on annual revenue or gross domestic product as the case may be white each year corporations spend trillions of dollars acquiring goods and servicesyet purchases from womenowned businesses account for a merei percent of the total spend vazquez sherman p by overlooking womenowned businesses corporations are missing an opportunity to expand their markets diversify their supply chains and grow the economy while simultaneously improving the lives of women and girls around the globe,5
+at present there is both a high degree of linkage associated with the effects from rapid suburban growth that revolve around weaknesses in road and public transport investment congestion rising from the increase in commuting perceptions that suburban residents are using urban public services that they are not paying for and a shift in tax base from prague to nearby municipalities because prague is spatially bound almost any suburban development takes place outside its municipal boundary which makes the intensity of the effects high prague is striving to adopt a green growth urban strategy that is based on a compact city and to encourage urban renewal through redevelopment of browmfield sites while this is the vision of the city of prague s government it does not appear to be the vision of the surrounding municipalities nor of the people who have relocated there,11
+a new structure of initial teacher education was elaborated under the education act of july and has been in effect since the start of the school year within graduate schools of professorship and education ecoles sup rieures du professoral et de tenseignemenl espe which are integral parts of the universities the study programmes combine academic subject studies theoretical pedagogy and practical teaching experience to ensure a progressive start to the teaching profession induction programmes still exist but they are now reduced and included in other inservice teacher training activities,4
+this situation entails a financial loss for producers and additional pressure on natural resources however of the per cent of harvested food that reaches the marketplace per cent is wasted at home by the final consumer institution of mechanical engineers insufficient purchase planning and conservative expiration dates on labelling as well as significant discounts when food is purchased in higher quantities are the main factors explaining the large degree of waste at the consumer level at the producer level premature harvesting of crops usually causes a loss in nutritional value and as a result a significant portion is wasted as it is not suitable for consumption,2
+responsibility for vocational secondary schooling is shared across two ministries there are multiple course offerings and provision is dominated by the private sector this hinders statistical generalisations and sector analysis nevertheless in line with trends worldwide access to vocational senior secondary education is affected by the demand for its programmes and the level of resourcing available vocational education is typically perceived by indonesian society as being for the academic failures and the poorer classes,4
+still the supply can be constrained locally andor seasonally and also due to poor quality in the first domain in figure the lwe resources represent a biophysical system characterised both in terms of quantity for instance surface of land energy equivalent of in situ oil volume of aquifer water and rainfall and quality for instance the fertility of land the accessibility of water supplies and the access to oil fields concern over availability of adequate volume and quality of resources emerges from their vital role as inputs for economic activities the second domain in figure,6
+women s position in the labour market is poor as indicated by the wide gender pay gaps and limited number of female managers chapters and korean policy is moving to further strengthen worklife balance policies such as parental leave and childcare support but as long as workplace culture involves long working hours socialising after work and a senioritybased pay system which punishes women for leaving their jobs to have children social policy reform will have relatively little effect however from the workingage population is projected to decline and korea s demographic dividend will start to erode the country which has traditionally experienced little immigration will need to use its human capital more effectively to face the challenge of a potentially dwindling pool of paid and unpaid workers,5
+clusters such as otigba computer village in lagos emerge and grow organically and show immense resilience but their expansion or transformation is often limited by a host of challenges beyond their collective effort they would benefit from policy support big data can inform transport planning and how investments are prioritized,11
+many african countries are classified as arid or semiarid and climate change is likely to reduce the length of the growing season in these regions projected reductions of yields could be as much as per cent by in some countries ipcc chapter the smallscale lowincome farmers will probably be the most affected this effect on agriculture would result both in lower economic growth and in lower food security,13
+moreover the government orders that accompany the release of the funds to the city corporations pourashavas need to specify that the funds are to be dedicated to public and primary health in urban areas to make the expenditure allocation and disbursement transparent and efficient computerization of the accounting system is also imperative information education and communication services should also be intensified to educate the poor about the consequences of being exposed to an unhygienic environment and eating stale food the capacity of local government institutions to deal with public health issues needs to be improved by making them truly autonomous and financially independent,3
+as much as leamingtoleam skills are important we always learn by learning something however success in education is no longer about reproducing content knowledge but about extrapolating from what we know and applying that knowledge creatively in novel situations it is also about thinking across the boundaries of disciplines everyone can search for and usually find information on the internet the rewards now accrue to those who know what to do with that knowledge,4
+to monitor the impact indicators such as the number of green jobs the contribution of green businesses to gdp ghg emission by strategic sectors and spending on green technology research and development will be used the finance ministry has identified economic instruments such as environmental tax and green budgeting while the central bank has included environmental performance in bank credit policy these are part of the government s strategy to move away from the current high rate of per capita energy consumption and reduce energy intensity by by,8
+according to public health authorities most of the cases of hiv infection were due to abuse of oxymorphone tablets which were dissolved and then injected authorities in the united states have indicated that the medical consequences of cannabis abuse continue to grow the percentage of emergency room visits and admissions to treatment reported as cannabisrelated increased from per cent in to per cent of all drugrelated admissions in at the same time surveys conducted in the north american region indicate that among young people there is a low perception of risk associated with regular cannabis use in the united states the monitoring the future survey showed that per cent of twelfth grade students aged years do not consider regular cannabis use to be harmful,3
+labelling students according to their assessment outcomes and particularly making students repeat a grade stigmatises them and it has been shown how students selfperceptions and their ideas about others perceptions can negatively affect their motivation and learning hoff pandey schunk at the same time schools and teachers need to acknowledge that examination success continues to be important for students life outcomes and take on joint responsibility for their students learning for instance by offering more support to struggling students,4
+the demand elasticity of electricity declines in this scenario from in to in this significantly affects demand in both projections are however still considerably higher than those from the iea a fivefold increase in electricity demand from twh in to twh in is projected in the baseline scenario total electricity demand is reduced in blue map to the level of twh figure shows electricity demand projections for india from the two different sources,7
+death rates from ischaemic heart disease in malta remain above the eu average but have shown a relatively consistent downward trend more than a quarter of all deaths from ischaemic heart disease were premature occurring in people aged under these are potentially preventable through appropriate action within the health care system and wider policies affecting population health see section further remarkable improvements in survival have been demonstrated for malignant melanoma testicular thyroid and prostate cancers however outcomes have remained unchanged for some cancers such as those of the pancreas stomach and brain and specific types of acute leukaemias in adults deaths from lung cancer have also remained fairly stable and are among the lowest in the eu,3
+for different conceptions of citizenship these attributes will be correspondingly different the knowledge element is the bedrock of traditional schooling but can also be acquired through independent learning with books the internet and other sources of information skills are distinct in that they require actual practice of the activity rather than solely abstract understanding and therefore some of these can be developed in a classroom context eg analysis of texts oral communication and others such as campaign organisation cannot values are the most complex of the three since it is hard to determine the extent to which these can actually be learnt particularly after early childhood and the means by which this might happen,4
+at the school level the analyses consider the relationship between the average socioeconomic status of yearold students in the school and the scores of the yearolds attending that school at the country level the socioeconomic status of students both on average and its distribution within the country can be related to average performance at the schoolsystem level these associations partly reflect the advantages in resources that relatively high socioeconomic status confers,4
+there is considerable diversity in strategies for primary carebased treatment of mildtomoderate disorders between oecd countries and strategic approaches differ based on the organisation of the mental health system and primary care provision as well as in many instances following the idiosyncrasies of individual primary care practices glied et al treating mildtomoderate mental disorders in primary care is less costly for health systems than treatment by specialists or by most specialist services who and wonca with sufficient increase in coverage depression treatments in primary care were found to be an effective use of health resources even in resourcepoor settings chisholm et al as well as bringing economic benefits through helping return to work and improved productivity oecd more effective treatment of mental disorders in primary care can contribute to fewer inappropriate referrals to more expensive specialist care services nice,3
+the redistribution of tasks to nurses or the broader clinical team could be exploited notably in emergency facilities that face increasing pressures from the demand side a more coordinated and faster response from emergency department is furthermore urgently needed there are innovative examples that can be found in japan or in other oecd countries,3
+hence improving food security and even economic growth will critically depend on removing the barriers faced by small farm holders and expanding their productive capacity while paying particular attention to the needs of female farmers this would entail both the establishment of a comprehensive national framework for sustainable use of resources and a harnessing of the technology and innovation needed to increase the productivity profitability stability resilience and climate change mitigation potential of rural production systems and forests water conservation soil protection and biodiversity enhancement need to form part of an integrated approach of sustainable land and forest management which must also integrate biophysical with sociocultural institutional and behavioural variables while recognizing the multifunctional nature of agriculture in view of their competitive land uses many solutions involving difficult choices will be reached through open and inclusive discussion and negotiation,2
+in addition a large number of other sectoral laws and institutions still impact the sector of land use and management it also means likely delays for project development including of urban infrastructure importantly given the pressing needs for development under urbanisation the complexity and opaqueness of the system also open the door to corruption an immediate policy action should be to review existing legislation and regulations in order to streamline the regulatory framework and reduce the administrative burden that hampers developments and land regularisation,11
+it would also be helpful to have some degree of international convergence on the approach to be used for calculating national bau baselines parties could agree the time frame and gwps or other ghgequivalence metric to be used for commitments it is possible that bounded flexibility could also be negotiated for other dimensions of mitigation commitments depending on the varying national circumstances of countries,13
+only almaty city has a metro line with plans to build a tramline many cities depend on taxis most of them informal but cheaper private cars operating as taxis which increases traffic in some cities low fuel prices and parking space for cars provide further incentives for private vehicle use and limit cities income for public transport improvements,11
+as such countries are especially interested in learning more about their own teaching workforce and making comparisons with other countries in order to develop more effective policies to improve teaching and learning the first section focuses on teacher characteristics and provides a profile of lower secondary teachers with selected information provided for primary and upper secondary teachers analyses in this section focus on demographic characteristics such as the age and gender of teachers their employment status their formal education and their previous work experience this chapter also looks at these characteristics in relation to how teachers are distributed across a system in rural or urban areas or in schools deemed to be in more or less challenging environments,4
+the use of lng as ship fuel has now started with ships on regular trades an increasing number of ships on tramp trades ie when the ship does not have a fixed schedule or published port of call are using lng as fuel in northern europe where access to lng can be provided by lng bunker suppliers safe in an health safety and environment hse sense reliable from the ship owners perspective as the owner depends on fuel supply in the quantity and quality as needed at a location where needed and at a time when needed,7
+even the most consolidated providers continue changing their services in order to reach broader audiences and ensure longterm financial sustainability udacity the first moocs provider was also the first to shift from a student to a corporate oriented model whereas edx has kept its focus on their original mission of expanding access to knowledge to better understand how they can address education and labour market challenges it may be useful to classify moocs according to the main market they serve table,4
+mobilebroadband services are offered in only per cent of the ldcs however in those countries where the service is offered handsetbased prices more than halved in ppp terms between and and currently account for per cent of gni per capita still mobilebroadband cannot always replace fixedbroadband internet access especially in the business sector and a growing number of applications require higher speeds and better connection quality figures on mobile internet traffic show that the amount of data consumed by each subscription is increasing in most countries for which data are available,9
+while this focus has no doubt helped to raise awareness of the infrastructure challenge it misses or worse sidelines some key questions from a developingcountry perspective beginning with how infrastructure can actually become a real force for structural transformation raising productivity across sectors and activities and creating a more virtuous development circle it draws in part on the framework provided by hirschman to make planning and programming activities more effective in the face of the uncertainties constraints and tensions inherent in the development process recognizing that development planning is a risky business hirschman stressed the importance of sequencing and experimentation to establish the right balance between what was then commonly called social overhead capital public infrastructure and directly productive activities private investment hirschman it seeks to show how public infrastructure investments can help to break the interlocking vicious circles hirschman that impede development and to help generate the kind of linkages that are key to structural transformation,9
+there is also a regulation on the red data book of turkmenistan the law defines the general functions of pas as well as the related responsibilities and jurisdictions of state institutions it states that pas can have international national or local importance and provides more detail on the status and regime of pa categories state reserve historicalmemorial park sanctuary natural monument botanicalzoological garden arboretum natural spa as well as rules and responsibilities for zoning management and monitoring,15
+during flood events the water flow through the weir is increased to lower the water level in the lake the maximum discharge set in the jointly agreed operation rules is mvs conversely the weir is more or less closed in times of drought in order to maintain the water level the overall trophic situation of the shallow lake is mcsoeutrophic lake neusiedl had a good ecological and chemical status in according to the requirements of the wfd since the s and the early s the diffuse nutrient load eg nitratenitrogen has markedly decreased,6
+there will be flexibility in the scope frequency and level of detail of reporting and the scope of review that takes into account the widely varying capacities of different parties to the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc the aim of this exercise is to facilitate a shared understanding of the transparencyrelated provisions agreed at cop and analyse the extent to which the information requested will be sufficient to meet the stated purposes of the enhanced transparency framework developed country parties shall report information on support provided and climate finance mobilised,13
+in per cent of members of parliament were female compared with per cent in in the early twentyfirst century women have held each of the country s key constitutional positions prime minister governorgeneral speaker of the house of representatives attorneygeneral and chief justice it will further examine the contribution status and role of women after a period of extensive social and political change in new zealand and how this has translated into womens voting and representation womens role in conflict and cooperation participation and protest equal access to power institutional culture and feminism,5
+an individual is considered poor if deprived of at least of these variables taking into account their relative weights the indicator portrays the incidence intensity severity and nature of deprivation this poverty rate shrank by half from in to in figure panel d mainly thanks to wider health care coverage increased school attendance among yearolds better access to early childhood services and reduced longterm unemployment the ruralurban gap is higher for the multidimensional than the income approach partly reflecting the critical lack of infrastructure in particular water provision and sewage low education achievement and the prevalence of informal employment in rural areas,1
+the convention covers both civil and political rights rights to vote to participate in public life to acquire change or retain ones nationality equality before the law and freedom of movement and economic social and cultural rights rights to education work health and financial credit the convention also pays specific attention to particular phenomena such as trafficking to certain groups of women for instance rural women and to specific matters where there are special risks to womens full enjoyment of their human rights for example marriage and the family the convention foresees that achieving equality may require positive action on the part of the state to improve the status of women,5
+this type of research has proven valuable for the uk fishing industry box this includes a project related to the removal of pinbones in cod and whitefish the development of novel bioactive seaweedbased products marketing including retail displays of fish and fish products a particularly interesting project is the establishment of a north atlantic marine cluster which seeks to strengthen relationships build arenas for communicating research findings and benchmarking in the marine sector,14
+such a forum could organise thematic events with regular information retrieval and exchange facilitated by a dedicated website as a first step universities current connections initiatives and projects involving stakeholder collaboration community development andor outreach should be mapped and published in the collaboration platform the lack of robust and comparable data constrains the visibility and impact of universities activities it also makes it difficult to measure the success or failure of programmes,4
+primeage workers also have relatively large shares of exits at high and low levels of skill while overwhelmingly moving into mediumskill occupations this section examines the development of levels of education of foreignbom workers in comparison with thaibom workers in the context of changing labour market needs in the country additionally the share of foreignbom employed with a secondary education was below the corresponding share of thaibom workers nevertheless a larger share of foreignbom workers had obtained a tertiary education versus of the thaibom employed,8
+it will apply hours per day seven days a week and will include fewer exemptions it will also require most every vehicle in london to meet emissions standards or pay a surcharge on top of the congestion charge in case of noncompliance as such the objective of the zone is not to ban carbonintensive travel entirely but to allow low levels of infrequent travel at a cost,11
+sections and discuss issues relevant to climate finance mobilised and received conclusions are highlighted in section in particular reporting this information to the unfccc is mandatory for annex ii countries this section reviews this experience in relation to climate finance and highlights implications for the transparency framework to be developed under the paris agreement,13
+targets or indicators for measurement would track the success of these programmes in improving population health and improving equity in population health closer examination and evaluation of polices targeting risk factors would be appropriate furthermore the administrative cost of implementing the tax was deemed to be unacceptably high,3
+the temperature increase on the earths surface has been c since it differs markedly between the two hemispheres being more accentuated in the north and in the higher latitudes variability among continents is also observed there has been a constant upward trend since according to nasas goddard institute for space studies giss the globally averaged combined land and ocean surface temperature data as calculated by a linear trend show a warming of c from to,13
+in smaller communes where the local government has few resources and limited capabilities the prefet can have a direct role in land use decisions because they have the resources of the national state to support their decision while local officials have limited analytical capacity in rural areas this asymmetry in capacity can lead to asymmetries in power today these decisions have been devolved to local councils at the commune level,11
+the largest categories of edible finfish imports in value terms were frozen fish fillets aud million and canned fish aud million crustacean and mollusc imports consisted mainly of prawns aud million followed by calamari squid and octopus aud million and scallops aud million nonedible fisheries products imported into australia in consisted of pearls fish meal marine fats and oils and ornamental fish,14
+this suggests that helping singleparents get better jobs andor ensuring better compensation for the cost of children for single parent households is likely to significantly reduce the poverty rate in these countries by contrast denmark and finland have higher child poverty rates when both the single parent poverty rate is the same as a single without children and when the twoparent poverty rate is the same as for childless couples while ireland and norway just have higher poverty rates in the former case and new zealand just in the latter case this suggests that these countries already effectively compensate parents for the cost of having children meaning the poverty rates of those with children were originally close to those of childless households,1
+meanwhile the focus on changes may hide important differences in the levels the highest poverty rate for children in large families was observed in bulgaria where there was virtually no change between and for any of the two subgroups data for is used for belgium and ireland break in the series for austria and the uk in migrant households are defined as those with at least one adult born outside the eu countries with insufficient case numbers of children in migrant households are excluded from the analysis in countries like iceland and greece where the overall child poverty rates increased substantially during the great recession poverty rates rose much faster for children in migrant households between and,1
+the initiative and plan provided a mandate for nordic countries to work together on both fossil fuel subsidy reform and linking up environment and climate change work within development aid programs the global subsidies initiative gsi of the international institute for sustainable development usd worked with the ncm on a number of projects for example in the gsilntegrated fiscal gsiif model was developed to evaluate the impact of fossil fuel subsidy reform on greenhouse gas emissions it was applied to countries within the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc to enable a better countrylevel understanding ofthe link between fossil fuel subsidies and climate change see figure merrill harris casier bassi merrill bassi bridle christensen the information was shared with unfccc country negotiators through policy briefs and publications and side events ultimately countries included the issue of fossil fuel subsidy or energy sector reform within their nationally determined contributions ndc terton gass merrill wagner meyer a unfccc technical experts meeting also covered the issue briefly technical papers prepared by the secretariat have also pointed to the issue,7
+volume case studies of romania and slovenia budapest international labour office in the gender dimensions of social security reform in central and eastern europe case studies of the czech republic hungary and poland e fultz m ruck and s steinhilber eds budapest international labour organization,5
+lifting more specific sector barriers to fdi is a priority for iceland electricity and fisheries mexico transport media and fixedline telecom and financial services japan and korea in the service sector and india aviation multibrand retail where targeted barriers to trade should also be removed insofar as some of the rising trend in inequality in many advanced oecd countries can be attributed to growing economic integration of emerging market economies recommendations aimed at further enhancing productivity through lower barriers to trade and fdi could in principle exacerbate wage inequality as well the rents created by agricultural support sometimes accrue to highincome farmers especially when it is granted in the form of price support energy subsidies are often motivated on equity grounds as poorer households income tends to be spent disproportionally on basic consumption goods such as food and energy,10
+as a first step in the ministry of environment and water prepared a framework document entitled national climate change risk and vulnerability assessment for the sectors of the bulgarian economy another important element to be integrated into a national adaptation strategy is insurance the purpose of the document is to analyze the role and importance of the insurance business for the prevention of risks that occur as a result of climate change and support the development of adaptation measures,13
+there is some variation across countries in the extent of the decline notably germany has managed to buck the relative fall in output experienced elsewhere but even there the employment share has still fallen on average across the oecd the share of workers in lowskilled and highskilled occupations rose by and percentage points respectively between and in north america the polarisation has seen highskilled jobs largely absorb the losses experienced in the middle of the distribution,8
+further disciplines could also be considered for capacityenhancing subsidies besides subsidies for iuu fishing and overfishing and overcapacity developing countries including ldcs and small vulnerable economies sves should be permitted to provide fisheries subsidies for coastal and commercial fishing activities these proposals reflect the position held by sves since the late s that disciplines should fall hardest on developed wto members with largescale distant water fishing dwf fleets allowing developing countries and ldcs the policy space to provide subsidies to support the sustainable development of their domestic fisheries the main new addition of the acp and ldc proposals was to draw attention to subsidies that support fishing in the high seas general disciplines for the elimination of subsidies contributing to iuu fishing and prohibition of certain forms of fisheries subsidies contributing to overfishing and overcapacity would enter into force no later than,14
+accurate prices can promote irrigation efficiency within agriculture and increase the likelihood of achieving economic efficiency across the sectors that compete for limited water resources in the trade setting irrigation subsidies can generate a competitive advantage for farmers in one country if farmers in another country are required to pay water charges that reflect a greater range of cost components to date there is no published evidence of such a competitive advantage but the topic arises in policy discussions,6
+this change in policy resulted in a split of responsibilities between national and regional actors which required the creation of strategic agendas seeking to facilitate the interaction between national and local plans at the national level there is the creation of a new sectoral policy the top sector policy which aims at facilitating innovation in wellestablished sectors which represent the main strengths of the dutch economy the spatial policy retains a central government element in the definition of the areas of intervention of national importance crossborder policies also have an impact on regional development,9
+in the united states eminent domain is defined as an exercise of the power of government or quasigovernment agencies such as airport authorities highway commissions community development agencies and utility companies to take private property for public use united states department of housing and uitoan development a community land trust is currently being developed in brussels belgium as well as in voi kenya other examples of stakeholder engagement in cities include the emergence of workers cooperatives for instance the cleveland evergreen cooperatives in ohio united states bring together local hospitals and universities in supporting new business creation and aims to chart the way for intracommunity development while creating a fairer workplace box,11
+the study also found that one in five children lives in extreme poverty as is the case with monetary poverty there is a pronounced difference among the countries when it comes to the failure to meet at least one extreme need with variations ranging from to see box although at first glance this might seem positive there are several elements that need to be considered,1
+given the large regional differences in india the analysis is also conducted by region and between rural and urban areas in contrast to other briics or oecd countries education and incomes are negatively correlated with female labour for participation in india apart from lack of jobs social and cultural factors keep women outside the labour force other determinants relate to infrastructure access to finance labour laws and rural employment programmes,5
+gender differences in educational attainment imply that these highly rewarded highskill workers will be predominantly female and increasingly disadvantaged lowskill workers will be predominantly male the gender gap in educational attainment can therefore have far reaching labor market implications when it comes to documenting the trends the emphasis in this article will be on crosscountry comparisons,5
+to close this gap while improving learning outcomes for both immigrant and native students it is necessary to include integration measures into school choice policies while the parliament voted down in may a proposal for the school provider or head teacher to facilitate the development of a balanced social composition policy pointers on school choice discuss what sweden could do to manage school choice and provide equal opportunities to all students however many students in the swedish system have simply accepted their locationbased school,4
+cheapening of food however requires substantial investment in agriculture the idea would then be to promote development through an industrialization process linked in a balanced fashion to the development of the rural economy and agriculture in order to match the number of persons released from agriculture and industry the number of employment opportunities in services must be sufficiently dynamic,8
+figure b gives a sense of the power of moores law in the early s one could fit only transistors into an intel chip today a single intel quad core i chip contains about a billion transistors and highend chips used in workstations or servers xeon chips can contain double that number over the period the us consumer price index cpi for personal computers fell by nearly per cent while the corresponding index for all items purchased by consumers has risen by nearly per cent,9
+in jordan of the female workforce is employed in the public sector oecd a hendy this situation mirrors similar trends in oecd countries yet despite this progress in central government representation women remain underrepresented the oecd average is see figure indeed the differences in salaries and benefits are affected both by vertical and horizontal segregation as well as the incidence of parttime employment,5
+only for those students that risk not being eligible for upper secondary school the weakest students do they find a somewhat negative correlation between a large proportion of immigrant students and grade point scores however country of origin is no longer a criteria and the focus has shifted to all children regardless of ethnic background to determine the level of grants and funding schools use a combination of socioeconomic status and parental educational attainment see also section,4
+the novelty resides in the new angle from which they are conceived they are designed to facilitate the participation in research innovation and entrepreneurial activities of those groups that currently have fewer capacities or opportunities to do so policies addressing social inclusiveness proceed either by building the innovation capabilities of disadvantaged groups or by facilitating their access to opportunities to participate in innovative activities the focus is on strengthening their innovation capacities as well as on building the adequate business environment for innovation,9
+husbands with higher bargaining power as proxied by the education gap between spouses spend less time on housework and more time on market work however the education gap does not influence womens time spent on household work while the bargaining power proxied by age gap between spouses does not affect the husbands household work time having young children increases the time spent in housework for both spouses but the wifes housework increases considerably more than her husbands minutes vs minutes,5
+to improve health outcomes health systems as well as global geopolitical socioeconomic informational technological and climatic interventions are required comprehensive coverage is sought for health promotion by including the total expenditure of joint efforts within multisectoral and multipartner services and programmes that can be of policy relevance in most cases the multisectoral approach has joint interests and expenditure that is beneficial to health care may overlap with that of other social functions,3
+under the programme nearly clunkers were taken off the roads and replaced by more fuelefficient vehicles cars purchased under the programme are on average per cent above the average fuel economy of all new cars currently available and per cent above the average fuel economy of cars that were traded in united states department of transportation the database provides a comprehensive annual update of the policymaking process in place since www,7
+it may miss those in informal employment who are usually not covered since income coverage generally includes for those in paid employment total earnings and in some cases social security contributions it would be important to obtain information on earnings components only for purposes of constructing the indicator administrative records may not be available disaggregated by key relevant variables thus preventing the calculation of the pay gap for specific subpopulation groups should hourly data on earnings not be available another variant of earnings data may be used such as monthly earnings weekly earnings etc,8
+the nhs manages data reported from providers in primary care and secondary care on activities and expenditures on its website it reports hospital data such as average length of stay alos use of hospital and observation beds and hospital admission rates the nhs also reports waiting times although this is not always considered uptodate,3
+the concept of actio popularis is recognised in the constitution and its scope has gradually enlarged a law concerning environmental ngos clearly states the conditions under which this right may be exercised for example ngos whether or not they have a direct interest may submit a complaint or accusation and initiate the legal actions necessary for the prevention correction suspension or cessation of actions and omissions by public and private entities that represent or may represent a cause of environmental degradation,6
+the aim is for more girls to fully enjoy their childhood free from the threat of early marriage and to experience healthier safer and more empowered lives making their own decisions about education sexuality relationships marriage and childbearing a fundamental human rights violation that affects all aspects of a girls life child marriage was also widely recognized as an obstacle to the achievement of nearly every millennium development goal mdg the unfpaunicefglobal programme is working to strengthen the critical institutions and systems that deliver quality services and opportunities for girls lay the foundation for attitudinal change among families and communities and support governments to deliver on the sdg target on child marriage,5
+its population continues to decline due to habitat and prey base loss poaching and retributive killing because due to declines in the density of wild ungulates snow leopards then turn to livestock according to the official statistics the snow leopard population in tajikistan in amounted to some specimens tajikistan is home to its largest population animals in but the number is reported to be decreasing mainly due to poaching and competition with livestock,15
+for certain nonbiological medical waste a temporary storage facility should be developed this would avoid dumping part of medical waste until the incinerator comes on stream and create a backup facility in case when the incinerator is not able to receive this waste due to maintenance or repair at the moment statistics for industrial waste do not include all waste and do not reflect the real situation an environmental audit of functioning enterprises as well as abandoned industrial sites is needed in order to identify all sources of industrial nonhazardous and hazardous waste,12
+thusthe cedaw committee has expressed particular concern at the notably high dropout rates of roma girls and women in some state parties here too it is not enough simply to espouse a policy of equal access a more transformative approach is needed that in the words of the cedaw committee requires states to address barriers to the education of women and girls including negative cultural attitudes and excessive domestic duties and to implement reentry policies the first relates to the extent to which women are represented in the workforce particularly in higher grades and in traditionally maledominated areas in this context the participative and redistributive dimensions operate closely together,5
+global experience has shown that consistent policy commitment at the highest levels of government is key to accelerating womens entrepreneurship development the level of policy support for women s economic activity varies across the mena region some governments have implemented national development plans or national gender strategies others have engaged in efforts to promote women entrepreneurs and showcase their accomplishments,5
+both funds follow an active management investment strategy the targeted investment amount is between uss million and seeks to realize strong riskadjusted returns particularly through investments in mature technologies the investment horizon is between and years mubadala is involved in all aspects of the clean energy value chain,7
+a reduced vat rate of applies to foodstuffs some agricultural inputs pay a reduced vat rate it is set at for plant protection and veterinary products licensed by the mofal while the water delivered for agricultural production and land improvement services performed by public and cooperative providers are free from vat deloitte irrigation covers about million hectares which represents about of total agricultural land mod direct communication and about of total freshwater withdrawals in turkey,2
+in water released from the dam caused floods that led to deaths submergence of homes and ha of damaged farmlands nigeria has proposed to build the dasin hausa dam to control floods that occur due to water released from lake lagdo since releases from the dam began in average low flows recorded are about m s an increase of over changes in the floodplain have affected floodrecession cultivation of sorghum yearly floods and clayey soils have made the land highly suitable for sorghum cultivation,6
+however both sides have a lot to gain from resolving the problems prague is unlikely to see significant urban renewal as long as greenfield development opportunities are available just outside its boundaiy however small municipalities cannot resolve growing transport problems nor provide the full set of services to their new residents without cooperation from prague this ultimately may be a more difficult task because there is a considerably smaller shared interest between the two regions than between prague and its nearby municipal neighbors,11
+information on landbased and seabased litter sources however does not give much guidance on how to plug the marine litter tap these sources have to be broken down to a more detailed level usually it is necessary to identify the different activities or sectors that generate waste and assess the risk for littering whether intentional or accidental,14
+encouraging the rapid and broadbased adoption of innovations by customers must therefore be therefore another goal of policies supporting innovation for sustainable development by the same token we will not restrict ourselves to technological innovations but also consider nontechnological innovations for instance in business models services or marketing the second section analyses challenges and opportunities for innovationled sustainable development focusing mainly on initiatives that could open up new economic opportunities with higher valueadded by greening established sectors,12
+this implies that incomebased measures need to be complemented by nonmonetary measures to present a solid empirical picture of spatial differences in poverty and deprivation nonmonetary measures are based on either the respondent s selfassessment of their owrn material conditions or on measures of ownership of consumer goods and living standards boarini and mira d ercole but could also extend to measures of other types of achievements such as their health skills and political voice this indicator is closer to an absolute measure of poverty as it is based on a set of commodities each with the same weight that are equal across all countries this indicator is also based on counting the same number of deprivations in all eu countries implying that it is based on a common euwide norm as compared to the country specific thresholds used when measuring the incomepoverty headcount as the list of deprivation items is generally countryspecific and influenced by cultural factors no measure of material deprivation is regularly compiled for oecd countries,1
+the portfolio markers are practising teachers with at least five years of experience in the same teaching area and level as the teacher being evaluated they examine the evidence provided by teachers and assign the performance ratings for the different dimensions evaluated by the portfolio portfolio markers receive proper training for their function by the docentemas team and benefit from a detailed set of assessment rubrics describing the meaning of unsatisfactory basic competent and outstanding performance across the different elements analysed by the portfolio,4
+bommelaer and devaux list such cases inherited orphan industrial pollution ruins of war sediments sludge dredging residues etc putting a price on water cannot compensate for such pollutions as this would transfer the cost of pollution to agents not responsible for the externality this first category of benefits encompasses the direct benefits received by water users such as farmers energy producers and industrial facilities as well as households,6
+forest stands are fragmented with the number of owners increasing as a result of continuous division owing to inheritance processes in fbih there have been attempts to buy forests from private owners to incorporate them into the public forest stock the management of private forests is delegated to cantons and municipalities,15
+this is an intergovernmental institution focusing on the generation and application of early warning information and supporting capacity building by rimes had grown to include member states and collaborating countries consequently countries in asia and the pacific are calling for better regional early warning systems for hazards such as transboundary riverbasin floods eg in south asia and southeast asia landslides flash floods and glacial lake outburst floods,13
+early childhood development is a driving force for sustainable development in all societies and through public investment in early care and education initiatives a good start in life can benefit not only millions of children today but also their communities and societies in the future specifically participation in such preschool programmes decreases the likelihood of low educational performance at the age of,4
+as discussed in chapter oop in peru represented of total health expenditure a figure significantly above the oecd average although similar to other lac countries but this does not mean that sis in practice can rely on resources that are consistent with the number of its affiliates or the actuarial cost of providing benefits in sis s average expenditure per affiliate was s including all regimes equivalent to usd or eur which represents a mere of the estimated cost similar gaps between the expected cost and actual allocations to sis have been identified almost since the inception of sis prieto et al,3
+too often school science is seen as the first segment of a leaky pipeline that will ultimately select those who will work as scientists and engineers not only does the pipeline metaphor discount the many pathways successful scientists have travelled to reach their career goals cannady greenwald and harris maltese melki and wiebke it also conveys a negative image of those who do not end up as scientists and engineers because knowledge and understanding of science is useful well beyond the work of scientists and is as pisa argues necessary for full participation in a world shaped by sciencebased technology school science should be promoted more positively perhaps as a springboard to new sources of interest and enjoyment archer dewitt and osborne expanding students awareness about the utility of science beyond teaching and research occupations can help build a more inclusive view of science from which fewer students feel excluded alexander johnson and kelley achieving greater equity in education is not only a social justice imperative it is also a way to use resources more effectively increase the supply of skills that fuel economic growth and promote social cohesion,4
+the empower partnership programme is structured to ensure that these conditions are met ltd launched its village empower partnership programme for araria district in the state of bihar in february these kw plants were each expected to create at least direct and indirect jobs in each village and eradicate poverty in the participating families since the launch projects have been completed and operational in three villages a governmental subsidy and the selling of c emissions savings shown as a likely source of capital for the villagers who have no capital of their own are used for leveraging capital by convincing ethical investors to provide the external equity or loan discussions with commercial and development banks indicate they would be prepared to consider per cent of the project cost as a loan if the other funds are assured,7
+the data provided and the information available in the oecd benefit and wages wwwoecdorgelssocialworkincentives show that the country provides some form of support for homeownership and rental assistance source oecd questionnaire on affordable and social housing see box for quash details and coverage due to data limitations the monetary value of support provided through rent controls and tax relief for residential housing is not quantified in oecd quash and is therefore not included in the spending figures it is important to stress that this is a first attempt at producing comparable data on the instruments and amount of support towards affordable and social housing in oecd countries in particular not all reporting countries provided information on all surveyed instruments and information on spending recipiency and eligibility is often missing as a consequence the number of reporting countries changes across policy types,11
+in northern israel however intensity of pesticide use tonneskm is more in line with the oecd average in one or more pesticides were detected at around of the water authority s monitoring sites in coastal aquifers although none had pesticide concentrations exceeding israeli drinking water standards there is some evidence that pesticide use has begun to decline in response to wider adoption of integrated pest management ipm and the need to meet the pesticide residue standards of the european union a key export market for israel s horticultural products,6
+a stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted causing brain cells to become damaged or to die it usually occurs when the heart muscle becomes too weak to work properly these substances are called plaques or atheromas it is also sometimes known as insulindependent diabetes juvenile diabetes or earlyonset diabetes,3
+furthermore gms governments have designated more areas for forest protection and conservation such as national parks wildlife sanctuaries biosphere reserves and so forth at the same time there has been an increase in awareness of the importance of maintaining the remaining natural forests and more information has become available on the protective functions of forests and the value of ecosystem services while it is difficult to obtain concrete data on financial aspects it could also be true that governments may have increased budget allocations for forest protection and conservation compared to the outlay years ago this is also intended to ensure that they can benefit from forest management eg enhanced livelihoods and income,15
+the distinction between formal and informal enterprises is meaningful for policy design because the profiles needs and growth potentials are different female owners in the informal sector of developing countries have much less education start out of necessity and often earn very little from their business programmes to ease registration can impact extensively on women given that the burden of complying with government regulations weighs more heavily on the lowscale businesses where female owners are prevalent ellis et ah the simples programme in brazil introduced simplified regulations for micro and small firms with the objective of boosting registration rates,5
+this survey also covers georgia but excludes turkmenistan to avoid the addwomenandstir approach hondagneusotelo the study is designed to consider gender not as at the category sex used in quantitative data but rather to interpret gender in the framework of social relations arising in connection with ideas of masculinity and femininity to do so both quantitative and qualitative data are used in this study,5
+this is a particular challenge in a system which relies extensively on schoolbased workshops to develop practical vocational skills current budgetary pressures are putting particular strain on spain s schoolbased model of vocational training retiring teachers are not being replaced ageing the workforce and perhaps distancing it further from industry while postponing the replacement of outofdate training equipment,4
+however at the moment there appears to be a conflict of the university s designation as an apex university and the regional engagement mission while universiti sains malaysia strives to become a globally competitive research university serving billions there is limited targeted attention to the needs of the population within its region realities of differences in socioeconomic issues facing penang and those facing the other three states include the urbanrural divide and the priority of agriculture in other three states furthermore the focus of northern corridor economic region does not encompass higher education except indirectly through other issues such as human resource development from the perspective of the ministry of human resource development not the ministry of higher education,4
+in addition short innovation cycles in the it industry add pressure on software enterprises to upgrade their capabilities in the indian software industry formal training programmes exist in all large enterprises especially those catering to the export market vijayabaskar and suresh babu such programmes typically aim at equipping new employees with programming and problemsolving skills as well as exposing them to organizational procedures and routines,9
+some such people may not even be registered corporate income tax contributed between of gdp in the philippines and of gdp in malaysia in while a declining corporate income tax rate is a worldwide trend the issue seems to be exacerbated in southeast asia with asean integration since the adoption of the asean economic community blueprint in several countries have further reduced their corporate income tax rate and expanded tax incentives and exemptions for investors see table,8
+past reports have covered a range of aspects of schooling such as the education of maori and pasifika students special education school curricula pedagogy and assessment school management and the education of diverse learners the areas investigated in the national education evaluation reports reflect the government s educational priorities as well as issues identified by those in the sector schools use the reports to review and improve their management organisation teaching and the achievement of students,4
+the first section presents a brief overview of current trends in the workfamily life related areas then the main key drivers of change over the last decade are identified and described emphasis is placed on the dramatic organisational changes that have been taking place in the workplace and on their impact on the strategies elaborated by parents to combine their job with family obligations in the last section drawing lessons from evidencebased research and the latest data presented in the previous sections we flesh out the two scenarios to developed for this purpose in the project,5
+due to the limited size of the individual herring quotas the operators proposed to introduce transferability which were approved by the icelandic authorities in through the individual and transferable quota system the icelandic authorities had found a convincing instrument to solve the distribution problems related to a limited resource and large fishing capacity the system covered cod and five other species but also included an option for operators to choose an effortbased management option days at sea initially vessels under gt were not included in the system,14
+first the consequenses of scaling up the production for the climate change mitigation chapter and then the socio economic factors are discussed chapter the section is wrapped up by a discussion on the identified challenges for the nordic including barriers and steps to take chapter forecasts on aviation growth shows that emissions will almost triple by with over gtyr in a baseline scenario icao it assesses the climate effects of this conversion,13
+in addition to its contribution to national income and employment agroprocessing has the potential to increase income and access to food for the rural poor who largely depend on agriculture for their livelihoods this is achieved through the creation of smallscale processing businesses that can be carried out at home and do not require huge investment through such a spillover mechanism agroprocessing can potentially impact household poverty in a sustainable manner,1
+developing countries are therefore required to actively participate in international standardsetting meetings for the harmonisation of standards and legal requirements as such there are important benefits from further globalisation in the fisheries sector concurrently increasing crossborder trade through the fisheries supply chain also carries risk when food and food products both fresh and frozen are moved around,14
+but equally important was the rise in nontax income in commodityexporting countries but tax reforms introducing a more progressive tax system also drove the rise in public revenues in some latin american countries for example in uruguay a new progressive labour income tax and a flat capital income tax were introduced while some indirect taxes were reduced with the objective of improving the fiscal balance income distribution and economic growth,10
+data from six african countries indicate that the average youth underemployment rate was approximately per cent in ilo a figure shows that youth unemployment is especially a concern in northern and southern africa in these subregions young people also constitute a higher proportion of the total population than in other subregions having already begun developing a significant demographic dividend for the rest of africa where youth populations and corresponding youth unemployment has yet to swell there is a need to prepare accordingly,8
+municipalities especially those with a large share of lowincome households and a high share of unemployment may not have the financial and organisational capacity to supply and maintain social housing in poland for example municipalities are responsible for the supply and maintenance of social housing but due to their scarce financial resources the supply of affordable housing has remained a major challenge especially in midsized cities oecd b this takes the form of demandside subsidies eg tax relief on paid rent for tenants or supplyside subsidies eg favourable treatment of rental income for landlords,11
+it also means less time for schooling and training political participation selfcare rest and leisure this has profound implications for gender equality and womens and girls enjoyment of their rights as well as having wider ramifications for poverty inequality and the achievement of sustainable development furthermore time and resource constraints among some groups that are both timepoor and incomepoor translate into care deficits especially for children reproducing disadvantage from one generation to the next the international human rights framework as established by treaties such as these is complemented by labour standards in particular international labour organization ilo convention no,5
+rural youth often face similar problems in addition they are put at a special disadvantage by government programmes that target only urban youth and jobs adapting schooling and skills trainings in rural areas to rural needs would be an important step in supporting rural youth today the region counts almost million people cities exceeding inhabitants and an urbanisation rate of,8
+most national curricula include subjects that specifically target students social and emotional skills such as physical and health education civic and citizenship education and moral or religious education some countries also incorporate the development of social and emotional skills in the core curriculum in addition many oecd students participate in school governance and classroom management as alternative forms of extracurricular activities these activities help students to develop the skills necessary for living in democratic societies such as negotiating teamwork and taking responsibility,4
+the most recent work performed in included a revision of the methodology used in previous years the mse simulated the impacts of different management scenarios in the future up to including the protraction of current fishing mortality f status quo fsq the harvest control rule hcr contained in recommendation gfcm a catch limit set at the catches of and other measures outlined above as well as contrast scenarios the results obtained showed that for both species maintaining the status quo would result in a high risk of spawning stock biomass ssb falling below blim in the short medium and long term example given in figure for european anchovy they also showed that a recovery of the stock could be possible under a restricted number of scenarios with a low risk of dropping below bum at least in the medium term for example an effective implementation of the hcr foreseen under recommendation gfcm would allow sardine ssb to recover with a low risk of dropping below blim in the short and medium term and percent respectively and a relatively low risk percent in the longer term figure,14
+if the primary goal of regulation is to address a spatial externality within a surface watergroundwater system such as stream depletion then targeting land retirement based on that externality ie paying a premium to purchase entitlements that have higher associated marginal externalities will be costeffective note however that if there is a strong positive correlation between the marginal benefits of groundwater use and the marginal externality of groundwater use the optimal solution may be to retire a relatively large area of less hydrologicallydamaging but lowcost land this includes voluntary programs undertaken by users to manage or reduce groundwater use or collective mechanisms induced by regulatory framework requirements it is possible for local groundwater users groups to introduce binding management policies collectively voluntarily often in conjunction with other higher level instruments or sometimes set up independently,6
+these include bioregional classification coherent systems of marine protected or managed areas ocean zoning and fisheries management environmental impact assessment and strategic environmental assessment ensure that proposed activities do not cause undue environmental degradation overall a key challenge remains integrating various management approaches undertaken by sectors into a comprehensive and cohesive plan with the ecosystem as its central framework marine spatial planning msp is one approach that can help countries undertake this task and it is gaining considerable popularity similarly to integrated coastal zone management it provides for operationalizing an ecosystem approach through a planning process involving all stakeholders,14
+landuse policy must be applied across the entire bma as risks are also incurred by a lack of intergovernmental coordination on hazard mitigation planning although a general master plan for the bma has been prepared by the provincial government no effective landuse plan has been set up the delivery of building permits in different local government areas in north of bandung for example is at cross purposes with hazard reduction efforts at a metropolitan scale hudalah et al the bma should draw up a metropolitan spatial land use plan binding the local governments the formation of the metropolitan institution will be a good opportunity to advance this idea see chapter up to now the bma has not prepared and disclosed natural hazard maps implying that the bma is by and large underprepared,11
+european centre for disease prevention and control stockholm antimicrobial resistance surveillance in europe annual report of the european antimicrobial resistance surveillance network earsnet european centre for disease prevention and control stockholm sanatate pentru prosperitate national health strategy health for wealth ministry of health bucharest available at strategia nationala de sanatate,3
+in canada career bridge is a national internship programme run by the torontobased nonprofit career edge organization and designed to address the dilemma of getting a job for those without work experience the to month internships for skilled immigrants are paid positions that provide a crucial bridge between the international and canadian workplace in finland prevocational preparatory education for immigrants known as valma seeks to help immigrants improve language skills and other abilities that are needed for studying according to individual study plans,4
+the gap in unemployment rates between the foreignbom and the natives is wide figure foreignbom women show a particularly weak attachment to the labour market as they are more often inactive than native women the foreignbom have also lower income than the natives and thus are more exposed to poverty risk those coming from outside the european union and through the family and asylum channels who made up more than of immigrant flows between and are less educated and younger than the natives which make them more likely to suffer from labour market exclusion oecd b table,8
+dozens of similar stories were shared by other migrant women both during the focus group discussions and in the shelter cases in this way migration has helped challenge a wellentrenched customary system of discrimination that deprives women of strategic assets and access to resources moving outside the parental house without being married comes with great stigma in nepalese society the money earned abroad allows women to postpone their marriage and better negotiate their role and space in their new home,5
+inconsistent approaches to setting reference flows and managing water permits can create conflicts as can the absence of defined flow requirements for transboundary rivers there is also the potential for allocation decisions to be taken at a state or basin level and based on state or local priorities on matters of national significance and in conflict with national priorities for instance while hydropower generation is a national priority in some basins eg sao marcos irrigated agriculture may have more value in such circumstances it is difficult to balance priorities between nationwide energy needs and regional development stakeholders in the basins may fail to see the big picture and national players may fail to consider local issues there are also the benefits of a more holistic approach to basin management which is supported by retaining greater control over management decisions at a higher level,6
+indirect taxes such as valueadded or excise taxes can put a greater burden on poor women because women tend to consume goods and services that benefit families health education and nutrition barnett and grown because mens businesses were much more likely to use unpaid family labour some of the valueadded was not costed and hence not taxed women entrepreneurs were more likely to be in the trade sector where the vat rate was per cent while male entrepreneurs were in the production sector where the rate was per cent recent budget analysis shows that the ratio of tax to overall government revenue is extremely low in many developing countries compared with developed countries estimates from the early s suggest that the ratio ranges from around per cent in bangladesh and india and per cent in nigeria to about per cent in barbados and botswana compared with to per cent in australia and the united states of america and per cent in sweden barnett and grown,5
+the process of developing the index involved a panel of experts from the academic nonprofit and government sectors to identify and prioritize food security indicators the panel of experts was tasked to review the framework select and weigh the indicators and to advise on the overall construction of the index the development of the index is based on the world food summit definition of food security however it differs from the fao indicator system in that it groups the indicators according to three dimensions of affordability availability and quality,2
+this includes a plan for relocating the two refineries in baku first this decision ensures the viability of remediation action as it is not artificially limited by startend dates of project financed by foreign donors the experience gained in absheron can and should be used to improve waste management in other parts of the country although it is understood that there are limitations due to the undeveloped waste management infrastructure the state statistical committee and the ministry of ecology and natural resources could improve the quality of collected data by gathering data from disposal facilities equipped with weighbridges,12
+they do not have enough knowledge of municipal acts and rules and regulations and they lack prior experience of dealing with urban development issues they get little support from their senior male or female colleagues and municipal officials do not cooperate with them women do not have the necessary resources to contest elections and they face discrimination in partylevel decisionmaking which leaves them feeling insecure about political corruption and the use of money power moreover they lack confidence in public speaking and family responsibilities prevent them from participating effectively state of women in urban local government india,5
+this section describes the wide variety of alternatives that are applied in the countries studied in terms of the beneficiaries and benefits of unemployment insurance section b the access conditions section b the financing of the system section b and its organizational models section b this is followed by a brief discussion on unemployment assistance section b particularly as regards australia and new zealand the section concludes with some comments on the challenges facing the design of unemployment insurance section b and a brief summary section b,8
+results of the oecd programme for international student assessment pisa show that participation in ecec is strongly associated with better reading performance at age even after accounting for students socioeconomic background in on average across oecd countries of students with no preprimary education performed below the baseline proficiency level in mathematics compared to of students who had attended preprimary education for less than a year and of students who had attended preprimary education for more than a year the difference in the share of low performers between students with no preprimary education and students with more than a year of preprimary education is statistically significant in all eu countries except estonia ireland and latvia,4
+harnessing this technology to advance gender equality and womens empowerment is not only vital for women and girls but critical throughout the agenda for sustainable development the link between technology and womens rights is clearly reflected in sdg on gender equality and the empowerment of women which includes a specific target on utilizing technology and icts to realize womens and girls empowerment however realizing gender equality reaches far beyond any single individual goal,5
+the sixteenth world meteorological congress geneva mayjune approved in the form of a set of decisions and resolutions the initiation of the process to establish the global framework for example agrometeorological forecasts epidemiological predictions and early warnings for floods or droughts will come in support of adaptation measures at community level the gfcs will allow the united nations system to better help members states to fulfil their commitments regarding the millennium development goals the sustainable development goals and meet the new challenges they face each hot spot is home to large numbers of poor people whose livelihoods depend on climate sensitive sectors,13
+however since green growth policies cannot be separated from related sectoral policies coordination among relevant national ministries is critical to the successful implementation however other ministries are also responsible for monitoring air pollution based on the economic activities under their supervision for example ministry of transportation mot is responsible for monitoring emissions from cars and other transport modes this has created overlapping mandates,11
+however where changes in time are concerned developed countries are increasingly providing highskilled labour value added whilst emerging economies have seen increases in capital and lowskilled value added for example in of the value added of developed country exports came from domestically employed lowmedium skilled labour the right panel shows how foreign value added is being used according to its origin and destination so that in of the foreign value added that developed countries use to produce exports comes from highskilled workers from other developed countries,10
+the views expressed are those of the authors dimensions and indicators for three age groups and were selected as the result of a broad consultative process with key stakeholders convened by unicef armenia based on nationally representative data from the armenian integrated living conditions survey the study finds that per cent of children under are deprived in or more dimensions with a substantially higher rate in rural than in urban areas the highest rates of deprivation are in access to utilities quality housing and leisure activities more than one in four children are both multidimensionally deprived and live in consumptionpoor households while more than one in three are deprived but do not live in poor households the findings suggest that to target the most vulnerable children policies should concentrate on closing the ruralurban divide in infrastructure and on strengthening social safety nets especially in rural areas,1
+given that most hospitals are publicly owned potential exists for further centralled efforts to achieve efficiency gains in the hungarian hospital system section only a small proportion of doctors are general practitioners gps about only in the latest year available with most doctors being specialists furthermore nearly half of gps are over years old while only are younger than years a factor that is expected to further reduce access to primary care when the older generation of gps retire,3
+as a consequence european legislation such as the water framework directive promotes the concept of costrecovery ie policies to recover the full costs of water provision taking into account private costs costs endorsed by water suppliers such as abstraction storage and treatment costs as well as social costs costs endorsed by the society as a whole including environmental costs this reaction is measured by elasticities which are often quite low see box reflecting small effects of pricing this is influenced by income levels and pricing structure,6
+including socioeconomic indicators related to food security robustness and diversification of livelihoods access to quality housing water and sanitation savings school attendance for children etc for example international economists criticised evidence of the economic growth impact of south africa s system of social cash transfers at a conference organised by the government of south africa s committee of inquiry for comprehensive social security held in cape town in towards a sustainable and comprehensive social security system specifically the evidence that cash transfers had a greater impact on reducing liquidity constraints to labour market participation and strengthening risk management barriers to investment in job search contradicted the conventional wisdom that reducing the personal costs of unemployment would undermine incentives to work and create dependency,1
+private sector tenants receive support through housing allowances in all four countries albeit very little in chile but private sector tenants account for about of housing allowances recipients in the czech republic and in norway see figure no information is available for new zealand norway also provides public guarantees for private sector tenants and new zealand directs part of the reported developer subsidies to the private rental sector but data on the amount of spending relative to these policies is not available overall the spending mix in these countries is not tenure neutral,11
+among asean countries myanmar has the lowest per capita agricultural expenditure in ppp terms and the lowest share of agricultural expenditure to agricultural gdp table last year of data available is more balanced public expenditures across various public goods including rural infrastructure but also research and development and education may help enhance agricultural growth,2
+in university colleges teachers lecturers are required to enrol in a pedagogical course which lakes four years to complete postsecondary vet teachers are required to hold a higher level qualification than the level at which they are teaching ie those teaching at professional bachelor level need at least a master s degree those teaching in academy profession programmes need at least a professional bachelor in addition they are required to have relevant professional experience the minimum length of work experience is not specified by law,4
+if export taxes in a big agricultural country are raised this pushes up world prices and this is bad for small net food importing countries reductions in import duties have the same effect trade needs to be looked at as an international public good which means that cooperation and discipline are needed and requires countries to not think and act selfishly,2
+changes both in policy and markets such as the structural transformation of many countries over the last twenty years due to shifting wealth affect the income distribution through different channels the evolution of inequality within countries is the result of policy changes as well as of changes in individual and household endowments and resources returns to those resources labour market participation behaviour and demographic characteristics differences between market incomes and disposable incomes are sizable in many oecd countries which points to the important redistributive role of the state the role of taxes cash and inkind transfers is markedly less important in many developing countries,10
+graduation rates refer to the estimated percentage of an age cohort that will complete tertiary education based on current patterns of graduation the age cohorts of for tertiary typea and for tertiary typeb programmes entry rates are the estimated percentage of an age cohort that will enter tertiary education for the first time yearolds in slovenia completion rates correspond to the proportion of new entrants who graduate with at least one degree at the level entered into,4
+this currently affects between million cars being sent every year to the scrapyard in the eu the world has seen global increases in population average incomes and consumption rates urbanisation and infrastructure investment and huge growth in production activities in many countries these trends have contributed immensely to economic development creating jobs increasing the material standard of living of many people enabling investment in public infrastructure and reducing poverty levels,12
+it defines adaptation as the outcome of reduced exposure and vulnerability to climate risk and increasing resilience to the potential adverse impacts of climate extremes the objective of a monitoring and evaluation framework for adaptation is therefore to assess if countries over time are able to reduce the exposure and vulnerability of people and infrastructure to natural climate variability and anthropogenic climate change cambridge university press cambridge and new york this chapter explores the main objectives and challenges for monitoring and evaluating adaptation at the national level some of the challenges discussed equally apply to adaptation projects and programmes the chapter also briefly reviews some theoretical approaches to monitoring and evaluating adaptation and compares these with the approaches currently being designed and implemented by countries,13
+this decision was supported by years of discussion and mounting evidence and observations notably by economists that the block pricing system was not effective in reducing water use this amendment removes the extraction levies for farmers and embeds a slightly lower rate of extraction cost in the water price to be applied to all regions the amendment was meant to reduce regional inequalities it increased water prices in the north and slightly reduced them in the south this process also reallocated the collected revenue from the levy from the ministry of finance to the statesupported water company mekorot and reduced crosssubsidies by other sectors,6
+the casefatality rate for people admitted for heart attack in denmark is now among the lowest in those eu countries reporting these data figure it is also low for stroke admissions due partly to earlier diagnosis but also better treatments danish women diagnosed with breast or cervical cancers have among the highest chances of fiveyear survival in the eu oecd denmark offers as a primary screening modality the human papillomavirus test for the early identification of cervical cancer iarc denmarks overall cancer mortality rate is the fourth highest in the eu,3
+the consequences of the warming of the planet will continue to challenge the capacity of countries to prevent devastating impacts on people and ecosystems the persisting inequalities in multiple dimensions have led to recognition that climate hazards have a differential impact on people and communities it argues that in the absence of wellassessed farreaching transformative policies at the national level supported by effective global partnerships building climate resilience will remain elusive and poverty and inequalities will likely be exacerbated this would pose a fundamental challenge to the implementation of the agenda for sustainable development,13
+in practice for a relatively small country such as georgia of water pollution is likely to be caused by a few dozen of the major polluters which will facilitate checks on compliance at source though regular monitoring of water status will be needed and the current monitoring and data collection systems will need to be reinforced there is strong synergy between the two processes effective licensing requires information about all actual and potential uses of water within river basins there is also the option of earmarking some or all of the proceeds of abstraction and pollution charges to the budgets of the new river basin management councils,6
+revenues from water abstraction charges have remained stable in real terms at a level of around mxn billion per year agricultural users are exempted from water abstraction rights for water quantities within their licensed quotas and the charge rate for quantities above their licensed quota is only between and of the general charge rate depending on the availability zone in revenues from agricultural users represented mxn million or of all water abstraction revenues water utilities pay preferential rates at to of the general rate and most of the proceeds are returned to them through the prodder programme as a result industrial users represent close to of water abstraction revenues which increases to if the prodder reimbursements are considered for example water users can deduct the cost of buying and installing metering equipment from their water abstraction payments,6
+it is assumed that the costs of exhaustible energy increase linearly with the cumulative consumption whereas the costs of renewable energy increase as the annual amount of renewable energy consumed grows special attention is paid to the possible role of nuclear energy under two different co emission constraints and different nuclear cost conditions related to the available amount of plutonium and whether or not the nuclear nonproliferation treaty prevails a large set of different factors contribute to the current level of security of energy supply,7
+on the other hand inequalitypoverty elasticity may be higher or lower than zero this means that poverty changes may result both from economic growth typified by the increase of average income and from a decline in income inequality however the poverty reduction effect is much stronger when both factors combine the arithmetic average of this variable is then established and average income values thus obtained for the states in the sample,1
+for example mps increased dramatically in because domestic market prices rose and border prices fell increasing the gap between them a stronger rupiah in relation to the usd was one reason why border prices fell the most important commodity is rice figure its importance in the overall value of production means that changes in the mps for rice have a significant influence on annual changes in total mps,2
+therefore regional cooperation is critical for creating crossborder resiliency in energy infrastructure going from energy selfsufficiency to high interconnectedness table presents an example from transboundary power trade of typical integration levels by key targets for energy cooperation these common challenges present in the majority of member states include political technical regulatory and financial barriers,7
+autarky or the pursuit of pure selfsufficiency via prohibitive levels of trade protection exposes a country to the risks associated with its own food production risks which are likely to be higher than pooled risks on international markets the key manifestation of risks to availability and access is price volatility which is likely to be higher on isolated domestic markets than on domestic markets which are integrated with international markets in many countries they led to increased trade policy interventions jones and kwiecinski demeke et al,2
+this same observation has already been made in the case of social pensions and has also emerged clearly from a number of national health service systems the issue is not exclusively one of public provision of insurance but of missing insurance markets informal workers who cannot access social security systems unless they subsidise their employers by contributing as selfemployed something that very few of them do have no option but a private health insurance that rarely caters to their needs social protection systems provide the means for societies to eliminate certain forms of social exclusion and to limit downward social mobility,10
+one wrc equals gallons of water restored to rivers and streams that are certified by the national fish and wildlife foundation as being critically dewatered similar to carbon offset payments wrcs allow purchasing water and environmental benefits independent of the location socalled offsite mitigation as respective mitigation options might not be in place where the damage takes place while only of the customers decided to support the system the generated income provides almost of the deschutes river conservancy s budget for leasing water rights in particular opportunities for replication and scale up need to be assessed taking account of institutional and other requisites which drive the capacity of each tool to deliver,6
+in some developing countries subsidized energy prices reduce the incentive to introduce ee measures the large number of small and dispersed end users and inefficient small and mediumsized enterprises smes also represent a particularly difficult barrier to ee improvements in many developing countries furthermore a large number of developing countries lack an effective ee policy at the national level,7
+while the largest shares of future health expenditures will continue to go to hospitals and physicians smaller but faster rising components of health expenditure include government administration retail sales of prescription medicines investment in research and development and private health insurance all of which may double or more from amounts cmsoact the extent to which health care expenditures are financed by the state is a policy decision and some forecasting models explicitly consider scenarios related to the publicprivate cost split for example the netherlands bureau for economic policy analysis forecast public health expenditures to reach of gdp by with no policy action,3
+anglo american has become one of the steering members of the hydrogen council a global companyled initiative seeking to harness the potential application of hydrogen in the global lowcarbon energy transition including in fuel cell technologies the company s south africabased subsidiary anglo american platinum is exploring and testing applications for hydrogen and methanol fuel cell technologies in partnership with ballard power systems the department of energy and eskom anglo american platinum started in a month trial of methanol fuel cell prototype to provide electricity to households in the naledi trust community in the free state province of south africa,7
+entirely protected and sealed off means that the information is unlikely to be discovered by people that need it and therefore unlikely to be put to any good use entirely open could mean exposure to vulnerabilities and in this case infrastructure vulnerabilities which could have severe implications on national security carefully constructed information architecture with information security built in as an inherent component is essential,9
+however there are countries that have been able to reduce household poverty without significant economic growth he demonstrated that the higher the average income and the lower its concentration the higher the resulting elasticity they concluded that a higher average income resulted in a higher absolute elasticity and that higher income concentration led to lower absolute elasticity the highest incomepoverty elasticity values were found in the states of sao paulo and rio de janeiro he found that both estimations showed very similar standard variations across the different states they also tested for the existence of a nonlinear interaction effect between growth and initial inequality seeking to evaluate the hypothesis that higher inequality was associated with a lessening of the poverty reduction efficiency of growth,1
+given the ideological currents of the time that discussion was strongly shaped by an emerging development narrative focused on overcoming market failures seen as endemic in infrastructure provision and requiring government involvement through public utilities power telecommunications water etc infrastructure was again the focus of attention but from an opposing perspective in the s as talk of government failures accompanied the sharp neoliberal policy turn at that time privatization became the instrument of choice to boost efficiency along with measures to enhance private participation in infrastructure provision by making it more profitable this included in a sense coming full circle tying infrastructure to the right business environment to enable participation in global value chains the agenda has once again broadened the debate with a more ambitious infrastructure agenda answering this requires unpacking the term infrastructure to consider the requirements implications and consequences of different types of infrastructure creation,9
+they have contributed to the design of both general and sectoral plans for the advancement of women covering a range of themes from women s health and education to the linkages between gender and the environment see box below they have also assumed the important function of coordinating programmatic interventions and facilitating decisionmaking on contentious issues such as violence against women the women national committee of yemen for example gathers over specialists from various governmental and nongovemmental organisations to provide consultation and mainstream a gender perspective in various areas of policy in addition to their role as gender focal points some arab national women s machineries have spearheaded projects to establish gender sections within various ministries,5
+foreign investment and international assistance could be a potential source of greening effects both directly through transfers of more energyefficient and environmentfriendly technologies and indirectly by facilitating spillovers to domestic firms through best practices in environmentfriendly productions technologies and management section these exportoriented sectors have also attracted an important share of fdi of the fdi stock by ensuring transit of natural gas from russia to europe ukraine also plays a strategic role in international energy relations its total primary energy supply tpes is dominated by four energy resources natural gas represents followed by coal nuclear energy and oil electricity production comes mainly from nuclear power plants followed by coal power generation figure heating depends almost exclusively on gas,7
+another approach albeit more costly for public budgets would be to provide state guarantees for clean energy projects thereby making commercial banks more prone to approve loans for clean energy projects however such guarantees may be perceived as a sign that the regulatory environment is not transparent and stable enough to encourage investment in the case of a noninvestment grade country the credibility of the guarantees may be undermined by a lack of confidence in the country s ability to honour the guarantee,7
+a national fossil fuel tax has provided the main source of funding for costa rica s pes scheme sustainable consumption and production scp as well as core biodiversity budgets this target has opportunities to attract funding from businesses engagement of businesses will be important in the development of scp plans for different sectors and should provide opportunities to secure business funding for research and action planning helping businesses to develop the evidence base and identify the actions they need to take to reduce their impacts on biodiversity over time reduced loss of natural habitats wetland banking is an innovative economic instrument that has substantially increased private sector funding for wetland conservation in the us and could be applied in other countries,15
+the cost of some forms of social expenditures such as mutual gifts is conceivably proportional to standards of living as it is relevant to the extent that the social group can partake in it other expenditures may impose a lower bound on the cost of social inclusion even at very low levels of income in the proposal of this paper such a fixed part of the cost of social inclusion should be included in the absolute poverty line based on poverty line data collected by ravallion chen and sangraula the elasticity of national poverty lines with respect to mean consumer expenditure is estimated to be significantly lower than unity at about,1
+seethe unfccc website for the complete list of countries unfccc three more projects in the united states australia and china are currently in various stages of planning or construction with anticipated start of operations in or before global ccs institute a however the sleipner and snohvit projects are currently the only ones in which c is injected specifically for permanent storage all other operating projects use the c for enhanced oil recovery eor in order to recover costs,7
+it implements an extensive pest control programme to reduce bovine tb farmers and the public can obtain free data on movements in the national average yearly milk solids price for up to years from its publication new zealand dairy statistics available on its website information is also provided on how to cope with adverse conditions arising from drought and floods based on previous experience since its launch in the group has grown to be one of the worlds largest online foreign exchange companies by offering competitive exchange rates technology and service the company is structured as a farmer cooperative and is owned by about farmer suppliers,2
+the centres were set up to deliver services to business government and other stakeholders and to assist them with adopting cleaner production methods practices policies and technologies the programme aims to improve the resource productivity and environmental performance of businesses and other organizations in developing countries the centres promote and facilitate industrial energy efficiency in tandem with pollution prevention water and sowee unido d,7
+among oecd countries the large number of reforms promoted in recent years to help improve the teaching profession shows that countries are increasingly making teachers a priority oecd a the challenge shared by education systems within and beyond the oecd area is to find ways to better support teachers in a context that is continuously changing teachers have to do more than transmit educational content they have to cultivate students ability to be creative think critically solve problems and make decisions they have to help students work better together by developing their ability to communicate and collaborate they have to build students capacity to recognise and exploit the potential of new technologies and they have to nurture the character qualities that help people to live and work together,4
+quality indicators should focus on chronic conditions such as obesity diabetes and cardiovascular disease as well as mental health given costa rica s evolving health care burden validated metrics of the quality of primary care for these conditions are well established internationally such the oecd s health care quality indicators and should be adopted by costa rica costa rica should aim to submit data to the oecd s health care quality indicators project in,3
+this however may be difficult in practice experience with the performance assessment framework in mozambique discussed in box demonstrates that despite a formal agreement by the government and the supporting development agencies to use the assessment framework jointly agreed upon the coordinated approach has been challenged by the prevalence of standalone projects and programmes with the arrival of climate changerelated funding different actors have also tried to position themselves as being best placed to access the additional climate funds iied b,13
+in the c scenario the iea p estimates an average annual investment of more than trillion per year between and over and above the baseline scenario the changes will be created primarily by national regulations and initiatives aimed at reducing ghg emissions and adapting to climate change which will send the price signals to investors and producers that will drive the changes the first category involves massive increases in consumption of goods that are heavily traded globally global exports in of products under harmonized system hs code which is overwhelmingly made up of solar panels stood at billion up from billion in the second category also involves goods that can potentially be internationally traded manufacturing equipment for modules wafers transformers etc,13
+the french grid operator rte publishes on its internet site the electricity consumption data for france with a time resolution of minutes residual duration curves have been calculated for two variable generation technologies wind and solar and for a generic dispatchable technology residual load curves have been obtained with a monte carlo process taking into account the loads variability of wind and solar production,7
+in both the bpo and ds biomass plays a bigger role in district heating towards and beyond this is due to the relatively cheap domestic biomass available to meet re targets in the bpo biomass competitiveness is subject to uncertainty if global biomass demand drives up prices by heat pumps could supply up to of the annual heat consumption in the ds and bpo,7
+for some countries mainly the nordic and western european countries the situation is a reflection of a mature generous and redistributive system of pension benefits fullcareer workers are covered by eamingsrelated public pensions and supplementary pensions from mandatory occupational schemes while lowincome workers and older people are eligible for basic or minimum pensions oecd similarly france provides a rather generous targeted subject to a means test minimum income to older persons aged years or over via an oldage assistance programme the minimum vieillesse accessed in september,1
+obviously this reserve capacity adds to the upfront investment cost requiring a tradeoff between investment and distribution costs since the daily peak demand in rural indian areas typically occurs in the evening through lighting loads replacing incandescent lights by compact fluorescent lamps can help to reduce the peak load around million people in india or of the population mostly living in rural areas have no access to electricity iea c rural electrification has been an important issue of indias policies since its independence initially the focus was on electrification of irrigation pumps for agriculture especially during the time of the green revolution in the s,7
+children and parents can participate in evaluation and their views are to be given prominence additionally selfevaluation kits have been developed so that professionals can evaluate their knowledge and implementation of the curriculum framework this requires a comprehensive approach that includes specific support at schools help from social institutions to address social and behavioural aspects and the involvement of schools students and family,4
+some countries have specialised working groups or innovation networks involving industiy institutions government academia and experts in thematic areas such as skills education sectors eg manufacturing agriculture etc these groups facilitate the creation of policy roadmaps and innovation agendas which will nourish the design of strategies and policy programmes at a higher level a corollary of this increased accountability is the importance attached to policy monitoring and evaluation in good governance practices this in turn requires a sound and reliable system of sti indicators and innovation statistics,9
+the tool is intended to assist governments and decision makers in deciding on the most appropriate road safety policies and measures to achieve tangible results the model is based on historical road safety data and relations between several road safety parameters and provides information on different road safety scenarios the tools output is a spider diagram that summarizes a citys overall state of urban transport and performance against each indicator,11
+large and persistent losses of lowincome groups following recessions underline the importance of welltargeted incomesupport policies during economic slumps as well as during the recovery in restoring incomes at the bottom a key challenge for policy is to facilitate and encourage employment and earnings growth that benefits lowincome groups in particular the relative stability of higher incomes after recessions as well as their longerterm trends are important to bear in mind in policy debates that seek to define a response to growing inequalities,10
+the transition towards a green economy depends on the development of policies and marketbased instruments that support further innovation and diversification in forest products markets the eu forest strategy international trade agreements and timber regulations can have significant influence along with nonregulatory systems such as voluntary certification programmes markets for ecosystem services research findings and green building innovations available at wwwfoxbusinesscommarkets justicedepartmentnowseekingcriminalchargesagainstlumberliquidatorsover beveridge and diamond lacey act amendments impact wood products,15
+the uae s office for the coordination of foreign aid which was established in started reporting activitylevel data to the crs database in it is the first and only country outside the dac s membership to have done so tirpak et al at present only dac members countries and the eui use the climate change mitigation marker see footnote for a full list however once a country reports data al the activity level in the format required by the crs using the rio markers is a relatively straightforward next step,13
+these platforms can be different in type depending on their endcustomers inventory business model the value unit they provide and the extent of their open access however they have all grown in market reach scope and in the communities they serve moreover they have expanded from mere matchmaking to providing many more services for their customers including logistics software and even hardware sales finally with every increase in community reach more information and knowledge is generated through them increasing the value they provide for smes,9
+thus he further developed the idea put forward in his early writings with marx that the main objective of the institution of the family was to ensure the transmission of private wealth down the generations in his observation engels argued that within the context of the patriarchal family the organization of households and the care given to their members mostly by women became a private service that did not form part of social production engels even went so far as to identify the strain created in this context by the growing need of capitalism to incorporate women into the workforce indeed the view was taken that women could only free themselves from this burden and achieve equality with men once domestic and care work had become socialized,5
+shared responsibility for teaching and learning characterises education in finland parents students and teachers alike prefer an approach that allows schools to keep the focus on learning and permits more freedom in curriculum planning than the external standardised testing culture prevailing in some other nations while the national curriculum framework for basic school and similar documents for upper secondary education provide guidance to teachers curriculum planning is the responsibility of schools and municipalities local education authorities approve curricula for schools but teachers and school principals play a key role in curriculum design,4
+andriopoulou andtsakloglou used both the echp and the eusilc to analyse the effects of employment income ie changes in earnings and demographic events on adults movements in and out of poverty in all eu countries that had valid data they found that changes in labour earnings of the household head is a consistent predictor of poverty transitions in all countries but more so in the mediterranean ones employment events matter more for poverty exits than entries and demographic events are somewhat more important in scandinavian countries first it uses children rather than adults or households as units of analysis,1
+these teachers identify their development needs and seek advice and support from colleagues they have high expectations of themselves as professional learners and for the learning of their students they have the commitment enthusiasm and interpersonal skills to assume a professional role within schools and their broader communities and to contribute to the operations of a school as a whole they have met the standards for professional competence,4
+for the international movement of fish once an operator has been verified mostly by the importing nation s food safety regulators and approved to haccp standards that operator can export to the international market box illustrates how a number of important markets have implemented traceability systems in recent years to help ensure food safety what at present seems to be missing and where further work may be required is to have one integrated traceability system in place for all the various standards and requirements including sustainability verification and legality checks that would lower the costs for operators along the fisheries value chain and could contribute to the advancement of global trade,14
+efficient mechanisms will be needed to ensure that transport and development projects effectively follow the plans developed in paris only projects included in the pdu see box are subject to financing in london all development projects that do not conform with the development plan are automatically required to produce a transport assessment which is normally only required for large projects considered to have major transport implications,11
+rewards are distributed among teachers and education assistants within each rewarded school regulations specify that of the subsidy for performance of excellence is to be distributed to teachers in proportion to the number of individual contract hours the remaining resources may be distributed according to special incentives programmes designed by individual schools,4
+it should be noted that growth of tfp has been stronger in agriculture than in the economy as a whole over the last two decades for example in agricultural tfp growth was per year compared with for the whole economy fuglie and oecd a since the value of agrofood exports has been consistently more than twice the value of agrofood imports and its share in total exports increased from in to in palm oil and natural rubber alone accounted for of total agrofood exports in asian countries are the main export destinations,2
+the summit together with a peoples climate march in which the secretarygeneral participated demonstrated the power of civil society and business as catalysts for national action the close of the summit brought renewed hope not only that a universal agreement might be possible in but also that the highlevel engagement of leaders civil society and business would help galvanize it among its conclusions the ipcc again found that human influence on the climate system was clear it stated that anthropogenic ghg emissions were the highest in history and that recent climate change had widespread impacts on human and natural systems ar emphasized that climate change risk would more severely impact already vulnerable and marginalized communities limiting global warming to c would require substantial emission reductions over the next few decades and near zero emissions of c and other longlived ghgs by the end of the century in addition ar indicated that effective mitigation would require international cooperation,13
+the future transparency framework is likely to increase the overall frequency and quality of information on ghg emissions and climate support for example by increasing the frequency of reporting for some developing country parties filling information gaps in the current system reducing duplication and providing clearer guidance in areas such as accounting for ndcs relating to mitigation technical expert reviews and multilateral consideration of progress under the paris agreement may also provide improved feedback and assist parties to improve their measurement and reporting systems over time further examples of ways in which the future transparency framework is enhanced compared to the existing system are provided in section,13
+as the fosen service matured an intermediatecare facility was created where people could be admitted for a few days and cared for by community primary care doctors working closely with hospital specialists with support from the specialist hospital fosen dmc is providing a comprehensive package of care and services closer to where residents live minimising travel time promoting patientcentred care and avoiding costly admissions to the acute hospital for example when the hospital was persuaded to locale an audiologist at fosen dmc his lists were soon full patients were satisfied and patient transport costs for which the hospital had been previously liable were reduced evidence of staff satisfaction can be seen in veiy low absence rates of around,3
+this relative measure brings the important dimension of inequality into the definition thus the prime concern with the material dimensions of poverty alone has expanded to encompass a more holistic template of the components of wellbeing including various nonmaterial psychosocial and environmental dimensions deficits within the other dimensions of wellbeing exist at levels of income well above the absolute and even the relative poverty lines,1
+strategies for increasing the number of smaller housing units can include zoning accessory dwelling units which can be used to increase the supply of small units one such example is manchester s urban cohousing project which supports a residentled group for independent flats and communal spaces for older people a housing relocation system to match housing demand with household size can help satisfy the housing needs of both generations older people living in large houses earn income by renting their houses to younger families with children and moving to accommodation more suitable to later life the japan transhousing institute jti helps to connect house owners over years old with families with young children who are looking for rental accommodation japan transhousing institute,11
+a key determinant of success is that policy interventions are usually aimed to bring about lasting change by successfully addressing the causes of market failure so that the market itself can take the initiative forward and ultimately make the principles mainstream the following sections consider the emphasis needed to deliver effectiveness historically in the cases where ip and intangibles have been considered these are the larger ones in part because of their absolute levels of profit and in part because of the need to have headroom to absorb the present high transaction costs as discussed in part this is potentially at odds with efforts to encourage smes to grow because they will not be able to afford large repayments especially if the loan tenor is short,8
+a way to improve energy efficiency is to tap the huge potential for efficiency gains in the building sector which is the largest single energy consumer in europe absorbing of final energy about of buildings are energy inefficient and depending on the member state only o of the stock is renovated each year the energy efficiency target on eu level is set on fixed mtoelevel for final energy and primary energy use in and the member states have to set their targets so that this target will be reached the commission will lay down a process to ensure that the contributions add up to the unions energy efficiency target in the legislative proposal on energy union governance,7
+in preprimary education of teachers are at least yearolds on average across oecd countries the proportion is equal or exceeds in the czech republic estonia hungary the netherlands portugal and the slovak republic the bachelor degree has become the minimum qualification required to be a teacher at the preprimary level of education in of the countries,4
+migrants can place great burdens in countries where existing resources are often limited poorly managed and overexploited but unsustainable use of water and land resources will not help to meet these targets climate change is focusing minds on sustainability and the fact that the natural resources of future generations are being consumed to satisfy the economic demands of today the findings confirm that water insecurity acts as a major constraint to global economic growth,6
+it is after all mainly firms that innovate from small startups to large multiestablishment and multinational firms moreover aggregate analysis conceals their significant heterogeneity firms performance and characteristics differ across countries and within industries and they may take many paths to innovation the advantage of microlevel analysis lies in its effort to model the channels through which specific firms knowledge assets or channels of knowledge access affect their productivity,9
+they need to start learning about their human and legal rights and where they can get support and protection if needed whether through health or legal aid services peer groups school mentorship programmes or other options support to grow and develop must reach girls regardless of where they are in welloff and poor communities in urban and rural areas and at any stage of migration or displacement this offers the added benefit of spurring demographic transition and the size of any associated demographic dividend,5
+they commit themselves to increasing students school and personal success through an improvement project in turn education authorities commit themselves to providing the necessary resources the last report on retention in post primary schools shows that the average leaving certificate retention rate in deis schools increased from to for students who entered post primary level from to,4
+it is fair to say that it is a growing market in norway where different actors offer afl packages and from a research point of view not all of these packages are seen as high quality tools the policy programme could be seen as a sign of distrust of the teaching profession as well as of teacher education since it both suggested which material should be read and offered examples of how to practice afl in classrooms this according to the researchers suggested that teachers were not able to develop assessment practices for themselves and therefore needed recipes to know how to do it,4
+a good or service may be valued as a means to reach a specific humanfocused end such as good health safety satisfaction or happiness instrumental values do not exist in a world without humans as it is the human valuation that defines this value for example we assume that the conservation of historical sites wetlands andor species is motivated by the contribution this makes to individuals wellbeing the goods and services generated by an ecosystem or cultural landscape can create and contribute to peoples welfare either by being used directly or indirectly use value but can also be valued even if it is not used nonuse value,15
+of these the following countries were selected for examination angolaaustriathe bahamasbulgariachilemacedonia pakistan and togo with occasional reference to other country reports because there were no country reports from the mena region in this reporting period we have also included the report from jordan which was from an earlier reporting period february this entails a recognition of the interlocking nature of womens disadvantage how imbalances of power within the home and family radiate outwards into inequalities in the labour force and more generally in access to resources and public life it is not enough to point to the many situations in which women remain subject to formal legal disabilities it is also important for un bodies to highlight substantive disadvantage whether or not caused by legal inequalities he adds that lack of recognition of reproductive rights is also part of this cycle since women lose out on work and education by having to marry and have children early ibid,5
+women did not only learn how to use a computer but also how to maintain one and process data the association also developed a website that enabled women members to improve their marketing and sales skills the website has proved important in enabling women to reach out with their products beyond the local market,5
+while sweden offers sfi to adult migrants that have received a permission to stay there is no clear bridge between sfi and parent engagement in school and language learning of their children parents of immigrant students are often not included in learning of the host country language which can slow down the learning process of their children since newly arrived immigrants must learn swedish language training swedish for immigrants for parents with preschool and schoolaged children could benefit from being integrated in the education system of their children in the years preceding the refugee crisis the metropolitan areas had the highest number of immigrants with approximately immigrants per inhabitants in areas such as stockholm gothenburg and malmo,4
+clearly set criteria would also help to identify schools and regions that perform particularly well and that use innovative approaches to improve their performance this would allow information about good practice to be shared this approach is consistent with the broader principles of good governance in decentralised systems in other areas of public policy see for example oecd,4
+the particular risks of the agricultural sector exacerbated by a particularly riskaverse financial services sector and unpredictable government policies limit access to agricultural finance to a narrow group of large farmers and preclude smaller farmers from the possibility to finance the modernisation of their production and the expansion of their trade the study discusses actions put in place by aid for trade programmes aimed at enhancing access to agricultural credit the remainder of the section is structured as follows a description of the structure of the agricultural sector in zambia and of the specific constraints burdening the financing of agricultural production and trade and a discussion of the aidfortrade interventions meant to address those constraints agriculture occupies of the labour force and represents of the country s gdp,2
+for examplean increase in women in higher grades of an occupation might coincide with a lowering of status thus decreasing both the redistributive and recognition measures of substantive equality and possibly negating the gains in the participative dimension alternatively more women might be employed in higher grades without changing maledominated working hours so that childcare is simply delegated to other lowpaid women in this way the participative and even redistributive measures might be improved but no transformational gains will be made,5
+much attention is given to reformulating and extending the legislative and regulatory framework and the recently adopted law on drinking water was a key step in that direction although the main principles of iwrm are set out in the water code it is necessary to reorganize the water management system throughout the country by means of a national iwrm plan covering not only the country as a whole but also individual water basins separately although the government pays great attention to watersaving ideas there is still a shortage of analyses and practical guidelines on how to save water using both economic and technological means to reduce the water deficit it is possible to take measures by improving the technical state of irrigation systems and applying modem watersaving irrigation techniques and a closed system of water supply,6
+the paris agreement does not specify whether this aspect of the global stocktake will address the three components individually or collectively further the diversity of these responses means that translating different countries progress in adaptation into a single unit would be difficult indeed a review of principles for indicator development selection and use in climate change adaptation monitoring and evaluation highlighted that there are no universal metrics or indicators for adaptation climateeval,13
+if the perpetrator is a descendant or the spouse of the victim the penalty is two years in prison and a dinars fine article of the uaes penal code allows the imposition of chastisement by a husband to his wife and the chastisement of minor children so long as the assault does not exceed the limits prescribed by sharia in such cases the court may request compensation for the woman at the discretion of the judge,5
+diseases of the respiratory system were the leading cause of death in per cent but decreased to per cent in and stayed between and per cent in the period in the probability of dying between the ages of and years from the four main noncommunicable diseases ncds was per cent the leading causes of mortality in were diseases of the circulatory system per cent cancer per cent injuries poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes per cent diseases of the digestive system per cent and diseases of the respiratory system percent,3
+it was launched in february at a global meeting in kuala lumpur malaysia and initiated by the malaysian muslim feminist group sisters in islam the movement was a transnational response to the equally transnational problem of the use of islam to resist womens demands for equality musawah comprises ngos activists scholars legal practitioners and policymakers across the globe and approaches gender equality in the muslim family along three axes knowledgebuilding capacitybuilding and international advocacy musawah starts from the premise that equality is a founding principle of islam and gender equality is therefore in line with islam rather than opposed to it,5
+however norway has developed a range of other policy levers predominantly aimed at improving the quality of higher education and these may also affect the labour market relevance and outcomes of the system indirectly this approach has built high levels of trust between the government and the higher education system and could be used more effectively to build a consensus on the role of higher education in developing labour market relevant skills and helping graduates achieve good outcomes in the world of work at the highest level the prime minister and the ministry of education and research host an annual meeting with stakeholders to discuss priorities for higher education and research participants include the rectors and senior management from all higher education institutions experts on higher education and research and representatives from other ministries,4
+not only is it impossible to achieve gender equality without education but expanding education opportunities for all can help stimulate productivity and thereby also reduce the economic vulnerability of poor households this heralds what was effectively one of the strongest themes that emerged in the post education consultations ie a rightsbased approach in which rights are indivisible indeed overcoming structural barriers to accessing good quality education is vital for realizing education rights for all several inputs noted that inequality in education remains a persistent challenge,5
+one of the most serious gaps in the implementation of relevant outcomes of the major summits on sustainable development is in the area of fisheries although countries agreed in the johannesburg plan of implementation to restore global fish stocks to sustainable levels by stocks continue to be fished at increasingly unsustainable levels to address this problem states should recommit to maintaining or restoring depleted fish stocks to sustainable levels and should further commit to implementing sciencebased management plans for rebuilding stocks by including reducing or suspending fishing catch for all stocks being overfished or at risk of being overfished,14
+in turin italy when such an assessment was undertaken it came to light that one building segment multifamily highrise buildings constructed before accounted for more than of total residential floor area and about of total energy consumption for heating iea a this information allowed for better targeted energy saving measures also in paris an energy information advisor has been providing support to building pennit applicants for energy saving projects since covering issues on sustainable building renovation maine de paris,11
+the second is the relationship between inequality and sociopolitical instability the third concerns the political economy implications of high inequality finally the fourth channel through which inequality affects the pace of output growth is related to imperfect capital markets and investment in education and it is assumed that their higher savings will quasi automatically lead to greater investments as discussed in previous tdrs see in particular tdr annex to chap i and tdr chap,10
+vulnerable social groups are also affected disproportionally by pollution and are often illequipped to cope with environmental degradation within countries some regions and even neighbourhoods within cities prosper while others lag behind as highlighted in oecd work it is important to inform the policy debate about progrowth policies with a better understanding of the drivers of both monetary and nonmonetary outcomes and actions that create opportunity for all segments of the population,10
+this declining trend is observed in all oecd countries reflecting the shrinking importance of the agricultural sector in the overall economy turkey and korea stand apart with the weight of agricultural support at in more than double the oecd average despite the fact that these shares have substantially decreased since the period for tlirkey this mostly reflects the share that agriculture occupies in the overall economy which was of gdp in,2
+as norway stipulates the importance of nonformal and informal learning is recognized and aims to be achieved through organizations and services complementing the formal system awarenessraising is addressed in order to change behaviours towards sustainable development norway nir slovenia reports that nonformal and informal esd have been included in the national master plan for adult education as a priority task as one of longterm goals and on the implementation level as one of the priority content areas of programming for adults slovenia nir armenia reports that the development of the national strategy for esd and plan of activities for is in progress armenia nir,4
+a number of key policy areas should receive priority first it is important to attract highquality candidates to the profession and to ensure that the best school leaders work in the most disadvantaged schools chile needs to improve the profile of school leadership a distinct career structure with its own salary scale could ensure adequate levels of remuneration that are significantly above those of teachers and similar to other professionals in the public sector with similar levels of responsibility,4
+if this figure were to be reproduced today the compression would be even more significant in western europe with only small changes in southeastern europe and many of the ter countries as expounded in d bokemanns and h kramars study noe for the austrian federal transport infrastructure plan this boosts productivity strengthens competitiveness of local economy enhances employment and increases social welfare,9
+the concept of critical mass as applied to women s political representation and the un targets that have flowed from it have played an important role in supporting countries in the adoption of gender quotas in various spheres of the public and private sectors according to data provided by the interparliamentary union ipu the global average of women in national parliaments has nearly doubled in the past years from in to in a rise of points however recent sociopolitical studies childs and krook as well as ipu data ipu confirm that the achievement of a critical mass is no longer seen as the sole target of efforts to bring about genderequal participation in positions of leadership,5
+other definitions exist but space precludes further discussion we will discuss the composition of the tourism supply chain in more detail later this will be explored with reference to the case studies and the key questions that refer to what local supply chains exist who the main players are what level of contribution is made along the supply chain and where possible the level of local supply and procurement along the tourism value chain it examines the chain of expenditure and transactions of a commodity and identifies the agents involved as it flows from production to consumption,12
+markets are never neutral and need constant nurturing regulation and supervision by democratic states at a further remove it should be recognized that poverty is not transient in the escwa region but deeply rooted in the economic and social structure of the countries in this region the elimination of poverty requires structural social and economic reforms in order to eradicate the inequalities responsible for the reproduction of poverty amid pockets of wealth,8
+the agency also estimates that over million jobs exist in the renewable energy sector across the world according to ilo a in brazil million people were employed in sectors with low carbon emissions equivalent to of the formal job market in mexico million jobs are related directly to low emissions of the employed population in ilo,7
+in thailand a longstanding refugee population from myanmar has no entitlement to state education more generally restrictions on refugee employment reinforce poverty which in turn dampens prospects for education and difficulty obtaining refugee status leads many to go underground unesco,4
+in fact four times as many men as women died in road traffic accidents in although a series of tobacco control policies contributed to a reduction in smoking rates among adolescents and adults in latvia over the past decade the smoking rates among adults nonetheless remain higher than in most other eu countries particularly among men and people with lower levels of education spending on prevention represents only of current health spending in latvia compared to the eu average of investment in public health and prevention in latvia is also heavily reliant on funding from the eu and the international community more broadly for example thrombolysis for ischaemic stroke is excluded from the benefit package tunning against clinical evidence on international best practice,3
+its central objective is to keep the global average temperature rise well below c above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to c above preindustrial levels unfccc article a the paris agreement was concluded on overtime and signed by over countries of the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc at the st conference of parties cop the paris agreement offers a political framework for implementing the goals in the agreement through voluntary national climate plans national determined contribution ndcs submitted by the states,13
+the major share of the eez is fairly evenly distributed between noncommonwealth countries and dependent territories the ocean and coastal seas have long been integral to the pacific way of life and world view commercial fishing access fees contribute up to per cent of national revenue for some pacific island nations and tourism may be the largest contributor to formal employment bell et al this chapter sets out to briefly review the state and importance of its contributions to pacific island countries outline its governance and management arrangements and after identifying some key issues and promising responses suggest some ways forward to achieve a sustainable future,14
+returning foreignbom students are foreignbom students of one or more swedishbom parents among firstgeneration immigrant students nonnative speakers were percentage points less likely to report a sense of belonging at school compared to nativespeakers by contrast for secondgeneration immigrant students returning foreignborn students and native students of mixed heritage there is no statistically significant difference in the percentage of students reporting a sense of belonging at school,4
+bhorat and lundall set out evidence of skillbiased technological change in south africa while a variety of studies e g human sciences research council clarke etal meanwhile international tests indicate that south africa has both a low average level and very high dispersion of educational attainment oecd a oecd b moreover most students who enter the school system never make it to the matric and most of those who pass do not go on to university,8
+the new pharmaceutical price list from july see section is expected to lower both public and private costs they identify key priorities and set out implementation plans however even though recent efforts have been made to include meaningful indicators to measure progress regular monitoring and evaluation of implemented reforms is limited also few independent evaluations of health system performance have taken place life expectancy for men is more than years lower than for women the largest gender gap in the eu,3
+these steps however might be significantly different in different regions without a successful green technology transition ghg emissions may increase substantially in the next decades an obvious way to decrease the transport carbon footprint is to increase the price of energy through taxation thereby encouraging road users to adopt more energyefficient driving behaviour andor to consider other transport modes however high fuel taxation can have important implications on mobility if not complemented by measures promoting viable alternative transport options such as adequate public transport,11
+as custodian of the child and despite some rights to act as guardian over certain decisions in case of divorce the mother must keep a reasonable distance from the guardian to enable him to fulfil his duties or she may lose custody this may prevent divorced women from accepting work opportunities in another city for fear they may lose custody of their children hence insurance companies for instance systematically reimburse the father for medical expenses incurred due to a minor child s illness or accident even if the mother has paid the bills the father is also considered to be in charge of a child s bank account even if the mother opened and manages it guardianship may be awarded to the mother in cases of incapacity of the father a woman who remarries loses custody except in some exceptional circumstances in egypt and jordan in the event of divorce the father must pay alimony until the child reaches adulthood,5
+the decline in women s status made them more susceptible to physical abuse by their spouses they undermine traditional roles and relationships as both men and women are exposed to new social and cultural environments often it is the first time in their lives that these refugees have stepped outside their villages or towns,5
+the income share of the top quintile increased from in to in and it remains at this level the income share of the bottom quintile dropped from almost in to in and has been around that level ever since annex a table a the relative poverty series presented in figure is based on data from the russian longitudinal monitoring survey box and denisova notwithstanding the recent decline in poverty at the relative poverty rate in the russian federation as based on rlms data is high compared with the oecd average of in oecd a,1
+instituted in it currendy lists nearly vessels that have either violated norwegian fisheries regulations in waters under norwegian fisheries jurisdiction or are listed on the iuu lists of regional fisheries management organisations there is no provision for removing vessels from this list these lists reveal one of the difficulties for fishing inspectorates in that many of the vessels have sailed under a number of different flags and may also have changed their name several times in september members of the un food and agriculture organisation agreed a treaty that would if effectively enforced improve the effectiveness of this kind of measure by refusing port access to foreign ships that cannot justify the legitimacy of their catch and requiring ships flag countries to take action against their own vessels subject to such refusal the actual results of enforcement efforts are mixed and they are also difficult to analyse because data on overall catches are not fully reliable considering the tendency of total allowable catches to be set relatively high it should be important to ensure that they are not exceeded,14
+this is not only about creating new applications for consumers and producers and astronomical fortunes for innovative entrepreneurs and their investors but also about providing full and productive employment and decent work for all in line with the agenda this will require innovative institutions societal learning and political rethinking technological determinism and blind faith in the market are simply not sufficient political choices determine the direction and impact of these changes the transition process needs to be managed while history does not always repeat itself it can teach us that jobdestruction can be followed by jobcreation if we take the appropriate measures to adapt our institutions laws and regulations to improve the rules of the game and make them fit forthe challenges of the st century,8
+kyrgyzstan plans to build and expand its internal network of highways through the construction of an alternative northsouth highway and the reconstruction of the bishkekosh tyupkegen bishkeknaryntorugart kochkoraral and oshbatkenlsfanakhujand highways the construction of the international balykchykarakol road and the tyopkegen highway will continue the strategic goal in the railway industry is the creation of a unified railway network connecting currently detached northern and southern sections of the national railways the country has tentative plans to continue negotiations on a project to build a section of the transnational chinakyrgyzstanuzbekistan railway,9
+in the case of assessment for qualification and certification in upper secondary education certificates convey information in particular to higher education institutions and the labour market as such certification fulfils an important social function remesal the extent to which certificates and individual grades are valued by stakeholders varies and in some cases the reputation of the attended school has a significant signalling value schools may be especially concerned about their signalling ability if the national education system holds schools accountable on the basis of their students performance,4
+the same is true for farmland highyield crops on fertile arable land are taxed more than extensive meadows and pastures the tax is payable to the local authority in which the forest is located the unit tax rate per hectare is now calculated according to the average sale price of wood by forest districts for the first three quarters of the year preceding the tax year as a result the maximum forestry tax rate has increased by more than over the last decade pater,15
+the literature on standardised testing is often dominated by debates over the advantages or disadvantages of standardised tests with high stakes for students popham wang et al this paper looks at another end of the spectrum of standardised tests those in which there are nostakes attached for students the term stakes refers to judgements passed based on test results,4
+in part low coverage reflects the high incidence of informality and selfemployment while workers in informal employment cannot be affiliated to social security it is not always compulsory for the selfemployed and when it is it tends to be difficult to enforce the share of selfemployed in total employment is around in indonesia and between and in most of the other emerging economies well above the average oecd share of about see annex a in oecd b for details moreover coverage of contributory programmes is concentrated among betteroff workers,10
+children below the relative poverty line in japan latvia bulgaria denmark spain and romania are seen to be at average income levels that are below the poverty line by or more figure also throws up some surprises sweden and denmark are rightly proud of their traditionally low rates of child poverty but both find themselves in the bottom half of the league table when judged by the depth of relative poverty into which poor children are allowed to fall the relative poverty gap for children is greater in denmark than in sweden greater in sweden than in the united kingdom greater in the united kingdom than in france and greater in france than in finland,1
+in the medium term carbon pricing thus has the potential to be a transformative force in the energy markets of oecd countries with overall positive impacts on the security of energy supply the more volatile are electricity prices the higher is the penalty for lowcarbon technologies such as nuclear and renewables since the latter have overall good performance in security of supply terms electricity market liberalisation without measures to address price volatility such as longterm contracts cannot be considered ceteris paribus as contributing to improved energy market security the cost of supply interruptions may be substantial but it is not infinite so neither will be the price that countries are willing to pay for avoiding them,7
+for example on average across oecd countries of year old boys are likely to aspire a career as a scientist architect or engineer while only of girls do the same oecd similarly a career in information and communication technology ict is an aspiration for some of boys and less than of girls furthermore parents expectations on stem related careers tend also to differ significantly by gender oecd i there is some evidence that this gap have declined recently ernst young ey still overall the participation of women in stem is significantly higher than the participation in venture capital financed entrepreneurship regarding debt financing female entrepreneurs face more limited access to credit and even if they receive funding they are confronted with higher interest rates bellucci borisov and zazzaro alesina lotti and mistrulli,5
+efforts to mainstream climate change issues into development activities and vice versa are growing thus there is a growing need for climate interventions to demonstrate their impact on development and for development activities to show their impact on the climate system as financial needs for both development and climate activities currently exceed supply this further underscores the importance of managing projects for multiple objectives and demonstrating results,13
+however a significant additional barrier to the increased penetration of renewable energy arises from the intermittent nature of the electricity produced the extent to which the grid as a whole can accommodate such variations is a function of its capacity to adjust to supply and demand shocks power system flexibility and as the penetration of intermittent renewable sources increases the need for such capacity rises as well moreover since those renewables which are the most promising sources of future increases in capacity eg offshore wind tidalstream wave energy and solar photovoltaics are intermittent in nature the need to be able to adjust output levels and sources on short notice is likely to rise see infield and watson sinden,7
+cycling and pedestrian facilities are also being constructed in rural areas the project was launched in toyama city and operates on the basis of a monthly fee or ad hoc usage fee for minute blocks japan is encouraging employees of private companies to ride bicycles to work especially for short trips it has also upgraded transport nodes and public transport facilities to facilitate smooth transfer to and from bicycles,11
+unfortunately no initiative targets environmental impacts but some initiatives exist that reduce simultaneously the amounts of both total cd waste and its hazardous content the evaluation would identify the advantages which can be exploited even further opportunities for gaining more benefits out of the same initiative and drawbacks that should be avoided in this way the future implementation of similar initiatives would be equipped with a tool for a more successful application each description of the initiative is supplemented by a case study,12
+in of australian men and of australian women aged had below upper secondary education a smaller percentage than the one observed on the oecd average see figure this process may be driven by a range of different factors learning difficulties mental health issues family problems parents attitudes towards education or a more general disappointment with the school experiencewhich tend to interact and accumulate over time oecd b since reengaging dropouts with the education system is difficult identifying students atrisk from dropping out early is crucial,4
+this review recommends actions aimed at improving both instructional quality and amount we begin by focusing on instructional time and subsequently focus on opportunities for improvement in instructional quality that can be achieved through changes to the teaching workforce and use of assessments instructional time represents a major part of public spending on school education and it is a key resource that offers opportunity to learn oecd b research shows that all else being equal increasing instructional time leads to better academic performance gromada and shewbridge,4
+yu uses data from the china family panel studies cfps and finds that married womens labour market time and level of earnings are negatively associated with their time spent on housework her findings indicate a phenomenon called gender display whereby wives fail to reduce their housework time even as their relative earnings increase to the point that they earn more than their husbands time use surveys tus have been invaluable in estimating the time contributed by household members and in measuring all forms of work,5
+many of these are relevant to terrestrial and marine biodiversity see causal impacts are unit specific where can refer to locations firms households individuals species etc ferraro and hanauer this can be illustrated by a formula that the causal impact d of a programme p on an outcome for unit is the difference between the outcome with the programme in other words when p and the same outcome without the programme that is when p,15
+yet the impact on child care use is even stronger suggesting that part of the increase in subsidised child care does not directly support labour force participation in this scheme a high share of child care costs end up being publicly funded in average up to for lowincome households explaining the high budget cost of eur per fulltime job created women s labour supply increases less than above there is an income effect for higher earning women which slows their participation but high earning men s labour supply is resilient as childcare costs are in the first place less subsided for these households by about their broader recourse to additional care after this incentive is less fiscally costly moreover these families higher work hours generate higher tax revenues this second variant of childcare support is more efficient eur per fulltime job created but comes at an equity cost,5
+the pension system will be discussed in detail in the next chapter but the system is fairly comprehensive with public spending at around of gdp in it was in chapter about percentage points of gdp below the oecd average the amount spent on cash transfers to the workingage population and their children is much smaller just below of gdp public expenditure on health amounted to of gdp in oecd lb well below the oecd average of around of gdp public spending on other social services amounted to almost of gdp in of which about concerned public spending on childcare and kindergartens sinjavskaya,1
+in addition to the suboptimal location of much new housing development migration insecurity and the global crisis have also been important contributors to this high vacancy rate approximately million homes are uninhabited in mexico equivalent to oneseventh of the total housing stock three million of these are located in cities although there is considerable variation in the location of vacant housing within metropolitan areas,11
+education for all prospects and challenges of mobile schools mobile education and elearning for the nomadic pastoralists in kenya london minority rights group international available at wpcontentuploadsoldsitedownloadsdownload batwapygmiesofthegreatlakesregionpdf state of the worlds minorities events of ishbel matheson ed,4
+although in principle this can be taken by either the mother or the father in practice only of beneficiaries are male there is a very large gender employment gap among those with children aged in estonia european commission increasing the length of parental leave would therefore likely reduce labour market attachment among mothers and potentially have undesirable longer term impacts although parental leave of up to a year has been shown to increase mothers labour market attachment further extensions are likely to reduce wages among mothers in the longer term rossinslater therefore it has been decided to introduce an additional month of parental leave that will be available only to the father on a nontransferable basis more flexibility to allow parental leave to be used over a longer period has also been proposed,8
+results of the health care cost models are used to forecast future health expenditures based on the characteristics and health status of the projected future elderly population from the other two fem model components per capita expenditures are also calculated for each of these four payment categories all projected expenditures are in real terms that correspond to dollars,3
+otherwise the australian system is quite exceptional as it reimburses providers for outcomes not inputs this feature has been acknowledged in many oecd reports which however also conclude that the fee structure could be tilted towards longerterm outcomes to ensure job retention with the total potential provider fees being available after weeks of employment longerterm employment outcomes are not sufficiently rewarded in jobactive,8
+it also impacts the water sector since the topography of jamaica requires that water be pumped uphill to many communities as a result the national water commission which is the main supplier of water for domestic and commercial use is one of the largest consumers of electricity tourism is the leading foreign exchange earner and its competitiveness depends on how rapidly extensively and deeply it can green its activities,12
+gender discrimination in employment and pay should be outlawed while women have increasingly taken on paid employment outside the home their responsibility for household work has changed very little consequently women generally work much longer hours than men there is a need for much greater support for the care of children and the aged,5
+relevance of instruction clarity of instruction preparation and management style and monitoring learning were among the categories of the first factor of effective teaching based on student ratings some research shows that clarity and organisation are effective teaching behaviours in higher education not only based on student ratings but also on student achievement in exams feldman gathered data on student perceptions on characteristics of superior teachers and found that organisation and clarity are teaching behaviours that highly correlated with student achievement in common final exams,4
+pensions in particular have an impact on child wellbeing since one or more of the family members are elderly in azerbaijan per cent reported living in households where at least one member received a pension while the coverage rates of targeted social assistance basically meanstested cash transfer for poor families reached only per cent of the population world bank in georgia per cent of households receive a social pension and per cent of all children live in households with at least one pension recipient unicef georgia as a result an estimated per cent of children from households that receive pensions were lifted out of poverty,1
+these genderrelated disparities remain significant even when other differences between men and womenfounded enterprises are controlled for it shows that in the united states as across european countries gender differences in innovation outcomes tend to disappear when less capital and researchintensive forms of innovation are considered the only significant differences between men and womenfounded enterprises relate to expenditure in design software and databases sample means for enterprises where all the owners were men at the startup date men founded and where all the owners were women women founded,5
+the industry committed to voluntarily halt abstraction and to create a joint water supply and wastewater treatment company with the public bodies which would provide water from sources other than groundwater including reuse of treated effluents the sintai is managed by ispra based on information provided by the regional environmental agencies it contains a wealth of information related to surface and groundwater quality and water pollution discharges,6
+currently the students in matriculation programmes comprise about bumiputra and about nonbumiputra while the different pathways increase access they do not ensure quality at entry students in these schools may choose to prepare for qualifying examinations leading to australian uk and us universities or the international baccalaureate a small but effective segment of privatelyfinanced chinesemedium secondary schools exists,4
+environmental ministries may be interested but may be marginalized within government some analysts suggest that in such situations an important role for development agencies can be to support analytical work that links environmental issues with key national priorities such as economic growth and poverty reduction ahmed and triana and other references in slunge and cesar such studies could examine for example the cost of environmental degradation cost of climate change adaptation or the potential for local economic activity as a result of new energy supply options,7
+once again this indicates a relationship of mutual dependence the relevant information does not lie exclusively with one level of government and actors depend on each other s knowledge to disseminate information to and from relevant levels of government but the quality of hydrological data varies across states in brazil,6
+countries with comparatively high gaps may have inadequate coverage of social protection however it useful to test and discuss results based on different poverty lines to explore how the country ranking varies and if poverty levels change dramatically with small changes in the poverty line value for example a substantial increase in poverty levels due to a small increase in the value of the poverty line means that there is a quite high density of households just above the original poverty line in general however sizeable reranking is quite limited,1
+it encourages german policy makers to build on the important reforms of and to enable both fathers and mothers to combine work and family commitments and commends families to dare to share to those ends it places germany s experience in an international comparison and draws from the experience of for example france and the nordic countries which have longstanding policies to support worklife balance and strengthen gender equality the chapter begins with an explanation of why and how equal sharing pays it is good for family wellbeing child development female employment opportunities fathers working hours sections and and sustaining fertility rates section examines policies to promote partnership looking both at persistent shortcomings and progress achieved through reform since the mid s the chapter closes with a set of policy recommendations designed to enable parents to share work and family responsibilities more equally,5
+using rua as a starting point establishing a prtr in line with good international practice and with public access to the information collected should be a mediumterm priority for colombia policies and best practices of oecd countries could support these efforts oecd a b colombia could benefit from a wealth of information on country data and experiences and oecdwide agreed release estimation techniques provided by the oecd website this information could assist greatly in launching a prtr in colombia to date however it has a limited focus dealing only with chemicals covered by the stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants pops colombia should strengthen its policies concerning public availability of safety data on chemicals to this end practices followed by oecd countries and reflected in two oecd council acts oecd b c could be of benefit,12
+this could involve a system of accreditation to certify schools as capable of managing a budget for operational expenses as part of school evaluation processes by inspections see chapter the granting of autonomy should then be associated with relevant and focused monitoring especially monitoring of outcomes see also chapter they should be required to develop a school development plan which links the school s education priorities with its spending intentions in collaboration with the school community,4
+the ratio of the expected lifetimes at birth to health care spending per capita indicates that the russian federation performs poorly when compared with oecd countries figure similarly there is no strong relationship between public health spending and life expectancy at birth at the regional levels regions with high levels of health care spending do not necessarily perform better than low spending ones figure estimations based on federal treasury data and federal mhi fund data,3
+within india the industry s share of tfc will develop from in to in although industry will be the sector with the largest increase in annual consumption in emerging asia in absolute values the transport sector will have the highest growth rates in annual energy consumption as the disposable income increases for the population in emerging asia the increase in personal vehicles will contribute to more than doubling the annual energy consumption of the transportation sector from mtoe in to mtoe in while india accounts for an increasing share of tfc in emerging asia and asean s share remains relatively stable china s share decreases from in to in figure calculations are based on iea s new policy scenario,7
+for example xanthan gum from the bacterium xanthomonas campestris is widely used in foodstuffs and cosmetics it is used in large quantities during drilling for oil particularly in horizontal drilling as a mud thickening agent with excellent rheological properties marine bacteria are expected to be a valuable source of new exopolysaccharides with diverse and useful functional and structural properties marinederived silica may be used as a carrier or stabiliser of manufactured products can confer unique properties to adhesives or paints and may be used as an insulator or filler of materials,14
+the nrc report claims that the gain in student outcomes as a result of nclb is small and given the ambitious program initiated by the us government to improve significantly student outcomes by the system is set to fail testbased incentive programs as designed and implemented in the programs that have been carefully studied have not increased student achievement enough to bring the united states close to the levels of the highest achieving countries when evaluated using relevant lowstakes tests which are less likely to be inflated by the incentives themselves the overall effects on achievement tend to be small and are effectively zero for a number of programs,4
+combating domestic violence is one of the most relevant instruments to achieve the mdg approach to replicate the experience of the brazilian government with the implementation of the maria da penha law and the national plan to face violence against women that have established a new legal landmark in dealing with this matter the participants had extensive discussions on the three subthemes present situation of women in the outlying regions empowering women for economic and social development in the outlying regions and tapping the ngo resources for women s development in the outlying regions,5
+at the same time if paid leave is too long skills may deteriorate and an extended absence from paid work can make the return to work difficult using data on parental leaue reform this chapter considers the ouerall effects of years of changes in parental leave on female labour supply the chapter also looks at how policy uses parental leave arrangements to promote more gender equity in leave taking,5
+as in other countries china uses a grading system for monitoring and reporting the quality of freshwater across the country with grade i water the highest quality and grade vplus the worst water meeting at least grade ii is deemed useable for drinking and water quality grade iv or worse inappropriate for contact with human skin the situation remains especially serious for major rivers in the north of the country which pass through large cities including the huaihe and liaohe where well over half of monitored sections were deemed to be grade iv or worse table recent data confirm that other parts of the freshwater system also suffer from serious pollution with of lakes deemed to have water quality grade iv or worse and over half of all lakes and reservoirs assessed as suffering from eutrophication,6
+moreover care services that do not include quality standards for employment in this sector mostly undertaken by women in latin america consolidate the job insecurity and social vulnerability from which they suffer other examples include the regulatory instruments of the labour market which can simultaneously perform functions such as employment social protection and care policies such as those that establish a minimum wage or maximum working hours eclac b moreover the mechanisms of pension recognition for female caregivers could include the set of noncontributory social pensions that mainly benefit women in the region in other cases programmes that are on the border between employment and social protection policies could take account of the specific vulnerability faced by unpaid caregivers,5
+nonetheless the absence of multiannual budgets does not facilitate the integrated financial planning of the implementation of the reform school financing is based on objective criteria number of students being the most important one but with adjustments for other factors which affect schools perstudent costs and not the result of negotiations between the government and school providers moreover the existence of a clearly defined and objectively measured formula as the basis for allocating resources imposes a hard budget constraint to providers and creates the conditions for basic spending discipline also by using the same formuladriven grants to finance public and private schools the system facilitated the growth of a diverse network of service providers and enabled a high degree of choice among households,4
+critical aspects in terms of duration and conditions of employment reliance of the sector on foreign labour impact on local workers wages social rights and benefits portability remain largely underresearched while the south african domestic and services allied workers union sadsawu has adopted a national strategy protection remains limited in practice in a sector characterised by high levels of decent work deficits for all workers and in particular immigrant workers the remaining columns represent the differences between the nativeborn and foreignbom sectoral employment shares,8
+to date public policies related to planning and investment in different sectors urban rural and natural resource management have benefited from drr mainstreaming both issues are recognized in the resilience and disaster risk management strategic framework and investment program which will operationalize the countrys national development plan for example in indonesia the disaster management law made subnational governments at provincial district and subdistrict levels responsible for drr integration into development programmes requiring them to allocate sufficient funding to do so pilot projects on drr planning were implemented at the community level which were expected to feed into village level development plans which were to inform development planning processes at the subdistrict and district level,11
+while these policies have helped to reduce landfilling of waste and increase material recovery incentives for ecodesign can be further strengthened further efforts are also needed to ensure that epr systems operate according to good governance principles strengthening their transparency with a view to enhancing accountability improving performance assessment and identifying good practices the ambition of epr systems should be increased better internalising environmental costs broadening their scope to encompass a larger number of products where possible and strengthening their enforcement,12
+for families one minimumwage job is typically not enough to escape relative poverty at the threshold however inwork benefits andor gradual benefit phaseout rates for families with children such as in australia ireland and the uk can provide a significant income boost loneparent fulltime minimumwage workers in these countries take home net income at or above of median incomes,1
+in addition they are able to export excess energy to bc hydro in british columbia canada thereby generating a much needed financial input to the region income from stateowned transmission lines will provide the funds necessary to build the southeast intertie connecting all of the southeast s communities by thus enabling a substantial portion of the alaskan population to have access to a renewable energy supply or it is small scale diesel or gas generators just connected to a local network supplying typically a municipality a town ora village,7
+however while it was stronger than in indonesia india and the philippines and equal to that in thailand it lagged behind china and more recently also malaysia reflecting a slowdown in the s compared with the highest rates registered in the s fuglie and rada by viet nam had become the world s largest exporter of cashews and black pepper the second largest exporter of coffee and cassava the third largest exporter of rice and fisheries and the fifth largest exporter of natural rubber annual exports for these commodities were well above or very near to usd billion in the early s,2
+in hindsight this appears to have been sound policy advice since it is highly unlikely that ldcs will achieve economic and social development and halve their poverty levels in line with internationally agreed goals without a sustained period of growth in fact in recognition of this likely scenario the ipoa states united nations para as explained in chapter however it is now evident that economic growth although necessary by itself neither guarantees job creation nor automatically results in inclusive development,8
+furthermore making the teaching profession more attractive and more competitive would improve quality inequalities stem first and foremost from the urbanrural divide and secondly from social stratification while age gender and regional differences contribute to a lesser extent more central funding at the compulsory level would ensure minimum quality migrant children should be provided access to public schools or given vouchers to private schools,4
+the committees assignment was to establish the scientific basis for formulating a national action program for biological diversity and nature conservation in denmark the focus of this value transfer guide is the stated preference methods cv and ce and the revealed preference methods tc and hp the study comprises valuation of the effects on both drinking water quality and the quality of surface water recipients expressed by the quality of the living conditions for wild animals fish and plants in lakes and waterways,6
+this may be reflecting a lower rate of successful entry into the labour market for younger generations our understanding of this aspect of the situation may benefit from further research in the future on the other hand the analysis of deprivation as measured by at least two indicators demonstrates that the values are higher for older cohorts suggesting that multidimensional deprivation is more prevalent among older adults,1
+despite this growing knowledge information on the links between migration and discriminatory social institutions has been neglected in the economic literature the causes processes and impacts of migration on women and men are expected to be different by defining which decisions and behaviours are acceptable for each gender as well as restricting womens access to power and resources,5
+in schools that demonstrated highly deteriorating infrastructure were supported through an investment of million pesos mex this investment allowed for the construction of new classrooms and the renovation of others as well as the improvement of schools basic sanitary services gobiemo de morelos a while the programme of excellence to combat lagging in education came to an end in it has been replaced by the education reform programme programa de la reforma educativa,4
+the content of nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus and pesticides in collectordrainage water is significantly higher than in surface water to prevent pollution in the amu darya river a package of measures on drainage flow management along the right bank of the river has been developed under the drainage irrigation and wetlands improvement project financed by the world bank these measures could make a considerable contribution to saving water in uzbekistan and in the whole region,6
+the sheer size of the poverty problem in these countries and the dense income distribution at the lower end make it difficult to distinguish the poorest from the poor potential beneficiaries have to submit various documents with their application including birth certificates passports residence permits propiska s employment certificates unemployment registration cards and more obtaining these documents in the first place can be too high a cost for very poor households,1
+eight lane city road two lane city planning road four lane city planning road six lane city planning road eight lane city planning road it sets targets and areas for interaction the core responsibilities of the dgt are at national level on all interurban roads except for the basque countiy catalonia and navarre,11
+regional wellbeing indictors auvergne june since the s population growth in the puydedome departement has been concentrated in the northsouth corridor of the territory surrounding clermontferrand following the major road the periurban areas around clermontferrand have seen particularly strong growth this land is seeing an increase in both the elderly population and that of children periurban spaces are an attractive place for both those retiring and those who are raising young families,11
+replacing a traditional property tax with a landvalue tax or a splitvalue tax that includes higher rates for land value and lower rates for structures or other improvements as implemented by some municipalities in the us state of pennsylvania could encourage development in the urban core a development charge is a oneoff levy on developers to finance the growthrelated capital costs associated with new development or in some cases redevelopment these charges are levied on works constructed by the municipality and the funds collected must finance the infrastructure needed for the development,11
+applied to exports it rebates any climaterelated charges imposed on goods that are destined for foreign markets where such charges are not imposed on their producers it has been proposed a number of times and has consistently been rejected in the legislative or regulatory process but as parties implement increasingly forceful paris agreement commitments they will inevitably consider the competitiveness and leakage impacts of their policies and bca will undoubtedly be weighed as one option for addressing them,13
+in viet nam whether or not a sewerage system is available septic tanks continue to be the norm for individual households although households are obliged to connect their septic tanks to the sewerage network connections are sometimes extremely difficult in cramped urban centres and residents are naturally reluctant to undergo the inconvenience of intrusive works within their properties moreover not being convinced of the benefit of the sewerage system they often object to paying for the connection,11
+the child in romania located in the poorest decile holds approximately only of the income of the child at the middle of the income distribution across the oecd area recent statistics highlight that children and young people were the groups hit hardest by economic downturn oecd child poverty and severe deprivation increased faster for children than for the population as a whole in many countries and notably in those most affected by the crisis chzhen,1
+the platform is run by the trade and industry department in association with industrial and trade organizations professional bodies private enterprises and other government departments one of its innovative features is meet the advisors business advisory services its mission is to show swiss smes how to enter attractive export markets and create opportunities for growth the initiative includes other private sector partners such as credit suisse pricewaterhousecoopers amber road and swiss export risk insurance serv,9
+the complex nature of both primary care settings as well as capturing patient harm in these settings may be explaining the knowledge gap some studies on medication and diagnostic errors have been identified in indonesia a study identified ades in out of prescriptions in the outpatient setting out of which was due to prescription errors incomplete prescription error the most common dispensing errors and pharmaceutical errors perwitasari et al,3
+by cooperating in this way at the regional level and local level they can share the risk information and allow for timely evacuation such transboundary information management also needs to be more comprehensive integrating riverbasin hydrology with climate risk scenarios seasonal weather forecasts monsoon variability analysis terrain characteristics and information on land use and cover in this way it can address information gaps and promote southsouth and regional cooperation they should be able to employ the data in their risk models and vulnerability analyses and use these as a basis for decisionmaking one study that assessed ten major geospatial information products found that for humanitarian purposes the most valued products were those related to earthquakes and floods for economic purposes however those of greatest use were for urban land use classification along with flood and landslide risk assessments figure iv,13
+see mogues ef a public expenditures on agriculture education and roads contribute strongly to agricultural growth across regions although to different degrees and within agriculture the impact of research expenditures on productivity is stronger than nonresearch expenditures fan and saurkar investment in research often associated with extension is consistently found to be the most important source of productivity growth in agriculture fischer byerlee and edmeades in rwanda for example dollar of additional government expenditures on agricultural research increases agricultural gdp by dollars but the effects were larger for staples such as maize cassava pulses and poultry than for export crops diao eta in india expenditures aimed at improving productivity in livestock had greater returns and were more effective in mitigating poverty than general public investment in agriculture dastagiri because rd drives technical change and productivity growth in agriculture it raises farm incomes and reduces prices for consumers,2
+the fourth phase the current one commenced in the huduma kenya programme the public sector innovation of focus in this study is a critical part of this effort this programme aims at transforming public service delivery by providing citizens with access to various public services and information from onestopshop citizen service centres cscs called huduma centres and through integrated technology platforms the decision by the current government to invest limited public resources in the programme was informed by the belief that improved service delivery would lead to realisation of the vision,9
+elderly populations are likely to be particularly vulnerable to changes in access to hospital and physician care with the current hospital reforms as they are likely to be less able to travel and have more regular health needs and hospital visits efforts to identify unmet needs of the elderly population should be made including efforts to consider mental and physical wellbeing of elderly populations both in the community and in residential caresettings good health care in nursing homes and longtermcare settings is a further dimension of equity in health care access that should be considered by municipalities,3
+so far municipal and state governments have not shown particular willingness to use these revenues to improve or consolidate the water management system a key way forward is to set the incentives to focus this source of revenues on the main water priorities which entails strong links with planning even in the case of rio de janeiro this is a critical issue,6
+democratic life has given rise to new electoral preferences and brought social demands to greater prominence this means that in a positive cycle of economic stability governments respond to these demands for social inclusion with new more redistributive policies in most cases these are reforms inspired by the idea of prudent redistribution with growth cornia by way of fiscal employment and progressive transfer policies,10
+while timing complicates the politics of reform in many domains it seems to have a greater impact on education reform where the lags involved are over so many years as a result the political cycle may have a direct impact on the timing scope and content of education reform education reform becomes a thankless task when elections take place before the benefits are realised policy makers may lose an election over education issues but they rarely win an election with education,4
+this research would also be useful for the comprehensive contextual understanding of the sector s energy transition finally improved knowledge of the mining companies energy transition efforts in different regions will be of great interest mining companies tend to provide aggregate data on the integration of renewables in their operations with limited geographic granularity,7
+through demand response load shifting and integration of storage applications smart grids might change the load curve and reestablish a continuous demand for longer periods of time this way a minimum demand over a sufficiently high number of hours could be achieved resulting in a role for nuclear baseload even in systems with a strong penetration of renewable energy sources a more decentralised electricity system based on local energy sources could allow under certain conditions such as the local matching of demand and supply for shorter electricity transport distances and thus reduce electricity transmission losses,7
+the body mass index bmi is a simple index of weight for height that is commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults it is defined as a persons weight in kilograms divided by the square of hisher height in meters kgm however it should be considered only an indicative guideline because it may not correspond to the same degree of overweight and obesity in different individuals however the respective public health burdens of overweight and undernourishmentmicronutrient deficiencies are not quantified only in terms of the number of people affected,2
+only percent of surveyed firms had engaged an accredited energy auditor to conduct a formal audit ghosh most firms know little about how an audit could identify energysaving measures many smaller firms assumed that an energy audit involved government officials and worried about external interference indian energy auditors corroborated these findings ghosh,7
+whether or not this land redistribution process had positive results remains unclear significantly the state owns approximately of the land walker and dubb report that of the total land area in south africa is white commercial agricultural land is black mainly communal areas mostly stateowned is nonfarming state areas mainly conservation areas and the remaining is urban zones table walker and dubb the strategic plan for smallholder support spss which is the blue print for support to smallholders proposes the following basic qualitative typology of smallholders sp smallholder producer type smallholders for whom smallholder production is a parttime activity that forms a relatively small part of a multiplelivelihood strategy,2
+on the other hand the federal governments position is that provincial services should extend to reserves under the costsharing arrangements that apply to the general population this fundamental disagreement translates in a very real way into program fragmentation problems with coordinating programs underfunding inconsistencies service gaps and lack of integration critics argue that the federal government routinely tries to rid itself or limit indigenous programs and services by continuing to diminish what it determines as discretionary health services,3
+demand side energy efficiency plan ppec consists of a tender mechanism by which eligible promoters submit measures to improve electricity efficiency these measures are selected through technical and economical evaluation criteria evaluation of the benefits from ppec in were much higher than the correspondent costs with a ratio of in the residential segment in the services segment and in the industrial segment,7
+in rs all protected areas fall under the exclusive jurisdiction of the entity two special strict nature reserves are included for rs as these territories continue to be counted as protected virgin forests in accordance with the law on forests development of national systems of protected areas is a direct implementation of international obligations,15
+work strengthens its link with human development if it goes beyond individual benefits to contribute to shared social objectives such as poverty reduction sharing prosperity social cohesion culture and civilization the approach became popular in latin america in the s when the region was facing an economic crisis and high unemployment rates people looking for alternative sources of income began to cluster into groups cooperatives and associations to establish economic ventures that would benefit the community nobrega,8
+in addition africa s urbanisation is taking place in a resource and climateconstrained world unknown to earlier urbanisation swilling currie et al ensuring that the ongoing wave of urbanisation is more sustainable than in the past is of strategic importance to africa and to the world at large it took europe years to move from urban in to in,11
+and the fact that different countries show very different patterns indicates that some countries are making more progress than others towards the just society as die trend line shows there is a significant correlation between the two figure a should therefore be read in conjunction with figure b which compares overall government spending on protecting families including cash benefits tax allowances and spending on services for families with overall child poverty rates,1
+through the sustainable development goals sdgs and its targets the agenda seeks to realize the human rights of all and to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls preamble paras moreover under this agenda world leaders committed to promote cohesive families para if families have changed over time what is a family today how do critical human rights principles such as equality and nondiscrimination the best interests of the child and the right to live a life free of violence shape the understanding of family,5
+the quantity of mercury released into the environment in the yamalnenets and taimyr autonomous districts reaches tons a year polychlorinated biphenyls tons stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants pops today however the consumption of meat and fat from certain species of birds fish and animals can present danger particularly to pregnant and nursing women and to children,3
+in the postapartheid higher education system technological universities have a mandate to undertake applied research to support rd and innovation the cut has established a number of research centres and developed a technology transfer and innovation centre an african entrepreneurship centre and an it hub with a telecommunications network in welkom at the national level within a relatively short space of time public colleges were merged to diverse multisite colleges,4
+some limited information is available on private sector agricultural research in other countries see for instance pardey beintema dehmer and wood whether they were concerned with spillovers or not studies have imposed implicit or explicit assumptions about the spatial spillover effects of agricultural research based on geopolitical boundaries more recently agricultural economists have been paying increasing attention to accounting for the fact that knowledge created within a particular geopolitical entity can have impacts on technology elsewhere with implications that may matter to both the creators of the spillouts and the recipients of the spillins see alston for a review of this literature and alston et al,2
+from a longterm perspective much of the increase in nonregular work was offset by a decline in the number of independent and family workers the largest categories of nonregular workers are young people on temporary contracts older persons who continue to work after formal retirement from their lifetime job and married women working parttime less than half of nonregular jobs pay workrelated health and social insurance contributions and about twothirds make employment insurance el contributions,8
+the amendments focus the acts regulatory regime for the protection of fish and fish habitat on managing threats to the sustainability and ongoing productivity of canadas commercial recreational and aboriginal fisheries they also provide enhanced compliance and protection tools provide for clarity certainty and consistency of regulatory requirements through the use of standards and regulations and enable partnerships with agencies and organisations best placed to provide fisheries protection services one of the questions in the fishery checklist asks for the status of the stocks seventyfour stocks were in the healthy zone above their upper stock reference point were in the cautious zone between their biological limit reference point and their upper stock reference point stocks were in the critical zone below their biological limit reference point and the status of stocks was unknown,14
+despite efforts to offset the underlying social inequalities stemming from the marketdriven penetration of such equipment the school system has not had much influence the only clear signs of an impact are in chile see figure ii a recent study sunkel trucco and moller profiled young ict users in three countries on which pisa information was available chile colombia and uruguay on the basis of what they reported using computers and the internet for and how intensely the typology shows that there are four types of user differentiated on the basis of how intensely they use the technology and the degree of specialization they have acquired,4
+alternatively prioritiarians rationalize graduation as an opportunity to redistribute limited resources to the next group of individuals that comply with the eligibility criteria the withdrawal of support needs to balance against the likelihood that beneficiaries might fall back into poverty again antipoverty programmes using single events as eligibility conditions such as pregnancy or completion of primary education might not be effective when used as exit or graduating conditions more importantly ethical justification for eligibility conditions might not apply in the context of exit conditions,1
+finally supplyside constraints to additional private financing include strict pension investment rules and regulatory restrictions such as basel iii and solvency ii which require more capital allocation for infrastructure woetzel et al in line with this diagnosis multilateral development banks are stepping in by establishing joint investment platforms in which they provide technical expertise capacitybuilding and financing instruments to increase the supply of bankable projects g unctad in many parts of the world infrastructure investment has declined since the global crisis woetzel et al,9
+thorough consultations with communities about programmes that have such profound effects on local livelihoods and lifestyles should be undertaken to ensure deeper community understanding of the consequences programmes designed and planned from outside the community may not create local jobs particularly if the construction contracts arc won by large international companies that are not accountable to the community only if there is a conscious effort to consider the needs of local people such as through skills development in the suai community housing project are the expectations of the communities for local jobs likely to be fulfilled,8
+training health professionals on effective communication of complex information is therefore important such training includes methods to assist patients to problem solve and interpret their symptoms and to increase health professionals awareness of the impact of patient selfmanagement on health outcomes yank et al patient education programmes and counselling sessions are another fruitful way to support better patient selfmanagement,3
+this type of agreement could in future be strengthened by an initiative of the un industrial development organisation unido which is developing an industrial standards framework the framework will include among other elements an energy management standard that will link to the iso quality and environmental management systems standards this would be a voluntary standard available to support and strengthen industrial efficiency initiatives unido,7
+they started from the assumption that a rational individual maximizes his or her utility or satisfaction as a function of consumption c and leisure l subject to time and budget restrictions and they used the criterion of satisfaction with life to evaluate the effects of substitution between leisure time l and income i the time poverty threshold was set at of median free time the sum of time devoted to social life sport hobbies and culture consumption then the multidimensional poverty threshold was set at the utility point where the time and income thresholds meet and lastly individuals were classified in different poverty regimes see diagram these authors propose that people spend more time than is strictly necessary on paid and unpaid work and much of the time pressure they perceive is discretionary,1
+in the united states of students can be considered resilient in the sense that they come from the of the most socioeconomically disadvantaged students but nevertheless perform much belter than would be predicted based on their socioeconomic background is also the average in the oecd figure however in korea hong kongchina and shanghaichina the share of disadvantaged students who excel at school despite their disadvantaged background is about twice as high using economic modelling to relate cognitive skills as measured by pisa and other international instruments to economic growth shows with some caveats that even smal i improvements in the skills of a nations labour force can have large impacts on that countrys future wellbeing bringing the united states up to the average performance of finland the bestperforming education system among oecd countries could result in gains in the order of usd trillion,4
+it has been estimated by the world bank that around so million jobs are linked to the oceans through fishing aquaculture coastal and marine tourism and research more than billion people depend on fish for their primary source of protein intake the economic dimension of oceans is encapsulated in the blue or oceans economy concept united nations conference on trade and development unctad and david vivas expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of unctad and commonwealth secretariats,14
+in two school choice reforms were implemented allowing the opening of private independent schools and also giving pupils the right to choose between private and public schools rules for teacher qualification assessments were abolished in and a new curriculum and a new grading system were implemented in it was thought that if decisions were taken locally schools would more easily adapt to the individual needs of pupils furthermore it was envisaged that schools would be better adapted to their local context when school staff were given increased discretion and that communication and influence of parents and other local stakeholders would improve when decisions were taken locally the cost per pupil dropped as a consequence of a higher number of pupils per teacher,4
+this can result in extreme measures for those irrigators wishing or needing to continue to apply water to their crops for instance by resorting to trucking in water from other locations a costly way to manage shortage however there is an expectation that dutch water shortages will become more frequent in the future so the limitations of the current approach are likely to become more evident while priority regime banning may seem adequate as a shortterm emergency measure if regions need to limit andor periodically ration water abstraction on a regular or even permanent basis then development of a more sophisticated control regime is vital a more sophisticated control regime is worthy of serious consideration especially as it can complement the other options establishment of a water licensing or permitting regime that covers most agricultural forms of water use is the first step in transitioning to a regime designed to limit access,6
+blank reports in her analysis of afdcreceipt in denver and seattle that of the completed spells for a household ended within a year with an average duration of benefit payments of months she however does not include the of rightcensored spells in these calculations which generally have a longer duration until censoring fitzgerald calculates a much longer median afdc benefit spell length of months over a shorter observation period months but calculates a median spell duration of months for receipt of afdc and food stamps in a followup study fitzgerald also hoynes reports longer afdc spell lengths for california where of spells end within months and end within months,1
+nonetheless there are currently no incentive or sanction mechanisms in place to enforce gender equality provisions the sfp has agreed to define and issue policy guidelines to promote special temporary measures in furtherance of gender parity in management positions and to include affirmative action to promote equality of opportunity and equality between women and men in its regulations the sfp also plans to reflect those provisions in its human resources and professional career service manuals,5
+while the northern cape education department has expressed its commitment to designing a curriculum and materials that incorporate san languages and culture the persisting lack of funding and logistic difficulties have slowed this process as a result of decades of linguistic persecution during the apartheid era in south africa most san and khoe currently speak afrikaans as a first language with only a few elders still speaking their mother tongue thus for these groups mothertongue education is more an issue of language restoration than one of effective pedagogy although it is still a crucial aspect of community development at the same time performance in primary and secondarylevel education is declining dramatically,4
+compared to an average employment growth rate of across all occupations growth rates of high and mediumskilled occupations were relatively high in south africa together with the slight underrepresentation of foreignborn workers among plant and machine operators and agricultural workers the slowest growing and shrinking occupations this pattern suggests that labour immigration is to an important extent demand driven black foreignbom workers are overrepresented compared to their south africanbom counterparts in all the major occupational groups exhibiting growth except among clerks professionals and plant and machine operators,8
+funding for monitoring is needed to pilot test several global tools that monitor and report on the involvement and participation of various stakeholders and at various subnational and national levels many national statistical organisations need capacity building and additional support to establish relevant reporting lineschannels and systems for reporting on this indicator this includes sensitizing authorities to working with different groups support engaging communities running and advertising community consultations and drawing concrete feedback and next steps from consultations,11
+the ogallala has been the source of substantial largescale irrigation development beginning in the s when affordable technology became available for extracting groundwater and applying it to large fields of cotton corn winter wheat and sorghum warren et al the number of wells on the texas high plains increased from in to in as farmers increased their production of irrigated crops colaizzi et al the ogallala is largely a fossil aquifer with a very slow rate of natural recharge,6
+these cards would guide the students and help them to ask relevant questions support their different roles in groupwork and facilitate the process so that it would be easier to assess each other one of the students would act as a group leader telling the others what to do based upon these cards and students would then participate in the activity guided by the cards and the group leader this was very much appreciated by the students school already had a transparent assessment culture where the school leader teachers and students shared knowledge of assessment practices this can be seen as an indication of the importance of capacity building in some schools teachers and school leaders had the capacity to improve their practice while other schools do not seem to have the knowledge or capacity to transform good practices supplied by the det to the local level,4
+the national energy policy sets a target of per cent of electricity generated by renewable energy by the solomon islands government has indicated that it will consider marketbased mechanisms to raise funds to support the establishment and operation of a national climate change trust fund that will coordinate and manage the allocation of climate finance for climate change adaptation and mitigation activities the national energy policy notes that gendersensitive approaches are required when considering the needs for and decisionmaking processes in sustainable energy systems,7
+this may include moving staff from one ministry to another and from one area of specialisation to another a candidate will need specific expertise work experience in lower positions and continuous training if no ideal candidate is found the competition is opened to the wider civil service and eventually to external candidates the aim is to facilitate the promotion of public servants since in the past external candidates had preference,11
+the paris agreement is ambitious in its scope aiming to limit climate change to as little as c global mean temperature change targeting a balance of atmospheric greenhouse gases ghgs by the second half of the century and expecting progressively more ambitious mitigation commitments from all states party to the treaty over the coming decades it is also novel in its approach all member states will be legally bound to make commitments but each state will determine the nature of its commitment and is not legally bound to deliver the policies that they comprise the agreements novelty has led some critics to question whether it will deliver against its ambition,13
+the online map shows all relevant objects like buildings roads parks and stations as clickable objects that hold basic information and also indepth thematic information via both open and usergenerated datasets the timeline features recent developments and future plans and scenarios as well the full interactivity of the dashboard makes it easy to engage and respond directly to plans and projects everybody can share their own ideas and initiatives for the area obtain feedback from other people and from the official institutions and in doing so test the local base of support with the underlying crowdfunding infrastructure projectbased alliances can be formed and resources combined,11
+we explore these trends in greater detail below more specifically they are persons who are working and living in households with income below the poverty line they comprise two distinct categories working people living as unrelated nonownfamily individuals with income below the poverty level and working people living in families with total income below the poverty level data series to are preliminary projections however that percentage is still substantially above levels prevalent in odcs where it is expected to shrink from per cent in to per cent by among that group liberia and madagascar experienced no overall change in the share of the working poor living on less than per day during the period,8
+it is important to clarify that it is the municipalities with their project leaders who participate in the official programme but they also invite and choose schools that are then offered places at the conferences and subsequently implement the afl programme in some of the municipalities participating in this study it seems as if some of the schools who are not officially members of the programme believe that they are one possible explanation for this is that some of the municipalities use strategies for sharing knowledge through conferences for all schools in their municipality nevertheless it is challenging to evaluate the impact of the afl programme on participating schools through test scores when so many schools were confused about their statusdegree of involvement in the project,4
+other fiscal and financial measures include an increase in the tax rate on heating fuels already included in the pnac to be fully implemented in an accelerated depreciation regime for investments in energyefficient equipment and vehicles in the services and industry sectors subsidised lowinterest loans for investments in energy efficiency measures and income tax deductions for investments in solar collectors and renewable microgeneration systems each ppec supports actions proposed by suppliers grid operators and business and consumer associations the proposed measures are selected using a tendering procedure and ranked on the basis of a costbenefit analysis that takes into account environmental benefits including abatement of ghg emissions and cost savings for the electricity sector,7
+the difference is almost double in the case of the idle state as expected the cluster manager successfully issued commands to wake up additional servers when the request rate increased and put them to sleep when the request rate dropped the transition of the server states is smooth no responses exceed ms unlike the results of the previous experiment shown in figure comparison between energyproportional control and conventional operation,7
+we noted above that developers of renewable energy projects often do not have a proven track record as well as some of the new technologies they are investing in have not reached a mature state yet as a result these investors are struggling for capital and for access to commercial loans at reasonable conditions by offering lowinterest loans with long repayment periods or loan guarantees governments can increase the commercialization of such projects,7
+given this small average size unsurprisingly family farms together only hold about of all land and produce about of the total value of agricultural production while commercial largescale farms dominate exportoriented agricultural production family farms accounts for of the food consumed domestically fao land ownership is a constitutional right in brazil where traditional private property indigenous customary tenancy and unchallenged possession of land are recognised by the government the four most important pieces of legislation concerning land rights in brazil are the land statute which regulates land tenure and specifies how the land reform programme is to be organised a law from that establishes land reform based on the former legislation the law of occupation that recognises squatter rights and finally the civil code which organises family inheritance possession and property rights these laws have helped to develop a relatively wellfunctioning land market system these policies are part of the umbrella of the zero hunger programme created in and subsequently of the extreme poverty plan of,2
+unemployment is projected to return only slowly to its precrisis level estonia ireland and spain recorded the largest increases in the unemployment rate ranging from to percentage points in the oecd and the latter two countries have yet to see any labour market recovery in contrast a number of countries including germany experienced only small and shortlived increases in unemployment,10
+they are sensitive however as absolute poverty measurements are to withincountry price differentials both between regions and across income groups and how these are taken into account as well as to the quality of source data on the income distribution using the dollaraday poverty line as an international standard is an arbitrary choice that focuses attention on the first of the hierarchy of capabilities treating absolutely poor people in the same way as relatively poor people risks drawing attention away from the first capability of overcoming barriers to physical survival which is the priority in most international efforts to improve the lives of the poorest world bank ravallion chen and sangraula,1
+its membership reflects all the relevant actors in the education system school inspectors school organisers researchers teachers unions and parents representatives the involvement of practitioners teachers other education staff and their unions in producing interpreting and translating research evidence into policy can give these practitioners a strong sense of ownership and strengthen their confidence in the reform process regular interactions help build trust and raise awareness of the concerns of others creating a climate of compromise,4
+the longterm mean annual discharge of the river in turkmenistan is km following a bilateral agreement the river s water resources ate equally shared between the islamic republic of iran and turkmenistan of the total area of fertile land in the basin only per cent can be irrigated due to a lack of water resources,6
+large amounts of data are provided often as absolute frequencies or counts of observations making it difficult to discern the main differences between women and men additional processing and analysis are developed when more analytical reports or articles focused on specific topics are prepared in those cases the differences between women and men may become more visible,5
+continuing provider development through inservice training is an important component of any health sector improvement plan but traditional residential courses which take clinicians away from their patients can disrupt the provision of care and are an expensive method of maintainingan educated workforce underresourced libraries the high cost of medical journals relative to health budgets and health professionals incomes and poor infrastructure for disseminating current medical information and department of health directives limit the ability of health professionals to provide quality primary health care using smartphones and tablets practitioners access a mobile health library comprising south african treatment guidelines drug formularies diagnostic tools and other evidencebased content at the point of care they download clinical and public health information to mobile devices using a mobile library portal developed by fhi,3
+concentrations of groundlevel ozone are regularly above the prealert threshold for the protection of human health at several sites the country has yet to come up with a regional ozone plan biosurveillance programmes for dioxins and furans pcddf in the vicinity of steel plants indicate that sometimes certain health standards are exceeded a new water law consolidates the various pieces of water legislation and transposes the eu water framework directive and floods directive,6
+article states states have the duty to cooperate with each other in ensuring development and eliminating obstacles to development states should realize their rights and fulfil their duties in such a manner as to promote a new international economic order based on sovereign equality interdependence mutual interest and cooperation among all states as well as to encourage the observance and realization of human rights see for example fukudaparr there should however be a presumption against actions that impair exports from least developed countries to either emerging markets or developed countries or from emerging markets to developed countries,10
+the immense power consumption is mainly the result of the proofofwork pow consensus mechanism this consensus algorithm requires high computational power to solve a mathematical puzzle in order to validate transactions while many computers compete with each other in order to solve the puzzle and extend the blockchain with new blocks the decentralised approach to validating transactions and amending new blocks to the blockchain allows for resilience and immutability yet coming at the cost of high resource intensity,9
+finally the triangle represents the estimates of household earnings inequality with the inclusion of households where noone works standard worker households refers to households where all adult members are in standard work or to households with the presence of both standard workers and jobless adult members similarly nonstandard worker households refers to households where either all adult members are in nonstandard work or there are only nonstandard workers and nonworking adult members mixed swnsw households refers to households with both standard and nonstandard workers jobless households refer to households without any worker during the year on the one hand when mixed swnsw households were added household earnings inequality declines by one percentage point from to on average more than two points in austria and luxembourg compared with inequality among households with only standard workers,1
+in another typical example of maladaptation which occurs more often in richer countries policies to protect the population from heat waves and avert excessive demand on urgent health services result in greater use of private air conditioning and consequently a greater demand for energy o brien and others this type of adaptation initiative is in fact a form of maladaptation since it shifts the pressure from one sector to another the overall vulnerability of the system is not reduced instead one source of vulnerability is simply replaced by another,13
+this policy seeks to guide the caribbean community in its pursuit of a sustainable energy sector and has a renewable energy re target of an overall per cent share in the region by regional and national governing bodies must be proactive in implementing policy frameworks that promote the investments needed to encourage energy efficiency improvements and allow renewable energy projects to take hold instead policymakers must design and implement an appropriate policy mix that matches unique domestic conditions,7
+two norwegian approaches may serve as examples and may also be quite relevant for similar efforts in finland and sweden perhaps less so for denmark due to differences in forest characteristics the identified biologically valuable areas shall be delimited ranked and recorded in the dn database for conservation sites valuable nature areas etc to be taken into consideration in physical planning this inventory scheme has specified forest types table,15
+clinicians and service managers should be encouraged to change practice towards better and safer care through a mix of educational measures data collection and disclosure requirements with feedback on performance provided back to clinicians managers and users the celebration of good practices or encouragement of hospital and clinician champion roles will also contribute to a quality improvement culture whilst this reform is likely to have protected patients from being referred unnecessarily to physicians private practice or from being seen by exclusively by junior doctors in public hospitals there are reports that it has led to some clinicians dropping parttime practice in public hospitals a review of quality and access indicators before and after the reform should be undertaken although a growing amount of data is becoming available that can be used to monitor quality of care present quality assurance activities are rather controloriented and the available information is not exploited to its full potential,3
+adverse negative impacts on these vulnerable habitats have been documented as result of bottom fishing buhlmortensen et al increasing pressures from human activities within arctic and subarctic waters poses additional risk to vmes and it is thus urgent to map the seafloor in these areas to facilitate a sustainable management of the vmes found there management entities like the food and agriculture organization of the united nations fao the convention for the protection of the marine environment of the northeast atlantic ospar and the north east atlantic fisheries commission neafc have published lists of vulnerable ecosystems,14
+the statistical data for israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant israeli authorities the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law the situation should eventually improve as overall entry rates into tertiary programmes are rather high in slovenia reflecting wide access to higher education in of the relevant age cohort was expected to attend a vocational or academic tertiary programme at some point in their lives substantially exceeding the oecd average of,4
+benefits from such investments for society as a whole are equally substantial yet most systems are underfunded with dire consequences for water and sanitation users especially the poorest providing sustainable drinking water supply and sanitation services wss requires a sound financial basis and strategic financial planning to ensure that existing and future financial resources are commensurate with investment needs as well as the costs of operating and maintaining services access to clean drinking water and sanitation reduces health risks and frees up time for education and other productive activities as well as increases the productivity of the labour force,6
+as a comparison the gap in literacy proficiency between tertiary and lower than upper secondary educated individuals is close to points in most countries the ranking of countries does not change significantly when comparing literacy and numeracy but the ageproficiency profiles differ somewhat in the case of literacy the gap between young and primeage adults are generally smaller something apparent also from figure and are actually negative in korea poland italy and estonia and virtually zero in spain france austria germany the czech republic and the slovak republic,4
+the primary care sector is not as strong as it could be however and poorer health and access to health care persists in rural and remote areas several steps need to be taken if the ambition of having primary care front and centre of the health system particularly to tackle chronic diseases is to be realised transparent reporting of a wider set of quality and outcome measures will enhance the performance and status of the sector and assist in developing a specialist primary care workforce a closely linked priority,3
+those with such access are more likely to report good health than those with limited access this underscores the importance of one of the key goals related to wellbeing and health into old age the ability to access comprehensive health services and the adaptation of services to people s needs and economic conditions also included in the model were place of residence and marital status non significant,3
+reducing losses using more efficient technologies and recycling are all part of the solution but applying the user pays principle to all types of users and an integrated approach to the management of freshwater resources by river basin are essential elements of sustainable management and hence of green growth policies social aspects such as the affordability of the water bill for low income households also need to be taken into account agenda unced rio de janeiro explicitly considered the protection and preservation of freshwater resources,15
+they often treat unemployment as a transient problem and are merely effective for the short term following an emergency or an economic shock but rarely stimulate job creation in the private sector or offer longterm solutions to unemployment or underemployment often the programmes are not located in regions with the highest rates of poverty or unemployment an assessment of seven public works programmes in south africa for instance found that some districts with very high poverty and unemployment had no labourintensive public works projects while other districts with low poverty rates had four or more projects adato and haddad,1
+in most countries especially developing countries there is a large gap in the availability of information and communication technologies icts between urban and rural locations and target is important for ensuring that rural areas are not excluded from the information society because of their isolation rural areas arguably stand to derive even more benefit from connectivity since icts can deliver health education and other services that might be less widely available there the second underpins the first in that one of the most practical methods of providing icts in rural areas in many developing countries is through shared access,9
+however this form of layered interventions can be difficult to plan and implement large funders are often reluctant to fund projects in the same areas with similar objectives to previously funded projects for this reason biodiversity mainstreaming initiatives often have to be completed within short funding cycles with little chance of extension or further funding despite the lengthy nature of biodiversity mainstreaming in many cases the success of biodiversity mainstreaming projects can be significantly attributed to a particular champion or leader,15
+in addition the land a wind farm occupies can often be used by and large just as it had been before eg for grazing or agriculture indeed it can be considered the major landuse change for offshore wind farms which critics say detract from landscape and coastal views and lower the value of homes in areas with recreational value and in particular on the seaside the first is the dominant source of solar power gw of installed capacity compared to gw of the latter and has been the focus of studies on land requirements ren,7
+moreover progress between and was worse for ldcs than for developing countries as a whole with out of importers seeing their pll for ldcs decline during this period among the ten importers the share of their total pll accounted for by ldcs was less than onetwentieth at only cents of every dollar to the poor via trade going towards those within ldcs australia was the lowest at cents per dollar to the poor via trade and the european union the highest at cents the first is a measure of the share of national income going towards those within these poverty groups below the and per day level which are denoted as sip and sip share of income to the poor these are calculated based on the surveys and income distribution data used previously the second dataset provides the share of importvalue these countries account for in developed economies with the eu as a single block using the imf s direction of trade database,1
+however less attention was paid to other fundamental causes of food insecurity or to nutrition this focus led to the use of short term policies rather than policies that would likely be better at addressing food security issues in the long term in general this involved ramping up the use of existing instruments mostly market interventions rather than the introduction of new measures or changes in the direction of policy,2
+overall this ensures that wss can be provided to a larger population leading to larger benefits in the medium and longer term this would also mean that om and replacement costs would be kept lower which strengthens the longterm sustainability of wss investments in drinking water and sewage cannot be considered in isolation of upstream resource protection and downstream wastewater treatment,6
+these are playing an increasing role in the water sector limiting conagua s role to the administration of the nwl the coordination of water policies the conduct of national water policy and planning supervision support and regulatory activities it is composed of the highest representatives from semarnat the ministry for social development sedesol the ministry of agriculture livestock rural development fishing and food supply sagarpa the ministry of finance and public credit shcp the ministry of energy sener the ministry of public administration sfp the national forestry commission conafor and the mexican institute of water technology imta with administrative and financial autonomy it is responsible for implementing the national water resources policy and the principles of integrated water resource management granting and providing funds regulating access to water promoting its sustainable use and arbitrating conflicts among users,6
+in practice the best way to monitor food security is to look at outcomes that is to count how many people are going hungry there are two principal measures used in this case and they are also used as food targets for mdg i proportion of the population undernourished and ii prevalence of underweight children on either of these measures a look at the asia pacific region presents some disturbing facts the most comprehensive data on undernourishment are available up to which is prior to the most recent food crisis,2
+longterm projections of continuing growth in london s economy and population various scenarios are examined in the london plan are an essential input to the eds all proposals in the eds must be consistent with the spatial strategy set out in the london plan the tfl is the statutory authority responsible for ensuring the deliveiy of the mts the mts takes into account the emerging policies in the london plan and the eds and is supported by a detailed evidence base including the travel in london report strategic transport models and recommendations from the outer london commission,11
+the costbenefit ratio revealed that for every invested in medication followup a benefit of to was generated maletlarrea et al the adoption of computerised provider order entry system cpoe is another way to improve medication safety in primary and ambulatory settings however the implementation of cope often requires large upfront investments,3
+simultaneously a stronger enforcement of the antilittering regulation must be enforced to accompany pricing reforms and deter indiscriminate disposal and illegal dumping across the metro area in japan korea and switzerland where a number of households are subject to the payt significant positive impacts have been seen as waste generated has decreased an oecd study indicates that payt reduces waste generation between and oecd a likewise volume charging for mixed waste also saw increases in rate of household composting,11
+the constitution established health as a fundamental right and the responsibility of states which resulted in increased access to primary and emergency care in addition to achieving universal coverage of vaccination and prenatal care paim et al service delivery is strongly decentralised which has led to a fragmentation in the delivery of services and inequalities in the distribution of health system resources as not all municipalities are capable of delivering services to people and economies of scale are often not exploited sufficiently brazil s public sector invests about of gdp in health compared to almost of gdp in oecd countries this shortage of medical staff leads to insufficient access to basic health care services despite recent increases in training capacity brazil is currently not training enough doctors and nurses to keep up with demand the measure to require new medical graduates to serve in the sus for two years before their degree becomes officially valid discussed in july can be useful if supervision is ensured as it would boost the number of doctors available to the public system in the short term,10
+ecological restoration can moderate flooding in these watercourses and reduce flood peaks downstream of restoration sites by making use of retentive measures in the catchment riparian zone and instream channel with further climate change mean annual discharge is likely to increase in many streams and rivers in the northern parts of the nordic countries although with more restricted waterlevel variations a higher frequency of extreme rain storms may however lead to more large floods in the future especially in small streams nilsson et al a proactive approach to large floods in the future with a focus on the sustainability and services of freeflowing river ecosystems means that certain land use practices have to move away from the most flood prone areas,15
+these deductibles are described in following sections table summarises information on the extent of coverage for inpatient acute care in oecd countries for average adult patients who are not entitled to any copayment reduction or exemption in many oecd countries patients also have the option of paying supplements for additional comforts eg a private room access to tv telephone etc,3
+smoking rates among both boys and girls have also fallen since bringing smoking rates for young people down to the eu average s litres higher than the eu average see section although regular binge drinking among adults which can be particularly damaging is close to the eu average nearly one in five adults were obese in up from one in six in,3
+women from households not having small children are more likely to be in the labour force than those from households with smal i children table the decline in the lfprs of women due to the existence of small children in the household is the largest in the case of women aged if the age of the youngest child is three years or below table the difference in participation rates of women in that age group between those from households not having small children up to the age of three and households with such children was as high as percentage points in as against in and in it was percentage points in as against per cent in and per cent in in the case of men the increase in lfprs got further increased to percentage points in,5
+in france for example the abstraction charge represents only around of the water price paid by households and is thus unlikely to make them change their behaviour french ministry of ecology sustainable development and energy assessing the resource cost is also difficult since it requires measuring the benefit induced by water for all types of use agriculture using irrigation water drinking water supply hydropower etc the former refers to methods that use market data to elicit monetary values either as how much individual would be willing to pay for the good or service of interest ie their willingness to pay wtp or how much they would require in compensation for being exposed to a loss of welfare ie their willingness to accept wta the latter refers to methods that use hypothetical scenarios to estimate individuals wtp or wta the methods have been used for a large range of nonmarket goods in addition to water eg air pollution noise levels health risks etc,6
+in most cases data on the structure of household consumption patterns for both foodstuffs and other goods and services are derived from national household budget surveys carried out in the s in order to carry out this calculation the indigence line is multiplied by one factor for urban areas and another for rural zones for the poverty estimates a factor of was used for urban zones and a factor of was used for rural areas the factors applied since vary depending on the differentials between trends in the prices for foodstuffe and for other goods and services,1
+this may end up marginalising subnational entities in greater financial distress as they cannot afford to pay the remaining share of the matching funds kim et al standardised earmarked and conditional grants in korea often end up restricting the flexibility of local authorities thus reducing their ability to meet local demands and risking suboptimal spending jones and yokoyama interestingly this concern seems to fade when comparing the percapita amount of subsidies from molit and the financial independency rate of local governments which shows a strong negative correlation the higher the financial independency rate of the metropolitan city or the province the less subsidies the latter received from molit figure,11
+moreover women who attain office do not always advocate for reform and women s rights these organisations traditionally have been the sole domain of men and have served as a primary venue for informal discussion networking and decisionmaking the challenges encountered by women as a result of their exclusion from these circles as well as the initiatives to create womenonly diwans in kuwait are described in gonzsles p,5
+the central and provincial governments are responsible for personnel and financial management of schools although overall funding has increased in the past decade data suggests that primary and secondary education are underfunded compared to other oecd countries tertiary institutions have more autonomy than schools to address their needs but central authorities oversee funding and student entrance exams for tertiary institutions improvements have been made but both quality and equity remain a challenge,4
+such effects hold across the distribution of household income with stronger estimated gains for the poor implying reduced inequality the decomposition of total household income effects suggests that indirect gdp per capitadriven gains are compounded by additional and reinforcing direct gains accruing to the lowermiddle class and even more so the poor the incomeequalising effects of export intensity are broadly consistent with previous empirical literature eg jaumotte et al,10
+it is frequently asked whether income or consumption poverty measures should be included in a national mpi instead of reporting them separately to date it seems preferable to report monetary poverty separately although armenia and mexico only combine them moreover the relative weight of income can be adjusted if there are two separate measures the weight of each may be implicitly equal,1
+a challenge in the coming years will be to ensure that federal and state programming adhere to that prioritisation in the case of water supply and sanitation programmes conditions to receive support include the existence of a formal agreement between the state and federal governments for joint action and to present an annual programme approved by the state committee for planning and development coplade or the statelevel organism in charge of water supply and sanitation planning subsidies for wastewater treatment activities must be first applied to ensure that supported wastewater treatment plants operate at a minimum of before they can be applied to other investments,6
+gender parity has been successful in terms of equitable numbers of men and women occupying the lowest and highest positions in the organization however at the critical middle levels p p and dld parity has not been achieved men enter the organization at higher levels and get promoted more quickly than women the culture and unwritten rules about who gets promoted and valued and whose voices are heard require deeper attention to truly achieve gender equality,5
+taxpayers also demand accountability for results there is a need therefore to build a strong evidence base across all sectors including those relevant to biodiversity in a variety of contexts to provide guidance for policymakers oecd the general lack of impact evaluation studies in the field of environment and more specifically biodiversity implies that these fields are not keeping up with best practice,15
+the responsibility of integrating a gender perspective falls on the whole team when gender advisers are part of the team they have the primary responsibility to provide advice and inputs on all sections of the report in order to ensure the consistent integration of a gender perspective addressing womens concerns in each section including the backgroundcontext methodology legal analysis findings and recommendations allows for the proper representation of the experiences of the entire population as stressed above disaggregated data is particularly important in this regard but is only one element that allows a gender analysis to be undertaken,5
+clearly geographic proximity to the supply of domestic food is not enough to ensure access to food urban regions have greater access to food in part because they are better connected to national and international markets and able to source food from multiple locations whereas in more remote rural regions there may be few alternatives to local production due to limited connections to other food sources urban regions also tend to be richer which provides them with the income to purchase food even at times of shortage when higher prices ration demand finally rural regions tend to rely on the few varieties of food that can be locally produced and production may be difficult to increase due to limited land or an inability to modernise production methods in addition the volume of the local food supply may also be highly variable leading to a higher frequency of food insecurity episodes in rural regions,2
+one of the benefits of promoting digital innovation is that it could lead to further innovations unlocking unforeseen possibilities this is particularly true in infrastructure services as the potential for innovation within the sector is large this report explores how innovation and specifically distributed ledger technologies dlt such as blockchain integrated with other technologies like the internet of things iot and artificial intelligence al could accelerate a cost effective transition in key infrastructure services,9
+by installed capacity had grown nine times over the level of million km the iea projects chinas solar heat use to grow another by in the new policies scenario solar water heating now covers over of residential water heating demand in china and so absolute growth will be significant,7
+the government stocks consist mainly of rice wheat and maize oecd the exact size of government state reserves is a state secret which complicates any analysis of the impact of stockholding policies on prices and volatility the current price support schemes are implemented in two forms a minimum purchasing price programme and a temporary stocking purchase programme,2
+while collaboration with gps improved it was not regarded a spectacular success because gps were in short supply and reported being overworked high gp turnover also made it difficult to form relationships with psychiatrists still this model suggests that more flexibility can improve mental health access and warrants further exploration the authors note that this model is not sustainable under the normal ffs arrangements and its success depends on a commitment to appropriately fund it,3
+the black dot in the middle is the mean low education corresponds to less than upper secondary medium education to upper secondary and high education to tertiary education low education corresponds to less than upper secondary medium education to upper secondary and high education to tertiary education,4
+to this end some institutions adopt a more topdown approach by assessing effectiveness at sectoral national or even global scales both the philippines and bangladesh have developed indicators for climate interventions the former as part of an overarching results framework for its year development plan and the latter as part of its national climate change fund philippines and bccrf the republic of mozambique is also in the early stages of building a comprehensive me framework for climate change activities implemented by public private and nongovernmental organisations manjate the government of kenya gok is in the process of setting up what it calls an mrv system which combines the elements of projectlevel me in a coherent framework that facilitates meeting international mrv guidelines gok a,13
+the potential for increased recourse to insurance markets and publicprivate partnerships should be explored at present neither individuals nor businesses bear the full cost of their exposure to climate risk which effectively acts as a subsidy for highrisk areas it also affects the manner and extent to which climate change will affect austria,13
+washington consensus reforms involving macroeconomic stabilization defined as low singledigit inflation as well as microeconomic market liberalization associated with structural adjustment were all supposed to accelerate poverty reduction in this new framework poverty reduction was seen as an almost automatic consequence of economic growth little attention has been given to structural causes of poverty including inequality of opportunities and initial conditions such as assets and the distributional consequences of growth,1
+average life expectancy at birth has increased by years over the period years in and years in since the lowest life expectancy values are observed in domod aimag years in years in and years in and khuvsgul aimag years in years in and years in in the major causes of death in under yearolds were related to certain conditions originating in the perinatal period congenital malformations deformations and chromosomal abnormalities and diseases of the respiratory system,3
+while the overwhelming majority of the labour force in developed and transitional economies is found in waged and salaried employment the labour force in developing countries is distributed between waged and salaried employment and various types of selfemployment women and men within these households engage in a diversity of activities often migrating in search of new opportunities while these activities are generally labourintensive in nature they do not fit neatly into conventional economic models of labour markets focused on waged labour,5
+there is an increasing trend of a higher share of arts graduates in comparison to the technical and science streams at the same time technical and vocational schools are producing a declining number of graduates there is a growing recognition of the need to strengthen these training programmes in penang for example the penang skills development centre psdc was established as early as,4
+the overall objective is neither to rank countries nor to determine an optimal model of governance but rather to identify categories of countries facing similar challenges in order to facilitate peer review dialogues and to learn from experiences within the lac region when seeking appropriate policy responses in the countries surveyed respondents from central administrations most often from water directorates were asked to rank a series of water governance challenges from not important to very important according to a set of indicators attempting to illustrate each of the multilevel governance gaps though several elements contribute to the seven broad governance challenges previously described one proxy indicator per gap was selected to facilitate the analysis,6
+rapid population growth over the past years in combination with low energy prices has increased the demand for energy construction of a number of new dams mainly for hydropower but also to store water for irrigation was initiated in the late s however hydropower generation has placed pressure on water resources and dam infrastructure disrupts water flow with consequences for other uses and ecosystems,6
+by contrast exemptions or reduced tax rates should only be implemented to avoid a double taxation for instance in the sectors covered by the eu ets carbon emissions are already priced through the scheme and thus should not be eligible for the carbon tax however sectors covered by the eu ets should not be totally exempted from the eco tax which covers other externalities than those related to co emissions,7
+the payment system needs to foster interaction across multiple providers there are generally separate and distinct programmes for the prevention of polio tuberculosis aids and other infectious diseases often there are distinct hospitals and delivery systems to care for each infectious disease this organisational structure makes sense for infectious diseases because the mode of transmission of each infectious disease is often very different most patients only have one infectious disease and few patients have multiple infectious diseases,3
+steps already taken including the introduction of a groundwater model bill suggest a w illingness to move in the right direction from project impacts to effective responses who what and how to confront future water risks this chapter analyses and identifies solutions to respond to such risks the proposed responses will be assessed generally and are applied differentially in the three identified hotspot regions and in others projected to face high agriculture water risks,6
+there is an urban dimension to this since broadband internet access has developed much more quickly in almaty city than in astana or other regions figure dispersing scarce public funding over a number of specialised sciences or smart cities or several innovation clusters based in special economic zones sezs may detract from the success of any one city including almaty city the risk is also that the complex layers of priorities and institutions ultimately exceed the capacity of the national and subnational bureaucracies,11
+in practice the national marine fisheries service and regional fishery management councils typically set an overfished threshold as part of designating what are called status determination criteria for the stock when stock abundance falls below the threshold the agency designates the stock as overfished and requires the relevant regional council to develop and implement a rebuilding plan as part of a fishery management plan or plan amendment the plan must also include management measures to constrain the fishing mortality level to rebuild the stock within this time period when a population increases to above the overfished threshold but remains below the rebuilding target it is considered not overfished but still rebuilding,14
+however available finance for investment in agriculture falls well short of needs smallholder producers in developing countries face major hurdles in accessing credit for investing in new technologies and practices and female farmers even more so the shortfall in finance limits investment in agriculture and food security and with it the capacity of smallholders to adapt to climate change,2
+the concluding section sketches a staged approach which can guide a review of the financial dimension of ongoing water management practices it can inform a policy dialogue on financing water resources management the ultimate way to manage reform in this area but in the second half of the century the impacts of climate change are likely to compound waterrelated challenges for instance in the case of agriculture the anticipated increased incidence and severity of flooding could mobilise sediment loads and associated contaminants and exacerbate impacts on water systems while more severe droughts may reduce pollutant dilution thereby increasing toxicity problems,6
+but policies are also needed to address the gaps and take due account of investment priorities and local needs this could make them better candidates for further investments in transport logistics and digital infrastructure boosting their competitiveness taobao villages are clusters of ecommerce activity developed to revitalize rural villages and bridge the ruralurban income gap,9
+however this feedback to physicians and information campaigns could be better focused as practitioners and patients are broadly targeted indeed in the case of the united kingdom feedback practices focusing on physicians with the highest prescribing rates for antibiotics were effective in reducing their use while patientfocused information campaigns had limited effects oecd b hospitals represent around a quarter of overall pharmaceutical sales in france and the share of generics use there was only in value in ansm this low share is partly explained by different patient pathologies and hospitals heavier and more innovative treatments oecd b but producers also often sell branded drugs at discounted prices to gain a wider market dahan,3
+the available space should be used efficiently and excessive programming avoided the authorities concerned assess whether the intended development meets a regional interlocal demand for industrial sites offices residential buildings retail developments or other urban amenities that has not been met elsewhere besides a quantitative assessment number of hectares or number of homes there must also be qualitative demand eg an industrial site where a heavier environmental burden is permitted or a specific type of living environment at a regional scale,11
+the exchange could be both intra and interagency at the national level as well as across national provincial and local levels in the context of g g interactions targeted toward improving gender equality activities may include the establishment of gender statistics and relevant data sources that integrate national regional and local governments through a seamless single point access by automating and integrating many of the genderrelated administrative tasks and data transaction across different levels of government agencies it has a potential to bring about a more coordinated policy development as well as an effective monitoring of gender impact initiatives in this form of interaction attempt to make traditional onspot based transactions less timeconsuming and more convenient,5
+different measures have been implemented to resolve this including an infrastructure upgrade an increase in the number of trains better organisation and distribution of service more frequent running times and public information campaigns despite these efforts santiago s metro continues to face severe congestion at peak hours see el mercurio newspaper june in this jumped to million with no increase in the number of metro lines,11
+compared to men women in the asiapacific region are less likely to make career progression with the share of women among legislators senior officials and managers at around on average across the oecd and declining since in the asiapacific region the gender gap in unpaid work is about three hours per day hours for the oecd and such gaps are particularly large in southern asia however women are more likely to have been involved in setting up new businesses often without much financial gain in the startup period,5
+if all regressors are identical the results are identical to those obtained by running separate ols which would yield consistent but less efficient estimators thus the husbands and wifes shares must sum to furthermore the respondents labour force participation may directly affect the amount of time spent in housework for reasons unrelated to bargaining power education can affect a persons outside or fallback options more specifically a wifes education level relative to her husbands socalled education gap may determine her relative bargaining strength in the household however the effect is likely to be nonlinear in that as the gap increases with the husband being more educated so does the relative bargaining power of the husband,5
+one of these employs the idea of a bassin de vie to argue that the appropriate geographic unit for optimizing quality of life has a small geography especially in rural territories basssins de vie in france are defined as an area where people both live and work and where they can obtain the vast majority of the services that they need locally the logic in this theory is that a high degree of physical and social connectedness leads to a better quality of life and to better local decision making,11
+urbanisation also implies greater dependence on purchased food without recourse to alternative household production it has also raised political sensitivity to consumer food prices through a stronger consumer voice public mobilisation and demonstration for example imports to china soared in the aftermath of the melamine milk adulteration incidents as consumers lost confidence in domestic products,2
+to estimate probabilities of health care consumption these regression models included variables such as age health status and consumption of the same type of care in the previous period consumption of other types of care in the current and previous period education sex and region the presence of dementia and dependence in activities of daily living were also explicitly included and both influenced demand for elder care assistance which was captured as having two levels home services and special housing with hour care in turn these factors were significant predictors of mortality for those receiving elder care data on incidence prevalence and health care use of patients were obtained from patient registers providing longitudinal histories for a sixyear period age and diseasespecific risks of mortality were used individuals surviving beyond the six year period were considered disease free and were returned to face the same risks of health care consumption and death as the diseasefree population in the model,3
+given that assessment as well as the significant administrative and legal difficulties involved in implementing a mandatory regime the final recommendation in the staff working document was to apply the environmental footprints on a voluntary basis it is therefore unlikely but of course still possible that a mandatory regime would be the recommended option at the end of the pilot phase that is labels may gain enough market penetration to become de facto mandatory,13
+smil b p notes that direct solar radiation is the only form of renewable energy whose total terrestrial flux far surpasses not only today s demand for fossil fuels but also any level of global energy demand realistically imaginable in the twentyfirst century leaving aside unsuitable locations constituting about half of the worlds land area those characterized by weak insolation or inaccessibility about zj are available yet it would be technically possible to harness only a small fraction of this and even less would be economically or politically acceptable for example the very ambitious global energy assessment efficiency scenarios assume a technoeconomic potential for solar pv solar thermal and solar water heating of zj,7
+in italy university graduates are less likely to hire workers on temporary contracts ghignoni et al further research is needed including in low and middle income countries on how education affects management practices and paying more than minimum wage in many cities unskilled semiskilled and poorly paid skilled occupations no longer make it possible to live within a reasonable commute of urban centres,8
+thus in some countries the content of the initial education can be quite different according to the position the aspiring teacher is expected to have in germany according to the school subjects level of schooling that a teacher is preparing to teach the content of the education he receives can be quite different they divide the existing models in two important groups defined by several common features the traditional models of teacher initial education and the more modern ones,4
+all countries in eastern europe except moldova currently have national legislation that regulates ewaste in russia will start an extended producer responsibility epr programme for electrical and electronic scrap manufacturers and importers must help collect and process obsolete electronics in line with russian circular economy legislation,12
+under this forum the bangkok declaration was developed which includes sustainable transport goals for in order to demonstrate a regional commitment to measures for achieving safe secure quick reliable affordable efficient peoplecentric and environmentally friendly transport in rapidly urbanising asia transport is not an end in itself it is a tool that facilitates access improving access be it to employment schools healthcare social activities etc,11
+venture capital investment in the clean energy sector harvard business school working paper wind project financing structures a review comparative analysis ernest orlando lawrence berkeley national laboratory lbnl renewable energy market and policy trends in iea countries iea paris,7
+the dc current generated by the solar panel is stored in the battery and then converted to ac using an inverter the bottom one labeled emboxo also plays the role of a load balancer and cluster manager because the load of these two modules is less than of the cpu usage when handling requests per second the aggregation of the functions into one server reduces the number of machines and the total power consumption of the system an embedded linux platform with intel atom z pz p was selected,7
+real food price inflation is still a feature in most countries but it is significantly higher and more volatile in developing countries than in oecd countries as illustrated in figure one of the explanatory factors is a higher weight of food in the consumer basket of developing countries another factor is the higher integration in developed countries between food markets and other sectors of the economy due to lengthier more complex and diversified valuechains and market structures,2
+especially important in areas prone to disasters are improvements in transport and logistics infrastructure and decentralized food storage facilities measures can include realigning roads away from unstable slopes protecting and raising riverbanks in floodprone areas stockpiling food in strategic locations for quick deployment and ensuring the availability of a range of transport options for emergency food distribution measures are needed to enable people to have access to healthpromoting foods and to nutrition education that recognizes food pattern and preferences people have a right to make informed choices about the food that is available to them,2
+the recommendation complements and deepens the relevant provisions of the oecd recommendation on gender equality in education employment and entrepreneurship both of these council recommendations were developed as critical aspects of the oecd gender initiative in addition movements around the world such as metoo time s up the weinstein effect and balancetonporc increasingly demand accountability for the persistent gender inequality in public and private spheres,5
+in addition to a higher income she now employs six youths full time and has trained a large number of others she also offers continued advice and monitoring services to four chicken farms in the area during a january visit to her farm the undp administrator hailed the courage of young people like ms diallo who take the risk of borrowing and investing in sectors where their elders do not see opportunity more important however the integration of training posttraining coaching and access to lowinterest credit is the most important aspect of this success story,8
+yet while the urban poor are covered by social insurance and labour market interventions for a rate double that of rural areas those programmes only reach a fraction of the urban poor ie per cent gentilini a significant proportion of the working poor especially in lowerincome countries work in the informal sector with employment and wages characterized by irregularity and unpredictability in this sector employmentrelated social protection is not the norm,1
+several factors allowed for these reforms to take hold the most important were having stable political leadership making education and the need to monitor education quality a national priority international support and partnerships with nongovernmental institutions in the national institute for educational studies and research instituto nacional de estudos e pesquisas educacionais anisio teixeira inep was mandated to lead evaluation activities in the country,4
+the resulting tool called the inaccessibility index measures individuals ability to reach necessary activities based on their travel time satisfaction the goal of the analysis was to create a tool that allowed different users needs to be taken into account when establishing planning and investment priorities while simultaneously identifying population groups for which access was particularly poor further details are available in the accessibility indicators for planning chapter of this paper,11
+these include for example the achievement gap between low and highstatus groups differences in access to schooling and the segregation of students into different types of schools and school programmes willms argued in the oecds education al a glance oecd that equality and equity should be defined as separate concepts and measured with a consistent approach equality is therefore measured by the differences among groups in the distribution of prosperity outcomes which are performance attainment health and wellbeing and attitudes towards school and learning,4
+they are wellpositioned to play a more important role in the canadian economy with their numbers approaching one million cibc immigrant women as new canadians are opening new doors with their growing numbers in different sectors due to their more educated profiles and higher skills they quickly adapt themselves into the canadian business environment in a very short time period and they have become mainstream entrepreneurs in five years as one in five selfemployed women is an immigrant in canada immigrant women s contribution to the canadian economy is very high,5
+for example in niger one third of all girls are married off before they are years old whereas in burkina faso more than half are married before years meaning that fewer girls in burkina faso marry before the age of other factors too often change the rate at which children are married for example rural versus urban dynamics in east africa cefm is evident in the various forms of marriage it often manifests itself some of these manifested forms are levirate marriage whereby marriage is forced upon a widow to the brother of her deceased husband also known as wife inheritance and sororate marriage whereby the sister of a deceased or infertile wife is forced to marry or have sex with her brotherinlaw or widowerhusband the other forms of cefm in east africa include the trafficking of brides marriage as a dispute settlement mechanism and forced marriage in the context of armed conflict bush wives is a term given to the thousands of women who are abducted and forced to become the wives of the soldiers regardless of age,5
+remote sensing and gis could be valuable tools but their application to inland fisheries and aquaculture is lagging far behind that in other sectors such data deficiencies can result in mistaken policies for example the smartfish project pointed out that some african countries food security and nutrition policies overlooked fish despite its importance in peoples diets as evidenced through dedicated surveys moreover the contribution of women is poorly assessed and thus genderaware policies cannot be adequately formulated,14
+many countries of eastern europe and the former soviet union even experienced deindustrialization during s with the share of manufacturing falling they also experienced increases in poverty during that period thus there is a clear association between success in structural transformation and success in poverty reduction thus a growing economy has to have larger shares of nonagriculture sectors,1
+it argues that increasing womens participation in the labour force a general trend in most developing countries in recent years is not a straightforward pathway either to faster or to more inclusive growth and development as is too often implied rather the potential for w omens increasing participation in paid work including selfemployment to substantively enhance both women s economic empowerment and gender equality is determined by prevailing sociocultural conditions moreover its wider distributional impact is fundamentally dependent on the prevailing processes of technological and structural change those processes in turn are affected by the global and macroeconomic conditions and policies which influence the level and structure of aggregate demand,5
+it is estimated that between onetenth and onethird of innovating firms participate in public support programmes for innovation with large firms receiving support more frequently than smes oecd b for example in france unit of rd expenditure results in unit of tax relief however france norway and the netherlands for smes are the countries which have enlarged their indirect support to rd most significantly,9
+in fact that was one of the initial stated aims of the software when it was first developed it includes detailed output logs of all the povcal software calculations including the estimated parameters of the lorenz curve in each case to bring oecd notions of poverty to this mostly nonoecd dataset requires extending povcals methodological framework in order to derive the median welfare measure directly from the parameters of the lorenz curve which povcal estimates from grouped distributional data,1
+lower earnings as well as the buffer role played by their partner s earnings underlie this result the loss of the income previously provided by a partner the potentially increased difficulty of combining work and care commitments the change in taxes paid and benefits received can lead to substantive income drops after a relationship ends frequent career interruptions help explain at least part of this observed gap life and career events impact women s income mobility and earnings profile in ways they tend not to for men,5
+consequently there are no data and no analysis on the current impact from climate change on forests among these the wetlands of karst fields are particularly sensitive although some reports systematically cover climate change issues there is still no established system for monitoring the incidence of certain diseases in a particular region that could be linked to changes in some climate parameters and subsequent natural disasters data gathered from the institutions of bosnia and herzegovina have not been used for development of a clear response methodology for crisis situations caused by climate change including the preventive measures that must be implemented in order to avoid the occurrence of crisis situations or mitigating measures for consequences caused by climate change eg reduced food yield due to drought or flooding or a shortage of safe drinking water,13
+as such equity should be one of the key objectives in any strategy to improve an education system for example disadvantaged students those in the bottom quarter on the pisa index of economic social and cultural status within their countrieseconomies score points lower in science than advantaged students those in the top quarter on the index on average across oecd countries in bsjg china belgium caba argentina france hungary luxembourg malta and singapore the difference ranges between and score points table a,4
+unemployed youth in mics are more likely to be food insecure than unemployed youth in lics many of the poorest young must work to support themselves and their families and cannot go without income while searching for better job opportunities or being idle working poverty and unemployment rates are strongly negatively correlated in africa suggesting that many young people prefer unemployment over working poverty and will chose unemployment in the hope of finding a better job when they can afford it as countries grow richer lowskilled jobs disappear and the informal sector faces increasing demand constraints,8
+dollar a day revisited the world bank economic review vol child poverty measurement in bangladesh improving upon existing measures ophi university of oxford monitoring progress in child poverty reduction methodological insights and illustration to the case study of bangladesh social indicator research vol,1
+it describes followup activities in the immediate aftermath of the adoption of scr and highlights strategies and tactics used and the increasing concerted development of national action plans focusing on the liberia national action plan as an example as peace support operations generally fail to include women their perspectives are often marginalized especially at the decisionmaking level it is now a commonly recognized fact that during armed conflicts women become targets of systematic gendered and sexual aggression by different warring factions with perpetrators ranging from regular armed forces to peacekeepers sexual torture rape sexual slavery forced pregnancy,5
+one advantage of the simulation is that it can hold everything else constant unemployment levels marketincome inequality household composition etc for instance it can show whether a given family at the bottom middle and top of the income distribution is now better or worse off than they it have been with unchanged policies by comparing the mechanical income effects of redistribution systems between different periods it is possible to identify family and earnings situations that are better or worse off as a result of policy reforms for simplicity we refer to these families respectively as gainers and losers results are shown for the same oecd countries that were included in the above summary of policy changes for each family changes in tax burdens and benefit entitlements do not only result from policy action they can also occur if policies are not adjusted,10
+the amending act included provisions to improve treatment and care for people dependent on drugs it allowed for the management of drug dependence and in that context legitimized opioid substitution maintenance and other tertiary services the amending act also repealed the mandatory imposition of the death penalty in case of a repeat conviction for trafficking large quantities of drugs,3
+it also calls for an understanding of how gender roles identities and relations shape the possible outcomes of statebuilding itself this includes recognising the role of social expectations associated with being male see box gender analysis helps uncover the ways in which these processes and institutions are gendered and is the starting point for identifying and addressing gender disparities,5
+collection of excess mortality and suicide after discharges will continue as will research and development work on inpatient suicide for those indicators that are being reported publically norway s data collection appears to be improving yearonyear which is very promising however there are clear shortcomings as identified in table,3
+these include the structure and characteristics of the higher education system how the system is governed or steered and its broader social and economic context this applies when considering multiple policy levers used together various combinations of policy levers may be more effective in some contexts than others this chapter concludes with an examination of how effective these objectives are coordinated in the norwegian context,4
+three states had child mortality rates of five and below cyprus and malta with five and singapore with three the same number had rates of over per live births comoros the gambia and guineabissau this represents a fold difference in the relative risk of death for children under five across the small states,3
+in both countries students from the capital regions of helsinki and reykjavik outperform students from the rural areas the article shows that these differences to a large extent can be explained by students families socioeconomic status and cultural capital as well as students own ambitions and expectations also at a national level the nordic countries are in the process of transforming their national assessments to computers,4
+while in oecd countries households pay on average of the cost of pharmaceuticals out of pocket in kazakhstan the figure is oecd medicines prescribed in primary care are generally paid for by the patient and only provided free of charge for patients with a listed socially significant disease it is not known however the extent to which hospital drug coverage in terms of quantities is available for any given condition to alleviate the cost burden of medicines for patients the government has been gradually expanding the outpatient medicine benefit package since its introduction in but high oop costs persist,3
+industry and urban residents are the largest consumers and have been benefiting for a long time national energy efficiency efforts should be directed primarily to those who consume the most electricity and whose potential for savings are the greatest in an attempt to maximise and accelerate the reduction of the housing backlog energy efficiency has largely been overlooked in the design and construction process principles are now established to correct these errors and ensure that all houses including the very small ones comply with the bestpractice energy efficiency standards,7
+in the general office of the state council issued views on the implementation of deepening the reform on power system during the eleventh fiveyear plan period the general office of the state council doc no which standardised the restructuring of power enterprises at the county level and encouraged the involvement of independent power companies since the state encourages all types of investors to invest in rural power grids,7
+in peru smoking prevalence is higher than the oecd average for men but lower for women of men and of women over years of age in peru used tobacco daily in as compared to and respectively among oecd countries oecd this was somewhat lower than the oecd average of litres in oecd nevertheless of the peruvian population are affected by excessive alcohol consumption of men and of women,3
+another driver has been the search for lowering cost of energy use in fishing and includes hull and gear design and in particular motor technology and the installation of effective fuel meters the basic point is that when a market exists or can be createddeveloped eg fish oil supplements innovation and products will follow the introduction of a discard ban in the european union starting in will lead to the landing of fish without a ready consumer market alternative uses and markets eg ensilage fodder will need to be developed to bring the raw material to good use,14
+it is important that in the future action to ensure equality should also include measures to empower women so that they may access positions of leadership making them role models and take part in decision making on equal footing with men mexico s civil service should consider further policies and initiatives for enhancing the recmitment of women in sectors where they are underrepresented managerial positions in departments like the navy the interior and finance and public credit are maledominated as in the private sector they are smaller among younger workers and wider at the upper end of the income distribution,5
+classrooms and schools with more disciplinary problems are less conducive to learning since teachers have to spend more time creating an orderly environment before instruction can begin more interruptions within the classroom disrupt students engagement and their ability to follow the lessons the disciplinary climate is indicated in pisa by how often student do not listen to the teacher during lessons on the language of instruction there is noise and disorder the teacher has to wait a long time for students to quiet down students cannot work well and students do not start working for a long time after the lesson begins,4
+the distribution of different tasks duties and rights as well as expectations related to gender has changed a consequence of these changes is that many women have had better possibilities to get an education and to participate in labor market activities poppel m statistics greenland poppel m the figure below shows the changes in employment by trade and industries for a long timespan,5
+for example in australia separate funding became available for herceptin and a similar arrangement is available in france in germany cancer drugs are paid on a drg basis or through specific additional payments zusatzentgelte in the netherlands the pharmacy units in hospitals were previously responsible for pharmaceutical purchases and hospitals with a pharmacy unit that managed to purchase innovative drugs at lower prices were able to use these drugs more than other hospitals leading to crosshospital variations in the availability of expensive pharmaceuticals but due to pressure from patient groups in the ministry of health became responsible for of the costs related to the purchase of expensive pharmaceuticals to insurance companies with the rest paid by the hospitals and pharmacy,3
+for example providing safe water supplies and sanitation and the resulting health benefits is a much more effective approach to enhancing food security than imposing tariffs on staple foods initiatives to raise awareness about adequate nutrition and childcare can help to overcome nutritional deficiencies using international trade to make food available and affordable on domestic markets is beneficial for food consumers while negative implications of open trade for producers and for market stability can be counteracted through appropriately targeted policies,2
+many of these goods are only traded within a small area either because they are perishable or because of transportation costs when social protection programmes generate additional income that creates demand for locally produced goods and services they contribute to virtuous circles where agricultural and rural nonfarm income growth reinforce each other the degree of the impact will depend on the availability of local resources including labour that can supply the goods and services needed to meet additional demand without significant price increases,1
+this has put into question the relevance of centrallyplanned investments andor turnkey technology transfer and highlighted the need to look for better technology delivery models the programme was superseded by the programme on renewable energy development and construction of small hydropower plants for the period resolution of the government no it recognizes the current shortcomings in the country in the process of construction and operation of shpps hindering the growth of investment and cost effectiveness of already constructed plants one of the main objectives of the programme is to eliminate the need to import electricity by by commissioning new power generation capacity and reducing electricity losses in the energy system to and per cent in and respectively according to the agency of statistics electricity continued to be imported in and from kyrgyzstan and the total electricity losses in the energy system have increased from to per cent in the period from to,7
+in the other four countries differences on the divorce procedure remain moreover none of the countries offers equality in guardianship and headofhousehold provisions or in the financial arrangements that apply to childcare in the case of divorce they often join the informal sector especially if they lack prior work experience and may have to accept lowpaid strenuous work with no social protection,5
+in the total volume declared and paid under the general regime was only of the volume granted a water entitlement can expire if the total volume of water granted has not been used in two consecutive years without explanation since the water titleholder can pay a guarantee fee cuota de garantid to avoid the expiration of the water entitlement the aim of this mechanism is to encourage titleholders that do not intend to use the water to give back their titles the rationale is that unused entitlements generate opportunity costs for society water that is allocated but not used could be used in other activities and generate social benefits,6
+other findings that were perhaps less commonly expected include the result that subsidies on variable inputs are the most production and tradedistorting among all measures analysed and that areabased payments can induce significant cross commodity effects where a policy instrument reduces the variability of farm income it acts like an insurance at the same time a policy that increases expected farm income and hence raises implicit farm wealth may lead the farmer to adopt riskier behaviour both the insurance and the wealth effect can result in an expansion of production if farmers are risk averse an attitude that is found in many empirical studies,2
+the selfreporting system and periodical expert inspections should be operated more stringently by for example increasing penalties for noncompliance in addition financial support for smes to improve their emission treatment system should be considered a top priority energyefficient production systems can cut the cost per unit of production and increase price competitiveness in addition to consuming less energy energy efficiency in industry in the city can also reduce electricity consumption at the national level,11
+the united kingdom has consistently been in the vanguard of developed nations in promoting international action on climate change it has strongly supported international climatechange negotiations through the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc and eu channels along with considerable unilateral efforts to support adaptation and mitigation in developing countries at the g summit at gleneagles in july the united kingdom proposed a focus on poverty reduction and climate change,13
+taxes and tradable permit systems that result in increasing costs over time can help smooth the transition whereas environmental regulations based on enforcing absolute standards at individual plant level can lead to economic dislocations for those plants some technologies such as the potential to retrofit endofpipe environmental cleanup technologies or the ability to switch to loweremitting fuels can help reduce the degree to which assets may become stranded by increasing the plant s flexibility to operate under different regulatory conditions some plants are also inherently more flexible than others for example some coalfired power generation plant may be more readily adapted than others to run with a fraction of biomass energy andor have carbon capture and storage plant retrofitted at a later date once the economics become favourable,7
+however countries facing especially large government budget deficits or where an already high unemployment rate is projected to remain stable or decline are more likely to envisage beginning to trim back some of the increases in spending that were taken in response to the crisis many of the crisis measures are scheduled to expire often at the end of or early in this is particularly common for expansions of unemployment benefit coverage or benefit generosity and measures to stimulate labour demand including expansions of shorttime work stw schemes public employment service pes staffing has increased significantly in a number of countries with japan increasing it by over onethird,8
+indeed while an increase in the share of older age groups tends to boost healthcare spending because health needs increase with age longevity gains could translate into healthy ageing for longterm care however there may be less of an offset extra longevity is unlikely to reduce dependency and longterm care costs are concentrated on the very old age groups whose numbers will increase the most the reason why income gains on their own might not generate tremendous pressure is related to the size of the aggregate elasticity of health expenditure per capita to gdp per capita the hypothesis that health care is a superior good is generally rejected based on microdata analysis where health spending is found to be relatively inelastic to individual income implying that health is a necessity even though estimates might be blurred by the extent of insurance coverage moreover evidence that the aggregate elasticity is significantly greater than unity is not very robust see oliveira martins and de la maisonneuve annex b as a result longterm financial simulations generally assume an aggregate income elasticity within the range of,3
+currently the most important national policy development related to forestry and forest management is the transfer of ownership rights to use and responsibilities for the management of what is ultimately planned to be per cent of albania s forests and pastures to local communes in the forestry lands high forests low forestscoppices shrubs and other areas with forest vegetation encompassed ha which accounts for per cent of the territory of albania the structure of the albanian forest resources forest fund namely its division into different forest types surface covered and stand volume for the dominant forest species is presented in table areas overgrown by bushes accounted for some per cent of the total forest area and per cent of the total timber volume,15
+using the data and literature a range of default values should be developed as benchmarks for policy makers to use in assessing the outcomes from energy efficiency policy this will enable governments assess the potential of energy efficiency policy to meet their priorities a longer term goal would be to begin to calculate this for different countries and regions and ultimately for the global economy this can help channel funds into investments in energy efficiency,7
+for climate change adaptation regulators were required to assess possible climate impacts in four areas human health infrastructure and location land use landscape ecosystems and biodiversity and water resources the presumption was that the most climatefriendly alternative would be selected legislative texts were required to include a statement on the climate relevance of the act and alternatives considered and if the alternative chosen was not the most climatefriendly among those considered a short statement of justification,13
+far more lowskilled immigrant workers enter the country through other channels nationality verification memorandum of understanding mou one stop service centre ossc or as borderseasonal workers the majority of lowskilled immigrants obtain regular status through the nationality verification and ossc channels jointly totalling approximately million workers these immigrant workers originate from cambodia the lao people s democratic republic lao pdr and myanmar immigration policies in thailand have been criticised for lagging behind reality and policy makers appear to be struggling to develop an adequate framework for the governance of migration flows this is in part due to the diverging perceptions of immigration by employers and workers while at the same time policy makers aim to govern migration flows in such a way that the economy benefits,8
+however the statistical yearbook on environmental protection does not contain statistical information on industrial waste inspections and law enforcement on protection of the environment and natural resources in particular information on the use of water resources is excluded due to inconsistencies in the statistical data in that area however since the beginning of due to the lack of funding both the aarhus centre in dushanbe and its website are not operational,6
+figure presents the impact of taxes and transfers in reducing poverty comparing nsw with jobless households households with nonstandard workers see their poverty rates reduced by a third from to on average in comparison taxes and transfers have a much larger impact on jobless households halving their poverty rate from to just after taxes and transfers the povertyreducing impact of taxes and transfers for nsw households tends to be particularly large in belgium ireland and the united kingdom,1
+if the chief physician or psychiatrist considers that treatment may continue under outpatient status a request for involuntary outpatient treatment may be submitted to the administrative court involuntary treatment may only begin if the patient has objected to it or if the patient s mental condition is a wellfounded reason to believe that the care cannot be given with his or her consent bolling et al when the need for care is assessed it should also be taken into consideration whether the patient as a result of his or her condition is a danger to other people s health or safety no minimum age for compulsory psychiatric treatment is specified,3
+this could provide an efficient and effective way to bring together different educational providers with key businesses public and private to provide meaningful learning pathways and sustainable employment this would help inform education provision at all levels the most effective regionwide graduate labour market systems are based on the collection of comprehensive labour market intelligence online publication of the data in a single place to improve students ability to make rational choices about their studies and to help graduates and employers to come together and students to move into employment and using the data strategically to identify regional priorities and at an institutional level to respond to the data in terms of course provision and the provision of employer specified skills,4
+having established near universal literacy by the end of the th century its economic and social development has been and remains deeply intertwined with a commitment to education as the economy has developed in recent decades the education system that helped propel the country to upper middleincome status now needs to evolve to respond to rising expectations and changing demands for skills new challenges are emerging economic growth has recently slowed inequality is widening and productivity growth is weak,4
+investigating the relationship between the sigi and different aspects of subjective wellbeing can thus shed light on key domains that significantly affect mens and womens lives and ultimately guide policy actions it contributes to the subjective wellbeing literature from a gender perspective in two important ways first it investigates whether the societal level of gender inequality in social institutions affects national and individual levels of subjective wellbeing swb,5
+recognising that the unequal distribution of unpaid work is a key barrier to gender equality overall many oecd governments are promoting fathers parental leavetaking and care for young children as well as a range of public awareness campaigns challenging gender stereotypes and norms long hours at home spent cooking cleaning and caring for family limits the amount of time individuals can spend in paid work women have a disproportionate share of responsibility for caregiving which can prevent them from entering fulltime jobs remaining in the labour market and advancing their careers earnings and pension entitlements,5
+this has been observed in northeastern spain for instance where irrigation modernisation has led to increased consumptive use lecina et al furthermore increasing water efficiency can lead to reduce recharge of aquifers reducing groundwater recharge which further the problem of groundwater depletion in critical regions like northwest india ward or the high plains aquifer pfeiffer and lin dam or infrastructure investments also can result in conflict and lead to environment problems and generally do not result in long term changes in the use of water in particular welldesigned water transfers have the potential to help alleviate agriculture water risks in the united states southwest cooley et al,6
+in case of electric systems this level refers to avoiding blackouts in the case of gas systems it refers to avoiding sudden gasdelivery cuts in order to guarantee that systems continue to function under extraordinary circumstances they require sufficient back up and redundancy beyond the requirements of normal operations,7
+who chooses who does what and who gets what why should policy makers care about men and women having equal opportunities to participate in paid work in becker s rational choice model the family is viewed as a single entity with common preferences all family members work together to maximise the wellbeing of the family unit and to achieve maximum returns becker argues members participate in a strict sexual division of labour one partner typically the man specialises in paid labour while the other typically the woman specialises in unpaid housework,5
+of significant concern czech mortality rates from ischaemic heart diseases and stroke remain the fourth highest in the oecd at and deaths respectively per population in compared to oecd averages of and this chapter explores the quality of these services for breast cervical and colorectal cancer the three cancers with the highest mortality burden in the czech republic for which screening is available the quality of primary and secondaiy prevention for cardiovascular diseases including diabetes the focus of chapter is also considered,3
+the measure which follows a recommendation in the survey should help the recruitment and retention of better teachers as after many years of wage freezes teachers wages had become very low visavis other occupations at the same qualification level preschool will be made compulsory for children over three yearsold in are already attending which is a positive step given that enrolment generally enhances education outcomes of children with poor backgrounds a socalled sure start programme aims to support young children in disadvantaged areas by providing pedagogic and social support in dedicated centres and promoting parental involvement to reduce school dropout bridge programmes were launched in to help pupils performing poorly in elementary education to acquire basic skills and a partial vocational qualification and an afterschool support programme tanoda was launched,4
+successful cases of joint initiatives could inform this process gender mainstreaming should also go beyond providing sexdisaggregated data for all results areas of the strategic plan in this connection the merits of integrating the gender equality strategy as part of the next strategic plan onwards should receive serious consideration,5
+shares remained roughly stable for ldcs but increased slightly for the other three groupings this evidence suggests that for foodimporting developing countries in general meeting the cost of food import bills has become less onerous over time konandreas conducts a more disaggregated analysis for the period looking at individual countries in the ldcs and nfidc groups and at their average maximum and minimum shares of food import expenditure in both total merchandise imports and exports,2
+this contrasts with sdg on access to quality education and lifelong learning for example which tracks gender equality in out of indicators the first is the lack of readily available data and indicators that target women and girls andor capture gender inequality the second is an ongoing failure to place gender at the centre of macro level processes such as growth strategies and environmental and sustainability concerns,5
+this initiative utilises consultants to evaluate projects and present them to potential investors this represents an innovative form of institution building that is confronting directly the difficulties that investors face in assessing the risk and return of new projects and committing to involvement in smaller scale initiatives for some there are clear economic objectives such programmes are guided by conventional rationales for intervention such as market failure for example correcting information asymmetries in knowledge about market and technological development opportunities while for other programmes the economic aims are connected to broader social objectives and the needs of particular groups and areas these programmes are not just about market failure,8
+in fact captured fish used directly for reduction to fishmeal and fish oil dropped by between and recycling fish residue in the fishmeal and oil market cont according to iffo the marine ingredients organisation the share of fish oil in the omega market has increased from in to in while still of the fish oil is going to aquaculture fish farmers find themselves competing with a buyer that is able to pay substantially higher prices,14
+these include the number of available public transport stops and how they are distributed the clustering of population close to stops and the overall density and distribution of the street network for many cities there are few sidewalks and pedestrians have to share crowded roads with motorized traffic although cycling may be relatively inexpensive it is often difficult and potentially dangerous with few cycleways or lanes,11
+innovation that harnesses these new opportunities will benefit from the exchange of knowledge and practices on how to successfully implement reforms this research particularly emphasises the need to use diverse strategies for teaching and learning in different circumstances this means that even if this report is focused on oer ie on educational resources and particularly educational media it will attempt to keep in focus the interaction of organisational processes and infrastructure the means of using networks and collaboration and insights given and missing from research,4
+when the process leads to course exemptions the costs of education or training to the individual are reduced as the person will need to spend less time off work and may have their tuition fees reduced finally when a person has nearly all the skillset required by the target qualification and can obtain it just by passing an examination the direct and opportunity costs are greatly reduced compared to pursuing a full training programme,4
+accounting for such system costs can make significant differences to the social and private investor costs of different power generation technologies in particular the integration of variable renewables is a complex issue that profoundly affects the structure financing and operational mode of electricity systems in general and nuclear in particular the present study overseen by the working party on nuclear energy economics wpne of the oecd nuclear energy agency nea presents an overview of the most important system effects proposes methodologies to assess them and provides systematic empirical cost estimates the deployment of electricity from variable renewables is also significantly affecting the economics of dispatchable power generation technologies in particular those of nuclear power both in the short and the long run,7
+in the north livestock breeding is developing at a rapid pace and kostanay oblast is the fourth largest beef producer the average household has two to five heads of cattle and other livestock and poultry and production is focused on satisfying their own needs for milk and dairy products selling livestock for slaughter usually occurs due to a need for cash or at the end of the pasture season inadequate conditions for cattle breeding lack of balanced feeding from a nutritional perspective limited veterinary services and insufficient knowledge lack of financial resources and an undeveloped infrastructure are common,2
+significant effort will be needed by countries to develop detailed sector level implementation plans and understand associated investment and finance needs in light of available domestic resources they are intended to articulate the actions each party plans to implement post as part of its commitment to the international climate change regime the lndcs are in the first instance documents for communicating political commitments setting out national or sectoral climate goals and as such provide no detailed implementation plans which can be used as a basis for business planning and investment decisions,13
+this facilitates cooperation between teachers of both institutions and makes transition easier for children as they are already familiar with the learning environment for standalone settings such as nursery schools and partner provider centres joint planning may present more of a challenge scottish executive furthermore little is known about the impact of collaboration with services outside the school on child wellbeing and early learning participating jurisdictions report a number of activities and guidelines to foster such collaboration but few signal challenges in this area,4
+the distribution of earnings changes is trimmed at the st and th percentiles source oecd calculations based on national longitudinal household and labour force surveys uhs china fedesarollo colombia nids south africa and the eusilc national files hirkey while these conclusions hold on average one should keep in mind that informal jobs are also extremely diverse,8
+most nets are lost in deeper fishing areas between to metres but also in cod fisheries in relatively shallow waters however the tac system for cod northeast arctic and coastal does not restrict the overall catches of coastal cod the norwegian coastal cod north is recognised as a stock complex genetic studies indicate that some of the spawning components along the coast could be local stocks more or less isolated from coastal cod in neighbouring areas the challenge for the management is therefore both to keep the total stock complex at a productive level and in addition to give protection to potentially vulnerable local stocks,14
+in addition from to the private vehicle fleet grew by more than in chile ine this was paralleled by a rise in the percentage of total trips made in private transport versus public transport cepal in common with most of chile s larger cities these trends are leading to greater road congestion and elevated pollution levels in on average approximately of the daily motorised trips in the santiago metropolitan region were made on public transport bus metro collective taxis if daily commuting is disaggregated by income results show that the lowerincome segments are still highly dependent on public transport cepal,11
+extraction of conventional oil and natural gas is done primarily through well drilling which can cause localized erosion and loss of soil productivity and carries a risk of spills which can cause serious environmental contamination however biofuel production and other uses of biomass require a large input of raw biomass feedstock the production and harvesting of which can have environmental impacts depending on the biomass source electricity production based on combustion of other fossil fuels is also associated with significant environmental impacts including greenhouse gas and other air emissions,7
+financing for this remediation is not readily available from government and private local property developers are reluctant to undertake this function at the moment there is no systematic planning nor serious anticipation regarding the potential for brownfield redevelopments even though a number of initiatives to encourage new housing construction have been launched one strategy to begin the transformation of brownfield sties is to encourage temporary uses in order to increase interest in the area and demonstrate its potential vitality box the first is the cost of reconversion,11
+this makes the reduction of inequality a difficult complex task ensuring that improvements in one area are not hindered by growing inequality in others is therefore important this calls for an integrated policy approach and a specific policy focus on disadvantaged groups it purports to be a set of cohesive coherent and complementary policies social monetary and fiscal developmental trade and industrial and other to attack inequality in its various dimensions since standalone policies are unlikely to have much effect,10
+but contrary to other commodity markets in the case of a disturbance in supplies nuclear reactors operate without refuelling for to months thus securing months of electricity supply before halting and if delivery of fresh fuel is delayed a reactor can still be operated for two to six months beyond its scheduled shut down at gradually lower power whereas strategic oil stocks correspond in most eu countries to days forward requirements thus shortages due to geopolitical or economic factors are far less harmful in the nuclear fuel market rather than in other commodity markets in the eu s gross inland consumption consisted of of oil of natural gas of nuclear energy and of coal for the mostused energy sources,7
+state and territory education departments are responsible for implementing the australian curriculum in asic made one of its key priorities the integration of financial literacy in relevant learning areas of the national curriculum in partnership with relevant professional associations and with the support of the australian government financial literacy board asic participated actively in the consultation process on the draft curriculum for mathematics english and science as a result the integration of financial literacy content in these curriculum areas is strengthened for example there is a substrand in the mathematics curriculum called money and financial mathematics for example the content of the draft economics and business curriculum due for ministerial approval in december includes significant content about consumer and financial literacy,4
+tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of mortality among people who use drugs and are living with hiv one of the highrisk groups for the spread of tuberculosis are people who use drugs based on the limited data available from studies in europe asia and the americas the prevalence of tuberculosis among pwid is estimated at approximately per cent median prevalence based on studies with a range from per cent to per cent people who use drugs are often socioeconomically disadvantaged and vulnerable to poverty homelessness and malnutrition,3
+furthermore the fee schedule as it stands does not fully address improving care and creating new care options for very long stay patients reimbursement could cover a wider but more specific range of treatments and services for example psychological talking therapy participation in community engagement projects or art or music therapy sessions the fee schedule could also be used to pay for services in hospitals that would help facilitate safe and earlier discharge and help improve quality of care this programme has seen some success with a positive effect on patient outcomes which were measured carefully oecd a,3
+such laws are also a cause for statelessness if the family resided in the father s country and the father died or otherwise left the family the mother would have to remain in that country with whatever nationality issues that may have presented for her or abandon her children to return to egypt this constitutes discrimination against women and is contrary to the provisions of article of the bahraini constitution in which equality between persons in rights and duties is recognised without discrimination based on gender origin language religion or beliefs,5
+beyond sustainable infrastructure investments will also be needed in new green products services and business models eg water recycling when considering the balance between public and private resources for climate change specifically the private sector is already the major source of climate finance globally while public finance plays a critical role to catalyse leverage and guide private investment in the case of investment for renewable energy for example hascic et al,13
+other structures include fixed charges per hectare for nonmetered agricultural abstraction or a price per megawatthour for energy production in belgium flanders region the level of the tax varies with the quantity of water abstracted for groundwater abstraction water abstracted is sometimes paid through increasing block tariff ibt the volumetric price is higher for larger volumes in contrast the volumetric price sometimes decreases for larger volumes in the case of surface water the socalled decreasing block tariff dbt one issue with decreasing or increasing block tariffs is that the market signal sent to consumers on the value of the resource might become misleading,6
+as discussed below ghana and nigeria for instance have adopted national strategic frameworks and plans for hivaids which are being implemented in fact cote d ivoire has established a ministry of aids tasked with the mandate of strengthening care prevention and community response to the epidemic resources have also been mobilized at each country level for hiv prevention care and support programmes in addition publicprivate partnerships have been fostered and strengthened between governments the private sector faithbased groups people living with hivaids and civil society organizations across the countries in the region,3
+schools are evaluated every seven years by teams of external evaluators who are recruited selected and trained by nase and who follow evaluation policies established by the moes schools are assessed within an evaluation framework covering five domains school culture teaching and learning student achievement support for students and school management and linked to performance indicators the conclusions of the external evaluation are presented to the school in a detailed report that outlines school s strengths and weaknesses and provides recommendations for performance improvement,4
+they can select compare and evaluate appropriate problemsolving strategies for dealing with complex problems related to these models students at this level can work strategically using broad welldeveloped thinking and reasoning skills appropriate linked representations symbolic and formal characterisations and insight pertaining to these situations in mexico of students reach the pisa mathematics level or higher compared with on average across oecd countries c countries average countries with simi lar gdp per capita average,4
+investment is more likely to be cost effective in cities that are already close to becoming attractive and productive locations for firms and investors and in cities that can support investments targeted to industries already interested in locating there investment in roads and connectivity based on careful spatial vision will in the long run help to evolve viable secondary cities policies targeting spatial investments should on this basis consider not just national but regional economic geography the upshot is that governments should avoid policies that harm or undermine cities and their economic functioning,11
+given the inherent limitation of these data other indicators of the size and progressivity of taxes and transfers are presented to investigate the characteristics of specific tax and benefit schemes a cluster analysis of carefully selected policy indicators capturing the progressivity size and mix of taxes and benefits is then implemented to identify groups of oecd countries sharing common redistributive approaches inequality in income after taxes and transfers as measured by the gini index was about lower than for income beore taxes and transfers on average in the oecd area in the late s for the same period poverty measured after taxes and transfers was lower than before taxes and transfers for the oecd average,10
+mexico now has the lowest life expectancy of all oecd countries while life expectancy increased by three years on average across oecd countries between and rising from years to years it increased by only years in mexico from to years this means the gap in longevity between mexico and other oecd countries has widened from about four years to almost six years between and rates of overweight or obesity increased from to of the adult population one in three children is also overweight or obese,3
+microalgae are productive photosynthetic organisms on this planet that can double biomass on a daily basis under optimum conditions commercial algae farms can produce gallons equivalent to around litres of oil per acre compared to just gallons about litres of ethanol biofuel per acre grown with crops like maize replacing all us biofuel production with algae oil would need around million acres almost km of desert however it would potentially allow million acres equivalent to around km of cropland to be planted with human food and save billions of litres of irrigation water a year brennan and owende chen et al illegal unreported and unregulated iuu fishing and discarded catch bycatch also called unused catch are part of this problem and are all potential threats to the sustainability of fisheries fao,14
+the global rate of youth unemployment was estimated at per cent in and was expected to remain steady during ilo b in real terms this means that nearly million young people between the ages of and report that they are actively searching for work but are unable to find a job a deep concern is that world unemployment rates did not decline after the global downturn as economies began to recover the rate of unemployment among young people remained at or near per cent see figure,8
+wind data are drawn from arup with median case assumptions more uptodate cost estimates and load factors for solar technology have been provided by the iea renewables division germany and united kingdom data are estimates from bsw and parsons while data for france the republic of korea and the united states are drawn from iea publications of iea a b and c with a reduction in order to account for the aforementioned decrease in market prices,7
+again this has been a priority identified by the densaulyk programme multiple waves of policy reforms have sought to expand access modernise service delivery arrangements and reduce reliance on inpatient care the system continues to face many challenges in part reflecting its postsoviet legacy of underinvestment in primaiy health care and relative focus on the treatment of communicable diseases others constraints are more contemporary including the unavailability of the adequate information systems the seemingly limited accountability for delivering results in all parts of the country and insufficient emphasis on developing services and programmes that address the current burden of disease effectively,3
+efforts to address these challenges are compounded by policy discontinuities that result from a change in the majority of the municipal administration every three years the region s transport network is characterised by congested highways and poorly maintained urban roads as to water and wastewater management in spite of the high coverage of water and sanitation in the pueblatlaxcala metropolitan zone reported at and respectively sedesol the frequency of water provision and quality of infrastructure remain inadequate,11
+this exercise was realized on the basis of a measure of insufficient income for its part chile has a lower poverty incidence but a very similar level of poverty intensity to that observed in argentina brazil costa rica and uruguay as regards the area of residence the values of mo are higher in rural areas of guatemala nicaragua and peru while in terms of ethnicity the highest values for mo are found among the indigenous population of guatemala paraguay and peru,1
+however the learning outcomes of these students at the age and from to are not as successful austria belgium france and italy fall into this group of countries yet canada estonia finland ireland japan korea latvia and spain perform above the oecd average on equity grounds in at least performance levels out of in particular estonia finland japan and korea had an exceptionally high proportion of resilient students,4
+it is therefore important that the risks are well understood and that the governance structure eg building codes landuse planning and regulation of energy infrastructure and market mechanisms eg price signals and disclosure of climate risks facilitate effective adaptation to both climate variability and change broad public acceptance is also a prerequisite for action on climate change adaptation to assess progress indicators have been proposed,13
+while there remain challenges in providing equitable learning outcomes for children and young people from indigenous communities and improving attainment at higher levels of the education system chile has achieved equity in access to basic education furthermore there are no significant differences in primary completion between indigenous and nonindigenous children targeted initiatives such as a specific scholarship beca indfgena basica and beca indfgena media have had a significant impact on increasing attendance and reducing dropout among beneficiaries in addition the recognition and promotion of indigenous languages and cultures in the education system benefits from the implementation of the bilingual intercultural education programme peib targeted at schools that serve indigenous students,4
+the government s efforts to develop modern largescale production should be complemented by the efforts to integrate smallscale producers into agricultural markets as well as to diversify rural incomes large state agencies operate on the grain machinery leasing and agricultural credit markets their primary function is to implement support programmes but they are also empowered to undertake commercial operations and as such enjoy substantial market power,2
+beyond the qof the country collects several patient experience measures with general practice about million patients registered with a gp practice are surveyed twice a year around access making appointments quality of care satisfaction with opening hours and experience with outofhours national health service nhs services england has other rich data sources on the quality of mental health care prevention measures or around the use of hospital care by gps all of which are published at the gp practice level oecd a denmark and israel also took steps to better measure quality and outcomes in primary care although recent events in denmark illustrate that unexpected obstacles can derail progress in this area see case study,3
+moreover annual runoff may decrease due to increased evaporation in large lakes possibilities of heavy rain floods even in summer time may increase especially in small river systems flooding can cause overflows in treatment plants or problems with water abstraction affecting also water quality groundwater level may increase in winter and decline in summer reduced groundwater recharge may cause oxygen depletion in small groundwater bodies and consequently increased metal concentrations in groundwater eg iron manganese the river originates in finland and its final recipient in the baltic sea basin is lake ladoga in the russian federation,6
+this exposes the mining sector to potential policy and regulatory risks stemming from government efforts to shift the global economy to a lowemission development pathway as envisaged by the paris agreement at the same time renewables have become an increasingly costcompetitive source of power generation this has resulted in a business case for the adoption of solar and wind energy solutions in the mining sector to reduce costs as well as carbon footprint of operations,7
+the country has also used opinion surveys eg metropolitan areas of queretaro to raise awareness on corruption this applies especially to agriculture and energy that figure less in the water agenda than territorial development this implies consistent multiannual and mutually supportive national state and regional water programmes that incorporate the water agenda s objectives this implies combining investments into physical water and sanitation or hard infrastructure and providing soft infrastructure ie mainly the institutions upon which water outcomes rely and their ability to fulfil their duties in an effective and coordinated way,6
+both recipients and providers mentioned the importance of tracking so called brown or fossil fuel intensive investments in addition to climate finance to effectively measure progress towards greenhouse gas emission reduction across their broader portfolio of investment activities however considering the resource intensity of establishing and operating tracking systems and the recent focus on defining and tracking flows in the context of the unfccc usd billion commitment providers of climate finance were sometimes of the view that an overemphasis on tracking per se can itself be a barrier to effectiveness redirecting scarce resources from achieving impact on the ground on the other hand recipient countries claimed that domestic systems tracking finance can be useful in verifying finance reported to the unfccc,13
+as the lower wage level in developing economies is reflected in lower prices of goods that are not traded internationally one unit of the local currency will have greater purchasing power domestically than worldwide for that reason the world bank has used purchasing power parity ppp which is calculated by converting a local currency into a reference currency us in terms of purchasing power equivalent following this logic in an international poverty line was estimated equivalent to one ppp dollar per day at prices,1
+the most isolated places are outside the national grid and currently depend on power supplied by local dieselfired generation or local natural gas resources diesel is used for communities located off the electrical grid as well as in situations where there is not enough hydroelectricity to meet the demand a small amount of electricity less than comes from wind,7
+few local governments established metal hospitals and most local governments instead called on private hospitals to provide services the mental hygiene law was passed in which dictated that confinement of individuals with mental illhealth should be in psychiatric hospitals tatara and okamoto involuntary admission was included and could be made by administrative order or by the proxy consent of a legally responsible person asai,3
+the housing stock increased more than twofold in astana and almaty and also expanded rapidly in regions with strong economic and demographic growth such as atyrau kyzylorda and mangystau the average housing area per person increased throughout kazakhstan however there are spatial inequalities the residents of astana and almaty city have more housing space per person than the national average and astana is now well above the national average with square metres per capita compared to the national average of square metres by contrast residents of poorer cities such as taraz or in cities experiencing rapid population growth such as zhanaojen have on average less housing space per capita and square metres per capita respectively than the national average,11
+an estimated of the total global catch consists of iuu fishing with a value of usj billion borit and olsen the real figures are likely to be higher since iuu data by definition are scarce information on womens roles in iuu is even scarcer kleiber ef al when carried out on an industrial scale on the open seas they rely almost exclusively on labour by men many of whom have been pressed into indentured labour and held on ships as actual or de facto slaves often for years without being allowed off the ship urbina ilo pirate fishing operations in particular are characterized by some of the worst working conditions and there are extensive reports of abuse ejf,14
+it is fundamental for survival of normal society these changes reflect in new institutional norms and discourse sea changes in the lives of women previously excluded from the corridors of power and in the new men emerging to champion gender causes they also reflect in the lives of ordinary women now claiming access to land mineral resources finance and other means of production with which to enhance their livelihoods and those of their families even so women remain the majority of the poor the dispossessed those living with hiv and aids and daily violated as a result of high levels of gender violence,5
+this assessment section includes impacts on security severance townscape accessibility in the meaning of usability of the transport system for people with physical and hidden disabilities affordability etc it is important to note that nonmonetised impacts require the most work and research for improving methodologies in order to better link these impacts to decisionmaking this is important for not only essentially influencing whether the investment goes to particular scheme but also to serve as a basis for the adjustment of the scheme design while improving methodologies for monetising accessibility benefits may help with this in some cases in others monetary valuation of accessibility gains for instance when analysing distributional and spatial impacts may be unnecessary as a sole outcome ratio such as the bcr could be hiding relevant effects,11
+the world food summit defined food security as availability at all times of adequate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices the discussions in the subsequent two decades introduced an economic element to access food and thus made a distinction between chronic food insecurity related to poverty and transient food security associated with natural disasters conflicts or economic downturn as such food insecurity is the state when people do not have adequate physical or economic access to food this crosscutting nature of food security poses a difficulty in trying to measure it,2
+they specify the name of applicants to the programme by federal state the amount of resources requested the area covered by each intervention as well as the list of successful applicants the amount of funds and area approved for each project there is however limited assessment regarding the overall environmental effectiveness of the scheme moreover since the environmental impacts from landuse change are estimated based on a score that is translated into financial terms during the determination of the compensation fees by semarnat it is not possible to compare specific environmental impacts directly with the outcomes obtained through the compensation activities of the custf programme,15
+a failure by the court to maintain a dynamic and evolutive approach would indeed risk rendering it a bar to reform or improvement while the court had previously examined several complaints about the position of transsexuals in the uk without finding the state in violation of its obligations in this case the court found it was necessary to look at the situation in the light of presentday conditions in order to determine what is now the appropriate interpretation and application of the convention para see also see ebv yet the european court tends to use thisevolutiveapproach when it perceives a convergence of standards among member states thus a still controversial familyrelated issue is samesex marriage the european court has refused to recognize the denial of samesex marriage as being in violation of the convention art states enjoy a wid e margin of a ppreciation,5
+polytechnics are funded by the government and local authorities and also have external sources of funding core funding provided by the government is based on unit costs per student project funding and performancebased funding financial aid includes mainly study grants and housing supplements scholarships andor other grants to households amount to of public expenditure for tertiary education above the oecd average of,4
+almost all conditional cash transfer programmes with the exception of south africa require some time commitment by participants necessitating a reorganization of household time patterns with potential impacts on time to engage in paid labour because of gendered norms it is primarily women who perform the unpaid tasks of fulfilling conditions required to access programme payments and thus such programmes may actually reduce women s relative access to income or gender equality even as childrens status improves this result is indicative of more gender egalitarianism and movement towards a high road strategy of social reproduction,5
+we welcome g countries progress on their commitments and look forward to further progress in the future further we encourage g countries to consider participating in the voluntary peer review process g we reaffirm ourcommitment to rationalize and phase out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies welcome ongoing peer review and capacity building activities and encourage furtherefforts to facilitate subsidy reform apec,12
+all public and private projects located in pud areas within mandaue city are obliged to comply with this ordinance with heritage or cultural buildings and postdisaster infrastructure exempted while other projects have the choice to comply with the ordinance or not iiee the city lias also employed the use of the building for ecologically responsive design excellence berde green building rating system as a tool to measure assess verify and monitor the environmental performance of building projects in terms of management use of resources and mitigation of emissions the green building ordinance requires building owners to use environmentallyfriendly construction methods and resources that would have less damaging effects on the environment,11
+pressurised water reactors pwrs also offer the possibility of increasing operation beyond the natural cycle length by taking advantage of the power and coolant temperature reactivity coefficients a decrease of reactor power and coolant temperature allows for a equivalent full power days efpd extension beyond natural fuel cycle length only nonstorable hydroelectrical capacity should be considered here in the mid s economic forecasts were calling for a moderate increase in energy demand for the coming years and for a substantial overcapacity of the french nuclear park the nuclear energy was supposed to be the marginal for about hours ie for more than of the year,7
+ideally this is an available resource during the policy development stage to help formulate objectives and goals but joint risk assessments and ongoing information sharing are key elements of integrated strategies these include strong support for the assessment of flood and climate risk through the adaptation reporting powers under the climate change act which encouraged key infrastructure institutions to consider the impacts of hazards such as flood and climate change on their business and the provision of key services it does so through the application of scientific methods and consultative processes involving communities in cca and drr,13
+according to these data the teacher shortage index is times higher in rural areas and the index of quality of educational resources is times worse in rural areas compared to urban areas oecd b also according to pisa data the index of sciencespecific resources resources for science such as laboratories and materials for science activities is significantly lower for students in rural areas than students in urban areas oecd b when looking at time of instruction devoted to different subject areas the main difference is in time spent in regular school lessons in science minutes in rural areas in contrast with minutes in urban areas oecd b in order to continue into upper secondary school the majority of rural students need to change schools,4
+these include the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women cedaw beijing declaration and platform for action millennium development goals and the recently adopted sustainable development goals in the government of kazakhstan developed its strategy for gender equality for which served as the main reference for the state gender policy for the past decade in the parliament enacted two important laws the law on state guarantees of equal rights and equal opportunities for men and women and the law on the prevention of domestic violence notwithstanding many planned elements of the gender equality strategy for were only partly implemented often due to uneven presence of indicators and government capacities to measure realtime progress in tenns of gender equality,5
+support programmes can also be adapted to the time constraints of women for example distance learning may afford women greater access to training since courses can be taken at times suited to their schedules policy initiatives in the areas of information campaigns training and reducing the care burden offer a potential double dividend greater women s empowerment and more productive businesses,5
+a lack of knowledge of basic financial concepts and lack of confidence are likely to reduce womens ability to access and use appropriate financial products and opportunities it may also reduce their ability to set up a small business build up emergency savings save for retirement and choose the best financial products for their needs women need to improve their financial literacy even more than men in order to address the challenges they face in achieving financial wellbeing oecd the oecdinfe data collection in provided a first international comparison of gender difference in financial knowledge for countries atkinson and messy oecd while the oecdinfe survey covered some countries and economies oecd figure shows the difference in the percentage of men and women who can correctly answer at least five questions out of seven on financial knowledge,5
+as industry particularly manufacturing expands primary activity tends to become more efficient as a result of both increased demand and the provision of capital and intermediate goods in turn feeding industrial dynamism the service sector also expands to complement manufacturing activities and at higher levels of income comes to dominate the economy this was based on the belief that the resulting disruption would not only stimulate further private investment in the favoured sectors but would help promote various oiganizational and other capabilities whose shortage might otherwise curtail the growth process,9
+this is a clear violation of article of the cedaw since although this article does not guarantee women the right to choose their nationality nor that of their children it gives them same rights as men to pass on their nationality their children deprived of the nationality of their mother will be considered as foreigners in their own country and will be deprived of all the privileges granted to citizens such as healthcare free education access to employment etc they will also need to acquire a residency permit which must be renewed annually,5
+the approach to implementation embodied in the paris agreement focuses on facilitative dialogue and collaborative processes rather than punitive compliance mechanisms the transparency framework will therefore play an increasingly important role by providing the information necessary to understand whether and how parties are fulfilling their actions to tackle climate change under the paris agreement in addition transparencyrelated provisions are contained in other parts of the paris agreement and decision cp the aim of this paper is to unpack the transparencyrelated provisions in the paris agreement and decision cp specifically those relating to mitigation and support ie finance technology and capacity building this paper highlights the extent to which the transparencyrelated provisions in the paris agreement are similar to or differ from the existing transparency provisions the paper also briefly discusses two specific topics i reporting of information needed to track progress towards ndcs related to mitigation and ii reporting of information relating to the provision mobilisation and receipt of climate finance the paris agreement lays out general principles for this future framework,13
+strong teaching standards will be important to concentrate accreditation on the factors that contribute to high quality initial education including not only strong subjectspecific knowledge but also pedagogical training with opportunities for practice and reflection oecd at a minimum one requirement of accreditation should be for institutions to publish the proportion of graduates who gain permanent posts this could help students make more informed choices about which university to attend and reduce the demand for and eventually the supply of lowquality providers the mep should also work with providers to raise the bar for entry to programmes in order to identify students with higher basic skills and who are motivated to teach unlike many oecd countries costa rica does not have any programmes to incentivise talented students to enter the teaching profession,4
+but they can make a real difference in reducing the effects of poverty and bolstering children in supaul a flood families and economies as households spend the transfers they receive their impact is multiplied in the local economy and the benefits transmitted to others in society in brazil for example bolsa familia one of the largest cash transfer programmes in the world was paired with beneficio de prestagao continuada a combination social pension and disability grant,1
+their main responsibilities are secondary schools public health services social welfare culture architecture and construction and public safety and most multimunicipality infrastructure however because of their limited finances the role of powiats in social and economic development policy is limited there are ongoing debates in poland about the efficacy of the county level of government particularly in areas surrounding municipalities with county status sakowicz in terms of subventions from other levels of government small rural gminas benefit from grants that take into account more limited tax capacity and needs related to the community s socioeconomic characteristics,9
+recent analysis of carbon taxation proves that reinvestment of the revenue into industries such as renewable energy enables recovery of a part of gdp lost to ghg reductions the korean government goal is to increase the share of new and renewable energy to in in and in to do so a feedin tariff fit system and renewable portfolio system rps have been implemented the cost of solar photovoltaic electricity is as high as krw per kilowatt and krw for wind whose baseline generation costs are much less subsidy based on fit amounted to usd million for gigawatt hours of electricity generation in units in,7
+under the plan some paraiscales those financing icbf and sena and the employers health care contributions will be abolished for firms employing workers with monthly wages under times the monthly minimum wage by reducing contribution rates on wages by percentage points the reform aims at creating between and million formal jobs nonwage labour costs will however remain above the oecd average and most other lacs,1
+to accelerate this process new technology mechanisms to support knowledgetransfers and strengthen countries sti capacities were launched at the summit and through the addis ababa action agenda aaaa which was agreed at the third international conference on financing for development in july while some developing countries are on track to catch up or even surpass many advanced economies in research spending and the adoption of new technologies other countries are still struggling with basic social and infrastructure needs such as basic education and access to electricity if these basic needs are not addressed there is a risk that the technology gap will widen across countries in the coming years,9
+by focusing on a sample of youth aged years at the beginning of the observation period the analysis could only provide insights on periods of neet status up to the age of it would have been very interesting to look at how patterns of labour market entry of or yearolds differ from the ones observed for to yearolds and at future periods of neet status for those who left education early an implication of the short observation period is moreover that the share of censored spells is higher than it would otherwise be the sample size and the available information on personal and household characteristics in the eusilc data are rather limited,8
+the authors note that trade liberalisation may reduce the capacity and choice of instruments for developingcountry governments to conduct redistribution programmes and thus help smooth the short and mediumterm impacts of trade reforms based on a joint study by the commonwealth secretariat and overseas development institute some per cent of the total estimated loss of developingcountry exports due to preference erosion would come from sves for certain countries such as st vincent and the grenadines st lucia dominica and sao tome and principe the loss of exports due to preference erosion could be as high as per cent of their merchandise exports see cali et al,10
+physicians benefit by having the capacity to compare their performance against that of their peers this is a move consistent with scotland s bottomup approach to quality improvement and reluctance to use financial incentives to promote health care quality special nhs boards that do not provide direct patient care return their savings in order that they are recycled into the overall funding available to support patient care much of these savings are expected to be found by through improvements in the quality of care by reducing unnecessary hospital stays unplanned readmissions and adverse events for example,3
+in terms of absolute values there is thus no correct value for the employmenttopopulation ratio for example no clear correlation is found between a country s per capita gdp and its employment rate in addition an upward movement of this indicator is not necessarily positive as regards poverty reduction in any case the employment rate in latin america climbed between and primarily because more women entered labour markets and found work however since employment rates have decreased for men and increased for women as more women enter the labour market,8
+in that sense the ministry of human resources and social security and two other ministries jointly issued a circular on the implementation of a special vocationalskills training programme on january in and training programmes will be offered to help several groups of people who have been hit by the financial crisis to find jobs these groups include employees of enterprises with financial difficulties rural migrant workers who have returned home without jobs unemployed workers which includes registered college graduates and unemployed rural migrant workers living in urban areas and new labour market entrants,10
+in particular the proportion of workers with short job tenure may tend to fall during an economic downturn this results from both reduced hiring and layoffs of newlyhired workers therefore it does not indicate a true improvement in job quality job tenure indicators and the share of workers with fixedterm contracts are two complementary approaches of employment stability,8
+finally employers in some countries appear to be showing a greater propensity to hoard labour than in past recessions by reducing the increase in unemployment greater reliance on hours adjustment may tend to reduce the buildup of the number of longterm unemployed during the recession and the number of workers withdrawing from the labour force or postponing labour market entry due to poor jobsearch prospects indirectly reducing hysteresis effects however that need not be the case labour market segmentation could be further heightened by increased labour hoarding if the resulting reduction in labour turnover rates places unemployed job seekers at a heightened risk of longterm unemployment even though there are fewer of them,8
+there was a reduction in the percentage of members of union association among male workers while there was an increase in the case of female workers the percentages of the working poor were per cent among men and per cent among women in in other words women workers were more vulnerable than men the relative poverty measure is essentially an indicator of inequality in the per capita income consumption expenditure of the population,5
+while still covering only the central part of mexico city ecobici is the fourthlargest public bikesharing system in the world after hangzhou london and paris government of mexico city while installing bike stations the ministry of environment of the federal district has significantly expanded road infrastructure dedicated to bike use it must be noted though that a large percentage of ecobici trips are made on roads that do not have bicycle infrastructure in addition better connections between bicycle lanes will be needed if this type of infrastructure is to develop into a useful network for bicycle users figure righthand panel there are a growing number of bicycle parking facilities throughout the city including in underground metrobus and trolley bus zeroemission corridor stations,11
+more than a dozen adaptation components have dedicated sections that mention adaptation but provide no specific action plans or timeframes for implementation typically overarching objectives state the importance of undertaking actions to protect the most vulnerable populations or sectors eg agriculture water supply and biodiversity and enhancing incountry institutional arrangements to implement such actions sri lanka s indc explicitly links its national goal to a global adaptation goal by enhancing local climate change adaptation sri lanka,13
+this is extremely beneficial for international development and humanitarian action while the capacity to collect and analyze larger and more complex kinds of data is increasing the state of mobile data for social good report shows the value of harnessing mobile data for humanitarian and development action mobile network operators hold data for nearly five billion unique mobile subscribers and eight billion connections using that data to improve the wellbeing of communities requires a concerted effort to meet the unique needs of all stakeholders and ensure privacy rights are respected so the benefits to society outweigh the risks associated with data use,9
+teachers receive tailormade training with contents and timing adapted so that they best overcome their weaknesses in effectively helping their students reach their educational objectives in comparable publicly funded schools teachers seem to have much more freedom to teach the way they feel most comfortable henriquez etal the sned is awarded to schools based on their ranking in the national student achievement test but not based on whether or not teachers have helped students attain their learning goals,4
+with the smc s wellestablished horizonscanning function scotland is a step ahead in this respect a evaluation of its budget impact estimates concluded that they were valued and used by nhs boards however limitations in budget impact data and infonnation provided to smc by the phannaceutical industry meant that meaningful comparisons of estimates with actual expenditure could not be made nor the reliability of manufacturers estimates determined scottish medicines consortium,3
+supporting finance can be found in a combination of a government subsidy revenues from the selling of cdm credits soft loans from private investors commercial project loans and grants the scheme is completed with capacitybuilding and training of local partners and microentrepreneurs to manage and run the plants and use energy efficiently for sustainable productive uses and income generation no nontraditional productive activities are possible without those services a host of traditional and new agrobased industries and microenterprises would be able to operate profitably in villages if they had access to reliable electricity supply,7
+esteban and dinar conclude on the superiority of packaged sequenced policies instead of individual ones fuentes supports the use of economic incentives for water user associations to cooperate and enforce regulatory requirements on groundwater in spain sophodeous reports that the relative successes that have allowed to slow down groundwater overdrafting in kansas can be attributed to the multiple approaches that have been implemented such as the establishment of groundwater management districts minimum stream flow regulations metering and monitoring of resources integrated resource planning aquifer storage and recovery asr a central water bank and various water conservation programs,6
+for example irrigation water prices in the federal central valley project in california include cost recovery charges financial policy goal and an environmental restoration charge environmental policy goal water prices in california s state water project include charges for repaying all construction costs with interest financial policy goal thus ensuring that decisions regarding water use and allocation reflect the full cost of developing and delivering the state s limited water supply economic policy goal most irrigation occurs in the arid western states where rainfall is insufficient for producing most crops usda,6
+focusing on the value added of learning opportunities is also important this way it is progress towards gains in skills that is rewarded for instance rather than the final level attained by learners which may reflect their preprogramme abilities this is calculated primarily based on student activity that results in passing examinations annual negotiations between providers and the ministry of education set budgets and targets,4
+this narrow approach can increase gender inequalities for example when women are more likely to lose their jobs than men if the economy slows in response to monetary policy choices or when women work in sectors that are more sensitive to reductions in domestic spending women do much of this work the fact that this labour is unpaid does not mean that it comes without costs and most of these costs are borne by women and girls in terms of lost opportunities and foregone earnings for example evaluations of the benefits of public policy measures that reduce unpaid work such as installing water taps or improving access to childcare services will be inadequate if they do not consider the costs to women,5
+chinese esco industry grew to usd billion with potential to usd billion one ofthe key responses to the chinese regulation on electricity has been the establishment of a number of subsidiary escos chinas esco sector is the worlds largest with escos investing usd billion producing mtoe of energy demand reductions in,7
+the cpi also helps to define targets and goals that can support the formulation of evidencebased policies including the definition of city visions and longterm plans that are both ambitious and measurable this framework allows for periodic assessments of the various dimensions of urbanization and the overall conditions of cities still it is for governments to define the scope frequency and form of the monitoring and reporting enabling policymakers to measure progress and identify areas for improvement including capacitybuilding needs such monitoring will also enable public authorities to identify potential setbacks and constraints thus preempting unintended consequences in order to avoid overload and duplication in national and local monitoring and reporting including the potential for double counting it is recommended to adopt common metrics and methodologies with a unified global platform the cpi works as a support for multiscale decisionmaking connecting the city with the region and the overall country,11
+for cities operating older buses they should evaluate the impact of the cost savings on fuels versus increased leasing costs for new buses accessibilityforall neighbourhoods to public transport is an essential factor of social inclusion therefore more investments are needed to improve accessibility,11
+the coastal fisheries take place during the summer months may to august with a common pool quota the total pool quota is allocated for each month to four geographical regions the vessels that can apply for a coastal license are small vessels using hand lines only fishing mostly cod haddock and saithe coastal fishing boats are not allowed to take part in the general commercial part of the management system during the coastal operational season in the total quota for the coastal fisheries amounted to tonnes a fixed amount that is not related to the tac this quota is allocated to communities deemed to be in a vulnerable position regarding population development coastal fisheries or to areas that experience sudden or drastic declines in fishing opportunities,14
+resource efficiency can be achieved by increasing resource productivity value added resource use or reducing resource intensity resource use value added it is related to strategies like dematerialisation such as fuel efficient cars it will be clear that no production can be said to be sustainable if it is profligate in the use of resources thus there is a direct link between resource efficiency and scp particularly sustainable production,12
+at the federalnational level competences are often limited so it is important to strongly engage local agencies including local road authorities and police agencies in actively committing to road safety this may require allocating adequate funding to local agencies urban sprawl and fragmentation of public transport planning create cardependent communities which in turn make it harder to develop road safety policies addressing car traffic speed and volume,11
+however price volatility for all commodities and food overall was much lower than what was experienced between and despite this in most recent years between and volatility for many crops except maize and food has fallen since the mid s growth in agrofood trade has averaged around per annum since the start of the new round of wto negotiations on agricultural trade growth rates in agrofood trade have been significantly higher than what was seen between and figure between and the briics s share of world agricultural exports increased from to while their share of world agricultural imports increased from to,2
+to reduce the consumer burden of adopting emobility a technology venture named share charge has proposed a blockchainbased charging experience the platform promises to provide open access to any charge pole including a p p sharing model the utilisation of charging infrastructure can be increased to cater to more consumers reduce costs and due to its technical flexibility allow integration with adjacent services such as smart grids,9
+traditionally within ethiopian families men particularly older men are authoritarian patriarchs and gender roles are strictly divided such that women are responsible for all household work and care migration to australia often changes these dynamics but men who come from a different country like not straight from ethiopia but via kenya sudan or somewhere else when they come here because they had experience of living by themselves and then cooking for themselves cleaning and things like that they understand how it can be hard for the woman doing the housework going to work,5
+researchers journalists and activists have an important job to do by challenging these frameworks so that currently unthinkable courses of public and private action capable of addressing chronic poverty can be openly debated so for example it may be unthinkable for policy makers in a particular countiy to provide a social protection floor for consumption because this is held to generate dependency and to be unaffordable the evidence from countries in the south shows that neither of these are true chapters and politics and the ways in which institutions work are usually at the heart of the problem of chronic poverty yet because the chronically poor rarely organise themselves to put pressure on politicians or the political system there is often little political motivation for change,1
+correspondingly the target groups of these community services are very broad including also milder disorders the position of psychiatrists and psychologists within the service system varies widely across countries correspondingly the characteristics of patients in private specialised practice differ,3
+the municipality plays a limited role and has limited capacity to ensure citizens needs are met for example through a transport system that provides remote communities adequate service routes that are coherent and well timed throughout the city ensures that vehicles are well maintained clean and meet existing emission standards and establishes affordable fares that can benefit frequent riders etc citizens often make little distinction as to who is responsible for providing the service they view public service delivery as a local matter and seldom distinguish which level of government is responsible for providing the service or even if the service provider is a public or private entity service provision in antofagasta is spread across many jurisdictions and entities and citizens cannot be expected to keep track of the complexity in addition municipalities are legally established as autonomous corporations whose purpose is to satisfy the needs of the local community and ensure its participation in the economic social and cultural progress of the municipal territory government of chile,11
+this cross subsidy of irrigation by power also avoids government subsidies of public power production that competes with private electric utilities in some cases the irrigation supporters have successfully negotiated a project evaluation framework in which farm income is substituted for net national benefit in that case considerable overinvestment in irrigation has occurred from the view of net national benefit that is the gain in farm incomes would be very high,6
+for several years largescale trafficking in apaan a preprecursor of amphetamine and methamphetamine has been of concern to drug control authorities worldwide in the european union following control measures implemented in member states from january both the number of seizures and the amounts of apaan seized have decreased gradually from seizures a total of tons in to seizures tons in in the first half of five incidents involving a total of kg of the substance were reported in december the european union adopted new control measures aimed at preventing the largescale diversion of acetic anhydride from the european union market,3
+this result is in line with most findings on inequalities in unhealthy lifestyle habits eg smoking physical inactivity unhealthy diet obesity with a range of explanations including health information time preferences and intergenerational transmissions in contrast for women the social gradient is reverse in particular for hazardous drinking women with higher education who end up taking betterpaid jobs involving higher degrees of responsibility may drink more heavily because they have more stress and more frequent occasions of socializing and going out with colleague besides these occasions being typically in masculine work environment they are confronted to higher limits of drinking comruelle et al,3
+at the same time the revenue base shrank causing total government revenue to fall in nominal terms by around although health spending as a share of total government expenditure remained reasonably steady during this time public debt increased rapidly more than doubling as a share of gdp to cope with the fall in government revenues this included changes to user charge policy and public sector eligibility aiming to both raise revenues and reduce unnecessary demand for services there were also renewed calls to implement the new universal health system see box,3
+in march nearly of the population lived in an area where the waiting time for a gp consultation was over two weeks and this proportion was rising for a dentist consultation the waiting time was over four weeks in of health centres such a situation creates inequalities in access to health care as employees can use occupational health care and private consultations are available to those who can afford large copayments,3
+making indicators available by key dimensions of inequality is essential to map and monitor such disparities strengthening health information infrastructure requires steps to collect more information on outcomes and quality of care notably in primary care as well as on practice variations and health inequalities publishing data providing performance feedback and rewarding highquality care are key instruments to promote accountability facilitate shared learning and push for quality improvement,3
+the index was then used to explain the pisa scores of immigrant students as well as their wellbeing most importantly the regression accounts for the geographic and cultural distance between the two countries and includes host and origin country fixed effects so the effect of sport distance is isolated from other potential confounding factors the results show that for immigrant boys a point increase in the sports distance index reduces pisa science scores by over point,4
+see who health of the worlds adolescents may global data indicate that million deaths occurred among yearolds in percent of these deaths occurred in lowermiddleincome countries patton and others the same report indicates that in the who eastern mediterranean region includes lowermiddleincome countries young people years of age had a relative risk ratio of dying of compared with those in highincome countries across the globe countries five in the who eastern mediterranean region bahrain kuwait qatar saudi arabia and united arab emirates the lowermiddleincome countries in the same who region had the thirdhighest relative risk of dying among all the low to middleincome countries after africa and southeast asia,3
+following the dispositions of the belem do para convention spousal rape has been included in national legislation similarly to improve the access of victims to legal support justice centres for women have been established across the country oecd a b despite these efforts to strengthen legal and legislative frameworks culture and inertia discriminatory attitudes complicate the implementation of these laws for example of women agree that domestic violence is justified under certain conditions,5
+some centralised guidance relating to the objectives and priorities that infrastructure policies and investment prioritisation should pursue is essential to ensuring the overall coherence of investments across sectors thus infrastructure strategies should not only take into account the specific needs of a sector but also ensure that investment plans contribute to achieving broader longterm development goals the infrastructure plan encompasses how infrastructure is financed delivered and used and it is guided by a set of australias main longterm ambitions this holistic approach considers all infrastructure sectors within a single plan which encourages greater alignment across sectors and investments and creates more spaces for generating synergies,9
+there are no river basin organisations formally established or functioning although responsibilities for water are distributed between various ministries integrated water resource management is hampered by poor coordination between these institutions and the fact that local authorities do not feel responsible for the protection of their local water bodies likewise the national environment agency nea has several units the hydrological monitoring department the water quality monitoring department and the geological department all performing wrm roles but alongside other functions hard to separate from wrm,6
+african americans are often rejected solely on the basis of their names which employers glean from resumes and receive only half as many job offers as white candidates despite nepal s laws against untouchability individuals considered of lower caste continue to be excluded from certain jobs and services and dalits earn considerably less than nondalits discriminatory treatment of persons with disabilities is widespread and has implications for their livelihoods in mauritius panama peru the russian federation and the united states the employment gap between persons with disabilities and persons without disabilities is more than percentage points,1
+the achilles heel of coal instead is the carbon price doubling the carbon price for instance from usd per tonne of c to usd per tonne would increase the total average cost of coalproduced power by more than doubling its variable cost in the process this is reflected in the good security of supply performance of oecd countries with significant investments in nuclear energy during the s and s as measured in terms of the simplified supply and demand index ssdi figure from the nea study on the security of energy supply shows how countries such as finland france sweden or the united kingdom improved their security of supply situation during the past years while any composite indicator is the product of its defined inputs which are explained in detail in nea it is clear that nuclear energy has very attractive security of supply characteristics,7
+in the case of climate action the focus on mobilising private climate finance has been driven largely by the united nations framework convention on climate change negotiations and financial commitments made by developed countries to address climate change in developing countries this has resulted in high visibility for tracking the amounts of private capital mobilised but less attention to the effectiveness and impacts of these efforts in particular some authors note that there is no clear consensus among development cooperation policies and practice regarding the overarching theory of change in engaging the private sector for sustainable development kindornay and reillyking vaes and huyse,13
+in particular this chapter analyses the opportunities for coastal regions to develop blue economies which promote sustainable economic development and job creation in a marine environment international examples are provided to demonstrate how the concept of the blue economy is incorporated ivithin local development strategies these examples highlight global trends in the marine economy along with strategies for promoting blue growth,14
+among the last to yield to the advance of scientific exploration has been the ocean floor until recent years much more was known about the surface of the moon than about the vast areas that lie beneath threefourths of the surface of our own planet this statement continues to hold true and is repeated by scientists countless times arguably nowhere on earth have science and technology so strongly driven economic development as in the seas and oceans and this interrelationship continues to drive new economic activity,14
+this demographic and economic unevenness has also inevitably brought spatial and income inequalities along with adverse effects on environmental and sociocultural dimensions figure shows the change in agricultural land area from to with the exception of thailand all countries experienced an increase in agricultural area this trend unfortunately had an impact on forests as well,15
+as discussed in chapter there is scope for the nhs to play a larger role in monitoring and improving health system performance through selective purchasing and evaluation of providers the coverage of services reimbursed by nhs is decided based on health technology assessment which evaluates affordability and cost efficiency for pharmaceutical goods the scope of nhs coverage is more limited than in other oecd health systems,3
+the deterioration of the underlying fiscal balance since was partly due to an increase in public investment to support demand through the crisis and recovery as the economy recovered the high investment level has not been reversed as had been planned but the overall fiscal stance has tightened somewhat since looking ahead it would be prudent to let fiscal policy lean against the wind in the already capacity constrained economy,8
+families with three or more children have the highest poverty risk unicef and isae young families also have a higher probability of living in poverty this may be related to the lack of affordable day care and kindergarten options once a child is bom into a family usually the mother has to reduce her employment in order to take care of the child family income is reduced while at the same time the available income has to be shared with more members in kazakhstan for example households where the head is between and have the highest poverty risk world bank b,1
+it can be seen that the scenarios with higher shares of renewables are dominated by wind and pv power plants those values apply for all scenarios analysed in this case study for hard coal and natural gas prices are based on the projections of the world energy outlook new policies scenario iea the assumed price for c emission certificates is set to eur t c in all scenarios,7
+one example of a comprehensive national implementation of such a platformenabled ondemand marketplace is flexdanmark see box this system builds on regulatory requirements to ensure health and educationrelated accessibility across the country to create a nationally coordinated and optimised ondemand transport facilitated by a common it platform by centralising information on demand and creating a marketplace to provide flexible supply it enables specialised trips medical school etc for example some operate fixed routes that are inpart crowdsourced by users eg chariot see figure and others offer services where riders are directed to popup stops within defined geographic areas,11
+this suggests that households headed by persons of african descent exhibit a pattern of monetary poverty that is similar to the pattern displayed by other households but that the level of deprivation was slightly higher for the former especially in terms of multidimensional forms of deprivation the absence of a spouse in the majority of these households is one of the reasons for their low incomes households in which there is a couple many of which have at least two sources of income tend to be headed by males when households headed by single males or females are compared the differences are much smaller,1
+these are supplemented by a dataset on various economic demographic and meteorological variables that can explain the variation of air pollution the results of this econometric analysis support the hypothesis that urban structure has significant effects on pollution concentration in particular they suggest that fragmented urban areas experience higher concentrations of no and pmi and that densely populated urban areas suffer from higher so concentration,11
+in the bus network case provided thatticket machines should be available at the majority of stops such solution might be quite expensive for launching in particular in comparison with more modern ways like through website and mobile services already available in a few capital cities the only case can be that of sofia and bucharest which can be considered peer cities they have the same number of public transport options and although sofia has relatively a little bit more accessible public transport network in terms of length and stations it is bucharest that achieves higher relative demand while offering on average more ticket purchase options the compilation of several capital cities shows at the same time that the more rich cities offer more ticket purchase options figure,11
+the third is the economic climate in recessionary times the number of companies wishing to participate decreases the final one is that the programme can be very bureaucratic mexico s universities could be more involved in setting the national skills agenda and thinking creatively about how to capitalise on their resources,8
+the progress on the most prominent fronts has led other previously overlooked issues to move to the forefront for example the reduction of deaths in children under five years of age but older than a month has brought to light the issue of neonatal mortality which was overlooked early in the s this progress has been reflected in the headway that countries have made towards the achievement of the healthrelated millennium development goals mdgs since,3
+while most fisheries have been brought into alignment with multiple elements of the ssf additional work remains in october of canada announced that it has achieved the target the review is focused on gaps in protection under the current legislation and on how to incorporate modem safeguards to protect and conserve fish and fish habitats,14
+disruptions of imported water conveyance and basinwide distribution were determined to be major impacts a followup analysis of water system impacts davis and o rourke estimated that it would take at least months for water service to be completely restored for much of the affected population and that the costs of business interruption losses due to water supply reduction would likely be much greater than usd billion the study concluded that there is a need to increase local water storage,6
+climate change can increase the importance of maintaining natural assets and thus increase the urgency felt both for mitigation and adaptation objectives therefore the two components of the crge initiative need to be carefully aligned to avoid conflicts and unexpected consequences we do not yet face a significant clash of perspectives in ethiopia but robust debate can be expected quite soon and ways to forge an ethiopian approach to green growth that realises all potential benefits and manages the potential downsides might need to be explored,13
+major reductions in the costs of renewable technologies for electricity generation such as solar pv geothermal and wind are expected during the period to also a subsidy limited in time would give countries a strong incentive to accelerate electrification and reach a level of energy consumption compatible with a high development level by the end date for the subsidy by then they could presumably assume the lower costs of national feedintariffs with no or less need for assistance from the international community,7
+integrating promising nus in farming systems can reduce the buildup of pests and diseases when they are grown in rotation with the main crops depending on their characteristics nus can also increase soil fertility prevent soil erosion reduce evaporation and suppress weed growth they can be more resistant to biotic stresses and provide dependable harvests under unfavourable climatic conditions or depleted soils for instance defries etal,2
+whether and how to do this will very much be determined by the skills and capacities available in firms it will also depend on signals that firms receive about the reliability of new technologies and their likelihood of standing the test of time the question arises as to whether the relevant senices will satisfy the needs of exporters in particular smes,9
+table summarizes results of the expert evaluation of the indicators regarding the vulnerability of the economics sector in bulgaria to climate change the estimated vulnerability index y shows that the sectors with relatively low resistance to climate change are the water sector followed by agriculture and tourism if the value denotes the sector most resistant to impact expert assessment for all sectors is that adaptation capacity is insufficient vulnerability to changes in rainfall is highest in the sectors of tourism agriculture and aquaculture,13
+innovators and early adoptors primarily use research and innovation projects includes both advanced counselling on technology development access to stateofthe art technology and independent advice on how to increase digitalisation this mean is used by all three target groups but matchmaking and access to technology is most relevant for early adopters and innovators,9
+some climate change impacts were explored in previous work by the oecd as a country with an advanced economy an educated workforce and strong public services austria is in a strong position to deal with the effects of a changing climate the potential for taking action to minimise costs and exploit opportunities arising from a changing climate can be seen in the effective system of natural hazard management that has developed over the past decades,13
+it remained relatively constant until the early s when the share began to decline hitting a low of per cent in as the consumption of fossil fuels to meet growing energy demand increased a key factor behind this downward trend was the rapid increase of coal supply in china which in accounted for more than per cent of the entire region s primary energy supply in the following years consumption of renewable energy began to gain traction with its share in the energy mix climbing to per cent in figure,7
+where schools are thinking carefully about their learning design they tend to anchor that design in a small number of approaches which are defined by the different ways they arrange time and agency each frame involves discrete pedagogies to achieve more specific teaching and learning goals within the sequence the study of pedagogical combinations offers a fruitful way to understand how established pedagogical approaches can be brought together to create effective learning designs,4
+for this denmark should continue to monitor the equity impact of any major reform affecting health services such as the hospital specialisation reform using its data advantage denmark may wish to pioneer monitoring of the frequency of travel to hospitals for treatment reporting average travel times to the nearest hospital the performance of ambulances and the extent to which patients have had to travel to reach primary care or emergency services as in the netherlands would be important while greater use of mobile teams as in the netherlands and ambulance services as in france come at high unit costs these should be traded off against safety considerations,3
+getting a taste of rural medicine early may create a desire to stay in these places upon graduation the university of sydney says approximately of graduates from its rural programme take up rural postgraduate training positions where they are available mason the rise of specialists particularly in surgery has contributed to workforce problems in rural australia a rural generalist programme began a few years ago in queensland enabling gps to be upskilled so they may perform some specialist roles including anaesthetics and obstetrics the programme has since been expanded to other states,3
+defining new flexibility products such as ramping up and down fast response ramping minimum load balancing etc all technologies should be able to participate in these markets including variable renewable and conventional generation demand response and storage on this basis forward markets for such services could provide longerterm signals to invest in the right technologies above a certain level the renewable output must be controlled during periods of oversupply in order to ensure secure and reliable system operations,7
+it is also part of the igad drought disaster resilience and sustainability initiative iddrsi for the period of to and has its own national plan within this process it also discusses forced displacement as a cause and consequence of this across borders and within countries technical experts eg agronomists meteorologists veterinarians and water engineers funded by international organizations have worked on issues related to drought and its effects on pastoralism and agriculture for many years,11
+the australian government provides funding for schools higher education institutions and vocational education and training in of students attended government schools while attended catholic schools and were in independent schools the majority of their funding comes from state and territory governments of the total amount in while the australian government provides supplementary funding in while the share between the two sources varies depending on jurisdictions on average public funding represents of total nongovernment schools income,4
+group or horizontal inequalities and exclusion limit the political influence of some groups even if they are the majority of the population as with the poor horizontal inequalities can lead to elite capture of policies that favour certain groups and not society as a whole this magnifies vulnerabilities for the excluded by limiting the quantity and quality of public services they receive the exposure of some groups and the way society treats their inherent characteristics produce adverse outcomes shocks also create new vulnerabilities or new groups of vulnerable people,1
+admission rates for both conditions are significantly above the oecd average and probably reflect the higher than average smoking rates within the country especially among men hypertension admission rates are also high and have increased steadily over the past few years the trends presented in these data particularly for copd and hypertension indicate that korea s mounting chronic disease profile is not being managed effectively supporting the observation of potentially avoidable hospital admissions reseachers in korea examining the impact of continuity of care in four chronic disease areas among elderly patients diabetes hypertension asthma and copd found that as care continuity increased the risk of hospitalisation and emergency department visits decreased for all four conditions the same study also noted that medical aid programme map receipients the health care scheme for the poorest of the population consistently had lower continuity of care score when compared with nhi beneficiaries this was observed even despite the fact that map recipients have low or no out of pocket payments means that they can visit multiple health care institutions without financial loss hong et al,3
+when we consider upper secondary or postsecondary education there is evidence that vet is associated with higher training incidence the estimated positive gap with respect to academic education ranges from percentage points for females to percentage points for males in this case the estimated negative gap is close to percentage points,4
+however due to the significant variations in water availability across space and time defining terms such as water stress are difficult tasks as a result there are a number of different ways in which the level of water stress can be measured this approach defines water stress in terms of the relationship between water availability and population measuring stress as the amount of renewable freshwater available per person per year according to the water stress index if the amount of renewable water in a country falls below m per person per year that country is said to be experiencing water stress if it falls below m it is said to be experiencing water scarcity and absolute scarcity if below m falkenmark et al however it also has limitations in that it ignores variability in water availability within countries fails to account for the accessibility of water does not consider anthropogenic sources of freshwater such as desalination plants and dams which increase water availability beyond natural flows in a given year and does not account for the fact that different countries and regions within countries have different demands for water rijsberman,6
+globally inclusion of conflict prevention and conflict resolution was low at around of social science textbooks over highquality equitable education that increases respect for diversity can make a positive contribution albeit only in the long term an open classroom climate that accepts critical viewpoints needs to be embraced country reporting on the implementation of the unesco recommendation concerning education for international understanding cooperation and peace education relating to human rights and fundamental freedoms provides the basis for global indicator,4
+for instance the realization of sustainable integrated intermodal transport connectivity will contribute directly to target a to increase investment including through enhanced international cooperation in rural infrastructure target by halve the number of road traffic deaths target by double the rate of improvement in energy efficiency target a facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure and target by provide access to safe affordable accessible and sustainable transport systems for all it will also contribute indirectly to goal reducing poverty physical connectivity and operational connectivity are required to achieve seamless transport connectivity that allows goods and people to travel efficiently across modes and national borders,9
+the objective of the programme is to improve rural students learning through differentiated pedagogical tools and teaching materials ministry of education nd currently per targets rural multigrade schools and focuses mainly on the work of the microcentres mineduc ace and es according to the law the objectives of these meetings are all related to the improvement of pedagogical skills and student learning,4
+the datasets included in this study cover the key health care services provided to patients hospital inpatient services community health services including primary health care emergency health care and formal longterm care such as nursing homes and home care services the use of prescription medicines is a key part of the health care services offered to patients that are delivered in hospital in other care settings and in the community to be used at home they are both tremendously useful and highly risky products and understanding benefits and risks is essential to keeping patients healthy and safe thus these data are a key component of health care pathways and outcomes,3
+the importance of smes will remain critical in the required transformation from climate and sdg perspectives and is further accelerated by various aspects of technology disruption including distributed technology solutions smart it microfinance etc in addition more systematic tracking and learning of adaptation relevant investments by nordic finance institutions and nordic dfis is needed nordic actors should contribute to continued standard development building eg on the green bond principles as well as pioneering work by cicero on shades of green eg cicero extensive experience by various nordic actors in carbon markets including a year track record in carbon finance by nefco can serve to ensure that lessons learned from the cdm regime are optimally made use of in developing further the green bond market while the existence of nordic financing institutions is a definite valueadded forthe nordic region and its global outreach the early international experiences with green investment banks as well as corresponding experiences within the world bank group could serve nordics to assess additional advantagesdisadvantages of deeper andor more formal nordic collaborationmerger between existing nordic finance institutions,13
+the likelihood that cases of partner or nonpartner violence will result in a conviction is just to per cent in all studied countries except for poland which had a per cent conviction rate in many jurisdictions criminal justice professionals at the various stages of the criminal justice system act as gatekeepers not allowing what they consider as weak cases to enter the next level however in some countries this gatekeeper role might be restricted by laws or policies for example mandatory or proarrest prosecution policies in cases involving violence against women,5
+the foundation provides women entrepreneurs with the full range of bds services including assistance with feasibility studies and business plans product development and design startup and advanced managerial training and business counselling and mentorship a special project is the village business incubator a virtual model which promotes the role of rural women in economic development by encouraging them to establish micro and small enterprises that reach beyond traditional home and genderbased models located in irbid this project targets women in villages in northern jordan and focuses on nonprimary activities in different sectors such as food processing handicrafts small manufacturing services and environmentally friendly and ecotourism products oriented to the fair trade channels this socalled ilayki product offers a higher level of guarantee than the standard product,5
+this progress while dramatic is still insufficient to prevent measles outbreaks globally coverage by pcv has made steady advances since it was introduced but has yet to reach per cent many countries including middleincome countries that have limited access to international financial support are lagging behind because their current health budgets may not be sufficient to cover the costs without external support,3
+models have been developed and made available online for pedestrian crossings bus stops pavements and traffic calming measures tried and tested design solutions are integrated in a template for tendering pedestrian accessibility and safety construction for instance crossings are divided into categories such as uneven crossings crossings with traffic lights and pedestrian crossings for each type of crossing specific accessibility standards and requirements were developed,11
+most are to varying but increasing degrees users of icts meanwhile some enterprises from equipment makers telecommunications operators and call centres to computer maintenance business and mobile airtime vendors are directly involved in the production of ict goods and services chapter iii policy approaches need to consider all these categories,9
+technical and vocational education should be strengthened for the benefit of the regional industry and underrepresented groups models for linking postgraduate students with the local industry include the knowledge transfer partnership scheme in the united kingdom that has improved the competitiveness of the companies through introduction of some form of innovation or new technology and around of postgraduate associates are offered jobs in the companies the universities and colleges should focus their concerted efforts on challengedriven innovation on the key issues in the region such as water health and social challenges stemming from the multicultural population and use the region as a laboratory for research and knowledge transfer,4
+as of there were degree programmes for initial teacher education offered at seven university colleges across the country which may also develop a certain specialisation eg in science education previous teacher education programmes involved a relatively detailed regulation of the content and structure of initial teacher education this was especially the case following a reform introduced in based on a fouryear evaluation process by a mandated group of experts however a number of significant changes were again proposed in fplgegruppen for ny laereruddannelse,4
+policy makers ecec managers ecec staff and parents may disagree on what aspects of quality should be monitored how frequently in what manner and what stakes should be attached to them policy makers might want to impose certain monitoring practices such as one inspection by external evaluators at least once every two years while management and staff may oppose this especially when high stakes are involved in the implementation of a monitoring system it is therefore important to take into account that inspections or other forms of assessment may cause stress to management and staff the naeyc noted that the purpose of monitoring should be to collect information that can be used in improving services to ensure that children benefit from their early ecec experiences,4
+participation in cpd activities has long been required for doctors working in the united kingdom a condition of employment in the nhs and later a condition of participation in the royal collages speciality schools for physicians in a system of fiveyearly revalidation was introduced for physicians and a system of revalidation is soon to be introduced for nurses it publishes performance reviews and inspection reports on a website to provide public assurance of the quality and safety of health services its role is to provide independent assurance of the quality and safety of health services,3
+fewer girls are forced into early marriage more women are serving in parliament and positions of leadership and laws are being reformed to advance gender equality despite these gains discriminatory laws and social norms remain pervasive along with harmful practices and other forms of violence against women and girls women continue to be underrepresented at all levels of political leadership,5
+these forward looking analyses suggest that new approaches may be needed to improve safety for all road users the sra and its partners have established databases to identify and monitor final and intermediate outcomes against targets and the results are published annually the sra uses the euro ncap and european road assessment programme for monitoring the safety quality of vehicle fleet and aspects of road network safety,11
+a study by ouyang and pinstrupandersen on health inequality between ethnic minorities and the han populations in china states health and nutrition status in terms of heightforage and weightforage actually improved for both the han group and the minority group but the improvement is much smaller for the minorities and hence the growing health gap another study conducted in china has made similar conclusions and suggested that stunting wasting and being underweight were distinct indicators of the nutritional status of children and chronic growth retardation is the major type of child proteinenergy malnutrition in poor rural minority areas of yunnan province china the country has a small population of indigenous peoples approximately with most concentrated in two provinces in one of the worlds poorest countries with low human development index undp,3
+only half of women in countries with available data make their own decisions about reproductive health in more than half of the countries with available data the gender gap is higher in oneperson households compared to all households this reflects womens heightened vulnerability when living by themselves,5
+women are overrepresented among beneficiaries more than twothirds of beneficiaries because they are eligible at a younger age and live longer in addition they are less likely to be eligible for contributory private pensions because of their poorer labour market performance and weak labour force attachment leibbrandt et al as a result takeup was fairly low and led to the revision of the eligibility conditions and other related requirements the csg changed the approach of childrelated social transfers in south africa by paying the benefit to the caregiver rather than to the child as a result women who were the majority of care givers were given some freedom in the use and allocation of such funds,10
+in order to sustain the growth momentum in the postcrisis world these countries need to find new sources of demand to deepen their dynamism this should happen mainly through rebalancing their economies in favour of greater domestic and regional consumption with likely adjustments coming that will reduce global macroeconomic imbalances the import demand from the developed countries especially from the united states is not likely to play the buoyant role that it played in the past decade the ldcs will therefore have to identify new drivers of growth to compensate for the anticipated reduction in traditional export markets in view of the economic crisis this requires rebalancing the ldcs economies to make them more resilient and more dependent on domestic demand rather than exports obviously this would require these countries to spend more on basic social services social protection and infrastructure along with measures for boosting poor peoples incomes,1
+actions targeted to teachers can vary from feedback with no consequences recognition of excellence salary increases the requirement to take inservice training to being unable to practice as a teacher the consequences for initial teacher training institutions can include closure the exception is the state of texas while all the other systems either use portfolios observations of classroom practices or rely on the assessment of performance developed by school principals the majority of the systems meet the proposals of ingvarson and chadboume in jasman who suggest that besides the formative impact of assessment this should be summative criterion referenced and based on different sources of evidence portfolios with teaching plans studentlearning assessments analysis of responses videos of lessons etc the validity of the assessment will depend on the degree of authenticity of the tasks that are used,4
+the highly indented eastern coast of the adriatic acts as a breeding ground and nursery to a large number of marine species the central sections of the adriatic sea basin where the coast of bosnia and herzegovina is located have relatively little discharge in any case the main habitats described in fishers reports show the high heterogeneity of the area with mixed bottoms with rocks sand mud sandmud and ostrea beds,14
+degradation is accompanied by depletion of aquatic resources based on human exploitation relevant statistics about marine and coastal water quality and pollutant concentrations may include but are not limited to nutrients and chlorophyll organic matter pathogens metals organic contaminants physical and chemical characteristics and coral bleaching the most commonly monitored marine pollutants and associated phenomena such as eutrophication and red tide can be analysed as relevant in local national or supranational terms based on the type of pollution and effect data sources for marine water quality statistics are typically either national or international monitoring stations associated with scientific research or compliance with policy objectives and targets,6
+the national action plan of palestine was endorsed further to decision no in addition the sudan established a committee for women and peace within its general directorate for women and the family articles and of the tunisian republic s loi organique relative a linstauration de la justice transitionnelle et a son organisation organic law pertaining to the establishment of transitional justice and its organisation available from httnw wwiheiorgwnconieniunloads a loiiusticetransitionnelletunisiepdf the committee on the elimination of discrimination against women later adopted general recommendation no,5
+in addition courts often lack the infrastructure capacity and expertise to prosecute crimes such as genderbased violence supporting the development of special measures to address genderbased violence can include effective witness and victim protection programmes including safe houses and protective orders preventing the submission of evidence on the prior or subsequent sexual conduct of the victim specialist courts focusing on sexual offences or genderbased violence staff specially trained to give support to victims properlyequipped forensic labs and trained personnel and involving womens organisations and social and health workers in providing assistance to victims in order to increase women and mens access to justice paralegals can be used to promote legal literacy assistance and access,5
+a common motivation for such policies is to improve the environmental performance of the farm reducing pollution risks improving soil quality animal housing or biodiversity for example payments based on input use may also be directed at providing onfarm services this includes in most cases pest and disease control extension services that provide production and marketing advice to producers seed and soil testing or other services that can improve the efficiency and profitability of farming,2
+therefore in this case the moral duty of poverty alleviation only makes sense up to the threshold the interests of everyone above the threshold are irrelevant for the purposes of antipoverty policy finally a strong basis for assisting vulnerable groups might be found in ethical perspectives on recognition fraser,1
+the backbone network also deliver traffic to and from internet exchange points ixps which is a network access point that helps facilitating local internet traffic exchanges between operators and helps reduce the cost and latency of data traffic there are hundreds of ixps around the world and new ixps are established every year however ixps are still scarce in many parts of the world in less half of ldcs had an ixp itu developing a national backbone network is capital intensive and often financed by the private sector or through publicprivate partnerships,9
+les pays declarants consacrent a de leur pib aux allocations de logement presque tous ont recours a cet instrument d action dans la moitie d entre eux les allocations sont reservees aux locataires et sont generalement disponibles aussi bien pour les locataires du secteur privd que du secteur social mais dans l autre moitie les menages proprietaires de leur logement les pergoivent aussi elies sont generalement accordees sous condition de ressources mais les criteres d eligibilite et les baremes varient considerablement d un pays a autre,11
+distances travelled vary considerably between cities as well the length of the average trip by car is km in mumbai but only km in bhopal the pump price per litre of diesel varies across the region from usd in brunei darussalam to usd in china and india while that of gasoline ranges between usd in brunei darussalam to usd in singapore figure fuel prices can account for a large share of drivers transportation costs box these prices are affected by taxes which are often designed to generate revenue and to price the environmental effects of vehicle emissions,11
+in particular we have to make sure that people are capable of being in employment and earning wages that keep them and their families out of poverty in australia for example an independent report to die fair pay commission proposes that an increase to the minimum wage is one method of increasing family income and reducing child poverty similarly a study in japan also proposes that to improve the economic wellbeing of households with young children the first task is to ensure a minimum wage that maintains a reasonable living standard in the united kingdom the report of the national equity panel argues that the minimum wage is a powerful tool in reducing labour market inequality,1
+with further application of the ecosystem approach the ccamlr has developed a mechanism to disperse the fishing effort once a trigger level is reached in order to avoid concentration of fishing in easily accessible areas or other negative effects on local populations of marine animals under conservation measure ccamlr in area the antarctic peninsula once a trigger level of tones is reached the catch must be dispersed into smaller scale units for the other side of the continent in area the catch of krill was set under the klm to ooot and split into an eastern and western division until further scientific measures are to hand,14
+in bolivia plurinational state of burkina faso guatemala and italy highvalue niche products hazelnuts specialized coffee brazil nuts shea nuts and many more have also helped boost local incomes certification and labelling can further increase their value in burkina faso careful forest seed selection and breeding as well as support for village nurseries have helped ensure that planted trees are adapted to local ecosystems and that survival rates are high,15
+chile has an ageing teaching force which can be an opportunity chile needs more teachers and needs to attract highquality candidates to the profession there is high demand for more teachers and younger teachers in chile this typical teacher reports having years of teaching experience and having completed teacher education or a training programme while the typical teacher in chile is female the proportion of women to men in the teacher workforce is below the talis average of teachers in chile are female in comparison to the talis average of school leaders in chile are ageing as well,4
+over the last years china successfully moved from agriculture to manufacturing activities and saw an annual trend of real gross domestic product gdp growth of just under per cent ghosh a china s manufacturing sector doubled its share of the workforce and tripled its share of output the rate of extreme poverty at the national level declined from a high of per cent in to a low of per cent in,1
+the parentalcommunity attitude against educating girls has also started changing in recent times due to concerted efforts by the government to promote the education of girl child there was an increase of percentage points in the share of such women between and the only age group that sawa decrease in the percentage of women in domestic duties was years as more women in this age group attended educational institutions it was launched as per the mandate given by the constitution eighty sixth amendment act which made free and compulsory education of all children aged years a fundamental right,5
+female labour force participation could thus potentially be increased by developing various options for older care marriage decreases the probability of female labour force participation by in rural areas and more than twice as much in urban areas this should not be surprising as rural women are often employed within the household in the agricultural production process,5
+recently nongovernmental entities such as social enterprises and communitybased actors have been active and playing larger roles in the rural development policies this framework takes into account the demographic challenges in oecd rural regions and it envisages rural areas as key engines for national prosperity delivering improved wellbeing for rural dwellers across economic social and environmental dimensions understanding the growth dynamics of lowdensity economies distance to markets role of the tradable sector and absolute advantages,11
+it was originally developed for informing the investment choices of electric utilities in regulated electricity systems since it does not capture technologyspecific quantity or price risks nor bankruptcy risk it is less pertinent in deregulated electricity systems where the revenues and risks of different operators can vary substantially both among different technologies and from period to period over an electricity generator s lifetime the subscript t denotes the year in which the sale of production or the cost disbursement takes place,7
+population in china japan and korea by broad age group cont in part this is because groups with traditionally low labour force participation such as mothers use parttime employment as a tool to reconcile work and family commitments oecd workers in parttime employment often still face a penalty compared with fulltime workers in terms of pay job security training promotion and lifetime earnings pension entitlements or unemployment benefits andor reemployment assistance in case of unemployment oecd b,5
+shared patterns exist alongside notable differences such as in teacher beliefs as charted with the teaching and learning international survey talis and in school time use since the study teachers matter much oecd work has analysed the characteristics of learners and learning teachers and how to improve school leadership data from the programme for international student assessment pisa have permitted specific analyses of aspects of schooling such as student attitudes towards and knowledge of the environment work on the educational role of technology has shown how important is home use for educational outcomes,4
+although climate conditions such as rainfall amount intensity and frequency and temperature influence erosion processes other anthropogenic factors such as deforestation forest fires overgrazing topography modifications and water management policy have stronger impacts on land and soil unfortunately the report does not describe any such evidence during the summer months of a three to fourfold increase in the registered number of diarrhoea cases was observed which demonstrates the link between these groups of diseases and warmer temperatures,13
+the share of gdp devoted to education is below the oecd average with a higher proportion of public funding than the oecd average portugal needs to continue to define professional pathways for teachers and school principals providing relevant training and implementing reform of the teacher training system further developing an integrated evaluation and assessment framework centred on quality student learning would help move beyond the objective of accountability to provide clearer information on how schools school leaders and teachers can improve in the classroom,4
+social norms and the relative weakness of women s networks may also play a role most notably these theories are unable to explain why male and female workers with similar characteristics have similar wages upon entering the labour market but experience a divergence later on in their working lives with men s earnings growing faster pregnancy childbirth recovery and child caregiving increase women s need for flexibility and make it more difficult for them to work long hours,5
+the problem is that u prolifera is presently an unwanted and uncontrolled growing nuisance species of limited commercial value the solution may be to create a competition for nutrients by intentionally cultivating species which not only carry on the biomitigation but also have a commercial value where u prolifera starts to enter the coastal environment in order to control its proliferation this time the imta concept has to be interpreted as an integrated land pondcoastal aquaculture system in a supra integrated coastal zone management iczm effort beyond provincial borders to address issues at the yellow sea scale we understand that this out of the box approach to iczm will initially raise eyebrows as the idea of growing more seaweeds but of commercial value to contain the proliferation of other seaweeds presently considered nuisances is not the most intuitive approach for a lot of people or decision makers,14
+for existing electric utilities this risk is mitigated by exclusivity consumer dependence on electricity and regulated monopoly status that allows the unused electricity generation capacity to be charged to the customers with many subutility solar projects the output is used by the owner of the project many others operate under longterm contracts power purchase agreements which have a risk of default,7
+this represented a per cent gain in the share over geothermal resources are also abundant but capacity additions have not increased significantly because of technical and financial barriers though new efforts are being pursued in indonesia and the philippines where the potential is high solar is also increasingly being used in on and offgrid applications across countries with thailand accounting for per cent of solar energy consumption in the subregion backing this development is a shift in policy stance towards supporting renewables with the introduction of targets financial incentives public financing measures and regulations such policies and measures were rarely implemented in the region prior to,7
+in the future kari will also collect data on climatic change risks household vulnerability to climatic change in specific regionsproduction systems performance of various crop varieties under different climatic conditions it has hydrometeorological automatic weather stations in the major water catchments for measuring surface discharge used by the kenya energy generating company to monitor hydropower generation under changing rainfall conditions the nema geographic information system laboratory focuses on water qualitymonitoring which can be used as an indicator of climate change these data cover eg gender poverty living conditions and occupation,13
+according to the results of a national survey about eps services conducted by the msps in the average of enrolees waiting more than ten days for consultation with a general doctor was among eps in the sr compared to among eps in the cr the msps estimated that the share of oop payments in colombia was of the funding of the health system in as seen in chapter while the who estimated that the oop in colombia was somewhat higher around in it was still among the lowest in latin america figure and also lower than the oecd average of around costsharing is determined both by the scheme that the person belongs to and their assessed socioeconomic vulnerability measured by an index called sisben enrolees of the sr make no copayments for services if they belong to sisben most vulnerable individuals and pay only a coinsurance rate if they belong to sisben,3
+a strong policy focus on education and training pays off particularly in the shift from low to highskilled labour demand due to automation in the manufacturing sector new skills and welleducated workers are essential for optimal implementation and operation of new technologies thus policymakers should prioritise and increase public investment in education infrastructure to effectively deal with the challenges of new technology implementation as automation may have negative effects on employment in labourintensive industries special emphasis should be placed on retraining and redeployment measures for workers who have lost their jobs,9
+aquaculture which comprises a varied mix of lowvalue bulky products such as seaweed and small highvalue products such as pearls and freshwater fisheries production contribute very little value to economic growth in commonwealth pacific small states consequently gillett has attempted to reestimate fisheries contribution to gdp given the weaknesses in official data it was found that while official estimates varied from to per cent reestimates varied from to per cent,14
+by changing consumer behaviour in relation to the above consumers can have a positive influence on the environment these are the domains that define sustainable lifestyles there is however strong evidence that the above areas are highly relevant in the developing world next the examples of food housing and transport are discussed the impacts of food start right back at the production stage including land distribution and use patterns as well as social tension from lack of land titles or land grabbing use of chemical fertilisers that also kill soil microbes and emissions of ghgs that cause climate change,12
+the new legislation compulsory education for years see below can improve student transitions between educational levels but if not managed well it can lead to more segregation among schools and further inequities currently students are academically selected at age and sorted into upper secondary schools based on results in a national examination if the different pathways vary in quality this can widen achievement gaps and hinder equity,4
+this is especially important since data indicate wage gaps are closing very slowly in large part due to women s exclusion from highpaid jobs a good deal of research shows that once employed gender and racial inequality is largely attributable to job segregation even in rapidly growing middleincome countries which are experiencing industrial upgrading we observe evidence of defeminization of manufacturing employment tejani and milberg i as a result of the higher consumption rates of lowincome groups higher minimum wages also stimulate aggregate demand and job growth reducing womens unemployment and offsetting negative effects of higher female wages on female unemployment evidence from latin america s decade of inequality reduction indicates that the gender employment gap was narrowed in the s in part due to higher minimum wages in a number of countries braunstein and seguino because the employment data are broad they do not allow us to assess the quality of employment,5
+fish is also the most important source of protein intake in the indonesian diet oecd all these aspects have led the government of indonesia to place a high development priority on the sector in the context of its employment and poverty alleviation strategy indonesia is the fourth major fish producer after china india and peru but only the world s tenth exporter of fish and fish products with export performances weakening during the last decade,2
+an effective strategy to reduce informal employment should encompass a broad range of policies aimed at reducing the costs of formalisation increasing its benefits and strengthening enforcement of labour codes special attention should be paid to minimising existing disincentives to formality that disproportionately affect women such as high marginal tax rates on secondary earners removing obsolete legislation that impedes women s access to certain sectors of the economy will further reduce reliance on informal employment all countries should have a modern legal framework to deal with violence against women and especially domestic violence,5
+along with expanding new economy and green industries through investments in renewable energy and in energy efficient technologies addressing ecological imbalances of growth would also contribute substantially to reducing poverty in the ldcs a key to addressing the ldcs ecological imbalances will be the implementation of technological innovations to reduce the adverse impacts of production and consumption activities on the environment and unsustainable pressures on natural resources the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccq recognizes these constraints and stresses that developed countries need to provide support to ldcs based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities,1
+this chapter looks at such structures in the mena region most mena governments have established institutions mandated to advance womens economic and social status although none have yet established a government unit dedicated specifically to womens entrepreneurship development business registration and licensing bodies seldom have mechanisms to reach out to women entrepreneurs nor do sme agencies generally have clear strategies or targeted support for women entrepreneurs,5
+reforms can lower the volume of water some users will have access to they can change the distribution of the risk of shortage across water users and they can affect infrastructure and investment needs even incremental changes to an existing allocation regime can create opposition and require costly compensation to free up water by buying out existing water users these insights can be instructive for those contemplating allocation reform or actively pursuing it,6
+modern service activities such as financial intermediation real estate renting and business activities and health and social work also have more informal workers among men than women public administration and defence is primarily in the government sector and as such has the lowest percentage of informal workers however about one quarter of the women workers even in this sector are informal the lowest percentage of informal workers is among those with graduate and above levels of education although it has been increasing over the years among both women and men,5
+others such as trends in doortoneedle time after a heart attack are less reassuring in general however scant data is available to assess quality of care more fully with patientreported outcomes and experiences being notably absent less than of total hospital discharges are related to ambulatory care sensitive conditions with a trend declining slightly since guanais et al,3
+the armed conflict and refugee crisis situations have given rise to increased demands for emergency supplies including internationally controlled substances for medical purposes however as supply is wholly dependent on emergency aid delivery in certain areas has been inadequate or severely limited in that context incb wishes to draw attention to the special topic published in its annual report for on availability of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in emergency situations and remind all states that under international humanitarian law parties to armed conflicts have an obligation not to impede the provision of medical care to civilian populations located in territories under their effective control this includes access to necessary narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances,3
+the location of federallyfunded multipurpose facilities can help supplement services in communities but may also instigate disinvestment by state governments in hospitals or appropriate transfer arrangements this medical outreach is expensive but has become a vital part of health service delivery in australia s most remote parts such schemes work best when a visiting specialist pairs with a local gp to manage a patient s care there is a need to maintain investments in technologies to help overcome geographical challenges to care telehealth is a very promising innovation in australia and internationally using technology to link patients or gps in rural areas to specialists in regional centres or major cities,3
+more than of the delineated natura forest area is on lpadministered land a survey conducted in by the chief inspectorate for environmental protection revealed that natural forest habitats in the network had predominantly poor or bad conservation status only of their area was in good condition moe it should be noted that the survey shows the nonforest natura habitats to be in similar shape natura also requires significant investments financing needs for the network in are estimated at more than times the level of spending in section,15
+an integrated approach that focuses on interventions in health nutrition water and sanitation protection and learning during the first years of childrens lives can set a firm foundation for their entire lifetime given this commitment they need consistently updated data on who is poor and how they are poor in order to monitor progress identify gaps and guide policies and programmes all in the interest of making sure that vulnerable children are not left behind multidimensional child poverty measures give a fuller picture of how children experience poverty,1
+by female literacy was almost equivalent to the male rates attained in it had reached over in tunisia and almost in jordan but the gap is still significant in some countries in morocco only of women were literate compared to of men and in egypt only of women could read compared to of men figure,5
+korea also has ftas with singapore efta the european free trade association iceland liechtenstein norway switzerland european union and united states in korea signed a fta with colombia as of july korea is pursuing negotiations with viet nam indonesia and china the fta with china in particular is expected to have a large impact on the korean fisheries industry,14
+given the uneven performance in the four focus areas of the strategic plan in promoting gender development results undp should ensure that future assessments pay specific attention to the progress effectiveness and quality of gender development results in the seven outcome areas of the current strategic plan the assessment can build on the limited data from the integrated results and resources framework report cards which summarize undp progress and performance in and include a deeper qualitative analysis of the undp contribution to gender results on the ground preliminary lessons of the gender equality seal certification process which has been completed in country offices and implemented on a noncertification basis in others could also be a rich source of information,5
+furthermore wind power is commonly regarded as a key technology in addressing some of the greatest environmental and resource concerns of today namely anthropogenic climate change and other negative consequences from air pollution and energy security among other factors a strong growth in todays markets and prospects of exploiting vast and as yet untapped resources contribute to the anticipation that wind power will play a significant role in shifting energy markets away from fossilbased power generation towards renewables in coming decades gwec wiser et al wind power likewise features prominently in the current body of global climate change mitigation scenarios produced by energyeconomy models iea a krey and clarke these environmental and resource pressures can be quantified and assessed by methods of life cycle assessment lca,7
+overall meanstested family and education benefits seem to be providing a useful contribution to reducing inequalities given the high and rising incidence of poverty among children raising the meanstested child benefits is likely to be an efficient way to reduce child poverty the average effective income tax rate faced by the top quintile of the income distribution is around three times higher than for the bottom quintile and as a result the top quintile accounts for over two thirds of income tax payments figure income tax rates were increased in and and a comprehensive income tax reform in reduced the number of income brackets from to significantly increased marginal rates and reduction in tax breaks including for private education and health expenditures which are overwhelmingly consumed by betteroff households the elimination of these tax breaks is clearly a step in the right direction and it also makes the tax system simpler and more transparent the overall redistributive effects of these changes to income taxes are difficult to evaluate particularly the changes to personal income taxes,1
+for the nonindigent poor the figure was and it was even lower in the two other groups for the atrisk group and for those not at risk these data point up the complexity of the situation to be addressed by antipoverty policies in the broad sense of the term when dealing with sectors where ethnic identity is a significant factor since in these cases policy initiatives have to focus on basic needs satisfaction recognition and social and cultural inclusiveness at one and the same time among the indigent and the nonindigent poor minors up to years of age make up and respectively which means that children account for nearly half of the poor population,1
+over the past decade the oecd programme for international student assessment pisa has become the worlds premier yardstick for evaluating the quality equity and efficiency of school systems this chapter introduces pisa and sets the scene for situating the pisa performance of yearolds in the united states against global patterns and trends results from the oecds recent survey of adult skills oecd a show that highly skilled adults are twice as likely to be employed and almost three times more likely to earn an abovemedian salary than poorly skilled adults in other words poor skills severely limit peoples access to belterpaying and more rewarding jobs,4
+urbanisation is largely driven by high ruralurban migration and high population growth the lack of adequate policy frameworks and the weakness of institutions have significantly undermined the potential of urbanisation and the management of its associated risks the services sector was the main driver of growth,11
+these in turn have provided a strong incentive for girls to invest in their studies and increase their attainment level and fulltime workers with upper secondary levels of attainment earn more on average than those who did not go that far oecd these penalties may be reduced in absolute terms if men will continue to have better returns than women given their level of education oecd,4
+the sra established the road traffic inspectorate to help monitor road safety performance and stakeholder activity a review by the swedish road administration estimated that the performance indicators suggested the potential for a total reduction of more than in the number of road fatalities by the summary appears in table cumulative counts of people ksi compared to targets fatality rates per population western australia and australia moving monthly data fatality rates per population selected australian states and territories moving monthly data,11
+few commercial banks are in fact equipped to deal efficiently with very small firms given their high mortality rates low availability of collaterals and demand for microloans data from the mix market database show that the percentage of female borrowers from ngos and nbfis is much higher than from commercial banks providing microloans especially in east asia and the pacific where women account for of the microborrowers from ngos and only of the borrowers from commercial and rural banks therefore even if the private sector has proven to be an innovative and fast growing provider of microloans subsidised credit and other public interventions still play an important role in increasing access to credit for women of all socioeconomic backgrounds thereby contributing to financial inclusion and the fight against poverty through entrepreneurship karlan and morduch technological innovations like mobile banking are promising tools for extending financial services to selfemployed women particularly in rural areas,5
+nondemographic growth is projected forward using an exponential growth form starting at the rate implied by the component models at the end of their projections around per cent this is transitioned up to the allgovernment growth rate of per cent using a logistic curve the impact on percentage point change in in health spending of alternative scenarios as to participation total labour force older workers and unemployment productivity and population net migration fertility and life expectancy is assessed,3
+a greater female presence in these areas could have a positive effect on mexicos economic performance see source section for more information and annex for notes wwwoecdorgeducationeducationataglance htm in of mexican women over years of age declared that they had been victims of some kind of violence in their lifetime,5
+national statistical systems need to regularly collect analyse and disseminate data that address relevant gender issues gender statistics should document womens and men s participation in and contributions to all social and economic areas and reflect the underlying causes and consequences of gender inequality hedman perucci and sundstrom united nations the coverage of gender issues by official statistical systems and the adequacy of such systems should be regularly reviewed as recommended in paragraph b of the beijing platform for action united nations,5
+it is a set of balanced and realistic policy measures that countries can adopt to ease the impact of the crisis and accelerate recovery in employment wwwiloorgjobspact there is some indirect evidence of a positive impact on the local economy from reports of an increase in the sales of motorcycles in remote target areas where better transportation means is a conduit to the expansion of economic activities the community works programme of south africa cwp sa also provides a guarantee of work days per week to its beneficiaries international training center validation workshop on public employment programmes april,8
+social skills are a key determinant the ability to get along with others ie with coworkers is crucial for the likelihood of employment success this is why social skills training gained importance in vocational rehabilitation social skills are needed for the job interview and they increase the chances to stay employed even if the work performance is fluctuating this is a main reason for poor employment outcomes of those with personality disorders baer et al,3
+all requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rightsoecdorg requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the copyright clearance center ccc at infocopyrightcom or the centre fra ng a is dexploitation du droit de copie cfc at contactcfcopiescom mobilising clean energy investment will also help to reduce local air pollution improving health and wellbeing and it can create opportunities for developed and developing countries alike,7
+if the water is lost to deep percolation and surface runoff then crop production levels would reach tonnes per hectare and perhaps up to tonnes per hectare assuming that plant nutrient availability is nonlimiting in reality only a small fraction of rainfall is used by plants through transpiration and the rest is channelled into nonproductive use or lost as evaporation water stress particularly during critical growth stages reduces crop yield and may even damage the entire crop,2
+methodology is another significant issue data on income poverty are based on a longestablished methodology whose results are solidly enshrined in monetary income thresholds that unequivocally delineate the poor population and within it the indigent population by comparison the multidimensional deprivationbased approach to poverty measurement still lacks the methodological consensus enjoyed by incomebased measurements and does not support such a clearcut interpretation of the results nevertheless it complements the income approach and captures both population groups that both parameters signal as poor and groups whose income places above the poverty line but that suffer deprivation in relation to basic needs the most recent available data indicated that the poorest income quintile ie the of households with the lowest income on average accounted for of of total income with the figure varying between in the dominican republic honduras and paraguay and in uruguay meanwhile the wealthiest income quintile accounted for an average of of total income ranging from in uruguay to in brazil see table,1
+the oslo manual defines a business innovation as a new or improved product or business process or combination thereof that differs significantly from the firms previous products or business processes and that has been introduced on the market or brought into use by the firm the product can be either a good or a service innovation activities include all developmental financial and commercial activities undertaken by a firm that are intended to result in an innovation for the firm,9
+no more than of sp funds can go to human resources for example and no more than can be spent on pharmaceuticals with a minimum of on preventive activities for example italy has also been faced with a comparable situation to mexico having significant variation in administrative and managerial capacity across regions in a largely decentralised setting since the beginning of the s regions have been able to obtain additional resources conditional on improved reporting of health service activities costs and outcomes,3
+the highest overall effective tax rates tend to be in european countries and the lowest in australia new zealand and the americas if well targeted subsidies can weight incentives in favour of more environmentally sound activities and products address market failures and drive green innovation and investment governments spent an estimated usd billion on renewable energy subsidies worldwide in iea a mixed messages stopandgo policy making and retroactive changes can seriously weaken market signals however in the united states only gigawatt of new wind power capacity was installed in a fraction of the gigawatts installed in following the anticipated expiration of a tax credit on renewable electricity production at the end of iea a the credit was subsequently extended in late governments currently spend an estimated usd billion a year on environmentally harmful support for fossil fuels with an estimated usd billion spent by emerging and developing countries,7
+patients could be referred to the teams by general medical practitioners or after assessment by the local authority for support for social care needs the study found that the intermediate care group had a higher number of unscheduled admissions into hospital and the integrated care group showed no difference both interventions led to higher rates of mortality than what is seen in their matched control groups the authors found that over a sixmonth period the costs were greater for the virtual outreach consultations than for conventional outpatient appointments the equipment used which might be expected to have reduced costs over time only accounted for some of this greater cost with increased consultant and general practitioner time accounting for the rest,3
+in the case of the united states there is abundant evidence of health disparities along racial lines while such factors as place of residence occupation education and income are considered to be secondary to ethnicity the life expectancy of africanamericans in the district of columbia is years compared with years for whites in neighbouring montgomery county maryland a life expectancy of years is below the average found in a large number of developing countries including the philippines egypt and all latin american countries in the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland the ratio of people of bangladeshi and pakistani origin who reported not good health in a survey was around times higher than the average for all of england and wales,3
+in jordan and yemen workingage men participated in the labour force at over five times the rate of workingage women the largest difference between participation rates for men and women was in iraq at percentage points bahrain kuwait and qatar were the only countries to report female labour force participation rates higher than per cent the lowest male labour force participation rates were reported in kuwait mauritania and jordan at and per cent respectively,8
+the participation of all relevant stakeholders including at the local level has helped to improve the use not only of natural resources but of the ecosystem as a whole this is considered an important determinant of the sustainability of the entire agricultural and food system in the city of manizales in colombia for instance national and regional authorities worked together with local communities and leaders to discourage settlements on slopes characterized by instability which posed a threaten to people s lives and livelihoods,13
+the broadband commission has the aim to promote access to broadband infrastructure as a mean towards sustainable and inclusive development and set up international targets for incentivising further investments in broadband development see box the commission which was rebranded as the broadband commission for sustainable development following the un summit brings together industry leaders senior officials academia and international organisations and advocates for universal access to the internet a key component has been to encourage the development of national broadband plans or strategies,9
+a longer historical perspective would provide insights to help researchers and policymakers better understand the drivers of these gender inequalities so as to achieve the goal of gender equality in these regions the size of the gender gap may differ significantly between different social groups and therefore indicators at a less aggregate level could provide further understanding of the drivers of gender inequality a good starting point would be censuses andor micro data where detailed information on various aspects related to the wellbeing of women can be found,5
+investors also communicated a mistrust and wariness in ee technology through this mou hsbc commits to work in collaboration with the indian government on the former energy efficiency financing platform eefp to promote ee projects through the development of risksharing strategies as well as capacity upgradation of financial institutions news release announcing the signature of the mou in march although it is of course too early to gauge the effects of this initiative it is a significant step in the right direction,7
+however only a few states and river basins charge for water when charges exist unit prices are often too low to affect decisions about water allocation and use chapter national parks can charge entrance fees but only a few of them have done so and have the capacity to collect such fees chapter,15
+nevertheless productivity of hospitals has been declining since the late s and large regional differences remain in efficiency cost and outcomes aaltonen hakkinen the average length of stay in hospitals is long for most conditions oecd b municipalities tend to complain about difficulties in controlling costs because of the asymmetry of information between hospitals and them as well as standards fixed at the national level oecd,3
+she convinced her own family and other relatives to not participate in such marriages as they could all beheld responsible and arrested after hearing details on the legal implications of underage marriage many families decided to boycott the wedding and informed the parents of the couple about the risks the wedding was eventually cancelled,5
+only of individuals with universityeducated parents have only a primary education compared with of those whose parents highest level of education was lower secondary at the same time the probability of relative upward mobility towards tertiary education has stagnated for people born post at at the same time school effects are driven by the selection of better students into schools which is partly a parental choice partly a school choice and partly the result of tracking or other institutional policies,4
+the oecd programme for international student assessment pisa provides a useful way to compare students learning outcomes across countries by setting pisa level as the minimum proficiency level global indicator c reveals large discrepancies in students performance in mathematics and reading across countries for example less than of yearold students achieve at least pisa level in mathematics in mexico and turkey while almost do in estonia and japan oecd,4
+combined with the provision of public services such as in health and education these popular programmes contributed to an overall improvement in social outcomes and reduced inequality while offering a low costtobenefit ratio brazil s bolsa familia and mexico s oportunidades cash transfer programmes increased both school enrolment and attendance rates while reducing child labour an international assessment new york goran holmqvist external financing of social protection opportunities and risks development policy review vol,1
+others have adopted a range of climateproofing approaches applying standardised environmental screening and scoping assessing environmental and social risks of projects financed adopting green procurement guidelines developing and mandating green guidance notes for staff working in the agency the graph also shows how sdgs are related to different economic sectors while the energy sector performs well in terms of development finance targeting mitigation further measures could be taken to increase the resilience of this sector to climate impacts through adaptation agriculture is starting to reveal the potential for actions that address both adaptation and mitigation through climate smart agriculture of oda address both adaptation and mitigation,13
+forests cover per cent of the territory in azerbaijan and per cent in armenia mainly due to unfavourable natural and soil conditions and scarce rainfall primary forest of native species with its extension of ha largely consisting of protected forest has remained virtually unchanged the country s nine varied climatic zones ranging from wet subtropical to everlasting snow and glacier zones in combination with variation in soils and reliefs favoured the development of diverse vegetation formations beech fagus orientalis is the species with the highest growing stock estimated to million m,15
+such public interventions are most effective in mobilising finance when they target specific market failures and barriers that hinder investment analysis of the factors needed for effective national enabling environments has highlighted a number of barriers to effectively scalingup the levels of private investment in climateresilient activities eg corfeemorlot et al the private sector has identified several policy recommendations for improving national enabling environments for mobilising and attracting lowcarbon investment see eg iigcc,13
+the third subcomponent is a system to support the development of common safety net mechanisms including payment systems targeting wagerate setting and market price monitoring this component is aligned with the second focus area of the nspp which focuses on promoting employment and improving livelihoods the livelihood support component includes counselling and lifeskills development technical skills entrepreneurship opportunities and financial support and training it also finances capacity development and programme management,1
+no empirical studies are available on this topic in ghana yet studies undertaken elsewhere often suggest limited effects of immigration on nativeborn labour market outcomes these jointly determine skill cells which are at the centre of the empirical approach adopted in this report the impact of immigration on labour market outcomes including the real wage the employmenttopopulation ratio and the proportion of employed in paid employment is measured by the variations that exist in the proportion of immigrants across skill cells furthermore on average a decline in employment rates is observed across all education groups at younger and older ages due to cyclical unemployment or early retirement,8
+in urban areas in emerging asia fine particulate air pollution in excess of who guideline level is estimated to cause an additional million premature deaths per year table most of these deaths occur in the people s republic of china hereafter china and india due to their large urban populations and high levels of exposure to air pollution the welfare costs associated with this increased mortality totalled usd trillion in dollars,11
+these agree with the recommendations made by the oecd in its study meeting the water reform challenge oecd b in water and sanitation should no longer be a modest component of the seventh millennium development goal but rather a fully fledged priority multiple partners and water management stakeholders should be brought together in an atmosphere conducive to trust,6
+it is important that statistics made available on a regular basis to policymakers include a gender dimension as recommended in paragraph d of the beijing platform for action governments should use more gendersensitive data in the formulation of policy and implementation of programmes and projects united nations presentation of gender statistics in regular statistical products produced by national statistical systems increases the accessibility of gender statistics and their chances of being taken into account in policymaking,5
+the notion that childrens early experiences are biologically embedded is gaining further support from research showing that the development of childrens endocrine and immune systems are also influenced by childrens environments during the early years barr beek and calinoiu gunnar mcewan for example children develop their literacy skills in a cumulative way as they move from one stage to the next the rate at which they develop these skills depends on the strength and duration of their exposure to the family institution and community factors that comprise the foundations for success in the educational prosperity model,4
+three new laws on the judiciary also took a decade to produce economic growth still depends heavily on exports of garments and footwear leaving the economy vulnerable to potential declines in competitiveness and the erosion of preferential market access overseas development assistance is declining steadily as a share of gdp increasing the importance of private capital,8
+activities are carried out by a broad range of actors mostly research institutes and universities but also government entities at all levels sometimes in cooperation with private partners database ol adaptation projects www a majority of projects relate to natural hazard management an area of particular importance for austria irrespective of climate change and many projects involve multiple sectors,13
+during the hyperinflation period of agricultural input prices increased by at least twice as much as output prices however the state order system remained in place until at which time it was replaced by a more flexible system of purchases for the state s needs the food contract corporation fcc was established in as a state grain purchasing agency state purchases continued to dominate marketing channels but as procurement prices remained low most agricultural enterprises became insolvent,2
+accelerating sea surface warming in the waters surround chinese taipei since the s has not only diminished winter migratory fish stocks year on year but also caused such changes as displacement of fishing grounds species regime shifts and increased the vulnerability of the marine ecosystem the marine ecosystem and fisheries have to face the problem of the expansion offish stocks from the south and withdrawal offish stocks from the north in addition the numbers of large fish at high trophic levels have decreased under pressures from several decades of fishing activity while small pelagic fish have shown a relative increase meanwhile frequent extremeweather events and climatic variability during the warming process will damage the chinese taipei fishery more under such circumstances traditional fishery management measures will not be able to adapt to the problems caused by climate change external precautionary and adaptation measures need to be introduced to reduce its impact,14
+with its much higher albedo the sea ice reflects the light and hence limits the warming effect by forming a protective layer it also limits heat exchanges between the atmosphere and ocean when it melts however those exchanges increase and the surface albedo diminishes resulting in a local temperature increase,13
+it will create employment and rejuvenate economic sectors that have suffered in recent years such as tourism manufacturing and transportation it will provide vital experience of the region s ability to work together leading to better regional understanding and cohesion perhaps most importantly the caribbean successfully pursing a sustainable energy system will send a strong message to the rest of the world that tackling climate change and transitioning from an almost per cent fossil fuelbased energy system to a clean sustainable energy system is indeed possible there then follows a review of the international sustainable energy environment determining both emerging trends and risks before assessing the ability of existing strategies to foster sustainable growth,7
+this is a consistent picture that emerges for a range of mental health indicators and a large number of countries yet in the empirical analysis presented in this paper there is no evidence that these higher expected needs are being met through higher hospital admissions or pharmaceutical consumption for mental health this is perhaps a sign of further stress on mental health systems that are unable to respond and provide adequate treatment during times of high need the clear lesson is that providers need additional capacity to respond to the additional mental health needs during times of economic downturns,3
+building on the substantial comparative and sectorial policy knowledge base available within the oecd the series will result in a biennual publication first volume in it will develop a comparative outlook on education policy by providing a analysis of individual countries educational context challenges and policies education policy profiles and of international trends and b comparative insight on policies and reforms on selected topics they are meant to draw attention to specific policies that are promising or showing positive results and may be relevant for other countries,4
+positive peer pressure can also play an important role in stimulating business growth and innovation to be effective these initiatives should allow for a great deal of interaction between the entrepreneurs in the target group and the wider business community so as to enlarge the pool of resources they have access to such networks should also have clear objectives,9
+lone christiansen and per tronsmo present norwegian approaches to leadership and national programmes for school leadership professional development and the advisory team programme for mentoring principals and local providers the south australian and israeli examples presented by susanne owen and dorit tubin feature the work ofparticular sections of the education ministries looking to drive innovative learning and provide conditions to support it this layering of networked learning opportunities helps to sustain and extend their leadership influence both ciel and the earlier programme have been informed by international research on school leadership development in particular the work of stefan huber and viviane robinson,4
+it is the scourge of sexual and genderbased violence that leaves women and girls furthest behind in terms of development locking them in situations of poverty and vulnerability that persist across generations if we are to achieve the sdgs and eliminate genderbased violence by it will be critical to economically empower women and foster peaceful just and inclusive societies in many of these contexts especially in agricultural societies women are the backbone of the informal economy girls are unable to safely attend school to cite just one example more than half of all sexual assaults documented in darfur sudan occur in the course of essential sustenance activities such as when women are forced to venture out to remote areas to collect fuel and firewood moreover the burden of care that war leaves behind in its wake including care for the wounded sick traumatized and orphaned is disproportionately borne by women,5
+these institutions are essential to monitor the respect application and enforcement of antiviolence legislation and policies to achieve this objective governments may choose to establish specialised courts with specifically trained judges and prosecutors who efficiently and professionally deal with the civic and criminal aspects of violence against women and facilitate quick access to support and counselling services for example new zealand has established family violence courts with appropriately trained judges and other court staff to streamline and speed processing to ensure that matters of domestic violence are dealt with in a timely manner governments can set up specialised police units like those in several latin american countries that offer a safe environment where sensitised and mainly female police officers focus on protecting victims of violence and uncovering cases of violence,5
+many large hospitals have such programmes but they are rarer in rural services national rural health alliance compounding these issues is physical isolation associated with remoteness examples include the creation use and transmission of electronic health records patientheld records telehealth and patient selfmanagement,3
+federal government support for landfill construction has helped reducing the amount of waste disposed of in nonsanitary landfills although brazil fell short of its national target to close all uncontrolled landfills by it requires all manufacturers distributors and retailers of pesticides batteries tyres lubricating oils fluorescent lamps and electronic devices and their components to recover these products at the end of their useful life insufficient recycling infrastructure and limited municipal capacity for separate waste collection are the main bottlenecks in implementation of these extended producer responsibility programmes the federal government has encouraged the formation of cooperatives of waste pickers who are key players in the waste recovery business thereby linking environmental and social objectives,15
+using a questionnaire agenas monitors compliance with the recommendations and seeks to understand the barriers that rap encounter in implementation highquality care is care that is safe effective and patientcentred and should never be taken for granted health care systems face tremendous challenges complex care needs and care processes increased health care demands especially for chronic conditions and crucially an economic landscape in which health care systems will have to achieve more for less,3
+evidence from the united states suggests that achieving better worklife balance was an important reason for starting a business for of the female entrepreneurs in the smallest revenue class but for only of those in the largest revenue class rsm mcgladrey the relatively high rates of women entrepreneurship in emerging and developing countries are primarily due to high levels of necessity entrepreneurship figure shows that more women than men start their business in the informal sector out of economic necessity especially in egypt and mexico however no significant correlation exists across countries between women s educational attainment and their entrepreneurial activity as measured by the proportion of women among the selfemployed this suggests that it is not the level but rather the type of education that matters in female entrepreneurship women are significantly underrepresented in engineering and computing chapter two fields of study that build the knowledge useful for starting a technologyoriented business,5
+in spite of the economic need for immigration among developed nations native workers and the unemployed push back against migration seeing migrants as contributing to low wages and labour competition in leaving their homes and social networks they set out to secure work that is not always available or of the quality they had envisioned migrant youth in particular those immigrating without the proper documentation are often forced into the informal economy where they are vulnerable to exploitation by unscrupulous employers,8
+furthermore considering patients wishes and ensuring that their human and patient rights are respected are of upmost importance mental health service user advocacy and representation is particularly important given the nature of mental illness and the fact that individuals are often struggling with a disabling condition restrictive circumstances and high levels of stigma service user groups and groups representing the families of service users can also play a role in shaping the mental health system and improving care quality,3
+law cell circular no the first calls for a clear and comprehensive legal framework that includes penal andor disciplinary standards complaints mechanisms and mechanisms for investigating and recording of acts of violence it also refers to the importance of administrative procedures relating to acts of violence in school that guarantee the rights of parents to be fully and promptly informed and the right of victims of violence to the protection of privacy,4
+at that time the leaks in wawarsing would be repaired and the bypass tunnel would be connected to the existing tunnel the shut down work would begin in and take between five to eight months according to the results of the oecd survey on water governance for future cities several mexican cities eg hermosillo veracruz toluca and chihuahua show lower shares of wastewater treated figure,6
+the data used in these studies all originated from marine litter surveys on beaches several authors mention the problem of differentiating litter items since they may belong to both land and seabased sources or to multiple sectors if looking at a more detailed level however based on best practice by the researchers and experts the suggested source of litterfound in the literature is presented in table,14
+while sample weights are required for obtaining unbiased estimators of means and other indicators for descriptive statistics purposes we follow the argumentation in wooldridge and o donnell et al this is the case provided that the source of the differences between the sample and the population proportions is not driven by the variable of interest in this case infant mortality assuming that infant mortality does not strongly influence the choice of geographic residence we therefore prefer the use of unweighted estimators,3
+the polish landuse planning law also refrains from granting the ministry of infrastructure any direct regulatory powers over local planning beyond national roads nature reserves and the like while the ministry does play an important function in issuing regulations for making local plans these tend to focus on technical rules such as how to calculate the need for public services only a small part of the country is covered by approved municipal physical development plans that are in accordance with the spatial planning and spatial development act which are produced at neighbourhood scale while the share of land covered by these plans in cities with county poioiat status has increased from nearly in to in this leaves a significant share of city land that is not managed by municipal physical development plans table only gdansk is fully covered by municipal physical development plans sleszyhski et al in poland unlike many oecd countries the law does not require the preparation of any overall citywide plan and cities have not adopted this mode as a good practice,11
+optimal use of our nordic strengths such as access to good quality water sources highly developed fisheries sector and good national infrastructures should be taken into account in the prioritization of policys and measures this adaptation is based on existing knowledge and ongoing development processes see eg eatip at however before a largescale use of new resources progress in legislation research and infrastructure is needed most potential new sources are byproducts of agriculture and underutilized marine resources,14
+eighteen countries in africa in asia in latin america and the caribbean and in oceania allowed abortion only to save a woman s life both governments in northern america and per cent of governments in europe allowed abortion on request among the countries that reduced the number of grounds two countries the dominican republic and nicaragua that previously allowed abortion to save a woman s life no longer allowed it on any grounds,5
+norway and denmark have remained consistent in reading and science and improved in mathematics iceland has not shown any improvement from its performance and remains below the other nordic countries and the oecd average on all subjects with respect to gender female students have significantly higher reading scores than male students in all nordic countries consistent with the oecd average in finland female students also outperformed male students in mathematics and science both counter to the oecd average,4
+this means the total yearly amount can be substantial for people with low income in addition similar to most countries dentistry is not induded in the public health care benefits package and is subject to higher copayments although all children and adolescents up to the age of are fully covered to be increased to in while sweden has very low levels of catastrophic expenditure due to health service utilisation some people report financial accessibility problems almost of people in the lowest income group reported some unmet needs for dental examination in compared to for the national average eurostat eusilc,3
+monitoring programmes are usually constructed when scientific interest in research exists andor when policy or quality norms are established for specific areas that show the most problematic signs of marine pollution the data from these monitoring stations require further processing to produce environment statistics on the water quality of specific locations spatial and temporal considerations are very important when constructing statistics on this topic for instance with regard to oceanic and marine water pollutant concentrations most monitoring stations and water regular quality monitoring programmes focus on surface marine water and coastline zones,6
+this share is expected to continue to increase to at least two thirds over the coming decades at present billion people continue to rely on traditional noncommercial fuels typical for preindustrial societies they use only between and gj of primary energy per capita delivering about gj of per capita in useful energy services growth of per capita energy use in developing countries has accelerated since whereas use in developed countries has stagnated figure ii,7
+tne identification phase sets out the stage for project preparation and implementation it is crucial to address all the conceptual issues at this stage many issues encountered in preparation and implementation are rooted in the identification phase it is also important to address them properly major issues to be addressed during the identification phase include rationale for project intervention compliance of proposed project concept and approaches with relevant ifi and government strategies and priorities clarification of clients commitment and ownership feasibility of project development objectives pdos and time frame suitability of technical models and methods appropriateness of financing instruments and models sustainability of project investment and balance between risks and results depending on specific project concept and scope application of relevant innovative approaches and practices summarized in part and further described in part could be considered for example the awm investment planning approach can be used for defining water service demand financing model and om arrangements in the context of local value chain and agribusiness development the waa approach can be used for preliminary water resources assessment,6
+the standards framework is composed of seven standards organised in three areas professional knowledge professional practice and professional engagement professional knowledge incorporates two standards know students and how they learn and know the content and how to teach it the majority of standards in this area are designated by the expression demonstrate knowledge five of the twelve areas explicitly focus on teaching diverse classrooms,4
+however these villages are not considered properly electrified until further solutions are implemented ministry of new and renewable energies however the vast majority of remote census villages taken up for electrification under the programme are provided with spv home lighting systems such complaints have been taken up by some political parties which have been exerting pressure for grid power to reach their constituents as opposed to standalone systems as a consequence the list of villages to be electrified under the remote village electrification rve scheme is being shortened each year,7
+further many countries have continued to decrease or restructure their support programmes in line with the commitments made under previous wto agreements underlying the increase in producer support is often a policy objective of increasing production to promote food security and to achieve selfsufficiency targets however the instruments at play are very similar to those used in the past by oecd countries,2
+pirmohamed et al looked at costs of ades resulting in a hospital admission in two hospitals in the uk eighty percent of all ades led to a hospital admission which accounted for of the hospital bed capacity in the projected annual costs of these admissions to the nhs amounted to million usd m,3
+equally on marriage girls receive items considered more appropriate for women such as kitchen utensils rather than land in other districts property is shared equally between male and female children but when girls get married and move out of the household they leave their land behind while they may resume use of the land once they return to their home village they do so under their brothers authority,5
+the driver is given a defined period to fix the fault forward evidence that the fault is corrected within days and the police will waive the fine similarly an unlicensed driver who is issued a nzd instant fine and is forbidden to drive is given the opportunity to commence the driving licence testing process when evidence is presented to police the fine is waived,11
+public resources will be transferred directly and without conditionality to the extreme poor ensuring that they have enough resources to meet their basic food requirements three commitments address the opportunities and living standards of the indigenous population with the aim of ensuring that their rights in these respects are equal to those of the rest of the population commitments and all these commitments will require additional spending making the tax reform all the more essential it would be desirable to strengthen the impact of such transfers by making them more progressive so as to ensure that they are more focused on support to the lowestincome families to this end review ct programmes with a view to identifying gaps that could give rise to loopholes leakages inefficient transfers and badly targeted spending,1
+at the same time the average traffic speed through the namsan tunnel increased by this type of congestion charge could be expanded to other areas of seoul and to other cities oecd b several attempts have been made to increase charging fees and expand to other congested major arterial roads such as urban expressways but these failed owing to public opposition and concerns over stagnation of the local economy,11
+oceania also reported a net loss largely due to severe drought and forest fires in australia asia on the other hand registered a net gain of around million hectares annually between and following a net loss in the s this gain mostly due to largescale afforestation programmes in china offsets continued high rates of net loss in many countries in southern and southeastern asia,15
+support for teachers professional development is even more important as acute teacher shortages often mean that adults and youth who have never taught before or even finished their own education are recruited as teachers kirk and winthrop training new teachers however as a response to teacher shortfalls in the emergency does not address the question of where the already qualified teachers are baxter and bethke similarly report that teachers tend to prefer government schools because they receive a salary from the government,4
+theyprovideguarantees with regards to investments supply of agricultural inputs seeds and fertilizers and credits and are a suitable platform for education and training cooperatives also provide opportunities for marketing agricultural products particularly in the case of smallholders who in most cases are not able to meet quantitative and qualitative thresholds and therefore rely on communal storage and marketing instruments in brazil cooperatives have been instrumental in linking smallholder farmers into the agrifood chain,2
+the park is the implementation of an integrative model that locates a quality residential community alongside a park of advanced industry and an educational centre all within a short distance of each other the zur lavon educational centre located in the park provides a varied programme of training courses for industry much in demand is the industrial entrepreneurship course for arab and jewish populations a collaborative initiative between the industrial parks and the executive education centre of the tel aviv university in the zur lavon industrial high school opened alongside the lavon industrial park,4
+in contrast oecd countries on average demonstrated a decreasing trend from in to in oecd a the prevalence of obesity is also higher in latvia at of adults compared to the oecd average of oecd a although many oecd countries have a higher share of obesity among men latvia does not follow this trend,3
+patterns of participation in different types of sport vary considerably across and within different countries evidence from developed countries especially points to links between changing workleisure patterns and increasing interest and participation in individualised and noncompetitive forms of sport and active recreation kural as a result innovative utilisation or reorientation of existing outdoor community spaces for nontraditional forms of sport can be a feasible option in highdensity urban environments kural,11
+congestion also exacerbates noise pollution air pollution and the emission of greenhouse gases by vehicles social impacts include increased stress and road safety problems oecdecmt this was compared with a counterfactual average trip duration if average motorised transport speeds were kmh and average trips were of the same length,11
+this was in part due to the lack of monitoring of some variables crucial for constructing robust projections and the lack of a centralised system to coordinate and store meteorological data intosai in oecd b countries may wish to start by conducting an inventory of adaptationrelated monitoring processes already in place to get an overview of existing data availability identify redundant collection processes then rationalise these activities to meet emerging needs bedi et al to efficiently meet adaptationrelated resource needs questions specific to climate change can be inserted into established data collection processes such as household surveys which are in many cases conducted every four to five years oecd b,13
+a key focus is to support schools and school boards to include the principles of equity and inclusive education in all policies programmes operations and learning environments the ministry supports effective implementation of the strategy through boardled implementation networks and diverse education and community stakeholders working to deliver evidenceinformed tools resources and professional learning opportunities parent and community engagement are essential components of the strategy,4
+the productivity and contribution of cities to national economic welfare cannot be taken for granted both tangible and nontangible cultures can also be identified by location religious and other beliefs and by other characteristics such as common historical roots or experience resources are squandered temperatures and sea levels are rising and the numbers of people at risk of being left behind are staggering,11
+it is also about meeting one of the key learning principles outlined above promoting horizontal connectedness including connections between the worlds of education and the broader social worlds beyond school boundaries growing and sustaining ile reform is about helping to create ever denser clusters of st learning practice so that critical masses of practice and change may be reached further it is about recognising that in contemporary learning systems formal institutional provision is only one part of the whole,4
+chile s fragile ecosystems in the andes coastal areas and deserts have experienced continuous biodiversity losses due to extensive partly unplanned urbanisation this calls for an integrated approach to biodiversity within urban and regional development plans other oecd cities such as the city of edmonton canada have successfully integrated their biodiversity strategy with urban planning city of edmonton,11
+ageadjusted death rates increased for seven leading causes and decreased for one sherry et al life expectancy at birth fell by year between and largely because of increases in mortality from unintentional injuries suicide diabetes and influenza and pneumonia with unintentional injuries making the largest contribution ageadjusted death rates increased at ages and,3
+according to field surveys most farmers admitted that they could not know whether the fertiliser that they had bought either imported or produced domestically was adulterated except for some brands selling at a premium a test to check fertiliser quality should not cost much relative to the price of the fertiliser and could be made widely available hks three urea stateowned plants built in the s and run by the myanmar petrochemical enterprise produce around tonnes per year ie less than of their capacity and around of domestic requirements,2
+clear leadership from central authorities to provide a national consistent approach towards measuring quality in mental health was a key enabling factor in england patient level mental health data are collected in primary community and secondary care settings including process and outcomes measures for the service user these include for example data on hospital admissions for mental illness patient experiences with community mental health services access to psychological therapies and recovery rates and waiting times by contrast a national strategic approach to measuring quality in mental health care is still lacking in japan and korea oecd b f,3
+it introduced the national strategy on climate change and low carbon development in to mainstream climate resilience and lowcarbon development into key sectors its longterm strategy vision aims to transform rwanda into a developed country with a strong service sector low unemployment and low poverty rates this strategy also envisages that agriculture and industry will have a minimal negative impact on the environment operating sustainably and enabling rwanda to be selfsufficient in basic necessities republic of rwanda it attracts and streamlines climate finance with the national strategy and leverages private investment for lowcarbon initiatives putting fonerwa into operation has been a strategic move to facilitate access to international climate finance especially faststart finance for adaptation under the national strategy for climate change and low carbon development there is a programme of action focusing on the low carbon energy mix powering the national grid,7
+the data consisted of the number of units sold and the number of units that had passed the use by date and thus were discarded the corresponding purchasing value for units sold and units discarded were included in the data the data basis was specified for three varieties of minced meat in stores in norway,12
+the way governments collect revenue and allocate resources can have a differential impact on women and men as taxes affect wages and disposable income they can influence how women and men allocate their time to formal informal and unpaid work barnett and grown joint filing in incometax systems with higher tax rates on higher incomes is found for example to discourage womens participation in the labour market elson,5
+these eastern cites are now economically and ethnically segregated from central paris the peripheral suburbs are characterized by poverty a high share of public housing and low education levels labourers and the unemployed are overrepresented among households in this region clerval et delage and many of the residents are algerian moroccan and subsaharan african immigrants or descendants the french government has labelled of these neighborhoods zones urbaines sensibles sensitive urban zones which makes them a highpriority target for policy intervention,11
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law the country was amongst the first in the region to achieve universal primary school enrolment and ensure all young people and adults have basic literacy skills this early progress provided the foundations for the country s strong social and economic development over the last century,4
+such aspects include the increased flows of refugees and migrants the region has the largest global number of idps at million urban slums are not a significant feature in the arab and north africa region as a whole but certain countries in north africa have very high levels of informal settlement the complex nature of the evolving risk landscape is most articulated in coastal areas which are particularly susceptible to flooding as well as seismic and climate risks,11
+these could include tax incentives and other relevant measures inwork benefits can translate into potentially significant increases in employment rates provided they have a sufficiently large impact on financial incentives when inwork benefits are very low they are unlikely to have much of an impact on employment on the other hand generosity has to be accompanied by narrow targeting in order to channel help to the neediest families and keep programme costs within reasonable limits welldesigned targeting conditions on the number of hours worked to become eligible and phasingout rates ie the speed at which benefits are w ithdrawn as incomes rise can help them to be effective in terms of the impact on competitiveness some research points to the role of social enterprises and a vibrant social economy as a whole in encouraging innovation,8
+variation between australian local areas was evident across all interventions and conditions there was also wide variation compared with other countries for example hospital nonsurgical admission rates were twice as high in australia at about per population aged over years than in spain portugal and canada where they stood at below,3
+one way in which scarcity of water could be reflected in water prices would be to link them to indicators of water scarcity in the relevant river basins indeed a system of such indicators that allows the development of water resources to be determined in real time has been developed with the implementation of the latest national hydrologic plan current legislation does not create any room for charging for environmental costs from water abstractions that result from changes in water flows river morphology or water quality and their impacts on human health and ecosystems although this is required by the european water framework directive,6
+most of the gdp data are provisional estimates it was found that remittancefinanced community projects contribute to development of infrastructure in a number of ldcs bakewell in addition remittances were also found to promote development of the financial sector one of the key drivers of economic growth unohrlls at the national level remittance flow replenishes foreign reserves helps maintain stability of the foreign exchange value of domestic currencies and provides the purchasing power needed to import goods services capital machineries and other imports of developmental importance on the other side the local currency released against the remittance flows that accrue to the households of migrant workers helps meet their consumption and investment demands,10
+this can be achieved through a range of climate change mitigation and adaptation measures that will need to be included in master plans waterproof surfaces within the city can be balanced with permeable ones since permeable surfaces mitigate extremes in temperature cities should view tree planting as an environmental service providing shade during the hot season and protecting buildings during the cold season peripheral greenbelts will be vital for maintaining urban resilience to climate change,11
+this regime can be consistent with the trips agreement as will be explained below it should also be noted that a totally free market policy towards new uses risks significantly lessening the incentive to explore such uses even for potential local producers for this and other reasons we shall also discuss other means of protection that offer an alternative to patents that developing countries might find particularly wellsuited to promoting investment in the discovery of new uses of known pharmaceutical substances as will be further described below the manner in which governments implement the options available under the trips agreement will determine both the extent to which the originator patentee will have control over new uses and the space available for followon innovators including local companies to produce the product in question for such uses the first concerns the extent to which trips obliges countries to protect new uses of known substances at all as a technical legal matter if the trips agreement does not include such a requirement the second question concerns the benefits and detriments of choosing whether or not to protect new uses of known substances,3
+it is unknown however whether the availability of courses and programmes is sufficient to meet the needs and demands of adult learners other approaches that have demonstrated effectiveness with adults such as workbased programmes and online courses targeted to adults were not so readily available furthermore as earlier noted the galilee and particularly its arab population appears to be underserved by the open university the college provides programmes for teachers to prepare for changes in the math and science curriculum the gordon college conference centre organises meetings and conferences in fields such as gifted education green education that provide opportunities for teacher professional development,4
+typically this means a fixed asset in the form of a land title or property deed in many countries however women do not own or have rights to land and therefore lack the collateral with which to secure loans worldwide it is estimated that women own only about one per cent of registered land titles ifc,5
+in addition the pbc provides indirect allocations to colleges through its support of research funds in external research funding bodies the block grants include a teaching component and a research component but the research component applies only to universities while the pbc establishes the enrolment levels at each institution for the purpose of allocations institutions can enrol students outside these limits on a tuition fee basis within limits established by the pbc the principal incentive for the colleges is negative their exclusion from research funding,4
+the study reviews the extent to which the design and implementation of these policies take into account the contemporary interpretation of rights related to the family included in human rights treaties and the commitment to achieve gender equality and empowerment of all women and girls as required by the agenda the recognition of the family as the foundation of society requiring protection and assistance is also included in regional human rights instruments such as the additional protocol to the american convention on human rights in the area of economic social and cultural rights protocol of san salvador eg art if families human rights treaties the african charter differs from other human rights instruments because it not only enshrines the duty of states to protect and assist the family art but also includes several dutiesfor individuals such as the duty towards hisher family art this section is based on sepulveda chapter iii,5
+center for global health policy who regional director for africa discusses abuja declarations science speaks hiv tb news may african union an african common position for the un general assembly special session ungass on aids new york june spassemblyatm i rev ungasscommonpositionpdf accessed september resolution afrrc r acceleration of hiv prevention efforts in the african region august maputo mozambique,3
+for the san language has become an added barrier to learning further many families consider the costs to be incurred in obtaining a birth certificates extremely high there are also issues associated with learning in a foreign language and culture the absence of successful san students who can serve as role models and the lack of availability of formal education and real economic opportunity in the areas where san are living,4
+declining quantities of ketamine seizures were reported in indonesia declining from kg in to kg in and malaysia the seizure of the plantbased psychoactive substances kratom and khat and the eradication of their cultivation continues to be reported the largest total of kratom seizures in the region was reported by thailand in tons up from tons in considerable seizures of kratom were also reported in myanmar kg in more than tons of khat were seized in hong kong china in almost tons of khat leaves imported from africa were found in the storage facilities of four logistics companies destined for the united states canada and taiwan province of china,3
+while improved security and military presence may improve access to services for women such as schools health providers etc rape carried out by soldiersinsurgentsprivate military troops and militaryfuelled prostitution are the most blatant examples of the negative impact of militaryembedded organizations on gender the likelihood of progressive gender change is thus mediated by cosos in complex multifaceted ways depending on identity framework of action and political opportunity structure as well as context,5
+the geomorphology of the georgian coast is influenced by the many rivers that rise or flow through the region this biome occurs at between and m the vegetation is characterized by halophytic and ephemeral species one form of eroded deserts is found on iori plateau where the rare endemic tulipa eichleri can be found the climate is subtropical with continental dry winters and hot summers snow is rare and snow cover is unstable the bearded grass botriochloa ischaemum ecosystems are the most spread on the steppe,15
+many utility companies are motivated to manage demand because they face loadcapacity limitations blackouts and unreliable supply demandside management programmes aim to reduce industrial energy consumption through rebates loans subsidized audits free installation of equipment and energy awareness programmes gillingham newell and palmer the changes are implemented through specialized firms,7
+austria introduced a similar exam the lehre mit matura in musset et al in korea although vocational high schools are designed for direct labour market entry in fact around threequarters of graduates immediately enter tertiary education kuczera kis and wurzburg upper secondary vocational programmes therefore need to be designed not only for labour market entry but also to prepare students for further education building into these programmes a sufficient range of study skills including basic skills a point emphasised in oecd,4
+it trained engineers in motorsystem optimization techniques and within two years of completing training these local experts had trained more than factory personnel conducted industrial plant assessments and saved nearly million kilowatt hours of energy energy awards provide a channel for companies to audit their energy use identify possible energy savings and increase profitability in india the ministry of power launched the annual national energy conservation awards programme which recognizes industrial firms that reduce energy consumption while maintaining production companies submit reports on completed energy conservation projects which are reviewed by government officials the number of participating firms expanded from in to in and over that period saved million kilowatt hours of energy million rupees neca,7
+a multifaceted diseaserelated approach is needed to reduce this excess mortality including primary care prevention of physical ill health among people with mental disorders better integration of physical and mental health care behavioural interventions and efforts to change professional attitudes the use of individual care plans icps could help support patients and their care providers to secure the care package that they need over time across several oecd countries notably in norway and japan icps are not fully exploited as a tool to promote good coordination and good quality of care between mental and physical health oecd d f scope exists to raise professional awareness around the need to attend to the physical health needs of individuals with mental illhealth,3
+the storage may be geological underground or in tanks to be traded as a commodity all gas entering the pipeline system has to be treated to limit impurities dry gas the gas pipelines are pressurized the highcapacity lines have pressure over bar automatic gas leak detection and location systems are important for pipelines to avoid loss ensure safety and prevent greenhouse gas emission the same systems are useful for reducing loss and speeding recover in case a pipeline is damaged for any reason including sabotage,7
+examples of such investments are electric vehicles heat pumps and energy efficiency measures in the case of electric vehicles the limits on range and refuelling time have imposed inconveniences which have had a great impact on the commercial viability of electric vehicles for many years to a degree where range and charging time are the two main parameters in rd on electric vehicles in the case of energy efficiency investments or conversions of heating systems the economic benefit of making the switch may be so low that it is barely worth considering unlike machines humans tend to have a minimum threshold for effort versus payoff,7
+whilst the trend for addiction care is towards integration the two systems are still frequently separate there are variations of between three and weeks for access to a medically assisted treatment scheme for opiate addiction weeks is an unacceptably long time to wait for access to treatment addiction services which are less widespread in norway than mental health services likely need support from mental health services,3
+central government spending for this form of support amounts to between and of gdp in reporting countries eligibility conditions and payment rates vary but these allowances are mostly reserved for lower income and vulnerable households in all reporting countries housing allowances are granted to private market tenants but they are often also granted to social housing tenants and owneroccupants,11
+with this in mind the school resource review advised the ministry and the wider education community to complete work on the draft teacher competency framework this framework it proposed could serve as a common basis to guide initial teacher education regular teacher appraisal certification processes teacher professional development and career advancement however the review identified the lack of strategic oversight provided by the ministry to this process and while noting wide stakeholder consultation it also pointed to lack of debate or common understanding across the system regarding w hat constitutes good teaching shewbridge et al,4
+two key drivers of resource consumption will be economic and population growth the global economy is projected to nearly quadruple by figure within the same timeframe the world population is expected to increase from about to more than billion and the per capita income of the world s population will roughly triple,12
+for example can electricity generated by a new wind farm gain access to the transmission network on equal terms to electricity generated in an existing power plant the extent to which rules are harmonised indicates the ease with which producers and consumers of energy are able to trade across borders at kosovo has the highest score structural reform is underway and arrangements for nondiscriminatory access to the grids are in place kosovo has also transposed legislation for unbundling and thirdparty access including congestion management in electricity that complies with third energy package requirements,7
+although on average climate change may have a negative impact on yields the projected yields by are still higher than current yields for most commodities in the case of maize for instance under scenario climate may reduce the potential yields by almost however the maize yields are still expected to be about higher than they were in the two scenarios that use inputs from the dssat crop model scenario ipsldssat and hadleydssat result in higher world prices for maize wheat and rice than do the two scenarios using the lpjml crop model scenario ipsllpjml and hadleylpjml,2
+in this index as in eclac households without electricity and those using toxic fuels for cooking are considered to be deprived in respect of energy although information on durable goods is usually available in national surveys in the region it has not been particularly widely used in multidimensional measurements of poverty it was therefore decided to include a durable goods deprivation indicator in the index as a more lasting proxy for the standard of living of households,1
+this would remove a bias against poor parents who find it difficult to find ready cash and also prevent students misspending the bus fare money on other items free hometoschool transport should also be provided for upper secondary school students from lowincome families so that their participation in upper secondary education is not inhibited by transport costs the organisation of hometoschool transport should be better coordinated in order to make school consolidation involving several municipalities easier to achieve it is not necessary to provide dedicated school buses as a cheaper alternative but in the absence of suitable public transport an option is contracting private bus operators to provide home to school services,4
+the central coordination body is responsible for developing the strategy and the governmentwide policies for monitoring progress promoting the benefits and providing guidance and support to line ministries and agencies for policy implementation indeed about of countries responding to the oecd survey on national gender institutions public policies and leadership identified lack of funding among the top barriers for advancing gender equality reforms the oecd countries experience shows that mandates derived from constitutions or enshrined in law afford national mechanisms a greater sense of political legitimacy and stability accompanied by a sufficient resource base than mandates originating from a governmental decree having both the statutory authority to propose policy and the proximity to the executive or central administrative structures increases the influence of national gender institutions finland s national gender institution is an instructive example,5
+according to klasen and la manna per capita gdp growth rates in subsaharan africa and south asia could increase by as much as l per cent annually with gender equality in education bandara finds that total annual output losses due to gender gaps in effective labour the combined effect of inequality in education and labour market participation could exceed billion for subsaharan africa rising to billion for the africa region as a whole the latter reflects the wider gaps in north africa,5
+instead while maintaining fishing activities through restrictions on individual fishery resources based on ecological system and fishery resources the system allows effectively and quick recovery of resources as a result suspension or contraction of fishing activities due to resource recovery can be minimized accordingly fishing business can be maintained with relative stability while promoting resource recovery at the same time,14
+hence the willingness to pay for improved health is likely to rise sharply with income and so is the willingness to pay for health care since health care is a vital input in the production of health hall and jones claim that as people get richer and consumption rises the marginal utility of consumption falls rapidly furthermore the marginal utility of life extension does not decline and spending on health to extend life allows individuals to purchase additional periods of utility,3
+incidents of seclusion and restraint should be kept as low as possible and it is possible to reduce rates in a large staterun psychiatric hospital in the united states for example rates of seclusion and restraint were reduced through staff training and changes to the treatment culture in the hospital including changes to unit rules and language changes to the physical characteristics of the therapeutic environment and involvement of patients in treatment planning borckardt et al promoting a patientcentred care environment in hospital settings and raising the need for awareness of patient safety concerns can also have a positive impact wale et al this variation suggests significant room for improvement in some prefectures and hospitals even more worryingly the national average rates for seclusion and restraint have risen from and respectively in national center of neurology and psychiatry to and in national center of neurology and psychiatry incidents of patient injury selfharm or inpatient suicide could be reported by prefecture and nationally as seclusion and restraint and involuntary admission are,3
+the arei envisions smart distributed energy systems that can handle a mix of renewable energy generation with a highly diversified ownership base compared with conventional centralized energy systems a vast number of households communities cooperatives and enterprises of all sizes will become producers and consumers of electricity allowing africa to leapfrog to the energy systems of the future as such the arei stands to contribute substantially to the green growth agenda in africa,7
+in particular sustainable development goal stresses the importance of providing equitable access to education and lifelong learning opportunities that lead to effective learning outcomes it also emphasises the need to adapt the content of education to include relevant topics such as human rights and gender equality the challenge however remains to collect quality and comparable data to monitor the wide range of sustainable development goal indicators,4
+the licensing system for surface water abstraction and for wastewater discharges was eliminated according to the law on environmental impact permits eips are required for new developments and already operating industries which started their activities up to before the law on environmental permits came into force currently the legislation on water resource management contains many contradictory provisions which limits its implementation,6
+although connectivity increases the reliability of information the safety of access and the openness of data is not guaranteed the smart cities for all toolkit supports a range of organizations and roles related to smart cities including government managers policy makers ict professionals disability advocates procurement officials technology suppliers and developers who design smart city apps and solutions to be accessible for all the toolkit includes several tools targeting specific digital inclusion challenges facing all cities and is available in languages,11
+the ccss does have a system in place to monitor respond to and prevent hospitalacquired infections a national monitoring and learning system for other adverse events is not however in place the ministry s national health plan established a health care quality programme that focuses on wider implementation of the edus information system and reduction of waiting times it also however aims to systematise measurement of patient experiences and establish quality standards and indicators initially around organ donation and transplantation,3
+second political backing must support projects that are necessary at the national level against excessive delays through appropriate regulatory processes and zoning laws as well as provide effective mechanisms for consultation mediation and compensation the challenge is always to combine pertinent indicators with relevant consistent and comparable data in the nea published the security of energy supply and the contribution of nuclear energy which developed a consistent methodology for all forms of energy and electricity to deliver quantitative metrics for the security of supply,7
+it was first established in as a moral obligation for employers and became a legal requirement in matsui the main features of the policies currently in place to support the labour market participation of people with disabilities appear in the basic programme for persons with disabilities which runs from fy to fy in addition already in mhlw formulated a fiveyear plan for increasing the number of people with disabilities who can find a job through the pesos jilpt however the employment of people with severe physical or intellectual disabilities counts double in the calculation of the fulfilment of the quota,8
+some of these are solely related to the large size of the new commercial nuclear units and would be equivalent for any power plant of a comparable size however most are in relation to the essential role that the electrical system plays in the safety of nuclear power plants in particular nuclear poses additional requirements in terms of grid control monitoring and operations,7
+with regard to access there are concerns about the impact of greater openness on the incomes of those who were formerly protected rising incomes may increase the utilisation of food but also contribute to a nutrition transition under which not all effects are positive and while open markets reduce the risks associated with poor domestic harvests they make international instability a more relevant issue,2
+rural and local development policies can help as well by providing targeted policies to improve the attractiveness of rural areas to residents and investors while this may be perceived as unfair it is no different than a farmer operating on rented land a fisher may have many reasons for choosing to rent a fishing right rather than purchase it,14
+water workshop on re thinking water and food security paradigms crc press london water agriculture and the environment in spain can we square the circle the establishment of baseline groundwater conditions for the implementation of the water framework directive in spain water resources management vol fixed effects estimation of the intensive and extensive margins of irrigation water demand,6
+this proportion is slightly above the average of of teachers in talis who said they regretted joining the profession oecd this isced classification defined tertiarytype a education as isced level a and tertiarytype b education as isced level b according to this classification tertiarytype a education programmes isced a are largely theorybased but are not exclusively offered at universities they aim to provide sufficient qualifications for entry to advanced research programmes and professions with high skill requirements these programmes have a minimal cumulative theoretical duration of three years although they typically last four or more years,4
+national efforts will be assessed against the objectives laid out in the ndcs but the ndcs themselves will not be assessed by the unfccc for adequacy therefore no party can rely on its membership in the agreement and goodfaith fulfilment of its ndcs to shield it from being judged to be inadequately pricing carbon and being subject to bca as a result see for example unep it has been proposed a number of times and has consistently been rejected in the legislative or regulatory process,13
+this compares with an average bound rate at in rice and sugar are covered by specific tariffs with levels adjusted frequently in response to changing international prices for these commodities since companies must be approved by the ministry of tvade as registered importers to import a range of processed products manufactured from meat cereal sugar and cocoa,2
+depending on the water risks faced incremental risk reduction may be disproportionally costly by identifying the level of acceptability and tolerability of water risks a riskbased approach fosters targeted and proportional policy responses and thus cost effectiveness it also helps to clarify risksharing arrangements between public and private actors,6
+by linking up jobs into a coherent system they help make the labour market more transparent which facilitates supply and demand matching as well as providing a basis for adult careers advice and the coordination of local education and training froy and gigu re such approaches are important in a complex and fragmented labour market like tourism where employees move vertically and horizontally around a set of jobs the department of labor has identified career clusters by classifying specific jobs and industries into similar categories based on the knowledge and skill required within each cluster are job industry and occupation types known as pathways,8
+in india per cent of mainstream population has heard about hivaids compared to only per cent of women from scheduled tribes who have received such information the situations of bangladesh and nepal are also similar as per cent of the population has ever heard of hivaids and only per cent of women have complete information on transmission of the disease in bangladesh disparity between the indigenous and nonindigenous peoples in nepal with regard to knowledge about hivaids remains a cause of concern as the only per cent of women among the indigenous peoples living in southern plains of nepal known as tarai have heard about hivaids compared to national average of per cent indigenous women lack direct links and access to public information and mass media and most importantly it is not communicated in their mother tongue the first and oftencited reason is the distance to the health facilities as most indigenous peoples in asia live in remote parts of the country where government has not invested in the health infrastructure thus leaving the majority of indigenous populations to rely on the traditional medicines and methods for health care,3
+in contrast concessional finance towards technology is stable following a decline between and still technologyoriented concessional finance is scarce representing only onethird of the amount spent on research and innovation and less than of total concessional finance while nonconcessional and private finance represents a large share of total support towards icts and other technologies greater international efforts using concessional finance could further support people s access to icts and improving digital skills however there are wide discrepancies across countries with core research activities representing onequarter or more of total sti resources in ethiopia and india but less than in indonesia and pakistan in ethiopia kenya and pakistan support towards icts represents less than of total support to sti while more than of sti resources are targeting ict development in indonesia and tanzania the sum of the two charts will exceed total support to sti because of activities contributing to both scienceinnovation and technology,9
+the purpose of this indicator is to assess the extent to which child care can be used by employed persons international agreements and conventions ilo convention workers with family responsibilities no household child care this indicator measures the actual use of childcare by calculating the percentage of employed persons with children under compulsory school age according to national circumstances three types of child care from outside the household can be distinguished family informal childcare from parents grandparents or other family members living outside the household nonfamily formal childcare by a nanny childminder or babysitter in the childs home,8
+belize is a regional leader in the use of bioenergy as a base load energy source many caricom member states particularly those on the mainland and the larger island states have good biomass potential wastetoenergy technologies are considered to be thermal power plants in that they raise steam to drive a turbine which then drives an electrical generator these types of plants can have characteristics that make it difficult for them to respond to variable changes in a utilities power curve for example if there are large numbers of intermittent power plants such as wind and solar,7
+in general recent government reforms and policies have tried to address these issues in order to strengthen the contribution of education and skills strategies to inclusive growth competitiveness and people s wellbeing the overall satisfaction with the education system and schools has increased in korea since but remains very low among the poorest population groups between and the general level of satisfaction with the education system has increased by pp,4
+in other words ensuring that the tool is used in the correct context matters just as much if not more than the choice of the policy support tool itself recent oecd analysis seems to show however that pricebased support schemes such as fits and premiums might be more positively correlated with investors ability to raise private finance than quotabased schemes renewable energy certificates obligations and targets cardenasrodriguez et al when used in combination with fits or tgcs they can stimulate clean energy investment however because of their fiscal nature these mechanisms can create uncertainty for investors as they are influenced by national budget fluctuations and political priorities,7
+the second national environmental action programme neap underlines the impact of environmental degradation on health but no specific actions are given to better understand the health impact the main goal of the action plan and governmental programme is the promotion of health quality in the georgian population by reducing tobacco consumption and protecting the population from passive smoking the ncdcph develops national standards and guidelines promotes the improvement of public health participates in the development of public health policy carries out epidemiological surveillance the immunization programme laboratory diagnostic and surveillance activities responds to public health emergencies and produces health statistics,3
+however attempts to introduce national urban policies need to be responsive to the national context and sensitive to the political culture as well as an appetite for such a policy this makes it vital to understand the distinctive history and evolution of urban policy in each place including the role of other territorial rural and regional policies fblicies can attract investment connecting big cities to intermediate ones which provide the necessary linkages with rural areas,11
+the indicator system covers indicators in five major dimensions not confined to academic performance but also including moral development physical and mental development nurturing of academic interest and pupils burden this framework was piloted in areas including in zhejiang province and shanghai municipality several aspects of the current education system are recognised as needing reform to enable the country s transition towards an innovation economy schoolwork burdens on primary and middleschool students are often too heavy and there is enormous family pressure to get admitted to good schools,4
+the irrigated area decreased to ha in and increased to ha about per cent of the area under crops in currently most crops are cultivated without irrigation and crop yield largely depends on w eather conditions in the gobi region the average wind speed is metres per second or even stronger which can cause significant soil moisture loss and erosion it is estimated that over the past years an average of tons of soil have been lost per hectare of cultivated land,15
+if the industry is shielded by a high weighttovalue ratio and import tariffs the industry is deemed at low risk of carbon leakage because the industry is far from the tipping point being far from the tipping point means that c prices need to be high to spur international competition we evaluate the investment rate of the industries at risk of carbon leakage to find out whether it is a longterm or shortterm risk,7
+this is known as academic tracking or streaming some countries have comprehensive systems that provide the same educational programmes to all students up to the end of primary or lower secondary education other countries separate students into several tracks that have a different focus in preparing students which involves providing different curricula levels of academic intensity and learning experiences,4
+bycatch and discards work plan applies key management arrangements include input controls limited entry individual transferable quotas gear restrictions and area closures and output controls total allowable catches which apply for species or stocks of shark and finfish harvest strategy framework used to set total allowable catches for these species bycatch and discards work plan applies,14
+this is a relatively small business approximately eur in but with good potential for growth the water and sewage department of troms municipality has undertaken a number of innovative projects to reduce its own energy demands and aims to be energy neutral in which implies producing more than gwh of energy themselves the city is currently extracting energy from the fall of water between the source and the urban settlements and also by using heat pumps to remove heat from sewage,7
+the participant survey showed that on average half of the participants in work while on the work programme received inwork support the support rates were higher for participants with caring responsibilities and those with long unemployment spells prior to employment inwork support included advice from a personal adviser help and support with benefits and financial advice and contact with the employer to support the participant however providers did not use the sustainment payments to pay eratype retention bonuses also providers emphasised a need of inwork support for those who had been out of work for longer periods in contrast of participants entering work avoided or refused the inwork support possibly because they felt stigmatised by being on the work programme or wanted to feel that they had moved on from unemployment,8
+the main governmental institution responsible for forestry forestryrelated activities and forest management is monp and its subordinated bodies the department of forestry nidff and the service for forestseed farming and natural parks protection during that period the department of forestry had forestry companies and organizations among engineering and technical personnel there were specialists specifically qualified in forestry as well as agronomists geographers biologists and others,15
+yet mothers in twoparent families who had more time to spend with their daughters did not always follow up on their sexual activities whereas fathers did the implication is of underlying material needs and of paternal reluctance to recognise their role in the decisions of adolescents these cash transfers are often deployed to ensure childrens schooling improve health care and reallocate productive resources within households adato bassett mokomane it has been found for example that girls in households receiving noncontributory social pensions are more likely to attend school succeed academically and have better health and nutrition indicators than children in similar households that do not receive the pension issa,5
+agar and sutinen considered the impacts of different rebuilding strategies in a multispecies fishery more specifically they considered alternative gear restrictions and nonselective technologies by changing the catchability of the over and underexploited species these rebuilding strategies were then analyzed within the context of biological predatorprey interactions between the species and economic cost interdependencies in the fishing of the two species,14
+in addition using a simple payback rule neglects the timevalue of money and the expected positive cash flow from energy cost savings in the longer run finally the nonenergy benefits of industrial energy efficiency are often overlooked more efficient furnaces for example are more reliable and reduce down time improving productivity worrell et al,7
+several governmental and civil society organisations are actively involved in raising awareness of the relevant legislation and they provide legal advice in this regard cedaw such a procedure could ensure women greater access to financial assets land may also be divided among male heirs before the father dies as it is possible to make living bequests and donations women are then put under pressure not to claim their share,5
+for example some countries with careerbased public employment have increased the level of school involvement in selecting teachers or in matching teachers to vacancies or they have introduced performancemanagement schemes and devolved the responsibility for them to school leaders more radical reforms of publicsector employment are rare however and often encounter significant resistance but the shared goal of supporting teachers professionalism throughout their career translates into many different approaches to selecting and evaluating teachers and a wide range of career and compensation structures,4
+cities and countries reporting on this indicator are encouraged to promote better design and use of streets as public spaces the fact that the indicator measures the share of the builtup area allocated to open space makes it sensitive to the definition of what constitutes a city and its builtup area the indicator does not include measurement on safety and it partially covers the notion of inclusivity by reference to access should be available for all definitions on what constitutes public space public use and the notion of open were agreed upon by experts through consultative meetings disaggregation of information by sex age and persons with disabilities remains a key challenge which requires conducting comprehensive surveys in cities on public spaces,11
+it improved the understanding of the systems problems and made specific measures to be taken for instance the process of school consolidation first targeted the poor performing among the small schools such data provide teachers with valuable diagnostic evidence about both student performance and school performance more generally,4
+this has led to a world fishery that is characterized by falling productivity economic inefficiency and stagnant incomes for fishers recent work by the world bank indicates that the economic benefits from rebuilding and effectively managing fisheries are substantial estimated at around usd billion a year world bankfao in particular at the world summit on sustainable development wssd in governments committed to an ambitious goal of rebuilding fish stocks to levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield by recognizing that rebuilding international fish stocks must occur within a cooperative governance framework the un fish stocks agreement unfsa december has enabled rfmos to address the overfishing of straddling and highly migratory stocks fished primarily on the high seas the primary motivation for the oecd work on the economics rebuilding fisheries stems from a recognition that policy makers need to not only ensure that rebuilding paths are scientifically wellfounded and achievable but also that the programs are costeffective and efficient in achieving their objectives this requires the integration of a broader amount of economic information in decision making processes than is generally the case in many oecd countries,14
+the path towards a post climate regime had to be launched at cop cmp taking place in december in bali indonesia if an agreement was to be reached in this timeline was necessary to allow for the new agreement to enter into force prior to as part of his strategy the secretarygeneral quickly integrated climate change into his regular meetings with world leaders of particular consequence on january only two weeks after the start of his term he held his first meeting with united states president george w bush,13
+information on educational attainment by gender is taken from the revised barrolee dataset barro rj and jw lee a new data set of educational attainment in the world nber working paper no as the gender ratio of education increased on average by around each year it suggests that it contributed to increasing annual economic growth by a further per annum ie information on educational attainment by gender is taken from the revised barrolee dataset barro rj,5
+transcalar approaches also need to be considered when identifying the right scale for stakeholder engagement as they can challenge the usual conception of levels of governance and governments and shed light on stakeholders that are active alternatively at different scales as a result it can contribute to making stakeholder engagement more inclusive and implemented at the relevant scale so it effectively contributes to formulating sustainable water policies and projects but mappings are specific to given places and times across which targets change and adapt such exercises should therefore be iterative transparent regularly assessed and adjusted each time targets change to allow actors to leave and new ones to join including from outside the water sector therefore formulating rules on how to ascertain that engagement processes remain fitfortarget is important to guide decision making and implementation figure similarly the swiss private bank pictet asset management has financed activities in water reuse and recycling smart water grids storm water management and decentralised integrated systems such as rainwater harvesting,6
+at the same time the high population growth and rapidly changing lifestyles and diets are leading to growing demand for wheat this increasing demand for wheat is not only an arab phenomenon rather it is a worldwide occurrence indicating therefore that ensuring wheat availability will remain at the top of the regional agenda for the foreseeable future it is easily stored and processed into flour that can be used in many culinary preparations making it one of the most important sources of carbohydrates it contains proteins and a wide diversity of minerals vitamins and lipids which makes it highly nutritious especially when combined with other food items such as for example meat legumes and vegetables,2
+verylowcostaccess vlca practices which receive subsidies to serve highneed communities accept in exchange to forgo some revenue from patient fees as a consequence the average copayment per visit payable in ordinary practices nzd or usd is reduced to nzd usd in vlca practices otherwise patients may be exposed to costs,3
+concessional and nonconcessional loans represents half of all odf towards technology with greater participation of multilateral agencies the majority of all finance form multilateral agencies are extended in the form of loans support from private philanthropy represents a minor share of total support of technologyoriented development finance,9
+in practice there remains a large gap between commitments and funds that have been pledged and disbursed by developed countries the largest target sector for these flows in was renewable energy with a share of per cent billion followed by energy efficiency with a share of per cent billion and sustainable transport with a share of per cent billion climate finance flows to nonannex parties developing countries are only a fraction of these total flows as illustrated in figure total climate finance flows to developing countries including mobilized private finance increased by per cent between and from billion to billion several initiatives that aim to provide an overview of available funds are under way,13
+there were copayments for outpatient services across all programmes except for ssk pensioner and dependents who had to pay trl per outpatient visit for inpatient services there were no copayments for outpatient pharmaceuticals coinsurance rates for active workers and dependents under ssk emeklisandigi and bagkur were while for pensioners and dependents they were at the centre of the health transformation programme was a consolidation of multiple health insurance schemes into a single payer,3
+the example of mexico outlines how different satellite accounts can overlap in the phenomena that they are attempting to measure for instance the provision of help or care to other households may be captured in both household satellite and health satellite accounts recognising these linkages helps avoid duplication and achieve results that are consistent across satellite accounts,8
+groupings of dwellings whose owners cooperate to provide and maintain a common water supply drinking water standards do not allow any presence of e coli when a group scheme gets its water from the local authority eg from a public main it is called a public scheme one that distributes water from its own intake or well is called a private group water scheme,6
+governments which have a unique capacity to convene all relevant stakeholders from the private sector civil society and the scientific community have an important role to play in facilitating consultations with interactions among and the participation of those stakeholders so as to enhance reciprocal trust as highlighted above actions in multiple sectors including energy health agriculture transportation and technology among many others and at different levels of governance are therefore required to provide coordinated and coherent policy support an additional layer of complexity is imposed by the fact that the negative impact of climate hazards is usually localized,13
+these charges can represent a significant share of the water bill about onethird of water supply and sanitation bills for households in the case of france as an illustration this is reflected in the level of prices which have increased at times substantially over the last decade and in the structure of tariffs which better reflect consumption and treatment costs water tariffs in denmark reflect the choice to recover all supply and sanitation costs from users see box,6
+because poor consumers are more responsive to price changes than affluent consumers tax and subsidy policies may have disproportional impacts on different population groups moreover many foods contain a combination of nutrients that may be beneficial or harmful depending on the amount consumed and the nutritional status of the consumer these and other factors pose challenges to the effective use of nutritionspecific taxes and subsidies to improve dietary choices and nutritional outcomes,2
+for example investing in infant nutrition during the first days of life can prevent malnutrition among older children scaling up nutrition social cash transfers have been proved to reduce school dropout rates child labour adolescent stress and risky behaviours such as substance abuse transactional sex and teenage pregnancy davis et al most often social assistance programmes are designed with rural poverty and vulnerabilities in mind what do urban contexts imply for the design adaptation or extension of social assistance programmes especially for urban children,1
+the value of the substitution emissioncredits depends highly on the individual country or even region in which the substitution takes place if a solid lignin byproduct is cofired to produce electricity the emissioncredit will for instance be much greater in a countryregion with a fossildominated energy supply than for a renewable energy supply extrapolation of lca ghgestimates to other countriesregions should therefore be treated with caution,13
+meanwhile governments of countries in the subregion should continue to make progress in tackling corruption within the tax and customs administrations strengthening the rule of law and the protection of migrant workers rights and ensuring fair business competition one group consists of pacific island developing economies and the other the developed countries australia and new zealand all the pacific island economies except marshall islands federated states of micronesia and tonga improved their growth performance in averaging an economic growth rate of following the setback they had experienced during the global financial and economic crisis of,8
+in new zealand and the united kingdom teenage pregnancy rates are above births per women aged years and respectively rates of teenage births are lowest in the netherlands slovenia italy japan and switzerland with rates of or less per young women unicef oecd a the lower gender wage gap at the bottom of the earnings distribution is partly explained by institutional factors such as the influence of minimum wage and the coverage of collective bargaining ilo,5
+the percentage of nonpoor children increased from in to in while the number of severely poor children fell by percentage points over this period figure the sources of funding for public expenditure are tax revenue nontax revenue domestic credit external assistance and external loans kiringai et al these include the federal block grant which is transferred to federallevel agencies and ministries such as the ministry of education and regional bureaus of finance and economic development bofeds,1
+reference was also made to the importance of clear land tenure and effective governance arrangements to support implementation the cochair concluded his summary by emphasizing the importance for the future international arrangement on forests of securing strong political commitment to the implementation of sustainable forest management the highlevel interactive dialogue with the heads of the member organizations of the collaborative partnership on forests heads of the regional organizations and senior representatives of major groups was held on may,15
+statebudget transfers are supposed to cover all costs ie there are no mandatory localgovernment contributions however local authorities can and often do top up school funding particularly for infrastructure such as sports facilities there are two main teaching unions the high school teachers organisation and the israeli teachers union indeed about one third of students are in schools that run vocational variants of the bagrut examination,4
+the legislation which amends the controlled drugs and substances act establishes specific criteria that must be met by applicants seeking an exemption for activities involving illicit substances at a supervised consumption site in order for the exemption request to be considered by the ministry of health canada currently has one supervised consumption site but additional applications for the establishment of drug consumption rooms have been received by health canada and are currently under consideration in june the supreme court of canada issued its judgement in the r v smith case relating to the definition of marihuana in the country s medical cannabis programme which until then limited the lawful use of cannabis to dried herb,3
+for example given the crucial role of moc in urban green growth moc could be added to one of the viceheads of the icb as outlined in the previous section out of vggap s actions which are relevant to urban areas only five actions have been allocated to moc to lead on currently while green growth is assigned to dpi and climate change is assigned to donre no intersectoral coordination mechanisms are institutionalised,11
+figure presents timeseries data on the number of pyll due to cvd as well as for all other causes of death by using the age limit of the vertical axis represents the average number of pyll per population across oecd countries among men cvd accounts for approximately of the total number of pyll,3
+genderblind policies and public sendees are often based on information derived from men s activities andor the assumption that everyone affected by the policy both women and men has the same needs and interests because men and women will have different experiences due to societal structures such as gender roles access to resources and opportunities equal treatment is often insufficient achieving gender equality therefore necessitates recognising differential impact,5
+ensuring equal opportunity for students in both private and public education can make chile a more equal society one that can seize upon the unique talents of all its citizens ensure a shared vision across the system concerning what students should leam and why make effective instructional and school management practices visible across the entire school system,4
+the brcko district is not assessed separately the focus of this subindicator is therefore on electricity though in accordance with the third energy package the unbundling and thirdparty access rules indicator also reflects the status of rules and legislation in the gas sector evidence from the weatherisation assistance program energy institute at haas working paper series berkeley ca aperspaperdraft clean pdf,7
+it is also a major reason for the practice of fallowing of aquaculture facilities o connor etal as aquaculture moves into offshore and deeper waters oxygen will be a limiting factor in many areas around the globe that seasonally develop severe bottom water hypoxia offshore areas that may be risky places for aquaculture include the northern gulf of mexico off the coasts of mississippi louisiana and texas much of the danish straits the northern adriatic sea the northwest black sea the east china sea off the changjiang river rabalais et al,14
+for example overall effects of urban planning and design on levels of physical activity and a range of related health outcomes are now well evidenced especially in developed countries smit et al such policies may be especially important in low and mediumincome countries where rapid urbanisation and related developments have resulted in the loss of outdoor spaces conducive to sport and active recreation akindes and kirwan however spaces that allow both structured and unstructured engagement in sport and active recreation alongside other leisure pursuits can encourage wider family and community engagement and more sustained use mccormack et al,11
+a special programme for the conservation of rare and endangered plant species on a national scale is currently being prepared by a professional team led by the national parks authority npa the igb is a national body responsible for the collection preservation and evaluation of indigenous plant species with the aim of preserving plant genetic resources and the endangered genetic variability of israel s flora a few additional small targeted ex situ collections are located in other research institutes efforts are being made to conserve both natural and agricultural biodiversity applying conservation not only to species related to agriculture but also to other endangered or rare wild native species,15
+all parties are now requested to monitor and evaluate adaptation activities at the national level under article of the paris agreement and report on their adaptation activities under article in both cases collecting and providing information on adaptation monitoring and evaluation is at the discretion of parties under its ar ticle the par is agreement also requires the conference of the parties to periodically take stock of the collective progress made towards achieving the global goal on adaptation article through a process called the global stocktake national adaptation monitoring and evaluation is a relatively recent activity and there is limited experience with midterm and endterm evaluations of adaptation policies at the national level evidence of growing interest in adaptation monitoring and evaluation at the national level can be found in the recent proliferation of initiatives guidelines and frameworks to develop systems in the policy and research commuities as well as references made within countries ndcs among the large majority of parties who have included adaptation within their ndcs almost half reference the importance of monitoring and evaluation systems often indicating they plan to develop one,13
+to facilitate access to health care brazil should train more doctors and nurses especially in family medicine and strengthen incentives for them to move into underserved areas explicit targets for expanding capacity to reduce waiting times could also help to ease difficulties in access improving the governance of the system requires strengthening the role of regional networks and a better coordination of health care services especially beyond primary care,3
+poverty among young adults and families with children increased over the past years as well by the poverty rate for children and that for young adults were about per cent above the total average whereas they were close to and below that average respectively in poverty rates are three times higher than the average among households with children for singleparent families they exceed per cent in one third of oecd countries,1
+unlike women men s share of unpaid care work remains relatively stable across age groups slightly increasing later in life the following three sections present policy options within the rs framework it is crucial to design policies and programmes that empower women and men to spend their time in more fulfilling and productive ways such as paid work or study quality time with their families participating in their communities or resting,5
+according to selected evidence only about of candidates who apply to primaryteacher studies are accepted applicants for teacher education must have passed the finnish matriculation examination or a foreign equivalent or completed a threeyear vocational education programme the selection process for primaryteacher education involves two stages an examination to assess applicants academic learning skills and a combination of written questions and aptitude tests to assess their skills motivation and commitment,4
+while mexico has made significant progress in increasing womens representation in elected bodies over recent years making it one of the top oecd countries for female political participation their access to positions of power within both houses of congress remains uneven there are still gender gaps in access to leadership in the judicial and executive branches of government too and in the federal public administration the chapter examines the mechanisms and policies in place to support womens access to positions of power it also explores the barriers to womens participation in public life and in senior positions such as political violence a culture of long hours and limited worklife balance policies,5
+related to natures benefits to people and quality of life there are also indirect drivers and policy options and many others as well such as outdoor recreation organisations local development groups etc examples are the pisuna project in greenland and the snowchange deatnu oral history project in finland this includes the implementation of the strategic plan for biodiversity and its aichi biodiversity targets see annex and the nordic region and countries specific policy questions it should present nordic aspects of priority regarding the thematic challenges identified by the ipbes such as land degradation and restoration invasive alien species and sustainable use of biodiversity,15
+one researcher has correlated suicide rates among inuit peoples in alaska nunavut and greenland with the period when governments encouraged them to move from their traditional territories to villages and towns the trend began in north alaska in the s greenland in the s and nunavut in the s today suicide rates among inuit are the highest in canada at eleven times the national average in greenland suicide rates by young men in east greenland reached a rate of per annum per in the s before beginning to decline these figures contrast starkly with historical records which indicate that inuit suicide rates were traditionally low given the tribes population of some individuals the yearlong spate of deaths adds up to a suicide rate of per people the overall suicide rate in colombia was per in according to government statistics,3
+the greater variation in the data at higher levels of mean living standards can also be seen to reflect greater variation in the social subjectivity of poverty lines at higher levels of development indeed the political nature by which societies choose to set their national lines may become more salient at higher levels of economic and institutional development a tendency for higher income countries to politically decide to choose a higher poverty line than what might otherwise be the most socially salient poverty line would bias upward the regressions on which ravallion and chens income elasticity of the poverty line is based citing fuchs he reminds us that it is desirable for the setting of the poverty line to be recognised as a national value judgementarrived at through the normal political process,1
+this orientation to improvement should be carried across each sector of its education system lithuanian policy makers should therefore focus on raising demand for care in rural communities where participation in ecec is low and social and educational disadvantage are pronounced the quality of education and care appears to follow international standards but monitoring and assurance of quality are inadequate and require improvement,4
+however in the absence of strong public participation it is difficult to claim that the plan has local endorsement or acceptance efforts to capture local concerns through the use of mathematical models that assess the impact of changes in transport networks at the local level on agriculture landscape and housing provide a weak substitute for direct contact with the local population most opposition was directed towards the proposal to increase housing density in the urban core and to limit the periurbanisation process,11
+for example values and goals of such an engagement programme could be increasing social learning citizen empowerment for decisionmaking transparency or trust in government the programme could also utilise information technologies and emerging social media tools to activate greater involvement in water pricing policy formulation and to create greater information exchange between citizens and the government however because some areas may occasionally suffer from scarcity issues and conflicts of use a charge on water abstraction has been implemented in order to make users internalise opportunity costs of using water,6
+this act set a legally binding target of reductions in emissions from to a mediumterm target of a reduction by was also adopted with the promise of a further tightening in the event of a global deal on climate change to achieve these targets the act established the principle of fiveyear carbon budgets,13
+accordingly clearing a hectare of forest translates into a total loss of tsh per ha per year in terms of direct losses and losses incurred by other sectors which is equivalent to tsh per ha per year in this section we consider the question what is the contribution of the industries modelled in the social accounting matrices to aggregate gdp table presents the contribution to gdp by sector in descending order highlighting the value added by the sectors of forestry and hunting and that of wood paper and printing,15
+on another level agency is dependent on factors such as the degree to which a partner respects the others bodily integrity or the degree to which there is freedom to express views about contraception within all these relationships gender norms are key they can build or undermine agency in all aspects of life but especially in making sexual and reproductive health decisions,5
+these gravitation effects are often difficult to quantify and in order to detect any significant trends the phenomenon has to be monitored for longer time periods likewise different type of counteracting effects should be considered like the cost of wear and tear and the need for investments in infrastructure to conclude the authors were critical towards some of the simplified interpretations of economic impact studies but still argued that such studies are needed however these studies should take account of all effects both positive and negative effects on regional economies include comparative analyses ie what would have been the effects of alternative investments and also explicitly specify the type of financing allocated to the project under consideration,11
+the implementation of efficient and effective public services on these areas in special at local level and in the family is strategic for achieving gender equality and empowering women infrastructure the lack of appropriate basic infrastructure such as transport systems water and sanitation energy systems nursery system as well as sharing the household division of labor assignments and the responsibility of daily maintenance tasks limits gender equality and empowerment of the women increasing women s participation in the design and implementation of family oriented infrastructure policies and projects certainly will help to overcome gender equality obstacles property and inheritance rights ensuring women property and inheritance rights empower women both economically and socially and rectify a fundamental injustice secure tenure to land and home improves women s welfare provide economic security incentives for taking economic risks that lead to growth and important economic returns including income genderequal land rights improve women s rights to credit strengthening the assets of the family,5
+first as long as the technology that is less expensive in the short run is subsidised natural movements towards market equilibrium are suspended without subsidisation renewable technologies with their high fixed costs would be the first victims of lower electricity prices due to their own low shortterm costs and investors would quickly hesitate to invest in them given the resulting impacts on system stability investment conditions and consumer preferences the resulting system costs may well be higher than in a system where dispatchable producers were unaffected from the price impacts of variable renewables,7
+the project will provide the member states with tools and methods for mapping assessing and communicating the status and trends of biodiversity it also examines how the concepts of natural capital and ecosystem services could support wider eu policies in the economic social and environmental sphere a number of case studies in the project cover themes like sustainable urban management management of mixed rural landscapes integrated river basin management and coastal area management together with the project opera the project has established an online platform oppla gathering the latest knowledge about naturebased solutions across europe,11
+an inclusive culture that engages women in the design operation and maintenance of water and sanitation systems leads to better responsiveness and customer satisfaction as satisfaction increases so does willingness to pay for services and maintenance of water systems which is key to sustainability its targets and are measurable by access to safely managed drinking water and sanitation services coupled with hygiene promotion and an end to open defecation special attention is paid to gender and social inclusion which brings sustainability into focus other targets respond to the environmental considerations and needs along with a focus on international cooperation and capacitybuilding support to developing countries in water and sanitationrelated activities and programmes,6
+for instance in the earlymid s the englishspeaking countries israel and poland ranked highest in terms of the inequality indicators of both market and disposable income that countries with the highest marketincome inequality are also those with the highest inequality in disposable income is notable as it contrasts with findings from studies that include the elderly population eg jesuit and mahler this can be interpreted as choosing a social welfare function that attaches greater importance to the situation of lowincome households see duclos,10
+troms county recommended the energy lab dyrpy as a pilot project in the county council action plan for climate and energy in troms the energy lab is intended to strengthen the re industrys innovation capability in smallscale production energy efficiency energy management and energy conservation as in the rest of the country the county has specialised in largescale hydroelectric power prompted by the excellent water resources and a national policy that supports rural development through the availability of energy,7
+scientists are seeing greater and faster change with more rapid declines in ocean health than had been previously anticipated today we live in an age of a changing climate and no part of the ocean is unaffected by human influence some areas particularly those near large population centres are strongly affected by multiple pressures,14
+when estimating mobilised climate finance decisions need to be made at various points on the methodological option used a scoring system of three values is used in which development cooperation activities are marked as targeting the environment or the rio conventions as the principal objective or a significant objective or as not targeting the objective a marker for climate change mitigation was introduced in and one for climate change adaptation in,13
+improving access of smallholder farmers to risk management tools such as indexbased insurance is another means of protecting their livelihoods from climate and weatherrelated shocks it is estimated that global forests sequestered an average of about billion tons of carbon per year during the period which amounts to per cent of fossil emissions during this period pan et al in addition to their crucial role in regulating the earth s climate forests also provide essential ecosystem services including water regulation and retention soil stabilization and habitat for biodiversity,13
+this was followed by hiv antibody testing and bloodscreening facilities which were introduced in the beginning of the twentyfirst century witnessed a major hiv campaign by the government of ghana and it adopted a multisectoral approach to hivaids programming the ghana aidssti commission gac was established as a supraministerial and multisectoral body under the leadership of the president to direct and coordinate all hivaids activities in the country for instance as a result of the accessibility of funds and the efforts by the implementers of some of the policies in place the care treatment and support for hiv aids patients were expanded and the number of people accessing these services increased however existing findings reveal that although there is high hivaids awareness amongst the ghanaian population this has not translated into behavioural changes because most citizens believe that they are not personally at risk of contracting hiv this shows the failure of the behavioural adjustment model of hivaids intervention in this country,3
+to describe the nonmarginal changes that would need to occur these economists used metaphors like the snowball lewis the big push rosensteinrodan dynamic linkages hirschman and the takeoff rostow different views existed on how best to induce the necessary change but the dominant one was that the developmental state should be the prime mover in for example developing countries were granted special treatment in the gatt allowing them to protect particular industries and introduce quantitative restrictions so as to address balanceofpayments difficulties,10
+public forms of sexual violence are more likely in conflict while sexual abuse and violence in more closed institutions as with sexual violence against women and girls as well as against those of nonbinary gender identities sexual violence against men is about gendered and patriarchal power and domination one of the main reasons why sgbv against men and boys is so effective in undermining survivors selves is that it strikes at multiple levels what it means to be a man in many societies this includes to be able to protect oneself the family and the community to be a breadwinner as this might become impossible because of the injuries incurred especially where manual labour is the main opportunity available to partake in the leadership of the family and community and to not seek outside help or support,5
+formularies are defined for each level of care in the freechoice option plan patients have to pay the full cost of pharmaceuticals except for medicines considered in the payment associated to diagnostic program pad patients insured in the private system isapres pay the full costs of medicines used in ambulatory care on average patients in the isapres system had copayments of in for pharmaceuticals,3
+assumptions about economic and population growth are the same in each scenario while they differ with respect to assumptions about future government policies the implications of these different policies on energy demand are shown in figure it assumes the introduction of new measures but on a relatively cautious basis it illustrates that these policies would if implemented have a sizeable impact on energy demand and related co emissions,7
+because of the ongoing conflict youth displaced by violence now face huge disruptions in their education and many will encounter barriers that will prevent them from returning to their studies however the resolution itself has not prevented these atrocities the recommendations of women leaders in the region led by karama underscore that international organizations involved in peace processes such as the united nations and the league of arab states must make such processes inclusive ensuring that women are adequately represented in at least percent of decision making positions,5
+like blks aks can provide second chance opportunities to secondary education graduates mostly smk graduates who did not progress into polytechnics or universities these latter two formal vet providers were not reviewed by the review team this section limits its discussion to the provision of formal vocational education and training as provided by schools under the ministry of religious affairs mora and the moec nonformal vocational education is the responsibility of the directorate general of early childhood education nonformal education and informal education also within the moec,4
+it welcomes the efforts of cities and local authorities and invites them to scale up their efforts and support actions to reduce emissions andor to build resilience and decrease vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change and demonstrate these efforts for this reason the united nations committee of experts on global geospatial information management has developed the strategic framework on geospatial information and services for disasters this approach offers urban areas and cities options for strengthening risk governance enabling these localities to access and utilize nationally generated geospatial information as well as feeding local information back to the national level this mitigates consistent challenges regarding the provision of geospatial information and strengthens informed decisionmaking and monitoring before during and after hazardous events however the reality is that integrated implementation is not consistently pursued across countries or within states and regions,11
+this equality is now usually evaluated by means of a handful of wellestablished income distribution indicators most particularly the gini coefficient and the income shares of the different socioeconomic strata this is not to disregard the fact that these inequalities stem from the distribution of assets and the concentration of power in the hands of elites which are crucial aspects in structuralist explanations of equality the following pages analyse what has happened in the region in terms of income inequality but will also suggest other ways of analysing income distribution that complement and broaden our understanding of resource equality in the region,10
+the services sector especially in the least developed countries also faces the challenges created by the informal nature of many service activities which could perpetuate poverty and increase the vulnerability of the poor the country passed the thresholds for gross national income per capita and the human assets index at the review if that country sustains its development gains and meets the criteria again in it will qualify for removal from the list in in the context of structural transformation the lao peoples democratic republic may have to face more intense competition from other laboursurplus countries in lowend assemblytype production than that confronted by the early industrializers especially in a more globalized economy,1
+this includes for example policy reforms such as helping phase out fossil fuel subsidies which in turn increases the profitability of clean energy investment and the potential for instruments such as feedin tariffs to promote renewable energy technologies more broadly this support also goes towards building much needed institutional and technical capacity in partner country governments and institutions which enables governments to mobilise and sustain green investment emerging approaches by development partners take a market systems approach to promote green growth by encouraging the development of green value chains and markets for green products and services,13
+under certain circumstances the xenon effect on core reactivity is so substantial that the reactor cannot be restarted for a certain time after shutdown also if control rods are used for power variations they can deform the axial power distribution and thus create an axial imbalance in xe distribution management of these axial power imbalances and oscillations is an additional challenge for operations in load following mode especially in the case of large power variations,7
+students proficient at level on the mathematics scale are capable of advanced mathematical thinking and reasoning these students can apply insight and understanding along with a mastery of symbolic and formal mathematical operations and relationships to develop new approaches and strategies for addressing novel situations they can formulate and accurately communicate their actions and reflections regarding their findings interpretations arguments and the appropriateness of these to the given situations,4
+the universities have been given ample funding to build new research centres improve facilities hold international conferences attract worldrenowned faculty and visiting scholars and help chinese faculty attend conferences abroad the group now counts members including the bestknown universities such as peking tsinghua renmin fudan and beijing normal most are located in beijing some in other large cities and provincial capitals but not all provinces host one some other ministries also have universities but the majority are governed at the province level vocational colleges are tertiary vocational institutions,4
+it is also responsible for the water supply and wastewater treatment in rural areas together with the oblasts this ministry is charged with construction and maintenance of the primary infrastructure for irrigation water including reservoirs and their dams and main canals and for delivering irrigation water all users public or private need to obtain a permit from the ministry to abstract water,6
+by providing extensive and internationally comparable information on students skills and their family and community backgrounds pisa offers a unique measure to assess progress towards the sdgs and to analyse inclusion and fairness in education international perspective in this light education systems where a large proportion of yearolds has not learned the basic skills needed to fully participate in society are not considered as sufficiently inclusive first access to schooling can be seen as a precondition for children to benefit from education access is chiefly reflected in school enrolment rates more equitable and inclusive systems succeed in minimising the share of schoolage youth who are not enrolled or are significantly delayed in their progression through school using the innovations developed by the most skilled workers requires a workforce that has acquired at least basic skills,4
+this lack of genuine choice can in turn make women and girls more vulnerable to trafficking than men particularly in certain circumstances and for women and girls of certain nationalities and ethnicities for example minority women and girls women and girls living in poverty or women and girls living in conflict or postconflict settings may face increased risks of being trafficked for example women may accept dangerous migration arrangements in order to escape the consequences of entrenched discrimination including family violence and lack of protection against such violence women may also be more vulnerable than men to coercion and force at the recruitment stage increasing their susceptibility to being trafficked in the first place,5
+vocational education and training should be strengthened and expanded through the creation of specialised technical schools and the development of short postsecondary vocational programmes the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law this needs to reflect both fastchanging labour market requirements and the varying needs of students preparing them as citizens and opening up a range of career paths costa rica aspires to be a highincome country and realising this ambition will require young costa ricans to have higher level skills as well as basic literacy and numeracy,4
+indeed there is no conclusive evidence that moderate inflation has adverse effects on growth stiglitz et al in such cases the focus of policymakers must be on preventing inflation from becoming excessive these can include aggregate growth productive investment employment generation and poverty reduction,8
+social protection and agriculture can also be joined together in integrated programmes such as bangladeshs brac graduation model which combines a package of onetime productive assets cash or food support savings training health care and social integration interventions can also be sequenced or layered as households gradually improve their wellbeing they can receive a broader menu of complementary agricultural interventions to assist farmers in expanding their agricultural production and income generation since linkages between agriculture and social protection occur at different levels ie household and local communityregional economy there are significant opportunities to exploit interactions among instruments even when they are not delivered in the same locations or target the same beneficiaries,2
+the construction of oil and natural gas pipelines can also have ecosystem impacts affecting habitat and disrupting land and water resources consumer energy report the transmission and distribution of electricity also has environmental impacts primarily related to land use habitat and related impacts of construction and maintenance of the transmissiondistribution system most renewable energy technologies are either used onsite or use the established transmissiondistribution system for electricity distribution for remote generation sites new transmission facilities may be required with associated environmental impacts,7
+particularly in rural areas gender issues need to be assessed in each specific geographic and cultural context which vary widely both between and within countries these relate particularly to women s double burden of productive and care work genderbased cropping and marketing patterns and genderspecific patterns of employment and discrimination in rural labour markets they are also central to understanding the critical constraints women face in engaging in productive work notably in terms of time allocation and mobility,5
+gender inequality appears to be both a pull and a push factor for migrant women on one hand higher gender discrimination at home reduces female emigration since womens restricted opportunities and low decisionpower limit their possibility to move abroad on the other hand lower discrimination in the destination country attracts female immigration,5
+another distinct feature of the primary care system is that the majority around of clinics are solo practices table from a quality of care perspective and in the absence of a patient registration system embedded within primary care this raises obvious questions about care continuity and coordination and about the functionality of the primary care system outside of normal working hours solo privately owned clinics are also less able to weather difficult economic circumstances which is a compounding viability issue in a market where patients tend to prefer to be seen in a hospital setting,3
+given the relatively low share of public revenue in gdp in most ldcs improving domestic resource mobilization may be the best way to place the financing of public investment on sounder footing this can be done by strengthening fiscal revenues through tax reforms and by making tax collection and administration more efficient many ldcs receive oda in the form of grants and conditional lending which enables them to finance significant public investments,8
+la derniere rubrique du document aborde les elements les plus pertinents qui sont integres aux regimes de retraite par repartition pour proteger les femmes dans la familley compris les droits a la retraite des veuves et des femmes divorcees et les credits de cotisation pour les soignants les politiques visant a ameliorer la protection des femmes au moment de la vieillesse impliquent des choix portant sur certains aspects cruciaux de la conception de la retraite qui ont egalement trait a la repartition des droits et des ressources dans chaque pays etant donne que les femmes cotisent pendant moins longtemps et que leur esperance de vie est superieure a celle des hommes les politiques qui renforcent les exigences en matiere de cotisations ou mettent i accent sur i epargne individuelle peuvent rendre i obtention de prestations adequates plus difficile pour les femmes,5
+the indicator includes regular paid and unpaid extra hours and work done at home it excludes the travelling time between home and workplace and the main meal break employed persons with nonresponse should be dropped from the calculation see glossary employed persons age employment is defined according to the resolution of the th icls in see glossary,8
+first food demand in this part of the world had already grown rapidly for some time and not suddenly in second in the cereals sector where the price spikes were particularly pronounced india and china are almost selfsufficient moreover the imports of meat during that period remained somewhat constant with the exception of china,2
+systematic joint efforts should be made by the authorities educational institutions and key stakeholders to raise the levels of education attainment particularly among the arab population authorities should provide adequate support for the existing arab colleges and allow colleges of education to diversify their provision according to the needs of the local industry investing on arab colleges would generate mid to longterm benefits for the regional economy in the form of tax revenues and job creation,4
+third the channel decomposition analysis indicates that genderbased discrimination in social institutions tends to reduce income per capita by lowering both womens human capital acquisition and labour force participation as well as total factor productivity fourth the income loss associated with gender discrimination in social institutions is estimated at up to usd trillion or of world income by contrast a gradual dismantling of genderbased discriminatory social institutions by could increase the annual income globed growth rate by to percentage points over the next years depending on the scenario,5
+while it is too early to know the outcome of the current global financial and economic crisis studies of earlier crises highlighted their genderspecific impacts unescap regardless of whether men s or women s jobs are most affected by crisis women spend more time in both paid and unpaid work to offset the impact on household incomes when meals have to be forgone it is most often women who reduce their food consumption to ensure that children get sufficient nutrition,5
+these concerns appear to apply in at least several such assessments it was noted during the epr review mission that there is a need for more taxonomists within the country not only because of the gaps in knowledge on biodiversity issues but also because some existing data may need to be reexamined the dearth of taxonomists is not only a national phenomenon but has been noted as a worldwide shortage with significant negative implications for conservation efforts according to data from the global taxonomy initiative of the convention on biological diversity cbd it would appear that some systematic evaluation of taxonomic needs within morocco has been conducted but that this is not comprehensive and that generally taxonomy is not well addressed,15
+for example a substantial share of todays renewable energy consumption comes from the use of wood and charcoal by households in the developing world however such energy use is sometimes associated with unsustainable forestry practices and healththreatening heavy indoor air pollution however incompatibility between the definition of the industrial sector used for energy statistics and the classifications used for gdp statistics severely limits the calculation of a number of indicators such as energy intensity for different sectors a separate note of caution must be mentioned when referring loenergy intensity figures this indicator is an imperfect proxy for energy efficiency as it is affected by a number of factors unrelated to energy efficiency such as climate structure of the economy and nature of economic activities,7
+moreover strategic goals were based on careful diagnosis of underlying problems and their causes including the need for household energy and food and the impact of deforestation on erosion and flooding the approach to reforestation was adapted over time taking account of lessons learned and adopting a more scientific approach to seedling selection and maintenance the reforestation programme also coincided with a period of very rapid economic growth and societal transformation its population is growing at percent per year,15
+no specific data are available on the impact of uv on the health of the mongolian population despite traffic jams observed in ulaanbaatar and noise around mining activities this environmental factor is not taken into account though its negative impact on public health is well known in january alcohol selling and distribution was temporary banned in response to one death and four hospitalizations due to methanol poisoning,3
+its objective is to generate teachers reflection of their own practice and encourage teachers to review the gtf the selfevaluation proposes areas areas per gtf domain each related to a specific criterion in the gtf on which the teacher rates his or her performance in four possible levels unsatisfactory basic competent outstanding there are no openended questions,4
+however most of these measures are implemented at the school or regional level which makes it impossible to follow progress of specific groups of students over time it would be of great value to establish a systematic approach to monitor the educational progress of specific groups of students against educational standards that are common to all students this would shift attention from the average learning outcomes at the school level to the average learning outcomes of those most in need eg socioeconomically disadvantaged indigenous students students in rural and remote areas students with special needs information for specific groups of students would facilitate the analysis of the particular learning needs of these groups and the pedagogical needs of the schools serving these students,4
+women often have limited access to reliable information and education which can further exacerbate their vulnerability in transit countries women risk different types of abuse such as sexual and physical abuse by the escort or agent migrant women frequently end up in genderinsensitive work environments in the country of employment where notions of what type of work is appropriate for women limit their options to domestic work and certain forms of entertainment in many countries these fields of work are not regulated and thus the women are excluded from any protection of the law,5
+the ministry s main functions in education system evaluation are the development of tools to monitor the performance of the education system eg indicators framework national student assessments cohort studies the promotion of evaluative studies of particular aspects of the education system eg policy and programme evaluation and the use of evaluation results for decisionmaking and policy development the dutch constitution entrusts the inspectorate of education with the preparation of an annual report on the state of education in the netherlands overall the inspectorate is responsible for reporting publicly on the education system as a whole providing information for policy development and supplying reliable information on education in consultation with the ministry of education culture and science it also engages in policy evaluations and contracts research and analysis on specific aspects of the education system,4
+secondly mexican authorities could also consider strategies for streamlining the institutional landscape of the housing sector the paradox of the mexican institutional structure is the existence of a large number of housing organisms which serve specific geographies urban vs rural or segments of the population but which taken together still do not adequately reach the entire population some institutional mergers could be considered over the longer term,11
+currently the illinois energy conservation code incorporates the international energy conservation code which is considered the current global building code standard local governments around the state may adopt morestringent energy codes for commercial buildings but not residential buildings the city of chicago was granted an exception thus the city of chicago energy conservation code of requires residential buildings applying for construction permits to exceed the standards called for by the illinois building energy code,7
+grants to support access to homeownership consisted of oneoff transfers to households for the purchase of a house whereas financial assistance to homebuyers consisted of subsidized mortgages downpayment assistance or mortgage guarantees provided by the government grants were relatively important policy instruments in chile and luxemburg which spend roughly of gdp on these gi ants financial assistance is especially prominent in norway of gdp in australia at least of gdp and in the united kingdom of gdp,11
+in the past floods and investments in flood protection were mainly concentrated in the valley of mexico and the southern border but the central gulf and yucatan peninsula are now also at risk the hurricanes in affected municipalities in coahuila nuevo leon and tamaulipas municipalities in the states of campeche puebla veracruz and in the states of chiapas and oaxaca approximately cities with a population of more than inhabitants are located in river basins with high flood risks however policy implementation is uneven river basin councils are not yet fully operational and the regulatory framework for drinking water and sanitation is fragmented there is a particular need for efforts to increase the water productivity and the costefficiency of water policies,6
+a report on the outcome of the algerian programme delivered by agence nationale de soutien a l emploi des jeunes ansej revealed that of the enterprises created from were led by young women mpmea the argument for the gender mainstreaming approach is that it is better from a resources perspective to ensure that mainstream business development service providers are sufficiently sensitive to the needs of women since it avoids duplication although there are some examples in the mena region of mainstream business development organisations which have made it a priority to integrate women into their client base the business development centre in jordan as a case in point the infrastructure of generic sme support organisations is still generally underdeveloped in addition given the stronglyheld cultural gender biases it would take considerable time and effort to gendersensitise bds service providers counsellors and trainers this work should begin but it will be insufficient in itself to overcome the current systemic and market failures in mena economies with respect to business service provision to women entrepreneurs there are many examples of such initiatives in developed countries which demonstrate their effectiveness,5
+bioresources are mostly located in rural and coastal areas forests fish algae farm byproducts but appear also as eg orga nic waste their productivity a nd accessibil ity differ between localities given variation in natural conditions and the management of ownership and use however advanced are the technologies involved the biological raw materials used stem from and impact on land water and seabased bioresources alternative and competing uses touch on human rights and common property,14
+policies contributing to emissions are also under review their report shows that between and there was a increase in the combined carbon footprint of all dutch holidaymakers to a total of million tonnes of c in table this is equivalent to of all c emissions from the netherlands in that year as calculated under the kyoto protocol,13
+candidate outcome indicators would be the prevalence of complication from surgeries percutaneous coronary intervention mortality rate number of patient undergoing cabg within hours after pci incidence of pressure ulcer or user satisfaction to facilitate the functional differentiation and specialisation of hospitals beds factors contributing to inadequate casemix could be also examined special attention should go to acute myocardial infarction,3
+in others the effectiveness of legal prohibition is hampered by poor enforcement or by low levels of awareness of this legislation among school staff and pupils the right of the child to protection from corporal punishment and other cruel or degrading forms of punishment india s national commission for the protection of child rights ncpcr reports that a study of emotional experiences in classrooms based on a survey of children revealed that those who were frequently scolded saw their learning abilities compromised it has been linked to slow development of social skills depression anxiety aggressive behaviour and a lack of empathy or caring for others it also contributes to the perpetuation of violence in schools,4
+the system includes biosphere reserves national parks table nature parks ramsar sites world heritage site geoparks and many nature reserves strict reserves nature monuments and natura sites without a management plan the pa administrators have to comply with the laws for pas in general the benefit of the management plan is to make the regulations clearer and more specific there was previously a proposal to establish a national protected areas agency with dedicated staff but this body was not set up due to the financial crisis in romania,15
+combined with investment in physical infrastructure ie interconnectors continued progress towards forming a regional market will increase the competitiveness of all see economies and of the region as a whole sustained political will to overcome barriers to market integration will be essential if the longterm benefits to competitiveness are to be captured for the citizens of the wb economies box explains the factors that were important for the highly successful nordic regional electricity market and which could offer some valuable ideas for the see governments,7
+among other things it allows notaries to check information on encumbrances and the status of applications continuing on this path will propagate the cycle of extended commuting high transport costs and levels of congestion and poor quality of urban life it is in direct contrast with the principles of tod,11
+many wastewater treatment plants are inefficient as the treated water they discharge into water bodies significantly exceeds macs for ammonium nitrites organic substances copper chrome and oil products although the soil pollution at old pesticide landfills and former agricultural airfields has been decreasing it still substantially exceeds the macs in terms of chlororganic pesticides the areas of agricultural lands polluted by nitrates and phosphates have been increasing in uzbekistan,6
+if a surviving spouse who stays on the land remarries and dies the new surviving spouse will also have a right to remain on the land however if the second surviving spouse dies the land reverts to the traditional authority to determine who has the right to stay on the land this decision must be made in consultation with the members of the concerned family or families identified by the traditional authority with reference to the relevant customary law traditional gender practices and norms such as patrilocal residence and patrilineal inheritance influence the decisions ofthe village committees in such a way that renders womens land tenure insecure,5
+only recently have commercial property owners started to recognise that the lower energy and operating costs and better rentals of energy efficiency buildings translate to increased capital value as different building owners such as public private investors commercial and institutional have diverging interests in energy efficiency different approaches are required to develop incentives and build awareness programmes like netherlands energiesprong that focus on transforming the building value chain as a system work with all the decision makers in the system many building retrofit programmes undervalue the multiple benefits of energy efficiency initiatives health benefits in terms of reduced hospital visits doctors visits prescription costs and reduced sick days can exceed the energy cost reduction significantly in some cases by,7
+more than onethird of respondents in the slovak republic reported an activity limitation induced by health problems compared with only in iceland and sweden on average of the population is obese in the oecd figure the proportion of obese people varies from about onethird in the united states and mexico to around oneinfour in new zealand chile australia and canada to less than in a number of asian countries including india indonesia china japan and korea rates of obesity have risen rapidly in recent decades affecting all population groups to varying extents with more educated and higher socioeconomic status women displaying substantially lower rates and mixed patterns being observed for men sassi,3
+about three quarters of women workers with graduate and above qualifications are in regular wage employment better education is thus a crucial factor for getting regular jobs in about two thirds of male sc workers were wage workers and among them about three quarters were casual workers table even among women workers the largest percentage of wage workers was among scs,5
+while a nationallevel surplus means the situation is currently manageable demographic trends indicate that the growing gap between demand and the number of available workers will cause a significant number of jobs to go unfilled over the next years by shortages in the tourism sector could grow to jobs leaving of potential labour demand unfilled with the food and beverage services and recreation and entertainment industry expected to be most affected if the expected shortages are not mitigated it estimates the sector could forgo cad billion in potential revenues by,8
+studies from the mediterranean have found however that only one of every three mpa boundaries are marked at all medpan advances in technology can help in this context to help recreational fishers keep track of their position in parks victoria in australia the agency introduced a recreational fishing guide app for mobile phones in this uses the geolocational ability to show fishers whether they are in a notake zone red warning message close to one orange message or safely clear from one green message in mpas in italy for example only were identified as having high levels of enforcement guidetti et al,14
+it is here that the transformative dimension should also come into play social security schemes that depend on contributions from continuous fulltime participation in the paid workforce will not benefit women with interrupted careers due to childcare obligations or women in precarious work or the informal sector this aspect is sporadically highlighted by the various bodies improved worker rights access to employment childcare and access to land extension services and finance are crucial to address discrimination against women in relation to their rights to food hrc a the cerd committee has noted that forms of racial discrimination may be specifically directed at women because of their race and gender,5
+supervision of the shaban within the ministry of health makes sense in that it means supervision of all healthfund activities is within one body meanwhile commercial health insurance is more appropriately supervised by csmid as it is subject to insurance legislation however there does have to be a good deal of coordination to ensure the system remains balanced and harmonised,3
+the main reason for this is that there is less transportation in the nordic scenario and the final fate of the textiles after reuse incinerationlandfill also plays a role it is noted here that the documentation for the recycling process is of poor quality and the results shall therefore primarily be used as an indication of which types of environmental impacts are affected by the process and how the poor data quality in this scenario primarily concerns the input of energy in relation to the output of recovered chemicals dmt and eg,12
+worklife balance in this framework encompasses not only measures that would be expected to be closely related to decisions to work for pay or profit given family or care responsibilities but also attempts to measure time allocation between time spent in a jobs and time spent in private life the resolution concerning the measurement of working time adopted by the eighteenth international conference of labour statisticians in established international statistical standards for seven concepts of working time associated with the productive activities of a person and performed in a job the indicators in this dimension refer to the concept of hours usually worked,8
+however many commercial fish stocks are overfished with resulting loss in benefits and welfare due to poor management of the fish resources world bank the oceans are not only a source for wild caught fish but also an important location for expanding marine aquaculture production for millennia the oceans have been used for transport of goods and people the bulk of long distance transportation for world trade of goods is done by freighters on international shipping routes,14
+this analysis highlights the need in order to counteract the effects of the crisis and reduce child poverty to implement policies that not only increase access to employment for parents from lowincome families but also promote greater mobility towards better quality and better paid jobs finally the decline in disposable income experienced in many countries by lowand very lowincome families suggests that social benefits have played a rather limited role in mitigating the effects of the crisis there is however some indication that transfers may have cushioned the effects the great recession had on the income of the poorest families in the united kingdom and the united states as shown also by bradshaw chzhen and main and wimer and smeeding,1
+this implies a fully coordinated approach with interventions from each agency with responsibilities for road safety implemented in concert it also demands enforcement effort dosed to achieve optimal results and ensure measures are mutually reinforcing it requires effective leadership from a unit at the highest levels of government to facilitate the work of the road safety agencies coordinate then interventions and be the main interface with ngos and the private sector,11
+implementation of transport projects in tajikistan and kyrgyzstan is especially complicated because most of the roads are mountainous which means tunnels will be required and construction and maintenance will take place in adverse conditions in terms of railway transport the planned implementation of development and electrification projects includes the angrenpap maroqandqarshi qarshitermez and maroqandbukhara rail lines the plan envisages measures to build and rehabilitate roads and railways logistic centres and communications the country also plans to develop a km route going from uzbekistan through kyrgyzstan to china andijanoshlrkeshtamkashgar,9
+finally the chapter examines the efforts to date to promote the circular economy and the challenges that lie ahead the first national waste management plan nwmp landelijk afualbeheer plan lap which covered the period set targets to be achieved by it was subsequently updated by the second nwmp of which covers the period from late to and sets targets for and these plans built on policies put in place in the s to reduce landfilling and improve recycling and recovery,12
+the estimated nutrient load has been decreasing due to the closure of several sources resulting in improvement in the status of the lake indicated for example by a slight decrease in chlorophyll during the recent very rainy years surface water runoff from the adjacent areas slightly increased nutrient and chlorophyll concentrations and decreased water transparency secchi depth on the finnish side the juustilanjoki basin includes the mustajoki river the catchment of the ksrkjarvi river and part of the saimaa canal including the soskuanjoki river,6
+in uganda only of rural health facilities and of all health facilities are connected to grid energy un women undp and unep socially constructed gender roles identities and underlying power dynamics affect whether and how women and men access and use energy and participate in decisions and investments surveys have repeatedly shown that women and men express different energy needs and priorities and perceive different risks in regard to energy choices as discussed below,7
+in svalbard the electricity and heat production is mainly based on coal and diesel oil energy efficiency measures can be implemented directly by the sector whereas a switch to renewable energy must be driven by the energy production sector if the energy is produced centrally in the cases where the energy is not produced centrally the tourism sector can take steps towards a reduction in fossil fuels,7
+some of the biggest dfis by size of portfolio including deg germany proparco france opic us currently do not report activity level information on rio markers and fmo netherlands does not report on its activities to the oecd dac statistical system at all as a result these agencies have been excluded from the analysis which biases comparisons between types of providers towards multilateral providers as a result the analysis in the paper covers development finance targeting climate change only,13
+because of the interconnectivity between ecosystems across scales land degradation triggers destructive processes that can have cascading effects across the entire biosphere loss of biomass through vegetation clearance and increased soil erosion produces ghgs that contribute to global warming and climate change land degradation and desertification affects biodiversity and global climate change through soil and vegetation losses,15
+women in particular tend to disagree that they have been the object of malicious rumours deprived of information managed aggressively and above all most of them claim that they have not been subject to sexual coercion by superordinates only of the female sample claimed that this was the case and only of the men ut women quite strongly rejected the notion that they were being isolated from social activities let us now look at university practices the german respondents agreed more strongly than the british that there are too few women at the top of the system uk germany females too agreed significantly more often than males with this statement together with the proposition that their universities were still gendered organisations,5
+refining capacity may therefore limit the availability of oil derivates for final consumption there exists a number of indicators to monitor refinery capacity and its utilisation differentiated by product ecofys et al this indicator applies in particular to the flexibility of oil refineries in the face of overall demand changes,7
+nurses also go abroad for advanced specialist training nurses run their own clinics for a wide range conditions including diabetic complications such as foot ulcers anticoagulation and cardiac rehabilitation such welldeveloped advanced nursing roles are unusual even in oecd health systems and offers an example of good practice for other health systems to consider health system financing is discussed in detail in section but a steady upward drift in outofpocket spending is worth noting during this discussion on accessibility,3
+accordingly a multidimensional approach is meant not for international comparisons but to create a better understanding of poverty in a specific context and then generate relevant information for policymakers furthermore the selection of dimensions has to be contextspecific and based on socially accepted development objectives eg the good living rights approved by referendum in ecuador but there are different approaches to identifying a person as poor,1
+women say that among all the little millet landraces kottapattisamai is the most beautiful as stated in a local language tamil samaikku azhaku kottapattisamai and prefer this landrace due to ease in processing productivity meal quality and adaptation to diverse agroecosystems women rate the landraces according to meal quality and taste also women classify little millet landraces based on bran to edible portion ratio and prefer landraces that are lower in bran proportion,2
+however it was ultimately rejected by the chamber of deputies as result the federal electoral tribunal endorsed the working group s work and developed a regulatory protocol on political violence against women it can also help increase womens participation and create a more genderbalanced workforce,5
+both sexes are guilty of woman and child abuse since women often have the primary responsibility to shape their children into gender roles some play a significant role in encouraging males to be violent to prove their masculinity in northern kenya some mothers acknowledge that they urge their sons to steal cattle and kill young men from opposing tribes so they can prove their masculinity and be initiated into manhood,5
+these are defined as policies that generate a transfer from taxpayers to fishers it also provides a review of the past literature on the nature and effects of support to the fisheries sector including a preliminary analysis to identify the factors that determine how support can affect overcapacity and overfishing including illegal fishing along with their likely benefits these countries represent of global fisheries landings by volume this database currently contains data from to and is updated annually,14
+however full realization of the potential of d printing depends on overcoming a number of obstacles the necessary material technology is still nascent and building complex objects is slow there are also regulatory issues that need to be addressed before d printing can be widely adopted in the consumer market,9
+if he abandons his religion once the marriage has already been consummated and then comes back to islam during the wife s retreat the dissolution is void and the marriage is reinstated b the marriage is not dissolved when the wife abandons her religion according to article of the cedaw states shall ensure on a basis of equality of men and women the same rights and responsibilities during marriage and at its dissolution as well as the same personal rights as husband and wife including the right to choose a family name a profession and an occupation and the same rights for both spouses in respect of the ownership acquisition management administration enjoyment and disposition of property whether free of charge or for a valuable consideration in many countries the woman s role as a wife is usually seen as an obedient women whose basic freedoms can be to some extent controlled by her husband for example in bahrain djibouti and yemen,5
+special thanks to diana martirosova and her colleagues at the national statistical service of the republic of armenia for giving access to the survey data and for giving constructive feedback on the results the views and findings in this report are the responsibility of the authors alone in addition this report analyses multidimensional poverty together with monetary poverty providing estimates of the degree to which the two measures of child poverty overlap and offering a comprehensive picture of child poverty in the national context,1
+the constitution of january ensures equality of opportunity to achieve parity between women and men in elected positions and highlights the role of the state in eliminating violence against women this progress is due in large part to the efforts that womens organizations have made pushing for a more representative parliament that would understand womens specific needs and chal lenges in particular the use of alternating gender lists for elections has been instrumental in achieving this increase in womens political participation,5
+investment plans included objectives such as public transport efficiency or promotion of integrated development of both housing and residential infrastructure along with socalled productive investments such as industrial parks or factories strategic investment plans acknowledged that the urban area was larger than a project area that some spaces deserved higher priority than others and that strategy meant making choices in a spatial context the challenge therefore was to determine which rules might encourage behaviour in specific directions and what were the socalled enabling conditions required for desired outcomes to be achieved the difference lay in the assertion that marketoriented policies were intended to affect not only individual entities both corporate and otherwise but the whole pattern of behaviour of all entities both individually and collectively,11
+over time consider moving away from shared financing and increase voucher subsidies sufficiently to make up for this if needed teachers assistants and trained special education teachers provide extra support under the supervision of the teacher close to of the student population receive support in this way each year field kuczera and pont if all of these measures fail a multidisciplinary team comprising teachers social workers psychologists and representatives of health and public housing authorities if necessary work out a plan of support,4
+there is a lack of support for integration of field experience workexperience and community service within the curricula the long delay in the process for approval of new academic programmes which in some cases lasts for more than five years inhibits the responsiveness of higher education institutions to changing regional needs there is a need to ensure that higher education programme review and approval process is streamlined to allow for speed and greater responsiveness to regional needs the principal incentive for the colleges is negative their exclusion from research funding student numbers are established centrally and there are no incentives to enrol students from within the region because the institutions depend to a degree on revenue from tuition fees within limits set by the planning and budgeting committee they have incentives to recruit paying students from outside the region to generate additional revenue,4
+some of the policy options proposed for this area may be equally relevant to danish parents of less advantaged socioeconomic backgrounds this section is not concerned with the many other immigrant parents who understand the danish education system and who with their children are successfully integrating into danish life and its education system in denmark parental involvement is particularly important because school only lasts for half a day and a significant responsibility for support with homework and choice of educational pathways is placed with parents,4
+the first step of the budget formulation consists in drawing the list of personnel of the school which is based on the number of consolidated classes the number of classes determines the type and number of school deputies the number of teaching hours and related tasks to be allocated and the number and type of support staff of the school see annex a the overall number of teaching hours is used to determine the number of teachers needed as well as their teaching workload once up to nine teaching hours have been allocated to each school leader,4
+research has found that the quality of teachers and their teaching are the most important schoolrelated factors in student outcomes darlinghammond oecd teachers are also at the front line of any education reform movement ideally providing input when policies are being developed and tasked with understanding and implementing the new vision oecd jensen et al as a representative of thailand s office of the basic education commission obec said to the review team teachers are the heart of the matter,4
+although it calls for caution when interpreting domain poverty outcomes it also points towards the largely consistent results in terms of financial resources despite the comparatively large number of indicators included standard errors are calculated taking into account the survey sampling design levels of dimensional and monetary poverty are generally highest for uk although deprivation with respect to access to basic services is smallest in this country,1
+furthermore the association of southeast asian nations asean has a vast potential for renewable energy sources res which is largely untapped with the exception of largescale hydropower while the region is expected to see a steady rise in hydropower and rapid expansion of other renewables the international energy agency iea still projects the share of fossil fuels in the total primary energy supply tpes to increase to by the target is to increase the share of renewables including largescale hydropower but not traditional uses of biomass in the tpes to by in emerging asia as a whole coal and gas are expected to prevail as the dominant source of energy towards however the projected growth in energy demand provides great opportunities for emerging asia to exploit its largely untapped potential of renewable energy sources although energy efficiency measures could help to slow the growth of fossil fuel consumption largescale investment in renewable energy development would still be needed to make a significant difference,7
+the percentage of the population with some level of deprivation in work and social security was in showing that this dimension requires special government attention and an increase in the coverage of the social security system the indigenous population has the largest deprivation gap see table lastly the work deprivation gap for indigenous people decreased from in to in this reduction cannot be interpreted in the same way as a headcount ratio ie a reduction in the number of poor people but the important thing is that it shows that the level severity of multidimensional poverty in the country has fallen,1
+the amount of municipal waste around of total waste has decreased by almost over the past decade meanwhile the amount of material and energy recovery from waste has grown thanks to efforts to treat waste as a resource recycling rates are increasing by up to in some cases for important materials such as glass steel aluminium paper and plastics oecd a more sustainable waste management has played its part the country has used effective pricing among other policy measures to reduce municipal waste improve waste recovery and reduce landfill oecd c,7
+some member states for instance estonia and hungary even require sending copies of all annex vii documents to the competent authorities but the countries considered in this projectdenmark finland norway and sweden do not because the companies arrange the shipments between themselves and the authorities are not automatically involved it can be stated that the control of shipments of greenlisted waste is not very strict on account of this low level of control the fact that interpreting the regulations requires some experience and the fact that several kinds of operators are active in the waste business there is a risk that not all shipments described as shipments of greenlisted waste take place by the book it might be that some waste requiring a notification is shipped as greenlisted or that waste is shipped in contravention of an export ban,12
+this principle means that learning centredness should permeate the priorities of the learning organisation whether it is a school or another site for learning this is about each individual learner engaging and ensuring that all learners are engaged the principle also stresses that learners should be capable of organising and monitoring their own learning and able to assess what they have already accomplished and what still needs to be done,4
+among the new challenges are the trend towards autonomy in academia the excellence in research initiatives innovation policy and internationalisation as a result of these new research policy focus areas the gender equality efforts in academia have become more diverse and complex in recent years although gender equality is a stated objective in academia in the nordic countries there are very few comprehensive studies of university and research policy in a gender equality perspective the intention exists however,5
+this means that some children are already advantaged over others when they begin formal schooling while in turn school results exert a strong influence on their university outcomes boarini et al moreover people with higher education and skills are more likely to undertake onthejob training oecd c the way that inequalities are compounded means that educational deficiencies should be tackled as early as possible and that pupils from a lower socioeconomic background should receive adequate support in schools to compensate for their initial disadvantage,4
+in all habitat categories together nature and landscape complexes increased from ha in to ha in there are documentation sites in all which are important for research and education natural monuments have particular scientific cultural or landscape value poland has a total of including glacial boulders rocks grottos caves and springs,15
+the outcomes are promising of the participants were employed at the end of the project had returned to education and had held shortterm jobs however that the payment of related benefits has remained under the social insurance agency sia while the pes is in charge of jobsearch support has created inefficiencies for instance not many actions are initiated in the earlier phase of sickness absence even though this can be very important for unemployed with mental health problems oecd g,8
+it becomes increasingly necessary moreover as crises originating in the financial world spread to the real world and affect people s lives and livelihoods through a variety of transmission channels as such policy responses to a crisis in the ldcs need to address not only the economic impact but also social dimensions such as poverty and employment it may also be prudent for the ldcs to consider the idea of creating a basic social floor for the poor,1
+the remainder of the chapter is devoted to reporting some of the findings of this new database notably estimates of the overall global value of the ocean economy on the basis of the ocean industries selected approximate employment levels in the different industries and a breakdown by sector and broad geographic regions it consists of coastal countries and aims to improve the coherency and consistency of the assumptions indicators and measurement methods used to estimate the size of the ocean economy the database draws heavily on un and oecd sources to collect industryspecific data on physical capital stock employment and value added for those oceanbased industries defined in isic rev international standard industrial classification of all economic activities where official data were patchy proxies were used based on national reports and secondary sources for details on the methodology see oecd forthcoming,14
+the separation of students into different educational programmes occurs only after grade when students can choose to continue to tenth grade in the same regular school in a more academic school eg lyceum gymnasium or a vocational school and are therefore separated into different educational programmes the review team visited schools where teachers and psychologists provide students with some individual attention in the form of remedial afterschool classes at schools some students told the review team that when they had difficulty with any subject their first strategy was to discuss the problem with their teacher,4
+its members include staff from a number of different ministries including the nfps to the biodiversityrelated conventions as above and also to the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc a specific subcommittee charged with the review and harmonisation of the implementation of biodiversityrelated conventions will be set up in this council is formed under the unfccc focal point but includes different ministries which are focal points to other conventions the hon,15
+these events reached up to people among the countries from all over the world which organised entrepreneurship week poland was one of the leaders in terms of the number of partners and planned events the european enterprise awards identify and recognise the most successful promoters of enterprise and entrepreneurship around europe showcase best entrepreneurship policies and practices raise awareness of the added value of entrepreneurship and encourage and inspire potential entrepreneurs,8
+however young people who leave school at the minimum leaving age without a qualification are likely to spend a long time out of work during their working life in fact in most countries over half of lowqualified unemployed yearolds are in longterm unemployment oecd basic skills of vet graduates were evaluated as strong by only of employers of employers assessed basic skills as medium and the remaining of employers assessed graduates proficiency in basic skills as weak,4
+this missing analysis would not be an issue if the existing research results on oecd countries applied equally to nonoecd countries but they may be different due to a different context moreover the economic and policy context in which these immigrants integrate into the labour market is different as an example the share of informal employment tends to be more elevated in lower than in higher income countries both of these factors likely contribute to impacts of immigration that differ between developed and developing countries,8
+for example the countries with the highest proportion of undernourished during the period bangladesh cambodia india nepal the philippines and sri lanka spend about of their gdp on agriculture the survey noted that growth and productivity in agriculture have stalled and the green revolution that boosted agricultural yields in the s has bypassed millions farmers are now facing mounting pressure evident in declining subsidies rising input prices intensifying protests over landlessness and an alarming number of suicides among the indebted,10
+the coalition adopted the universal mitigation approach of the usa and the eu with the much more aggressive targets sought by the sids and african states most affected by climate change it focused on establishing a cop agreement with legally binding science based longterm goals and a system by which to track and review progress on a fiveyear cycle by aligning developing and developed world interests it largely succeeded in its ambitions for paris it establishes several new longterm goals,13
+this is exemplified in rwanda which achieved the highest percentages of women in parliament after the introduction of a quota system in with of its parliamenterians being women rwanda outperformed even sweden one of the few countries that has made continous progress towards closing the gender gap in parliament without a quota system this composite index is available from to figure after a slow start in the s the gender equality measure exhibits a steady trend upwards which can be observed for all the world s regions,5
+a learning centre in the yukon integrates services such as housing health and social services with the early learning centre and it offers a variety of language and cultural activities for the very young while strongly involving parents in another yukon school we visited and for students who become parents early in their lives there is a teen parent centre in which student mothers receive prenatal and postnatal nutrition care health screenings parenting help day care and help to find employment and to acquire a driver s licence similarly families living in yarmouth nova scotia have access to the parenting journey programme part of stronger families nova scotia which aims to strengthen child welfare and early intervention,4
+mercurio considers a mixture of internal and external assessment as a way that strongly promotes fairness however in most states in australia there is a stronger focus on external assessment inca australia qsa the distribution of responsibilities for assessment in upper secondary education also tends to depend on the subject in many systems including austria and several german lander central institutions hold responsibility for designing assessments in core subjects such as mathematics the language of instruction and foreign languages while teachers hold the sole responsibility for other subjects there is however a general trend for central agencies to take on assessment responsibilities in an increasingly broader range of subjects in terms of transparency it is argued that externally processed assessment for qualification and certification allows a clearer communication of students achievements cedefop oecd a,4
+offshore bottoms are usually viewed as receiving compartment dependent on primary production in the water column benthic compartment regulates mineralization affecting pelagic production sea floor integrity is therefore cmcial to the adriatic sea and the productivity of its coastal areas as in the case of the bosnia and herzegovina coastal area,14
+background paper prepared for world economic and social survey the resource outlook to by how much do land water and crop yields need to increase by paper presented at the food and agriculture organization of the united nations fao expert meeting june rome on how to feed the world in,2
+the programmes success was in part due to the fact that it replaced other poorly targeted subsidies suggesting that good targeting is important for reducing poverty furthermore the mexican experience highlights the importance of rigorous independent monitoring and impact evaluation which gave the programme legitimacy and enabled it to be scaled up and improved on the basis of lessons learned regarding design and implementation the programme has been credited with a reduction in poverty and extreme poverty by and percentage points respectively between and that corresponds to percent of poverty and percent of extreme poverty,1
+western australia for example has implemented a mandatory review of all deaths that occur in public hospitals and private health facilities that provide services for public patients queensland conducts an annual bedside audit where clinicians collect information on certain elements of care to gauge whether expected standards have been met at a national level the royal australasian college of surgeons makes it a requirement to participate in the australian and new zealand audit of surgical mortality as part of the colleges continuing professional development programme the acsqhc also conducts audits to assess compliance with standards most data is focused on volumes of care and resources within the system clinical data is also gathered almost exclusively by specific registries organised by disease targeting specific group of population or hospital based,3
+as a further comparison the secretariat of the council for environmental cooperation the organization set up as part of the north american free trade agreement nafta to facilitate coordination of environmental protection in the three countries employs fewer than finally energy security issues are of prime importance to political leadership and it was widely believed that national energy security would be compromised by regional energy trade diat creates import dependency on neighbouring countries political and policy mindset was thus working against regional energy connectivity until very recendy this will have to change if energy connectivity is to take root in the regjon,7
+such information is essential to guide integrated policies whereas the traditional dashboard of nonmonetary indicators reflects deprivations of all people rich and poor and is also reported the coordinated dashboard of consistent subindices that unpack the mpi is focused on the poor the mpi and its associated statistics can be reported for more than one poverty line or cutoff,1
+furthermore while in many eu countries income growth has been fairly uniform across deciles between the second and the ninth in sweden growth has been faster the higher the income decile pointing to some polarisation of the income distribution figure panel b relative poverty has increased with those without a job and children now facing a higher risk of poverty figure panel c the authors would like to thank miige adalet mcgowan olof aslund andrew dean,8
+there should also be strong links with the public technicalpedagogical support services atp and their new school improvement framework as well as private technicalpedagogical consultancies ate second concerning the school evaluation process itself the agency should continue to focus on the formative dimension of school evaluations that leads to lasting changes to practice school evaluation that is meaningful should involve an accurate assessment of the effectiveness of schools an assessment of strengths and areas for development followed by feedback coaching support and opportunities for development an opportunity to celebrate recognise and reward the work of schools and to identify best practice and an opportunity to identify underperforming schools third school selfevaluation should be central in any national approach to school improvement and as school systems mature schools should take on a greater role for driving their own improvement,4
+combinations of deprivations are highlighted at this stage and estimations are made on the proportion of children suffering from one or multiple deprivations at the same time the headcount ratio h refers to the percentage of children who are multidimensionally deprived the average intensity a is the number of deprivations experience by the deprived as a percentage of all possible deprivations,1
+the poor track record of women entrepreneurs has been attributed to multiple factors such as lack of credit or savings lower education levels inability to access training opportunities gender bias and lack of social capital the new kenya constitution which grants women equal rights before and after marriage was promulgated on august it also grants equality of inheritance rights,5
+see table for details of changes in overall average age of first marriage smam in the region and in percentage of married girls under while these rates along with the figures indicated below may not be always consistent or exact they do nevertheless give a fair indication of the persistence of this problem and its overall prevalence moreover examining data on women aged between and years researchers found that per cent of women in this age group in yemen in per cent of women in this age group in syria in and per cent of women in this age group in morocco in were married before the age of eighteen furthermore the papfam research found that age differences and educational disparities between spouses in marriages involving minors were associated with divorce,5
+the initiative has proved successful in terms of students completing the relevant credit courses these positive outcomes have led the alp to be adopted by different colleges throughout the united states institutions are rewarded with additional funds if they record a significant improvement in the number of students moving from remedial to credit courses completing credits and successfully completing a degree,4
+goldwind s recent partial acquisition of the german turbine developer vensys was similarly motivated by the desire to improve the product quality of china s leading turbine manufacturer one way to foster rd in a particular technology area is to concentrate technology firms suppliers and ancillary services in spatially circumscribed technology clusters a sort of dedicated industrial park porter to a certain extent this has happened in the chinese wind energy sector,7
+in enrolment rates among yearolds ie those typically in upper secondary programmes reached at least on average across the oecd at age of individuals are enrolled in education on average across the oecd reaching or more in ireland and sweden but also in partner countries lithuania and saudi arabia by contrast fewer than of yearolds are enrolled in education in brazil costa rica indonesia mexico and turkey with the lowest rate in colombia declines in enrolment for this age group coincide with the end of upper secondary education,4
+overall the interviews provided an opportunity to better understand both public and private financial institutions perspective of the ee market opportunities and barriers personal interviews were conducted with representatives from the world bank wb the international finance corporation ifc the european bank for reconstruction and development ebrd as well as private financial institutions jp morgan deutsche bank climate change capital etc they allowed gauging the relative importance of different challenges facing ee financing ie access to capital vs risk or others,7
+these would allow the countries to consolidate existing programmes and expand the scope and coverage of the system since the rural poor derive most of their income from agricultural activities policies to facilitate the access of smallholder producers to land agricultural inputs finance extension services and markets would both contribute to enhancing food security and reduce poverty such policies also promote nonfarm business and employment opportunities,1
+if present in the conventional generating portfolio nuclear power plants can compensate for the decrease of the electricity generation from wind and pv power plants in the scenario without nuclear mainly gasfired power plants are used to replace the shortfall from wind and pv power plants as expected total electricity system costs are higher with lower availabilities of wind and pv power generation since the electricity normally produced by low marginal cost technology must be substituted by more expensive technologies,7
+however this should be seen in the context of very high initial redistribution and thus a likely binding tradeoff with economic efficiency education employment regulations and wage bargaining have also seen significant changes since the s and there are no doubt further challenges and need for reforms looming however the nordics have so far been able to adjust their policies in such a way that equality opportunity and economic efficiency coexist relatively well compared to the rest of the oecd,10
+after investment approval has been attained and the environmental impact favourably appraised the proponent must submit a request for land allocation to the local department of natural resources and environment a construction permit based on detailed design of the project is also required under the relevant construction law construct permits are issued either by the ministiy of construction the provincial department of construction or the districtlevel peoples committee depending on the complexity of the project after approval the project proponent negotiates the compensation and resettlement plan,11
+global fixedand mobilebroadband penetration had reached and per cent respectively by the end of while fixed broadband showed only cautious growth between and mobilebroadband subscriptions were three times higher than wireline broadband connections worldwide and are growing fastest in the developing regions where growth rates are twice as high as in developed regions mobile broadband has helped bring highspeed data and internet services to unconnected areas,9
+the capacities of all the organizations involved in an ict for agriculture or rural development initiative should be developed to better take into account gender in their work and activities whether these are farmer organizations or other development partners at the organizational level it is important to ensure gender responsive systems and structures in order to design and implement gender responsive ict projects organizations need gender aware staff monitoring and evaluation systems that capture well what is happening on the ground cooperation among staff with different tasks and learning mechanism to deal with gender gaps when and where they surface when policies and strategies are developed it is crucial to ensure that all stakeholders are represented including women and men at all levels,5
+although a very wide range of national policies can have a profound effect on urban development national governments rarely review this impact systematically through an urban lens oecd oecd d for example fossil fuel subsidies negotiated at the national level clearly undermine local efforts to develop environmentally sustainable cities a nup can also connect all levels of government and other stakeholders by providing forums for the cocreation of a shared vision and a framework which enables them to move as one towards the stated goals,11
+harassment and sexist practices decrease the possibility for women to work in fair equitable and safe environments unconscious bias in recruitment and promotion systems continues to limit the progression of women into leadership roles and while there has been some progress on new institutional mechanisms to address womens employment concerns formal policies on flexible work childcare or strategies to address caregiver roles still do not adequately respond to the wide scope of womens work needs it is necessary to work across all four quadrants of the gender at work change framework to ensure that employers are both providing resources to women and ensuring that they utilise this untapped potential,5
+it will remain crucial to the future growth of developing countries that is the central question addressed in this industrial development report the isid concept is part of the new sustainable development goal to build resilient infrastructure promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation the first is longterm sustained industrialization as a driver for economic development,9
+climate change is a key driver for developing an ecosystem based fishery management system as it exerts a pervasive influence over the whole fished system management approaches and policies should be expected to differ in detail due to regional differences still they will have an overarching functional similarity as a result of responding to climate drivers of change,14
+it could also shed light on the quality of small primary schools and ensure that learning considerations are at the forefront in the rationalisation of the school network see policy issue a school census assessment could also provide a more reliable indicator of student learning for supervisors to prioritise their interventions and assess the progress of school an example is mexicos new national plan to evaluate learning plan nacional de evaluacion de los aprendizajes planea which alternates full cohort with school and national sample assessments in different years and grades to provide useful timely and reliable data for national and school needs see table,4
+the chapter should assess the status trends and future dynamics of indirect and direct drivers focusing on those affecting nature natures benefits to people and how that links to good quality of life the chapter should also analyse the interrelations between and among direct and indirect drivers indirect drivers include for example policy changes changes in economic activity population change and technology change,15
+these pilot projects have in turn sparked other similar biodiversity stewardship projects in other comparable farming communities these lessons would apply to all sectors but are particularly acute within the agriculture sector in south africa perhaps most significant is the realisation that the agriculture sector is broad and complex and that interventions should be strategically planned to align with existing initiatives,15
+the challenge is operating within the year amp cycles which result in fiveyear cyclical spending patterns instead of innovation utilities have been driven to large framework agreements with a small group of outsourcing specialists driving down margins through economies of scale ofwat regards efficiencies as being deliverable within each amp period after which each utility s cost base is reset cancelling out the efficiencies attained during the period smart metering has too long a payback time for this model ofwat has commissioned uk wir the water utility joint research body to prepare an evaluation of the costs and benefits of smart metering before the price setting for amp in,6
+the government has taken steps to improve quality of services over the past decade resulting in reduced waiting times in a new law primary health care act and act on specialized medical care set maximum waiting times for health interventions immediate contact with health centres during working hours by phone or personal visit must be guaranteed and nonurgent appointments must be made within working days treatment needs must be assessed within weeks following hospital referral and nonurgent hospital treatment must take place within months thereafter,3
+additionally developing more concrete timescales and descriptions of actions and associated responsibilities would facilitate the process of monitoring and evaluation section a clear political mandate to clarify roles and responsibilities particularly outside the bmfluw would be useful step in this regard there is a need to extend and deepen political and administrative support for climate change adaptation as interest and activity on adaptation are still concentrated in the bmlfuw and environment agency austria,13
+although these outcomes vary across socioeconomic groups the disparities are small compared to other oecd countries suggesting a relatively equitable compulsory education system oecd a the country also benefits from high attainment rates at the tertiary level because of the impossibility of using human capital as collateral financing constraints on investments in education prevent the instantaneous flow of financial capital to where rates of return are highest,4
+in the eecca region armenia azerbaijan belarus georgia moldova and ukraine are eligible to receive the funding the green climate fund also approved funding for this programme in hence it is not reflected in the statistical data examined in this report the specific objective is to foster improved climate change policies strategies and economic instruments,13
+there is much less experience with reporting and review of mobilised private climate finance than with public climate finance provided reporting on private finance mobilised by multilateral sources or indirectly mobilised by policy interventions is not mentioned in current reporting requirements for biennial reports from any country grouping to date some donor countries have commissioned and completed pilot studies to make initial estimates of the levels of private climate finance that they mobilised from their bilateral public climate finance eg abeille et al,13
+further efficiencies than those assumed in the baseline are considered less likely for oecd countries and therefore this remains unchanged in this scenario it is assumed that irrigation in the oecd in the baseline has reached an upper limit of efficiency as risks of salinisation and pollution problems are associated with more than evapotranspiration of irrigation water fraiture et al hence compared to the baseline the water demands in each region are reduced in proportion with the energy savings rate in the resource efficiency scenario van den berg et al larger shares for solar and windbased power generation versus thermal are assumed but until an assumed shift to thermal bioenergy and nuclear power plants limits the overall reduction in this sector the assumed reduction in energy demand described in the point above translates directly into less water demand for cooling,6
+for many labour market policies by contrast the impact is less clear cut as they affect both the dispersion of earnings and the level of employment in sometimes conflicting ways at least for some types of workers examples include increasing the minimum wage relative to the median wage increasing the level of employment protection and increasing the generosity of unemployment benefits one labour market reform that stands out as having a positive effect on both employment and earnings equality is lowering the gap of employment protection on temporary and permanent work the impact of product market liberalisation on income inequality is ambiguous,10
+the main interpretation issue with relative poverty lines is that poverty rates based on them may remain constant or even fall if all households including the poorest ones experience a decline in their incomes moreover people identified as poor in one country might not be considered poor in another given the substantial differences in median incomes across oecd countries figure shows the interregional dispersion of poverty headcounts w ith the poverty line defined at of the national median income,1
+it provides potential young entrepreneurs with the experience support and advice they need to establish and run successful businesses and contribute to overall economic growth and job creation its initiative promise programme is a highly intensive youth entrepreneurship training programme of months that combines traditional entrepreneurship theory with interactive casebased studies practical experience personal development retreats and professional business consulting and mentoring this support has included the provision of incubator facilities including office space monthly training workshops group learning mentoring and counselling provided by some of the bestknown companies in senegal,8
+growth in mobilecellular networks and services particularly over the last decade and a half has allowed many people to join the information society access to icts can be an important enabler of broader development objectives for instance through the field known as egovernment services other forms of technological change have also been monitored if succinctly in the current series of reports including those addressing climate change and disaster risks,9
+this person runs the school development process locally both when it comes to content and organisation resource persons can be administrators school leaders teachers university employees or from other agencies the school owner can hire the resource person at a higher percentage of a fulltime equivalent and for municipalities the resource persons can also serve more than one municipality,4
+so innovators must strike a different more delicate balance accepting the degree of risk required to break through to new solutions while safeguarding the hopes and wellbeing of children and so a principled approach to innovation starts with and is guided by questions throughout the process from identifying problems to developing and scaling up solutions to evaluating their impact,9
+this makes tourism a coordinationintensive as well as informationintensive industry zhang et al the key components of tourism are accommodation transport attractions and excursions and restaurants all are perishable this means that airline seats hotel rooms and daily ticket sales for example cannot be stored for potential future sales this level of uncertainty coupled with the uncertainty of global trends and exogenous shocks has become an important area of tourism supply chain research areas of particular interest include demand forecasting yield or revenue management and inventory management zhang et al finally the supply chains in tourism that already exist are usually part of the wider global operations of major hotels and resorts for example hilton and four seasons hotels and of cruise ship operators for example carnival corporation and royal caribbean,12
+adverse health effects start to occur at a blood lead level less than pgdl in children however no statistically significant difference in blood lead levels was observed between women living in gers and in apartments suggesting that lead exposure comes from several sources and not only from polluted air resulting from coal combustion however there is a lack of data concerning the different sources of lead exposure such as lead in paint and in toys lead and occupational exposure and lead in dust and soil and their impact on the health of the mongolian population,3
+and because industrial energyefficiency investments depend on context energy and cost savings can sometimes be assessed only after installation assessment is at times difficult even after installation because of metering difficulties without submetering for example the performance of control systems motors and variablespccd drives is difficult to monitor and evaluate,7
+etant donne le role central du systeme communautaire dechange de quotas d emission la strategic du royaumeuni devrait en particulier viser adoption de quotas plus rigoureux dans le cadre du systeme communautaire les efforts d adaptation aux impacts climatiques doivent aussi etre renforces en s attachant a developper l information a ameliorer les cadres devaluation des risques et a affiner les outils de mesure utilises pour le suivi et revaluation de la planification des mesures dadaptation application for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this material should be made to head of publications service oecd rue andrepascal paris cedex france,13
+first the programme for strengthening school management fortalecimiento de la gestion escolar which will invest mex million in schools seeks to support school leaders in the management of school resources gobiemo de morelos a with a similar ambition the schools of quality programme programa escuelas de cualidad aims to strengthen the autonomy of basic education institutions in managing resources while supporting each school and their technical school council in the adoption of best practices that can help them meet planning evaluation and budget allocation responsibilities effectively through an investment of mex million in a total of schools are benefiting from the programme which compared to the previous year represents an expansion to new schools gobiemo de morelos a another component of the schools of quality programme involves the evaluation of teachers in their classroom instruction and directors in their capacity to lead as well as activities to increase parents engagement in their child s learning the instructional costs of disadvantaged children are likely to be higher than those of the well off and morelos is taking positive steps in palliating those needs,4
+in addition it is also important to consider the scale of income tax in particular marginal tax rates at the top of the income scale are an important element in overall progressivity even though the top earners constitute a small segment of the population because they often account fora large share of aggregate income and the total income tax yield yet marginal personal income tax rates at the top of the income scale in oecd countries fell from an average of per cent in the late s to around percent in the late s chart one reason for this was divergent patterns in the taxation of wealth piketty,10
+great emphasis is placed on primary care and people are required to register with a general practitioner gp or a paediatrician up to the age of primary care seivices in health centres are guaranteed hours a day days a week through the primary care outofhours service called the guardia medico moreover financial incentives have been provided in recent years for gps to move towaids various models of group practice with fellow gps andor other health professionals following a multidisciplinary and multiprofessional approach,3
+as in other studies by eclac and unicef therefore childhood is understood to refer to the population aged to years the particular concern for children and adolescents comes in response not only to their overrepresentation among the poor but also to their greater dependency and lack of autonomy within families and to their particular vulnerability to the consequences of poverty and inequality any measurement of poverty among children should recognize their specific characteristics and adopt households and individuals as the unit of analysis according to the state of the worlds children children living in poverty experience deprivation of the material spiritual and emotional resources needed to survive develop and thrive leaving them unable to enjoy their rights achieve their full potential or participate as full and equal members of society unicef p,1
+however the growth in cruise passengers in ten years has been almost threefold rising to this rapid growth could have overshadowed landbased tourism development especially if air access had not significantly improved over the same period maldives is used as a best practice case study of detailed analysis of this direct contribution figure gives statistical data for government revenue from direct tourism services,8
+the fishery moved to total allowable catches allocated as individual transferable quotas on july responsibility for managing these waters now lies with the commonwealth department of infrastructure transport regional development and local government the department of infrastructure has entered into a service delivery arrangement with the western australian department of fisheries for the management of these inshore fisheries,14
+the paradigm shift from the more specific focus of the mdgs on child mortality maternal health hivaids malaria and tuberculosis recognises the immense significance of global health threats that have risen to prominence in the interim noncommunicable diseases now account for million deaths per year of which million are in low to mediumincome countries who a mental illness is expected to account for per cent of the global burden of disease by with young people disproportionately affected biddle and asare consistent international data indicate that inactivity directly accounts for between and per cent of all healthcare costs davis et al,3
+a country can find itself in an emergency situation due to a specific shock that requires a rapid response a price spike of a staple food or sudden food inflation a severe drought that produces crop failure or an economic slowdown reducing the income of the poor a local natural disaster like an earthquake that destroys assets and livelihoods the framework set out in this report is not concerned with the management of disasters and emergencies themselves but rather with the portfolio of policies that can respond to transitory shocks to food availability and access many countries are prone to potential events that could occur at any time and plunge large segments of the population into extreme food insecurity of unspecified duration,2
+two recent government decisions seem to suggest a new intent to achieve these goals the national health council which was established legally over years ago but never put to work has been activated and an nhs portal wwwsnsgovpt has been launched it works at arm s length from the ministry to promote system transparency and accountability to society the new nhs portal provides detailed information about how nhs facilities function including waiting times for outpatient consultations emergency services and elective surgery the new nhs portal also provides a transparency area making a wide range of indicators on nhs access efficiency and quality available in real time however life expectancy at birth has increased by over four years since and is higher than the eu average mortality rates for the most common causes of death cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers have been decreasing but some unfavourable trends have emerged such as the increase in number of deaths caused by diabetes,3
+this work has highlighted the differences between the types of risks faced and the respective role of government in addressing them namely some level of fluctuations in output or price represent normal risks and should be managed by producers on the other extreme there are catastrophic risks from extreme uncertain and infrequent events that create damage beyond the capacity of farmers or the market to cope,2
+nevertheless wider adoption of the technology faces some stiff challenges the deployment of connected devices many of which were designed without much thought for security can contain dangerous vulnerabilities connecting large numbers of new devices to the internet can create serious bottlenecks in telecommunication systems,9
+as discussed below some procedures are performed very infrequently in kazakhstan implying that access to them is likely to be uneven referred patients have a higher likelihood of being admitted than those who arrive by ambulance or through selfreferral the most common reason for patients being refused admission including those with referrals is lack of medical necessity unplanned procedures also represent the bulk of surgical activity in most kazakh hospitals unplanned admissions occupy beds intended for planned activities can lead to the postponement of necessary care thereby becoming in effect a barrier to access while waiting times appear short given the low volumes of surgical procedures performed comparisons should be made with caution,3
+while the pervasiveness of serious market failures in the health care sector means that markets alone cannot produce efficient outcomes the introduction of regulated competition in some areas of health care supply can improve user choice efficiency and innovation establishing a separation between purchaser and provider functions is at the heart of the creation of markettype mechanisms with such settings the purchaser is in principle able to maximise valueformoney for its residents by buying medical services from competing suppliers either public or private though this requires sufficient size and expertise more choice is provided to users though control over patients choices remains tighter than in insurancebased systems where choices are individual rather than made by purchasing organisations,3
+accelerating investment in public transport is the backbone of all urban green growth strategies however given the demand for travel and the increasing dependency on automobiles a multidimensional approach and policy alignment across governments are crucial a number of specific re technologies show particular potential for development meanwhile the thai government should continue to roll back fossil fuel subsidies and gradually increase the carbon tax on transport fuels and electricity in proportion to their relative carbon intensity to reflect their real cost to society,11
+principal changes include modification and stabilisation of the inlets via the construction of long jetties and outer sea walls dredging of broader and deeper navigation channels to favour tanker cruise ship and container traffic land reclamation on marshy areas and fish farm development through the closing off of vast areas of the lagoon periphery to tidal excursion these modifications intensified during the latter part of the twentieth century to support the growth of industrial activities in the marghera area whose legacy left contaminants especially heavy metals and complex hydrocarbons in the various layers of lagoon sediment capodaglio et al human activities especially industrial production in marghera which extracted large volumes of groundwater have caused a further compaction of the soil,6
+over ehealth en zelfredzaamheid van patienten in de ggz ehealth facetofacebook about ehealth and selfreliance of patients in mental health care erasmus university rotterdam tyimbos online available at wwwtrimbosnl accessed july riper h l kooistra j de wit w van ballegooijen en t donker preventie emental health kennissythese prevention emental health knowledge synthesis zonmw almost all oecd countries reported that they had a national mental health user group see chapter and in many instances user groups have local branches that organise meetings to offer peer support discussion and information often support groups are disorder specific for example in germany more than selfhelp support groups were identified covering a broad range of psychiatric disorders particularly groups for families and partners bereavement anxiety disorders depression and eating disorders,3
+the rdp has been greatly influenced by the prevailing sectoral policy approach in the central government between and the rdp was transformed from an urban and regional development programme into a collection of specific sectoral policies that had already existed such as the programme for the development of singleindustry towns modernisation of housing and communal facilities ak bulak programme and affordable housing programme these sectoral policies were put together as part of the rdp without any preliminary assessment of their efficiency for instance until recently the ak bulak programme focused exclusively on supplying drinking water and did not include any assessment of the possible impact of subjecting the sewage system to increasing volumes of water,11
+there is some evidence to support these claims but this line of research should be deepened thus to ensure that these benefits are realised the design of resource efficiency policies should be guided by an assessment of their costs and benefits particularly when establishing objectives and targets the g can play an important role in this respect including by supporting businesses in their supply chain management efforts addressing trade and investment related obstacles using official development assistance to support resource efficiency efforts and improving environmental labelling and information schemes as well as resource efficiency data and indicators more broadly,12
+it is projected that four countries will experience slow urbanisation increasing less than percentage points in urbanisation levels between and djibouti mauritius which will continue to experience negative urbanisation swaziland and zimbabwe while african urbanisation patterns are diverse up to now few may be deemed sustainable economically socially or environmentally as confirmed by the aeo experts survey figure s without productive jobs in rural areas most economies have seen labour move from agriculture into urban lowskilled and informal service activities,11
+as the first initiative to address auto fuel economy specifically in the region this project is a part of the global fuel economy initiative gfei road freight is projected to grow to mainly in nonoecd countries from weight class based regulations fuel consumption per tonnekm costing usd billion will provide usd billion in cost savings over vehicle life why do top runner energy efficiency standard regulations result in large positive and negative costs,7
+in germany though where male earnings are widely seen as crucial to securing the income required to have children the likelihood of having a child increases considerably when men earn significantly more than their partners fertility behaviour would then become less dependent on partnered women working parttime in selected occupations and on the traditional household division of labour reconciliation policies those which seek to balance employment and family commitments are thus a critical component of environments that seek to foster higher fertility rates and the more equally balanced participation of men and women in the labour market,5
+cambodia s strategic program for climate resilience includes an action on strengthening institutional capacity for planning and implementing climate actions cif in addition of the eu member countries had developed a national adaptation strategy by april eu indeed burkina faso one of the two countries to have submitted a nap to date via the unfccc s nap central indicates that the process of developing a nap was long and costly cnpp,13
+this transfer will lead to a substantial increase in water scarcity in terms of the amount of water available for irrigation compared to water demand for irrigation as the projected decline in irrigation water use for china and some countries in the middle east and north africa shows water quality impairments can lead to increased competition among water users for the shrinking supplies of unpolluted water pollutants can include both humaninduced pollution such as salinisation microbiological contamination eutrophication and excess nutrients acidification metal pollutants toxic wastes saltwater contamination thermal pollution and increases in total suspended solids as well as natural pollutants such as arsenic and fluoride poor water quality increasingly constrains agricultural and economic development in densely populated regions that experience water scarcity and are plagued by poor wastewater treatment particularly in densely populated asia,6
+in principle domestic production should for the most part trickle down to domestic households which implies that absent measurement and methodological considerations and controlling for shifts in terms of trade the elasticity of average household disposable income to gdp per capita should be close to one in the long run associated distributional patterns depend on the differential effects of gdp per capita growth across income groups the question is then whether economic growth lifts all boats including incomes at the lower end of the distribution,10
+the performance agreement outlines key objectives that the institution should strive to achieve over the course of a threeyear period the ministry meets with each institution during the year to discuss progress towards achieving these goals each institution is required at the end of the year to report data to the database for statistics on higher education dbh and to present an annual report to the ministry this information is used by the ministry to develop an annual report on the state of higher education and to develop an annual feedback letter for institutions about their annual performance larsen et al,4
+there is also a decreasing trend of discharges treated according to regulatory requirements in ukraine the impact of the presence of viruses and bacteria from insufficient wastewater treatment is however assessed by the republic of moldova as local and moderate in ukraine of surface water samples do not meet the requirements for bacterial indicators,6
+the values for the three indicators for white male heads of household are below average for both years whereas the values for all other categories were above the average signalling a greater propensity to monetary and multidimensional poverty the values of both types of poverty indicators were lower in than in the trend in terms of deprivation as measured by at least one indicator is unclear since all the cohorts register similar values around,1
+in some countries ui ua benefits for young unemployed decrease when they live with their parents australia new zealand and finland in finland the benefit is reduced with the parents income above a certain threshold in denmark unemployed youth who joined the voluntary ui immediately after finishing their education receive a reduced ui amount either or of the maximum ui benefit received by unemployed with an employment record,8
+while the core component of a decentralised energy system is distributed generation the system can be further combined with various energy storage and demand response solutions while heat cannot be transported over long distances distributed generation that is located closer to the consumers can allow for coordination between heat and electricity generation through combined heat and power plants chps since heat is often a byproduct of electricity generation the use of chp increases the system s efficiency and can thus reduce the environmental impact by limiting greenhouse gas emissions,7
+alcoholrelated deaths are more than two times greater than the eu average onethird of health spending comes from private sources largely outofpocket payments in addition informal payments are not uncommon in lithuania the lithuanian health insurance system has an effective countercyclical mechanism in place and was successful in protecting public spending on health at the time of the financial crises quality indicators provide a mixed picture but both hospital and primary care services are improving their performance,3
+but the status of early warning for the region as a whole was transformed following the indian ocean tsunami which affected countries in asia and africa and led to over deaths with no tsunami early warning system in place at the time most of the victims received no warning at all it had a profound impact on the development of the hyogo framework of action hfa only weeks later,13
+while indicators for the security of supply had been discussed before their application to consistent data had so far been lacking despite such progress monetisation remains elusive since the security of energy supply is tied closely to broad highlevel policy issues such as national sovereignty as well as to complex social attitudes towards risk monetisation is currently not a viable option,7
+all provinces and territories provide preprimary education for yearolds school is compulsory until age or depending on the province or territory and grade repetition is below the oecd average attainment in uppersecondary education is above the oecd average due to the structure of education systems in most canadian provinces and territories the proportion of students enrolled in vocational education and training vet programmes at upper secondary level is among the smallest in the oecd,4
+without diversity these crops do not provide wholesome nutrition according to graziano da silva fao a dependence on a few crops has adverse consequences for ecosystems food diversity and health food monotony also increases the risk of micronutrient deficiency the world population is around billion and is expected to increase to billion by un world population prospects,2
+it mandated that any municipality located within km from the outer limit of an urban agglomeration w ould lose its right to elaborate a land use plan and give building permits if it were not covered by a territorial coherence plan schema de coherence territoriale scot a form of intermunicipal plan whereby municipalities commit themselves to integrated and joint development this rule created a very strong incentive for municipalities to join the scot but it was not enough to limit urban sprawl from persisting writing in a government note on the matter comments that only of the territoiy is currently covered by an enforceable scot and that their coverage is not wcllconnected to areas of population growth moreover industrial and commercial developments have continued to contribute to sprawl,11
+inventories can provide the starting point to characterize and disseminate the socioeconomic importance of fisheries in terms of peoples participation economic investments vessels size and numbers and returns landings in volumes and currency inventories can also be used to characterize fisheries in terms of their potential impacts on biodiversity eg by itemizing bycatch species in aquaculture inventories of farming installations can provide policymakers with the knowledge to enable effective planning and management,14
+there are now transport card companies including kscc operating in different cities and provinces through direct service contracts with subnational authorities beyond these conventional prepaid sendees ten commercial banks nationwide also topped their own credit or debit cards with a public transport card function with deferred payment transfer discounts are applicable for up to times a day within a transfer time limit of minutes up to hour from pm to am the next day the user simply needs to tap his device on the sensors as heshe gets off the bus or exits the subway,11
+the first target of the first sdg proposed by the open working group owg of member states is to eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere by the second target is to reduce at least by half the proportion of people living in poverty according to national definitions these are noble and historic targets for global progress they deserve their status at the top of the list at the same time they illustrate issues affecting a considerable number of the development targets proposed by owg such as how do we measure them and are they plausible,1
+however the institutional setting of the agencies under its supervision was subject to significant adjustment as part of the programme for restructuring the government s central administration prace the purpose of this programme launched by the central government in was to increase the coherence and efficiency of public administration the apa is the principal body responsible for monitoring and implementing environmental policies with regard to climate change air pollution and air quality noise reduction and waste management in the area of nature protection and biodiversity conservation reorganisation of the institute for nature conservation and biodiversity icnb has included the establishment of five new regional departments for management of classified areas dgacs in the institute for the regulation of water and solid waste irar responsible for regulating water and waste services was reorganised into the water and waste services regulation authority ersar,6
+the total area mainland and sea under permanent protection in croatia steadily increased over the period table and map by the end of there were nature sites protected in nine categories table the national protected areas feature internationally recognized protected areas including five ramsar sites cma mlaka lonjsko polje and mokro polje kopacki rit neretva river delta and vransko lake two biosphere reserves muradravadanube regional park and kopacki rit nature park and a world heritage site plitvice lakes national park,15
+data are sampled from the operating model to mimic collection of fishery dependent data and research surveys and their inherent variability these data are passed to the assessment model which estimates parameters such as indicators of current abundance the assessment model can explicitly calculate stock abundance or may focus on a simple indicator such as standardized cpue whatever will actually be used in the decision rule,14
+far fewer women than men become entrepreneurs and most of those who do create microfirms that contribute little to formal employment value added or productivity growth however some reservations introduced by the countries have not yet been lifted and still affect the legal impacts of cedaw the countries have also committed to regional standards on gender equality and nondiscrimination,5
+additionally the brazilian institute for environment and renewable natural resources instituto brasileiro do meio ambiente e dos recursos naturais renovaveis ibama has initiated a satellite monitoring programme for the other terrestrial biomes in the country although the data on the other biomes are not yet as precise as the forest monitoring system for the amazon biome inpe and ibama are collaborating to develop monitoring systems across the country which can provide data on deforestation and land use that is comparable and continuous oecd b such information on the status and trends in ecosystem change can enable prioritisation of policy action in sectors and activities which have the most impact on these resources,15
+and as much as learningtolearn skills are important we always learn by learning something they do not reflect the actual population of countries or sampled groups perhaps surprisingly data use and research literacy is a relatively weak area of the teacher knowledge base as measured in this assessment part of that work consisted of an indepth study of some learning environments that have taken the innovation journey oecd,4
+one explanation offered for this is that people at the bottom of the distribution scale did not benefit as much from growth as other sectors of the population over the decade morley szekely generally speaking less unequal countries performed worse on average than more unequal ones over the decade as described in gasparini inequality increased in argentina the bolivarian republic of venezuela and uruguay whose economies have lower levels of inequality while countries where inequality fell were invariably those with high initial levels of inequality this was compounded by the effects of structural reform trade liberalization financial reform tax reform privatizations and labourmarket reforms in the case of trade opening the evidence suggests that this contributed to rising inequality see the reviews in taylor and goldberg and ravnick while for the other reforms analyses are less compelling,10
+an assessment of the carrying capacity levels in israel s protected areas should be prepared box they include hiking trails camping areas and areas for sports and recreation activities forests adjacent to nature reserves attract visitors and consequently help lower visitor pressure on nature reserves,15
+this report finds that mexico has a long way to go on the road to gender equality mexican womens economic outcomes including labour force participation continue to lag behind those in most other oecd countries mexicos adolescent pregnancy rate remains high and the share of young women not in employment education or training is nearly four times the share for young men mexican women continue to suffer from high levels of violence and face pervasive gender stereotyping,5
+however the survey method does provide information about issues especially perceptions that could not be obtained through other methods in addition the talis video study will provide important perspectives on the validity of selfreport data because it will collect both survey and video data because the database does not allow identification of classrooms it is not possible to link teachers with their class students student outcomes can therefore be associated only with the schoolaggregated indicator of teachers that review argued for better national and international information on teachers these were attracting developing and retaining effective teachers school policies and effectiveness and quality teachers and teaching,4
+adequacy is generally assessed using indicators such as the probability of lost load or the expected duration of load curtailment consequently assessing the amount of power they can be expected to produce with a reasonable degree of confidence when demand is the highest is challenging this capacity credit of renewables depends on the correlation between wind sun and demand,7
+poor sanitation and wastewater management leads to contamination of fresh water sources and is a major cause of disease and death while also being detrimental to the health of ecosystems nevertheless improvements among asiapacific subregions vary in terms of both speed of progress and attainment levels in the pacific overall coverage has declined from percent in to per cent in access to basic sanitation is a particular concern in papua new guinea and solomon islands where less than a third of the countries populations had access to improved sanitation in with limited or no progress over the levels recorded in that is from per cent in to per cent in and from per cent in to per cent in respectively,6
+the authorities should swiftly proceed to implement the quality assurance system to counteract potential adverse effects of relying on enrolments and the number of graduates to determine public funding this constraint adversely affects the position of public heis to compete for hiring and retaining most talented staff considering that salaries are included in the lumpsum public funding and heis are autonomous in the allocation of those funds heis should be given more freedom to determine the salaries of their academic staff,4
+recent joint public commitments highlight convergence around key principles and greater ambition all new operations are to be screened for short and long term climate change and disaster risks and where risks exist they will be addressed with appropriate resilience measures screening tools have been developed for the national policy level along with projectlevel tools and a specific sector tool for agriculture the tools are designed to help increase the effectiveness and longevity of investments,13
+in addition irena estimates that about of ukraine s renewable energy potential is in biomass where most biomass operations could be undertaken by agricultural companies a commission establishes the level of green tariffs the feedin tariffs are paid both to new and existing renewable energy plants the tariff system was revised in july reducing the level of tariff for solar which had been among the highest in the world establishing a fairer system of quarterly euroindexation and restructuring the local component requirements moving to a bonus rather than a mandatory requirement which had been acting as a barrier to investment the revised tariffs are listed in table,7
+thus important challenges remain to be tackled so that riga and latvia can reach their national targets of reducing fatalities by by european commission the following sections delve into governance structures of road safety and further explore specific policies and mechanisms that were introduced to improve road safety performance in the city of riga it sets out the main principles and governance bodies for the organisation of road traffic and the responsibilities of different administrative levels it organises and coordinates the development and implementation of national policies and monitors compliance with laws and regulations concerning road traffic safety,11
+it is also noticeable that while for both jamaica and st luda the dramatic fall in treatment costs caused the share of gdp lost to be reduced in the case of trinidad and tobago the opposite happened the downward effect of the fall in treatment costs was more than compensated for by the upward impact of the significant increase in the number of infected individuals the results of the study are summarised in table which shows hivaids negatively impacting on key macroeconomic variables,3
+nevertheless this approach could be used to report climaterelevant information voluntarily to the unfccc as well several countries that provide development support to developing countries also report on this information domestically for example in financial yearbooks and public expenditure reports article of the paris agreement stipulates that developed countries shall communicate indicative quantitative and qualitative information on finance provided and mobilised including as available projected levels of public financial resources the use of the term indicative suggests this provision refers to communication of expected amounts of finance to be provided and mobilised in the future such reporting which is currently voluntary could be made more complete and transparent unfccc d,13
+the cefc also invests with cofinanciers to develop new sources of capital for the clean energy sector in line with its policy intent the corporation considers the positive externalities and public policy outcomes when making investment decisions and when determining whether concessional funding should be granted funding is for projects valued up to aud million and is aimed at cutting energy and carbon emissions in small to medium enterprises including farms,7
+assuming the full effectiveness of c fertilization climate change impacts on yields are reduced to a range of between and percent for maize between and percent for wheat between and percent for rice and between and percent for soybean if limits on access to nitrogen are explicitly considered crops benefit less from c fertilization and negative climate impacts are amplified muller and elliott the most important impacts are on animal productivity animal health and biodiversity the quality and amount of feed supply and the carrying capacity of pastures,13
+in addition high administrative costs are incurred in the application of means tests in order to verify eligibility for free basic supply to avoid these administrative costs some municipalities have opted to apply free basic allocation to all domestic consumers with the unintended consequence that wealthy consumers receive the free basic allocation if they happen to reside in one of those municipalities south africa has one of the lowest electricity tariffs in the world with an average selling price as illustrated below at around usd per kwh despite the tariff regime there is argued and documented energy poverty among both electrified and nonelectrified consumers department of energy g,7
+no major reform of the public sector is expected before the resumption of a functioning government as the number of public sector employment opportunities declines the expectation is that workers will be absorbed by the private sector which is unlikely unless it significantly expands at the same time public sector workers will need retraining to develop the skills required by private sector employers or to start their own businesses an educated and skilled labour force is critical for developing the private sector entrepreneurship and smes,8
+use a differentiated approach to reach out to students at different stages of their study process use performance assessment exercises including regular feedback sessions with people from the business community alumni entrepreneurs and students and to track and survey alumni with entrepreneurial careers build and expand linkages between research and teaching for example by getting doctoral students to work on research topics related to entrepreneurship education recognise that compulsory courses may reduce genuine interest in entrepreneurship interdisciplinary team efforts in entrepreneurship education allow individuals to concentrate on what they know and like best and at the same time become familiar with new knowledge that can be associated in a new way of solving a problem or creating a new product or service,4
+the proportion of older people who reported being mistreated or witnessing the mistreatment of a fellow resident was in uruguay around in argentina and in chile these figures are a cause for concern as the study included a direct question on this issue similarly provide mental health services to older persons living in longterm care establishments in practice government bodies responsible for overseeing such services usually report problems in assessing compliance with care standards in private institutions in some cases only institutions that receive state funding are monitored,3
+domestic investment is even much lower since no domestic investment has been registered for crops and usd million has been registered for livestock and fisheries table however additional dica data show that as of october domestic investment in crops reached around usd million and domestic investment in livestock and fisheries around usd million,2
+given that approximately of poor children in twoparent families lived with a father who was not working for most of the year in increasing coverage of unemployment andor social assistance benefits could improve the standard of living of many poor children relative poverty is among households headed by a nonregular worker compared to only in those headed by a regular worker oecd reducing the barriers between regular and nonregular employment is key to improving the living standards of oneearner households for example one option may be to further limit opening hours,1
+this requires the close integration of the different active and passive labourmarket policies including unemployment insurance a key dimension is that of increasing productivity both by reassigning workers from one sector to another structural change and by making improvements within sectors this requirement is due to the possible effect of high employment insecurity on confidence in political institutions as well as the short and longterm impact on the wellbeing of households especially those with low income levels eclac a page this also means not reversing course in respect of the labour advances achieved in the recent period,8
+the number of preschool institutions was units in with a net enrolment of children a significant increase from children enrolled in mesrk b the duration of lower secondary education is years followed either by years in general upper secondary education or or years in technical and vocational education students that successfully complete general or vocational upper secondary education can attend either postsecondary technical and vocational training programmes or continue to higher education oecd,4
+it outlines information on climaterelated development finance and sectors where such finance is directed as well as policies directly or indirectly relating to mobilisation of finance for climate actions this amount covers both finance for adaptation and mitigation while excluding overlapping finance for both mitigation and adaptation it accounts for of the total climaterelated development finance committed globally in and ie usd billion per year on twoyear average more specifically climaterelated development finance committed to mitigation in the eecca is of that for all the recipients globally while adaptation finance accounts for of the global total,13
+in the absence of these conditions decentralization can lead to capture by local elites in reality such transfers generally give little weight to levels of poverty or vulnerability being based more on the size of the population or the geographical area fiscal transfers thus fail to address regional inequalities indeed the rich regions may get more than the poor,1
+balance also requires the need for an individual to live in harmony with others their community and the spirit world hence indigenous peoples idea of sickness or illness tends to refer to an absence of wellbeing indigenous liaison and caseworkers are able to offer more culturally sensitive services and are working hard to impact the policies and practices of their organizations to be more responsive to indigenous clients,3
+in contrast in the value of dried salted and smoked fish was down on the previous year the prices of whole atlantic mackerel and whole spanish mackerel also increased the price of whole cuttlefish did not change and neither did the prices of dogfish and anglerfish the producer prices of tuna supplied to industry fell by to eur per tonne,14
+these may be based on age sex or income level or groups of risks based on people s environment such as the roadway home workplace or residential area thus selected individuals or groups of individuals exposed to similar risks are targeted by preventive programmes to help them to avoid these risks or to detect specific conditions at an early stage although some risks are related to specific health conditions the same or similar types of risks may lead to various health conditions thus overlaps may exist in the coverage of programmes depending on their structure at the national level,3
+however this positive effect is limited by the small amount of attention which ghps have dedicated to strengthening national health systems and by the unintended adverse impact that they may have on those systems as discussed below in addition the provision of services does not reflect the actual use of those services by different sectors of society there is ample evidence that improvements in access to antiretroviral treatments in africa for example do not necessarily lead to the actual use of those treatments by many people especially among the poor to achieve this requires strengthening national structures of primary health care aiming at providing rational evidencebased and anticipatory responses to health needs and to social expectations,3
+a permit is not required in cases of wastewater discharge chapter food production impacts the water quality with high loadings of nutrients and organic material the mining industry with heavy metals and suspended material agreements are signed by industrial plants and local authorities however in view of the fact that no regulations exist for indirect discharges which cause problems in public wastewater treatment and worsen water pollution requirements are not placed there,6
+loans from these institutions generally have a longer tenure than from commercial banks which helps lower the energy tariff their participation also lowers the risk profile and thus the cost of funds however it is important to satisfy the more stringent requirements of the development institutions particularly regarding transparency and minimizing environmental and social impacts it is envisaged that energy connectivity electricity transmission lines markets and natural gas pipelines will initially strengthen the systems in the four subregions southeast asia south asia central asia and northeast asia,7
+from the populationbased survey botswana aids impact survey bias ii the national average prevalence was estimated at per cent while for those aged years it was estimated that per cent was hivpositive csonaca a third populationbased survey was completed and preliminary results have just been released indicating some slight increase in prevalence to per cent csonaca women account for a majority about per cent of people living with hivaids just like botswana lesotho has been experiencing declines in infection levels among young pregnant women falling from per cent in to per cent in,3
+nevertheless the average number of physician contacts per person is not greater than the eu average for example home visits to patients by gps are a regular practice and patients do not usually have to wait long to get access to gps although waiting times for more specialised services eg mental health specialists ophthalmologists dermatologists can be longer nurses also play a key role in providing home care services to people with chronic diseases or disability,3
+farmers in drier areas east coast of both islands or in colder areas especially in the south island often carry more than one years supply of feed but very seldom more than two years supply in recent adverse events while feed reserves within the affected area were limited sufficient feed was brought in from outside the area there is also an increasing trade in imported feed particularly palm kernel extract mostly from malaysia which is largely fed to dairy cows,2
+emirate transport worked with the bus manufacturer to adjust the efficiency of applications such as the air conditioning to comply with local regulations and specifications numerous integrated bus power stations will be constructed that will recharge the batteries within four hours it garners the clean development mechanism to fund the project more effectively,11
+the kor timor associate was not familiar with the social enterprise concept though her description indicates the business is a social enterprise it represents an alternative to flyin flyout highend tourism such as has been established across the pacific where visitors pay to stay in luxury international hotels eat largely imported food and have minimal contact with the local people ecotourism aims to develop smallscale locally run hotels and restaurants that will use local products and local staff as much as possible,8
+in these cases it is the chairman of the intercommunal body who will have primary responsibility for planning decisions french property expropriations for private uses of land are not possible reasons for expropriations include the construction of infrastructure public buildings and housing developments as well as the establishment of nature reserves,11
+the premium is then set as the difference in the average wind market price and the feed in tariff level this represents an implicit floor price guarantee for the wind farm at the level of the regulated tariff all wind generators that achieve a higher price on the market have an advantage all who make a below average revenue get less,7
+meanwhile greater mobility has increased the spread of infectious diseases across oceans and facilitated global pandemics such as influenza and sars that threaten developed as well as developing countries now we find ourselves in the midst of yet another transformation in biomedical science the first decades of the current century may well be remembered for the advances occurring in genomics and in associated areas of science and technology these advances promise new understandings of disease and more effective ways of tackling ill health,3
+experimental evidence in sri lanka shows that women who have less autonomy in household and business decisions invest a smaller portion of their grant in assets that are easy to capture de mel et al for ghana fafchamps et al capital injections significantly raised profits only for a subset of highability women,5
+it is the reason why the international labour organization constitution tells us labour is not a commodity and we know that the quality of work defines in so many ways the quality of a society so we must begin by helping the working poor step out of poverty and informality into quality livelihoods selfemployment or a formal job,1
+groups branded as terrorists around the world use violence to express their deep resentment against perceived economic political and cultural domination men who engage in violence against women communicate to women that they should keep in their place below men women who engage in child abuse communicate that they have power over children,5
+as groundwater resources run out those in the informal settlements are most immediately affected smallscale farmers in the sanaa governorate are also vulnerable given that groundwater which represents their main source of income is depleting at a faster pace with each passing year which forces communities to relocate however for the city as a whole including informal settlements it would be easy to secure the drinking water source by reallocating per cent of the irrigation share in the basin to the domestic supply some physical investments and economic incentives are needed to apply this solution,6
+people are often simply unable to find a job in the formal part of the economy due for example to a shortage of employment opportunities or a low level of formal education such workers have generally no other choice than to seek a job within the informal economy since they cannot afford to be unemployed high taxes bureaucratic procedures and corruption can make formal employment complicated and expensive,8
+the document provides concrete examples such as mapping out the necessity of using genderequal staffing procedures for positions responding to asylum seekers swedish law requires antidiscrimination measures be taken into account during the formation of public procurement contracts and government spending above a fixed amount is also legally obligated to apply antidiscrimination conditions in procurement contracts callerstig forthese reasons the swedish association of local authorities and regions published a guide on gender procurement which informs on the legal possibilities of imposing gender equality criteria in public procurement on the one hand and contains practical examples on the other one the guide emphasises ex ante efforts specifically the role of planning and design as well as that of feasibility studies it considers the core of gender procurement to revolve around ensuring all citizens are offered equal services while increasing efficiency and quality of services offered,5
+the resulting edge indicators are part of the broader minimum set of gender indicators as supported by the iaeggs under the aegis of the united nations which includes indicators on access to media education health public life and decision making and human rights the areas selected for initial focus are education employment entrepreneurship and asset ownership activities will include the development of a database for international data compilation covering basic education and employment indicators the drawing up of standards and guidelines for entrepreneurship and asset ownership indicators and related pilot data collection in ten countries,5
+addressing greenhouse gas ghg emissions without improving energy efficiency would worsen energy poverty the region achieved access to clean fuels and technology for cooking in up from in but million people in remote regions still relied on traditional fuels for cooking in the growth rate from was per annum almost equal to the global rate of decomposition analysis shows that changes in energy intensity since result from decoupling energy consumption from economic growth through efficiency gains,7
+clifford and clancy using a detailed model of the allisland single electricity market show that the wind generation expected in will reduce irelands wholesale market cost of electricity by around eur million this is approximately equivalent to the sum of the public service obligation financing the feedin tariff for wind cost estimated as eur million and the increased constraint or balancing costs incurred due to wind in the reduction of irelands dependence on fossil fuels and the c emission cuts cost nothing in this case despite the persistence of the support scheme which ensures recovery of the longterm costs of electricity generation from the wind even when the market prices are low,7
+figure shows the intensity and development speed in ictrelated technologies the size of the bubble indicates the burst intensity and different shades indicate the different technologies that burst the x axis indicates the year in which the technology bursts and the y axis indicates the number of years during which patents field are accelerating before levelling off,9
+the mothers all live and work locally and they drop their children off in the morning and pick them up as soon as they have finished work the children are given lunch and spend most of the day watchingchildrenstvandor playing with each other in the small space it is primarily rubka who looks after all the children as well as doing domestic work but this arrangement works for her as it allows her to also look after her threeyearold son yafit which she would not have been able to do in a regular job as a domestic worker,5
+the criminal justice system should seek to restore and reinforce those qualities while avoiding measures that revictimize the victim in violence against women cases the criminal justice system needs to shift the focus away from questioning the credibility of victims to enhancing evidencegathering and casebuilding and ensuring consistency in investigation prosecution and punishment this could include early case discussion between police and prosecutor to explore potential evidential weaknesses and whether these might be addressed through additional evidence expert testimony research findings or courtroom advocacy,5
+figure shows that selfemployed women earn significantly less than men across countries the gaps in earnings from selfemployment are substantial everywhere and wider than those observed in wage employment the gap narrows however when calculated on the basis of earnings per hour worked as women tend to work significantly less time on their businesses there is also less disparity when only the selfemployed with employees are considered,5
+some of these healthcare schemes such as that for blue and white collar workers were vertically integrated in that they also ran hospitals and primary care facilities to which patients were directed or obliged to visit at the same time the ministry of health operated a network of preventative and primary healthcare centres and hospitals though it often suffered from shortages in critical staff and basic resources particularly in regional areas the poor with green cards were eligible for free primary and emergency hospital care but did not receive reimbursements for outpatient care and had limited reimbursements for pharmaceuticals,3
+a related challenge lies in the recruitment of unqualified teachers by private establishments an issue which is dealt with by regular institutional inspections currently the mauritius institute of training and development mitd is working with a network of around enterprises on this project and more than apprentices are enrolled every year to follow courses under the scheme representing per cent of total preemployment training the figure shows that apprenticeship training contributes to enhancing the employability of young people,4
+under authority of the fisheries act the aar provides greater environmental assurances and regulatory stability for businesses world s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the fao yearbook fishery and aquaculture statistics both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production aquaculture lias also been adjusted to account for the value of chinese production reported to the oecd fish stocks data were sourced from canadas sustainability survey for fisheries,14
+as a result adaptation is often a relatively small component of larger programmes strategies and plans that may not explicitly target climate change but that nevertheless influence the country s climate resilience eg disaster risk management and flood protection strategies such an integrated approach makes it difficult to determine the attribution of specific initiatives to adaptation and to distinguish their impact from national development in general however if the strategic policy on adaptation is complemented by an action plan with clearly defined objectives it may be possible to assess the attribution of these confined objectives in the short and mediumterm,13
+innovators face larger uncertainty and information asymmetries as well as larger sunk costs since markets are often created from scratch and require infrastructureecosystem development to become profitable all of which result in missed markets moreover among the relatively large pool of potentially successful inclusive innovations that have been developed few have managed to reach a large enough scale to make a sizeable impact localisation can be critical eg for agricultural activities not only to improve local production techniques but also to adapt them to specific rural contexts,9
+both spouses are responsible for managing the family and bringing up the children and a wife with financial resources must contribute towards providing for the needs of the family any agreement to the contrary is deemed null and void article of the tunisian personal status law as amended in article of the moroccan family law article of the moroccan family law,5
+however there are many obstacles the council of higher education prohibits the recognition of technical courses like the ones offered by ina at almost all universities with the exception of the national technical university ina its objectives are to coordinate the activity of training institutions and meet the needs of the productive sector to promote technical education to collaborate in the attraction of hightech investment and to advise the government in the field of technical education mep,4
+supporting such potentially productive people with economic opportunities can thus generate substantial national returns while their continuous exclusion represents a missed opportunity to the state as the gnsp states with their basic subsistence secured the extremely poor will regain their confidence and seek to engage in productive activities to support themselves and ultimately contribute to national development republic of ghana p specifically leap targets extremely poor households which include one or several elderly persons over the age of who have no means of support lowincome victims of natural or manmade disasters persons with a severe disability and orphans and vulnerable children republic of ghana pp,1
+within this framework a relatively large share of the total land area is protected about of land area is currently classified as nature reserves primarily for nature conservation and as national parks primarily for conservation of heritage and archaeology although the number and extent of protected areas are increasing they do not adequately represent the country s diversity of habitats,15
+new technologies will help to further reduce trade costs our projections predict that trade could grow yearly by to percentage points more until as a result of the falling trade costs amounting to a cumulated growth of to percentage points over years trade in information technology products has tripled in the past two decades reaching us trillion in,9
+the circular economy represents a life cycle approach to maximise value creation in each link of the system the overarching goals are to enhance the restorative capacity of natural resources improve the reuse aid recycling of products and raw materials phase out waste and hazardous substances and transition towards renewable and sustainable energy supplies in recent years the netherlands has begun laying the groundwork towards a circular economy,11
+plans to expand telehealth however need to be supported by the necessary infrastructure to facilitate this technology patient travel assistance schemes should be evaluated and refined to ensure national consistency around eligibility requirements and levels of reimbursement as earlier highlighted the differing criteria make patients eligible in some states but not others an approach that better reflects the true costs of travel would make the scheme more equitable and support patients to move more easily,3
+similarly studies on the cultivation of fsf crops in paddy fallow revealed that these crops respond positively to balanced nutrient management inclusive of secondary and micronutrients similar results have been reported from watersheds in china india thailand and viet nam wani pathak and jangawad wani joshi and raju wani etal chickpea is a crop that attracts little privatesector involvement because of its lowseedmultiplication rate its production being limited to the rabi season and vulnerability to storage pests throughout the intervening rainy season,2
+this mode is being implemented to reduce congestion and promote healthier living by some cities that are experiencing congested sidewalks and broken bicycles that contribute to unsightly littering with government support both are also operating in singapore the fastest adopters of this mode of transport are young users mobike has bicycles and records rides a day,11
+provinces and territories provide minoritylanguage education where there is a sufficient number of qualifying students french or english depending on the jurisdiction in pisa students in majoritylanguage schools outperformed their peers in minoritylanguage schools in at least one test topic in six of the seven canadian provinces with sufficiently large minoritylanguage populations measuring up canadian results of the oecd pisa study nativeborn students and students with an immigrant background in canada showed no significant difference in mathematics performance in pisa among aboriginal people aged to had no certificate diploma or degree compared to for nonaboriginal people in the same age group,4
+it is important to provide information and guidance for parents to increase enrolment in preprimary education for all children regardless of their socioeconomic status governments should ensure that quality preprimary education is available locally especially when disadvantaged families are concentrated in certain geographic areas governments should also develop fair and efficient mechanisms for subsidising preprimary education to ease the financial burden on families,4
+it is essential to ensure that access to health services does not become less equitable as a result of ghp interventions new ghps should be introduced only where they support these objectives in this way ghp interventions can respond to the specific characteristics of domestic health systems and their respective needs,3
+premature death rates age group years from ischemic heart disease vary by nearly a factor of five between the region with the lowest mortality kyzylorda region and the much more rural pavlodar region similarly premature death rates from cerebrovascular disease are nearly three times higher in the mostly rural north kazakhstan region than in the city of astana which recorded the lowest mortality in the country moh overall the three risk factors that account for the greatest disease burden in kazakhstan are tobacco smoking alcohol use and excess weight ihme indeed a recent study kulkayeva et al,3
+data on patients collected by primary care providers forms the basis for an electronic database the quality indicators in community health care qich programme that is one of the most comprehensive in the oecd area oecd the qich data include basic patient demographics and more than measures across six areas asthma cancer screening immunisation for the elderly children s health cardiovascular health and diabetes the data also flag risk factors and log treatments drug utilisation and treatment outcomes,3
+cities have the capability to improve living and working conditions and to create an environment within which poor people are treated equitably by political and bureaucratic systems unfortunately however many poor do not benefit from the opportunities offered by cities wwwdfidgovukdocumentspublicationswssdnegcochinpdf urban poverty in india remains high at roughly per cent with an estimated million poor people in the cities and towns of india source national sample survey organization s survey report,1
+the programmes could focus more on closing teachers knowledge gaps in subject content and could be adapted more to the often especially difficult circumstances the systematic teacher evaluation that has been implemented in public schools is an excellent starting point to identify teachers individual strengths and weaknesses and guide them towards tailormade professional programmes the example of schools belonging to the sociedad de instruction primaria suggests that extensive inclass support for teachers can be very effective in helping them develop their pedagogical skills and maybe even overcome deficiencies in subject content knowledge box in chile a number of teachers are likely to require courses to improve their literacy and numeracy skills and help them teach this especially in the lower grades of primary schools,4
+section concludes the analysis the demand for food depends on among other factors population growth diet composition and income levels the supply of agricultural goods is to a large extent determined by the biophysical conditions that crops and livestock are exposed to but also by socioeconomic developments and agricultural and bioenergy policies,2
+specifically the convention includes the right to live independently and in the community article and the right to an adequate standard of living and social protection article these are linked to target that calls for enhanced inclusion and sustainable urbanization for sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries inclusion is also reflected in various sdgs,11
+in out of the countries with available data an individual can teach at the preprimary level of education after earning a bachelor s degree or equivalent isced level at the end of initial teacher education however there are some exceptions in the slovak republic preprimary teachers can start teaching w ith an upper secondary diploma but an increasing number of teachers have now a bachelor or a master degree in germany and ireland they can begin teaching after graduating from a postsecondary vocational programme in austria they typically start initial teacher training at age when they enter upper secondary education and graduate at isced level after two years of a short tertiary cycle programme eg higher technical and vocational college,4
+a related concern is that whereas the share of manufacturing in total employment used to peak at more than per cent in countries which now enjoy a high income this share has fallen to per cent for a typical developing country today figure bottom right panel however the past decade was marked by only modest productivity growth factors constraining higher productivity growth include skills and infrastructure deficits inefficient allocation of resources and weak technological innovation and diffusion,8
+both public and private investment buoyed the construction sector and created employment eased consumer credit conditions and low inflation also supported consumer spending cyclone winston affected fiji in february causing damage to agricultural output and tourism services in some parts of the country,8
+extensive college engagement occurs through student community service and volunteer programmes for example the perach programme which engages students from all israeli higher education institutions with children from disadvantaged socioeconomic background in raising aspirations the eight perach programmes in operation in the galilee involve approximately higher education students the authorities need to address these challenges in the periphery in a comprehensive way and mobilise appropriate levels of financial resources to support public education at all levels and for all population groups measureable targets should be set for higher education institutions regarding the enrolment and graduation rates of the minority groups institutionwide measures should be adopted to improve the retention rates of the first generation students there is also a need to increase the outreach efforts of the higher education institutions and share good practices among themselves in a systematic manner,4
+eutrophication discussed below acidification toxic contamination and micropollutants all place pressures on human health the cost of treating drinking water irrigation and the maintenance of aquatic ecosystems water quality that is too poor for use exacerbates the problem of water scarcity pollution loads from diffuse agricultural and urban sources fertilisers and pesticides runoff from sealed surfaces and roads and pharmaceuticals in animal and human waste are continuing challenges in many countries,6
+since urban lifestyle resource consumption and income status are factors contributing to the rising household waste generation targeted efforts at controlling household behaviour needs to be considered to minimise waste in this regard these policy instruments offer varied incentives to promote environmentally responsive consumer choices among households whether through economic instruments direct regulation or information based measures cebu city has a policy of no segregation no collection which compels waste sorting at source with penalties for noncompliance,11
+recent moves to address shortcomings for example by introducing more psychologists psychological therapies and internetbased therapies indicate that norway is among the countries that are leaders in driving effective and innovative mental health care in terms of collecting indicators of mental health care quality norway is also making impressive progress in many respects this chapter explores ways that norway can build on progress that has been made and areas of great strength within the system for example the very impressive service user movement and a growing data information system and bring further improvements to the quality of mental health care there are opportunities for norway to further strengthen data collection and to use data to help drive improvements in outcomes,3
+the danish health system generally provides good access to highquality care with comparatively low levels of unmet need for medical care challenges remain to tackle important risk factors to health such as excessive alcohol consumption and rising obesity rates and to improve care coordination for the growing number of people living with chronic conditions danes can expect to spend about of this time beyond in good health and free from disability years r for women and years for men,3
+the optimal capacity structure for the reference case and for all four scenarios considered is showed in figure this effect has been observed in all four scenarios analysed and the effect becomes more and more significant with the renewable penetration level for example in the scenario represented in figure the introduction of gw of wind power displaces on the long run about gw of baseload nuclear capacity ie about of optimal capacity in the reference scenario it is interesting to note that gw of wind produces the same electricity as about gw of dispatchable baseload,7
+the national credit guarantee fund programme was launched in followed by the first local and regional guarantee funds in the local and regional guarantee funds are funded largely from the rops the eastern poland development fund will have eur million available for guarantee funds for earlystage smes,8
+vulnerable groups are those with a higher probability of falling into poverty in any given year internationally comparable numbers in this report are based on two regional data harmonisation efforts known as sedlac and lablac joint efforts of the world bank and cedlas at the national university of la plata in argentina unless otherwise noted indicators for lac are calculated using data from argentina bolivia brazil chile colombia costa rica dominican republic ecuador el salvador guatemala honduras mexico nicaragua panama paraguay peru and uruguay lac although the analysis does not include the racialethnic dimension it is another relevant consideration for discrimination and inequality in lac,8
+the level of discriminatory norms and attitudes as well as the prevalence of discriminatory practices will also depend on their legality new legislation and incentives in turn influence informal laws and social norms as well as attitudes towards gender discrimination regardless of the level of development of a country all data sources and definitions are presented in table,5
+life expectancy at age has been increasing steadily since the s by about one year per decade accordingly life expectancy at birth for women is almost always higher than for men central to this transformation has been the epidemiological transition from predominantly infectious causes of death to a predominance of deaths due to chronic and degenerative diseases the epidemiological transition also entailed a shift in the age pattern of mortality from one in which childhood diseases and deaths were common to a situation where disease and mortality are highly concentrated at older ages,3
+it would seem likely that these trends will continue into the future these demographic shifts have reduced the average household size cutting the scope for economies of scale and raising income needs of families and consequently raising the risk of poverty this may reflect the high incidences of poverty among the single young and elderly population,1
+its red book of flora following iucn standards has been compiled this red book identifies biodiversity hotspots approximately red species have been identified in four types of habitats wetlands and salt swamps heavy soils and fields sandy soils and cliffs and rocks,15
+labourmarket institutions and regulations need to address these issues institutions comprise laws rules and established social and cultural practices that affect incentives and behaviour edquist such as patent laws capandtrade systems and regulations as elsewhere in the gnis there should be twoway relationships between these elements and the rest of the system domestic institutions and existing infrastructure set incentives and affect how the actors behave infrastructural or institutional rigidities that arise can hamper innovation such policies treat green economy activities as infant industries requiring appropriate support including regulatory requirements government procurement subsidies preferably performancerelated and timebound access to credit and possibly some level of trade protection as discussed in chapter vi,7
+all this has an important bearing on the government s ambition to secure strong and sustainable growth with rising living standards and equal opportunities for all technology and globalisation put a high premium on skills which may not be well supplied by the education sector when change is rapid but also on experience as a means of acquiring skills disadvantaging youth the global crisis has intensified the structural disadvantages of the young as skills and experience are even more highly prized when macroeconomic conditions worsen the education system must also do more to develop the human capital of low skilled youth who are particularly vulnerable to shocks,4
+these variables come out with significant and negative effects consistent with the income level hypothesis the richer and more advanced the district is the lower is the female labour participation district credit levels and number of accounts proxy financial depth and financial breadth respectively,5
+in this favourable context heavy state intervention in the process of development and world bank and other international support for infrastructure and capitalbuilding projects in poor countries fostered the expectation that capitalist economies could deliver growth poverty alleviation and international convergence at least as rapidly as their socialist rivals it was difficult to find evidence that equalitygenerating processes would eventually prevail either in the global economy or within most developing countries the ensuing debates were inevitably framed by controversies surrounding both economic theory and policy in rich countries especially the disputes between the keynesians and the monetarists,1
+nonetheless even when this relative line falls below the absolute line it provides valuable information about the distribution of welfare among the poor this proposal follows the spirit of atkinson and bourguignons proposal to operationalise poverty measures that combine absolute and relative measures it builds on the idea that absolute and relative poverty reflect failings in different capabilities respectively linked to survival and integration while the development agenda has largely focused on the first in the past decades the second should be given its rightful place,1
+it represented of export value in increasing over time to reach in the isa outbreak had serious consequences on the chilean salmon aquaculture sector the negotiation process was completed in november and ratification is expected to be processed by the chilean parliament,14
+gender equality is key to ensuring that no one is left behind and is intrinsic to the success of each and every sdg in rwanda some women farmers are now connected through mobile technology to information markets and finance how can we ensure that women and girls acquire the right ict and stem science technology engineering and mathematics skills to compete on a par with boys and men in the st century economy enjoy greater choice and access bettereducated betterpaid jobs,5
+hai phong should improve solid waste management in two ways minimise damage to the local environment and public health while making the most of the potential for growth major industrial waste includes i vamish products paint varnish enamel glass adhesives sealants and printing inks ii waste oil waste from liquid fuel organic solvent waste refrigerants and propellants and iii packing waste sorbent rags filter materials protective fabrics in hai phong s industrial zones such as nomura dinh vu trang due south of kien bridge and do sonthese industrial waste is collected and treated mostly by burning while gas and oils are recycled by five private companies,11
+the licensing of new private primary care providers eligible for public funding is based on compliance with stipulated conditions for accreditation which focus on the minimum level of clinical competences required in primary care the same requirements apply to both private and public providers since health care provision is decentralised to county councils the conditions for accreditation vary across the country as with other health care providers since june the health and social care inspectorate plays an overarching inspection and supervisory role but ongoing quality monitoring and assurance in primary care is largely undertaken by county councils,3
+managing these risks requires greater care in selecting and training principals and other school leaders and providing schools in unpopular locations with significantly more resources to remain attractive when teacher allocation and promotion is governed by impersonal rules those rules might result in suboptimal matches between teachers talents and preferences on the one hand and the needs of schools and students on the other many systems combine multiple levels of governance precisely in order to avoid the dangers of both excessive fragmentation and centralisation in most countries schooling is principally a publicsector activity,4
+when doing so labels should be explicit about the programmes contained and about any comprehensive metadata provided so as to allow international comparison of categories the classes by type of service have a strategic focus more than a disease focus which can be obtained through icd classes in the distribution by beneficiary see chapter to ensure continuity of reporting sha classes have been kept as memorandum items,3
+a good education is essential for a life out of poverty the negative correlation between the risk of poverty and educational attainment of the household head holds in all countries individuals living in a household with a head having completed higher education have the lowest probability of living in poverty,1
+this was compensated for in that year by a reduction in both the quantity of rice distributed per household from to kg and a reduction in the number of months from to over an average of million tonnes of rice was distributed each year through raskin figure the number has since fallen to million in,2
+a proper indicator therefore should reflect the tension between local and central control across the arctic and how it has affected the direction and quality of northern education as well it should be emphasized that there are marked differences in perceptions of what is considered the good life and development perspectives among youth in the late th century compared with youth in the beginning of the st century rasmussen in support of human capital theory it has been documented that primary education in particular increases productivity while simultaneously improving peoples earnings,4
+healthcare spending was of gdp in the latest year for which data is available compared to an average of of gdp across oecd countries in this translates to health spending of usd per person adjusted for ppp in turkey roughly one quarter of the usd ppp spent on average among oecd countries in figure while spending increased across all major categories of healthcare providers hospitals and the retail sale of medical goods pharmaceuticals optical hearing and medical aids and appliances sustained growth rates of and a year respectively between and,3
+this will involve assessing climate risks and opportunities within national government processes at sectoral and project levels and in both urban and rural contexts the uncertainty surrounding climate impacts means that flexibility is important participation of all major emission sources sectors and countries would reduce the costs of mitigation and help to address potential leakage and competitiveness concerns this outlook models a ppm core scenario which suggests that achieving the c goal would require establishing clear carbon prices that are increased over time,13
+there is evidence that in the flemish community more experienced teachers are more likely to be in schools with a less diverse student body while beginner teachers are typically more concentrated in challenging schools in part this reflects the inability of the system to steer more qualified and experienced teachers to the neediest schools as no special incentives are available the main response of the system to disadvantage seems to be the provision of additional teacher hours rather than a focus on the distribution of teachers and the quality of teaching the system for funding teacher salaries also tends to reinforce inequities across schools since schools enrolling students from more advantaged backgrounds are in a better position to attract more experienced teachers they receive more teacher resources in terms of government money invested in salaries part of the explanation lies in the fact that beginning teachers are more likely to obtain a teaching post in a disadvantaged school where working conditions can be particularly challenging given high levels of diversity and more difficult socioeconomic circumstances,4
+it is intended to collect drainage water from the irrigated lands of the lebap mary and akhal provinces and partly from dashoguz and balkan provinces and direct it to the karashor depression in northern turkmenistan where lake altyn asyr was created the northern system is to collect drainage water from dashoguz and partly the khorezm oasis of uzbekistan while the southern system is to collect drainage from akhal mary and lebap provinces the total length of the transturkmen collector is km,6
+social and cultural factors are the single most important barrier to womens access to decisionmaking they often continue to hamper the effectiveness of women even when they have a foot in the door this is reflected in the dual burdens of home and work that women in politics continue to bear the open hostility in some public spaces towards women in decisionmaking especially at the local level and the difficult relationship that women in politics frequently have with the media in her study of women in the south african parliament mtintso discovered that most women found political fulfilment at the expense of personal fulfilment,5
+proposals for other increases to the duration of schooling including a lengthened school year and an earlier start to compulsory schooling at age six have been discussed but neither has been implemented three options or their combination could be adopted to extend compulsory instruction time an increase in the number of instruction days per year extending the number of years of compulsory schooling or an increase in the number of instruction hours per day for instance school vacations could be shortened to gain more instruction days a year among top pisa performers japan korea and australia have fairly long school years of days or more this option could be especially attractive for lithuania for two reasons first lithuania s instruction year days in lower secondary is among the shortest in comparison to oecd member countries on average days with frequent interruption for breaks including almost threemonth long summer holidays,4
+the environmental consequences and costs of material resource use are not yet fully understood nor are the economic opportunities provided by improved resource productivity more indepth analysis is needed of specific resources and materials traderelated material flows flows of secondary raw materials and waste etc most of the growth in both income and population will be in the rapidly industrialising economies of brazil russia india indonesia china and south africa the briics and in developing countries,12
+in germany of such couples have a male partner working fulltime hours per week and a female partner not working hour per week in france of such couples have a male partner working fulltime hours per week and a female partner not working hour per week data refer to total hours worked in all jobs,5
+digital technologies are integrated into the city s social physical and environmental policies thus enabling centralised monitoring and decisionmaking as of july sccs had already been set up in ten cities naya raipur ahmedabad vadodara surat pune nagpur rajkot visakhapatnam kakinada and bhopal and a further cities had begun the process of setting up their sccs hindustan times this design thereby grants the subnational government more responsibility along with the associated potential difficulties and opportunities as well as greater flexibility regarding how financing can be secured through for instance ppps user charges multilateral funding and other taxes in this way such a framework provides subnational governments with a degree of flexibility in pursuing their priorities,11
+between the s and the late s in twothirds of the countries female employment rates increased more among women whose husbands were in the top eamings deciles than among those at the bottom of the distribution in certain countries such as italy and mexico the employment rates of wives of top earners increased more than for wives of low earners at the end of the s while the opposite was true in the early s only includes couples with one female and one male,5
+this was the strategy applied to overcome two potential limitations of surveillance under the previous ihr inadequate capacities at the local and national levels to fulfil surveillance and government reluctance to comply for fear of the adverse consequences of reporting however such who authority and capabilities are not sufficiently used the pheic determination is a single binary decision and the panel recommends that the ihr review committee for ebola consider the possibility of alerts at an intermediate level to mobilize the international community who ebola interim assessment panel para however unlike in the case of the polio response in which both communities collaborated on a daily basis there were no routine procedures and protocols for the ebola response,3
+the sheer remoteness and poor road and railway connectivity to large urban centres typical of many monotowns is a powerful obstacle to economic diversification especially toward manufacturing activities indeed since transport costs for raw materials tend to be lower than those for manufactured goods high transport costs tend to reinforce the specialisation in raw commodities and constitute yet another barrier that producers of highervalue manufactures must overcome in order to compete oecd c in monotowns real wage growth has been negative figure,11
+shorrocks questions the decomposition of the gini or concentration coefficient by income sources on the grounds that results are sensitive to the specific decomposition rule adopted after imposing additional assumptions he shows that the decomposition of the squared coefficient of variation ie the variancetosquaredmean ratio is independent of any specific decomposition rule and recommends using this approach overall results using this alternative methodology shown in annex are similar to those presented in figure,10
+some countries recognise the validity of other types of jobsearch actions which eases this problem the united kingdom has taken a different approach while not necessarily specifying the number of jobsearch actions the individual action plan resembles an employment contract and details work preparation and jobsearch activities covering the same amount of time as agreed hours for prospective work oecd a,8
+couples living in poverty are thus more likely to divorce than the nonpoor male unemployment in particular is thought to be a trigger for divorce more recent work has however argued that it is not poverty resulting from male unemployment which leads to divorce charles and stephens show that divorce increases only after layoffs and not after plant closures,1
+concluding observations jordan fifth periodic report concluding observations bahamas combined first thru fifth periodic report in her report she makes it clear that when a woman is unable to access adequate housing and land mainly because she is a woman she is not only affected in terms of her immediate material needs she is also relegated to a subordinate and dependent position within society because of her gender ensuring that women have access to and control over vital resources such as housing and land is essential to challenging and changing gender power structures and patterns of gender inequality which continue to oppress exclude and relegate women to the margins the treaties on the face of it take a fairly formal equality view of this issue,5
+it indicates the degree of income inequality that would prevail if wage dispersion was the same in finance and the rest of the economy the results can be interpreted as measuring the raw contribution of financial sector employment to labour income inequality a second approach adjusts earnings of each financial sector employee to the level explained by observable characteristics hence it wipes out financial sector wage premia using the decilebycountry estimates from the previous subsection,10
+the fisheries research agency ifop is responsible for conducting basic research additionally institutions such as the police and the navy may inspect and control the enforcement of fisheries and aquaculture regulations in their relevant jurisdictions the main tools used in the management and conservation of fishing resources include prohibiting fishing for specific species in defined areas temporary or permanent prohibition of capture of species protected by agreements to which chile is a party annual catch quota per species in specific areas declaration of marine parks to ensure the conservation and diversity of marine species allowable percentages of species landed as bycatch minimum extraction sizes or weights per species in a determined area and restrictions on dimensions and characteristics of fishing gears and nets,14
+the young men attend centres or outreach sites close to their homes and provide their respective outreach managers with reports on their activities it notes that special efforts should be made to emphasize mens shared responsibility and promote their active involvement in responsible parenthood sexual and reproductive behaviour including family planning prenatal maternal and child health prevention of sexually transmitted diseases including hiv and prevention of unwanted and highrisk pregnancies paragraph effective campaigns generally go beyond merely providing information to encouraging boys and men to talk about specific issues such as violence against women some effective campaigns also use messages related to genderequitable lifestyles in a sense promoting or reinforcing specific types of male identity,5
+it is also used for sugarcane cotton rice and nut trees in australia deloitte access and olive trees vineyards and for greenhouse fruits and vegetables in spain and greece garrido et al this exceeds previous figures from which reported that groundwater irrigation covered at least in only a third of oecd countries oecd shares vary from a few per cent in countries with relative abundance of surface water eg estonia norway to higher shares for countries relying significantly on groundwater for irrigation eg germany denmark,6
+the most recent examples include inter alia studies analysing the skills needed for ensuring accessibility of tourism destinations and mapping the gap between skills required by the labour market and those provided by member states education systems a pilot series of webinars to enhance the skills of tourism entrepreneurs in the area of digital marketing services provided by the european enterprise network multilingual classification of european skills competencies qualifications and occupations box and the european skills passport for the tourism sector box this section has sought to bring statistical evidence to support the discussion however available employment data for tourism is limited and national labour force statistics do not capture the microlevel reality of the sector,8
+a norwegian study has shown that female researchers participate less than their male counterparts in international research cooperation the link between international researcher networks and career development is interesting in a gender equality perspective and should be studied more closely a key objective in this context should be to facilitate the recruitment of outstanding female researchers from abroad those responsible for recruitment should be encouraged to actively seek out women across national borders in subject areas where the nordic countries have few women,5
+the greatest difference between the lfprs of women and men is in the age group table the next greatest difference is in the age group when women are often engaged in looking after old parents and grandchildren and start withdrawing from the labourforce in order to assess the real impact of marriage and to exclude the impact of age and attendance in educational institutions the lfprs were computed for those in the age group to currently married men cannot afford to remain outside the labour force and thus they have lfprs of about percent in all the three years table,5
+the commission noted that towards the end of the commissions investigation phase as trust and confidence in the commissions work had grown many more women indicated their willingness to be interviewed but due to the commissions compressed timeline this was no longer possible ahrc crp united nations and other stakeholders have documented how persons have been specifically targeted by state and nonstate actors in conflict settings as a result of their actual or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity including for being seen to transgress entrenched gender norms,5
+to achieve impact in increasing farming systems resilience or reducing greenhouse gas emissions climate finance must focus on using strategic leverage points to direct broader financing volumes towards climate outcomes at the same time capacity constraints are a major obstacle to the effectiveness of all climate finance mechanisms this applies to funds such as the gef and the gcf where a major impediment to impact is the high cost of project development,13
+there are diverse opinions today on whether such programmes have contributed to womens empowerment or on the contrary have reinforced traditional gender roles increased the time women are forced to devote to unpaid domestic and care work and limited their participation in the labour market it must also be considered that making autonomous income dependent on a conditional cash transfer from the state treats women as just another adjustment variable for the economic crises that the regions countries face on a cyclical basis as many cases have confirmed once a crisis sets in and public spending is reduced to address it the result is income fragility with very little certainty of continuity,10
+equal representation of men and women in the public sector is an essential factor for genderbalanced policies and for quality service delivery gender diversity in decisionmaking processes is critical for restoring trust in public institutions and citizencentred public services the public service is both a policy enabler and implementer and the largest national employer in most countries,5
+thus around of beef and of milk in kazakhstan are produced by rural households and mostly for their own consumption household producers participate in markets mainly to sell quantities that exceed their home consumption and are less guided by market signals than commercial producers this is examined in greater detail in chapter,2
+on the other hand it can also address the offer side of the problem by increasing capital availability and adequacy for private sector projects dealing with green growth and climate action eg smallscale adaptationrelated projects innovative green growth projects through direct financing eg grants challenge funds risk sharing mechanisms which improve the riskreturn profile of investments eg guarantees provision of medium to longterm finance to cover the longer payback of relatively new green technologies etc the global average is computed by taking a simple average of countrylevel point estimates for each economy only the latest available year of survey data is used in this computation,13
+if the decision is made to engage in global monitoring of food insecurity among households with children no new knowledge is needed in terms of measurement however without additional knowledge even this measure will be limited in its utility as it is not yet established how or to what extent household food insecurity represents a developmental risk to children across contexts for all other measurement purposes some new knowledge is necessary as discussed in the previous sections of this paper three main conclusions from existing research are particularly important to informing the development of that new knowledge,2
+it analyses how the effectiveness of resource use is influenced by key features of the school system such as the distribution of responsibilities the structure of schooling diversity of school offerings and learning opportunities across student groups the chapter places particular emphasis on areas of priority for uruguay such as the structure of education governance and equity within the school system almost all of the decisions about administrative and pedagogical aspects that provide the framework for the operation and organisation of schools are taken at the central level by anep s central governing council codicen in montevideo and the councils for the different subsystems of the education system the preprimary and primary education council ceip the secondary education council ces and the technical and professional education council cetp as described in chapter the codicen coordinates the work of the different councils and holds ultimate decisionmaking power in some administrative and pedagogical areas eg approving the statutes of teachers and nonteaching staff approving curricula setting instruction time and the school calendar even if in practice it works jointly with the councils in these areas,4
+almost half million of the total number of under deaths took place in the first month of life the most crucial period for child survival the global neonatal mortality rate fell from deaths per live births in to deaths in a per cent reduction yet stark disparities persist across regions and countries,3
+many countries have established specific medical specialties in cancer care along with corresponding licensing and certification schemes see the discussion later in the section and in chapter governance of cancer care systems but countries have different specialty categorisations a number of countries also rely on existing specialists these specialists often acquire knowledge and skills to provide uptodate cancer care through continuing training but in a few countries such training is not necessarily needed for practicing specialists who provide oncology care,3
+the agenda also specifically emphasizes the importance of transport electricity and ict deficiencies of infrastructure thus present a bottleneck to economic growth a risk to business competitiveness a factor contributing to growing inequality an obstacle to poverty reduction and an impediment to effectively pursuing sdgs and other internationally agreed development goals improving access to infrastructure services boosts economic activities and produces spillover effects in various productive sectors,9
+lack of clear legislative frameworks can act as one of the major impediments to effective design and implementation of these policies standing in the way of positive urbanization cities can adopt essential elements of laws that are grounded in sustainable processes and systems and move on to more elaborated arrangements and legal instruments as management and governance institutions mature they must be adapted to any countrys and city s specific needs resources and capacities and be enacted according to specific circumstances since the s extensive research in many countries on urban regulations such as building codes zoning environmental rules and others suggests that many urban regulations are out of date some reflected colonial heritage others were biased in favour of middle and upperincome groups while others still generated perverse economic incentives for private as opposed to public investment in housing and other services this goes to show that reform of urban regulations is an important lever for change,11
+there is a shared understanding that democratic decision making and buyin from those concerned by evaluation and assessment policy are essential for successful implementation in addition the government does a lot to build and strengthen capacity at local levels and to bring local communities together to compare notes the members of the education evaluation council represent the education administration teachers students employers employees and researchers it has two main missions coordinate and review the coherence of the education system and follow the implementation of pedagogical reforms,4
+in statelevel cabinets women held an average of only of seats in ranging from allmale cabinets in sonora and yucatan to representation of women in morelos the gender gap in the judiciary is akin to that of the political executive women occupy only of offices in first instance courts in appeal courts and of judgeships in supreme courts in mexico however there is a wide gender gap in top managerial positions in central government,5
+it should be underpinned by allocated instruction time see below these can offer remedial or enrichment instructional activities on average in the oecd students in pisa reported spending hours per week on homework or other study set by teachers this was one hour less than reported on average in pisa oecd b tables iv and iv,4
+to date development plans for these two sectors are undertaken separately there is also a lack of incentives for regional engagement of higher education and for collaboration among institutions and limited pathways for students through the education system there is a need for stronger credit recognition schemes course and programme articulation agreements clear and enforceable policies related to credit transfer and increased support for joint and collaborative programmes increase regional dimension in student experience through problembased learning internships etc,4
+in oecd countries this approach was chosen by belgium chile france korea luxembourg and new zealand in the palestinian authority the ministry s mandate is to facilitate gender mainstreaming across the government and to carry out monitoring and evaluation of programmes and policies aimed at advancing women s situation single ministries with a minister for gender equality bring visibility and enable advocacy for gender equality concerns in the cabinet,5
+this new legislation strongly supports workbased learning as schools are now encouraged to establish partnerships with companies for providing practical training in accordance to their needs according to cedefop european centre for the development of vocational training the new schoolcompany partnerships may gradually change the nature of initial vet transforming the traditional schoolbased supplydriven system to a demanddriven workbased learning system cedefop a recent amendment to the school act is also linking the state funding of vet schools to the labour market relevance of their programmes,4
+further specific reporting tables may be needed for collective reports thus they omit all three sources of mobilised private finance improved reporting would be facilitated if current ctf tables were revised or new voluntary ctf tables developed to include reporting items that will become mandatory once reporting starts under the paris agreement,13
+labour market structures and a culture of long paid hours combine with the unequal distribution of unpaid hours to reinforce gendered outcomes in the labour market and at home fathers who are more likely to spend long hours in paid work lose out on time with their family while mothers who more commonly care for children are more likely to drop out of the workforce time poverty is taking its toll and addressing these challenges will require a multifaceted approach involving the government employers and families,5
+however the income distribution can only remain stable if the growth rate of income is equal at all percentiles of the distribution this paper compares longrun levels of real income growth at the very top and for the bottom and bottom in the united states canada and australia to illustrate the uniqueness of the postwwh period of balanced growth and consequent stability in the income distribution the new normal of the united states canada and australia is unbalanced growth specifically over the last thirty years the incomes of the top have grown significantly more rapidly than those of everyone else,10
+concentration of practical training in workshops serving a few schools is another way of lowering the cost of vet provision better coordination between different levels of government is a necessary condition to improve the planning of vet provision according to the principles presented below suppose for example that engineering skills drive innovation and economic growth in a manner which is very helpful to the economy but where the benefits are not captured in the wages of engineers this would mean that the incentives to pursue engineering qualifications would be limited and there would be fewer vet engineering students than would be socially desirable,4
+legal empowerment of the poor and its relation to propoor growth these in turn contribute to further processes of empowerment for example through access to betterquality services and legal changes to social and political status which shape patterns of growth that are inclusive and equitable donors can support various collective actions including advocacy for legislative change trades unions good practice note,1
+a good tool for this is to ensure correct marking of known monuments and sites and cultural environments in the forest management plan in forests there will be numerous monuments and sites not automatically protected because of age also among these there are valuable monuments and sites that shall be taken into consideration important landscape ecology features that cross property lines shall also be considered as far as possible on smaller parcels as well,15
+the large variation in adult learning activities and participation among oecd countries at similar levels of economic development suggests that there are significant differences in learning cultures learning opportunities at work and adulteducation systems borkowsky similar reinforcing patterns hold for numeracy proficiency and skills and readiness to use information and communication technologies ict for problem solving in relation to participation in formal andor nonformal education around threequarters of partidpants in formal andor nonformal education and training consulted the internet to get relevant education and training information,4
+this reinforces stereotypes about womens and men s roles which prevents the equal sharing of family responsibilities and in turn influences women s and men s workplace participation the new strengthened legislation is applicable to all nonpublic sector employers with or more members of staff it aims to improve and promote equality for both women and men in the workplace and includes innovative measures to ensure effective implementation that are likely to be of interest to other commonwealth governments,5
+following a short introduction on the global status of mobilization this section focuses on the mobilization of private climate finance and the role of nordic countries therein see appendix forterminology on climate finance mobilization the role of the private sector in reaching these goals is evident most of private sector climate finance is being invested in asia and europe and for example in private climate finance rose by usd billion mostly driven by investments in renewables in china buchner et al,13
+section ties the case studies together by providing a roadmap for the implementation of ideas and creating pilot programmes financing platforms that collect and distribute investment for infrastructure projects such as renewable power plants transport infrastructure eg bike roads community car sharing sustainable food sourcing and supply chains as well as natural capital pose a promising model however the associated operational inefficiencies and high transaction costs currently offset the benefits,9
+in this way students learn to apply mathematics to solve problems appreciate the value of mathematics and develop important skills that will support their future learning and their ability to deal with new problems there is no question that stateoftheart knowledge and skills in a discipline will always remain important innovative or creative people generally have specialised skills in a field of knowledge or a practice,4
+the lack of monitoring mechanisms to evaluate the effect of gender equality initiatives was identified as a major barrier by over of responding countries and lack of gender analysis skills by almost of respondents see figure as such building capacity in gender institutions and across the public sector in these areas appears to be critical to address the remaining equality gaps these staff members are usually located in line ministries and agencies and are mainly responsible for administering specific laws or regulations related to gender equality collecting data developing sectoral plans training and developing gendersensitive personnel policies the gender unit serves as the focal point for ensuring that questions of gender equality and mainstreaming are brought to the executive table and for supporting the executive in exercising its leadership on this issue,5
+effective and timely adaptation can lower the cost of climate change impacts in the absence of accurate and precise climate predictions a riskbased approach can explicitly accommodate a range of possible futures to inform adaptation decisionmaking by identifying priorities and options to manage risk and enhance resilience at least cost to society while climate change adaptation should be considered in the broader context of water security and not in an isolated manner it is also critical aspect of even a prerequisite for achieving resilient water security over the longterm,13
+and the capabilities that matter most vary in different contexts and at different stages of the lifecycle security may be at the top of the list for a household in a conflictaffected country while interesting work opportunities may be the top priority of an educated young person nor does rising above the low human development threshold ensure that people are protected from emerging and future threats to human development indeed million people live close to the threshold of multidimensional poverty and risk falling into poverty after even a minor setback in health education or livelihood the condition of being deprived is therefore dynamic,1
+k flexibility of conventional plants rampupdown startupshutdown reserve capabilities etc modelling results figure for the united kingdom with a very high share of renewables and a windheavy portfolio shows many hours of excess vre output negative residual load the hourly variation in residual load could exceed gwhour and can reach gwhour during windy hours about half of the system peak load should wind benefit from priority dispatch run at available output,7
+large increases in imports or reductions in net exports of rice wheat and maize result in higher world market prices implying that other countries producers and consumers help to reduce though certainly not eliminate the suffering that a south asian drought would cause in practice the share of global production of the major staples entering international trade is rather low figure when an unusual event takes place such as the us drought in the summer of the sharp reduction in production is translated into an even sharper fall in exports or increase in imports putting immense pressure on markets where only a fraction of production is traded internationally,2
+one explanation for this situation is that the jobs are temporary in nature in the case of young people it is also noted that they start in lowproductivity jobs because they are less qualified and their pay reflects their lack of experience it is also found that this type of employment may be related to inadequacies in the functioning of the labour market principally as regards the creation of wage employment,8
+the major objective of the tnmn is to provide an overview of the overall status and longterm changes of surface water and where necessary groundwater status in a basinwide context with particular attention to the transboundaiy pollution load data are integrated into the icpdr database and are available for the stakeholders examples of information systems from spain and danube river cont,6
+a process of modelling the expected results of the government s road safety programme needs to be undertaken on a routine basis by one of the road safety agencies where projected results fall short of targets the programme should be revised and reinforced resourcing and coordination would be improved by reestablishment of a unit reporting to the highest levels of government responsible for the delivery of government road safety targets,11
+in other words women are less likely to have business leadership positions in economies where their property rights are constrained lastly each regional analysis will conclude by examining countries results on a composite index measuring the gaps between women and men on labour force participation remuneration for the same work and on career advancement the section itself will end with a summary and a number of conclusions based on the data reviewed,5
+tourism is the principal export in a third of all developing countries and amongst the least developed countries ldcs it is the primary source of foreign exchange earnings secondly tourism is growing much faster in developing countries than in developed countries therefore tourism if well and sustainable managed has great potential to alleviate poverty and contribute to local development,12
+stock measures reflect the pool of human capital available in the economy at a specific point in time whereas flows reflect the contributions of incoming cohorts to the stock of human capital a number of researchers have constructed international data sets that attempt to measure both stocks and flows of human capital across a large number of countries women are however overrepresented among university nonprofessionals and among those with some education beyond high school men on the other hand are overrepresented among high school graduates,5
+a school system that lacks quality teachers adequate infrastructure and enough textbooks will almost certainly fail to promote quality education underinvestment in the school system can also result in educational inequalities as disadvantaged areas or schools receive scarcer resources the government is aware that public spending is low but concerns about both the sector s efficiency and its absorptive capacity prevent increases,4
+using digital technology it provides information about market opportunities tracks goods enhances transparency and connects buyers and sellers the platform also issues regional quality certifications and protects farmers against prices falling too low by offering storage facilities that enable them to sell their goods at more favourable prices in the future the platform which received a usd million dfid grant is implemented by the eastern africa grain council in partnership with various industry stakeholders grain traders and buyers policy and research bodies trade and information agencies engagement with the private sector has proved critical to the success of the project oecdwto aidfortrade monitoring exercise public sector case story,9
+since policy progress has been made with the introduction of the grand design a blueprint for the development of early childhood care and education ecce building on a programme dating back to the grand design sets outcomes targets and principles for the expansion of earlyyears education and care from to as part of an ambitious and far reaching set of goals to be realised by increasingly the period from birth to six years is being seen in a more holistic way bringing together health social care childcare and education,4
+this moderate level of severity of food insecurity can contribute to various forms of malnutrition and has serious consequences for health and wellbeing for this reason this report was renamed the state of food security and nutrition in the world in since then it has reported on nutrition indicators in addition to food security indicators,2
+furthermore without ever having been president or prime minister ms aung san suu kyi has played a leading role in politics in myanmar for many decades on average the share of women in parliament in the asiapacific region increased by around percentage points in some countries this can be attributed to a quota system which reserves a percentage of seats for women countries which have adopted quotas as a tool to advance women s participation include australia maldives india bangladesh and pakistan mccann,5
+a score is attributed to countries with a single national scheme nhs or singlepayer system source oecd survey on health system characteristics various institutional aspects of the health care systems mediate the impact of competition on hospital costs and patients health outcomes in the united states competitive pressures have fostered the development of health maintenance organisations hmos since the s kessler and mcclellan however effective health quality monitoring by regulators is crucial as recorded quality care improvements may be due to hospitals focussing on monitored quality indicators while neglecting unmonitored and unobserved quality aspects propper et al the overall experience is that regulated competition among private insurers has contributed to better align benefit packages to purchasers preferences but health care cost reductions have proved elusive,3
+on average across oecd countries in around of students in lower secondary education were enrolled in public institutions among all oecd and partner countries only belgium chile and the united kingdom have more than of students enrolled at this level in private institutions which include a large percentage of students enrolled in governmentdependent private institutions at upper secondary level the share of enrolment in public institutions drops to on average across oecd countries with a decrease by over percentage points in iceland japan and korea where private institutions play a more prominent role at this level,4
+it discusses the various ways in which such violence manifests itself in the lives of women and girls and how it amounts to discrimination denying women the right to equality in all spheres of life including marriage property ownership and inheritance land rights and education and employment relevant human rights standards international regional and subregional are discussed with reference to case law and how the judiciary can apply human rights standards to address vaw it discusses the cost implications of violence for the judiciary and law enforcement agencies that respond to vaw,5
+this unexplained part subsumes the effects of group differences in unobserved predictors such as the ability or other personal characteristics of female and male business owners enterprises are defined as women menowned if one or more women men own more than of the shares as discussed in chapter the single most decisive factor in the gender productivity gap is the lower capital intensity of womenowned enterprises it accounts for of the gap the lower average size of womenowned enterprises explains a large part of the gender differential in profits and in employment growth,5
+another focus is on education and training and the relationship to social cohesion the impact of social circumstances on economic performance appears weaker than the effects of economic change on social conditions economic success seems to support some forms of cohesion particularly social inclusion equality and stability provided it is broadbased enough to create a range of jobs relevant to the resident population,10
+following this brief introduction the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc process on climate change and the role of agriculture within this is discussed finally the focus region of this report subsaharan africa ssa is presented this included searching for academic peerreviewed literature as well as recent reports by international organizations such as the united nations food and agriculture organization fao and research organizations such as the cgiar research program on climate change agriculture and food security ccafs,13
+in addition the iwc undertakes coordinates and funds conservation work on many species of cetacean through its scientific committee it undertakes extensive study and research on cetacean populations develops and maintains scientific databases and publishes its own peerreviewed scientific journal the journal of cetacean research and management subsequent work has shown that marine debris such as aldfg and plastics including microplastics can be a conservation and welfare concern for cetaceans throughout the oceans,14
+similarly brazil s national development bank bndes has played a key role in financing renewable energy by contrast in chile and the republic of korea capital markets are the main sources of finance india lies somewhere in the middle as not only bank lending but also access to capital markets play an important role in infrastructure financing walsh et al this is especially the case where clean energy is concerned as projects tend to be upfront capitalintensive with low operating costs thereafter,7
+to support partner countries in achieving their nationally determined contributions ndcs and pursuing green growth development cooperation providers will need to better engage with the private sector to mobilise resources innovation and knowhow this paper contributes to the emerging literature on how development cooperation providers are working with and through the private sector to promote development outcomes with a focus on green growth and climate change the paper provides a broad overview of private sector engagement pse approaches used by development cooperation providers discusses ongoing challenges and highlights emerging areas of good practice the challenge is great as much of the infrastructure investment needs in coming decades will be in emerging and developing countries,13
+the treatments are based on the indigenous concept of health which sees the therapist as a spiritual mediator who stimulates the healing forces of the sick person rather than trying to cure the disease through a cocktail of synthetic drugs keur massars traditional healers have succeeded in developing treatments for hivaids that have the benefits of being nontoxic of addressing secondary infections such as tuberculosis and of being formulated with natural plant components that do not require the support of rich nations in orderto be synthesized where modern medicine is analytic and attacks the problem with a single molecule traditional medicine attacks it on several fronts this prevents the development of resistance to the combined action of all these plants,3
+most marine technologies apart from wind are not yet proven commercially however with continued political support for renewable energy as a source of clean secure and reliable energy technologies are expected to develop in the coming decade and to become increasingly attractive and costcompetitive a combination of significant available resource including wind wave tidal stream and range high energy demand and the resulting large scale of potential development has led to a highly marketdriven approach to mre in these countries such growth and expansion of the renewable energy sector has been politically attractive for countries trying both to recover from financial crises through the development of infrastructure projects and associated industry and to address renewable energy targets,7
+research with children however indicates that worry about whether parents can provide enough food may at times reflect quite severe situations this makes sense from a developmental perspective since children have less control over their food environment and childrens sense of safety depends on the reliability of parents ability to meet child needs a child may feel unhappy about reduced food quality may feel hungry when food quantity is reduced but feel most distressed when they lose confidence that in the end their parents will always find a way to feed them there is evidence that children age and older can accurately report their food security but particularly younger children are less able to report the causes of their experiences,2
+students experiences in class should be discussed and evaluated in specialised training courses in teacher education programmes to help students develop the skills that they will need to help their pupils succeed in class over time becoming a mentor for student teachers could become an interesting career step for motivated teachers given the strong stratification of the chilean school system many teachers will confront schools with a large number of poor students in a difficult learning environment,4
+market price support is net of producer levies and excess feed cost market price support is net of producer levies and excess feed cost the composition of support is important because how support is provided determines its impact on the agricultural sector and the distribution of benefits to society as a whole for example market price support can have a large effect on production and trade but it imposes additional and regressive costs on domestic consumers is not effective in improving farm income and can have negative effects on the environment on the other hand income support not based on current commodity production is much more effective at improving farm income with less spillover effects policies that directly target noncommodity criteria such as landscape elements environmental performance or traditional breeds of animals are also typically more effective at reaching these societal objectives,2
+according to a survey carried out in finland in jarviluoma most of the enterprises providing services directly related to wildlife watching were expecting a growth in the product demand in the years to come at that time the average income per customer was estimated at eur of those answering the questionnaire the total turnover of the companies that participated in the survey was estimated at a bit more than million eur out of which eur million was generated by wildlife watching,8
+the creation of state water resources councils accelerated after the water law figure and nowadays acre is the only state with no water council figure in that state a project is ongoing to reform the current environment council which should be renamed the council of environment and water resources the councils are at varying degrees of maturity some states have given attention to water problems rio de janeiro sao paulo minas gerais or ceara while others are still stabilising their composition and their role they often lack qualified staff and financial resources to work properly and sometimes also cany out the tasks of river basin agencies when these do not exist,6
+this is why more than countries have adopted national broadbandrelated policies plans and digital agendas precisely recognizing the crosssectoral and pervasive nature of icts on all aspects of the digital economy more analysis of the impact of broadband policies and regulation on getting people connected is available in sections and sensors are deployed in a number of places to quantify measure almost anything from human animals to machine activities the internet of things iot which connects many things to the internet and machine to machine m m communications through cellular mobile networks are predicted to become the fastestgrowing parts of the industry in terms of traffic,9
+similarly the syrian arab republic reuses approximately m cyr of agricultural runoff however this practice has progressively increased the salt and pesticide content in downstream river segments furthermore agricultural runoff in the region often contains untreated domestic and industrial effluents,6
+in spain this highlevel consultative agency was created in and includes autonomous communities local entities riverbasin authorities and professional and economic unions related to water these include for example the consultation of private actors including citizens groups water users associations and civil society and financial transfers and incentives across levels of government eg earmarked versus generalpurpose grants for financing infrastructure other instruments they can consider are coordination agencies contractual arrangements multisectoral conferences performance indicators regulations shared databases river basin organisations regulation and performance indicators and intermediate bodies box provides some examples of the use of performance indicators in a number of oecd countries some oecd countries have chosen to use all the mechanisms listed above eg france mexico while others have adopted none due to highly centralised water policy and limited involvement of subnational actors korea israel the stowa institute of applied scientific research is leading the drive toward standardisation of monitoring systems for water quality water quantity and ecology,6
+it also supervises the system of minimum wages and workinghours regulations another important task for the bureau is to promote adherence to the labour insurance workers accident compensation insurance and el system and ensure the payment of the annual premiums under its supervision over labour standard inspection offices enforce labour standards at local level it audits prefectural offices which in turn audit local welfare offices to ensure uniform administration across the country,8
+iceland the netherlands denmark and norway had the lowest neet rates in while the share of youth in neet was the highest in turkey and mexico at and respectively among neet youth two in three were already clearly outside the labour market either because they had been unemployed for more than a year or were inactive and were not seeking employment on average the increase was percentage points a little more than half due to the increase in shortterm unemployment less than one year,8
+some respondents requested that events be held over lunch or at other times during the work day to include women who could not meet after business hours however women have a low rate of mobile phone ownership there are million fewer female subscribers than male subscribers with handsets according to the gsma cherie blair foundation report,5
+in of the people in the local news were women but only in the sports section the managing editor of the newspaper gunnar falck says that measuring content is key to making changes changing the gender ratio has had a positive impact on the readership of the newspaper and therefore also on the economy of the company edstrom jacobsson,5
+decisions are typically made closest to where they will have an effect and the central government takes a subsidiary function performing mainly those tasks that cannot be as effectively dealt with at the school level they are responsible for choosing approaches to student assessment except for the central part of secondary school leaving examinations designing and implementing teacher appraisal processes conducting their own quality care and acting upon feedback by the inspectorate there is considerable attention on reducing administrative burdens on schools and limiting reporting requirements that generate paperwork but have little bearing on actual practice as described by scheerens there is a tradition of bottomup reforms where schools are offered incentives to join networks exploring new practices rather than having changes imposed from the top down,4
+these types of metrics may include ontime performance average headways and other operational aspects of public transport production these are important but they do not capture how the public views the services being offered other metrics relating to wait times average and distribution frequency the feel of the trip experience eg los angeles is tracking transport happiness overall convenience etc,11
+as timeseries data for the gini index for labour income are not available for a wide range of countries the gini indices are based on disposable income and are calculated over the whole population not just the workingage population the estimated coefficients in the gini regressions thus capture more than just the impact of the explanatory variables on labour income inequality for example the coefficient on the unemployment benefit replacement rate captures both the indirect effects whereby a higher replacement rate may reduce employment as well as the dispersion of wages and the direct effect whereby it raises the income of the unemployed technical change is measured by the number of patents per one million inhabitants the stock of human capital is captured by the share of the population with postsecondary education,10
+the move also entails a shift in stewardship arrangements in contrast to its traditional command and control role of direct management the ministry of health is expected to exercise influence via its newly adopted role as the contractor of services the contracts were heavily redacted when presented in the public domain and have been referred to the national audit office for scrutiny by the ministry of health the reform will need to be monitored carefully not least to ascertain whether it is contributing to the fiscal sustainability of the health system and meeting other goals such as maintaining equitable access and improved quality of care,3
+this is followed by an overview of france s spatial and land use planning system and how it has changed over time finally the purpose and scope of various spatial plans at the different levels of government are elaborated including a discussion of how they are intended to integrate with each other but each country implements these tools in its own way and uses its own framework of subnational government to assign different tools and functions to specific levels,11
+the typical tdr programme involves the landowner of a preservation or sending zone or parcel selling the development rights to a developer who will use these rights in an area designated as development or receiving zone or parcel in general the receiving area allow s for higher density of construction than the base density established by law through density bonuses provided by local governments thereby creating incentives for developers to buy the development rights tavares successful tdr programmes require strict sendingarea regulations market incentives and or ways for development to gain bonus density without using tdr pruetz and standridge,11
+it explores how ecec and primary school quality as well as the quality of transitions are affected by staff and teachers qualifications support for staff and leaders characteristics it builds on evidence from previous starting strong publications and recent literature findings to compare the respective roles of ecec and primary school staff in preparing children during this period research shows that the behaviour of those who work in ecec matters and that this is related to their education and training oecd a good understanding of child development and an ability to praise comfort and be responsive to children are also key for high quality ecec services oecd neuss et al,4
+the ten indicators are presented in table the framework covers several dimensions of care including effectiveness safety patientcentredness timeliness equity and efficiency this framework has been applied to psychiatric care with the development of more than process and outcome indicators which were then compared between regions or patient groups bjorkenstam et al,3
+this requires widespread metering in particular for agriculture in basins where irrigation is the main water user the new law on water resources management wrm is being developed with support from a unece project the ministry concerned menrp already has basic information on major basins and subbasins including some on gis maps,6
+it is not a measure of overall inequality in the society it is a measure of how the poorest are faring in relation to those in the middle but this is a problem not so much in the concept as in its communication it can and should be addressed by sticking strictly to the term relative child poverty when that is what is meant to say that relative child poverty levels are higher risks no such misunderstanding there is nothing either misleading or meaningless about the statement that a greater proportion of children are allowed to fall significantly below the norms of their societies in the united states than in the czech republic,1
+it is also considered important that staff believe in their ability to organise and execute the courses of action necessary to bring about desired results fives qualifications can matter in terms of which skill sets and what knowledge are recognised as important for working with young children there is strong evidence that enriched stimulating environments and highquality pedagogy are fostered by better qualified staff and better quality pedagogy leads to better learning outcomes litjens and taguma,4
+wars armed conflicts and the occupation of territories often lead to increased prostitution trafficking in women and sexual assault of women which require specific protective and punitive measures equality in employment can be seriously impaired when women are subjected to genderspecific violence such as sexual harassment in the workplace sexual harassment includes such unwelcome sexually determined behaviour as physical contact and advances sexually coloured remarks showing pornography and sexual demand whether by words or actions,5
+women reported of danish news stories but female and male reporters do not report equally on all news topics women reported only of the news stories on politics or the economy and female reporters were also more likely than male reporters to use female news subjects and put a woman in the central focus of a story however the majority of male and female reporters used male news sources and only of news stories had a woman in the central focus in,5
+some of these regional collaborations are far more developed than others flowever states themselves must take the lead in planning funding and implementing the range of policy changes and initiatives outlined in this chapter in free compulsory primary education was introduced and in all school fees were abolished,4
+in the next chapters we will examine whether the legislative frameworks of the six countries contain provisions that hold back women s economic empowerment the constitution in tunisia proclaimed equal access to education which became compulsory in in morocco education for children aged to became compulsory in in egypt the constitution established public education as compulsory and free of charge,5
+only by using longitudinal data one can understand the processes behind crosssectional statistics the events leading individuals into and out of poverty and the associated impact on their living standards longitudinal poverty analysis can also identify ways in and out of poverty which can help policymakers adopt better safety nets or other inclusion policies discrepancies between international and national databases often result from differences in the ways in which the associated indicators are defined and reported empty cells indicate that the corresponding figures do not appear in either database for any of the years taken into consideration from to,1
+the review process is designed to facilitate partnership building in cities and regions by drawing together higher education institutions and public and private agencies to identify strategic goals and work together towards them the principal objective of the oecd review is to examine the links between the higher education institutions and the city of wroclaw and the wider region and to strengthen these links to the benefit of both the two key questions in this respect are how can the city and the wider region benefit from a stronger higher education system in what ways can higher education institutions individually and collectively contribute to the economic social and cultural development of wroclaw and lower silesia,4
+this chapter reviews thailand s teacher and principal preparation licensing assessment and continuing development policies and the structures and organisations that support them it identifies five policy issues that may be preventing the development of a highquality education profession inadequate teacher preparation programmes a lack of a strategic approach to teachers professional development administrative burdens keeping teachers away from the classroom no strategic framework to support the development of school leaders and a fragmented approach to data management and teacher deployment making it harder to tackle teacher shortages this should be developed in consultation with teachers school leaders and their associations teacher funding and deployment should better reflect local needs to ensure all students are taught by highly qualified and highquality teachers,4
+in terms of the challenge building energy consumption accounts for well over half of the metro region s greenhouse gas emissions and imposes comparatively high costs on energy consumers cnt b buildings in the chicago tristate metroregion tend to use far more energy than even comparable buildings in the midwest in part due to their age and lack of insulation while energy efficiency is unlikely to contribute much to emissions reduction if it is not accompanied by a high carbon price it is still a necessary element of any policy to address climate change oecd in terms of the opportunity retrofitting of existing buildings to increase their energyefficiency involves a relatively high demand for low and semiskilled labour and strengthens the local cluster in professional energy services,7
+the fees are used to carry out the compensation and restoration activities through the custf this chapter reviews the custf an environmental compensation programme that has been operating in mexico for almost a decade and has been adjusted over the years in an effort to better meet its intended objectives this includes landuse change due to mining energy transmission agriculture tourism and service infrastructure among other activities the programme is intended to take action specifically by restoring soils reforesting and maintaining forest ecosystems that were deteriorated,15
+raising the incomes of the poor is the main channel through which trade can contribute to food security at the same time trade can make an important contribution to the other dimensions of food security trade in food and agricultural products in particular increases the availability of food by enabling products to flow from surplus to deficit areas,2
+yet most genderequality agencies are vested with this responsibility oecd d while audits or inspections also exist they are very rare similarly it is not common practice to incorporate the implementation of genderrelevant policies into managerial performance objectives and there are often little or no consequences for failing to meet gender equality targets oecd d,5
+cote divoire was estimated to have exported tonnes of maize over the same period including tonnes to mali consequently it is difficult to evaluate the growing interdependence between policies flows and production biasing interpretation of the real capacity of supply to meet food demand this information is an essential contribution in food security and nutrition policies and provides the basis for calculating food energy supply consumption of maize h and sorghum is overestimated and h of rice underestimated,2
+some of the affected workers were able to move to the higherend of the job distribution but many had to take up jobs in the lowerwage service sector potentially displacing lowerskilled workers this shock was especially strong in the western states which lost about of construction jobs between and while there have always been profound changes in labour demand eg when agriculture contracted and manufacturing expanded the fact that these recent changes have been associated with a decline in labour force participation may reflect the difficulty for workers losing their job to adapt to changing demand and remain in the labour force,8
+the differences between countries are due to differences in load factors and the cost of backup capacity the system costs of the three key technologies increase from onshore wind to offshore wind and solar pv these systemlevel costs come over and above the higher plantlevel costs of renewables including the latter based on the figures contained in the ieanea study on the projected costs generating electricity as well as more recent figures for solar power increases total generating costs by up to for onshore wind up to for offshore wind and up to for solar energy,7
+the report also shows that newborns whose parents have little or no education are more likely to be readmitted to hospital following discharge than the babies of parents with more education in the report doing better for children the oecd stated that countries should invest more resources during the period from conception until entry into compulsory schooling when outcomes are more malleable and foundations for future success are laid if interventions are well designed concentrating on early childhood can enhance both social efficiency and social equity oecd p,3
+significant investment is also needed to upgrade combined sewer overflows reconstruct trunk sewers and construct storm water detention tanks moe a another significant challenge will be to increase drinking water and sewerage connection rates to new houses as inhabitants have refused to join the networks citing high collection charges and a requirement that they finance the connection a low connection rate threatens the financial viability of water service networks,6
+the causes of such issues are therefore both institutional and political oecd a for example in moc worked with the global green growth institute gggi to develop a comprehensive set of urban green growth indicators with indicators under four categories environmental sustainability economic sustainability social inclusion and institutional responsiveness the indicators span across key green growth sectors including energy water air quality waste and transport table,11
+linked with the complexity and diversity of tourism jobs consistent and ongoing formal evaluation of policy measures implemented is needed to ensure programmes are appropriately targeted and are achieving the desired outcomes in order to develop human resources in the sector monitoring and measuring the return on investment in training can demonstrate the impact on business performance at enteiprise level and for the sector as a whole and can also help to strengthen the training culture and value attached to human capital by industry more work is needed on the return on investment in training to build the business case in order to encourage industry leadership and convince the sector of the benefits of adopting a strategic approach to workforce development the emphasis is on enhancing skills development and career progression opportunities for people employed in tourism smes,8
+according to tanvig women in peripheral areas most often opt for a certain type of entrepreneurship a type of entrepreneurship which is highly dependent on the local communities and the opportunities within this community thus women in these areas often start up small businesses with no or only a few employees working parttime or fulltime this might not create many new jobs in the peripheral areas however more women might return to the peripheral areas upon having finished their education and remain there to create other forms of employment than those traditionally offered in the local communities thus these women might be instrumental in evening out the gender balance tanvig,5
+using discarded hard drives discs circuit boards and other components sculptors are able to create works of art some of which are quite expensive below is jack an art piece by brenda guyton that was on sale for usd creative forms of utilization of the ewaste would help to raise awareness while creating employment at the same time an ewaste treatment facility established by hewlett packard in cape town south africa processed approximately tons of electronic equipment generated about usd and employed people in workers refurbished and resold some products and dismantled others to sell the raw materials to businesses that recycle metals and plastics,12
+for small agricultural producers in particular ecommerce provides an opportunity to gain direct access to more consumers and renders prices more remunerative as intermediary costs are eliminated however business training access to credit targeted online promotions and effective distribution networks are a necessary condition for these economic gains given that time and mobility constraints are often greater for women particularly those with children technological developments like ecommerce can have an important impact on womens work,9
+for persons with disabilities information should be provided in accessible formats if such vulnerable groups are not adequately informed and supported the system as a whole must be judged to have failed rapid onset disasters such as nearfield tsunamis and flash floods only allow between minutes and a couple of hours from detection to impact so the warning system should be able to respond to imminent danger other hazards such as cyclones and seasonal floods may be detected days or even weeks in advance allowing people to protect assets and livelihoods figure iii,13
+the buildup of plastic debris in coastal zones is severe and different in character from opensea plastic pollution with different impacts on womens nearshore fishing than on openocean fishing by men loss of economic activities damage to wellbeing and mental health aspects of the impacts of degraded environments are all genderdifferentiated and likely to be more intense for women in nearshore fisheries than for men in fisheries located offshore however virtually no research or data exist on such differences,14
+there are also some regions where groundwater sources have been contaminated by local industry in the ukrainian government adopted a state programme to connect villages from oblasts to a centralized water supply but centralized solutions were too expensive for the state to build and too expensive for rural communities to operate the new policy on rural water supply developed in widens the options for providing services to rural communities including decentralized small water supply systems and on tap water treatment measures,6
+in that context social security plays a central role in ensuring that autonomy and for exercising a series of related rights such as the rights to food health leisure and social integration social security also has an important part to play in helping the regions societies achieve gender equality as a result although the situation across the region is not uniform the feminization of old age is a trend that is unfolding in all the countries,5
+therefore highquality early childhood education and care ecec can result in better outcomes in subsequent stages of life for instance the number of years spent in ecec is a strong predictor of level ofperformance in and out of schools reached at later stages in the same vein children with an immigrant background and more globally disadvantaged children can benefit the most of attending highquality ecec however the benefits of ecec attendance are not limited to learning outcomes,4
+this paper focuses on pension system rules and how they interact with other social and labour market conditions over women s lifecourses in particular the paper evaluates the way in which specific pension design features can reproduce or mitigate gender inequalities in old age identifying the sources of gender gaps in pension systems can contribute to understanding the impacts that recently adopted pension reforms can have and the policy directions that can help enhance gender equality today and in the future,5
+the latter are imposed on wastewater emissions by industrial and other large w ater users who discharge into public sewers and who pay the utility according to the volume and strength of pollutants present in their wastewater environmental management in practice routledge london and new york environmental management in practice routledge london and new york,6
+the diversity and abundance of reef fishes is correlated with the extent and architectural complexity of coral reefs friedlander and parrish the loss and degradation of coral reefs through climate change can be expected to reduce the abundance and diversity of fishes with negative impacts for subsistence and artisanal fisheries that provide important livelihoods and a source of protein and micronutrients for coastal and island populations events such as the mass coral bleaching in the indian ocean have not been accompanied by obvious negative shortterm bioeconomic impacts for coastal reef fisheries grandcourt and cesar spalding and jarvis bellwood et al however a longer term study of seychelles fish assemblages has indicated that responses may lag long after the coral mortality event due to the loss in complex substrate that smaller fishes depend upon fish assemblage structure appears to be determined by the degree of bioerosion and collapse of the dead reef architecture graham et al,14
+almost of the urban population has access to drinking water and as of about of it was connected to a sewerage network with treatment figure this is the result of a modern and effective institutional and policy framework that was made possible by a proactive process of privatisation of water utilities initiated in the late s the framework combines i highquality regulation ii water operators in most cases private sector providers being allowed to recover the full cost of service provision thereby enabling investment in assuring coverage and quality of service and iii an innovative system of subsidies targeted to poor consumers to ensure affordability,6
+the recommendations advanced in this report are therefore designed to shift the balance and increase the incentives for schools and school districts to give adequate attention to quality cte alongside other aspects of education a learning for jobs review ofthe united states parttime teachers are also often used constructively to tackle the challenge of recruiting cte teachers in postsecondary cte state standards allow students to move easily from one institution to another in the state while retaining earned credits these include achieve texas which restructures high school cte provision into federally defined career clusters and defines programmes of study,4
+for example decision cp stipulates that the global environment facility is to submit annual reports to the conference of the parties that should include a financial report with information on the financial resources required for projects under implementation and approved thus climate finance information is included by these entities in their annual reports to the cop however the cop has not to date provided specific guidance on what financial information to report and how while most cop requests for information to gef are couched in quite tentative terms eg decision cp requests and encourages specific actions or reports from the gef others are stronger eg decision cp,13
+in urban areas near international borders the implementation of smart trade initiatives can help to improve crossborder transportation and trade box coordination is needed across different levels of government to develop spatial and strategic planning that will foster synergies and avoid duplication and conflict in planning within and between cities and regions among oecd member countries spatial planning considerations are increasingly important while in some countries such as denmark finland and norway spatial planning takes into account land use and other related matters oecd,11
+the expansion of access to medicare funding can be considered a possible tool to encourage appropriately qualified and trained health practitioners to embrace other roles for example pharmacists in areas of need could be eligible to receive medicare funding to administer vaccines and prescribe limited medications such a move should be carefully regulated and done in a fiscally responsible way,3
+this decline in the participation rate from earlier years for both men and women was due to cyclical factors such as the recession and slow recovery from the recent financial crisis and to structural factors such as population ageing and more years of education ilo according to eclac there are still differences between men and women despite this progress in about half of all women aged over had no income of their own while just or so of men were in this situation,5
+these estimates of the effect of poverty reduction on lone parents are however based on actual receipt as these are low the overall effect on child poverty also tends to be low although for those in receipt of maintenance they are important for the avoidance of poverty in addition those that receive maintenance are more likely to have been previously married and these parents are therefore also more likely to have older children and be in employment while maintenance may be important to the incomes of these women those who are not in receipt of maintenance are even more likely to be poor while behaviour and health differences also follow income gradients figure illustrates the strong relationship between children s development and income in the united kingdom during middle childhood and shows that there are large gaps in outcomes by income many of these differences have already emerged by the time children enter school,1
+the survey provides information on the prevalence of selected lifetime and month mental disorders by three major disorder groups anxiety disorders eg social phobia affective disorders eg depression and substance use disorders eg alcohol harmful use the survey also provides information on the level of impairment the health services used for mental health problems physical conditions social networks and caregiving as well as demographic and socioeconomic characteristics in the canadian community health survey area specific version focused on mental health,3
+to compete for fdi effectively penang needs to target specific industrial clusters that leverage on the existing competencies of the state and the natural resources in its regional hinterland examples of possible industrial clusters where penang could forge comparative advantages might include the marine agrotechnology sector optoelectronics and precision engineering as these are sectors where penang has already built some foundations over the years in addition to improving the technical contents of its educational system penang should also look into injecting an entrepreneurial dimension to its university research and education system for example by offering educational programmes involving experiential learning of entrepreneurship among the students of science and engineering and other disciplines and by providing seed funding and mentoring of entrepreneurial startups by university professors and students,4
+third and most significantly it is important to build up womens agency and capabilities to create better synergies between gender equality and sustainable development outcomes ensuring womens access to and control over agricultural assets and productive resources is important for achieving food security and sustainable livelihoods food and agriculture organization of the united nations fao womens knowledge agency and collective action are central to finding demonstrating and building more economically socially and environmentally sustainable pathways to manage local landscapes adapt to climate change produce and access food and secure sustainable water sanitation and energy services further certain aspects of gender equality such as female education and womens share of employment can have a positive impact on economic growth although this impact is dependent on the nature of growth strategies the structure of the economy the sectoral composition of womens employment and labour market segregation among other factors kabeer and natali,5
+implementing selfevaluation of schools as a tool to improve quality has been on the educational agenda in oecd and eu member countries for many years greece is now among those countries setting objectives and benchmarks but policymakers should be aware that selfevaluation of schools is a highly demanding and timeconsuming exercise,4
+for example in south and southwest asia the population living on or less than per day increased from million in to billion in which accounted for about per cent of the regions poor however out of this number india alone accounted for million people living below in in particular two of the worlds most populous countries namely china and india have been able to significantly reduce extreme poverty over the last two decades the percentage of people living in extreme poverty in china was reduced from per cent in to per cent in,1
+for example abstraction charge rates are higher for domestic users while volumes abstracted for drinking water supply are much lower than volumes abstracted for irrigation purposes the pressure exerted on the resource can also be assessed through the difference between the volumes of water that are abstracted and the volumes that are returned to the environment for example it is estimated that around of the volume used for cooling thermal and nuclear power plants is returned to the watercourse while irrigation returns a small portion of its abstracted volume to the environment the latter explains why rates for cooling purposes are quite low compared to other uses but does not explain why rates for irrigation are lower than rates applied to drinking water supply knowing that almost all volumes used by households are returned to the environment after treatment,6
+the australian state of victoria funds a programme specifically targeted at boys called boys blokes books bytes that promotes learning styles that are appealing to boys and involves adult men as positive role models and reading partners the programme is based on peer learning as teachers leam from and with each other with the support of a tutor once fully developed the programme will be offered to teachers from preschool to upper secondary school new york city s young men s initiative includes reading and math classes for young black and latino men who are not yet ready to take the general education development high school equivalency test,4
+what steps is the government taking to reduce barriers to entry for renewable energy providers mechanisms that allocate the entirety of the costs of interconnection and network upgrades to the generator deep cost allocation can be prohibitively costly for investors in clean electricity generation and therefore constitute a barrier to entry by contrast only allocating the costs of the enabling facilities to the generator shallow pricing will be attractive for developers but can constitute a challenge for the transmission operator madrigal and stoft,7
+more generally the price volatility of internationally tradable products is lower in subsaharan africa than that of nontradable commodities and commodities that are tradable only on regional markets world bank and international monetary fund for example wheat rice and cooking oil products that are imported on the african continent exhibit lower price volatility than the prices of domestically produced staples efforts to increase the tradability of these less traded commodities would help to lower their high domestic price volatility there has been extensive investigation of the importance of such import surges in recent years sharma,2
+as noted in chapter information on grid connections can help identify taxpayers and businesses for tax collection purposes while the availability of electricity for productive use could reinforce the incentives for microenterprises to join the formal sector wider access to electricity can also help unlock the development potential of icts which play a growing role in financial inclusion through mobile money systems like kenya s mpesa and in disseminating market information and knowledge of productive technologies the economic viability of investments in electricity generation transmission and distribution is highly dependent on an adequate level of demand,7
+in particular the asian crisis and el nino were two major factors behind the contraction of production during overall between and gross agricultural output increased in volume terms by of which crop production by and livestock production by compared with a population growth of over the same period indicating a significant increase in production per capita in the s overall tfp growth was weak reflecting a fall in public spending in the sector that was not replaced by private investment,2
+the most prominent biological explanations for gender differences in health and mortality are hormonal autoimmune greater susceptibility of men to infections and genetic waldron crimmis and finch women are found to be more interested in health green and pope to be more likely to report symptoms to clinicians kroenke and spitzer and to show higher healthcare utilisation than men do bertakis et al smoking prevalence among men is higher than among women in all oecd countries except in sweden and canada rates for men and women are equal or nearly equal in denmark iceland norway and the united kingdom,5
+the importance of considering products and services in terms of their complete lifecycle is introduced and explained this remains the single most important of the millennium development goals economic growth is thus of key importance to developing countries and many of their policymakers believe that developed countries having already accomplished a high level of satisfaction of their needs now wish to suggest frugality and restraint on consumption in the developing world china for instance is now considered the factory to the world,12
+the organic load of the industrial treated wastewater discharged into natural receiving waters represents per cent of the organic load of urban wastewater discharged into natural receiving waters council directive eec of may on pollution caused by certain dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic environment of the community has been transposed into romanian legislation by mo no annex of this amending gd sets limit values for pollutants in surface waters which are highly toxic persistent and bioaccumulative in addition to stipulating environmental standards and quality standards annex contains guidelines for developing an inventory of emissions discharges and losses of priority substances and specific pollutants,6
+priorities identified include customer service management of small tourism enterprises and marketing work has commenced in collaboration with local stakeholders including capacity building in career guidance vocational training for the hospitality sector language training and capacity development in planning and marketing there is a need to explore policies that generate more and better quality jobs and address the needs of the most vulnerable members of society,8
+in the number of women in ministerial positions and in parliament was higher in the oecd on average than in asiapacific economies across the board new zealand consistently performs better than its oecd peers in recent history indira ghandi prime minister of india from to and again in is arguably the most famous female asian leader,5
+by limiting their access to opportunities resources and power discriminatory social institutions restrict womens capabilities to achieve their migration wishes in particular discrimination within the family and restricted civil liberties drive our findings in particular migration may either entrench gender inequality in social institutions or challenge them according to the level of discriminatory social institutions in the host country,5
+in mexico gender gaps have been found to exist both in wages and in employerprovided benefits de la cruz toledo the gap in monthly earnings reflects both gender differences in hourly wages and in hours worked when looking at the hourly gender wage gap however mexico performs better the hourly wage gap of fulltime workers is compared to on average the oecd oecd estimates of labour force surveys,5
+this is expected to be completed by in other words making health insurance compulsory for all vietnamese notably in the past years few of the people working in the informal sector have voluntarily joined the health insurance system and based on this alone reaching the goal of universal health insurance coverage by will require a change in mindset among informal workers and nonworking family members towards health insurance,3
+this suggests that at a given level of social spending and targeting a greater proportion of households living in rural areas tends to reduce child poverty risks in terms of the economic environment the employment rate for mothers proxied here by the proportion of couples with two earners and the employment rate for singleparent households shares a negative association the child poverty rate columns to implying child poverty rates are lower when maternal employment is higher the dependent and independent variables are expressed in log,1
+typically speed limits are reduced when traffic builds up towards the critical vehicle per lane per hour the aim of the speed limit reduction is to reduce speed variance and the propensity for shock waves to cause incidents and accidents the overall aim is to maintain throughput but the schemes typically bring about a reduction in crashes and secondary crashes,11
+teachers are assessed in job performance interviews with school heads usually biannual the assessment includes classroom observations in secondaiy schools teachers peers and students may also be consulted some schools conduct annual assessment interviews which are separate from the job interview,4
+the focus on these economies stems from their vulnerability to climate change most of them are also among the world s poorest with limited capacity to adapt to climate change and because of their dependence on commodities climate change mitigation and adaptation add to the challenges they already face,13
+overall at national level the authorities estimate that reaching the level of treatment which meets discharge standards will require levels of investment of some mxn billion usd billion in addition the municipalities of chihuahua and juarez have been active in recycling water for green areas irrigation and industrial use this map is for illustrative purposes and is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory covered by this map,6
+however emissions levels recorded in and immediately thereafter rather than being real reductions in emissions were actually due to economic decline which caused ghg emissions to fall sharply the strategy was meant to be a general framework for climate change policies and measures during the brief period of outlining romania s policies in meeting the international obligations under the unfccc and the kyoto protocol as well as the country s national priorities such as eu integration and possible participation in eu ets it assigns tasks and responsibilities for all stakeholder institutions and identifies the main actors for each specific action and relevant task,13
+however participation and attainment in education among arabisraelis is low and ultraorthodox education is unconventional which is contributing to high levels of relative poverty furthermore international surveys reveal a general problem of weak core skills among secondaryschool students with negative implications for employers and tertiary institutions this paper investigates these problems and the policy response to them,4
+at a minimum these frameworks should incorporate the suggestions made by the un special rapporteur box eliminate legislative or constitutional barriers to the inclusion of children and adults with disabilities in the regular education system ensure that one ministry is responsible for the education of both children and adults,4
+only in sweden in reading literacy can a major change in results be observed which might be related to the amount of time students spend on the internet even if it is not possible to clearly show whether the change of test mode in pisa has influenced the results the authors warn that there are reasons to be careful when comparisons are made of pisa results from with results from earlier pisa studies the comparative link between the pisa studies from different years might be weaker in than earlier,4
+the large uncertainty on recharge prevents any meaningful groundwater management response crosbie et al aquifer storage and recovery in particular requires an advanced knowledge of the hydrogeology to avoid costly mistakes eg see for instance blood and splagat ignoring existing connections with surface water in management can be very costly,6
+this approach has not worked as this chapter shows climate change is fundamentally a social and political issue social dimensions including the politics of transformative change are crucial for understanding both the drivers of climate change and its impacts as well as necessary responses to address the problem in an equitable way,13
+hospitalisation is among the most common sequelae of harm in primary and ambulator care the previous section identified that the majority of the direct costs stemming from safety lapses such as diagnostic error and ades generated by the need for hospitalisation consumption of hospital resources carries a direct cost bed days and activity and an opportunity cost other admissions foregone assuming hospitals are operating at high occupancy this report defines patient safety in the primary and ambulatory setting as managing risks over extended periods of time,3
+in addition not all countries report on official financial flows that do not qualify as official development assistance under existing odaeligibility criteria such as nonconcessional loans and equity investments recentlyupdated oecd guidance for applying the rio markers to climate change adaptation activities oecd along with work on definitions being undertaken by bilateral and multilateral development finance providers will hopefully improve the consistency of international reporting though several countries provide such support buchner et al some countries have started reporting their official development assistance to the oecd dac voluntarily such as turkey which also receives oda saudi arabia the uae and the kuwait fund for arab economic development currently such reporting is sometimes still done at an aggregate level making it difficult to identify climaterelevant flows,13
+managers of barki tojik will learn to identify the risks of climate change associated with hydropower and ways to control them by the combination of such information and its application in the company s business activities the project will optimize power generation and improve the dams safety thereby helping to move towards best international practice the project is a pilot one which will provide outputs for future application in the hydropower sector of tajikistan and throughout the region and have the potential for future investment projects the indepth review of energy efficiency policies of tajikistan was released by the energy charter in,7
+however a significant barrier to the increased penetration of renewable energy arises from the intermittent nature of the electricity produced while some sources are dispatchable eg hydro geothermal and biomass wind solar and wavetide power are subject to varying weather and ecological conditions the extent to which the grid as a whole can accommodate such variations is a function of its capacity to adjust to supply and demand shocks and as the penetration of intermittent renewable sources increases the need for such capacity increases,7
+nevertheless mexican women continue to face gender stereotyping discrimination and very high rates of violence the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law yet the share of mexican women in the workforce remains among the lowest in the oecd the gender gap in labour force participation is very high and mexican women tend to have lowerquality jobs than their male counterparts the challenges common to the development process hit women particularly hard female workers are much more likely than male workers to hold informal jobs and many women live in poverty this includes a bird seye view of gender gaps in education the labour market and political life and discusses how attitudes and stereotypes while evolving still impede women s opportunities and empowerment,5
+they interact with each other and their customers through the electricity grid as well as with the wider natural economic and social environment this means that electricity production generates costs beyond the perimeter of the individual plant such external effects or system effects can take the form of intermittency network congestion or greater instability but can also affect the quality of the natural environment or pose risks in terms of security of supply,7
+promoting dense and proximate development patterns diversifying land use and integrating investment in public transport and private urban development could usefully be explored higher residential densities can increase the costeffectiveness of public transport by providing greater demand stockholm county has a few areas of high density over persons per square kilometre as well as widely dispersed urban areas of low and medium density figure,11
+the main data source in this chapter is the nids data applicants had to prove that they had made efforts to apply for private maintenance from the other parent but been unsuccessful in doing so there were several conditions attached to receipt of the grant including ensuring that schoolage children were in school there were limitations not only on nonparents receipt of the grant but also on eligibility in respect of children bom outside of marriage as a result of significant differences in both rules and how the rules were applied very few african children and their caregivers received the grant in december of the democratically elected government of south africa established the lund committee in order to evaluate the existing system of state support and to explore new alternative policy options targeting children and families,10
+this data comes from barro and lee as their dataset to the best of our knowledge has the highest level of global coverage on human capital by gender data on average years of schooling for the male and female population aged over is employed to highlight the educational differences between men and women the ratio of women s to men s average years of schooling is used the data on the percentage of women in parliament comes largely from the women in parliament dataset paxton et al this data was extended back until the beginning of the th century in when the first woman mp was elected in finland,5
+specific programmes like snabbsparet in sweden and hurtigsporet in norway add hope to a faster integration of skilled refugees in the matchmaking to the labour market more targeted measures are needed to promote the integration of low and informally skilled people the norwegian programme jobbsjansen is one recent effort in this direction,8
+the proportion of students with a good understanding of critical thinking was overall about the same but with a much better understanding by secondary than primary education students in fact students in primary education clearly struggled with the idea of critical thinking which is probably more alien to them than creativity about of the participating students perceived themselves as very creative and as very good at critical thinking,4
+see e kally water and peace water resources and the arabisraeli peace process the energy required to lift water is independent of plant size due to the minimum flow rate assumption within the context of the latter in countries that do not subsidize diesel fuel such as lebanon and the united arab emirates die cost of a litre of diesel is approximately oolitre the cost in other countries where subsidies exist varies from litre in saudi arabia to litre in the syrian arab republic to litre in jordan a subsidy represents a real cost that while not borne directly by the consumer is paid for indirectly by the public through government expenditures,6
+in most counties it is found that some forests are used up to about a thousand times more intensively than others in koch detailed descriptions of the different methodological aspects are presented as well as the results due to this the outdoor life project was initiated and a new data collection on a local basis was accomplished in jensen the geographical variation in use intensity as described for the survey was more or less retained the practical work of inspection and collecting the data is carried out in cooperation with the danish road directorate,15
+using this information to convert land use in advance of infrastructure deployment can help reduce the time needed by developers to acquire land use clearance similarly mapping could help increase coordination between different levels of government eg federalstate centrallocal policy support to renewable energy should for instance be consistent and harmonised at both the federal and state level so as to provide investors with coherent signals and incentives resource mapping can moreover inform policy design by central and local authorities and help ensure that these policies are complementary rather than duplicative see question,7
+this might not just be the case for public projects private infrastructure investment in rural areas is also likely to depend on the quality of the local administration and the trust that firms have in village leaders government policies to boost agricultural productivity will be critical for narrowing the gap between urban and rural living standards however the benefits to farmers of productivityenhancing reforms may take some time to eventuate requiring government assistance to the agricultural sector in the meantime,2
+the relationship between these two variables indicates that around of the crosscountry variation in cerebrovascular mortality can be explained by smoking prevalence higher smoking rates are also associated with increased cvd mortality although this relationship is not quite as strong as with cerebrovascular disease the decision to pursue such behaviours is determined by a complex set of factors including the perceived costs and benefits prices income and information lundberg and shapira,3
+the large emerging economies like india china and brazil aligned themselves with smaller and less developed economies to emphasise the need for aggressive emission cuts from the industrialised economies and to seek new and additional financial assistance climate finance as a condition to action for all developing economies developing countries particularly the sids and african states also emphasized the need for greater allocations of climate finance for adaptation many experts and negotiators were understandably sceptical as to what successor agreement to the kyoto protocol could be achieved in light of misaligned positions of the various blocs and particularly between historic and new major emitters during the conference it was able to add other influential member states including brazil canada and australia to its ranks,13
+hence appropriate routing with lowlevel transmission power significantly decreases energy consumption under desired qualify of service level in the previous works energy consumption of the secondary users su at different states transmit collision idle modes have not been studied comprehensively in cognitive radio networks the secondary network is allowed to use the licensed channels in an opportunistic manner,7
+countries with low consumption levels eg iceland ireland report higher rates of alcoholrelated social and psychiatric problems than countries with high consumption levels eg france italy but these variations are related to different cultural beliefs attitudes norms and expectancies about drinking societies with generally positive beliefs and expectancies about alcohol integrated drinkingcultures experience significantly fewer alcohol related problems societies with negative or inconsistent beliefs and expectancies ambivalent drinking cultures are associated with higher levels of alcoholrelated problems figure presents the proportion of frequent drinkers against the proportion of heavy episodic drinkers,3
+compared to other monitoring areas staff quality and child development service quality is relatively frequently monitored for accountability purposes with sanctions or rewards attached to the results this is done by jurisdictions in norway for example settings that do not meet the regulatory minimum quality standards can lose funding or have to reimburse at least some of the public funding received monitoring the level of quality is also conducted for accountability reasons without any rewards or sanctions in out of jurisdictions in finland france and mexico no sanctions or rewards are imposed based on monitoring results while in england and scotland united kingdom for instance they are,4
+payments based on the use of variable inputs are found to be the most likely to provoke increased fishing effort while payments based on fixed capital formation are most likely to encourage increased capacity levels payments based on fishers income are less likely to increase effort or capacity and may be more effective at improving the welfare of fishers payments to general services for the sector are least likely to increase effort or fishing capacity the authors are grateful to franck jesus rachel bae and the whole tadnrp fisheries team for helpful discussions,14
+relative to larger nations in sids national energy generation and use are therefore relatively small but domestic demand is increasing over time as populations develop and new industry is created trinidad and tobago has the highest rate of energy use per capita at over tonnes of oil equivalent per year in global terms the energy use and co emissions of sids are low with co emissions averaging megatonnes per year however there is an extreme difference between the highest and lowest emitters higherincome countries are the highest emitters they include trinidad and tobago the highest emitter with megatonnes per year dominica and jamaica,7
+although the detailed way in which measures are applied will differ between catchments the approach to designing the solutions will be similar to make the process more transparent to stakeholders while the main focus is on diffuse source water pollution from agriculture the programme will also consider biodiversity air quality soil quality and greenhouse gas emission tradeoffs the measures to tackle diffuse pollution of water will particularly have to take account of the requirement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions whilst maintaining food security for the country,6
+norway has a comprehensive education system until the age of and high enrolment in preprimary education at upper secondary level there is strong supply and student uptake of vocational education and training but completion rates in general or vocational programmes are low compared to the oecd average tertiary education attainment is higher than the oecd average resulting in a highly skilled workforce with a relatively small wage premium due to low income differential in norway,4
+in nepal women s migration has long been associated with sex work and is highly stigmatized media reports on migrant women facing sexual violence in destination countriesarefurtherfuellingtheequation between women s migration and traffickingprostitution male migrant workers also face extreme abuses and sexual violence in destination countries but while their sacrifices are glorified and appreciated by both families and communities women are constantly victimized due to the patriarchal belief that they sym bolize the honour of thefamily as shared by a woman returnee lied about my migration to my neighbours for a number of years as migrant women were considered as spineless easy and i did not want to face the stigma many unmarried women shy away from revealing their migration experience as they are afraid of encountering problems in finding a partner women feel that people tend to equate migrant women with victims of sexual violence or prostitutes,5
+the risk remains that citizens forego effective care that can have longterm adverse health outcomes a further aspect of copayments that will require careful monitoring are the potential incentives they create for patients seeking care in parts of the health care system where their costs can be minimised for example higher primary care copayments may increase incentives to seek care in the emergency department however these incentives may not always align with delivering care in the most appropriate place this would entail that the copayments become distortionary and act as barrier to efficient care provision the strongest evidence can be found in the rate of hospital admissions,3
+first school evaluations follow a proportional approach focussing on lowperforming schools second school evaluations promise to create a greater understanding of school processes and contexts school evaluations should result in an evaluation report that takes into account the school educational project context and results,4
+all levels of government could use the jicamcdcb roadmap and the present study as a basis to design projects collectively it could be an opportunity to attract more easily official development finance at the local level but also to give the lgus and in particular the mcda if created a more important role in attracting international finance to realise urban green growth objectives such local mechanism has already been set up in several main cities in viet nam with support of the french development agency afd such initiative could be supported by the national government and in particular the philippines development bank and the land bank of the philippines,11
+in this study productivity is measured by means of the number of sick days per month or per year depending on countiy this information is mainly available in health and retirement surveys focusing on senior people in this study early retirement refers to the situation when people retire before the national legal retirement age,3
+simulations show that georgian children living in households in extreme poverty would have doubled without pensions and the percentage of children living in poor households according to the national poverty line would have increased from to per cent in the case of georgia social pensions have a higher impact on poverty reduction for households with children than targeted social assistance in kyrgyzstan for instance expenditure is around per cent of gdp while spending on social assistance and child benefits reaches only per cent of gdp,1
+around of the icelandic alpine habitats are sparsely vegetated these areas were formerly largely covered with heathland vegetation which has been degraded in historic time due to grazing combined with harsh environmental conditions and volcanic activity arnalds agustsdottir there is growing pressure for development of the highlands especially from the energy sector construction of dams and hydro and geothermal plants and tourism ministry for the environment and the icelandic institute of natural history,15
+reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation conservation the sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks redd an international forestbased climate policy framework is aimed to be implemented in developing countries and has direct relevance to tropical forests it does not have any direct implication for forests in the nordic countries the region has just under onethird of forests in europe excluding russia,15
+such efforts should also include identifying information and data gaps as well as capacitybuilding needs in statistical authorities and bodies of the eecca countries all the abovementioned analysis could lead to better evidencebased decision making in designing future climate targets and necessary policies and help mobilise private sector investment and domestic financial resources such benefits include reducing duplication and transaction costs enhancing a country s ownership over accessing and using financial resources strengthening linkages between climate policies and the country s core planning and budgeting processes and improving accountability and transparency,13
+then came a golden opportunity that provided me with a springboard to join politics that was in when the parliament of tanzania passed a law that required per cent womens participation in legislatures it is on record that before i joined parliament i was the founder the federation of women lawyers fida and was a key player in fighting for women s rights in uganda we as parliamentarians have also benefited immensely from the partnership and training from csos in areas of genderresponsive budgeting and human rights among others,5
+since the beginning of s various tax reforms have contributed to reducing the labour tax wedge in denmark most recently in the earnedincome tax credit has been increased the challenge is to support labour supply as population is ageing and public spending is under pressure cutting labour taxes has remained one of the reform priorities for denmark in successive editions of the oecd going for growth report,10
+the water resources management agency is the stateauthorized body for water resources management charged mainly with assessing water availability and ensuring water use efficiency the management of competing water uses and for ensuring that environmental needs are met the basin management organizations are involved in developing water management plans in the five primary basin management areas the state hydrometeorological and monitoring service is responsible for monitoring surface water quantity and the environmental impact monitoring centre for monitoring surface water quality the regional geological fund assesses groundwater availability for water use permit applications,6
+yet in many countries in the region the current political regulatory and industrial infrastructure is not yet ready for such a transformation some countries and subregions seek to promote energy independence or selfsufficiency while others strive for efficient integration of energy markets promoting mutually beneficial economicinterdependence would accelerate attainment of the agenda through integrative nexus areas that the notion of sustainable development offers for energy it is critical to think in terms of a wholly interconnected complex system in which supply demand conversation transport and transmission interact freely and flexibly,7
+irrigated crops have access to more diverse water sources including groundwater and rivers in rainfed agriculture the only water available is that which the plants can access from the topsoil differences between the ipsl and hadley gcms are not especially pronounced even if these models present contradictory results for some regions,2
+in the context of international migration gender shapes integration patterns in the destination country hagan franz as well as transnational practices boehm including remittance behaviour de jong and others it also influences reintegration trajectories in the case of return to the migrants country of origin guarnizo surprisingly though die gender approach is rarely applied in studies of migration in die area covered by die former union of soviet socialist republics ussr rather migration is still often perceived by default as a male phenomenon thus gender is an issue rarely taken into account in such studies,5
+in mexico s public sector however few efforts have been made to address pay inequality the predominance of women versus men in job classes has not been identified there are no regular pay assessments to ensure equality in pay and there are no audits to ensure pay equality as well as equity ie in promotions or to ensure gender balanced representation in job classes should a public sector employee wish to lodge a complaint challenging a gender gap in wages or inequity between male and female employees there is no specific procedure for doing so these rates have changed little over the past decade figure,5
+these statements set out what universities and colleges offer to their students to support their employability and transition into employment and beyond the evaluation system essentially focuses on measuring the extent to which intended learning outcomes are achieved in terms of three major concepts i knowledge and comprehension ii competency and skills and iii judgment hie description of learning outcomes and professional qualifications emerge in close cooperation with professional associations,4
+below the surface waters the deep layer where sunlight penetrates with insufficient intensity to support primary production is called the mesopelagic zone this zone is a particularly important habitat for the fauna controlling the depth of c sequestration below the mesopelagic zone about m deep is the largest layer of the deepsea water column and by far the largest ecosystem on our planet the bathypelagic region,14
+state electricity boards own around of total installed capacity public companies owned by the central government including the national thermal power corporation ntpc the national hydroelectric power corporation nhpc and the nuclear power corporation of india ltd npci control around of indias total capacity the eastern and northeastern regions traditionally the poorest regions in terms of gdp per capita figure have also much less installed capacity,7
+this is especially relevant in the context of efforts to expand access and integrate renewables in electricity systems through an optimal mix of centralized and distributed generation chattopadhyay et al planning should encompass choices between private and public provision of electricity and private and public financing for example public provision through centralized systems provides an opportunity for crosssubsidization to increase affordability while distributed or standalone systems locally operated by the private sector usually aim to be financially selfsustaining with full recovery of operating and maintenance costs,7
+hospital doctors are required to provide patient data and indications for pharmaceutical use and dosage online and the pharmaceutical validated by the system is released at the hospital pharmacy if the patient is considered as a nonresponder based on disease progression progressionrelated death or an excessively high toxicity level for continuing treatment the manufacturers are expected to bear a certain proportion of the pharmaceutical costs for example during the initial six weeks of treatment with avastin half the cost is bom by the pharmaceutical company and the other half by the nhs after this period all the cost is born by the nhs if the pharmaceutical is found effective but for doses administered above a certain threshold the pharmaceutical company has to reimburse the entire cost the risksharing arrangements for the same pharmaceutical are sometimes different depending on the indication,3
+thus observed differences partly reflect the social and economic challenges associated with single parenthood and not only gender differences as such unctad unece and world bank institute equally differences between male and femaleheaded households represent only one aspect of gender in rural communities the position of female members within households regardless of headship raises significantly different issues and affects much more of the female population however it is important to emphasize that gender roles in agriculture and gender norms more broadly are highly contextspecific the scope for generalization or wider extrapolation of patterns from a small number of countries is therefore limited especially among a group of countries as geographically economically and culturally diverse as ldcs the country examples provided highlight the diversity of national experiences as much as their commonalities,5
+one reason is that nonregular workers have less access to social insurance benefits oecd another is that prevailing norms limit the use of the social insurance system for example women are still expected to leave employment upon having a child rather than using parental leave provisions while fathers fear the career repercussions of making use of their entitlements oecd takeup of social assistance benefits is lower in korea of the working age population is covered by the basic livelihood security programme than in any other oecd country and far below the oecd average at oecd,1
+however which such an acute focused health care system korea s starting point today is behind that of many other oecd countries turning this situation around will demand a consistent policy commitment to developing effective primary care services over a long period of time better remuneration and more primary care practices will help set the foundations but will need to be supported by a workforce dedicated to primary care and better information to help the single insurer direct funding to areas of need,3
+it is now attracting interest from other donors including norway and denmark it will channel finance at the national level through the crge facility and sector level direct financing through ongoing programmes such as the productive safety net programme disaster risk management forestry etc this was done by epa through collaboration with the african climate policy centre,13
+the prints findings for access to education in serbia suggest the need for a closer look at all points of transition to secondary and tertiary education a pearson productmoment correlation analysis carried out in the course of intes methodology development used data from ihe corruption barometer of transparency international the extent to which respondents perceive the education system in a specific country to be affected by corruption and ihe mean reading score in pisa adjusted for the countrys socioeconomic profile the square of the correlation coefficient shows a negative correlation between learning outcomes and perceived levels of corruption while numerous questions need to be answered before such analysis becomes sufliciently reliable the tentative answers are good enough for orientation and support when working with assumptions about causality,4
+in other words a broad reduction in child poverty is to be expected here not so much from an increase in the employment rate but from an improvement in the quality of the jobs occupied by parents andor better compensation by the redistributive system for the penalty weighing on the poverty rate a sharp decrease in poverty rates can also be expected from a reduction in the child penalty bom by singleparents in many countries austria belgium chili the czech republic estonia france iceland italy japan lithuania luxembourg mexico portugal sweden tukey and the united states where the lowest poverty rates among single parents occur when the poverty rate for single parents is the same for childless singles table in fact for france and japan the lowest overall family poverty rate occurs when the poverty rate for single parents and childless singles are the same table column,1
+the paper then identifies possible changes needed to the unfccc reporting framework in the post period to ensure the provision of information adequate for the purposes of understanding and tracking progress towards both nationally determined contributions ndcs at the countrylevel and collective climaterelated efforts for mitigation adaptation and climate support transparency and completeness have tended to improve where reporting has benefitted from regular feedback through review processes eg review of inventories and national communications from annex i countries and where there is a regular reporting system in place in the country and underlying measurement or monitoring system in general reporting particularly of emissions inventories has been improving over time as countries have gained experience and increased their reporting systems and capacities,13
+on the contrary they allow placing progressively less weight on incomes higher up or down the distribution such as from top to average incomes from average to median incomes from median to bottom incomes box the equally distributed equivalent level of income is the level of income per head which if equally distributed would give the same level of social welfare as the present distribution clearly the general mean reduces to the standard mean or equivalently the average when a the case where a is called the geometric mean whereas a is known as the harmonic mean general means as income standards cont the income standard pax places greater weight on higher incomes and less weight on lower incomes as the parameter rises,10
+to a great extent there is an expectation that school leaders in all schools undertake regular internal evaluations of the teachers in their school there are indications that observation of classes as well as the associated feedback to teachers is somewhat common in chilean schools according to the perceptions of school directors of municipal schools and subsidised private schools according to a survey by the centre for the study of educational policies and practices ceppe of school directors in municipal schools stated that they observe classes and provide feedback to teachers at least once a month the corresponding figure for subsidised private schools is ceppe also as a result of the quality and equality education law schools can develop internal management tools which may include internal teacher evaluation processes and incentive programmes for teachers,4
+this is because except for flash floods these hazards can be predicted fairly accurately making it possible to evacuate people and reduce damage to property and livelihoods the benefits can be lower from tsunamis which although they can be very destructive occur less frequently instead the report suggests addressing practical needs such as estimating and calibrating models carrying out hazard analysis digitizing past data and improving data from ground observations multiple partners can coordinate their investments and thus reduce the risk of duplication one example established after the indian ocean tsunami is the escap multidonor trust fund for tsunami disaster and climate preparedness box iii which applies a regional approach focused on southsouth cooperation by the end of gfdrrs global portfolio consisted of grants worth million this included grants worth million in east asia and the pacific and grants financed with million in commitments in south asia,13
+in the united states publicprivate partnerships are an important component of government innovation policy audretsch link and scott and have been particularly helpful in overcoming the risks associated with the introduction of new technologies into the market a prominent example is the united states clean coal technology program which was created to address the acid rain problem the industry covered almost two thirds of the project costs and a department of energy doe study found that cost sharing between the doe and industrial collaborators frequently improved the performance of rdd programs and enhanced the level of economic and other benefits associated with such programs national research council,7
+after a short description of cvd and diabetes it will examine trends in mortality and morbidity it summarises recent findings that seek to explain some of these recent trends this chapter will also assess the mortality and morbidity burden across countries according to gender and age finally this chapter will describe the economic burden in terms of direct health care cost,3
+currency depreciation against the united states dollar did not boost exports much due in part to stable or appreciating real effective exchange rates and offsetting effects on companies with high dollar debt at the same time consumer spending moderated in some countries on the back of slower job creation high household debt and weak rural incomes mild inflation and low interest rates were unable to stimulate domestic demand as much as in the past given the subpar demand in both external and domestic markets private investment was not robust either fiscal policy was generally supportive such as strong growth in social spending and capital expenditures in indonesia the philippines and thailand except for the lao people s democratic republic and malaysia subregional countries still have relatively low levels of public debt and external debt in particular consumer spending and investment are expected to steadily strengthen in indonesia and thailand the two largest economies in southeast asia benefiting from economic stimulus and reform measures introduced in late,8
+to feed an additional two billion people by food production will need to increase by half globally fao sofi increasing the production of traditional staple crops is unlikely to meet the increasing demand in major irrigated wheat rice and maize systems yields appear to be near percent of the yield potential the second challenge is the nutrition gap between what foods are grown and available and what foods are needed for good health this requires increasing the availability and access to the nutritious foods necessary for a healthy diet,2
+however they enable policy makers and epidemiologists to monitor the impact of reforms and policies according to rosstat b the number of deaths directly linked to alcohol consumption decreased by between and nonetheless people died in due to overconsumption of alcohol,3
+in italy several of the oecd s set of health care quality indicators are well above the oecd average figure which shows admissionbased acute myocardial infarction ami day in hospital mortality places italy above the oecd average with an ami day inhospital mortality rate below switzerland france or the netherlands on for example hospital admission rates for asthma italy reports the lowest agesex standardised rate at per population compared to an average rate of per population across oecd countries,3
+other activities include analysing and assessing emerging problems projects and policy interventions the third area of activities in the fao projects are supporting state management at all levels such as developing legal documents strategies action plans policy mechanisms governance mechanisms as well as agricultural product standards quality management and food safety as well as introducing and complying with international norms and standards the financial requirement for implementing cpf is usd million provincial people s committees implement the support at local level tyan and dinh a,2
+in for exampleover million women started or operated businesses in countries and more than a third of the firms worldwide had women owners vanderbrug these businesses which primarily operate in the consumer sector have contributed to the gross domestic product of their respective countries generating millions of new employment opportunities and spurring local development the center for women s business research cwbr quantified the economic impact of womenowned businesses at trillion annually,5
+the recteur who is the local representative of the ministry of education holds the main responsibility for the processing the assessment despite this centralisation the french system strongly relies on the principle of participation and thus teachers are involved in all processes inca france even though differences existed between the assessment procedures across the german lander the only tool for verification was the collection of some sample papers for central checking by now however most ldnder have introduced central examinations to some extent,4
+since the redd framework has evolved under the unfccc adapting to improved understanding of issues regarding potential impacts methodological accounting safeguards and financing smith et al this activity can only make a contribution to mitigation if the carbon stock would otherwise be lost so it is difficult to estimate mitigation potential separately from a or b,15
+maladaptation entailing further environmental deterioration increased vulnerability or decreased welfare may arise owing to inconsistency among these sectoral adaptation policies or among shortterm solutions and longterm adaptation needs maladaptation may then result in greater vulnerability in the future or in negative effects on other communities or sectors an integrated policy approach in contrast possesses the advantage of taking into consideration different priorities and various sources of information which are crucial in the policymaking process in order to prevent maladaptation,13
+in country groups and the characteristics of the partner share little or no association with the probability of an employed mother working fulltime in country group there is a negative significant association between an employed mother having a highearning partner and the likelihood of the mother working parttime but the marginal effect is only small employed mothers with a highearning partner are only about percentage points less likely to work fulltime than otherwise similar mothers with a lowearning partner otherwise the partner s characteristics appear to have no effect on the probability of fulltime work,5
+in the case of solar power the decentralisation of power sources for instance through rooftop installations will also require substantial investments in the distribution network in the case of wind power the distance of production sites from the centres of consumption requires large investments in electrical transmission while the diversification of renewable supply interconnections with adjacent regions storage and demand management can all play helpful roles in mitigating intermittency the most costefficient solution at least in the mediumterm is likely to remain the use of dispatchable capacity for electricity generation there exist also additional systemic impacts on electricity systems stemming from the introduction of renewables such as the declining of electricity prices the reduction of load factors for established plants and the deoptimisation of existing production structures,7
+for the application to the central and west coast basins expected emergency benefits of artificial recharge are dominated by reduction of potential subsidence costs figure the extent of damage to the distribution system and the time and cost required to make necessary repairs could be represented probabilistically these extensions of the analysis would allow assessment of the benefits of investing in additional well capacity for emergency supply purposes and improvements in the resiliency of the water distribution system the approach demonstrated in coastal los angeles could be applied to assess the emergency benefits of these conjunctive use strategies,6
+at the same time health systems need significant strengthening external assistance will be critical for countries that do not have enough domestic resources to finance the spending required vertical interventions should continue to be harmonized with the horizontal health system so that the former do not weaken the latter but instead strengthen it the world has seen a reduction in underfive maternal and malariarelated mortality rates and the number of new hivaids infections as well as an increase in the number of lives saved through improvements in testing and treatment of tuberculosis,3
+it explores each city s strengths and challenges in terms ofpublic transport policy with an analysis of accessibility and inclusiveness when available the first three cities were selected as case studies because they received several awards from the korean ministry of land infrastructure and transport molit in sustainable transport and public transport policy evaluation box the fourth city sejong offers a unique case of a city entirely planned and created by the central government as a new administrative hub of korea which is strongly committed to transitoriented development tod,11
+the share of the population with access to drinking water and wastewater infrastructure has expanded significantly driven by financial support from the eu and matching national funds the process of establishing multimunicipal bodies for more efficient water supply and sanitation has been completed the water sector has been opened up to competition and participation of the private sector,6
+in the meantime both cities are renewing their municipal bus fleet and introducing integrated electronic ticketing systems as in other postsoviet countries road traffic has grown rapidly in kazakhstan since the rapid shift of goods shipment from the railway to the road network and the high level of road shipments per capita led to a rapid deterioration of roads raising the demand for funding for repairs and maintenance coulibaly et al,11
+the net abatement is then mtc eq mtchj in and mtc eq mtchj in further because of the great variations between onsite conditions individual countries must be able to use a variety of countryspecific measures to achieve the targeted reduction rates we therefore base our cost estimate on the most comprehensive assessment of global methane abatement opportunities to date the us epa report on global mitigation of nonc greenhouse gases us epa in so doing we are strictly speaking assuming that each target country will not take exactly the same measures as in norway but rather that they will implement the measures that are most costeffective for their individual circumstances in order to reach the same rate of reduction in methane intensity of oil and gas production as norway,7
+wind turbine technicians identify inspect maintain and repair wind turbines to ensure proper quality control exists their goal is to keep maintenance costs low and quality high the medianearning percent of solar technicians reported annual incomes ranging from to according to the us bureau of labor statistics the lowestpaid percent of solar technicians earned or less per hour and or less per year while the highestpaid percent made or more an hour and reported annual incomes of or above,7
+in this endeavour it has also worked towards building healthy families and improving women s healthcare the council is responsible for providing recommendations to the president on the effects of pending legislation and executive branch policy proposals for suggesting changes to federal programmes or policies to address issues of special importance to women and girls for reviewing and recommending changes to policies that have a distinct impact on women in the federal workforce and for assisting in the development of legislative and policy proposals of special importance to women and girls the functions of the council are advisory only,5
+in egypt this obligation extends until a son completes his studies or until the marriage or financial independence of a daughter in exchange the father exercises guardianship over property and persons and performs administrative procedures concerning the children on his own management of bank accounts even if supplied by the mother choice of education system educational institution professional orientation authorisation to undergo medical treatment obtaining an identity card and passport etc in the event of the death or incapacity of the father guardianship is awarded to the closest male relative a woman who remarries in jordan may depending on the judge lose custody of the children in egypt a woman who remarries loses custody this is not stated directly in egyptian law rather it became a common legal practice pursuant to a key court of cassation decision,5
+even though the women in the region may wish to lower the family size they are often unaware of these methods on the contrary the southeast region is well developed with more than half of the population living in urban areas in this environment women tend be better educated the family sizes are usually lower and among the population there is greater knowledge and supply of modern contraceptive methods,5
+high growth in the converging countries played a major role in this decline though poverty also fell in a number of poor and struggling countries in fact improvements in health and education were largely independent of growth the pace and pattern of growth as well as initial country conditions matter for how much growth turns into social development,1
+redirecting innovation from dirty to clean technologies reduces the cost of environmental policies and can lead to higher economic growth in the short run if the benefits from higher spillovers exceed these costs this financial effort needs nevertheless to be sustained and accelerated if indeed the objective of a nearzeroghg emission electricity production is maintained the commitment made by the countries and the eu under the mission innovation to double their public financing for lowcarbon energy rdd is therefore crucial and may need to be strengthened even further in the future,7
+the ndp has a dedicated section on environment and natural resources which details biodiversityspecific objectives and interventions biodiversity is also incorporated in the plan s recommended post goals and targets annex and public investment plan projects annex regarding the indicators the ndp notes that the national planning authority is charged with the task of developing ndp performance indicators and targets in liaison with sectors currently the ndp includes as a biodiversityspecific indicator the increased forest coverage area,15
+there are also increasing population pressures resource scarcities price pressures and competition with other countries an integrated perspective that works operationally is needed one that makes economic social and environmental sense and that inspires stakeholders if adopted early such a perspective offers many opportunities not least to shape a generic ethiopian green brand that helps national competitiveness the holistic approach that the ethiopian government has recently chosen to take is conceptualised around green economy as we shall see in section,13
+as for income from household capital its decline with respect to the no crisis scenario results from the declines in the capital remuneration and accumulation rates table shows that the loss of labour income in the formal sector that year is stronger among non qualified urban workers than among qualified urban and rural residents relative to the reference scenario the child monetary poverty rate increases by percentage points in points in in and in table,1
+rural women are at risk of genderbased violence because of traditional attitudes regarding the subordinate role of women that persist in many rural communities girls from rural communities are at special risk of violence and sexual exploitation when they leave the rural community to seek employment in towns compulsory sterilization or abortion adversely affects women s physical and mental health and infringes the right of women to decide on the number and spacing of their children,5
+the views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the commonwealth secretarial this trade hot topic has been prepared based on a background paper prepared by campling and havice in march in which the last known submission to wto members included in the analysis is j rl by japan second the proposals reintroduce discussion about capacityenhancing subsidies which had previously dropped out of discussions on the sdgs the transpacific partnership tpp and mc contributing to their narrowing of scope of the rules the following summarises each of these proposals in turn it focuses on prohibiting subsidies linked to overcapacity including subsidies to enhance the capacity of existing vessels for new vessel construction and for flagbased vessel transfers eu subsidies to vessels engaged in illegal unreported and unregulated iuu fishing ie on flagstate andor regional fisheries management organisation rfmo iuu lists would also be prohibited,14
+therefore although there has been a steady decline in the incidence of poverty in india the efforts of the government have not resulted in a uniform impact across regions there remain regions where the poverty is still deep and severe and hence they require greater attention in several countries the rate of rural urban or interregional convergence has declined over time as a result of widening income inequalities and prourban industrial and public investments policies,1
+private companies can foster the manufacturing of efficient appliances along with the necessary instructions and aftersales service to ensure appropriate application and longterm operation this is necessary to increase economies of page scale which will reduce prices and reduce investments in inefficient technologies that have lower upfront costs but higher longterm costs and greater environmental impacts in this case it is typically found that the extra cost associated with highly efficient enduse equipment is cost effective when the entire electricity application is considered,7
+this must become a priority for those responsible for regional policies whose actions are currently informed by partially false or incomplete assessments due to a lack of reliable and homogeneous figures the following paragraphs set out the modelling proposed for estimating the agricultural population in urban areas and then for the same population in a rural environment this particular stratum of urban and periurban farmers plays a vital role in structural transformations in the agricultural sector because of the environment in which they live and carry out their activities eg market gardening horticulture poultry farming fishing settlement dynamics also require developing new and simple indicators to monitor these changes,2
+for spain calvo and sanchez show that the inclusion of imputed rents in household income does not substantially change the number of people considered poor and nonpoor on the basis of where they live the main changes in the composition of the poor population that result from including imputed rents in income are the type of households the age of household members and tenure status the authors suggest that the inclusion of imputed rents reduces by more than half the poverty rates of the over s who live alone,1
+mosaic curriculum shaped specifically to each group using the competencies matrix the skills matrix and matrices of content of knowledge one for each area of knowledge in a projectworkshop the tutor and the master choose which competencies skills and knowledge are being developed and students are assessed on these formative evaluation there are two qualitative evaluations the student selfevaluation and the tutormaster evaluation,4
+when the recipients spend the cash on goods and services they generate further income and employment for others this is true even if die grants go to those who are not economically active through social pensions or child support grants but transfers offer even more benefits for food security if they go to poor farmers who spend at least a part of their incremental income on producing more food,2
+in morocco spouses may make such an agreement in writing in a document separate from the marriage contract in algeria a clause can be included in the marriage contract or the community of assets can be established later in a separate document in egypt libya and jordan spouses may also opt for communal assets in the marriage contract in jordan the portion of assets registered in the names of both spouses seems to be increasing somewhat it allows them access to markets employment business activities and services,5
+for example aquaculture farming along coasts lakes or rivers can conflict with urban development or tourism this can create problems related to water quality and scarcity and push aquaculture expansion into less optimal production locations furthermore the high costs of fishmeal fish oil and other related feeds will serve as a drag on growth as an essential component of production for many species in particular carnivorous ones,14
+in a bid to become more selfsufficient australia has also made efforts to increase the number of locallytrained doctors and has provided incentives for doctors to relocate to areas of need other policy levers australia has experimented with include task delegation among health professionals and the use of technology to facilitate access to health services for people in the most remote parts of the country there are on average three australians for every square kilometre of land a density similar to iceland and canada oecd as a result the spatial concentration of population in australia is the highest in the oecd almost twothirds of the population live in of the regions with the largest populations,3
+nonetheless this chapter s analysis offers new insights into how to provide adequate income support to unemployed persons without hindering their quick reintegration into employment this was true during the great recession despite the considerable responsiveness of firsttier unemployment benefit programmes to rising unemployment and the many crisisrelated measures that oecd countries took to reinforce these programmes this suggests that it would be timely to consider whether asset tests or other eligibility rules for these programmes are too strict for them to function effectively as a backstop to firsttier unemployment benefit programmes during an economic downturn,10
+the countries of the former ussr latin america and western europe have also closed the gender gap in education over the last years moreover since the s there has been a trend for women s outcomes in education to surpass those of men and in some countries women achieve higher levels of education than men this is the case in parts of western europe eg england sweden and its offshoots eg australia united states among the developing economies kenya and india made substantial progress in catching up with developed countries in terms of gender equality,5
+for instance aiming at increasing the proportion of oneday surgeries new surgical procedures have been added to those that may be performed as day surgeries in the high share of highly paid specialists and low nursetophysician ratios create cost pressures which could be aggravated if substantial increases in the wages of health care workers take place to retain them in the system although skillmix arrangements likely depend on productivity considerations health worker and patient preferences and other economic and social factors there is some evidence suggesting that certain tasks traditionally performed by physicians could be transferred to highly qualified nurses without undermining the quality of care indeed hungarian physicians tend to perform medical and administrative tasks that could be carried out by nurses and other support personnel gal et al orosz and hollo,3
+the largest cost components of the bill are the sewage and wastewater levies this includes a water pollution levy and is the approximate average for the category residents or households the oecd survey referred to above suggests that the netherlands compares well with countries that recover costs from revenues through water bills eg belgiumwallonia and flanders england and wales france sweden switzerland this figure initially increased from litres in to a peak of litres in but subsequently declined cbs,6
+the ubiquity of mobile phones and affordable communications contributes to the empowerment of previously marginalized and poor people through an increase in peopletopeople connectivity and facilitated exchange of knowledge however even though more people around the world are now online thanks to the rapid uptake in mobilebroadband technology large disparities in terms of ict access and use continue to exist in the asiapacific region with least developed countries still lagging far behind their developing neighbours in terms of access and use this figure is a little below the global average of fig,9
+suicide rates in a number of eu countries increased following the recession and the eu financial crisis of mainly among men and were associated in part with rising unemployment levels but this trend did not persist in most countries oecd mortality rates at these midlife ages have been increasing since the s a trend attributed primarily to drug overdoses alcohol related liver disease and suicides deaths of despair and to decelerating improvements in mortality from heart disease and cancer woolf et al bernstein and ingraham the death rate from drug overdoses more than tripled between and with a sharp rise from hedegaard et al,3
+sewage and solid waste were disposed to river channels rivers have become the backyards of most localities serving as sites for the disposal of sewage and solid waste but over the past two decades river rehabilitation and recovery of the river s environmental and social function have taken an increasingly important place on the public agenda,6
+despite these concerns the depletion of nonrenewable resources such as fossil fuels and uranium should not be a major issue of consideration in policy making as commodities with high private and little additional social value oil coal gas and uranium are traded on large and liquid international markets where information about longterm scarcity is widely known and would be priced in immediately if it ever became a genuine cause for concern from a policymaking point of view the best response to resource depletion concerns is to ensure that existing markets remain as open and competitive as possible and that information about resource availability is shared widely,7
+however there were some notable exceptions to the linear pattern in iceland child deprivation rose by an amount ppt that was much less than would have been expected given its surge in anchored poverty while the child deprivation increase in hungary was much higher ppt than what would have been predicted given its moderate increase in child poverty this suggests that in iceland the crisis affected household incomes to a greater degree than material living standards generally,1
+the individual daycare institution or childminder determines the goals of the learning plans children begin to attend compulsory school in august the calendar year they turn six and end compulsory school after grade in july there is no streaming which means the students are not grouped according to ability or interests when a child enters first grade heshe normally receives education in all subjects together with the same classmates throughout the nine or ten years of school life,4
+they said even relatives and especially inlaws found it difficult to accept the idea of women going into parliament they complained that marriages were breaking up friends and children feeling abandoned one woman had separated from her husband after he started to abuse her physically and accuse her of having extra marital relations in cape town mtintso a its just a reality,5
+five main types of aquifer can be found box sand and gravel sandstone karst volcanic and basement aquifers margat and van der gun each of these types is associated with specific physical properties such as porosity hydraulic conductivity and thickness that determine the flow and storage aquifers can allow the two first types include the most conducive agriculture irrigation systems and some of the most fertile land,6
+it is organised under the auspices of the eu water framework directive and the french national organisation for the development and management of water resources the schema directeur d amenagement et de gestion des eaux or sdage and is mainly funded by the european regional development fund achieving a shared diagnosis on the basis of six workshops held in the region in the fall of and the first restitution workshop seminar held in december a forwardlooking phase to define and analyse a combination of plausible scenarios for water policy by,6
+first fertilisers represent one of the main inputs into crop production augmented by higher energy prices in the second half of the past decade the cost of fertilisers represents a significant share in agricultural production costs around the world several emerging economies have identified greater use of commercial fertilisers as an important means to improving their domestic agricultural production base and increasing farmers incomes,2
+this underscores the need for initiatives that focus on agriculture and climate change in combination without increasing adaptation and resilience this is expected to reduce food production and cause losses to economic growth livelihoods and wellbeing and make fulfilment of the sdgs especially difficult,13
+well organized public transportation provides numerous benefits to communities and individuals by lowering the unit costs of transport and easing access to different locations public transportation helps to reduce congestion and delays improving air quality and increasing productivity ie less time is wasted in traffic congestion litman public transport victoria thus better planning and integration of landuse planning with transportation planning is an important factor for sustainable urbanization the sdg s imperative to make cities more inclusive implies that cities need to move away from carbased travel to public and active modes of transportation such as walking and cycling with good intermodal connectivity,11
+the evidence indicates that the rate of innovation has accelerated for many of these technologies coinciding approximately with the passage of the kyoto protocol this is particularly true of those technologies that were closest to being competitive ie wind power some solar power biofuels geothermal and hydro patent activity for other technologies ie carbon capture and storage showed declines even in comparison with the rate of patenting in general and for other energy technologies hascic et al but some indicators emerge as particularly relevant from a policy perspective and one of them is public investment in research,7
+a climate extreme ie an extreme weather or climate event occurs when the value of a weather or climate variable is above or below a threshold value near the upper or lower end of the range of observed values of the variable for simplicity both extreme weather events and extreme climate events tend to be referred to collectively as climate extremes ipcc b annex ii risk is constructed by summing rankings for vulnerability and exposure to climate change and the number of weatherrelated events,13
+in describing the economics of irrigation projects the report characterized the optimal level of investment in irrigation and in irrigation infrastructure maintenance it examined both financial and economic views of the optimal level of investment in irrigated agriculture it also examined some of the historic causes of overinvestment in irrigation compared to investments that limited to ones passing a rigorous economic analysis while the motivation for this report was a better understanding of the economics of maintaining offfarm irrigation infrastructure the economic performance of those investments depends essentially on how the additional water produced is managed on the farm,6
+in contrast no conceivable future engine technology could achieve the same overall efficiency increase for a single occupancy vehicle engine efficiency would need to be per cent which is a thermodynamic impossibility it should also be noted that there is only limited potential for efficiency improvements in power supply technologies some of which such as gas combined cycle and integrated gasification combined cycle igcc plants operate not far from their theoretical limits similarly the socalled cumulative degree of perfection is high for diesel oil and natural gas compared with other materials implying only modest room for improvements in this area szargut,7
+all large metropolitan areas in germany have set up a metropolitan transport authority called verkehrsverbund such transport authorities usually bring together all local governments located in the metropolitan area as well as the corresponding land or lander if there are several of them as in the case of hamburg the creation of such metropolitan transport authorities has facilitated the expansion of the public transport supply as illustrated in the example of frankfurt box,11
+ecommerce transactions are understood to be digitallyordered but may be delivered either digitally or physically for example nearly onethird per cent of amazon s net sales are international the international streaming revenue of netflix rose from us million in to more than us billion in,9
+the national examinations at th and th grade which determined whether students could move to the following level were also discontinued in to remove obstacles to transition see figure the assessment has been applied twice in primary education and and three times in lower secondary education it tests students knowledge of the curriculum in core subjects and also surveys schools sociodemographic characteristics resources and climate,4
+all key responsibilities for education strategy policy and delivery are concentrated within the ministry of national education and scientific research mnesr several specialised bodies provide input to the ministry but there is no fully independent evaluation body locally elected authorities play very little role in the design and delivery of education policies,4
+for example farm labour may be easier to motivate and supervise while smallholders may have important local knowledge and may be more adept at managing some forms of risk on the other hand there are important economies of scale beyond the farm in areas such as procuring inputs obtaining information on markets and technical farming issues in meeting standards and certifying production and in transacting with large scale buyers from processors and supermarkets with their exacting demands wiggins small farms may be technically and allocatively efficient given the existing level of development but economies of scale beyond the farm gate are likely become more apparent as the economy develops in much of africa only a minority of farms produces a marketed surplus,2
+as with the united kingdom france requires this information to be thirdparty verified the rule governs mandatory reporting of ghg for suppliers of fossil fuels or industrial ghgs manufacturers of vehicles and engines and all facilities that emit more than tonnes of ghg every year us epa in the epa s greenhouse gas reporting program released its th year of emissions data including information from facilities in source categories,13
+evidence shows a low public esteem for the teaching profession in chile a study from avalos and sevilla found of teachers reporting that social recognition of their profession was medium to low just of chilean teachers reported feeling that their profession was valued by society according to talis mineduc a oecd,4
+the research concluded that the representation of women is not only politically and theoretically justifiable but the evidence available about the working of parliament after suggests that a more representative parliament is a more effective institution albertyn et al if the answer is yes then there should be women in all spectrums of society this framework which has been elaborated for the purposes of this chapter is illustrated in figure she argues that once women have entered political decisionmaking it is necessary to remove the barriers to their effective participation,5
+the aim is to increase by the share of foreign investments to fixed assets by that measure will be used as an indicator of the citys ability to independently attract foreign investors including multinational companies in the work of the city towards this end almaty is opening a onestop business service for investors that will streamline and shorten the time spent between application approval and start of implementation of investment projects through the balanced integration of these three pillars almaty may be on the path towards becoming a model of sustainable development,8
+one important policy measure is the secretariat of the interior s ability to issue gender alerts which oblige authorities to implement measures that protect women s rights and physical security conduct more comprehensive investigations into acts of vaw and increase efforts to address the problem in areas where violence is prevalent the gender alerts send a strong statement about the severity of the problem these multipurpose antiviolence centres are intended to offer psychological legal and medical care temporary shelter and consultation with child development experts the centres also often offer workshops on social and economic empowerment to help women break the cycle of violence and start a selfsustainable life free from violence,5
+several g countries have cooperated with businesses working along specific value chains to help develop more innovative approaches to resource efficiency for instance the united kingdom france and germany have been actively supporting industrial symbiosis which engages economic actors in a network to foster ecoinnovation and knowledge sharing in order to make one operator s waste another one s material input japan is supporting the integration of industrial and urban symbiosis and through its ecotown programme given the multiple and diverse challenges along value chains these partnerships are potentially useful approaches that could be broadened and scaledup,12
+the united states agreed to a global political agreement to reduce ghg emissions that was acknowledged at copenhagen cop in december and negotiations are continuing to work towards binding emissionsreduction commitments by all countries in view of the scale of emission reductions called for it is vital that the united states adopt a costeffective and comprehensive climate change policy the current administration is endeavouring to put such a policy package in place,13
+in primary education for the same school year about of teachers did not have a higher education degree ncese a as a comparison the average proportion of teachers with no higher education qualification in education systems participating in the cycle of the oecd s teaching and learning international survey talis was oecd c this might reflect some ageing of the teaching profession however the teaching workforce remains younger than the average in the oecd area,4
+in switzerland and the united kingdom reduced progressivity has cut the already low redistributive effect of income tax approximately in half the redistributive effect is the difference between the gini coefficients before and after the respective tax or benefit size is the average ratio of the respective tax or negative benefit over pretaxbenefit income,10
+although land laws are the starting point related legislation should also be considered family and marriage laws inheritance provisions and housing law are all important legal areas that play a supporting role in ensuring equitable treatment of men and women in control over land in many countries tradition is stronger than law when it comes to land issues opposition from land reform authorities peasant unions village authorities and male household heads can frustrate land reform efforts to extend legal land rights to both single and married women legal rights are difficult to enforce if they are not seen as legitimate thus recognizing customary land rights and working with community leaders is essential to ensure that womens rights are protected,5
+many took the opportunity to increase public investments in green infrastructure particularly in public transport lowcarbon energy production smart electricity grids energyefficient public buildings and water and sanitation infrastructure a few countries have also invested in research and development rd to support green innovation and raised taxes on environmentally harmful activities still some stimulus measures have been environmentally counterproductive,7
+this quota was followed by a few universities such as universiti malaya and usm others particularly the newer universities have largely bumiputera students the policy of admitting students based on merit as measured by the results of stpm examinations and matriculation assessments raises important questions about the dual entry mode,4
+on average a teacher student is expected to graduate with teaching competencies in three main subjects but it is possible to graduate with just two main subjects the reform of initial teacher education also made special needs education and danish as a second language obligatory for all teacher students entry into teacher education used to be strictly based on marks obtained in upper secondary education but the dropout rates of students entering this programme used to be very high as much as in according to data from the ministry of higher education and science and statistics denmark and needed to be reduced,4
+data for water quality statistics are produced primarily by monitoring stations monitoring programmes are usually developed when a policy or quality norm is set up for specific locations that show the most problematic signs of pollution most monitoring stations and regular monitoring programmes are aimed at measuring specific pollutants the data from these monitoring stations require further processing to produce environment statistics on the water quality of specific locations,6
+in practice the average capacity factor of hydropower in india has often been lower with an average national load factor of in because of factors including shortcomings in design of old existing hydropower plants and strong dependence on monsoon rainfalls nearly of the total remaining hydro potential of gw is in the himalaya mountain region figure the definition of the regions within india corresponds to the one used in the geographical model analysis see annex b,7
+the great majority of these are located in two oblasts almaty and south kazakhstan the regions with the fastest rates of student population growth ncese a symptom of infrastructure shortages carried over from soviet times multishift teaching results in a full use of the existing facilities throughout the day afterschool use of facilities is also quite common for a wide range of extracurricular and related activities school auditoria are used by art and drama circles gyms and sport fields by athletic teams associated with the school and classrooms are often used for the delivery of evening classes to adults if permitted by the local executive authorities iac,4
+in the countries included in the oecd social institutions and gender index sigi one in three women agrees that domestic violence is justified oecd development centre there are significant economic effects as well women may be unable to work and lose wages stop participating in activities and struggle to care for themselves and their children ibid,5
+in bolivia urban income is more than double the level in rural areas in brazil honduras nicaragua and panama urban income exceeds rural income by between and in colombia el salvador guatemala and mexico average urban income is between and higher than in rural areas the largest reduction occurred in brazil where the gap narrowed from to thanks to a much larger increase in rural incomes than urban ones which also grew substantially mexico panama and paraguay also report significant reductions in income disparities between areas although partly reflecting a deterioration in real incomes in urban areas,1
+moreover a more active approach to protect and realise higher value from natural assets can support wealth creation and wellbeing for ethiopians for whom natural resources are important assets in delivering key ecosystem services eg food security clean and secure water supplies greater resilience to extreme weather events and to build competitiveness to attract a wider range of investment and partnerships apart from climate financing thus equal attention should also be given to other environmental priorities such as sustainable management of biodiversity and ecosystem services sustainable land management and improving provision of water and sanitation to ensure many more ordinary citizens in the country can benefit shifting domestic investments toward green activities can be pursued in parallel with the international climate agenda,13
+in chile the national government would do well to create a definition of naturalhazard zones and to specify the conditions for development and types of land uses applicable to them the primary risks in continental france are floods landslides avalanches earthquakes and forest fires the pprn indicates atrisk zones and either prohibits construction or allows it only under certain conditions,11
+the water companies were asked to provide information about their current practices to calculate the ell which includes external costs and benefits as shown in table however it recognises that several approaches exist and that regional differences should be taken into account tripartite group in ofwat conducted further work to revise leakage based on a frontier approach to leakage target setting wrc,6
+the nature of learning using research to inspire practice oecd publishing the concept of formative assessment emerged with recognition of the importance offeedback and application of navigational metaphors about staying on course through corrective steering there is substantial evidence reviewed here on how feedback improves learning but most studies suffer from weak conceptualisation and neglect of longerterm impacts,4
+the maximum storage capacity of the major dams and reservoirs bcm on the euphrates exceeds the natural annual flow volume of the river bcm by four to five times its water infrastructure projects and programmes particularly gap have greatly impacted water resources throughout the basin modifying the natural flow regime of the euphrates and affecting other riparians water use patterns it is the farthest upstream of a series of turkish dams on the euphrates serving the dual purpose of hydropower generation and flow regulation the karakaya dam,6
+the issues taken up in its programme of action are fundamentally related to womens human rights including gender equality the family reproductive health birth control and family planning womens health as well as immigration and education of women importantly the programme of action is explicitly grounded in human rights and proclaims that advancing gender equality and equity and the empowerment of women and the elimination of all kinds of violence against women and ensuring womens ability to control their own fertility are cornerstones of population and developmentrelated programmes the conference was also important for its clear statement of reproductive rights explaining that these rest on the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health,5
+in a new electoral law even required parties to reach gender parity in candidate lists for federal and state legislative elections and to alternate genders within the lists oecd in the last elections before quotas were introduced in women were elected to the national parliament in the first elections following the introduction of the quota women were elected a change of in slovenia only a modest change has been discerned women were elected in the last elections before the quota was introduced in and during the first elections after the quota was applied in a change of however the number of women candidates increased in even though the number of total candidates decreased of total candidates were women in compared to in in poland in the last elections before the quota was applied in women were elected compared to in after the quota was introduced a change of,5
+this output required hectares ha or about half of all land ha furano branch of kamikawa agricultural extension centre a quarter of the straw was converted to feed for milch cows standard usage rate in japan nedo this feed contains per cent total digestible nutrients tdn standard usage rate in japan nedo and per cent standard usage rate in japan of hulls were converted to tn nedo,2
+water supply lines were repaired leaks were found and plugged the production of polyethylene pipes started they are widely used nowadays for construction of new pipelines and replacement of old ones the computer control system for water supply to the city and automatic pressure monitoring were introduced the water company pays special attention to communication with consumers meetings with condominiums motivation of accurately paying consumers provision of benefits for veterans sponsor aid information about the company operations became customary for residents water resources marketing llp is now evaluating the opportunity of attracting a longterm loan to implement its investment programme,6
+both these options are limited in the short term and in the longer term depend on investments in the expansion of productive capacities wages do not increase much in such economies so domestic demand does not grow and employment creation is limited informal activities may persist and even expand in situations of relatively rapid economic growth industrial upgrading is thus crucial for these economies,8
+this project supports a participatory approach within the community to reach a common agreement on the selection of sites and their protection from grazing as well as the planning and implementation of interventions needed to accompany this change as the source of funds in this case is a world bank loan this example possibly stretches the definition of a pes slightly but from the point of view of the rural communities it operates in a peslike fashionand can be used as a model for other similar projects in future currencies can be used to determine biodiversity losses in destroyed areas and gains increases in biodiversity value of restored areas,15
+in mexico for example where of women report feeling insecure in public transport stakeholders point to the fear of violence or harassment as a hairier to women commuting to work oecd twentyone of the responding oecd countries and other adherents to the oecd gender recommendation listed vaw as one of the three most urgent issues facing their country figure workplace sexual harassment presents both a human rights challenge and an economic cost,5
+first as a global universal comprehensive treaty it eroded the kyoto protocols firewall between developed and developing countries where the latter were exempt from mandatory obligations to reduce emissions second the paris agreement has replaced the kyoto protocols top down targets and timetables with a bottomup pledge and review process thereby making domestic climate action central in multilateral climate policy third the paris agreement has enacted a new model of hybrid multilateralism whereby the function of a climate agreement is to direct orchestrate harness and mobilize climate action by substate and nonstate actors such as cities business investors regions and civil society andonova backstrand et al,13
+some exceptions to this include the united states new zealand portugal and spain where the employment declines relative to output have been faster than historical norms see box for a discussion of the us case in the case of spain labour shedding has been so great relative to the fall in output that productivity which typically falls during a recession actually rose sharply while it was essentially constant in the united states although the link between a smaller employment response to recessionary shocks and a larger fall in labour productivity is purely algebraic it does provide a useful reminder that measures to preserve existing jobs in a recession are likely to imply significant costs and need to be subject to careful benefitcost assessments who bears the costs resulting from productivity declines during recessions is also important and depends in large part on how real wages adjust see discussion below why did okun s law break down in the united states during the recession,8
+moreover despite many initiatives to reduce gender gaps in fields of tertiary study the situation has changed only slightly in the past decade or so oecd b as a result dominant gender norms governing what is the ideal type of masculine and feminine identity impact strongly on educational choices connell recent studies have also shown that teachers and parents genderstereotyped behaviours and expectations can undermine girls confidence in their mathematical abilities discouraging them from choosing mathematicsrelated courses turner et al,5
+importantly policies on regulation and competition need to stimulate integrated care which requires clarity for all stakeholders about how the rules around competition and integration will be interpreted in practice the evolution of such models does not need to be standardised and can be tailored to the specific health needs of local communities a review of six initiatives considered successful in increasing integration found that although they spanned five countries and differed in their design and payment systems a common denominator was the high degree of bundling in their payment systems with a single budget used to pay for multiple components of a person s health and social care hagbjer several initiatives also integrated the delivery of health and social care in one organisation,3
+the transparency framework could potentially be used to clarify whether financial resources provided are scaledup whether these balance mitigation and adaptation and how provision of these resources accounts for developing country needs priorities and strategies article article specifies that support shall be provided to developing countries for technology development cooperation and transfer but doesn t specify who is to provide it this information will be subject to an expert review article under article developing countries should report on support needed and received under articles and,13
+for example the revised family code of ethiopia provides for partial community of property as well as joint administration of marital property consent of both spouses is mandatory for the transfer of common property the law also provides that in the event of dissolution common property will be divided equally between the spouses,5
+however there is heterogeneity within the group of cddcs for example small island developing states sids that are commodity dependent are even more vulnerable than some of the others due to their geographical location for instance these countries are confronted with the risk of rising sea levels and declining revenues from fisheries as global warming reduces fish production,13
+there is therefore a possibility that both losses and gains from the reform have been overestimated in any case cities that are financially worse off than seoul or struggle with financial uncertainty may be advised to explore alternative models such as introducing a tendering scheme for new and discarded routes with the possibility to expand public ownership in the future at the moment in an attempt to further support the reforms carried out by city governments the korean government is initiating efforts to improve the transparency of bus operating systems,11
+the report concluded that the industry would benefit through strategies to improve career development training the use of underrepresented groups in its workforce and targeted regional solutions the teps are the first of their kind in australia a tep is a locallyled plan to respond to a region s labour and skills issues,8
+the june elections saw the share of seats held by women skyrocket from in to in a remarkable increase considering that the durango congress brought up the rear of the states for women s representation but now ranks th nevertheless women s statelevel representation still varies from in chiapas to in morelos where does the critical mass for women s political representation come from borrowed from nuclear physics where it indicates the quantity of plutonium necessary to produce a nuclear explosion the concept was first applied to gender in the s by an american scholar rosabeth moss kanter kanter,5
+the chapter should include an analysis of customary sustainable use of biological diversity and its indirect effect on biodiversity local livelihood and human wellbeing the chapter should assess how to manage slow variables and feedbacks an example of a slow variable is soil erosion where timediminished soil organic matter can result in lower productivity over time the nordic assessment should include knowledge on historical ecology natural resource management and rural history should also be included when assessing governance options,15
+crude oil prices have a major influence on the fuel price for the consumer indeed in the united states crude oil constitutes of the price of a gallon of regular gasoline where refining only costs distribution and marketing and taxes gas prices are more complex since there exist three regional gas markets north america europe and asia with strong historical relations due to the pipeline infrastructure on these continents at the same time a new type of gas transportation is rapidly accelerating liquefied natural gas lng which can be shipped over long distances albeit only with specially equipped tankers since it requires constant cooling at minus c usually the longterm price of gas is indexed to oil product prices and consequently follows its volatility,7
+on the one hand it is encouraging that the changes in income distribution and levels needed to meet poverty reduction targets are consistent with the regional trajectory of the last decade assuming past performance is an indicator of feasibility however it is also a wakeup call to strengthen social protection systems because some countries of the region will not meet the targets and because several countries have performed better over the last decade than over the last three years the incidence of poverty is greater among people living in rural areas children adolescents and young people indigenous peoples workingage women people with lower levels of educational attainment and those whose basic needs are not met while some of these gaps have narrowed since others have widened,1
+expansion in coverage was accompanied by health spending growth well above other oecd countries averaging since as a share of gdp health spending in turkey went from in to in the training of new physicians as family physicians and retraining of existing gps into the speciality have been national priorities the introduction of a pay penalty for doctors not delivering a basic set of child and maternal health services led to remarkable improvements in the delivery of these services,3
+thus student engagement is a necessary but not entirely sufficient condition for positive student learning and development students who do not do well are more likely to skip classes or days of school arrive late for school and do less homework than higherperforming students for example students who had skipped an entire school day at least once in the two weeks prior to the pisa test in were almost three times more likely to score at a low level in mathematics than students who did not skip school more than twice as likely after accounting for students socioeconomic status gender immigrant background and attendance at preprimary education,4
+however they also tend not to spend a lot of money locally since they are present for only short periods of time presently agricultural land use is relatively undiversified in suburban areas however there are two phenomena to note the first is that urban sprawl is occurring in stages the first suburban ring is ageing and becoming less attractive while the second suburban ring to the east is growing the purchasing power gradient is moving further away from the centre,11
+the aim is for all elements of the fleet big and small to be economically viable and operating without longterm subsidy through the act uk administrations are now in the process of introducing new systems for marine planning and licensing within the policy framework provided by a uk marine policy statement adopted by all uk administrations in march englands first marine plans for the east inshore and offshore areas were adopted in april and following consultation in a national marine plan for scotland is expected to be adopted in early,14
+mental health has been traditionally neglected and underfunded especially when the significant burden of disease accountable to mental disorders is considered and there is a need for governments to keep mental health high on the health agenda a number of key stakeholders are involved including governments at various administrative levels user and carers organisations and professional organisations and this chapter considers their various roles mental health policy makers are using a variety of tools to improve mental health systems and lead systemwide improvements including legislative frameworks mental health strategies and vertical initiatives to deliver mental health services to target population groups,3
+at the beginning of the crisis households adapt mostly by increasing their labour supply and consuming past savings past economic crises have been shown to be detrimental to children in various dimensions of their wellbeing as shown by the table below past local or regional economic crises had strong impacts on household welfare for example past crises led to an increase in poverty ranging from percentage point in brazil to a dramatic points in venezuela lustig,1
+the singaporean experience can be extended to other contexts for planning retail developments and other public facilities to maximise both user access to and use of the developments eg number of visits to retail centres the assessment recommended prioritising investment on km of paths within the areas around essential metro stations the investment proposal took into account improvements that would reduce access barriers for the people who mostly used the amenities particularly vulnerable groups such as women and children,11
+regardless of the approach taken to increase coverage renewed ambition and strategic vision on the part of the peruvian authorities is needed achieving uhc ought to become a guiding principle of all health policy in peru in the midst of an often fragmented health care landscape the government should seek to make universal coverage a common goal,3
+the size of the functional area of almaty city is much larger than suggested by its administrative population almaty is also the only polycentric functional area ie it consists of the two interrelated city cores of almaty city and kaskelen almaty city has the largest commuting zone among all kazakhstan s fuas,11
+only then will the promise of a regional market provide a sufficiently realistic incentive for originator companies to agree to make their products available at prices affordable in the region it will also be important for the countries of the region to agree upon the choice of local producers of any given drug depending on its patent status in the exporting country the foreign generic producer may manufacture the drug under a compulsory license and export it under the draft article bis trips agreement system,3
+the rise of women s education raises their minimum standards for acceptable matches lessens their economic need for marriage and in theory increases the chances that they may choose not to many van bavel less welleducated men are likely to be the main losers as they are more likely to remain single than any other group de hauw et al married couples and civil unions are the most common arrangements but about of people aged and over oecdwide ie one in six of all partnered adults cohabit informally,5
+women may also in such circumstances elect to bow out of social reproduction by putting off or avoiding childrearing such a result is evidence of the low road case looking to the results of figure c however we see a number of countries in this group france germany italy and spain characterized as having strong caring spirits,5
+some hints on how to optimise expenditure are offered in pisa results for example pisa shows that higher teachers salaries are more associated with better student performance than smaller class sizes teachers salaries are related to class size in that if spending levels are similar school systems often make tradeoffs between smaller classes and higher salaries for teachers,4
+gradual withdrawal of external funds in the coming years could lead to a slowdown in economic growth to enhance economic selfreliance strengthening of the domestic economy through better economic governance improving the efficiency of public spending decreasing capacity constraints and strengthening the overall business environment should be pursued more vigorously growth marginally slowed to in from in mainly due to slower growth of the agricultural sector growth performance of the services sector was virtually the same over two years,8
+for nonpartner violence highincome countries have the highest prevalence rates at per cent followed by africa at per cent finally table shows that nearly one out of every two african women per cent have experienced some kind of sexual or physical violence during their lifetimes all regions show shockingly high and totally unacceptable prevalence rates figure shows the percentage of women and girls affected by fgm in the concerned countries,5
+dr keevy noted that this was also not perfect and pointed out that increasingly in both the european and global context both timebased and outcomesbased approaches are being challenged he called for a commitment to find the most appropriate methodologies to move forward he also mentioned that south africa is probably one of the only countries in the world in which the unions rather than government run the schools he commended the work of saqa in comparing qualifications across south africa and the core values on which its thinking is based,4
+selfappraisal andor the preparation of portfolios may also require considerable time and efforts from school leaders bearing in mind the often heavy workload and range of responsibilities of school leaders this is an important point to consider ginsberg and berry opinions about the effectiveness of portfolios were divided different school principals perceived their work on portfolios either as a compliance tool documenting their past achievements or as a forwardlooking tool for goalsetting and professional development johnston and thomas argued that it was the contextualisation of portfolios in a larger supportive social network of professional practice that enabled portfolios to function as a learning tool they ultimately suggested that considering the time and efforts involved portfolios can mainly serve as a tool for formative appraisal,4
+indeed this was an important and unrecognized feature of successful asian industrialization from japan and the east asian nics to most recently china the public provision of affordable and reasonably goodquality housing transport facilities basic food education and basic health care all operated to improve the living conditions of workers indirectly it helped reduce the money wages that individual employers need to pay workers,8
+in comparison the land requirements of an actual coal plant are instead rather limited in addition there is significant offshore extraction which has no direct land requirement even though it generates ecological impacts of its own it should also be noted that oilfired electricity generation is small and declining a gas well uses about acres km of land while the equivalent surface for oil would be about acres km per well nrc,7
+in the pes oaed launched a programme providing financial support and counselling for young people who wish to implement innovative business ideas primarily promoting the use of new technologies all unemployed yearolds not resident in the attica or island regions are eligible provided they fulfil the following requirements i they are registered as unemployed and have drawn up an individual action plan ii they have attended a seminar on entrepreneurship and iii they are greek or eu nationals and if male they have fulfilled their military obligations the programme targets doctors dentists veterinarians pharmacists lawyers engineers and graduates of polytechnic university faculties over the first four years after graduation or after completion of a medical specialisation course participants must be aged under with the exceptions of medical doctors and mothers of young children for whom the age limit is extended to and of those who have enroled in postgraduate studies before turning for whom the age limit is extended until completion of their postgraduate studies in addition youth are required to hold a certificate proving registration with oaed,8
+between and a tax deduction offered in the energy efficiency tax rebate programme scaledup investment in new appliances and equipment by eur bn in million applications the cost of the scheme was eur billion orgw bookshop energyefficiencymarketreport south africa the income tax was amended in to include regulation l which sets out tax incentives for any energy efficiency project that reduces energy use in any way and is claimable until,7
+a master planning exercise was undertaken for primary care in the context of a world bank project with the objective to determine how the network of primary care facilities could be adapted in each region sanigest international building on this local authorities should develop and implement their restructuring plan for the public network but should also remain open to considering and testing new models of service delivery the countrys geography and low population density pose unique challenges for health service delivery,3
+provision of affordable private rental housing can be supported through additional instruments such as supplyside grants rental guarantees tax relief to tenants for rental costs and tax relief to landlords for rental income however little data are available on the design of these instruments and on the level of public support provided it will be important for governments to understand how access to goodquality affordable housing can be supported through this sector data are not yet robust enough to provide a comprehensive crosscountry analysis of the distribution of public spending across various housing policy categories,11
+english reading shows no difference in the period the english reading scores are missing due to technical problems with the computerbased tests in norway the mean student score for reading in intervention schools was in both and while the nonintervention schools show a decline from in to in,4
+namely we try to define a way to understand the emissions and resource use and sometimes the social impacts along the life cycle of everything we make and do and we try to understand the impact on everything we care about for example the impact on our health and ecosystems and the availability of resources for future generations this means that we are dealing with a complex problem how do we objectively understand each and every supply use and endoflife chain,12
+in colombia ecuador el salvador honduras and paraguay the rise in the income of poor households came mainly from the labour market in particular from a gain in the average income received by workers in several of these countries employment rates edged up among poor households and in paraguay the number of labour income earners in fact declined in these three countries the rise was due more to an increase in the number of recipients than in the average amount received which actually fell in peru in the period under review this was because of the increase in income from imputed rent a source which does not reflect income actually received but the inkind benefit accruing to households which own the dwelling in which they reside,1
+it was also given monopoly import rights over rice and wheat flour through bimas packages of technological change in the form of highyielding varieties hyv of rice fertiliser and pesticides were developed and disseminated at subsidised prices through kiosks operated by village cooperatives koperasi unit desa kud local branches of the bank rakyat indonesia bri provided subsidised credit to farmers to purchase these inputs,2
+similar examples can be found in the mena region where there is a large gap between when the extension of male and female suffrage occurred as in the case of saudi arabia the variables are discussed in the following order life expectancy sex ratios marriage age ratios educational attainment and then the composite indicator this is visible both from the individual country trends and the overall world average,5
+for the former lowincome workers had the incentive to contribute up to the point where the contributoiy pension would be at least half of the minimum pension because after that point the amount paid by pasis would be zero a emtr the same held for mpg which required only years of contributions beyond that point there were increased incentives to work informally and evade contributions,10
+in central america between per cent and per cent of men between the ages of and reported having been sexually abused as a child willman and corman early sexual activity also often stems from persistent gender inequality and low value for girls which together deny them the power to decide when or whether to have sex or with whom they will have sex seven types of policy interventions have been shown to be effective in preventing or reducing sexual violence by intimate partners heise,5
+as the first step it requires political agreement between all parties involved including russia and belarus latvia and estonia have doubts about the possibility of synchronisation through only one existing line to poland due to safety issues baltic course according to poland building a second litpol link would be complicated dueto environmental requirements energy central in addition a single line could mean significantly higher costs forthe operation of the energy systems in the baltic countries and a decline in the security of supplies financial observer,7
+support to renewables could encourage innovation and diffusion of emissionsreducing technologies beyond the incentives provided by the eu ets however oecd analysis shows that when a carbon price exists applying other policy tools including renewable or biofuel subsidies and targets can lead to overlap and undermine costeffectiveness oecd c despite simplification of administrative and permitting procedures these are still seen as the main obstacle to development of the renewable energy sector iea a,7
+as developed in chapter the reallocation of labour resources towards more productive uses within and outside agriculture is fundamental to agricultural productivity growth in turkey this is typically evoked with respect to fieldcropping where the size of parcels is believed to constrain the operation at an optimalscale small farms seem to be perceived as less of a problem in horticulture akder the analysis on relative productivity and efficiency on farms of different sizes is scarce and in general is limited by the availability of up to date farmlevel data,2
+there is also evidence of brain drain with an estimated malaysians working abroad in over half of whom had tertiary education in only of the regional population had achieved tertiary level education the economy has depended on importing labour from throughout malaysia as well as from other countries within the northern corridor economic region the state of penang has a better educated population than the other three states but in international comparison penang is a lowskilled region while there is a push to move to a highskill highwage economy penang remains dependent on lowskill industries and occupations,4
+sweden has no formal national systems of cme and cpd and consistent with sweden s culture of local empowerment trust and shared values this agenda is not nationally mandated the responsibility for cme and cpd for all employed medical staff in sweden rests with employers eg county councils municipalities and private providers in denmark professionals engage in regular cpd and learning but expectations and requirements around this are not formalised in any way,3
+for example shvidenko and nilsson reported that russian forests have been carbon sink for past decades likewise nordic countries particularly finland norway and sweden have vast area of forests which store a large stock of carbon biomass and carbon stock in forests in all countries of this region have been growing constantly disturbance will cause release of this carbon and thus global attention and policy mechanisms needed to incentivize the carbon sequestration in the nordic countries,15
+some also target a mix of farms big villages and small towns all of which call for different technologies in fact rural electrification policies are shaped according to the various energy needs resources and target groups electrifying the suburb of a major indian city obviously poses problems that are different from those of a remote village in china remote or rural regions lacking electricity supply are often characterised by well identified challenges they may lie at a reasonable distance from national or regional electricity grids remote villages in the amazon may be difficult to access far from urban centres with a difficult terrain such as large rivers or jungles or may suffer harsh climatic conditions that render electrification through grid extension a perilous task rural communities are also often highly dispersed with a low population density and characterised by a low level of education low load density generally concentrated at evening peak hours and low revenues,7
+the extent to which an intervention mobilises external resources could therefore be one upstream measure of effectiveness some development partners and institutions utilise results indicators for tracking resource mobilisation as part of larger monitoring and evaluation me systems eg cif uk usaid and cifctf as shown below in table mobilising external finance can be a particularly important result for climate finance interventions that provide seed capital to privateequity umbrella funds or insurance and guarantee instruments for example,13
+in pisa student performance in mathematics showed some variations across provinces nova scotia and new brunswick show smaller differences between high and low performers compared to the national average while alberta and quebec have the largest differences the impact of socioeconomic status on student mathematics performance in canada is below the oecd average figure every province and territory has publicly funded preprimary education for yearolds and ontario has full preprimary education provision for both yearolds and yearolds,4
+for instance the quality of general education in tunisia has been considered as relatively low compared to other middle income countries this is shown by tunisia s pisa scores figure while setting these objectives is a valuable first step the most demanding challenge will lie in implementation,4
+these inequalities in expenditure and resources are a cause for concern both in terms of the capacity of subsystems to deliver effective care and as a real problem in unequal care quality and availability for the population financial allocations to state health services from federal revenues are based on historical precedent not according to need furthermore once received by states there are few mechanisms to ensure that they are spent in ways that best meet local health care needs there are marked differences between states in the percapita resources available for providing the public health care services with rural areas facing particular problems of access,3
+a problemshed approach is very wise under many circumstances but specific incentives also need to be set at the federal level for outcomeoriented governance at basin and state level this is very much the spirit of the national pact for water managementsigned in between the ana and state governments to converge towards integrated water resources management see chapter in many instances water policy reforms are difficult to put into practice because little data and information are available particularly on the economic financial and institutional implications,6
+the scheme has been successful about m of swh installed its main advantage lies in the fact that payment through the utility bill reduces risk of credit default steg can cut off supply in case of default and lowers collection costs the customer now legally carries the debt whereas in the earlier version of prosol the installer was the legal debtor the programme was extended in to the tertiary sector it is also beginning to emerge for residential customers under the tpppa model a third party designs builds owns operates and maintains the solar systems and sells back solargenerated electricity to the enduser,7
+more specifically it combines the information available in the survey of adult skills about the first two languages the person learned as a child and still understands and that spoken at home adjusted for hostcountry language the results in this figure are coefficients obtained from separate regressions with controls for level of education age gender and parental background parental educational background is defined as the highest educational level between the mother and the father,4
+for example the international price of wheat and maize rose by in june and july after summer droughts in north america and eastern europe which worried international markets and affected the global outlook for cereals and soya production world bank on the other hand gradual shifts in water risks that lead to production changes can result in long term market changes liu et al explored the impacts of irrigation risks on agriculture production and the role of international trade their simulations focus on regions that are expected to face irrigation failures including china south asian countries and the middle eastnorth africa region,6
+young women nonetheless are hospitalised for suicide attempts at twice the rate of young men young women per inhabitants as opposed to young men socialstyrelsen since the early s sweden has been a proactive actor in the field of suicide prevention this is currently manifested in the form of the national programme for suicide prevention which was ratified by the swedish parliament in and aims to reduce the nation s number of suicides and suicide attempts see section,3
+in contexts where accessibility requirements impose that all public transport vehicles are accessible and public transport frequencies are high a move to longer wait times for accessible ride service vehicles will represent a retrograde step this would include both disability awareness training and job specific practical training in areas such as guiding a blind person assisting a wheelchair user understanding and supporting a person with dementia these are the principles that guided the development of mbtas ride pilot provided that vehicles were suitable and drivers were trained they would mostly adapt without difficulty,11
+if the coefficient on the selfemployment dummy increases along the eamings distribution this solely reflects that the dispersion that is due to the unobserved determinant is higher among selfemployed since the impact of education is picked up by the education dummy in the cqr example the size of the two sectors was hardly affected as only one person was assumed to change employment status similarly crosscountry differences in earnings inequality can be decomposed into i differences in the composition of the population for example inequality should be higher in countries with a more unequal distribution of education endowment and ii differences in rates of return for example inequality should be higher in countries with a larger wage gap between highly and loweducated workers,10
+compared to other fossil fuels releases of carbon dioxide per unit of energy output are reduced perhaps more significantly when used indoors biomass fuels impact indoor air quality with significant health impacts the energy efficiency of biomass cookstoves is also very low compared with other fuel options,7
+since the ebola virus disease was discovered in the outbreak has proven to be the most serious and complex however those warnings failed to cause a stir at the sixtyseventh world health assembly of the world health organization who held that same year and an international response was not launched immediately it was only after august that the outbreak was recognized as a public health emergency of international concern pheic in accordance with international health regulations ihr however by the time pheic was declared it was already impossible for who alone to coordinate countries efforts to contain the epidemic in september the united nations mission for ebola emergency response unmeer was created with the endorsement of the general assembly in its resolution and the security council in its resolution,3
+furthermore while the paper recognises that domestic finance also has an important role in financing adaptation and mitigation cpi it is beyond the scope of this paper it explores views on the question what are the conditions of effective international public climate finance this paper does not seek to draw conclusions,13
+the ongoing work on improving the poverty register in tunisia is welcome afdb and closer links should be made between this database and those held by social security so that past and future income can be better monitored related to this families eligibility should also be reassessed routinely and in order to promote graduationexit from the cash transfer recipients should be connected with incomegeneration and labourmarket participation programmes socalled activation measures finally revising eligibility criteria but also how the benefit is administered should be based on a detailed analysis of the poor population that is currently not in receipt of the benefit little is currently known about this group and the reasons why they are excluded the evidence however suggests that these types of programmes have little adverse impact on employment because i they are usually not conditioned on labour force status ii the meanstests are frequently only loosely applied and iii the level of transfer is usually low relative to household income oecd a,8
+this is particularly important in an ldc context since a large proportion of time spent at work is devoted to subsistence activities and since a large number of people are engaged in such activities particularly agriculture broadly speaking agriculture in ldcs comprises both subsistence activities and commercial agriculture agricultural development policies are likely to benefit both types of activities in the case of subsistence agriculture they are expected to have an impact on earnings on poverty but also on output levels,8
+in countries with occupationrelated health insurance social contributions are proportional to income sometimes up to an income threshold and based on earnings pensions and often unemployment benefits for these countries additional interventions to ensure universal coverage only concern a small share of the total population in countries where health insurance premiums are not or are only partially related to income policies described in table aim to reduce the burden of contribution for households with lower revenues and ensure some redistribution between richer and poorer households,3
+as they steadily cut fares tncs are erasing these longstanding financial disincentives for traveling by motor vehicle in manhattan the report suggests that if tnc growth continues at the current pace and it finds there is no sign of it levelling off the necessity of some type of road pricing will become more and more evident these function are much like ridesourcing services except that they match multiple unrelated individuals or parties to share the same vehicle over the course of the same ride,11
+first economic growth is an absolute prerequisite for providing employment opportunities and only an expanding economy can provide jobs for a growing labour force however most pacific economies are growing very slowly and cannot keep pace with the increasing number of young people entering their labour forces every year additionally young people are also less experienced and thus face structural disadvantages compared with older cohorts in an already squeezed labour market second in most pacific island developing countries there is a great mismatch between skills gained through the education system and the skills required to be employed given the country s economic structures ilo a world bank while the curriculum of most educational institutions prepares students for jobs in the formal sector there are very few jobs in that sector,8
+climaterelated risks are expected to increase in the next decades the main reasons for this the observed trends of warming and rainfall deficit are expected to persist over the coming decades as well the indicatorbased document assesses the risk of climatechangerelated natural disasters for the period until according to the document the main dangerous phenomena and processes related to climate change which can generate different levels of risk for socioeconomic and natural systems are extremely high temperatures heat waves drought floods forest fires rising sea levels rising temperature of surface waters invasive species etc,13
+they bypass some of the major constraints that smes face when applying for traditional finance tools and expand sme access to finance in general this includes access to trade finance through mobile phonebased money box it was launched in by vodafone for safaricom and vodacom the two largest mobile network operators in kenya and the united republic of tanzania respectively it has since expanded to afghanistan albania india romania and south africa it is estimated to have contributed to a drop of two percentage points in poverty rates in kenya with larger reductions among womenheaded households,9
+measures in the health sector included a reduction in health workers salaries cuts to public pharmaceutical expenditure and a price review of private providers medical practices were also targeted with the introduction of clinical guidelines recent efforts have targeted changes to provider payment mechanisms the development of health technology assessment and defining a national list of pharmaceutical products and prescription guidelines,3
+efficient transport and mobility systems are at the core of poverty and exclusion policies connectivity is crucial for prosperity and development to occur and for integrating people to places opportunities markets and jobs data shows that the worlds demand for public transport has increased by nearly one fifth,11
+while it is possible that private operators have already targeted such areas it is reasonable to assume that opportunities for regional core development could also be found the experience of germany sweden and the netherlands could be very instructive in this regard along those lines policy makers particularly in emerging countries facing decisions of where to focus ict deployment need to consider important tradeoffs,8
+in connection with this process the curriculum document for year the preschool class was also changed setting explicit goals for students this aims to further strengthen the development of crucial skills in year and improving their readiness for benefiting from the instruction in subjects from year to further this intention concrete guidance for evaluation in relation to all learning goals including specific examples were made available to teachers together with the common objectives at a web portal urn uiemudk which is to function as a knowledge portal providing guidance and inspiration for working with the common objectives the portal also offers suggestions for concrete teaching modules and activities these tools are intended to support a shared understanding of goaloriented instruction and assessment thus helping teachers to work with the common objectives in a more qualified way,4
+food security exists when all people at all times have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life world food summit according to the food and agriculture organization of the united nations fao this definition covers four dimensions of food security physical availability of food economic and physical access to food meeting nutritional requirements and stability of these three aspects over time stamoulis and zezza these four dimensions are directly or indirectly influenced by the level of agricultural productivity,2
+in sweden one of the most genderequal countries with a strong family support system men s fathers and nonfathers paid work hours are about an hour less than in germany on average and women s mothers and nonmothers paid work hours more than three hours more per week compared to germany if by german men and women aged to emulated the labour market behaviour of swedish men and women in the same age bracket the projected decrease in the german labour force would be slowed and gdp per capita could increase if it is assumed that changes in labour force participation rates or weekly working hours do not affect the labour demand see chapter for a detailed discussion of different scenarios in countries with limited support for reconciling work and family life child birth often implies a significant reduction in family income as at least one partner has to stop or reduce their employment participation in order to care for the new child the number of children in a family has a greater adverse effect on female employment in germany than in many other oecd countries and german women are much more likely to remain childless than women elsewhere chapter,5
+financial literacy in recent years developed and emerging countries and economies have become increasingly concerned about the level of financial literacy among their citizens especially young people oecdinfe finance is a part of everyday life for many yearold students they have bank accounts with access to online transactions and as they near the end of compulsory education students will also face complex and challenging financial choices such as whether to continue with formal education and how to finance their studies financial literacy is thus an essential life skill and high on the global policy agenda oecd a the assessment found wide variations in levels of financial literacy within and across countries oecd b,4
+there has been an historical tendency to assume that labour productivity grows less rapidly in agriculture than in the manufacturing sector partly because there is less scope for benefiting from the division of labour indeed dual models of transition such as the lewis model lewis typically contrast a stagnant traditional rural sector with a dynamic and modem manufacturing sector however this view has been challenged by others who have observed rapid sciencebased technical change in agriculture for example hayami and ruttan,2
+how these resources are used and the extent to which they support social objectives including improvements in gender equality depends on how the financial sector is organized and regulated central banks have a key regulatory role setting out the rules and incentives and determining how the financial sector channels and allocates its resources by changing these rules central banks can channel credit to uses that support the realization of rights and promote gender equality credit allocation policies extend the toolkit available to pursue a range of objectives and should be considered as part of an alternative approach to macroeconomic management,5
+further quantitybased interventions are typically easier to administer than more complex pricebased incentives making them particularly useful tools for countries with weak administrative capacity many of these instruments are already utilized by developing countries green investment tax credits are used in developing countries public investment is used in while feedin tariffs which guarantee prices to clean energy producers above the existing market price are used in including algeria mongolia sri lanka and uganda ren many of these mechanisms have been criticized for locking in subsidies that then become politically difficult to remove although putting time limits on them can help reduce this risk somewhat,7
+only of travel between aix and marseille is with public transport private cars account for of trips within the metropolitan area close to the level observed in large us metropolitan areas such as los angeles and denver road traffic increased by between and and the roadways leading to the main urban cores of the metropolitan area are increasingly congested,11
+in the share of funding that was spent on initiatives targeting the demand side was relatively low while this has been done for some programmes such as computers for education it is lacking for most other initiatives the risk is not only that public funding may not be spent in the most efficient way and but also in the potential to crowd out private initiatives generally these countries allocate major responsibility for research in the universities and for basic research to the education ministry and the task of funding innovation and more obviously industrially relevant research to the industry ministry,9
+however cash transfers are not universally appropriate and may be difficult to deliver in certain contexts harder to target more prone to corruption and capture and inflationary they are a complement to not a replacement for inkind assistance harvey in many crisis situations women become the primary carers and breadwinners yet humanitarian aid and social protection support has frequently been channelled through men resulting in poorer outcomes for women and their dependents,1
+recently the reform consolidated the five main social security funds into a unified social security system the general health insurance scheme ghis genel saghk sigortasi which now covers the majority of the population for services provided by a mix of public and private sector facilities tatar et al the social security institution ssi sosyal giivenlik kurumu has become the singlepurchaser of health care services it is funded by contributions from employers and employees and by government contributions which finance coverage for lowincome people former green card holders and civil servants,3
+it also offers potential to improve coherence at the national level and to better capture the synergies between the different agendas as they are implemented meanwhile the increased scope of the goals will increase pressure on human resources and capacity in development agencies as the prioritisation of goals at the national level may not always be a good match with the expertise development partners have at their disposal assessing this expertise will need to be a priority for providers the principles and tools that have informed development practice in the past decades ranging from the paris principles and the busan partnership agreement to tools on environmental mainstreaming and the rio markers will provide a shared framework for action in equipping development partners for the challenge ahead this will range from expertise in mainstreaming and policy coherence to good practices in transparency and mutual accountability,13
+denmark continues to implement a range of tobacco control policies and programmes including tobacco cessation programmes health warnings on cigarette packages public awareness campaigns through mass media and high taxation on tobacco products the government financially supports two partnerships to help with achieving this target the partnership for youth and alcohol involves municipalities and civil society organisations with the aim to reduce underage drinking by initiating local activities for young people in collaboration with local authorities and civil society oecd a number of measures have been taken in recent years to reduce excessive alcohol consumption box,3
+when the utilisation of psychiatric and other medical services is regarded in relation to unemployment it has been repeatedly found that unemployment underemployment and disability are strongly connected to service use an analysis of all psychiatric hospitalisations in switzerland between and showed an up to fold hospitalisation risk for unemployed persons in comparison with fulltime employed patients kuhl and herdt in this analysis the workrelated difference in hospitalisation days is substantial,3
+as such current low funding for research may constrain sustainable agricultural productivity growth in future and in turn the capacity of countries to eliminate food insecurity beyond funding for agricultural research development and extension the oecd a has stressed the importance of agricultural innovation policy and governments role in the ais more broadly,2
+high sscs create a significant tax burden on labour income they reduce employees work incentives by reducing their aftertax earnings and make it expensive to hire workers especially lowincome and lowskilled workers the larger the difference between total labour costs in the formal sector and aftertax disposable income for workers the tax wedge the greater the incentive for employers and employees to avoid taxes by remaining or joining the informal economy moreover the average tax wedge is highly regressive in albania the former yugoslav republic of macedonia and serbia at the bottom of the income distribution meaning that the average contribution rate is higher for lowincome workers see chapter tax policy while the general consensus is that stricter employment protection legislation is associated with higher rates of informality marshall research also shows that this relationship is moderated by strong enforcement of labour regulation and good governance loayza and rigolini,8
+although climate change is expected to have a negative impact on yields in the majority of cases in a few cases a boost in yields may be expected as shown in figure figure presents the changes in land allocation relative to the reference scenario in irrigated areas the negative impact of changed precipitation and increased temperatures is reduced by the availability of irrigation water making yields more resistant to climate variations,2
+there is considerable evidence that some beginning teachers no matter how well prepared and supported struggle to perform well on the job or find that it does not meet their expectations a formal probationary process can provide an opportunity for both new teachers and their employers to assess whether teaching is the right career for them the satisfactory completion of a probationary period of one to two years teaching should be mandatory before moving into the initial stage of the new career structure,4
+assuring interoperability would require the architects and developers of the blockchain layer to be knowledgeable of related database technologies and commonly used data structures critical security and privacy requirements of each key stakeholder eg energy and transport regulators digital infrastructure regulators financial institutions would have to be considered in the design as well it would be very important to maintain the decentralisation when adding external systems so that all the apis need to be decentralised as well creating multiple entrypoints to the system and therefore not centralising it by just having one possibility,9
+in the london area road safety is directly ensured by tfl if the road in question is part of the tfl road network and by the boroughs and the city of london for roads on their territories vision zero emphasises preventive measures that promote safe speeds street design vehicles and behaviours on roads as well as measures that reduce the severity of injuries post collision such interpolations are essential to support the computation of a five year average denominator eg population traffic trips as survey data can be missing between survey years,11
+even though the support for quota markets and individual quota rights in general is increasing in the sector there is nothing to suggest this tension will disappear on the contrary recent political developments give rise to renewed debates regarding the purpose of fisheries management however as in other sectors there is increasing popular opposition to this model of economic development and balanced alternatives should be better explored,14
+this was the first international instrument to specifically address this issue it recognizes that violence against women constitutes a violation of the rights and fundamental freedoms of women and a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women the declaration calls on states to condemn violence against women and work towards its eradication,5
+women are also more likely to enter the labour market through temporary jobs than men in all oecd countries except japan portugal the netherlands and turkey women leave school later than men delaying their entry into the labour market in continental and southern european countries and in korea young adults stay longer in education before entering the labour market,5
+areas where changes are needed are highlighted in table if information related to collective efforts are to be successfully tracked via the unfccc s reporting framework this would entail a significant change in reporting requirements eg by making it mandatory to report information not currently required or not currently required with such frequency from selected developing countries alternatively the international community could potentially rely on information not submitted by countries themselves but eg international organisations other nonparty stakeholders such as local authorities and industry groups to track progress,13
+the transfers to sector numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures where missing world s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from tire fao yearbook fishery and aquaculture statistics both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of chinese production reported to the oecd this is made up of eur million usd million from the european maritime and fisheries fund emff see eu chapter and eur million usd million of national funds,14
+educational gaps overlap with the leadership gap in part because the pool of women in science and technical fields is limited and not growing there can be no doubt that securico has developed into a worldclass security services organization recognized for its iso certifications and industry awards more than in over a decade in divine was voted african woman of the year and also won the st runnerup unctad empretec women in business award,5
+these countries are also among those with the greatest market income inequality and those in which accordingly fiscal policy should in fact be more redistributive conversely oecd countries with a more unequal market income distribution tend to redistribute more joumard pisu and bloch brazil chile and argentina have high prefiscal inequality which is partly corrected through public pensions transfer programmes and direct taxes,10
+first they act as a disincentive for those out of work to stay on benefits and shake out those who are able to move into paid work a second intention is that they allow participants to maintain skills and enhance their employability for example by allowing them to demonstrate that they are reliable and good workers these schemes are particularly important for those with durations of nonemployment of over three months,1
+whaling and sealing though internationally controversial form a small part of norwegian fisheries box for this reason it resumed whaling in after a fiveyear break following the moratorium set by the international whaling commission iwc that year norway became the only state in the world to resume commercial whaling it had objected to and thus opted out of the moratorium the iucn red list categorises the northern minke whale the subspecies found in norway as of least concern though it is listed in cites appendix i threatened no commercial or scientific whaling of other species takes place and the whaling industry does not receive direct subsidies,14
+after the relationship is estimated it is then possible to predict the individual expenditures and the individual poverty status of all individuals in our household survey in order to simulate the actual implementation of the policy by comparing the predicted and actual according to the household survey expenditure data poverty status of the survey households we are able to evaluate likely targeting errors namely undercoverage poor individuals excluded from the social safety programme because predicted as nonpoor and leakage nonpoor individuals benefiting from transfers because erroneously identified as poor the administrative costs faced by the governments to put in place the policies proposed here are not taken into account and we thus only include the total amount of cash transfers allocated or the cost of the subsidies provided we made the hypothesis that all the transfers received by children living in the same household are pooled and shared equitably among all the household members as we cannot know what allocation rule is in force within each household we adopted a relatively neutral approach therefore the model requires a benchmark data set presented in the form of a sam,1
+the development of water supply and the protection of drinking water would have to be accompanied by the development of the sanitation service and the introduction of mandatory treatment of wastewater the primary responsibility for ensuring the sustainable water management of water resources rests with the government reforms are a dynamic and iterative process and not all necessary reforms can be carried out at the same time,6
+both enterprises and governments must strive for closer cooperation and a stronger involvement of firms in the education of young people cisco set out to provide internetbased learning and information technology it skills training in half the world s least developed countries including west african countries benin cote divoire the gambia ghana guineabissau liberia mali mauritania niger senegal and togo in over students aged between and were enrolled throughout west africa yenwa a survey of the ldc initiative conducted in six countries showed that twothirds of respondents found it jobs after completing the programme and that started their own businesses,8
+support should also be provided to the arab academic colleges for education to help them to diversify their teaching portfolios investing in arab education would improve education attainment levels and generate mid to longterm benefits for the regional economy including increased tax revenues and job creation the authorities should support the provision of colleges on the basis of the current and projected demand in order to provide the growth or reduction of services in locations where it is required a regionwide assessment of current and planned capacity should be conducted against anticipated student numbers identifying needs in terms of staff and infrastructure and taking into account related transport and student housing provision,4
+there are also elements complementing infrastructure rollout referred to as the hidden mile these constitute regulatory issues such as infrastructure sharing frequency management licensing framework and universal service it outlines regulatory policy institutional and other factors that underlie ict sector growth in ldcs it assesses the middle mile covering both national and regional backbone networks,9
+within this framework the interministerial conference for the environment ccim steering group water presided over by the flemish environment agency is the consultative body in charge of the necessary coordination of the implementation of international water policy between the different belgian authorities in charge it also advises on strategic planning of water policy in the long term makes proposals for institutional mechanisms incentives and guarantees towards the implementation of water policies in rural and urban areas and adopts the necessary agreements for the implementation of the national integrated water strategy it seeks to coordinate the actions of ministries of environmental protection health finance foreign affairs and infrastructure which used to be collectively responsible for the decisionmaking process over matters concerning water and sewage,6
+moreover policy makers and road safety experts have to understand that they have great opportunities to win when they operate together with other important areas such as traffic management and environmental policy measuring progress can be done by means of information that is collected every day every week every month every quarter every year or at a longer interval monitoring can establish whether developments are still on track compared to a policy goal and monitoring can establish whether new and undesirable developments have surfaced the sooner we axe aware of such developments the better we can prepare suitable countermeasures,11
+funding for research and development has also increased since the mid s in particular as a result of financing directed to kazagroinnovation since compared to research and development agricultural education continues to receive significantly lesser funds although these expenditures have been steadily rising infrastructure expenditures varied during the analysed period with the highest spending taking place between and when a large project to improve irrigation and drainage systems was implemented however towards the end of the s the funds directed for infrastructure improvement decreased substantially figure illustrates the importance of each component in the total support to the agricultural sector in kazakhstan,2
+for example for some institutional investors infrastructure investments are not viable because as alluded to in the previous paragraph maturities make it impossible to comply with the capital and liquidity requirements stemming from existing regulation if conducted responsibly securitization would enable private sector investors to more actively take on climaterelated projects as part of their portfolios report from the nordic conference on green investments and nordic pension funds,13
+in particular after world war ii the housing associations played a key role in addressing the serious capacity shortages at its peak in the early s social housing in the netherlands covered of the housing stock boelhouwer and priemus with time capacity shortages have decreased reducing the need for public sector intervention in addition public budget concerns and the belief that market provision could generate efficiency gains started a series of housing policy reforms during the early s see boelhouwers and van der heyden at the same time the housing associations that operate social housing have become independent organisations that conditional on prior approval by public authorities can take on commercial private activities so they can raise private capital complementary to public funding these reforms enhanced the independence of social housing associations in the netherlands they no longer have to submit projectinvestment related to social housing for approval by public authorities in advance algemene rekenkamer,11
+the centrality of gender equality for the achievement of the remaining sdgs does not imply this goal has only instrumental value though good for societies as a whole substantive gender equality is most importantly a goal in its own right at the centre of the goal of human development is broadly shared wellbeing which requires the creation of conditions where all people have the right and ability to realize their full human potential and to benefit from rising living standards a frequently overlooked attribute of investment in gender equality is that such spending can be selffinancing when effects are evaluated over a medium and longrun time horizon,5
+in total program funding was billion although the ihs budget has increased over time funds are not equally distributed across facilities and they remain insufficient to meet health care needs as such access to services through ihs varies significantly across locations and american indians and alaska natives who rely solely on ihs for care often lack access to needed care indigenous peoples often use their own words that translate roughly to living well which combines beliefs in the importance of balance the four elements of life physical emotional mental and spiritual are all are intricately woven together and interact to support a strong and healthy person,3
+avoid or reduce the need to travel and the trip length by improving the efficiency of the overall transport system through integrated landuse planning and transport demand management eg through compact mixeduse development planning traffic restrictions mobility management and marketing and national subsidies for lowcarbon transport metropolitan design and planning shift or maintain tools to improve trip efficiency by encouraging modal shift to lowcarbon transport modes such as public transport eg through parking restrictions road space allocation public awareness campaigns on alternatives to private vehicles procurement of public transport improve fuel and vehicle efficiency and technologies eg through vehicle standards speed limits labelling of vehicles environmental performance and fiscal incentives for electric or hybrid vehicles,11
+for instance women in over countries covered by the social institutions and gender index sigi still face legal and other forms of discrimination in their access to land and property and countries have inadequate legislation addressing domestic violence oecd development centre women s economic involvement promotes good use of skills and talent and increases social cohesion the participation of women in the economy is indispensable for promoting global wellbeing reducing poverty and combating inequality,5
+the kafala system whereby migrant workers visas are sponsored by their employer leaves female domestic labourers vulnerable to situations of exploitation and contract slavery since their visa and continued presence in the country is subject to the will of their employer a certain degree of cooperation between laboursending and labourreceiving countries is also necessary one milestone in this area was the adoption of the ilo domestic workers convention no,5
+this system for permanent consultation of and negotiation with stakeholders is certainly one of the conditions for ensuring that water management measures are socially acceptable focus on improved quality of aquatic ecosystems and sustainability this dual timeframe ensures that management is socially acceptable and fair in the long term while preserving the rapid response times essential to crisis management,6
+mind is an independent charity organisation these groups represent important sources of information and support for service users many organisations also present their own research for example surveys of service user needs or access some nongovernmental organisations also provide mental health services from support group services to more regular care services for mental ill health sufferers or their carers or families the crisis care concordat launched in february details how the government plans to improve emergency support for people in mental health crisis across the country,3
+the chapter draws on the oecdfao outlook oecdfao publication for the mediumterm projections the commodities on which the mediumterm analysis is focused are taken from the set of modelled commodities in the outlook and as a consequence some additional products that are likely to experience changes due to rising incomes such as processed foods or which are important for food security such as fruits vegetables and nuts are not included the possible longterm implications of climate change are assessed with the use of the international food policy research institute ifpri impact robinson et al climate change adaptation strategies are also considered however mitigation is not analysed in detail in this study,2
+percentages will add up to unless the categories are not mutually exclusive in gender statistics proportions can be calculated as relative measures of a distributions of each sex by selected characteristics and b sex distributions within the categories of a characteristic these two types of proportions are presented in the table iv in the first case of distribution the proportions are calculated as relative frequencies of the categories of a characteristic for each sex with womens and men s respective totals used as the denominators for example in the third column of data in table iv this is calculated as the number of women employed divided by womens total population in the corresponding age group and multiplied by,5
+this problem is exacerbated by the high share of income spent on food in lowincome households and the competing needs of buying food and paying for other major household expenses such as rent health care costs and transport to work all three can be seen as components of a broader economic development strategy that has an explicit food dimension importantly the basic principles for defining a territorially based food security programme should follow the framework of the oecd new regional policy,2
+although students acquire curriculumbased content knowledge in mathematics reading and science to international levels their performance on the pisa assessment reveals they are persistently less successful in using and applying knowledge than are students in peer countries or oecd member countries on average although lithuania has achieved equitable learning outcomes among its language minority populations others especially rural students lag behind while lithuania has developed a framework of external assessments with which to monitor student learning across primary and secondary schooling it could make fuller use of these assessments in assuring the quality of schools and linking them to the management of schools and classroom instructional practices,4
+these surveys generated a new set of evidence on policy and institutional instruments for achieving gender balance in the public sector integrating gender considerations into the policy and servicedelivery processes and implementing a gender equality agenda chapter provides the rationale for the study its objectives and the methodological approach to data collection chapter reviews the trends and approaches to enable equal access to decisionmaking posts in the public domain across oecd countries for both men and women including parliaments the political executive the judiciary and the senior civil service chapter accounts for trends in public sector employment of women and highlights policy measures used in oecd countries to enable parity in the public sector,5
+to answer these questions the iea has developed indepth indicators tools that provide stateoftheart data and analysis on energy use efficiency developments and co emissions in addition to these recent improvements there remains a large potential for further energy savings across all sectors for instance analysis shows that the application of best available industrial technologies and practices on a global scale could save between and of current energy use in industry,7
+at the same time there is urgent need to expand access to modern sources of energy to meet the needs of a large proportion of people in some of the poorest countries who depend on traditional energy sources to the detriment of their health from air pollution in fossil fuels accounted for percent of the global primary energy mix while lowcarbon nuclear power accounted for percent hydroelectricity for percent and biomass for percent modern renewables jointly accounted for only percent international energy agency,7
+to provide more insights into what motivates a diverse and skilled pool of candidates to enter the teaching profession this chapter uses data from pisa and and analyses crosscountry differences and trends over time in the characteristics of yearold students who expect to work as teachers when they are years old this chapter also identifies factors that are associated with countries ability to attract individuals with high skills and with an unconventional background ie men and children of nonnative parents to the teaching profession factors that shape early career aspirations greatly determine the overall pool of prospective candidates to enter the teaching pipeline even though alternative pathways that enable adults to enter the profession at any point in their lives can mitigate the influence of these factors the chapter also attempts to explain these differences between countries by relating them to the working conditions social status and monetary compensation enjoyed by teachers in different countries attracting highachieving students to the teaching profession might be particularly important in countries that suffer from shortages of teachers or where perceptions of teacher shortages are worsening over time,4
+in many oecd countries threeyear degrees are sufficient to equip students with high level of skills and employability results are good italy is an important manufacturing country and needs the technical skills that can be acquired through participation in shorter tertiary professional programmes however these programmes were introduced only recently and account for a tiny share of overall students for instance itss isced were created in and as mentioned above account for less than of all students enrolled in tertiary education for the first time,4
+the creation of more of these positions through rural generalist training pathways could help rural communities become more selfsufficient potentially lessening the need for outreach and improving continuity of care given nurse practitioners in australia are often specialists options to create and encourage more generalist rural nurse practitioner roles could also be considered an important way of providing support is through cpd and engagement with peers,3
+large hydropower plants are excluded from this support mechanism a simplified licensing procedure and favourable tariffs apply to microgeneration capacity from renewables at household level provided that a solar thermal collector is also installed the overall support framework provides sufficient stability for investors ec b,7
+most of the catchment area is mountainous in tajikistan groundwaters occur in quaternary deposits consisting of boulders gravels and sands with an average thickness of m maximum m with medium links with surface waters in tajikistan there are no measurements of discharge water levels only are measured at some stations,6
+this was an important consideration given that rising food prices in coupled with declining wages in led to an overall deterioration in real wages with the share of undernourished in the world increasing for the first time since when data collection began in brazil in the egyptian textile sector and in south africa unemployment increased in uganda and the egyptian tourism sector wages declined,1
+given that this treaty which commands almost universal support lays out only very general climate change mitigation and adaptation duties for states it was only natural that states negotiated a protocol kyoto protocol to lay down binding emission reduction targets for the industrialised states in entry into force in the first commitment period within which industrialised states were expected to cut their greenhouse gas emissions ran from to the december climate regime meeting in doha was able to agree on a second commitment period for some industrialised states led by the european union and australia but many others dropped out,13
+quality standards indicators and monitoring frameworks are much less developed in primary care this may be because hospitalbased care is more procedural and so is more amenable to standardisation and measurement the strengths of primary care comprehensiveness coordination and continuity are harder to define and measure,3
+there would also be academic colleges twoyear community and vocational colleges the system would facilitate an easy transition for students from one tier to another this report recommended that the decisionmaking authority and accountability of existing colleges should be enhanced mainly in areas pertaining to regional needs the report also envisioned a new role in lifelong learning for higher education institutions tertiary education in israel would encompass postsecondary studies associate degrees academic studies colleges and universities and lifelong learning,4
+a specialised knowledge and counselling organisation videns og specialradgivningsorganisation viso within this board provides advice to municipalities institutions and citizens across the country in the area of special needs education and rare special needs free of charge examples for the areas of expertise include autism cerebral palsy and diffuse brain injuries hearing loss and selfharm typically teachers and school leaders should in the first instance discuss their needs with their local educationalpsychological advisory service ppr which should then decide if viso should become involved,4
+cars engaged in parking can hinder sight distance of other drivers causing accidents particularly around junctions and crossings in residential areas however traffic signal times are not revised properly according to changes in traffic conditions in general the initial design of traffic signal timing is not reviewed for long times,11
+policy action can play a crucial role by helping women access collateral and build solid creditrecords by closing gender gaps in financial literacy and business skills and by strengthening antidiscrimination legislation moreover in most countries analysed there exist laws or customary traditional or religious practices that prevent women from having the same access to land nonland assets or financial services as men sigi database this problem is often exacerbated by family codes and social norms granting more control over family assets to men and inheritance law that favours men over women,5
+such principles have recently adopted in by unhabitat governing council however there is not sufficient detail on how these towns will be developed to provide functional complementarity and accessibility to infrastructure services jobs and other advantages that can be found in minsk also the social economic and environmental sustainability effects of this policy have not been well articulated,11
+the post framework needs to focus on goals and targets that will very directly help to achieve poverty eradication as the overriding goal rather than struggling to construct a single framework for developmental and environmental issues in such a monolithic framework poverty eradication could get lost on the other hand a povertyfocused framework can of course include global public goods where relevant this would draw attention to the fortunes of the poorest people,1
+tier is based on a quantitative analysis and requires a high level of information while tier is a semiquantitative or a qualitative analysis which requires a lower level of information the ebfa approach includes management objectives and attributes indicators and reference points nested risk indices and management status indices its four management objectives are to maintain system sustainability to maintain biodiversity consistent with natural processes and to protect andor restore fish and prey habitats evalutating the ebfa approach kruse et al as shown in figure the attributes for this component include economic production revenue market and employment,14
+monetary measures may be accurate on average but not at the household level yet the mpi requires each indicator to accurately depict deprivation status at the household level if a relative poverty line is used for income as in alkire and apablaza then the poverty focus and deprivation axioms do not hold having a mixture of relative and absolute cutoffs also is conceptually challenging for example in the case of mexico it appears that economic and noneconomic aspects of poverty are equally weighted but in fact the identification procedure is designed to exclude all persons who are not income poor from having the possibility of being identified as poor,1
+municipalities can choose the level of control among several different methods they have the authority to either formulate a plan local durbanisme or plu a local uiban plan that includes detailed landuse regulations and sets the zones where construction is permitted or a carte communale the municipality map demarcating areas where construction is permitted depending on the context of the municipality construction in green fields is only possible when allowed by the plu or by the carte communale and municipalities must otherwise comply with the national principle of limiting construction,11
+the gap between girls and boys has also narrowed considerably in north africa subsaharan africa and western asia overall per cent of countries in the developing regions reporting data by sex had achieved gender parity in primary education in more than half of the countries with gender disparity in primary education in per cent were in subsaharan africa,5
+while family structure cannot account for rising poverty rates over time or differences across countries it is clear that in many countries a strong association between family type and poverty exists the extent to which this relationship is causal is unclear for two reasons firstly groups such as lone parents or teenage mothers may have a greater risk of being poor not because of their family status per se but because they have other characteristics such as low educational attainment and low employment rates secondly family structures may also be a consequence of poverty,1
+doctors are twice as likely to migrate as nurses because wage differentials are greater and because most nurses are women and men are often the primary decisionmakers regarding migration brown and connell a growing shortage of skilled workers in the region has also contributed to increased intrapacific migration with workers migrating to countries offering better work conditions and salaries such as samoan nurses moving to american samoa and tourism workers to the cook islands and various skilled workers going to nauru including health workers from tonga there is some weekly commuting from samoa to american samoa,10
+for example the number of lakes at risk of harmful algal blooms will increase by in the first half of this century the millennium development goal for improved water supply is unlikely to be met in subsaharan africa globally more city dwellers did not have access to an improved water source in than in as urbanisation is currently outpacing connections to water infrastructure,6
+the rationale for requiring a researchbased dissertation is that teachers are expected to be able to have a holistic view of teaching and learning process and be able to engage in continuous professional development in their career as a teacher traditional teacherpreparation programmes too often treat good pedagogy as generic assuming that good questioning skills for example are equally applicable to all subjects because teacher education in finland is a shared responsibility between the teacher education faculty and the academic subject faculty there is substantial attention to subjectspecific pedagogy for prospective primary as well as uppergrade teachers,4
+in the oilrich countries higher fuel prices have a positive effect on the living standard as a result of increasing aggregate demand in the oilimporting countries a fuel price increase can have a direct poverty effect through the consumption of energy and an indirect effect via higher prices for commodities whose production requires energy the poverty impact of an energy price increase may vary for different geographical locations and depending whether a household is connected to the utility infrastructure in urban households the share of energy consumption is usually higher compared to rural households if the utility infrastructure is insufficient households may not even be connected to central sources of energy,1
+missed diagnostic opportunities and english general practice a study to determine their incidence confounding and contributing factors and potential impact on patients through retrospective review of electronic medical records literacy and health outcomes a systematic review of the literature costeffectiveness of a computerized provider order entry system cope in improving medication safety ambulatory care value health,3
+the integration of tourism activities in domestic value chains can foster activity and productivity bundling attractions and services together can increase visitors spending by providing diverse tourism services and encouraging longer stays and facilitating access to local culture which is the primary purpose for around of visitors see above one way to achieve this is to improve tourist information and service centres which rank poorly h in the wef tourism competitiveness indicators tourist information centres are a hub for reliable information and offer local knowledge to create packages financing for information centres could come from local government visitors and local firms,8
+nearly all students continue learning in upper secondary education beyond compulsory education all of this is accomplished in a schooling system that provides wide autonomy to school leaders and teachers and it is achieved on comparatively modest levels of spending continuing declines in the size of the schoolage population challenge authorities to efficiently manage the nation s school network the nation s capacity to replenish its teaching workforce is hampered by unattractive conditions of employment an unclear vision of what good teaching practices are and what sort of training can best promote good teaching,4
+the traditional avenue for resolving labour disputes and noncompliance with labour legislation is generally considered to be the judicial one involving specialized labour courts this is an area in which the necessary information is not always available except in some countries where labour justice reforms have been implemented usually based in the ministries of justice or organizations in the sector accordingly the contents and results of the labour justice reforms undertaken in the region should be considered and integrated into the analysis nonetheless the evidence reveals major shortages of inspectors to cover the relevant population,8
+the power plant study highlights future changes associated with the actual power plant such as technique and maintenance the final element distribution allows the study of aspects and changes in the transmission and distribution network like future changes in seasonal energy consumption needs each part can be affected in a specific way due to the changing climate and it therefore makes sense to examine the parts separately,7
+both qualities sharing and leadingare moving increasingly centrestage for regulators worldwide the essential need to share has driven technological innovation across time and geographies until the new millennium and the digital era the nature of regulation had very much been about command and control its nature has seen significant evolution nowadays and the nature and quality of leadership have become central to regulation todays regulation has also become a process embracing collaboration and shared reflection of the complexities at hand,9
+these data can be adapted and applied to each countrys economic and social context informing the development of national approaches to poverty reduction such a course would bring the world one step closer to the goal of eradicating extreme poverty in general and child poverty in particular social protection mechanisms such as pensions fee waivers child support grants and cash transfers are an effective approach that can reduce vulnerability to poverty and deprivation strengthen families capacity to care for their children and overcome barriers to accessing essential services,1
+the department of employment and the workplace gender equality agency are held responsible for the implementation of these principles in spain the legislation guiding procurement provides a more flexible language stating that contracting authorities may establish social considerations such as the elimination of inequalities between men and women these instruments are useful to bring clarity to both government organisations and those seeking contracts on what is expected and how equality is determined a number of countries such as canada and spain also focus efforts to develop gender expertise among procurement officials,5
+another option would be to allow private practitioners to use the public clinic s facilities at low or no cost from where they can bill the nhi for the patients that they see this would still offer korea s substantial number of solo practitioners the opportunity to reduce overhead and administrative costs for of maintaining an independent practice unlike these countries korea does not have a large number of doctors trained as general practitioners a strong professional identity for general practitioners and high pay rates for general practitioners relative to specialists,3
+trade regulations themselves aside this may be attributed in part to the fact that regulatory procedures are not aligned with these new ways of doing business enabling trade control agencies to take advantage of the fact that the original data generated and used by private sector stakeholders are now almost always in electronic form would go a long way in facilitating trade and increasing regulatory compliance development of mobile applications for completion of regulatory procedures may also be actively considered as unlike computers these devices have become ubiquitous in even the least developed countries of the region finally establishing publicprivate partnerships between trade control agencies and the ecommerce epayment andor elogistics platforms may be explored to transfer part of the regulatory control functions to these private service sector providers taking advantage of their it capabilities and knowhow as well as their privileged access to data,9
+there has been some discussion about lowering the price for licences and simplifying the procedures for coking coal exploration activities due to the political sensitivities gas tariffs for households have been kept low corresponding in the first half of to of the gas price as imported from russia district heating companies paid less than half of the import price but nonpayments by these companies and by individual consumers have nevertheless been widespread,7
+in the first subperiod the number of people living in poverty decreased by per year while the number in extreme poverty declined by annually between and the number of people living in poverty and extreme poverty decreased at annual rates of just and respectively lastly in and the regions per capita gdp contracted by each year while the proportion of people living in poverty and extreme poverty grew by and respectively see figure ii costa rica the dominican republic,1
+fiscal policies such as taxes and transfers are essential tools to ensure sustainable funding for social programmes and public investments and also contribute to reducing income and spatial inequality however trust and confidence in fiscal institutions are crucial to ensuring fiscal performance and preserving the social contract the level of trust in the governments fiscal responsibility is often driven by the extent to which taxes and transfers play a redistributive role,10
+a more realistic growth projection would be about slightly lower than that achieved in the previous year the economy of afghanistan is projected to grow by in assuming normal weather conditions and agricultural production industrial growth may be boosted by improved electricity supplies,8
+however the proportion of people who are undernourished declined from about per cent in to per cent in progress has been uneven across regions and the food and financial crisis posed additional challenges under current conditions the target of halving the proportion of people suffering from hunger by will not be met in subsaharan africa and south asia individuals may take in enough calories for daily subsistence but still suffer from hidden hunger with low levels of micronutrients owing to the lack of diversification of diets,2
+however owing to a largely favourable budgetary position and a set of reforms and initiatives no major financial sustainability risks have been identified for denmark due principally to a favourable budgetary position european commission and economic policy committee s denmark s comparatively low number of hospital beds and average length of stay have not resulted in any discernible reduction in quality suggesting that overall the hospital system is functioning more efficiently however the ongoing sustainability of this annual funding reduction is beginning to be challenged,3
+the fifth malaysia plan implemented from to stipulated that universities would give greater emphasis to basic research relative to gris cheng likewise the rapid rise in patenting among the leading asian universities such as national university of singapore and tsinghua over the last ten years coincided with a growing emphasis on basic research rather than the basic vs applied distinction it seems that the quality of the research and its strategic focus on economic significance the socalled strategic basic research or pasteur quadrant are the main parameters that matter,4
+instructional leadership itself needs to be more clearly defined in terms of principals actions and it is here that the work of day et al distributed leadership focuses on leadership practices including interactions with other leaders teachers staff parents and students rather than on formal leaders traits roles and functions or on organisational structures grubb and flessa spillane three specific aspects of distributed leadership are making collaborative decisions emphasising school governance that empowers staff and students and encourages shared accountability for student learning and emphasising schoolwide participation in efforts to evaluate the school s academic development hallinger and heck ij,4
+the approach in this framework is that the basis of measurement is each contact with the health system and not the entire duration of the disease or health condition a contact is distinct from the complete treatment which comprises all the contacts to treat a health condition at this stage interventions aim to enhance health status and to maintain a condition of low risk of diseases disorders or injuries in other words to prevent their occurrence hc through vaccinations or an injury prevention programme for example,3
+based on this analysis we propose a new paradigm for enhancing agricultural productivity per unit area through the introduction of more adaptable crops with a holistic management approach we outline an integrated genetic natural resource management ignrm strategy based on handson experiences in india for harnessing the untapped potential of rainfed paddy fallow areas to increase food production and improve the livelihoods of people with finite and scarce resources by enhancing resourceuse efficiency approximately million ha or percent of southeast asias cropland is planted to paddy in irrigated million ha rainfed million ha and other cropping systems see table south asia accounts for percent of the worlds harvested paddy area usda which supplies almost percent of the worlds population fao,2
+particular attention should be paid to reproductive behaviour leading to early fertility it has been observed that children are highly likely to repeat the reproductive patterns of their parents and in the poorest families these patterns involve early fertility and more children than the average for all households it has been suggested that there is a vicious circle whereby poverty is linked to higher and earlier fertility and a heavy childrearing burden for households that leads back to greater poverty carrasco martinez and vial paz and others rodriguez,1
+graduates of tertiary education who are roundly educated and skills relevant to the job market will boost productivity and economic growth thereby increasing capacity for greater investment in education and other services improvements in teacher education in part resulting from betterprepared entrants to preservice training will promote better teaching and learning at all levels of education thus it will be necessary to determine relative priorities among the sectors find efficiencies in future expansion whilst raising quality and where appropriate and possible shift a proportion of the costs from the public to the private sector,4
+in june the united arab emirates health authorities recommended the inclusion of three plant materials namely kava piper methysticum kratom mitragyna speciosa and salvia divinorum in table of that country s federal law no in the united arab emirates efforts are also being made to standardize procedures for prescriptions involving controlled substances restricted pharmaceuticals and psychoactive drugs including innovative measures such as the establishment of an electronic system for the issuance of prescriptions and the dispensing of medicines containing controlled narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in february turkmenistan strengthened its main drug control law on narcotic drugs psychotropic substances and precursors through an amendment establishing that amnesty may not be granted to individuals who have been convicted of crimes related to trafficking in narcotic drugs psychotropic substances or precursors,3
+data for countries in the european statistical system come from the pilot eu adult education survey aes the eu aes surveys were carried out between and by countries in the eu efta and eu candidate countries the eu aes is a pilot exercise which proposed a common framework for the first time including a standard questionnaire tools and quality reporting oecd b they do not however indicate anything about the actual quality of the competences gained by people and therefore about how the qualifications earned contribute to individual wellbeing eg by improving access to the labour market,4
+using the present values of costs and benefits as a basis for comparison shows a net benefit of the wfd in england and wales of usd million gbp million defrawag in a strategic cost benefit analysis tried to monetise benefits as far as possible the assessment indicated that the most important benefits of wfd measures are related to the value attached to living in a beautiful natural environment which could be revealed in the increased value of houses in the vicinity of water other benefit categories identified included recreational benefits and benefits for the production of drinking water,6
+this could well destroy incentives to work among the poor and is unlikely to be optimal from the point of view of poverty reduction in the longrun neither do the different scenarios account for potential interaction between social benefits or change the amount of tax paid following a reallocation of benefits therefore they should only be seen as the initial effect that would arise from certain redistributions of transfers with the understanding that in the longer term other factors may change the overall impact table shows the various redistribution scenarios of family and housing benefits considered for oecd countries and what the associated child poverty rates would be for these countries,1
+exceptionally buoyant external conditions for ldc exports in the form of the global commodity boom strong external demand and ample external financing did result in higher gdp growth in the s that in turn led to some increased investment including and in some cases mainly by foreign firms the investment ratio of ldcs ie gross fixed capital formation as a share of gdp rose from per cent to per cent between and the highest level in over years first the increase in the ldcs investment ratio still falls short of the level typically required for developing countries to sustain high growth rates over long periods,8
+it provides an overview of public satisfaction with the education system and schools and then assesses the level of private and public expenditure on education and discusses issues around access to upper secondary education and tertiary education using the results from the oecd programme for international student assessment pisa and other data sources this chapter also presents indicators on the performance of korean students to international standardised tests on mathematics science and reading as well as indicators of equity in learning outcomes and on the transition from school to work in korea since the s education and skills development strategies have played a key role in the economic development of the country,4
+they can be applied descriptively to identify lack of accessibility to essential services in certain areas ie to take stock of accessibility gaps they can also be used to assess how various policy or infrastructure alternatives might change accessibility levels across territories and for different users demonstrating how given options would contribute to or undermine the attainment of wider sustainability goals additionally accessibility indicators can be used in ex post analysis comparing a previous situation to the current one after implementation of a specific action,11
+a genderresponsive team of project staff and technical assistants is needed to coach and mentor managers of bds to respond to the distinct needs of male and female business ownermanagers a growing body of experience in both the micro and sme sectors shows the critical need for coaching especially of female sme owneroperators male and female graduates and startup entrepreneurs awareness creativity and proactive outreach can work towards recruiting females and males as bds specialists trainersfacilitators and beneficiaries to meet the need for a gender mix in bds facilitatorsproviderstrainers,5
+it promotes energy awareness in schools using educational programmes in human social and physical sciences municipalities have regulatory and management functions with respect to provision of environmental services eg water supply and sanitation waste collection and disposal protection against noise municipal communities may also adopt their own environmental protection programmes while larger urban communities are obliged to do so,6
+on average across oecd countries about are foreignborn neets long periods of inactivity can have negative consequences the longer individuals spend time as a neet the more likely they are to lose their skills which affect their chances of finding employment being a neet can also have a negative impact on the mental and emotional health of young people,4
+as a result the deployment of renewables has increased considerably particularly of solar pv which in outstripped the growth in any other form of new power generation with renewables reaching nearly a quarter in the world s electricity generation iea b based on estimates improved energy management through the scaledup use of renewables can reduce mining companies energy costs by for existing operations and up to for new mines deloitte there is scope for further research to look at issues related to the energy transition of processing facilities section,7
+the initial process of identifying schools for participation in deis was managed externally by the educational research centre erc on behalf of the department for education and skills more recently the departments statistics section has assumed responsibility for the assessment of schools level of disadvantage under deis about of schools in ireland are eligible for deis support,4
+even under the most restrictive assumptions the situation of uranium which has very high energy intensity and can be easily stored and transported still looks very favourable when compared with the limited availability and geographic concentration of other fuels such as oil and gas one example is enrichment where there are essentially only two international suppliers of enrichment services other less pressing examples are constituted by the production of reactor pressure vessels specific stainless steel tubes or highquality graphite,7
+a higher number indicates a greater impact for example payments based on variable input use have the largest impact on fishing effort and reduce stock size the most the picture is complex but the results show a clear separation between policies that are based on what fishers buy fuel other inputs and what fishes own and do vessels capital income the former tend to pose the greatest risk to overfishing and depletion of fish stocks while the latter provide the greatest benefits to fishers,14
+in addition per cent of kiribati women aged reported physical violence by men other than their partners most commonly by male family members including fathers or stepfathers and per cent reported having experienced nonpartner sexual violence the detrimental impacts of violence on womens physical sexual and mental health are well documented including unwanted pregnancies unsafe abortions miscarriages sexually transmitted diseases emotional distress and thoughts of suicide genderbased violence coordinators have been put in place in the ministry of health and the ministry of women youth and social affairs to support health promotion to outer islands capacity building and improved availability of emergency contraceptives,5
+during the last years approximately species of vertebrates and four species of plants are expected to have lost more than per cent of their population there are about endemic and approximately subendemic plant species in the country according to the project on invasive species in albania funded by the world bank in they are mainly nematodes molluscs insects decapods fish and mammals,15
+even though figures and take a crosssectional perspective and consider women of different ages only in a given year the implication is that once women in germany work parttime they do not resume fulltime employment indeed they appear to be stuck in a parttime trap inactivity is widespread particularly among older women suggesting that once they are out of employment it is difficult to return to work figure shows a correspondingly wide gender gap in working hours across all ages in the overall workingage population righthand panel,5
+as described the task of compiling systematic overviews of norwegian and international educational research and make this knowledge available to the authorities and other users could go a long way toward solving this problem however higher spending in lower secondary education beyond a certain basic level is only tenuously linked to better student learning outcomes oecd according to pisa the overall lack of a relationship between resources and outcomes does not show that resources are irrelevant but that their level does not have a systematic impact within the prevailing range and it also depends on that resources are used efficiently,4
+pashiardis and brauckman argued that due consideration to a school leader s experience can significantly improve the usefulness of the appraisal process since the needs of school leaders change markedly as they progress through their career pashiardis and brauckman therefore suggested adjusting the feedback provisions for school leaders to the stages of preleadership initial experienced and exiting leadership for summative uses evaluators equally need to take into account specific school and individual contexts and a school leader s experience to ensure a fair appraisal process,4
+an overview of financial support provided would deliver information on trends in public climate finance provided by developed and other countries and would also offer a partial picture of developed countries progress towards the usd billion climate finance commitment in order to be able to provide this overview either information from individual parties would need to be aggregated or aggregate information on climate finance would be needed from elsewhere eg organisations financial institutions unfccc bodies such as the scf aggregating countryspecific information would provide clarity if the information being aggregated were monitored and reported on a comparable basis,13
+close to countries have since submitted national reports providing information on progress towards aichi target outlining the flow of resources for biodiversity from developed to developing countries financial resources available for biodiversity steps taken to implement the strategy for resource mobilisation and the role of specific initiatives including those relating to technical cooperation and innovative financial mechanisms the trends in national and international biodiversity financing and progress in mobilisation of resources during the on strategic programme will be a key indicator to achieving the strategic plan for biodiversity and the aichi biodiversity targets as expressed in decision xi cbd copu the programme has strengthened the implementation of the convention through supporting cms conservation initiatives for a number of migratory taxa with a strong focus on implementation in developing countries,15
+a system for calculating the state of condition is integrated into naturtyper i norge in this system a number of relevant disturbance factors and appurtenant variables have been defined all variables have a number of levels defined by a state index the description of the system is only available in norwegian these states indices can most likely also work as threshold values between disturbance levels but so far this has not been a specified objective for this system and no statistics are available for degraded land in this system theoretically such stageslevels can be mapped on any scale and further used to calculate progress of restoration but this requires large resources and most likely only relevant for specific purposes like for specific nature types restricted geographic areas or specific restoration priorities the nature index ni is a different approach to describe levels of disturbance nybp etai,15
+thus the emphasis for each country depends on its specific challenges and priorities they do however provide illustrations of the progress that countries in a variety of situations have made towards sustainable development and the challenges they have faced in practical implementation of their forest and woodland management programmes the case studies were prepared by national experts and summarized in a common format,15
+thus technology transfer is essential to the achievement of sdg around half of ldcs imports of powergenerating machinery and per cent of electrical enduse machinery and appliances are from odcs highlighting the growing importance of southsouth trade as a vehicle for energyrelated technology transfer from this perspective technologytransfer measures in favour of ldcs have a rather inadequate track record reflecting vague and nonbinding formulation lack of adequate funding fragmentation and limited political will unctad b,7
+korpi and palme suggested the existence of a paradox in that benefits targeted at the poor achieve less redistribution than universal benefits the main reason being that universal benefits receive wider popular support so that their payment rate can be set at a higher level than the targeted ones recent evidence suggests however that targeting is no longer necessarily associated with lower levels of redistribution kenworthy marx salanauskaite and verbist jacques and noel similarly with short time series data from to diris vandenbroucke and verbist ooj found that increased propoorness leads often to lower poverty rates but that the effect sizes are quite modest and strongly dependent on how targeting is defined,1
+however despite widespread recognition of women s rights and the benefits that accrue to all of society from equitable treatment and access to resources and opportunities for women and men inequalities persist at the regional and national levels there is growing recognition that as african women attain higher measures of economic and social wellbeing benefits accrue to all of society despite this growing understanding removing inequalities for women has not kept pace significant gaps between men s and women s opportunities remain a major challenge and a severe impediment to structural economic and social transformation that is still the goal of all african countries,5
+help was provided to establish a number of new institutions including the institute of agricultural science the soils and fertiliser institute and the national plant protection service as well as to strengthen existing organisations through such technical assistance projects viet nam gained access to uptodate technologies equipment and techniques at the same time fao contributed to the formulation of legislation aimed at enhancing the ability of the agricultural sector to respond to the challenges and opportunities posed by the new market environment the programme works under four major multisectoral initiatives including the joint gouemmentun programme the world bank s vahip project the one un initiative with the largest contribution to fao coming from united states agency for international development usaid projects the second highest was food safety which received usd million for projects,2
+in terms of institutional features climate change will be analysed as a global public good gpg this is certainly the case with climate change the safe boundaries of this space have been passed rockstrom and others similarly pressures on environmental systems affect livelihoods at the subglobal level unep a the resulting unsustainability has distributional aspects including infragenerational elements poor groups and countries depend relatively more on the use of natural resources to secure livelihoods and development moreover there are gendered asymmetries in environmental burden bearing,13
+average length of stay alos in hospital is often used as an indicator of efficiency in delivering hospital services because all other factors being constant a shorter stay will reduce the cost per discharge and allow the treatment of a greater number of patients for given inputs patients admitted for lifethreatening conditions such as acute myocardial infarction heart attack and cerebrovascular diseases stroke also tend to stay much longer in hospital than in other countries for instance patients admitted for acute myocardial infarction ami spend on average days in hospital which is days more than the g and oecd average the difference is even greater for patients admitted for cerebrovascular diseases stroke with these patients in korea staying on average more than days while in most other g countries they are hospitalised for about days only,3
+in manufacturing the role of overtime has been even more important accounting for about half of the reduction in working time this reflects both the greater incidence of overtime in manufacturing before the crisis almost one in ten hours and the concentration of the decline in output demand in the manufacturing sector hours and pay reductions in japan reflect adjustments along many different margins cont the relative importance of reductions in standard hours reflects the limits of the overtime margin in the context of a severe decline in aggregate demand,8
+a case study in ethiopia revealed that the entrances to toilets are often too narrow for wheelchairs forcing individuals to crawl or drag themselves on the floor to reach the toilets wilbur accessibility problems also apply to children chronically ill and older people as facilities may not be within easy and safe reach some illnesses can generate stigmatization such as hivaids and people affected may suffer from exclusion and be denied access to facilities in two out of five people in rural areas had access to piped water supplies a form of improved supply but not necessarily a safely managed supply whereas four out of five people in urban areas had piped supplies,6
+the fourth year rolling plan the smart rwanda masterplan was adopted in and includes among others a target for gender digital equality by the broadband commission targets and policy analysis were key inputs to the formulation of this and other targets for the smart rwanda masterplan steps have been taken to promote innovation and entrepreneurship reduce the cost of enduser devices stimulate the development and uptake of relevant content and diffusion of technologies into various sectors of the economy in october the first transform africa summit was cohosted by the gor and itu and culminated in the smart africa manifesto as a continental agenda to leverage icts for africa s transformation,9
+these domains reflect the spectrum of factors that shape the food environment from the most macro to the most micro level from facilities to produce distribute commercialize acquire preserve prepare and consume foods nutrients and water through to the biological utilization of them into the body at the household level food insecurity is characterized by four dimensions inadequate quantity of food inadequate quality of food psychological unacceptability of food and ways of obtaining food and social unacceptability of food and ways of obtaining food figure shows the relationships between household food insecurity its causes and its consequences,2
+in addition professional standards are an expression of what a profession stands for its objectives its expectations of members in meeting those objectives the career path and the level of commitment members of the profession make to the community they serve the australian institute for teaching and school leadership s aitsl national professional standards for teachers describe what is expected of teachers across the four career stages graduate proficient highly accomplished and lead aitsl the general teaching council for scotland gtc goes further the gtc has developed an overarching careerlong standard or nest of standards which regulate the career path from provisional registration as a teacher to full registration careerlong professional learning middle leadership and then full school leadership see box,4
+the percapita expenditure is projected according to specific assumptions and then multiplied by the groupspecific population in the projection year however the average cost per individual in older age groups should fall over time for two reasons longevity gains are assumed to translate into additional years of good health healthy ageing and major health costs come at the end of life this is generally due to the effect of technology and relativeprice movements in the supply of health services this effect is mitigated somewhat by declines in the share of dependents per older age group as longevity increases due to healthy ageing,3
+however after the first years the customers of these women entrepreneurs became mostly swedes however as mentioned also by abbasian and bildt there is a risk that society may force the unemployed immigrant woman to start her own business without sufficient support from either her family or the society there are approximately selfemployed women of women in employment in the united kingdom and of female entrepreneurs own businesses in the service sector today female entrepreneurs are responsible for one third of all startup businesses in the united kingdom dhaliwal while women s total entrepreneurial activity tea is amongst nonethnic persons it is twoandahalf times higher amongst women from mixed backgrounds bangladeshis other asians and black caribbeans according to the report the most entrepreneurial group is that of other black at some of all women gem,5
+in the middle east and north africa women are mostly discriminated by limited civil liberties as limited freedom of movement and limited freedom of dress obligation to wear a veil in south asian countries a significant number of missing women indicates that women are mostly discriminated by son preference the civil liberties discrimination is also very high in this region united nations research institute for social development geneva,5
+the principles have been applied across different scales stakeholders and sectors either as a tool to understand how water governance systems are performing at local basin or national level or as a reading template to guide decisions for water stakeholders and institutions on specific water functions eg service delivery water resources management flood risk prevention etc in january the journal water international published a peerreviewed set of articles reflecting such examples in its special issue the oecd principles on water governance from vision to action some of these applications are summarised hereinafter and should neither be considered as the views of the authors of this report nor of the oecd,6
+in the closer term the city aims for of trips to be taken by soft modes or public transit by in designing these demand management measures it is important for the government to be able to anticipate how people will respond to such regulations those who own noncompliant vehicles for example may decide to either buy a compliant vehicle pay the charge or alter their travel behaviour by diverting their route changing their travel mode or forgoing the trip altogether,11
+quantitybased mechanisms are quota obligations usually by using tradable green certificates and tendering systems pricedbased market instruments are feedin tariffs fits and feedin premiums fips fiscal incentives such as carbon taxes or investment grants nuclear investors would have to forego the hope of ever recouping their initial outlays on the fixed costs from an investor point of view the advent of zero variable cost renewables thus militates against capitalintensive technologies such as nuclear,7
+the benefit expatriate teachers can bring is not only to teach in the classroom but also to coach and train local teachers through onthejob training and organisation of workshops however shortterm measures raise concerns about their impact on the quality of teaching and learning many countries including ethiopia have chosen to recruit large numbers of teachers on a contract basis the idea is to keep the wage bill down while increasing access to education many of the new recruits however are not fully trained as described above in paragraph according to the government compared with regular civil service teachers contract teachers often have i relatively lower academic credentials ii uncertain or no career prospects and iii lower salaries and fewer benefits,4
+improvement of content methods classifications and measurements from a gender perspective should be made part of the ongoing efforts to improve all statistical sources censuses surveys and administrative systems hedman perucci and sundstrom mainstreaming a gender perspective in data collection programmes involves review and revision of the conceptual basis of data collection tools review and revision of coding and classification systems and terminologies gender training for all personnel involved in data collection media campaigns that include genderspecific messages gendersensitive selection of field interviewers and review and revision of tabulations and data presentation and dissemination corner the presentation and dissemination of gender statistics should reach all potential target groups most often existing data are not fully exploited for obtaining gender statistics united nations,5
+all except south sudan who does not have crossborder fiber connectivity to its neighbors have at least one crossborder route for access to submarine cables guineabissau recently signed an agreement with the world bank to obtain access to the africa coast to europe ace cable a project that should be completed by early although eritrea had opportunities to connect to submarine cables on the east coast of africa it declined and is the only coastal ldcs without a landing station in may a project providing a us million world bank grant for kiribati to establish submarine connectivity was approved a project to connect solomon islands to submarine cable was approved several years ago but delayed,9
+this has resulted in many isolated initiatives and policies in critical sectors for green growth that have not addressed the metropolitan size of urbanisation and growth in metro cebu and also in incoherence and management failures due to inconsistent policies across jurisdictions the brt is only being designed and implemented in cebu city even though cebu city is the largest lgu of the metropolitan area metro cebu would benefit much more from a bus network that reaches out to adjacent lgus as many residents commute from these areas to cebu city or viceversa,11
+as a result hospitals face a relatively soft budget constraint and hospital costs are squeezing municipal budgets potentially constraining municipalities to cut on other valuable items including primary care and social services municipal reform if implemented successfully should alleviate these problems finland needs to increase hospital concentration and develop special units to take care of remote areas based on a careful evaluation of the tradeoff between proximity and appropriate scale to deliver effective treatments there is increasing international evidence of a link between hospital size and quality of care indicating the presence of minimum volume thresholds for effectiveness of care,3
+special employment support navigators usually privatesector experts and experienced workers have been assigned to the peso to provide individuals with detailed support in their reemployment efforts services targeted at this group include enrolment into specialised programmes help with cvwriting guidance on career paths and weekly counselling by appointment by the same officer and job referrals made by officers jobseekers can receive this service for only three months,8
+inefficient subsidies for energy agriculture and fisheries could be replaced by higher direct social spending with much greater benefits targeted for the poor see chapters and on green growth and agricultural policy respectively in principle means tests can be a useful tool insofar as it could lead to reinforcing the capacity of the administrators to assess the real welfare situation of households in mexico however close targeting is also likely to entail several costs oecd,1
+the chapter reviews existing social policies and recent attempts to find better ways of allocating public resources for those most in need in particular families with children it concludes with a summary of the main challenges and suggests reform avenues to develop a social protection system which would support the workingage population more effectively the subsequent sharp economic slowdown in did not generate a significant increase in overall poverty rates as labour market adjustments involved reduced working hours rather than layoffs chapter and because pension payments increased almost by since chapter,1
+poverty and its corollaries malnutrition illness and lack of education limit agricultural productivity hence providing social protection and pursuing agricultural development in an integrated way offers synergies that can increase the effectiveness of both extreme poverty has fallen substantially in many regions especially in east asia and the pacific as well as in south asia in subsaharan africa little progress has been made and almost half the population is extremely poor,1
+the ministry of health plans additional supplementary incentives to improve healthcare access limit extra billing and foster the uptake of it systems in practices but p p schemes could also be expanded further bundled payments could also be developed for nurses midwives and physiotherapists as outpatient prescriptions and spending for these care activities have increased rapidly driven largely by hospital prescriptions figure panel a indeed such prescriptions are less restrained than for other medical expenditures,3
+half of the participants chosen at random were invited to attend the sessions with a peer of their choice the brief sessions had positive effects on business behaviours and outcomes but only among those who were trained alongside a friend women invited with a friend were more likely to use loans for business purposes and reported higher volumes of business while women invited alone almost exclusively used the loans for home repair and did not report a higher volume of business relative to the control group,5
+a related draft threat abatement plan tap has been developed to provide a national framework for the coordinated implementation of measures to prevent and mitigate the impacts of marine debris it will guide australia s efforts in international forums to build and strengthen collaboration to identify the origins of and effective responses to marine debris on a regional and international level it should be finalised in early,14
+despite rising debt levels and declines in gross domestic product gdp the initial policy response to the crisis was stimulus spending however by the combination of financial rescue packages and stimulus spending along with falling revenues from taxation due to economic slowdown led to a push for drastic cuts in social transfers such as benefits for families with children and social services in many countries women are likely to feel the impact of these cuts most acutely because they are overrepresented among public sector frontline workers because they depend more than men on public transfers and services and because the burden of providing care when public support is reduced falls disproportionately on women,5
+this reorganisation of service delivery must be underpinned by a clearer vision of the future health system architecture and implemented more systematically beyond delivering the appropriate volumes of services attention must be paid to embedding quality improvement initiatives in health professionals practices at all levels of the system finally the availability relevance and quality of information and evidence must improve and all health system actors health professionals local and national providers local and national units of authority need to be held accountable for the outcomes of their actions and results with a population of only million in the th largest and largest landlocked country it is one of the least densely populated nations in the world,3
+each of the networks has about to of their schools established as special needs schools table at the secondary level the mainstream schools are on average times larger than the special schools although the size of the mainstream schools also varies depending on whether they offer all or only some stages of secondary education as explained in chapter there are two main bodies responsible for financing the construction and renovation of school facilities and the implementation of government policy on this topic the flemish community network go,4
+in particular the move from employment to unemployment has been shown to exert a strong negative effect on people s subjective wellbeing unemployment is also the variable that has repeatedly been used in the literature on the measurement of living standards and wellbeing fleurbaey and gaulier at the same time neither unemployment nor employment rates may be particularly meaningful in developing countries and emergingmarket economies unless it is possible to capture informal employment,8
+while there is a substantive literature on the extent to which shared values define welfare institutions in developed countries this literature is scarce in developing countries ulriksen plagerson a our paper aims to address this gap by contributing to the understanding of how ethical perspectives influence the shape of poverty reduction policies in lower and middleincome countries in the main body of the paper we analyse how ethical perspectives help understand key design features of antipoverty programmes and provide three case studies brazil south africa and ghana exploring the role of ethical perspectives in the development of poverty reduction policy and programming in these countries it pays particular attention to three design features discussed extensively in the literature targeting conditions and graduation,1
+they are considered to be universal in that they are necessary conditions for success at each stage of development the selection of the foundation factors was based on theory and a large body of research that provides evidence of the effects of each factor on student outcomes a potent factor is one that has a strong correlation with an outcome or set of outcomes for example the quality of classroom instruction is arguably the most important driver of student outcomes during the schooling period anderson rosenshine kyriakides christoforou and charalambous creemers and kyriakides,4
+however the scope for further productivity gains on this score will diminish over time as the urbanisation rate approaches that in more advanced economies gross enrolment rates at the primary level have long exceeded those in oecd countries while at the preschool uppersecondary and tertiary levels there is still a gap to fill figure d encouragingly however enrolment at the preschool level has increased rapidly to by exceeding the target of table in the prereform era when the wage structure was administratively determined and the state sector provided most employment returns to education were low,4
+the assessment of the individual transboundary surface waters and groundwaters in this subregion can be found in chapters and of section iv drainage basins of the white sea barents sea and kara sea black sea and baltic sea eastern and northern europe holds a number of other important transboundary wetland areas including numerous freshwater lakes and extensive mires connected by rivers and streams which stretch all along the russian norwegian and finnish borders and further to the south along the russian estonian latvian and belarusian borders extensive river floodplains temporary flooded forests grasslands and fens are also typical for the region as well as coastal bays lagoons and river deltas in the barents baltic and black seas the northernmost part of the region is characterized by permafrost,6
+but feasibility is often limited due to considerations of political financial and capacity and this complicates the implementation of central government decisions at the subnational level in greece israel and italy the absence of monitoring and evaluation of water policy outcomes were considered important obstacles to water policy implementation at the territorial level in israel the outcome of national water policies is not always quantified in a timely manner due to difficulties in obtaining the relevant data from the iwa database a complete reorganisation of the database is needed to provide clear results from policy changes,6
+however the decentralisation experience in the agricultural sector has resulted in gains for water users who now have more local control and authority over how to manage water historical overexploitation of agricultural water has been a factor in uniting water users in irrigating communities to design strategies that allow them to continue production for example the strategic goal of the agenda related to universal access to water services makes a distinction between urban and rural regions for what regards wastewater treatment in mediumsized and rural localities the construction of wells and rainwater harvesting,6
+yet to understand the causes and consequences of monetary child poverty and to design effective antipoverty policies it matters if the same group of children remain poor or if every child experiences one brief poverty spell adverse consequences of experiencing poverty are well documented and the length of time spent in poverty amplifies its negative impact on key child outcomes see brooksgunn and duncan including cognitive and behavioural development a recent comprehensive review of income mobility in the european union by van kerm and pi alperin does not focus on children,1
+in panama on the other hand this is conditional since a pregnant woman can be dismissed but only for just cause and with prior judicial authorization there are also many regulations on the right to prenatal and postnatal rest for example in chile six and weeks respectively the dominican republic six weeks in both cases and the bolivarian republic of venezuela six and weeks among others this objective is achieved in brazil through public institutions,8
+these reforms are undertaken for a wide variety of economic security and resource management reasons while not specifically energy efficiency policies these energy markets effectively motivate a wide range of sustainable energy options including and especially energy efficiency and renewables by ensuring all the players in an energy system receive effective price signals for their decisions market operators in each country generally have a significant amount of information about the function and performance of these systems,7
+the coastal fishery is notably less efficient than the itq fleet managed with a cap on catches and days at sea limits all such exemptions have a negative effect on the efficiency of the fisheries management system keeping in mind the importance of the fisheries to the icelandic economy the government should be cautious in making amendments to the fisheries act that weaken the itq system by authorising such measures,14
+israel transfers an annual mcm of water to the coastal plain from the jordan river basin and the western aquifer basin desalination in the gaza strip is currently still very limited but is expected to increase significantly in the coming years in the european union announced its support for the construction of a shortterm lowvolume desalination plant to supply people in the khan yunis and rafah governorates,6
+the authors would like to thank jan corfeemorlot sara fyson raundi halvorsonquevedo nicolina lamhauge and suzanne steensen from the development cooperation directorate and jane ellis and randy caruso from the environment directorate of the organisation for economic cooperation and development oecd for their comments on earlier drafts and help in carrying out this work the authors would also like to thank all interview respondents for their insights and time dedicated to this research many of whom also provided valuable comments on earlier drafts of the paper this report explores current understanding of what makes international climate finance effective focusing on climaterelated development finance its scope includes but is not limited to official development assistance oda the research approach used is qualitative and is based on a series of indepth interviews,13
+over the same period about billion people will be living in waterstressed areas and of the population will be vulnerable to floods especially in coastal cities oecd c as competition for water among households farmers urban dwellers and industry intensifies nonstate actors directly or indirectly affected by water policy will play an increasing role in adaptive water governance these stakeholders may have the ability to influence water policy outcomes positively or negatively oecd a,6
+the high suicide rates indicate a crisis in mental health and may be due to underservicing of indigenous communities mental health systems mental health strategies should be a priority in any current mental health initiatives within canada and the united states indigenous peoples mental health issues are best understood in the context of colonialism traditional teachings and knowledge provide a basis for positive selfimage and healthy identity,3
+since seau is primarily staffed by marine biologists this has proved to be of addedvalueto the business model since marine biological competence is regarded among the public as a sustainability guarantee the basic idea was to increase local sales of locally caught fish and to increase the economic value of the catch for coastal fishers the brand oresundsfisk was created and this brand is owned by the economic association oresund fran bat till bord oresund from boat to table managed by professional fishers the brand criteria are articulated based on quality traceability and sustainability,14
+for and subsequent taxation years the government has proposed to introduce the canada workers benefit cwb an enhanced version of the working income tax benefit witb compared to the witb the cwb will increase both the maximum benefits received as well as the income level at which the benefit is phased out completely as a result a lowincome worker earning would receive up to almost more from the cwb in than in,1
+this is why district heating networks have the potential to be very efficient from a systems perspective it reduces the demand for primary energy as an example todays district steam system on manhattan in new york was commissioned already in today however modern district heating systems in the us are found primarily on university campuses,7
+using corn for ethanol increases the price of us beef chicken pork eggs breads cereals and milk by more than per cent which exacerbates food and fuel shortages and raises major nutritional and ethical concerns around the world much of this effect is the result of deforestation for grazing and the processes that many countries are still using to produce meat which require the animals to live longer than do other more economically efficient processes nathan fiala reported that beef production accounts for the majority of co production and is increasing though pig products also have a large aggregate impact owing to their high use,2
+poverty is now a predominantly rural phenomenon and indigenous northerners experience particularly severe hardship as previously mentioned there has been a sharp drop in the number of rural hospitals since the collapse of the soviet union both indigenous and nonindigenous rural populations have poorer health and less access to health services than urban residents,3
+however they principally serve those from the low and lowermiddle income strata that make up the majority of the population in contrast private facilities are oriented more towards the smaller subset of uppermiddle income and high income households mostly financed through voluntary private health insurance the private sector takes a significant share of overall health spending,3
+each year a specific amount from the centralgovernment budget is allocated to taking on board new treatments and pharmaceuticals this is then allocated according to the recommendations of a committee comprising representatives from the ministry of health ministry of finance the physicians and health funds as well as experts in health policy and public figures from outside the health system the committee s recommendations are based on a list of candidates for inclusion in the basket drawn up by the ministry of health in consultation with key players notably the health funds pharmaceutical companies and the ima changes to the system in recent years include for instance the adoption of a multiyear allocation in three years instead of one,3
+for example in both temperate and tropical regions farming system diversification and croplivestocktree integration would increase resourceuse efficiency and reduce ghg emission intensity soussana dumont and lecomte a number of technologies can help to raise production efficiency and harness cobenefits including precisionfarming advanced breeding judicious use of organic and inorganic fertilizers and better use of legumes genetic resources and landscape biodiversity agroforestry forest regeneration plantations conservation agriculture organic farming and grazing management can all contribute to those goals although options will not apply equally across all farming systems and regions according to the ipccs fifth assessment report deforestation and forest degradation account for nearly percent of all ghg emissions more than the worlds entire transport sector,2
+renttobuy schemes tend to be much smaller at least in countries for which data has been provided australia and chile both spend less than of gdp for these programmes figure specifically the spending data is missing for mexico and the netherlands on financial assistance luxembourg and spain on tax relief canada and france on renttobuy schemes new zealand on construction subsidies data for austria denmark finland korea sweden and switzerland are not included as information on spending for two or more policy instruments is missing,11
+per adult in the household under the current system a workingage individual with low earnings and no disabilities may be entitled to receive payments from one or more of three main benefit groups unemployment benefits and social assistance the housing benefit and council tax benefit and tax credits different benefits within each of these three groups are internally coordinated and roughly based on the same framework while there is close to no coordination across the three benefit groups leading to a rather erratic incentive structure,10
+however the negative effect of direct taxes is estimated to be of a lower magnitude in the case of household incomes compared with gdp per capita the decomposition of direct taxes between the personal and corporate tax components indicates that their combined negative impact is driven by the personal income tax component however no significant effect on average household income is found the estimated neutral real household income effects from consumption and property taxes holds for median income and income of the lowermiddle class but there is some evidence of positive effects on income of the poor possibly reflecting lower tax wedges and unemployment,10
+disadvantaged individuals are less likely to be able to invest in education and skill development than those who are welloff which limits their access to skilled jobs this also limits economies capacity to produce grow and innovate as they are unable to give education access and opportunities to segments of their population a persons educational attainment is closely related to their likelihood of being unemployed oecd a and future wages barro and lee increasing the educational performance of everyone and especially the most disadvantaged is beneficial to both economy and society,4
+since renewable energy sources often are located far from the demand centres the underdeveloped transmission and distribution grids in the region hamper the development of renewable energy sources of electricity in viet nam a lack of grid upgrades and unclear technical regulations for grid connections have particularly hindered wind power deployment under the fit system wind power monthly in addition to discouraging investments in new projects the lack of grid connections also affects renewable energy plants that have already been developed and increases the risk of stranded assets,7
+each of these is considered in turn in the late twentieth century this type of intervention was frowned on in mainstream policy circles although industrial policy remained in use in many of the more successful developing countries such as china recently however there has been a revival of interest in industrial policies with more analysts arguing for their usefulness and desirability eg lin and monga lin oecd there is greater recognition that several developing countries have improved their capacity to design and implement industrial policies te velde et al,8
+in particular the obligation to publish by december river basin management plans has been a strong driver for water management in eu member states eastern neighbours are also interested in the application of the provisions of the wfd belarus has schemes for the complex use and protection of waters and is interested in seeing how these compare with eu river basin management plans due to lack of resources and capacity in the eastern neighbours the preparation of river basin management plans has been mostly supported by external donors but the implementation of the developed plans in some cases advances very slowly,6
+in many developed countries one of the most prominent political priorities in agricultural policy making is support for farm incomes the traditional response was to provide that support through price policy for agricultural commodities or outputbased payments keeping domestic prices above the level prevailing on international markets as discussed above the oecd has engaged in all sorts of analysis showing how such policies distort markets create trade problems waste resources and reduce economic welfare,2
+among other actors the media in mexico widely contribute to perpetuating gender stereotypes inequalities and the traditional role of women aguilar young mexicans are more gender progressive than their older counterparts across many measures but especially so in acceptance of women s equal role in the labour market and access to education when similar survey questions are asked in consecutive waves eg the question on priorities regarding boys versus girls higher education and on child wellbeing when mothers work there is also evidence that attitudes are evolving with time across age cohorts,5
+central government has direct influence over oblasts and cities of republican significance they have limited scope to regulate urban issues affecting their jurisdictions local administrative decisions on issues such as land use planning and management environmental protection local economic development and zoning normally need to be approved by upper levels of government which are not always fully aware of the needs of the cities settlements and villages,11
+as a result the share of oecd countries in global c emissions declined from in to in figure on the other hand the share of developing asia jumped from to during the same period and china alone more than doubled its share to in while the respective contribution of india asean and other asian countries to the global emission increase remains relatively modest their collective contribution surpassed that of oecd countries as a whole,13
+wiley compared oer to a toothbrush which only provides the potential to improve dental hygiene when it is used thomas wiley the use of instructional technology is usually classified by its purpose regarding the existing teaching and learning environment in which it is used the samrmodel developed by puentedura constitutes a framework that can be applied to how oer are being used in teaching and learning,4
+energy taxes may also lead to a reduction in fossil fuel imports as responses to rising energy prices result in energy efficiency improvements and increased deployment of renewable energies in general poor people benefit disproportionately from environmental improvements as they tend to live in informal settlements with poor sanitation or in areas with poor air quality cottrell et al the potential equity impacts of environmental taxation should also not be discounted as discussed below,7
+for example in the area of biomass energy there are significant interactions between the energy agriculture and forestry sectors decreased reliance of conventional biomass fuels can reduce pressure on forest resources increased reliance on liquid biofuels can increase pressure on agricultural resources with implications for agricultural land use rural livelihoods and food security development efforts in many of the poorest countries will fail even if they are supported with substantially increased funding if the development of sustainable capacity is not given greater and more careful attention oecd capacity development is the process whereby people organisations and society as a whole unleash strengthen create adapt and maintain capacity over time oecd,7
+in the argentinian scheme for example payments represented approximately per cent of the monthly minimum wage up to but this gradually decreased to per cent by as minimum wage levels were raised in subsequent years benefit adequacy was also a major issue in the first phase of south africas epwp there was no specified minimum wage and stipends varied widely across regions and sectors with payments in the social programmes being especially low in the average rate for social sector work where women dominate was r us per day compared to r in the more traditional infrastructure components where men dominate in the second phase of the programme a minimum wage of r per day was introduced to address the low and varying benefit levels this was also inflationadjusted on an annual basis reaching r in mid public works programmes that only offer physically demanding work are also likely to exclude some women or put them at a disadvantage where wages are linked to workload social service work opportunities offered by the programme include care of young children and homebased care for people living with hiv,5
+the project is expected to cost usd million world bank the objective of the brt project is to improve the performance of the urban transport system in the areas of quality of service safety and environmental efficiency the brt will run between barangay talamban in the north and barangay bulacao in the south,11
+at the international level it can help to build trust that developed countries are delivering on their climate finance commitments and so facilitate more ambitious climate action by developing countries over time in particular as outlined in previous ccxg and other analyses there are significant methodological challenges in estimating mobilised climate finance caruso and ellis jachnik caruso and srivastava including assessing causality between a public intervention and mobilised private climate finance further current climate finance reporting requirements under the unfccc contain inconsistencies and gaps ellis and moarif in addition there can be significant capacity and institutional challenges relating to collecting and reporting information on climate finance received,13
+predictability of support for climate and sustainable development can provide greater clarity and certainty enabling longer term planning at the national level unfortunately public funds for climate and development have been quite unpredictable in recent years due to the global economic downturn agreeing credible pathways to deliver on the commitments made by developed countries to provide of gdp as development assistance as reaffirmed in the addis ababa action agenda and mobilising the usd billion year by for climate action in developing countries made under the unfccc will help to improve predictability,13
+the danish national parents organisation supports school boards in these tasks and has received dedicated funding for this type of support with the folkeskole reform however the degree to which school boards confront school leaders and get involved with monitoring school results varies across schools some of the school board representatives interviewed by the oecd review team reported that they had become more involved with monitoring school results since the folkeskole reform in april the agency for education and quality styrelsenfor undervisning og kvalitet was created to replace the former quality and supervision agency kualitets og tilsynsstyrelsen the new agency is responsible for the quality supervision for the folkeskole this includes supporting quality and capacity development activities in areas such as the new learning consultant corps including consultants working with inclusion and bilingual children as well as international supervisors and the development and operation of assessments and examinations,4
+the first section examines patterns and trends of female participation and retention in the labour force it also looks at the nature of the positions that women tend to occupy in the labour market and various aspects of the gender gap in unemployment the second section highlights the role of legislative and institutional frameworks in supporting or limiting women s access to employment including provisions on maternity leave and discriminatory laws it also discusses the promotion of women s entrepreneurship which has gained particular momentum in recent years as a strategy to alleviate female poverty and support women s access to gainful employment,5
+population inhabitants km recharge area is both in croatia and slovenia the discharge area is in slovenia possible drainage to surface water systems groundwater covers the total of the water used in the slovenian part groundwater flow direction from croatia to slovenia spring water quantity fluctuates significantly due to the karstic geomorphology water scarcity in summer possible problem regarding the surface stream hydrological minimum during drought,6
+in oda disbursement on forestry was about usd million or just under percent of total oda while net oda disbursement on forestry has increased since there is annual variability and it has decreased as a proportion of total oda there is a lack of reliable information from official statistics about the informal forest sector although it has been estimated to provide between million and million jobs,15
+governments increasingly recognise that there is a strong economic case for gender equality oecd a much of their equality action focuses on equality between men and women in employment and paid work and the gender gaps related to employment and pay chapter are among the most widely used indicators of gender equality women in all oecd countries devote more time to unpaid child care and housework than their male partners also see bittman etal as a result they may struggle to enter the labour force and for those who are employed to advance professionally,5
+in norway this can be explained by an above oecd average time children spent on intentional pedagogical or educational activities aboveaverage contact time of teachers with children average level of teacher salaries and belowaverage estimated group size in the netherlands there were aboveaverage teacher salaries average contact time of teachers with children and small estimated group size compared to the average however these were more than offset by a significant belowaverage amount of time children spent on intentional pedagogical or educational activities figure for example because of luxembourg s high usd salaries it has by far the highest salary cost in preprimary education at usd it is over triple many countries shown in figure,4
+however the project has not resulted in the establishment of the emerald network in bosnia and herzegovina the conversion of habitat change in purpose is recognized as one of the major drivers of biological diversity loss for example construction of infrastructure roads quarries water reservoirs and irrigation systems affect habitats by their fragmentation alteration and irreversible loss which directly affects the populations of certain species,15
+here we look at some of the key interventions that have been found to be cost saving if purchasers and insurers fail to reward chronic care quality improvements are difficult to sustain to improve chronic care provider organizations need linkages with communitybased resources eg exercise programmes senior centres and selfhelp groups as they are able to provide more frequent support,3
+this means that they may not always be able to adduce patterns at regional or global levels where for example multinational companies are playing a negative role in relation to acquisition of land harm to the environment or poor employment practices that have particularly harsh impacts on women in the affected countries the general recommendationscomments are one way in which the committees can addressthis gap and there have been some important statements on states international obligations of cooperation and assistance although these are not specifically gendered for example cescr paras the special mandate holders tend to be better placed to analyse the systemic impact of macroeconomic policy as mentioned the independent expert on the effects of foreign debt has made a number of important statements linking gender inequality to debt and policy conditionality as well as austerity,5
+in this paper clas rehnberg and unto hakkinen present and discuss the findings from the nordic collaboration on productivity differences across acute hospitals as the four countries share many administrative tools and use common standards for data collection unique crosscountry comparisons are possible the results suggest that there is a markedly higher average hospital productivity in finland compared with denmark norway and sweden,3
+however not all policy formulation has a primary health purpose nor does its implementation usually have the immediate purpose of improving health excluded are all services whose primary purpose is linked to the collection treatment and remediation of environmental risks included within the health boundary are environmental health components that are part of specific health regulations under hc,3
+such investment should address public transport and telecommunication childcare and education as well as social services in the medium to long term strengthen the higher education system in the northern district to build the basis for a university high birth rates prevail among ultraorthodox jewish and arab populations,4
+in most countries womenowned enterprises are overrepresented in the smallest size class table iva provides evidence on the magnitude of the performance gaps across the oecd economies with available data column presents results from a linear regression of the natural logarithm of value added per employee a commonly used proxy measure for productivity on a binary variable indicating femaleownership and countryfixed effects it shows a productivity shortfall by womenowned enterprises of around,5
+indeed urban populations are expected to soon exceed rural populations figure ninety per cent of the worlds urban expansion is in developing countries as of of the worlds megacities are in asia of which eight of the top megacities are in asia including the top three however nearly half of urban dwellers live in emerging cities with populations of less than half a million,11
+this is done i by comparing the differences in the multidimensional estimates of poverty that result from adding a monetary dimension and an index based on traditional ubn indicators and ii through a redundancy analysis of the monetary dimension and the nonmonetary dimensions in the different countries with this threshold a person living in a household with two or more deprivations will still be identified as poor in this regard it should be noted that i the probability of a person having two or more deprivations is higher than in the case of the exercise limited to ubn indicators owing to the increase in the number of dimensions and ii the intensity of poverty should fall generally speaking as a result of the lower weight of dimensions and indicators which could cushion the increase in the adjusted headcount ratio mo that an additional dimension is expected to bring,1
+members agreed to have a secretariat in tokyo participants are canada china japan korea russian federation united states and chinese taipei members of the south pacific regional fisheries management organization sprfmo are australia belize chile china cook islands cuba european union denmark in respect of the faroe islands korea new zealand russian federation chinese taipei and vanuatu this organisation is meant to fill the gap that existed in the international conservation and management of nonhighly migratory fisheries and protection of biodiversity in the marine environment in high seas areas of the south pacific ocean the main species covered by this rfmo are pelagic fisheries for jack mackerel and bottom fisheries for species like orange roughy the first sprfmo meeting was held from january to february in auckland new zealand,14
+improving the quality and equity of education would help achieve stronger productivity growth and make chile a more inclusive country therefore chile should set the goal of attaining universal skills by reaching this goal requires investing more in early childhood education making schools more inclusive and reshaping teacher careers,4
+the regulating plans were designed to regulate land use construction and the physical development of urban areas and the notion of a planning instrument in chile revolves mostly around these activities they were not designed to promote more integrated urban development programming or service delivery thus a management instrument one from which the land use plans cascade down becomes essential for ensuring overall coherence,11
+it provides million consultations a year of which just under are secondary care consultations individuals are assigned to an ebais according to their address and ebais are networked with defined secondary care facilities patients cannot access secondary care directly but must be referred from primary care both primary care facilities and hospitals receive a global budget based on last year s outlay some adjustments can be made if additional services are offered but the budget is not explicitly based on riskadjusted capitation,3
+there are instances of evaluators lacking credibility as they do not have specific training for their function and also concerns about the processes to select evaluators there is a wide range of quality assurance activities developed locally within classrooms and schools which tends not to be documented a consequence is that the existing knowledge and information on evaluation and assessment may get lost and there is little systemic learning over time as indicated earlier the review team considers that there is no sufficient articulation of ways for the national education agenda to generate improvements in classroom practice through the assessment and evaluation procedures which are closer to the place of learning,4
+this could disincentivise investors from land banking and open up more available land for affordable housing for the urban poor this and other fiscal measures for example providing incentives for development of infill sites could also augment the overall supply of affordable housing previously builders could exchange money or land instead of setting aside up to of new developments for social or affordable use a provision under part v of the planning act and therefore some developers have been able to build the social portions of new developments elsewhere however now social units must be predominantly on site making it mandatory for developers to set aside up to of new developments for social use,11
+the ministiy of economy and finance carried out a feasibility study in which applied to the budgets and identified key elements for introducing the gender dimension into budgeting examples of the inclusion of gender concerns in budgeting procedures cont the government gradually introduced a gender dimension into ministerial department budgets starting with five pilot departments in finance education health agriculture and planning which was expanded to departments in since the ministiy of finance publishes an annual report on the gender budget as part of the report accompanying the finance law,5
+this has given rise to calls to remove regulatory and tax biases that give incentives to replace workers by machines or even to tax robots box in addition to the direct effect on employment others have worried about the ability of the government to raise revenue and the scope it can give for tax avoidance abbott and bogenschneider for example bill gates has raised concern about taxation shortfalls when robots replace workers,8
+a lag owned project does not demand as much time from the fishers and other external participants the lag decided to collect them under an umbrella project run by the person responsible for the essf the general goal of the project was to contribute in practice to the development of a profitable and sustainable coastal fishery that does not threaten the marine environment in oresund,14
+the microsimulation model currently projects health status and health status transitions at the individual level and cbo is developing a methodology to project eligibility for medicare and medicaid at the individual level health status is linked to mortality and further development will link health status to work marital status fertility and federal health care expenditures topoleski and manchester the population changes through births deaths and immigration,3
+these contrasting findings should be viewed carefully in the light of the national context but they may also be due to some other explanations as suggested below first of all it is important to read these findings within the national context in particular to understand the mechanism in place either at the workplace or at the national level to help chronically ill people to cope with diseases once diagnosed such as the social security system and other policies for instance in the united states health insurance is largely secured through the employment contract so people with chronic conditions have strong incentives to remain in employment which may contribute to explain some positive outcomes of chronic diseases on employment,3
+not all countries can assume that such favourable developments in their export revenues will last much longer while net food exporting countries are likely to continue to benefit from a favourable external environment a prolonged global economic slowdown could well have less favourable outcomes for exporters of energy commodities and base metals many of which are in africa and central and west asia and where recent distributional changes have already been less favourable than those in many latin american countries however most of their activities have focused on simple labourintensive activities and they have been unable to ignite or sustain a dynamic process of industrial deepening,10
+mildtomoderate disorders are typically understood not to require highly specialised treatments delivered by psychiatrists or in inpatient settings in the vast majority of cases instead in most oecd countries primary care practitioners take a leading role in treating mildtomoderate disorders see table when primary carelevel provision for mildtomoderate disorders is backed up by good training both during medical training and as part of continuing medical education by support from specialist mental health care practitioners and support networks and by good referral options should a patient need to access a more specialised level of care it can be a highly effective way of delivering care to a large number of patients,3
+such work could develop a more programmatic approach to which combinations and sequences of financial instruments publicprivate partnerships and capacity building provide the best leveraging of private investment in the most costeffective way this report seeks to improve the understanding of this gap and what can be done about it the many benefits of ee improvements increased energy security reduced energy costs costeffectiveness and environmental benefits have been described in detail elsewhere the weo estimates that over of the energy mix to move the world towards a scenario could be reached through the introduction of existing ee technologies this efficiency potential should be an attractive investment opportunity as energy efficiency measures in the buildings sector generally have netnegative cost abatement opportunities albeit with higher upfront costs that require additional financing the estimated savings from the complete implementation of the iea building recommendations are an annual exajoules ej by iea a,7
+even the knowledge that information is missing can inform decisionmaking processes transboundary water management has many special problems not always found at smaller scales particularly with the transmission alignment resolution and integration of information for instance collected data should be stored in a way that will allow easy retrieval which may entail specific agreements in a transboundary setting climate change adaptation also has special concerns given that clear tangible precise and accurate information may be available for the past while knowledge about the future lacks all of those qualities all basins countries and water management decisions have at least some gaps in information particularly under holistic approaches that include hydrological environmental and socioeconomic data instead of trying to describe perfect data this chapter will focus on assessing gathering compiling and exchanging good enoughinformation to enable effective transboundary climate change adaptation decisions,6
+power relations and cultural aspects that are not founded in labourmarket dynamics contribute to this exclusion eclac and others it is striking that labourforce participation did not see a proportional increase in the group with the least formal education meaning that the slight increase in the participation rate in both urban and rural areas above all reflected rising formal education levels among women since labourforce participation tends to increase in line with the number of years of schooling female labourforce participation increased in all age groups which the exception of the youngest women among whom as with males of the same age there was little change owing to a longerterm tendency to remain longer in the education system,8
+we observe a profound gap between the two types of poverty in several regions notably in the cities of yaounde and douala where the caloric poverty rate among children is respectively and while the corresponding levels of monetary poverty are just and cameroon s two most northerly regions the north and far north regions are far and away the regions which experience the greatest levels of caloric poverty nearly in children living in these two regions are in a state of caloric poverty the total of the first group is equal to of the second,1
+the government has taken a number of measures to bring pharmaceutical expenditure under control the rohto programme initiated in promotes rational pharmacotherapy by involving health practitioners in workshops focussing on prescribing decisions and care processes the program is exceptional in spreading information on pharmacotherapy independently from the pharmaceutical industry,3
+this is a fundamental step to then move to more systematic public reporting and to appropriately link payment to outcomes quality and highvalue care it can consist of various data sources such as mortality statistics specific clinical registries such as a cancer or diabetes registry administrative databases electronic health records ehrs and surveys conducted on specific patient groups or households depending on the quality and comprehensiveness of the data infrastructure such data sources can serve as a tool not only to assess volumes of care and inputs within the health care sector but also to monitor quality in the provision of care oecd a,3
+consolidation of some content from the multiple data platforms that currently exist would help in this regard to facilitate transparency and public understanding of the quality of care although there is much to praise in scotland s local or bottomup approach to quality monitoring and improvement these initiatives could at times be supported by stronger national frameworks consideration should also be given to the creation of a more independent mechanism for assessing health system performance separate from the improvement function and ensuring that primary and community care services are subject to the same level of scrutiny as hospital services,3
+small scale tow cost projects of the community range from support for the local saturday markets to development of small cleaning and composting businesses it is critical that in addition to the focus on the environmental dimension consumers private and organisational are able to favour the notion of justice and quality of life for all it is also important to encourage learning about consumption that is not limited to those who can afford it many educational processes today especially those unfolding around green technologies or premium green products might not be accessible for the less economically privileged,12
+the strategies outlined in the three main planning documents are closely related it identifies the main objectives for london a city that meets the challenges of economic and population growth an internationally competitive and successful city a city of diverse strong secure and accessible neighbourhoods a city that delights the senses a city that becomes a world leader in improving the environment a city where it is easy safe and convenient for everyone to access jobs opportunities and facilities examples of these policies are housing densities which are linked directly to public transport accessibility levels maximum car parking limits that are also linked to public transport accessibility minimum cycle parking standards for all different types of land use requirements for electric charging provision in new developments construction and servicing management plans,11
+this means that achieving sdg depends on the overall progress of the entire agenda all sdgs are mutually dependent on one another action therefore needs to be of an integrated nature ensuring that all sdgs advance together the global targets for sdg will not be achieved by at current rates taking into account the status of sdg global indicators and considering trends in financing capacity and political commitment achieving sustainable management of water and sanitation for all will require profound evolution of actions among policymakers and decision makers actions need to be taken now to move towards a more sustainable and resilient path leaving no one behind if the agenda targets are to be achieved each national government must decide how to incorporate sdg targets into its national planning processes policies and strategies,6
+fish that are dependent on oxygen will grow more slowly decrease in size and reproduce less larger fish such as tuna swordfish and shark which are dependent on a large amount of oxygen will be driven to more oxygenrich surface waters as will a large proportion of their prey this will lead to increased food competition creatures living in or on the seabed will also need to seek out shallower waters,14
+overall support to the agricultural sector imposes a relatively low burden on the brazilian economy in the ratio of the tse to gdp was in brazil altogether these data suggest that there is a scope for policy to become better targeted to productivity and sustainability outcomes and for increased spending on the provision of important public goods,2
+education decentralisation reforms are generally in line with the characteristics of local funding in short the greater the voice of community participation there is the greater local or school autonomy and the greater competition among schools some of those reforms reflect reallocations of resources and a change in school agents behaviour,4
+because of the complex dimensionality of the interactions among the targets when viewed socially economically and environmentally the arrows in figure should be taken as illustrative but not definitive however in many cases the real life impacts of what is done in a target area on other target areas is variable and can be positive or negative some targets are mostly at the receiving end of the interlinkages and are affected by many of the other targets they include targets sustainable management of marine ecosystems restoration of fish stocks and increased benefits for sids and ldcs on the other hand targets a science and technology and i c implementation of international law have the potential to affect most of the other targets,14
+globalisation in the harvesting sector is to a large extent driven by the need of fleets to secure access to fish the more secure and the long term access is the more willing an investor will be to invest in fishing opportunities abroad fishing companies may globalise their activities as harvesting opportunities arise and could also be an outcome diminished opportunities in domestic waters,14
+photovoltaic systems for direct electricity generation for example while photovoltaic is useful if the enduser needs electricity thermal technologies are appropriate for heating water for residential domestic and industrial sectors and for steambased energy uses such as turbines and power plants other considerations when making a selection are presented in a scorecard in the module on increasing knowledge of technological choices solar water heating technology for the residential sector is widespread in many arab countries with the biggest success stories in jordan lebanon palestine andtunisia,7
+as fao also estimates deforestation accounted for a loss of forest cover of approximately million hectares per year between and a loss that could not be compensated by the million hectares recovered during the same period from the natural expansion of forests and forest plantations local human activities that are being undertaken in and near forests mostly unsustainable logging conversion of forests to agricultural land conversion of coastal mangrove forests for aquaculture mining infrastructure creation and the expansion of human settlements as well as forest fires further accelerate deforestation and degradation forest degradation lowers the capacity of forests to provide the community with the livelihood resources needed to withstand and recover from disasters,13
+this stimulated the establishment of new agencies the national water council the state committee of water system the public services regulatory commission and the dispute resolution commission since then the public services regulatory commission implements the tariff policy and balances the interests and relations of the utilities and their customers and effectively plays the role of an economic regulator it projects to set up an independent regulatory body for the water supply and sanitation sector,6
+such aspects as governance and management structure amount of autonomy afforded at the school level accountability prescriptions school size and complexity and levels of student performance can shape the kinds and patterns of school leadership thus principals must not only be managers but also leaders of the school as a learning organisation they interact with teachers to create a productive cohesive learning community therefore for reasons of legitimacy and authority but also for reasons of efficiency and effectiveness the training of school leaders should be swiftly prepared,4
+yet for hundreds of millions of young people these basic building blocks are not in place staying in school means both boys and girls are less likely to have sex the longer a girl stays in school the greater the chances that she uses modern contraception if she does have sex and the lower dieir chances of giving birth as an adolescent greene et al most of these children are never expected to enrol and in subsaharan africa most are girls,5
+the success formulae for matsentralen is certainly the involvement of national charity organisations in planning of and establishment of the food bank which has made it possible to develop collaboration with local organisations quite rapidly the problem is more to receive fairly stable amounts of food and to have a sufficient variety of food types the food banks do both have capacity to receive more food and there is a need for more food for redistribution so there is potential for increase in redistribution in the future,2
+this work builds on the work and expertise of the oecd public governance committee and its policy communities such as the public employment and management network and the working party of senior budget officials including the report women government and policymaking in oecd countries fostering diversity for inclusive growth and the global oecd roundtables on better governance for gender equality the recommendation complements and deepens the relevant provisions of the oecd recommendation on gender equality in education employment and entrepreneurship both of these council recommendations were developed as critical aspects of the oecd gender initiative in addition movements around the world such as metoo time s up the weinstein effect and balancetonporc increasingly demand accountability for the persistent gender inequality in public and private spheres,5
+in the united kingdom and the united states as well as the liberal aies more generally this defamilialization has been largely marketbased by contrast northern europe has transitioned via an expansion in the public provision of care see section on social democratic aies both regimes are consistent with higher rates of female labour force participation and fertility though with markedly different results for the distribution of social reproduction getting back to the question of social reproduction and growth higher wages for women are good for growth but highly familial privatized structures of care mean that higher wages and market participation among women may pose a threat to human capacities production and ultimately compromise growth geographically these regimes are concentrated among the countries in northern europe labour market policies promote full employment and wage equality across different groups of workers ensuring ample tax revenue and lower reliance on the welfare state espinganderson,5
+there are nevertheless debates on how necessary and appropriate these strong downward adjustments in wages were as an answer to the crisis sommers woolfson and juska j in any case from the workers side the high wage flexibility implies strong cyclicality in incomes and periods of hardship for lithuanian employees employees should be informed and consulted before its adoption and for any modification,8
+this process of opening up and internationalising is still ongoing as after markets for goods and services company ow nership and location science and business rd have also become increasingly globalised the government responded by increasing public investment in education research and innovation to compensate for reduced business rd expenditure in the second half of the s public and private investment in rd increased at a fast pace,9
+these are the senior secondary vocational schools known as sekolah menengah kejuruan smks and the islamic vocational senior secondary schools madrasah aliyah kejuruan or maks community colleges or akademi komunitas aks polytechnics universities and vocational centres known as balai latihan kerja blks at the time of the oecd review team s visit the ministry of education and culture moec was responsible for smks which provide secondary education and the newly established aks polytechnics and research universities which provide postsecondary education the latter are now under the purview of the new ministry of research technology and higher education morthe combining the former directorate general for higher education and the ministry of research and technology the blks which provide nonformal technical and vocational education and training tvet fall under the administration of the ministry of manpower and transmigration momt,4
+the role of international public finance as well as other international development cooperation actions is however significant and expected to remain so for and the annual average climate finance is estimated to be usd billion of which over usd billion is estimated to be public finance either bilateral and multilateral oecd bilateral climaterelated oda commitments as reported by donors to the oecd dac have been on an increasing trend since and reached usd billion on average per year in multilateral public climate finance reached usd billion on average per year oecd,13
+this has been done by applying climate elements to public expenditure reviews in the form of climate change public expenditure and institutional reviews cpeir climate change finance assessments or analyses or a mitigation fiscal framework in indonesia world bank different countries have established or are using these analyses to establish tagging or tracking systems to identify climaterelevant expenditures and put in place institutional arrangements as necessary undp they have also been reporting on support needs within their national communications and burs,13
+by and large g networks are layering in on top of existing g connectivity in higher income urban centres while universal service in more remote rural areas remains problematic this may be problematic for the sdgs as the highest incidences of poverty hunger and inadequate health coverage are often found in the more remote and rural areas therefore it is important to encourage demand driven privatepublic partnerships and economic and marketing strategies targeted at rural consumers in order to mitigate persistent access divides fresh investment models are needed to unlock the power of ict connectivity that fuels growth in todays digital economy,9
+the new system also provides for the possibility of acquiring new responsibilities within the school such as head of department or subject coordinator as a nonmonetary benefit resulting from high performance this examination will focus on the assessment of knowledge and teaching abilities and will be the responsibility of the ministry of education it draws on the experience of the graduation test of the inicia programme see below,4
+across oecd countries on average neither the proportion of students scoring below level nor the proportion of top performers show a statistically significant change between and that would suggest progress and an improvement in student outcomes figure it is mainly through education that individuals acquire the skills to overcome personal circumstances that could hinder their success and face the challenges of our globalised world in which technology is changing how people work communicate and socialise only education systems capable of adapting to the rapidly changing environment can empower their citizens with the right mix of skills to allow them to lead satisfying professional and personal lives and at an aggregate level lead to inclusive and sustainable economic growth the adaptability of education systems and their ability to evolve ultimately depends on enabling teachers to transform what and how students learn,4
+increased safety will reduce injuries deaths and economic losses from traffic accidents and increase usability of public means of transport by the most marginalized groups such as women children and persons with disabilities it will also increase the safety of those working in the transport sector connecting marginalized communities such as the urban poor to efficient public transport will significantly increase their access to opportunities and in turn enhance their connectivity with the rest of the city,11
+this rule defines zones based on wells expected to pump at least of their water from an adjacent stream over a year period nebraska dnr as stream depletion increases with both time and proximity to a stream all else being equal the rule is more stringent than the rule and will cover a large area adjacent to streams where stream depletion is a concern in nebraska numerical methods have been used in the republican river basin and the big blue river basin modflowbased and in the platte river basin cohystbased,6
+the outcomes of particular interest relate to how student teachers are trained or given the experience of how to integrate technology in learning environments references include books journal articles policy briefs government acts legislation newspapers and url links contemporary information and communication technology eg computers and different kinds of software mobile phones digital cameras learning management systems etc,4
+it may be seen from table that forestry and hunting contributed tsh billion to the countrys gdp in which translates to tsh per hectare per year equivalent to tsh per hectare per year to begin with the cut hectare will not contribute to current gdp meaning the tsh per hectare per year mentioned in the preceding paragraph will be lost in addition forestry adds value in other sectors of the tanzanian economy the magnitude of which was estimated in table,15
+most significantly the constitution guarantees equality between women and men prohibits all forms of discrimination against women and requires the state to promote womens rights in their entirety while these momentous changes have been welcome considerable work remains to be done in aligning all domestic laws with international human rights treaties to which morocco is a state party and ensuring that all groups of women benefit from the equal protection of the law see story counting women in analysis of data across these countries suggests that womens political agency especially the influence of autonomous feminist movements is an important catalyst for family law reform in both authoritarian and democratic settings womens rights advocates have seized political opportunities for equalityenhancing legal reforms by establishing alliances with other actors including government officials lawyers politicians and development practitioners,5
+providing access is often perceived as the core function of water and sanitation services and therefore considered to be the area where most benefits materialise in addition access to those services can confer many additional benefits ranging from the easily identifiable and quantifiable such as time saved from collecting water closer to home or from defecating in a household latrine rather than in the open to the intangible and difficult to measure such as convenience and wellbeing the latter are collectively referred to as nonhealth benefits this is partly due to the fact that measuring the impact of water sanitation and hygiene interventions on health is difficult and highly locationspecific the world health organisation estimates that the total economic benefits stemming from achieving the sanitation mdg for the most offtrack countries would amount to usd billion out of which would be generated from time saved from not having to travel long distances and queue for obtaining water or defecating hutton and haller,6
+the only comparable data on a global scale are on the date of suffrage and the percentage of female seats in parliament which provide a very limited overview of gender disparities in politics because data on conventional forms of political participation such as voting trends are not available due to secret ballot systems and as a result of the difficulty of capturing unconventional forms of political participation such as protesting with quantitative methods it is very difficult to measure other forms of women s political participation a similar issue arises when using data on education,5
+thus microfinance is having a modernizing impact even if that impact is inadvertent unacknowledged and unsung the borrowers learn some basic principles of business and with luck and perhaps some help may be able to become more viable and even expand microfinance also gives the unemployed and people living in poverty some opportunities hope and selfesteem,1
+after the peso crisis in mexico liberalized its economy becoming increasingly open both internally and externally along with this process came the gradual realization of the importance of policy intervention in the creation and diffusion of knowledge the role of conacyt as well as that of other government programs aimed at innovation has expanded accordingly,8
+the number of first degree galilean students for the year was see table increasing percentage of students or students study in the nine colleges in the northern district five regional colleges that had been established during the s and s as nonacademic institutions one postsecondary polytechnic school two teachers colleges and an innercity college in nazareth were upgraded to accredited academic institutions granting bachelors and masters degrees in a range of fields in addition there are teacher education colleges that operate under the auspices of the ministry of education,4
+this said the national government could at a minimum better define the role and relationship of the various planning documents to improve planning coherence a clearer definition of the interaction between regionallevel strategic and planning instruments ie erd and prot and their municipal level equivalents ie pladeco and the various regulating plans is needed this means improving the interaction and coordination between regional and municipal authorities as well as between regional government and line ministries and their seremi,11
+by drawing on this interrelated set of arguments and evidence mwa presents a business case for why gender diversity and increasing women s leadership must be a priority through this evidencebased and business framework mwa aims to increase the percentage of women in leadership roles and their representation in management the ministry also recognises that measuring success in terms of increasing women s leadership does not just depend on increasing women on boards but through a variety of decisionmaking and leadership positions across society the realisation of these goals is still hindered by social institutions and discriminatory norms which deter women from reaching their leadership potential these manifest in demand and supply side constraints where women are either perceived as unqualified or have faced barriers to enhancing the skills needed for leadership roles,5
+therefore if the city of amsterdam were to increase its rates this would have consequences for other cities the macrostandard and for the contribution that they receive from the municipal fund considered less distortonary more progressive and efficient than the composed property tax land building and the tax on commercial activities or labour onetime tax levy or charge imposed on landowners adjacent to public infrastructure investment that would have contributed to land valorization,11
+the estimates from the report use the revised gsse methodology and may contain updated information across all agriculture support categories the main change is due to the need to allocate programmes under marketing and promotion into two new subcategories most of these programmes have both a collective processing and promotion component the total expenditure has been provisionally allocated to each subcategory in equal amounts,2
+in this context the main challenges are to reorganise the system to improve efficiency incentives to reduce further the dependence on institutional care and to better target patients as the rapid uptake in the cash benefits system has exposed screening problems as they face no financial risk on care purchase box purchasing agencies are not inclined to bargain with care providers on price and quality in the home care sector this has led prices to stay very close to the regulated maximum tariff,3
+an initiative to improve the quality of the nature chronicles consisting of more detailed written guidance and training courses for scientific staff of state reserves was launched by the department of protection of flora and fauna in a comprehensive state biodiversity monitoring system for the entire country eg following the pressurestateresponse psr model has not been established to date the exclusive focus on monitoring pas has been explained by the reported high concentration of turkmenistan s biodiversity in its state reserves,15
+source water protection reduces water treatment costs for urban suppliers contributes to improved access to safe drinking water in rural communities and can potentially also provide water of adequate quality for other uses such as agricultural irrigation for example a recent modelling exercise by abell et al more than billion people over half of the world s urban population living in the cities in the area covered by this study could therefore potentially benefit from improved water quality as a result of nbs applied to their source watersheds including million people who live in watersheds located in countries in the bottomtenth percentile of the human development index as of abell etal forested riparian buffers serve to prevent pollution of rivers while providing shade that helps to reduce thermal pollution parkyn,6
+the number of certified oncologist per capita is highest in sweden with over per million population and lowest in korea luxembourg and chile with under three per million the data need to be interpreted with care as the data coverage and also cancer incidence are different across countries besides variation in practice patterns in oncology but the data are generally comparable to eurostat data which ranges between zero in luxembourg in and per million population in the slovak republic in,3
+governments need to target their scarce resources at mobilising largescale private sector investment and at activities unlikely to attract sufficient private funding but banks are not the only source of financing the lowcarbon transition can mobilise new sources of capital and new financial instruments the total assets held by financial institutions banks institutional investors central banks and public financial institutions have been steadily increasing over the past ten years amounting to around usd trillion fsb see figure,13
+it produces evidence and creates a basis for public engagement as part of civic engagement and advocacy cuttingedge policy research should be conducted on a continuous and cumulative basis lack of confidence is only a byproduct of the social system that diminishes womens ambition for political leadership part of the civic mobilisation around this question would be to design support especially for young women and especially focusing on producing quality,5
+given the extent of the change in teaching practices that the new curriculum requires costa rica might find value in standards that offer more specific guidance to teachers as to what is expected in terms of knowledge and pedagogical practice in different subjects and grades and stages of a teacher s career teacher performance standards in chile for example are widely recognised as having made a major contribution to the professionalisation of teaching in the country for that to happen they need to be taken as a central reference point for all related policies see figure,4
+data analysis probability and measurement as opposed to formal operations comprised the majority of pisa mathematics items national center for education statistics nd some schooling systems perform at a high level on both assessments but many fare better on one or another assessment many nordic and englishspeaking education systems with curricula and pedagogy oriented towards the application of knowledge in realworld settings perform at higher levels on pisa than timss while education systems strongly oriented towards theoreticallyled curriculum and instruction such as those of russia and former soviet states demonstrate higher levels of performance in timss wu,4
+the mpgs for the enhanced transparency framework for action and support are negotiated under the ad hoc working group on the paris agreement apa interlinkages relevant to reporting of mitigation and finance are discussed in more detail in the specific sections that follow see figure and figure reporting of information is also linked with two other agreement provisions namely the review of reported information and the provision of support to enable and facilitate reporting by developing countries see also dagnet et al,13
+the low overlap between low pay and poverty has implications for antipoverty policies in particular it suggests that policies which influence wage rates such as minimum wages may have only a small impact on poverty instead among the working poor underemployment is a major issue with most of the working poor employed for too few hours to escape poverty lone parents are particularly likely to be among the working poor with the incidence of inwork poverty twice as high as for single childless adults,1
+the economic values of the environmentalsocietal services of extractive species should be recognized and accounted for in the evaluation of the true value of these imta components this would create economic incentives to encourage aquaculturists to further develop and implement imta seaweeds and invertebrates produced in imta systems should be considered as candidates for nutrientcarbon trading credits within the broader context of ecosystem goods and services longterm planningzoning promoting biomitigative solutions such as imta should become an integral part of coastal regulatory and management frameworks,14
+overcrowding poverty and unemployment also have an impact on the abovementioned rights and directly affect the level of violence and sexual abuse in homes and communities in addition insufficient protection for victims of domestic violence including insufficient shelter homes legal aid and information to women about their rights has an impact on the level of domestic violence and womens homelessness consequently states should address all these issues as issues of womens rights to property land housing life personal security gender equality and being free from violence and discrimination,5
+many people mainly in the south of the country gather walnuts as well as the fruits of wild apple pear apricot plum cherry and other trees in kyrgyz territory about species of birds and up to species of mammals are hunted marmots and to a lesser extent gophers muskrats foxes badgers wolves and squirrels are hunted for their fur,15
+this can help local authorities develop strategies for the ageing challenges specific to their community in alignment with national development objectives this will help attract national investment and create shared values among citizens generating public support for the implementation of policies and raising a city s profile calgary and helsinki for example have set out longterm strategies with the overarching goal of a sustainable community that embraces citizens of all generations in calgary imaginecalgary is a year vision and longrange urban sustainability plan that outlines calgary s goals and sets specific intermediate steps for becoming a sustainable community,11
+between and the changes are only statistically significant for costa rica in science and reading additionally changes were made to the test design administration and scaling of pisa these changes add statistical uncertainty to trend comparisons that should be taken into account when comparing results to those from prior years,4
+actively trying to source attractive investments that promote solutions to sustainability issues apg invests for example in alternative energy clean technologies and microcredits furthermore improving energy efficiency in the real estate sector is one of apg s focus areas at the cop summit in december atp pledged billion to a new climate change fund for investing in emerging economies with an open invitation to other european investors to join it,7
+the role of judicial officers to address vaw is not confined to the courtroom they can take part in creating awareness of the adverse effects of violence and in sensitising women and the community in general of women s rights and the consequences of violence on the lives of women and children they can also create awareness of the existence of laws to address such violence,5
+prevention of atrocities should also lessen the likelihood of internal displacement it is recognized that prevention of violations of international humanitarian law can reduce armed conflictinduced idps ojeda but the protection of idps and other civilians incountry should not be at the expense of the right to seek and enjoy asylum un commission on human rights principle,10
+it concluded that winter precipitation in austria and in the greater alpine region is likely to increase by between and by and that temperatures will increase throughout the year by c in summer and by c in winter ait heat waves are expected to be an increasing problem especially in urban areas climate change is also expected to lead to increases in natural hazards climchalp korck et al this can be seen from the emdat disaster database cred which contains details of major disasters more than casualties or people affected or a declaration of a state of emergency,13
+this information will be useful in providing technical advice based on realistic analyses request international and regional organizations specialized agencies and institutions as well as development partners to support in a coordinated manner the implementation of the present declaration i resolutions adopted by the conference united nations publication e i and corrigendum resolution annex i b ibid i resolution annex the present plan of action is guided by general assembly resolution on promotion of new and renewable sources of energy in which the assembly declared as the united nations decade of sustainable energy for all and the principles contained in the ministerial declaration,7
+norway has pledged several hundred million dollars annually in grants to international redd efforts multilateral channels are considered to be the best and most efficient way of organizing the international efforts to reduce the loss of tropical forests therefore utilizing the competence and capacities possessed by the un the world bank and the regional development banks are core elements of a coordinated international support structure and essential to succeed in this work,15
+the network is currently working to create partnerships with other universities as well as add more members from diverse subject fields as most of the members are either german or social studies teachers universitat paderborn m first new teachers can benefit from support offered by mentorship programmes comprehensive mentoring is a proven method to support these teachers without effective mentoring support many beginning teachers struggle and fail to learn the nuances of effective teaching spoonerlane nsj furthermore mentoring is essential for teachers in disadvantaged schools as it can help them learn the necessary skills more quickly oecd p,4
+the fao emphasises that the combination of growing demand induced by high consumer incomes and of the response of commercial supplier will finally reach a scale that will provoke a transformation in marketing channels which affects all potential food producers from large to small scale nevertheless while markets become more formal and demanding in terms of quality control informal markets will likely remain relevant for some time to come for millions of small farmers in developing countries as the fao pointed out in the past much focus on agriculture development has been on supply side issues without sufficient attention paid to how the farmer is going to market the new surplus,2
+some maternity benefits are provided by a conditional cash transfer scheme indira gandhi matritva sahyog yojana igmsy for pregnant and lactating women as a pilot in districts since cash is conditional on health checks for mothers over years of age and first two births via bank transfers any national policy for social security healthcare childcare and housing should be linked to efforts to modernise the stringent labour laws to avoid the duality problem in working conditions,8
+the most common referral of children and adolescents into mental health services is as for adults through a gp primary health care although education services social services and child health services also play an important role in referral and as care providers for children and adolescents child and adolescent mental health services camhs provide mental health care for young people under the age of in england since april nhs funded child and adolescent mental health services are mandated to collect and submit the camhs data set including information on targeted needs referrals to camhs presenting problems and diagnoses contacts care planning interventions outcome measures and inpatient stays the health and social care information centre,3
+teachers earn very close to the national average salary level typically equivalent to what midcareer middleschool teachers earn annually in the nations about usd figure oecd b more important than salaries are such factors as high social prestige professional autonomy in schools and the ethos of teaching as a service to society and the public good thus young finns see teaching as a career on a par with other professions where people work independently and rely on scientific knowledge and skills that they gained through university studies,4
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in thewest bank under the terms of international law unemployment is high and the schooltojob transition process does not work well spending on education and active labour market policies are very low by international standards,4
+alternative scenario ii uses the minimum threshold growth rate and the decarbonization rate of the economy needed to meet the emissions reduction target alternative scenario iii uses the historical gdp growth rate and the decarbonization rate is adjusted to achieve the regional mitigation target of with respect to the constant scenario in which everything would remain unchanged decarbonizing the economy requires electricity to be produced from renewable sources and a shift towards fossilfuelfree electric mobility the challenge is to reconcile economic growth with changes in the pattern of energy production and consumption in order to decouple emissions from gdp growth this can be achieved by increasing the share of renewable energy sources in areas such as transport and enhancing efficiency in the production structure and in the functioning of cities,7
+doctors can understand the health status of patients better which enables them to provide consultations based on more accurate information the application of telemedicine can save on the construction costs of new facilities and the cost of supplying medical personnel in remote areas which can help to reduce the national medical expenses the environments in which telemedicine can be particularly effective are rural areas lacking medical resources and nursing homes where older persons with mobility problems are found,3
+data for turkey is for rather than data for the netherlands is for rather than the nordic countries estonia and slovenia where the share of women in general government is percentage points higher than their share in total employment oecd a display the largest difference estonia experienced the largest rise in female employment over the period women accounted for threequarters of general government employment in more than any other oecd member country,5
+the interdepartmental coordination group assumes responsibility for promoting cooperation between ministries adopting a federal plan of action preparing an intermediary report and a final report at the end of the term and exchanging good practices and promoting instruments useful to enforcing the law the representatives of the ministries participating in the coordination group are also appointed as gender focal points in their respective entities they receive compulsory training on gender mainstreaming and are tasked with ensuring followup on the diverse measures foreseen by the law eg gender statistics genderresponsive budgeting and the gender test,5
+there is a vast amount of literature on australia in this area that strongly suggests that water trading especially on shortterm markets not only allows to substantially mitigate the impacts of droughts on agriculture but is now considered by farmers as a useful and basic instrument in their risk management toolbox the policy challenges for australia in the area of water regulation in agriculture is more in the areas of how to finetune the existing system and robustness issues related to climate change while the australian example illustrates the potential efficiency gains arising from water trading especially for managing water shortages in drought circumstances the choice of an instrument must always consider the full range of costs and benefits,6
+the other teachers were dtep year four students who had converged at lce for december examinations some questions answered by statistics were repeated in the questionnaire the responses were written by the respondents themselves the return rate was per cent saturation of similar or related views or points was easily reached,4
+in practice this may be translated as poverty experienced at two distinct points in time separated by several years hulme and shepherd severe poverty people living significantly below the extreme poverty line can be used as a proxy when measuring chronic poverty this is necessary since the panel data which allow analysis of poverty over time are not available for more than a few countries severe poverty is usually less widely experienced than chronic poverty but most severely poor people are also chronically poor mckay and perge,1
+in addition there are notable crosscountry differences in the current level of earnings inequality since all oecd economies face the same global environment and have essentially benefited from the same technological advances globalisation and skillbiased technological change should have led to broadly similar shifts in labour demand even though countries have differed with respect to supply shifts a relative supplydemand shift story is unlikely to fully account for the marked crosscountry differences in both the level and the evolution of labour earnings inequality this hints at a possible role for differences in policy and institutional settings,10
+with the goal to become one of the top performing higher education institutions worldwide as an apex university usm has set forth an agenda transforming higher education for a sustainable tomorrow in order to support the drive to improve the wellbeing of humanity the bottom billion the strengthening of the postgraduate programmes in medical health life sciences health sciences engineering and technology and information technology is directly in line with regional priorities developing the pool of highlyqualified researchers and engineers is critical to the capacity of the region to compete on the basis of design and development and innovation in the electrical and electronics industry and other industries,4
+the graph is divided into four quadrants representing different shares of the recycling market between the informal and formal sector the analysis suggested that a sustainable recycling system should grow towards the upper right hand corner of the graph where most of the established recycling schemes in europe and north america are currently located ewaste from developed countries finds its way into developing countries in the name of free trade,12
+there are strong csos founded by women and working towards promoting gender equality they participate in the mobilisation of communities especially women during elections using methods such as focus groups for example women in nigeria is a political interest organisation that aims at transforming class and gender relations while women in law and development wildaf is an african network with a strong presence in ghana the index of philanthropic freedom hudson institute scored tanzania highest in the east africa region for affording space to civil society groups kwayu and lipovsek eastern african subregional support initiative for the advancement of women eassi a network of east african wros based in uganda led the campaign for an east african gender equality act and launched the first gender barometer for the region in gender links based in johannesburg with offices in ten southern african countries coordinates the southern african gender protocol alliance which campaigned for a subregional instrument for promoting gender equality that brings together global and african commitments in one binding instrument,5
+management of mpas typically involves zoning different areas with varying types or levels of permitted use including fishing in mauritania the banc d arguin mpa is partially closed to fishing allowing only the park residents the imraguens to fish with small sailboats guenette et al many mpas in the ecoregion also include areas that are strictly closed to fishing,14
+vulnerability was higher among maleheaded households in than in femaleheaded households in this case after a common drop moving from vlss to vhlss between and probably due to the substantial difference in the sampling frame between the two surveys the riskinduced vulnerability never fell below the threshold of of the overall vep moreover differently than in the overall measure a higher share of femaleheaded households than maleheaded households are vulnerable by the riskinduced vep measure and the former share rises with more than of vulnerable femaleheaded households riskinduced in,1
+respondents enter answers directly into a laptop computer computer assisted selfinterviewing cas to ensure confidentiality and to encourage higher reporting it provides government agencies researchers and others working in the area with a heightened understanding of the prevalence of violence towards women whether or not violence is increasing or decreasing and which population groups are most vulnerable in sweden commissioned the crime victim compensation and support authority to cany out its first investigation on men s violence against women,5
+schizophrenia costs were approximately gbp billion in england in for more details on iapt see section the vast majority of mental health care and other health services with the exception of fixed copayments on prescriptions is received free at the point of use and paid for by either the nhs or local authorities the independent english health charity the king s fund has estimated the direct costs of mental illness across the population in england at gbp billion a year mccrone et al evidence shows that approximately of people living with a longterm physical health condition also have comorbid mental health problems cimpean and drake international studies suggest that comorbid mental health problems increase the cost of care for longterm conditions by at least oecd and go uncounted in the estimation of the nhs mental health spending,3
+this threshold figure has been used by the government in the design of its social programmes and policies and is commonly used in studies on poverty in brazil see for example this same procedure was followed to process the data for with these values being adjusted by the consumer price index cpi of the brazilian geographical and statistical institute for purposes of comparison with the values for september for the measurement of multidimensional poverty a distinction was drawn between households that were not experiencing deprivation and those that were doing so in respect of at least one of the indicators,1
+however effective biodiversity mainstreaming is time consuming and it should be recognised that the process usually needs to be sustained over a number of years conservation letters doi lconl south african national biodiversity institute pretoria department of environmental affairs pretoria,15
+developed country parties is not defined other parties are encouraged to provide support and should communicate this information meeting the reporting provisions on climate finance provided mandatory for developed countries nonmandatory for other countries will require historical data on both bilateral and multilateral climate finance provided for developing countries,13
+the programmes put an emphasis on the need for improved competitiveness in the fisheries and aquaculture sectors in the country the goal is to establish a procedure for regular updating of regulations in order to assure efficient conservation of available resources a small number of new webbased services are available,14
+this and other pressures on the clinics in the korean health care system have resulted in an increase in the closure rate up from around in to in this is compared to a closure rate among hospitals and underscores the additional level of financial difficulty faced by clinics cho these statistics exclude dentistry and oriental medicine clinics these challenges are only likely to be compounded as demographics drive older and poorer patients to present at korea s health services with more than one health condition and requiring care that straddles multiple health services and specialists,3
+first as mentioned in the previous chapter evidence from the oecdinfe survey shows that both partners are jointly responsible for daytoday money management in a majority of households across several countries weakening the idea of specialisation in financial decision making moreover the evidence regarding a link between gender differences in financial literacy and specialisation within the household is mixed hsu finds that the financial literacy of older married women in the us increases as they approach widowhood thus supporting the idea of household division of labour anticipating possible widowhood women have incentives to begin learning however fonseca et al,5
+systems like these are in use in some form within most developed nations for daily operations and especially during crisis situations besides building sustainable and resilient infrastructure through better planning and design based on the understanding derived from computational and ml models the implementation of systems like these within developing nations can help prevent natural events from turning into disasters it is normal for most developed countries to require contractors to provide a complete set of bim data for any infrastructure built using public funds,9
+avoidable hospital admissions are among the best in europe for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease see figure moreover the day fatality rates for acute myocardial infarction and stroke are among the worst in the eu there are structures in place to support quality health care but outcomes suggest substantial room to further improve service quality and the coordination between levels of care in addition the ehif has published a selection of service quality indicators for every hospital since and quality criteria are included in strategic contracts,3
+investment incentives are sometimes associated with negative externalities such as higher costs than benefits accrued opportunity costs and adverse selection therefore making costbenefit analysis essential chapter the ministry of environment helps to ensure consistency and coherence of environmental sectoral economic and investment policies that affect private green investment across different levels of government and public agencies while the ministry of energy and mineral resources contributes to policy implementation the jordan investment board which has a policy advocacy department champions certain sectors including renewable energy while these initiatives are encouraging more needs to be done to ensure that green policies are mainstreamed into regular policy making and implementation,7
+empirical evidence suggests that workers in oecd countries today need al least an upper secondary diploma to be able to compete in the workforce see a review in lyche young people who have not completed school have a difficult time securing stable employment and earn less on average than high school graduates bradshaw obrennan and mcneely in most countries the share of young people who are neither employed nor in education or training neet is relatively small among those who have completed tertiary education but much larger among those who completed at most lower secondary education figure,4
+these measures were applied in and there has been no increase in traffic congestion the team thus identified the biggest barriers to better mobility in the city motor vehicles and lack of space for pedestrians including pavement obstructions in many places it helps them to diagnose road safety problems prioritise interventions and evaluate projects,11
+the sinorussian online verification system for custom clearance certificates for aquatic products with legal origins has been implemented which greatly facilitates the fisheries trade between two countries sinousa fisheries dialogues have led to a mutual understanding of fisheries sustainability combatting iuu fishing and protection of aquatic wildlife sinoeuropean dialogues in have resulted in agreement on the establishment of a joint working committee for combating iuu fishing and ensuring the smooth flow of chinese marine capture products to european markets between and china ratified the convention on fisheries resources conservation and management in the south pacific high seas convention on conservation and management of inter american tropical tunas and convention on conservation and management of fisheries resources in the north pacific capture fisheries production value increased at annual average rate of between and but growth has slowed considerably after figure the total value of aquaculture output in was four times that of marine landings at rmb billion usd billion,14
+in general the adaptation options identified in the nas are broad in scope allowing for varying degrees of implementation box presents examples of adaptation options highlighting opportunities for mainstreaming activities the aim of this option is to increase the resilience of forests to pests and to increase stability and forest diversity in terms of species structure genetics diversity of habitats etc,13
+as will be discussed in more detail later the direct impact of exports on poverty can be additional to their povertyreducing effect depending on the type of exports via their overall growthenhancing impact the evidence at aggregate level lends definite support to the proposition that exports play a special role in poverty reduction see figure the graph indicates that poverty ratios decline when per capita real exports increase,1
+but while large shares of total tax revenues can be spent on transfers such a correspondence needs not and usually does not hold in every period as taxes finance nonbenefit expenditures as well likewise current benefit expenditure can be financed through nontax sources notably borrowing to the extent that the existence of taxes and benefits causes changes in market prices and household behaviour redistribution policies have an influence on pretax benefit market incomes and economic welfare which is not captured by looking at the amounts of taxes and benefits alone there is a voluminous literature on the consequences of tax or benefit reforms that alter incentives to earn and declare taxable income eg giertz et al these indirect or secondround effects of redistribution policies are at the heart of debates concerning their costeffectiveness,10
+as a priority steps should be taken to ensure that ability to pay is not a factor in accessing health care in particular reasons underlying low uptake of breast and cervical cancer screening should be investigated understanding providerlevel variation will be critical to addressing latvia s poor survival rates after heart attack or stroke for example,3
+the reform focuses on fisheries sustainability in response to the state of the main national fisheries most of which are overexploited one of the main elements incorporated in this reform is a changed structure of the decisionmaking process which will be firmly based on scientific information compared to the current system in which stakeholders are involved leading to sometimes socioeconomic criteria being prioritised over sustainability in addition the reform strengthens fisheries research introduces new inspection elements for smallscale fisheries setting vms and catch certification for large vessels upgrades the industrial and smallscale fisheries access system and introduces mechanisms for the establishment of a rebuilding programme in accordance to the oecd guidelines among other elements two other legal initiatives are currently under discussion the regulation control and sanction of discards and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems,14
+germany noted that there is an annual gender equality evaluation among the parliamentary staff to assess the allocation of positions within parliaments to women and men results indicate that genderbalance targets have been achieved in recent years of the respondents indicated that provisions regarding maternity leave for members of parliament are the same as those prescribed by national law four countries canada greece latvia and new zealand noted that the parliament has adopted its own policies in the case of latvia these policies were in accordance with the rules of procedure of the saeima and in the case of greece in accordance with law no,5
+domestic violence is generally thought to lessen as women become more educated and empowered especially as they gain greater rights to land and home ownership today it remains a huge concern for many many women half or more of women in some societies in countries women became a speaker or presiding officer of parliament for the first time in the last decade,5
+in manymetropolitan areas smaller municipalities often lack the sheer human and technical capacity to prepare adequate plans or to update them and require both training and funding from higher levels of government as shown in the example of pueblatlaxcala box municipalities have several planning instruments at their disposal with which to regulate and promote uiban development however most existing plans no longer reflect the demographic or spatial realities of municipalities,11
+the study led to a broader understanding of the project instead it recommended that it include the longterm multimodal functioning of the mobility network the ringway carries of local traffic and a relatively small shift to the local network or other modalities could solve the congestion at the national highway system near utrecht the investment climate of the eastern part of utrecht including the campus and the connectivity between utrecht and the surrounding rural landscape this favoured a shift from a defensive discussion about the highway project into an opportunity and qualitydriven discussion in which infrastructure was only one element spatialeconomic development models for the university campus together with the a highway and redevelopment of the adjacent rijnsweerd business park,11
+finally figure uses hourly earnings while figure uses monthly earnings since both figures focus on fulltime employees however this final difference should not lead to major discrepancies despite these differences the two figures deliver consistent results as it effectively amounts to comparing less educated men with more educated women on average,5
+goal consists of targets and related indicators majority of which are to be measured at the local city level and progress reported at the national level these agendas and frameworks are particularly complementary and will require coordinated actions at local national and global levels to achieve for example the embedding of a standalone goal on cities and human settlements goal in the sdgs is a recognition of this complimentary and reenforcing nexus some of the links between the sdgs targets and other sdgs are clear eg with sdg on poverty or access to basic services sdg on health sdg on education sdg on gender equality goal on building resilient infrastructure and promoting sustainable industrialization goal on ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns sdg on good governance and sdg on partnerships and means of implementation etc,11
+we also consider how sweden s welldeveloped primary care sector can contribute further to improvements in the quality and coordination of care for the swedish population the primary care sector sits alongside national public health programmes for health protection health promotion and prevention which are not discussed here longterm care for older people living at home in care homes or nursing homes and for those with disabilities or longterm mental health problems is the responsibility of the municipalities primary health care is generally the route of entry into health care for swedish patients and for signposting to services,3
+therefore daily supply is adjusted with the factor lsspr to account for the loss of the largest supplier route or plant if extreme events are taken into account total storage capacity should be corrected for the storage capacity of the largest supplier if this is storage this availability can be corrected further for the energy dependency of gas in order to show the relative importance of gas as primary fuel the energy dependency is based on the complement of the share in primary energy instead of the share itself because of the positive formulation of the indicator shortrun availability increases when a country is not fully dependent on gas therefore in order to calculate the shortrun availability of oil the required critical stocks of oil that would need to be kept to cover a benchmark period of time are considered the benchmark period could be based on the length of the period iea members are required to maintain stock days of average consumption,7
+for those covered under the public scheme seguro popular all medicines included in the positive list established by the ministry of health are fully covered patients pay the full price of other drugs when patients purchase a medicine with a price exceeding the reference price they must pay the difference costsharing per item is capped for important drugs eg antibiotics cardiovascular,3
+this is explained by the fact that design and implementation of regional policies relies heavily on subnational governments obstacles to coherence between water and other policy areas in oecd countries cont besides overlapping unclear and nonexistent allocation of responsibilities is more problematic when it comes to coordinating water and regional development policies than for the energy and agricultural sectors for several reasons first oecd countries have generally set up more coordination mechanisms between water energy and agricultural policies than in the areas of regional development and spatial planning second water and energy policies are frequently led within an environment ministry and water resources management are often handled at least in part within a ministry of agriculture,6
+this should be done through engagement with community groups such as parents of school children local residents and campaign groups including the families of those seriously injured and killed these groups should be treated as partners in planning and decisionmaking as a country that promotes advanced technology and which is a major producer of motor vehicles korea could be a world leader in introducing isa it can be noted that the kia sorrento sold in europe already has the option of providing speed limit information to the driver based on map and camera technology the same model also has a driverset speed limiter function,11
+almost all countries in this region were formerly part of the ussr or yugoslavia so they are in a transition process with farreaching consequences for their economies and societies the actors of the forest sector private and public forest owners and managers industries traders as well as policy makers must function in an increasingly competitive and rapidly changing political economic and technological environment sometimes dominated by large extremely dynamic enterprises with a culture of rapid and successful innovation to survive and prosper forest sector actors must remain or become competitive developing innovative solutions to new challenges,15
+the majority of the countries have national energy plans policies and programmes in place to meet these challenges development partner support is crucial for many countries in achieving their energy targets while it may be too early to measure the success of these activities the targets set are very ambitious and will need continued efforts into the future the largest proportion of energy consumption occurs in viti levu where the majority of the people a large part of the tourist industry and suva the capital city can be found,7
+both embrapa and oepas implement rd projects considered most relevant the federal role in rural extension is more focused on family agriculture and led by the ministry of agrarian development mda in the case of public organisations these systems are closely linked to federal and state ministries or secretaries,2
+other possible impacts of climate change on aquaculture include changes in feed composition and supply as well as changes in the type scope and extent disease outbreaks in fish farms for both sectors relocation of aquaculture production sites wild harvest landing sites eg ports and fish processing facilities may be required due to extreme weather events changing stock distribution and location relative to markets while there will continue to be a great deal of uncertainty associated with the interactions between climate change and fisheries and aquaculture over the next several years fisheries policy makers should now turn their attention to the development and implementation of climate change adaptation strategies,14
+during the same period selfassessed health has worsened while it has improved in the oecd as a whole an increase in reported health by unit for instance moving from good health to very good health would increase overall life satisfaction by roughly on average in finland other important determinants are being employed and having freedom of choice in everyday activities,3
+the paris agreement provides that parties should as appropriate submit and update an adaptation communication which may include priorities implementation and support needs plans and actions regarding adaptation action article one way of doing this would be for the enhanced transparency framework to build on the unfccc s current transparency arrangements including national communications eg to allow adaptation communications to form part of current reporting documents such as national communications how those arrangements would relate to an adaptation communication and an enhanced transparency framework for adaptation will be further discussed in section,13
+hence before accounting for redistribution middleclass households in these countries participated only very partially in overall economic growth as real gdp per capita during this period roughly doubled on average realterm income gains were more sizable in israel netherlands norway sweden and especially in the united kingdom median market incomes fluctuated without a clear trend in australia and poland and essentially stagnated over the period as a whole the initial period used for these comparisons which is dictated by data availability clearly matters,10
+change in poverty is measured as the change in the logarithm of the odds ratio of being poor logh h and export growth is the log difference in per capita real exports between and the fitted regression line has a highly significant coefficient of with an r of which is double the r for the overall sample obtained in the section entitled exports and poverty therefore it will not be surprising to find that the distinction between the successful countries and those lagging behind made above on the basis of poverty trends is also mirrored in relation to export performance of the two groups to detect causality one needs to investigate the channels through which export growth is linked to changes in poverty by detailed case studies in each individual country,1
+this raises efficiency considerations as well as funding inadequacies in many areas greece lags behind in the implementation of the eu urban wastewater treatment directive which required all municipal wastewaters to be treated by in only two of the wastewater treatment plants discharging in sensitive areas achieved the treatment efficiency required by the eu directive mainly because of capacity and funding gaps municipalities often execute budget only considering their own perspective and plan and this lack of integrated approach and territorially customised water policy affects the efficiency of budget execution,6
+their plans seem commercially feasible given the lower cost of satellites and the development of the broadband market mobile network operators mnos need scale to compete for g licences invest in mobile network infrastructure and develop services that rival their competitors but there may be additional benefits to both bt and ee from synergies in subscriber acquisition costs sac and lower customer churn as evidence from quadruple play offerings in other european markets shows on the negative side however inmarket mergers and acquisitions can be expensive and bme consuming and success is uncertain when network coverage becomes less of a competitive differentiator operators may need to consolidate networks through network sharing as a means of moving away from infrastructure investment and toward developing innovative services,9
+the waste management industry depends on the consistent implementation and enforcement of strong public health and environmental legislation to create a level playing field for the waste management market this question can be answered at many levels because it is the right thing to do because it is a legal requirement or because it makes economic sense as the costs to society of the indiscriminate accumulation littering burning and dumping of waste likely exceed the financial costs of environmentally sound waste management however in the absence of waste management or where waste management services are failing environmental and social negative impacts of waste are much greater so the focus here is on attempting to estimate the economic costs of inaction rather than the somewhat lower remaining externalities economic costs of environmentally sound waste management these benefits include avoiding economic costs the revenues from the sale of recovered products and energy and also include the wider economic benefits of resource efficiency and waste prevention such as increasing resource and food security and creating green jobs,12
+as can be seen the average number of meals served per year per inhabitants varies between and excluding finland as an outlier whereas the number of food bags delivered per inhabitants varies between in sweden and in finland large cities have traditionally a higher share of low income people and social clients than smaller cities and rural areas better organisation and clear guidelines from the food authorities nationally will make it more acceptable for the food industry and retail companies to donate food and realise the big potential for redistribution,2
+annual revenues from water right fees increased from eur million in to nearly eur million in but decreased to about eur million in and in as the number of new users fell abstraction for public water supply has required a water right but not the payment of a water right fee however current reform of the system envisages the introduction of a water right fee for public water supply,6
+new laws and policies are currently being developed to increase online security and to strengthen the protection of personal data national security concerns have also been raised about the misuse of such data and the consequences of the digital transformation on national security governments need to apply a wholeofgovemment response to form coherent policies to seize the opportunities and tackle the evolving challenges of the digital transformation,9
+but lifelong engagement with science beyond compulsory schooling requires more than knowledge and skills students will make the most of their knowledge and participate in sciencerelated activities only if they are also positively disposed towards science this of course is particularly important for students who aspire to become scientists or engineers or to work in other sciencerelated occupations most students expressed a broad interest in science topics and recognised the important role that science plays in their world,4
+there are also payments related to placement of nursing staff for overnight staybased training for independence support and placement of health care professionals for disability welfare services and they make it possible for individuals to live in the community while receiving healthrelated support nursing outreach visits and community oriented services in private hospitals and clinics have been established in order to support early discharge the numbers of psychiatric day care centres private psychiatric outpatients clinics and social rehabilitation facilities have also increased in addition the mhlw provides subsidies for child mental health care network projects implemented by prefecture however there is a shortage of hub hospitals which specialise in care for children s mental health with just hospitals with specialised child and adolescent wards across japan hikikomori a group identified in japan generally understood to be reclusive adolescents or young adults who withdraw from social life often seeking extreme degrees of isolation and confinement are a particular cause for concern,3
+at the same time wheat producers have received input subsidies and most recently subsidies to transport exported grain part of this support is absorbed by the inefficiencies in the marketing of grain at present around of meat and of milk in the country are produced by households primarily for their own consumption,2
+it is therefore crucial that public funds share the cost of paid leave for lowskilled workers leave mandates may thus be expected to exert a positive influence on female employment rates and to have a stronger impact on women than on men such effects may only emerge over time as access to leave is what first encourages women to take short career breaks these interruptions of employment not being always reported in employment statistics see below section on data issues,5
+full integration of sustainable development knowledge skills and values by all learners while well in progress has yet to be realized across all levels and types of education the three priorities for phase iii esd school plans teacher competences and esd in tvet are proving to be challenging but necessary leverage points in wholesystem change recognition that esd lies at the core of the purpose of education has increased but remains to be fully secured across all member states,4
+on the other hand resource and waste processing firms do not internalize in their supply plans the consequences of the reflux of material to the waste pile pittel et al each major actor type has its own decision node in the circular economy where his decision can break the circular flow of the recycling process in figure the producers decision node contains the choice between virgin and recycled plastics as input to production and then to sell goods to consumers or industry,12
+the forecast horizons of the individual planning periods always end with the second day ie the optimisation period is reduced by three hours in each planning period the values of the dayahead scheduling are taken as starting points for the unit commitment and dispatch the recourse decisions are determined as up or downregulation due to updated wind power and electricity demand forecasts,7
+soon after the then labour government commissioned the stern review on the economics of climate change which helped to push climate change to the centre of the policy debate in the united kingdom and many other oecd countries stern the united kingdom offered strong support for a global climate change agreement at the unfccc conference of parties in copenhagen in cop and cancun in cop in july the environment ministers of the united kingdom germany and france published joint articles in three leading newspapers emphasising the economic benefits of unilaterally increasing the eu emissionreduction target for to from to a proposal that is now official uk policy the eu recently raised its emissionreduction target to although the legally binding target has not been amended,13
+achieving effective fisheries management and sustainable fisheries will require making progress in both areas the management system can address the negative effects of certain subsidies eg setting a total allowable catch and allocating individual transferable quotas limits overfishing and excessive capital investment but only when it is effective enforced and provides the right incentive to fishers to operate at an optimal level of capital investment and effort subsidies in turn can put pressure on the management system by giving incentives to increase desired effort above allowed levels encouraging both iuu fishing and lobbying to increase allowed effort,14
+uganda malawi and haiti are good examples in any case a successful doha round will need to factor in additional measures to compensate potential losers so as to ensure that it benefits a wide crosssection of the wto membership perhaps an enhanced special and differential treatment sd chapter could do this it is important to recall that the decision to provide dfqf market access to ldcs and to cut cotton subsidies had already been made at the hong kong ministerial meeting six years earlier only the implementation modalities needed to be worked out,10
+the molson centre is a seat capacity arena located in montreal canada in this facility the inactive building can be safely managed and monitored by two individuals monitoring the screen with the ability to occasionally dispatch the second individual to validate verify or to address a situation should it arise the integration of the systems includes access control intrusion surveillance hold up alarms elevators fire alarm system paging system television displays throughout the building emergency evacuation systemsaddress systems ice surface management voice data and restaurant systems beer dispensing systems food storage and kitchen systems parking systems water leakage systems electronic photoflash systems and systems for the hard of hearing or simultaneous translation san francisco public utilities commission sfpuc building engages a highly efficient exterior building enclosure with exterior sunshades for daylighting glare management and to minimize heat gain,9
+in this sense qualifications certify and offer information on the type of knowledge and skills that graduates have acquired in formal education highly educated individuals are more socially engaged and have higher employment rates and higher relative earnings higher proficiency in literacy and numeracy is also strongly associated with higher levels of formal education oecd m,4
+many of the region s motor vehicles are used in cities with increasing use accompanying urban population growth including both two and four wheeled motor vehicles there are million registered vehicles in delhi million registered vehicles in bangkok and million registered vehicles in chennai around the world rising incomes are associated with increasing ownership of motor vehicles,11
+comprising board chairs and chief executive officers ceos from a selection of private and multinational companies it promotes the goal of per cent women on private sector boards finally mwa has worked with ngos such as global women or diversity new zealand to increase leadership and governance capacity across a range of different industries in new zealand instead of only addressing the deficiencies of women candidates mwa focuses on broader societal and organisational change to foster encouraging environments for women to be able to realise these leadership goals mechanisms such as the new zealand census of womens participation or mwa s annual gender stocktake are used to collect statistical data new initiatives such as the nzx diversity listing rule will be used to monitor private sector progress finally commissioned research and additional publications including from ngos and other sources are used to bolster the evidence base on women s leadership,5
+these standards would need to align with the good teaching framework the ministry will also have to define what is expected of teachers in their practice in the classroom and in the development of their professional knowledge the government needs to ensure that these programmes closely align and are consistent with the good teaching framework and any national professional teaching standards it also needs to ensure that these programmes deliver a highquality and wellprepared teacher workforce,4
+typically these are general initiatives addressing capital needs for a broad range of purposes including funding of digitalisation and automation projects of course digitalisation and automation are sometimes important issues in projects that are supported under these general schemes the approved technological service institutes in denmark and sintef in norway are examples hereof these organisations help smes with the implementation of a number of technologies including robots and other ictbased production systems,9
+in the nids data the majority of the recipients of the child support grant are reported as the child s parents another are reported as the child s grandparents roughly of caregivers receiving social assistance for children are not coresident with them which is in contravention of the regulations,10
+after a brief overview of the fundamentals of liberalised electricity markets it presents the policy context of the transition to a lowcarbon economy and reviews the current and foreseen operating challenges and the investment issues it considers ways to strengthen policy and regulatory arrangements to encourage more flexible and responsive operation and more timely and efficient investment it is part of a series on electricity published in conjunction with the overall electricity security action plan,7
+investors enjoy an easy regulatory framework according to the law on electricity and natural gas tariffs for hpps built after august and for existing hpps of less than mw capacity are fully deregulated tariffs for hpps built before august with more than mw installed capacity are regulated by gnerc,7
+even though the total quantity and average quality of freshwater resources are high in iceland and norway water supply can be locally critical lakes and rivers offer diverse habitats and many aquatic plant and animal species are particularly adapted to live in certain types of rivers or lake beds at definite depths or in particular light conditions the cold winters and ice are special features of nordic lakes and rivers that impinge on aquatic life that may be drastically affected by climate change,6
+at this age students can expand their social network learn how to interact with others communicate with their peers and leam how to follow social cues oecd such students are unlikely to have access to the educational opportunities they need to acquire the skills to thrive and are likely ultimately to work in lowpaying occupations although enrolment in primary and secondary education is almost universal in most oecd countries many countries around the world have much work to do to make education accessible to all oecd a,4
+this commitment is reflected in sustainable development goal sdg the standalone goal on gender equality and in the genderspecific targets included across the other sdgs such as sdg on decent work and economic growth united nations a persistent challenges include stagnating female labour force participation gender wage gaps entrenched discriminatory social norms and stereotypes and high rates of violence against women and girls all have detrimental effects on women s rights and wellbeing and on national development outcomes ferrant and kolev showed that reducing genderbased discrimination in social institutions could depending on the chosen scenario lead to an annual increase in the global gdp growth rate of between and percentage points by,5
+the way forward is not easy but this is the time to build on what has been accomplished and systematise these changes to make a significant difference to the life of children in need of special education and their families both now and in the future continue improvements to committees responsible for the diagnosis of cwds make classrooms and education institutions as fully inclusive as possible,4
+tokyo japan has used a model that combines privatisation of transport service and joint development brazil and colombia have had significant successes with the use of betterment levies or contribucion de valorizacion walters london has successfully used a package of value capture mechanisms to raise of the necessary funding for the london crossrail project box,11
+elaborated based on data provided by conagua comision nacional del agua in november several of the agenda s initiatives relate to the reassignment of legal functions regulation capacity development institutional organisation enforcement compliance and the adoption of incentives to build a resilient water management system at the national and regional levels particular emphasis in the agenda is put on strengthening the role of river basin organisations and their auxiliary bodies see chapter on river basin governance and involving civil society and water users associations,6
+the implication is that the aspiration of vet students to enter tertiary education is quite consistent with the experience of oecd countries it also implies in egypt as elsewhere that vocational programmes need to prepare students not only for direct labour market entry but also for a range of further educational and training programmes including tertiary education this implies sufficient emphasis on core literacy and numeracy skills to underpin further learning,4
+tackling supply deficits within individual catchments will be a high cost approach increasing the requirement for new infrastructure and requiring more constraint on water use however water is heavy and pumping and carbon costs are high so large scale long distance transfers are expensive relative to the water s value but there is scope for greater interconnection within and between water companies,6
+annex table a of oecd b provides comparable estimates for earlier recessions the jobs gap in q is somewhat smaller for the oecd area that that at the trough of the doubledip recession but larger than those for all other recessions since the workingage population shrank in austria germany and japan reducing the jobs gap estimates in these countries relative to that implied by the changes in the unemployment and participation rates ireland appears to have experienced a shift from net inmigration to net outmigration with the foreignbom workingage population declining between and oecd d,8
+for berea district some copies of a questionnaire were distributed by the researcher to few schools while a certain portion of the copies of the questionnaire were completed by berea primary teachers who converged at lce in maseru for contact sessions for parttime bed primary programme lastly it must also be noted that some of maseru primary teachers who participated in this study were bed parttime students who had also converged at lce for midterm contact sessions biographical information was sought in section i of the questionnaire these included information on the names of districts schools age groups and qualifications the numbers of male and female teachers as well as the gender of principals and the deputy principals were sought and used for validation of the existing statistical data in respect of feminisation of the teaching profession in lesotho primary schools the names of individual schools are not used in analysis of the data for confidentiality,4
+in some instances the design andor financing of a project may be explicitly based on the achievement of key results this is the case for resultsbased finance see box or in the development of investment criteria for funds for example the climate investment funds criteria for the clean technology fund resultsbased finance is an umbrella term that includes a number of different financing mechanisms that seek to tie the provision of financial resources to specific and measurable results caruso and ellis these range from advanced market commitments and output based aid that focus on outputs to conditional cash transfers or cash on delivery aid that can be linked to behavioural triggers more oriented towards outcomes gpoba depending on project types the results chosen to trigger payments can vary widely after consultation with donors implementing entities and partner countries,13
+the jordan valley authority jva manages water resources and provides bulk water in the jordan valley in addition to its other nonwater responsibilities such as tourism development in its geographic domain the ministry of planning and international cooperation mopic plays a role in facilitating the submission of project proposals to donors and in every aspect of donor funding to the sector as in many countries overall investment procurement takes place in cooperation between the ministry of planning and the ministry of finance under the supervision of the prime minister s office and cabinet,6
+the majority of the poor live in urban areas and spend a significant share of their income on food agriculture is also a buyer and supplier for a significant part of the rest of the economy the agricultural input sectors agroprocessing and retailing altogether contribute an additional to gdp and around to employment oecd a new approach to tackling these problems was implemented in with the launching of the zero hunger program,2
+it also may harm families this new combination of objectives has complex implications on the financial model that could help korean cities cope with such evolving demand although only of the overall transport infrastructure in korea is more than years old as of this share will rise to by and the corresponding maintenance costs are expected to increase by per annum by kim,11
+nationally comparable data on health outcomes and mortality amenable to health care are needed to highlight differences across socioeconomic and geographical crosssections of the swiss population information on the quality of care delivered by health service providers is too often limited to acute care and only available through local or cantonallevel initiatives switzerland remains largely dependent on individual clinicians to keep up with best practice themselves and has only limited capacity to benchmark the quality of health care services across the country while consumers have significant choice between multiple health care providers they often have surprisingly little information on quality to inform their choices,3
+the persistence of high inflation in the face of the significant growth slowdown points to serious supply bottlenecks and sticky inflationary expectations increases in the administered price of fuel midseptember diesel and lpg as a part of a reduction of subsidies also contributed to the increase in inflation persistent nonfood manufactured products inflation despite the growth slowdown has emerged as a major concern depreciation of the rupee raised the price of imported products,8
+this means that during this period agricultural production growth outstripped population growth at a faster pace than what has occurred over the previous years growth rates are compound annual growth rates that is the annual rate of growth fr in prediction qp required so that production increases from that observed in period t to that in period tn r explnqpk lnqpin it should be noted that if qp in period tn is abnormally low the estimated compound annual growth rate will also be biased downwards,2
+creative cities act as loci of experience exchanging good practices and cooperating on an international level aligning with sdg indicator the proportion of cities with a direct participation structure of civil society in urban planning and management that operate regularly and democratically creative cities have successfully utilized local partnerships and fostered civic participation the cultural and creative industries account for over million jobs worldwide,11
+this support should target the major barriers companies face in pursuing green growth in developing countries there is also clear recognition across the development cooperation community of the central position private sector actors can play in supporting the implementation of nationally determined contributions ndcs as drivers of green growth in developing countries promoters of green supply chains as a source of investment in lowcarbon climateresilient infrastructure and as leaders in innovation in clean technologies and resource efficiency in recognition of this the oecd development assistance committee is looking at the lessons learned and best practice experiences from efforts to engage the private sector for development outcomes more broadly and in relation to green growth and climate change in particular oecd a,13
+stock enhancement activities are expected to help conserve fisheries resources in the long run local governments responded by producing policy documents to support the development of modem marine fisheries and providing financial support to the sector the new policy gives priority to resources conservation and environment protection and not just to fisheries development,14
+interestingly about the same proportion of tertiary graduates employed in the education sector both public and private considered their workplace to be highly innovative for at least one type of innovation the most common innovation reported in the education sector was in knowledge and methods of tertiary graduates employed in the education sector considered their workplace to be highly innovative in that respect compared to on average across all sectors figure in contrast considered their workplace to be highly innovative regarding products or services compared with on average and considered their workplace as highly innovative regarding technology tools or instruments compared with on average,4
+decentralisation needs to be a flexible process allowing the centrallocal dynamics to evolve and taking into consideration the potential instability of the political framework work there should be a clear design for its implementation with defined roles for the various management levels and linkages between them a situation where local players do not have the authority to take decisions cannot lead to good governance,11
+waste targets primarily emphasise material reuse and recycling as end objectives timelines are set for reaching targets if the goals and targets are not achieved at the end of the set time period a recommendation is made and an analysis has to be produced in order to explain why targets were not met,12
+credibility is enhanced when laws are culturally resonant and enforceable it equally requires responsive transparent and accountable government at the local level civic engagement and responsible government both necessitate the establishment and strengthening of participatory mechanisms including access to justice and communitybased action planning which will ensure that all voices are heard in identifying problems and priorities setting goals exercising legal rights determining service standards mobilizing resources and implementing policies programmes and projects habitat agenda par,11
+underqualification is more widespread among both south african and foreignbom workers the incidence of underqualification decreased considerably between and but it still affects close to of the workers in both groups the decrease of underqualification was also stronger for foreignborn workers,8
+an exemption from export restrictions for humanitarian aid would assist the wfp in helping the most vulnerable populations in a timely manner the second proposal related to the development of regional humanitarian food reserves the g meeting called for a pilot project feasibility study and cost benefit analysis to look at small targeted regional food reserves,2
+a number of studies have provided evidence of the positive role of physical urban planning in effectively curbing longterm urban ghg emissions notably from transport although this type of instrument has not been shown to be effective in the short term greene and schafer rietveld cities reactions to changes in the spatial structure involving the relocation of activities new buildings and new infrastructure occur with a certain time lag mismatch between land use and transportation policies has all too often aggravated traffic congestion around metropolitan cities for instance the introduction of a beltway around seoul in was succeeded by the construction of five new cities bundang ilsan pyeongchon sanbon and jungdong around seoul three years later leading to considerable traffic congestion another case is the development northwest of the yongin area,11
+in the concept of an urban community was created to address coordination problems associated with large metropolitan areas an urban community communaute urbairi is a highly integrated form of cooperation for which a dozen different responsibilities are transferred from the individual constituent communes four urban communities were created by the national government without consultation for the large metropolitan areas of bordeaux lille strasbourg and marseille more commonly however intercommunality in france has been historically characterised by a voluntary linking of communes to accomplish a specific set of mutually agreed functions,11
+for example women argued for reserved seats in the new constitution of an autonomous bougainville but achieved only three saovanaspriggs it is striking that since the election there are only three women members of the government out of a total of charlesworth voters were provided with three ballots a general one a woman ballot and a youth ballot throughout all levels of government in rwanda positions have been created to address women s issues and gender concerns at national level the ministry of gender and women in development coordinates with the government in gendermainstreaming policies creating gender focal points in other key ministries and conducting gender awareness training at provincial level there are civil servants with gender and women portfolios,5
+the disease is still spreading at an alarming rate killing exponentially and threatening to frustrate the process of economic development in many countries and regions the caribbean being no exception this is despite efforts to contain the spread of the disease through regional and national response programmes however today much more is understood about the hivaids than when it first surfaced and as such there are many lessons to be learnt from various country experiences,3
+poor people are not just victims of a misallocation of resources they rather lack or are denied the resources needed to fulfil social demands and observe the customs and laws of society this realisation led to the development of relative deprivation approach under which a threshold in each dimension of poverty is envisaged according to prevailing social norms below which withdrawal or exclusion from active membership of society is common relative measures are most frequently used in wealthier societies,1
+enhancing the effectiveness of direct forms of higher education teaching is a key challenge for many institutions especially since problembased learning is not feasible in all circumstances a number of teaching attributes such as organisation expressiveness enthusiasm and rapportinteraction have been found to have a positive relationship with indicators of student learning and student persistence in reality there is no dichotomy between problembased learning and traditional teaching and learning approaches policymakers and practitioners would benefit from a better understanding about which specific practices are effective for fostering different skill sets,4
+thus it is understandable that the dollaraday povertyline approach has become the dominant one however it has significant weaknesses and there are several types of problems connected with its use that need to be reviewed depending on how the constitution of the basket is determined and what is included the poverty line can be pushed down to what many might feel is too low a threshold or raised to what others might question as being an overly generous one,1
+over time chile could increase the voucher for all children while keeping it progressive to increase public spending on education crosscountry empirical evidence suggests that a large share of privately operated schools has a positive impact on pisa results but only if the share of public financing remains high wolsmann in contrast school systems with a high share of private financing achieve weaker results than others presumably because they do not do enough to help children of lower ability catch up the government oversees only those schools that enter the sep system and accept the extra subsidy which has created a disincentive to participate,4
+among children that have been at least four years in kindergarten only scored low compared to nearly of children with only years of experience the availability of free core time hours per week increased the participation of minoritylanguage children by and led to better results on mapping tests in the first and second grade compared to areas with no intervention ie free core time however private business and nonprofit organisations contribute to the cost of preprimary education in a small number of countries,4
+to encourage the use of natural gas its consumption has been exempt from taxation partial or total exemptions also apply to other fuels including those used for electricity generation for powering boats including fishing boats in agriculture in facilities participating in negotiated energysaving agreements section and in the eu ets as well as biofuels section a lower value added tax vat rate applies among others to heating oil and household consumption of natural gas and electricity,7
+meeting this challenge will require harnessing all available energy resources and technologies according to local circumstances coupled with energy efficiency measures especially to upgrade grids and reduce transmission losses as well as reflecting local endowments and resource potential the energy mix should evolve in such a way as to kickstart the structural transformation process while maximizing the development opportunities within the energy value chain while fossilfuelbased generation is likely to play a continuing role where substantial sunk costs have already been incurred and in countries with significant reserves a progressive move towards renewable technologies could offer substantial development opportunities as well as environmental cobenefits,7
+a poor student in costa rica has less than a one in ten chance of making it to university an opportunity gap far greater than in most oecd countries but key drivers of improvement in the most rapidly improving education systems a concerted push to expand early years education high professional expectations for teachers leadership for improvement by schools and strong information and evaluation systems that can guide reform have not yet gained the needed impetus in costa rica its role in levelling the playing field for children from the most disadvantaged families is particularly critical,4
+some areas for reflection and consideration are identified with sweden s curriculum mainly related to implementation or strengthening staff skills to respond to changes in society new zealand s te whariki has due to its nonlegal status more possibilities to prescribe activities and practices for staff and include more detailed descriptions of expectations for child development and staff performance norway and sweden aim at clarifying staff performance and guiding staff through providing complimentary support materials for staff for implementation of the curriculum,4
+we capture these divisions in the model by positing gendersegregated labour markets and women s association with paid care work both women and men contribute to the financial and time costs of providing care however just to varying degrees in our model investment is of two types what we term physical investment undertaken by capitalists and human capacities investment undertaken by individuals and households funds for both types of investment are drawn from national income which is split between capitalists profit share and workers wage share because industries and occupations tend to be highly segregated by sex we further disaggregate the wage share into the female and male wage shares,5
+understanding discussing and exemplifyingthe key challenges of me for adaptation unep dtu par tnership working papers series climate resilient development programme working paper vertical integration in national adaptation plan nap processes a guidance note for linking national and subnational adaptation processes orgwpcontentuploads l verticalintegrationinnapprocessesguidancenotepdf accessed february,13
+in viet nam access to maternal health care services ranges from per cent in urban areas to as low as per cent in remote areas of the central highland and northern uplands regions inhabited by indigenous peoples similar trends have been recorded throughout latin america as well as in the richer developed countries however between the s and the end of the century a slowing or stalling of indigenous health improvements measured by life expectancy meant that the gap failed to close significantly canada or even widened new zealand and the united states in fact because indigenous peoples are essentially invisible in the data collection of many international agencies and in most national censuses the disparities in their health situation as compared to other groups continue to be obscured similarly even when indigenous peoples appear in health data they are often conceived of as a percentage of a national population which unicef has noted can be misleading in as much as the distribution of certain indigenous peoples does not correspond to national boundaries,3
+in addition initial teacher education providers should be required to establish internal quality assurance processes to ensure their programmes are continuously improving in light of evaluation exercises and new research relevant for teacher education first the operational features of the national induction system need to be further defined as it is systematically applied across the system second the certification process to determine progression in the career structure needs to be fully designed and established,4
+discriminatory social institutions can help to explain why girls leave school prematurely thereby contributing to persistent gender gaps in both educational and economic participation the oecd social institutions and gender index sigi is a composite measure of discriminatory social institutions across nonoecd countries capturing laws social norms and practices which restrict women s economic and social role in five areas discriminatory family codes restricted physical integrity son bias restricted entitlements and resources restricted civil liberties this variable often reflects practices such as forcing girls into marriage or their marrying before adulthood due to discriminatory social norms with respect to the status of women in the family and the reproductive role of women,5
+costs are comparable to other countries with institutionally similar health care systems market mechanisms in regulating both insurance coverage and health care provision such as germany and switzerland but relatively high in comparison to most other oecd countries with different systems joumard et al more specifically hospital care exhibits mixed efficiency scores while quality is high in preventive and outpatient care findings that predate the effects of recent health care reforms other studies have emphasized the high equity and access in the dutch health care system davis et al,3
+it is not possible to create an urban agglomeration exclusively at the behest of the national government city and regional governments should have a role in the planning and management to create new interregional policy space both city and oblast ctkimats have to control territorial development and share some of the managerial responsibilities it requires among other things holistic and inclusive urban policies that support economic growth,11
+it is grounded in the government s strategy for research cooperation and research in development cooperation the aim of the strategy is to contribute to strengthened research of high quality and of relevance to poverty reduction and sustainable development with a primary focus on lowincome countries and regions while support to research cooperation has represented a minor share of sweden oda roughly the swedish development agency sida is aiming to scale up its research programme following strong country demands,9
+while the analysis of interrelations between actors reveals the most frequent interactions it also sheds light on the limited or absence of contact among certain categories of stakeholders for instance a very low proportion of regulators surveyed interacts frequently with civil society on waterrelated issues similarly of civil society organisations surveyed are in frequent contact with watershed institutions,6
+the chinese eere credit line launched in aims at stimulating smallscale eere investments in the corporate sector in order to help reach the government s energy efficiency targets the mln afd concessional loan euribor loobp to the ministry of finance of china was onlent to three secondtier commercial banks hua xia china merchants bank and shanghai pudong development bank the loan is complemented by a ta package aimed at building up participating banks capacity and funding a beijingbased advisory team staffed with chinese personnel which advises banks on project eligibility and technical aspects,7
+the final decision by the commission is expressed in an individual evaluation report the commission also holds the responsibility to manage and decide on appeals made by teachers on the result of their evaluation school directors and the heads of technicalpedagogical units in the school are responsible for providing the third party reference report,4
+this approach enables detailed analysis not only of the magnitude of poverty but also of its intensity and its distinctive features in different groups while also guiding the formulation of poverty reduction policies that dovetail better with comprehensive policies in support of wellbeing despite modest economic growth employment rose on the back of job creation absorbing the slight rise in the labour force participation rate and allowing unemployment to edge down from to its lowest level in recent decades eclacilo the purchasing power of average wages held steady or rose in most countries with available information in keeping with low inflation the simple average of which fell from in to in in absolute numbers million people were poor of which million were extremely poor see figure,1
+in order to encourage corporatisation the government agreed to assume part of the debts of those hospitals willing to go through that process until the end of the ministry of health gave hospital authorities an opportunity to transform indebted tertiarycare facilities from publicly owned institutions managed by local governments into companies owned by such governments with the further option to also involve a private investor in the period this form of transformation of public healthcare units was supported by public resources from the general budget,3
+the high benefits are related to savings throughout all steps in the production from raising of sheep over spinning and knitting to the final finishing the data quality for wool production is not optimal see and the variation between different production routes is significant but high benefits can be achieved for all types of reuse of wool the benefits from this are most probably lower than those that can be achieved if production of virgin wool can be avoided this judgment is based on the fact that raising of sheep alone accounts for more than of the climate change impacts in the life cycle of wool and about a third of the energy consumption,12
+finally the pace of electrification is estimated to increase substantially until with thousand new installations planned for and thousand more for which is far above what had been realised the years before these planned connections correspond mainly to the newly identified rural electrification demand the original lpt target of two million installations had nearly been met in with million connections with the implementation of lpt however this target was brought forward by seven years instead of the original end date of,7
+notably to achieve longterm goals for delivering safe and sustainable urban environments a coherent narrative based on integrated transport and landuse policies needs be developed the main lessons that can be drawn from the road safety stories of lisbon and riga and provides recommendations on advancing good governance for delivering effective road safety policies are mentioned below both case studies show the considerable importance of politics and a capacity for successful creation and implementation of road safety policies successful implementation requires not just the political momentum to initiate policies to promote road safety but also the enforcement of legislation in practice,11
+the report presents some proposals that would allow cddcs to contribute to climate change mitigation efforts while minimizing the negative impacts of climate change on their economies managing natural resources in this context involves tradeoffs in balancing a country s portfolio of different forms of capital along its development path for example a developing country might hold a vast stock of natural capital but a relatively small stock of human and physical capital,13
+they also seek to improve the environmental performance of all operators involved in the life cycle of eee any discharge dumping storage accumulation or injection of this type of waste requires prior authorization it also introduces the need for programmes for the gradual reduction and ultimate elimination of pollution caused by waste from ti manufacturing facilities,12
+between and the percentage of arab students in the colleges grew from to and in teacher training colleges from to after a long period of stagnation there has been an increase in the share of arab students studying for a master s degree in the universities from around throughout the s to in in about of the total number of master s degree students in universities were arabs,4
+the country has made progress in learning how to elaborate pluriannual plans and monitor the implementation of innovation policy nevertheless major challenges remain especially in guaranteeing pluriannual budgeting for innovation in improving the coordination of the promotion of science technology and innovation with the national development strategy and in scaling up initiatives in key priority areas this chapter focuses on i the institutional setting and governance for innovation policy ii the national innovation strategy and policy mix as outlined in panamas national strategic plan for science technology and innovation pencyt and iii the main implementation challenges the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law,9
+the combined role as purchaser and provider at the municipality level is also proposed as important for the resource allocation within the health sector the paper argues for a closer analysis of the impact of fundholding contractual relations and incentives between levels of governments as well as including qualify indicators in the efficiency measure these factors imply that a continued growth in health expenditure may increase social welfare some measures can be explored to decrease the burden of financing and to improve welfare for a given level of expenditure in the medium run the demand for health care can be crucially influenced by the encouragement of a healthy life style as discussed by bolin and by asgeirsdottir it is not clear how effective policies should be designed,3
+one funding criterion for large companies is research cooperation with other innovation actors smes research organisations and universities almost of tekes funding to large companies is channelled through subcontracting to smes or research service purchases to higher education institutions heis and research organisations,9
+bolsa famflia s conditional cash transfers have proved to be fundamental in achieving the poverty reduction observed over recent years the paradigm shift it implied required an unusual measure of courage and political will although brazil s constitution had already included poverty eradication among its basic fundamentals the tendency to blame the poor for being poor was still deeply rooted in society generating strong opposition to the programme in its first few years to give help where it was needed the federal government had to improve the structure of its social assistance networks and those of the municipalities,1
+additional joint training throughout their careers would allow better coordination among care providers and could help them adapt best practices in terms of care pathways and prescriptions see below together with limited outofpocket expenditures and low public trust in some preventive measures such as vaccines larson et al moreover immunisation rates among children against measles are relatively low panel c and immunisation against influenza has declined among older people and remains well below for some risky populations despite an official target of panel d plfss the authorities formalised their role as gatekeepers in by incentivising all patients to register with a treating physician as recommended by the oecd oecd imai et al,3
+consequently the impact ofui on work incentives per se may be weaker in emerging economies the welfare implications of ui depend on the extent to which increased duration on unemployment derives from a liquidity or income effect ie the reduced need to return to work quickly to limit the impact of job loss on consumption or a moralhazard or substitution effect ie the reduction in search intensity due to the subsidisation of unproductive leisure the latter is a socially detrimental response as it fails to take account of the cost of unemployment for society,10
+the extremely strong reaction in spain meant that the climb in its unemployment rate was even larger than that observed in ireland which suffered an output shock that was nearly three times larger recessions that until are included by contrast the unemployment response in the recession was muted in most european countries including belgium finland germany italy the netherlands norway and the slovak republic as well as in japan and korea,8
+waterrelated hazards accounted for per cent of the deaths and per cent of the people affected and per cent of total damage costs amounting to us trillion they contribute to overall water scarcity stress water supplies and affect agriculture and aquatic ecosystems proactive drought policies and drought risk management can build greater societal resilience to the effects of drought and reduce the need for an emergency response,6
+the global market share of standardscompliant products for some of these commodities was as high as per cent to be clear these labels deal with more than just climatechange issues but carbonbased criteria are central to many of the schemes including for example rainforest alliance and utz certification first the various methodologies for calculating embodied carbon are arguably not reliable enough to use as a basis for labels that will have significant trade and market impacts bolwig and gibbon,13
+to this end a number of stakeholders have or are in the process of designing systems and strategies to collect data and synthesise lessons learned these efforts include multilateral initiatives such as the adaptation learning mechanism the world bank s climate change knowledge platform busan partnership s regional knowledge sharing platforms work by civil society organisations such as the climate and development knowledge network and efforts within developing countries such as kenya s planned knowledge exchange platform gok b the former allows for project designers and evaluators to access baseline or contextual data efficiently while the latter involves making the results of me efforts widely available to those contemplating or designing similar interventions sharing data is a relatively easy task provided that such information is readily available or able to be scaled to the required level,13
+creating representative security sector institutions where men and women participate equally at all levels of decisionmaking is a challenge particularly in institutions where men traditionally tend to be greatly overrepresented chapter the international community has supported some modest programmes for reproductive health and dealing with psychological trauma for instance in bosnia cambodia and rwanda as the treatment of traumatized women is labourintensive costly and often misunderstood poor countries lack the resources institutional infrastructure and cultural and social capacities to provide such services on a large scale and in a sustainable manner chapter,5
+the un fish stocks agreement is also incorporated as a schedule to the act implementing the epbc act allows assessment of the environmental performance of fisheries and promotes ecological sustainability the epbc act has the following implications the review assessed the operation of the epbc act and the extent to which its objectives have been achieved,14
+in fact the millennium development goals encompass a considerable number of the dimensions that are often discussed within the context of the definition of poverty in the end of course what matters most for national policymaking is how each society defines the decent level of living that should be achievable by all for example the total number of poor according to the definition above had been billion in and billion in compared with billion in,1
+while there are of course differences of views there seems to be an underlying consensus on the purposes of evaluation and an expectation among stakeholders to participate in shaping the national agenda this is evident in the development of the national evaluation and assessment framework schools have a high degree of autonomy regarding school policies curriculum development and evaluation and assessment,4
+even after doi moi farming households engaged in the production of export crops and importcompeting crops faced higher levels of vulnerability than those engaged in the production of nontraded crops or in nonfarm activities the above results are key for policymaking they highlight a link between trade openness and riskinduced vulnerability underlining the need to address vulnerability to poverty even in the context of trade liberalization policies that result in a net reduction in poverty,1
+in addition this would be equitable and have a highly positive effect in respect of creating new economic activities and development this is a huge sum for the poorest of the developing countries but it is a humble one in comparison with other financial flows it pales beside the hundreds of billions pledged by many governments of the countries members of the organization for economic cooperation and development to rescue the financial sector automotive industry and many other sectors of the economy in comparison the cost of bringing billion into the modern energy service system would appear to be a real bargain,7
+indeed brewer and odea and others see noll for a review argue that it is preferable to consider the distribution of consumption rather than income on both theoretical and pragmatic grounds however there are a number of reasons why many countries prefer income based poverty measures the pros and cons of each approach are discussed later in this chapter,1
+this would enable more targeted policies and agricultural extension activities to the level of education in regards to agricultural higher education an assessment of agricultural graduates early careers would help understand the factors which cause them to stay in or leave the agriculture sector the agrofood system regulation subdimension uses two qualitative indicators to assess the presence and degree of implementation of regulation of natural resources such as land soil water air climate and biodiversity and regulation of inputs such as seed fertiliser and agricultural machinery,2
+climate variability may exceed the design limits of any disaster prevention programme and the exponential rise of health hazards due to thermal and other stresses can extensively challenge health systems in recent years some japanese studies have quantitatively reported the likelihood of increased risk of drought and torrential rain loss of natural habitats such as beaches and forests increase in regional variability of rice yields and more deaths caused by thermal stress and other factors these adverse impacts cannot be ignored project team for comprehensive projection of climate change impacts moe however the major objective of countermeasures as indicated under the un framework convention on climate change must be to ensure that global warming stays below a dangerous level,13
+in least developed countries ldcs per cent of households lack internet access the gender gap in internet use has not narrowed globally between and and has in fact widened noticeably in africa and in ldcs broadband connectivity in developing countries when available tends to be relatively slow and expensive limiting the ability of businesses and people to use it productively for example research has recently found that machine learning algorithms acquire biases from text data reflected in daytoday culture,9
+it is true that macroeconomic instability expressed in high inflation can kill growth however macroeconomic stability when broadly defined so as not to be focused on a narrow target such as inflation is only a necessary condition for growth not a sufficient one periods of accelerated growth can be associated with moderate or even intense inflation when supply constraints are encountered,8
+for example while the output of a capacity building exercise on the impact of climate change on agricultural productivity can be identified relatively easily eg x number of people trained identifying the outcome of this activity eg droughtresistant crops planted on y hectares of land is more difficult to identify the impacts of such an activity eg improved food security will be even more difficult to attribute given time lags natural variability in weather patterns shifting baselines due to the effects of climate change and interactions with outcomesimpacts from other related interventions while assessing the effectiveness of an intervention in producing projectlevel outputs is relatively straightforward attributing longterm global impacts to an intervention is extremely challenging lamhauge per s comm,13
+in the case of violence against women surveys it is critical from the outset to plan how all aspects of the project will incorporate methods of meeting the ethical requirements to ensure the safety of respondents and research teams to protect the confidentiality of respondents to minimize emotional distress to provide information on sources of support and to refer respondents to sources of support in the community if needed one of the fundamental challenges for surveys on violence against women is that of obtaining accurate estimates of the prevalence of violence especially in contexts where there are strong taboos on speaking to outsiders about family relationships violence in the family or sexual relations focus group discussions and other qualitative research methods that engage local women in discussions about the feasibility of the survey and about ways to surmount these taboos and to adapt the questionnaire and protocols to the local context will be critical to the success of the survey there are several key elements to be considered when developing questionnaires,5
+both of these rates are relatively low compared to other middleincome economies which is often attributed to a large informal economy in thailand as well as considerable underemployment in private and public service sectors fry nieminen and smith considering the entire decade the increase of the foreignborn epr was more than percentage points it can be expected that this drastic change is related to other indicators such as the level of education or the nature of jobs taken by immigrants in thailand and these indicators will be discussed in the following sections,8
+the student loans company is a governmentowned agency that was established in and is responsible for managing all loans and grants to students in universities and colleges in the united kingdom in recent years the united kingdom has shifted away from grants and towards incomecontingent loans for students primarily due to their lower public cost figure relative to grants loans may also make students more responsive to market signals in their degree selection as most students must eventually repay the money unlike with grants in the government announced it would end grants for students from lowincome households but would raise total financial support via incomecontingent loans,4
+this combined better intersector coordination between the ssa and the ss providers and the government s first attempt to decentralise ssa services by transferring responsibility for health care to the states which was to be the first wave of a longer decentralisation process it was at this time that a constitutional amendment was passed giving each individual the right to health protection and from which the general health law was derived as part of these changes the ministry of public health and assistance changed its name to the ministry of health secretaria de salud,3
+the most common are political party quotas legislative quotas and reserved seats political party quotas are usually voluntary partyspecific and put in place to increase the number of women party candidates or elected representatives through setting a percentage of women legislative quotas are binding national policies that are enforced through legislation requiring all political parties to include a certain number of women in their lists of candidates for elections another method is to reserve seats for women in parliament through a national policy which ensures a certain number of female legislators since the beijing world conference states have increasingly adopted quotas to boost womens participation counter discrimination and accelerate the slow pace at which the number of women in politics is rising,5
+comparisons are made between the human capital of nativeborn and foreignbom workers including with regard to skills mismatch this chapter aims to conduct an empirical investigation of the labour market position of immigrants in ghana based on a review of labour market indicators regarding migrant workers in comparison with nativebom workers the review will be complemented in chapter by a formal econometric examination of the labour market impact of immigration,8
+farmers must balance between profitability and risks this tradeoff between profitability and risks also explains that the necessary investment for producing for the market takes place gradually and on a smallscale trial basis these are important steps in increasing yields and profits and thus reducing associated risks the example of cotton production areas where yields for food staples are generally higher than average shows that durable support services combined with a marketing guarantee and stable prices can accelerate the process of agricultural intensification cour,2
+however this is at the cost of ending the winwin situation where patients choose relatively cheaper cash benefits worth of the cost of inkind care that improve their own welfare thanks to a greater choice of providers and also encourage competition across home care providers thus it would be preferable to keep a cash benefits scheme for home care but to improve screening and monitoring to avoid unintended use one way of reducing the need for monitoring could be to provide cash benefits in the form of vouchers directly payable to professionals like in the nordic countries colombo et al to be effective such vouchers should be designed to cover less than the full costs of care where the implied copayment on each service purchased would give patients incentives for costefficient use of the vouchers such a focus could risk impeding the excellent dutch results in terms of equity and access to health care facilities however the increasing role of competition has not had a negative impact on equity so far,3
+the disproportionate impact of climate hazards further aggravates existing socioeconomic inequalities and may actually undermine the capacity of people to cope and adapt not only is closing the development gaps that leave people vulnerable to climate hazards a goal of sound development policies but it is also essential to reducing the risk posed by climate change investing for example in prevention to halt the spread of malaria and other debilitating diseases to improve the quality of life of the most disadvantaged population groups is both a sound development policy and part and parcel of a sound adaptation policy healthier and potentially wealthier people will be more resilient to future climate hazards disadvantaged groups typically possess few options for diversifying their incomesources gaining access to insurance and financial marketsand improving their education and health status,13
+however solely changing the reporting guidelines for specific issues may have only a limited impact on the transparency comparability completeness and timeliness of information reported this is because improvements may be needed in measuring specific information eg climate support in order to improve the reporting of such information in addition several countries will need to establish or strengthen their domestic monitoring evaluation and reporting systems in order to improve reporting under the unfccc,13
+in addition a special insurance policy costing baht per year about us was also made available for migrant children up to seven years of age the package is the same as that received by thai citizens covered by the widely praised universal health coverage scheme including access to immunization services and antiretroviral drugs migrant parents can buy a policy for their children who are aged over seven at the same rate as adults baht or about us per year,3
+pharek s analysis of these claims shows that the vast majority of clashes between different ethnicities rotate around gender issues ie the regulation of women s clothing exogamy or endogamy within the group and the rights of women themselves demographic policies are integral part of ethnonationalist struggles the socialization coercion of women and compulsory heterosexuality are planned and implemented at a political level to ensure the reproduction of the ethnic group demographic policies in israel have been in place almost since the foundation of the state in,5
+teaching staff consists of christian jewish and muslim members study programmes integrate practice education and theory tuition fees are high and students are charged usd for the college budget is usd million of the budget is covered by the board of trustees mainly from the illinois state and austria tuition fees the rest by the local arab community,4
+the sample is limited to companies in oecd colombia and brics countries founded between and total funding amounts exceeding usd millions th percentile are excluded to ensure that analyses are not driven by few companies receiving large deals in columns and female startups is understood as startups with at least one female founder,5
+for instance tier one in the euunited states proposal covers energyrelated services eg engineering and maintenance services to optimize the environmental performance of energy facilities and services for the design and construction of energyefficient buildings and facilities tier two covers a broad set of environmental and climaterelated services including energy construction architectural engineering and integrated engineering services once the picture on the services front is sufficiently clear the negotiators would proceed to identify the goods essential to the delivery of the selected environmental and energy services and negotiate tariff concessions using the proposed modalities and taking into account national priorities and programmes the introduction of sustainability standards and regulations may prove important to trade in biofuels,7
+for example data from the pisa study administered in reveal that of nativeborn students of nativeborn parents in sweden attained at least proficiency level in the three pisa core domains mathematics reading and science by contrast only of immigrant students either first or secondgeneration did so a statistically significant difference of percentage points this difference was greater than the oecd average difference of percentage points,4
+as incomes rise the population moves up the energy ladder with significant impact on the environment similarly though the region has made impressive progress in eliminating poverty for millions there still is a very large pool of energypoor people in the region overall demand for energy figure is expected to grow significantly for three reasons to support economic growth to meet the demands of an ever larger and growing middle class and to provide universal access to energy,7
+individuals who have left the education system are harder to reach and adult learning and training is generally much less available and less generously funded than formal education for young children and students this chapter discusses inequality in outcomes in education skills and labour market participation during adulthood as well as the gaps between various groups of the population in participation informal and nonformal adult education and training it also discusses policy interventions that can mitigate inequality in learning and labour market outcomes between adults from socioeconomically advantaged and disadvantaged backgrounds first of all learning should be focused on improving the employability of adults through a combination of education and training and practical job training targeted support needs to be provided to adults with a low level of educational attainment and without basic literacy and numeracy skills particular attention should be paid to young adults who are not in employment or in education neets single mothers and women who have had to leave the labour market due to child care responsibilities as well as the immigrant population,4
+in the same way according to this law the superintendence will be in charge of monitoring all ecec institutions this will thus address junji s potential conflict of interest since junji has simultaneously operated childcare centres and performed of quality assurance in the past the accreditation and inspection processes generate one or multiple reports to providers including the specific centre and to the responsible public agencies reports are not provided directly to parents but they are published on the internet,4
+target a refers to scientific knowledge and transfer of technology lastly target i c refers to the implementation of international law as reflected in unclos many of these are adaptations of preexisting targets that figured in other pieces of international legislation such as the johannesburg plan of implementation for example target on sustainable fisheries or the aichi targets for example target on protection of marine and coastal areas,14
+the exact role of space in facilitating better working environments and enhancing child development also remains largely unknown and the role of multiple adults in ecec settings is not sufficiently defined to maximise the impact on child outcomes additionally no studies have specifically investigated whether working conditions and which aspects of working conditions have different effects on different groups of children eg migrant children or children at risk the link between quality child care and early learning lessons in learning ccl ottawa evidence from project star quarterly journal of economics forthcoming,4
+average energyintensity improvements of around a year to are required as part of a portfolio of measures to green the energy sector consistent with a c target such improvements would result in a reduction in global energy demand by iea a halving global primary energy demand over would boost global gdp by an estimated in this effort would require an additional usd trillion investment in more efficient enduse technology but would save more than usd trillion in fuel expenditure and usd trillion in supplyside investment chateau magne and cozzi,7
+in the years from to only a few countries had a level of life expectancy greater than years and only per cent of the world s population lived in such countries at that time per cent of the world s population lived in countries where the life expectancy at birth was less than years figure the reductions of mortality since the middle of the twentieth century have been so substantial that the proportion of the population living in countries with a life expectancy below years had decreased to only per cent for the period between and,3
+it seeks to avoid double counting active contributors who contribute to more than one scheme this right to income security after retirement is guaranteed by the prior payment of premiums or contributions ie before the occurrence of the insured contingency depending on the country this prior payment of a premium or contributions concerns persons in employment or a sub group combined with other indicators of security of employment contribution to social security forms part of the set of criteria suggested to define formal employment,8
+the inflows into skilled agriculture million do not offset this outflow which results in a growth rate furthermore among both elementary occupations and professionals primeage workers had a relatively large downward influence on the annual growth rate when compared to other major growing occupations figure panel b another finding worth noting is that there was a relatively large number of new immigrants entering elementary occupations the only occupational group in which such a relative impact can be witnessed,8
+output controls with a total allowable catch and individual transferable quotas and input controls limited entry closures applies legislative amendments in progress will introduce a maximum legal size limit for ptectropomus areolatus a net size restriction for traditional fishing and remove the limitation on holding live finfish longline trial started in the macquarie island toothfish fishery in for a period of four years,14
+a decreasing block system is used to charge for surface water abstraction whose charges are lower than for groundwater starting in mid water supply and sanitation service providers are obliged to include abstraction charges in the retail tariffs dependent on the actual use and the type of user the provincial licence fees for water are related to the cost of administering the licensing programme,6
+joumard pisu and bloch state that the redistributive impact of taxes and transfers depends on their size mix and the progressivity of each component and found that taxes and cash transfers reduced income inequality as measured by the gini index by about on average in oecd member countries towards in those countries direct transfers reduce income dispersion more than taxes three quarters of the reduction in inequality between market income and disposable income are due to transfers the rest to taxes moreover countries with a more unequal distribution of market income tend to redistribute more a second objective is to simulate the possible effects of potential reforms of tax systems in order to demonstrate that tax instruments and in particular that putting the resulting increase in revenue to good use can have a significant impact on the distribution of disposable income,10
+these figures raise important questions about why success has varied so much across countries and to what extent health care systems and policies help to explain this variation numerous studies have shown that rising levels of obesity and diabetes are reducing our ability to make further inroads into reducing the cvd burden some studies are showing that the pattern of declining mortality is coming to an end or even reversing amongst some population groups particularly younger age groups wilson and siskind,3
+thus we have the propensity score for treated units vocational school students pjwand the propensity score for controlspc students in other tracks both reflecting the propensity of being sampled in for students sampled in or we first estimate the performance change for students in each type of secondary school in and their matched counterparts in or then we compare these performance changes among students from different tracks,4
+the human rights committee further ruled that the fisheries management act should be brought into line with the equality principle a community quota clause has been established giving the municipality the right to buy vessels that are otherwise being sold to firms outside the community accordingly this community right has seldom been used because it does not include the vessels quota,14
+certain elements of it might not be feasible in the near term but could be developed with a targeted effort for example while not a priority in the nearterm it is important to recognise the growing importance of southsouth financial flows to support climate action and to anticipate adding reporting on this in future of course such a system must also be built up slowly allowing reporting countries to build capacity to provide higher quality and more complete information over time,13
+this suggests that the management practices applied are inconsistent with the purposes for which the community concessions were created this firm was created in as a joint venture by several rbm community concessions with the strategic aim of consolidation through their collaboration see table vii the fact that it also markets the timber produced by the communities has enabled it to identify new markets establish connections between communities and buyers and strengthen those that already existed,15
+these rents may be shared with consumers through an overextension of credit and underpricing of risk employees in the form of higher wageproductivity differentials and other stakeholders involved in banks business denk et al the transmission of some of the financial sector rents to employees requires bargaining power on the part of financial sector workers since otherwise financial institutions would pay the competitive wage rents can be transmitted to financial sector workers in two ways wage premia and overskilling wage premia are analysed in this section overskilling is the subject of the next section,10
+transparency also enables the tracking of progress towards individual and collective climaterelated goals the paris agreement contains global longterm goals on mitigation adaptation and climate finance at its core are cycles of nationally determined contributions ndcs and provision of the support finance technology capacity building needed to implement them from onwards,13
+the brakes are put on efforts to support people in empowering themselves politically or economically unless these are complemented by helping people develop power within that allows them to claim recognition as fully human and as entitled to the same rights and respect as any other humans in the slums of mumbai poor people s federations claimed refined and defined certain ways of doing things in the spaces they already controlled for example by doing their own surveys of their living conditions they then used these to show donors and city officials and that their way of doing things worked appadurai,1
+milk capacity is regionally concentrated in almaty oblast where the five largest enterprises accounted for over a quarter of the country s capacity and in the three northern oblasts and the northeastern oblast of pavlodar table reconstituted drinking milk a rapidly growing share of the market sold in between kzt and kzt per kilogramme at these prices processors reported that domestic milk was competitive as long as the price did not exceed kzt per kilogramme fao a,2
+education was identified as a standalone goal sdg epistemic communities have documented a number of links between education and other sdg areas and policy makers have long recognized many of them based on an exhaustive content analysis of global reports this paper examines how well such links are represented in flagship publications of the united nations system,4
+and i mean he literally laughed ha ha ha and i was like you know i come from a mining background i know a lot about mining more than you will ever know research conducted by gender links shows that women constituted a mere per cent of news sources in election coverage in this was up from per cent in but similar to the per cent achieved in this shows that womens views and voices are still marginalised in elections lowe morna et al,5
+countries where women s representation in parliament is greatest such as china bangladesh and pakistan for example generally rely on legal gender quotas the experience of timorleste the asian country with the highest share of women in parliament in is instructive following the introduction of a female candidate quota in and the later extension of the quota to in the female share of seats in the national parliament jumped from in the election to in and to in the election in ipu however some of the countries where women s political representation is relatively high have not adopted legal gender quotas instead some rely on voluntary gender quotas andor targets adopted by political parties as in the philippines or on the promotion of women by the state as in viet nam,5
+the unicef poverty rates for six countries with near universal maternalparental leave preschool and national health insurance range from in denmark to in germany the unicef measure for the us is at least double these rates at report card is based on the direct elaboration of household survey microdata for economically advanced countries,1
+one course tackles school success in a multicultural society and tries to answer how we can create a school with equal opportunities in an environment in which students identities and sense of belonging are constantly changing it focuses on success factors in students school achievements as well as how inclusive school cultures that benefit all students can be created linneus university igoj sodertorn university stands out by offering teacher programmes with an intercultural profile,4
+but even after accounting for the socioeconomic status and demographic background of students and schools and various other school characteristics in the czech republic slovenia and switzerland schools whose principals reported that teacher shortages hinder learning tend to show lower average performance table iv c on average across oecd countries almost half of the performance differences between schools are accounted for jointly by school resources and students and schools socioeconomic status and demographic profile table iv a this suggests that much of the impact of socioeconomic status on performance is mediated by the resources invested in schools as shown in figure v even after accounting for per capita gdp of the variation in mathematics performance across oecd countries can be explained by the level of similarities in principals report on school s educational resources between socioeconomically advantaged and disadvantaged schools,4
+the objective is also to give students an opportunity to explore their interest in vocational training and it is seen as an alternative way to enhance academic motivation participants at the seminar agreed to work on two basic goals improving student outcomes in literacy and numeracy and improving teachers classroom practices this includes four different aspects select develop and make support materials available provide schoolbased professional training including classroom managementinstructional leadership ensure availability of time for teacher collaboration with the principal s pedagogic guidance focused on improved instruction and develop teacher networks to share and work together on improving instruction,4
+the reduction of inframarginal rents for utilities resulting from the meritorder effect raises issues relating to future investments in new capacities as well as research relating to the appropriate calculations of true benefits and costs of renewables in complex electric systems the true cost of the deployment policy for ratepayers is not the simple sum of the incentives but rather much less as renewables progressively reduce the market costs of electricity through the meritorder effect finally how c prices and re deployment interact in wealth transfers between various stakeholders notably electricity customers and utilities deserves further scrutiny,7
+the majority of americans in are privately insured either through privately purchased insurance or through insurance provided by their employer or an employer of one of their family members the government provides various public insurance schemes for lowincome groups older citizens and highrisk groups medicare which covers of the population provides health insurance to residents over people with disabilities and people with endstage renal disease in addition tricare and the veteran health administration provide health coverage for military personnel veterans and their families states medicaid programmes cover lowincome people of the population,3
+although information about such individuals does not feature directly in absolute poverty statistics their absence may affect who is identified as being in poverty depending on the type of threshold used and it can have a direct impact on measurements of relative poverty inequality where the threshold is set with respect to the mean it is recommended that nsis explore the feasibility of extending this coverage,1
+both urban wastewater and solid waste volumes have increased due to population growth the construction of wastewater treatment plants for municipalities in the basin is expected to improve the situation these are planned to be completed by illegal waste disposal is also a pressure factor pollution of water from controlled disposal areas was also reported,6
+people with the lowest level of education were over three times more likely to live with hypertension diabetes and asthma or other chronic respiratory diseases and nearly five times more likely to live with depression than those with the highest level of education in however as in other eu countries there are notable variations according to income group about of people in the highestincome quintile reported to be in good health in compared with only about of people in the lowest income group figure nonetheless based on the institute for health metrics and evaluation ihme estimations nearly one quarter of the overall burden of disease in cyprus in measured in terms of dalys can be attributed to behavioural risk factors notably smoking but also risk factors often linked to poor diet and low physical activity ihme men are considerably more likely to smoke than women for men versus for women figure,3
+during the crisis of the regions countries built up experience with labourmarket policy instruments that limit the impact of labour demand on employment as stated previously promoting the labourmarket integration of young people is a key challenge productive development policies would boost productive job creation especially through the growth of small and mediumsized enterprises and would help reduce the wide productivity gaps that prevail in the region to achieve this governments would have to promote the development of innovation processes and the takeup of new technologies especially in relation to information and communication technologies icts,8
+the booked capacities were generally not used while not being available to other market entities in threequarters of the cases by distributors affiliated with the network operator thus excluding small market entities from the market and permitting the network affiliates to maintain a dominant position in their traditional supply areas bundesnetzagentur now capacities are auctioned thus removing barriers to grid access and simplifying the booking process however as on the electricity market a majority of consumers are not benefiting from savings they could get from provider switching bundesnetzagentur in addition ecoinnovation could also generate additional growth thereby offsetting some of the adverse effects of emission reduction policies oecd if,7
+the oecd work published in oecd reviews of health care quality korea raising standards b recommended that policy makers seek out desirable models of what uniquely korean approaches to primary health care services should look like and support them this section builds on the broad approach outlined in the earlier report by providing some potential paths to scale up primary care in korea given korean interest in the us health system it is surprising that there has been limited interest in moving towards a model of integrated care where an organisation receives a capitated payment from the national health insurance to manage all of the care of the patients this type of reform provides incentives for big hospitals to restructure their service delivery model to include stronger primary care this would require comparatively simple changes to payment methods or at least experimentation to allow some big hospitals to receive a capitated payment,3
+the public health effect of economic crises and alternative policy responses in europe an empirical analysis lancet sullivan d von wachter t job displacement and mortality an analysis using administrative data do not go breaking your heart do economic upturns really increase heart attack mortality,3
+as they have markedly different levels of child poverty and child deprivation based on the standard eu material deprivation indicator using these three countries as examples helps demonstrate the applicability of eumoda across the enlarged eu poverty among children is usually measured as the share of children living in poor households the proportion of children under living in deprived households using the enforced lack of out of standard items ranged from in finland and in the uk to in romania eurostat database last update many efforts have been made to measure child poverty using material deprivation indicators as a more direct way of measuring childrens material wellbeing the severe deprivation rate is based on the same set of items but the cutoff is drawn at four items rather than three proposed by guio both material deprivation measures had been adopted by the eu social protection committee,1
+nevertheless the proportion of sites with high concentrations above mg n increased over the review period as for bacterial contamination almost of the samples taken in had a faecal coliform count of zero a marked improvement from about ten years before even so as much as of the samples still had a faecal coliform count in excess of per ml a level regarded as gross contamination the most likely causes are land spreading of manure and poorly sited single house wastewater treatment systems no clear trends can be discerned from the results of the epa s rolling fiveyear monitoring programme of the trophic status of water bodies in estuarine and coastal areas nevertheless several major estuaries predominantly in the southeast and south have persistently displayed symptoms of nutrient enrichment since the epa began to assess their trophic status in the early s,6
+according to the world development indicators infant mortality rates dropped from deaths per live births on average in to deaths per live births in likewise life expectancy at birth rose from years in to years in with women living on average years longer than men in both and in fact literacy rates in the mena region for females has jumped a little more than percentage points from approximately in to in figure with significant improvements in gross tertiary enrolment in egypt and lebanon and in literacy rates in jordan the palestinian authority and qatar,5
+the high performance of switzerland s health system is reflected in high levels of patient satisfaction switzerland s population is older than that in most other oecd countries at the same time lifestyle changes today presage the rise of health risks within the swiss population in the future while still low the prevalence of obesity is rising particularly amongst young people these trends along with advances in medical technology should result in swiss residents being more likely to live with a chronic condition over the next few decades than they are today indeed they may live with more than one chronic condition or morbidity,3
+the lower bound accounts for activities targeting climate change as the principal objective the upper bound accounts for efforts to mainstream climate change into ongoing activities as well as principal activities twoyear averages data are provisional reporting on the mitigation marker became mandatory in and the adaptation marker was introduced only in thus data on earlier years is underestimated,13
+paraguay and plurinational state of bolivia honduras nicaragua and guatemala argentina brazil and uruguay stand out with personal income tax social security contributions and public cash transfers including pensions together reducing inequality as measured by the gini coefficient by around on average an equalizing effect was also achieved by public pension programmes in chile costa rica and panama and by direct taxation in mexico,10
+a brief summary of this report is publicly presented as well schools prepare a plan for improvement based upon this report and the moes and nase are responsible for monitoring the progress in the implementation of the recommendations the frequency of which depends on the school s performance in the external evaluation european commissioneaceaeuiydice while all schools in lithuania were to have been subject to external evaluation by in of schools had not undergone external evaluation nao in lithuania spent of its gdp on basic education below oecd and eu averages and below its neighbours latvia estonia and poland oecd b,4
+according to the oecd demography and population database for example in almost all european oecd countries most immigrants are from europe oecd m educational attainment of the nativeborn and foreignborn population should also inform policies related to human capital within these two groups in some cases similarities or divergences between the two groups can signal the need for formal andor nonformal adult education programmes see indicator a among yearolds there is a perfect gender balance in the percentage of men and women who are tertiaryeducated on average across oecd countries however among the younger generation age a larger share of women than men are attaining tertiary education,4
+greater female entrepreneurship would be an incidental benefit arising out of policy interventions which are motivated by broader objectives associated with education policy moreover some existing policies may seek to address this issue directly examples include the emphasis placed on encouraging women s participation in stem entrepreneurship in the last decade or through various business supporting programs see council of economic advisers,5
+in the metropolitan area networked water supply reached although the sewage network is not complete regione del veneto c though recent efforts have likely lowered this rate improvements are still needed to some extent this reflects generic problems that affect the water supply sector in general the water supply sector insofar as it relies on hydraulic technologies entails high capital costs relative to operating costs and to the tariffs generally charged for water,6
+there are however some interventions that would be easier to scale up in some countries and regions than others for example kangaroo mother care which involves the baby being placed in skin contact with the mother s bare chest and exclusive breastfeeding being supported is generally seen as more possible in african than in asian countries these include addressing health workforce shortages removing financial barriers and improving access to care through innovative delivery strategies such as task shifting delegating tasks to less specialized health workers,3
+in addition reforms seek to attract better prepared individuals to the teaching profession by granting scholarships to top students and giving bonuses to teachers and principals with excellent evaluations oecd c a draft law is in congress proposing major changes in the organisation of the teaching profession including the introduction of a certification process to access the different levels of the teaching career santiago et al the hiring of principals in public schools has also been professionalised and principals now have more liberty to select their management team and to dismiss teachers with bad evaluations,4
+northern ireland has recently introduced a new apprenticeship strategy and strong efforts have been made to increase overall participation in this educational pathway employers will be critical partners to boost overall private sector employment and ensure that more apprenticeship programmes can be developed in new and emerging sectors of the economy such as information and communications technology,8
+as with good quality public transport these services help make it as easy to live without a car as with one and in some cases more easily while a carfree city may not be possible or even desirable in many areas the wide palette of newly available mobility options allows metropolitan areas to flourish even as they mitigate the negative impacts of exclusive and possibly excessive car use table highlights many of the main differences between the two the author of the source recognises some overgeneralisation,11
+six out of ten people do not have access to safely managed sanitation services and one out of nine practice open defecation it is likely that the benefits of improved wash services for vulnerable groups would change the balance of any costbenefit analysis that accounts for changes in these groups selfperceived social status and dignity,6
+the goals also emphasize that no country is immune to the impact of poverty underscoring the fact that ending child poverty is a universal challenge failing to do so in this generation will transmit the human social and economic costs to future generations another time a childmother from the streets of colombia who had been trafficked raped and enslaved asked me this i have never had a dream,1
+therefore an appropriately skilled labour force good trading infrastructure and geographical proximity to developed countries have proved to be advantages for developing countries whose firms participate in international production chains this participation takes the form of interfirm agreements networks and alliances of various kinds but most often it involves hosting affiliates of tncs as coordination costs are likely to be minimized when production chains are managed w ithin the same enterprise,10
+the difference between the peak of the load duration curve and the residual load duration curve represents the generation capacity that on average is not required due to the presence of variable wind energy the difference between the black and the blue curves shows the minimal generation capacity over all samples which is not needed in the last edition of the world energy outlook iea c the iea assumes that the annual peak demand is normally distributed around the mean the capacity credit is then calculated based on the difference between the peak demand and the point one standard deviation above the residual peak demand,7
+the outcomes of the first two sessions were documented in the form of a policy recommendation paper which reflects the voice of the water user community to support governmental bodies efforts to shape policies to needs and expectations a concrete outcome is the azraq groundwater action plan established and approved by the mwi and the highland water forum steering committee in february this innovative multistakeholder initiative could also provide a platform where public private and notforprofit actors can share their concerns on service provision especially as its mandate for the coming years is being discussed,6
+pursuant to council resolution the independent expert on the question of human rights and extreme poverty presented a report containing her recommendations for improving the draft guidelines she added that these measures should include enhancing the capacity of individuals communitybased organizations social movements and other nongovernmental organizations that give visibility to those in extreme poverty and emphasized the role of institutional arrangements and mechanisms for effective popular participation ahrc para in this respect incorporating the entitlement to participation in domestic legal orders becomes crucial in order to create a firm legal basis for people to assess their participation in all stages of development to address the culpability for development harms and to seek compensation for lost entitlements including social exclusion,1
+formerly article of the law of relating to the rights and protection of the child against violence defined forced marriage as any marriage of a boy or girl of less than years of age and without his or her consent while child marriage is any conjugal livingtogether of a boy and a girl where one of the two or both of them are below the age provided for in the code civil articles and of the law of relating to the rights and protection of the child were repealed by the law n of on the rights and protection ofthe child which is in force today unfortunately the new law does not define forced marriage,5
+there are numerous other examples of increased rice production across africa for example in guinea a new type of rice known as new rice for africa or nerica has quickly superseded other varieties and since the launch of ugandas upland rice project in the national agricultural research organization reports an almost ninefold increase in the number of rice farmers from in to over in,2
+there is an increasing availability of data at the municipal school and individual student levels to use for different actors when setting goals and monitoring progress toward the achievement of these goals and in several school and municipality visits the team heard of trips that principals and municipal leaders had made to various jurisdictions around the world to leam from the experiences of professionals further along with the use of such data to support instruction municipal leaders and school leaders also reported that these visits focused on using data to increase the efficient use of resources to support their improvement efforts this section addresses the challenges and opportunities created by each of these changes in turn one of the most fundamental changes is the introduction of a set of common objectives which focus on student learning,4
+however this very same nuclear production is a contribution to the diversification of power supplies at the european level it is however increasingly recognised that the national level may not be the appropriate level to deal with the issue in europe for instance the creation of a single market for goods and services as well as the creation of a europeanwide market for carbon emissions is driving an evolution that sees energy and security of supply issues more and more as european issues,7
+beyond government ministries and agencies wfps partners included international and local ngos umbrella producer organizations united nations agencies input suppliers output aggregators processors financial service providers research institutions bilateral development partners and regional entities wfp the reformed public procurement law establishes that food procured for schoolfeeding programmes and other food security initiatives must come from national producers,2
+in conjunction with tight fiscal policies austere monetary policy has reduced demand for productive loans and consequently investments and growth thus adding to global employment problems at the same time exchange rates appreciate due to high shortterm capital inflows adversely affecting employmentintensive exportoriented sectors governments are compelled to reduce fiscal expenditures to keep down inflation and to retain the confidence of foreign investors even in the presence of underutilized capacity and largescale unemployment policies tend to be deflationary prompting reductions in consumption and hindering employment creation,8
+see the section on data quality in chapter for a description of the quality criteria first however to give an idea of how the position of both women and men has improved in absolute terms over the past years statistics on average women and men in the s s and s are provided in figure these estimates are populationweighted averages covering at least of the world s population where missing countries are imputed to alleviate a bias against developing countries for which less statistical material is available by the s however she could expect to live years longer and would marry just before her th birthday,5
+this means that when calculating total poverty different distances must be captured for moderate and severe deprivation this was done by assigning a score of for severe deprivation for moderate deprivation and for no deprivation the value was reserved for the situation of extreme deprivation which is not amenable to measurement by conventional surveys flowever the distances represented by these scores are metric whereas the three situations severe moderate and no deprivation relate to an ordinal system where the actual distances cannot be established so even though it is possible to differentiate between groups of poor children using depth and severity indices of total poverty they should be considered merely illustrative of the severity of poverty in these groups,1
+although financial disincentives care responsibilities and scarce job opportunities were less widespread overall they represented important barriers for some groups a striking finding is that large shares of those with no or weak labourmarket attachment face multiple simultaneous employment barriers faced three or more significant barriers highlighting the need for broad and coordinated policy approaches that focus on all relevant barriers in a holistic way section provides an overview of estonia s policy stance on activation and employmentsupport policies drawing on a range of available data and policy indicators section seeks to illustrate how bottomup information on patterns of individual employment barriers can inform a discussion of policy priorities effectiveness and gaps a concluding section summarises key policy implications,8
+the monetary base used for gdp is s at constant year exchange rate value sourced from unsd the time series here only cover to rather than to as was the case for dmc based measures reflecting the shorter time series available for material footprint data the developing group has a considerably lower ami than ml to lower over the full time series to while the reverse is the case for the industrialized countries group to higher over the period to,12
+in the case of new technologies this may refer to injuries caused through accidents involving autonomous drones should the manufacturer pay the software developers who designed the artificial intelligence system or the service provider who operates the drone it has changed the way in which information is generated and accessed to such an extent that some have argued that data is the new oil new technologies and tools have entered our daily lives at home and in the workplace,9
+a total of pilot smart cities have been selected from the ten asean member states table the positive externalities arising from agglomeration can be offset by negative externalities when a city s equilibrium size exceeds its socially optimum size oecd a oecd a traffic congestion is one of the key negative externalities of urban agglomeration particularly in emerging asia congestion is a considerable challenge in many of the region s cities,11
+the risk of shortage is largely borne by lowpriority users economic incentives to reduce pollution are generally weak in weighing such riskrisk tradeoffs the value of ecosystem services is often overlooked and not taken explicitly into account by setting standards for flood protection and implementing projects to meet those standards the government bears flood risk up to a level set by the standards,6
+while pursuing ethiopia s primary growth aim of achieving middleincome status a green growth strategy will need to better engage people who depend upon natural assets or who suffer from environmental hazards developing opportunities to improve the wellbeing of specific groups of poor people through participating in green economic activity next steps in implementing the crge will need to put the regions people especially women youth and marginalised groups and business in both the formal and informal economy at the centre on the one hand it ensures that everyone can participate in the growth process offering their information and opinions and taking part in decisionmaking as well as in participating in growth activities themselves benefitsharing and monitoring green growth activity,13
+five countries in the mena region reported the use of either the legislature or a committee in the legislature to perform oversight functions bahrain kuwait lebanon the palestinian authority and yemen bahrain egypt lebanon and the palestinian authority report establishing an ombuds office to address violations of women s rights for more information on the egyptian ombudsman see box similarly judicial bodies serve as important mechanisms to protect women s rights,5
+aguero marks and raykar document a significant motherhood wage penalty in a large sample of women from developing countries the gap is widest in egypt and india where approximately of workingage women identify housework as their main activity followed by hirkey and tunisia where the figure is about the average for european oecd countries and the united states is only these data underline the profound disparities in the division of household responsibilities between men and women throughout the emerging world but provide little information about the extent to which women s participation in paid employment is constrained by their family responsibilities by allowing a detailed breakdown of people s time this type of survey provides a more nuanced picture of gender roles,5
+after accounting for student and schoollevel socioeconomic status students who had attended early childhood education for one year or more scored an average of points higher in the pisa science assessment compared to those who had not however there are limits to the interpretation of this finding as the proportion of those who had attended less than one year of early childhood education isced represents on average across oecd countries of only of all yearolds and is relatively low in several oecd countries tables and on the web only for instance before accounting for student and schoollevel socioeconomic status students who had attended early childhood education for three years or more scored an average of points higher in the pisa science assessment compared to those who had attended ecec for less titan one year,4
+similarly gender institutions in some countries in postsoviet space and some in the arab region tend to be viewed as topdown bodies with limited connection to grassroots women s groups and infrequent public consultations effective policymaking capacities capable of taking into account the needs of men and women are critical across all sectors from education and employment to entrepreneurship defence and housing this calls for sound collection and dissemination of appropriate data and knowledge about gender disparities across the entire spectrum of policy concerns and providing the necessary evidence for the development of sound policies that can be transformative in the lives of women and men those strategies must be supported by appropriate institutional frameworks with clear accountability mechanisms across all government institutions,5
+this includes interventions that increase a country s capacity to mitigate or adapt to climate change or that improve the enabling environment for climate responses within the country costeffectiveness could also disadvantage certain types of interventions eg smallscale energyefficiency or countries eg sids where transaction costs would be relatively higher using costeffectiveness to assess the effectiveness of climate finance more broadly could lead to perverse incentives to channel financing to regions with lower transaction costs as opposed to greater need these concerns underlie calls from developing countries for needsbased as opposed to resultsbased financing in the unfccc negotiations eg lmdc and remarks by the philippines in usd,13
+women typically begin using substances later in life than men but once they have initiated substance use women tend to increase their rate of consumption of alcohol cannabis opioids and cocaine more rapidly than men and may progress more quickly than men to the development of drug use disorders in southeastern europe nearly three out of every five people in drug treatment are in treatment for opioid use disorders treatment for cocaine use remains prominent in north america latin america and the caribbean and to a lesser extent in western and central europe while amphetamines remain a problem primarily in east and southeast asia and to some extent in north america i nady elguebaly giuseppe carra and marc galanter cds milan springer cannabis is the main drug for which drug use treatment is sought in africa but many countries most notably mozambique nigeria south africa and the united republic of tanzania have reported an increasing number of people entering treatment for opioid use disorders,3
+there are benefits to this model particularly in terms of equity of service provision and local accountability for the quality and efficiency of service delivery however this model also has disadvantages particularly nationally designed rules that may not be suited to sparsely populated areas and a lack of incentives for cooperation between municipalities at a functional scale formerly used as a coordination mechanism it has been replaced with the forum for sustainable regional growth and attractiveness this forum is used to promote coordination between levels of government and type of government actor political and civil service bringing together representatives from ministries and regional bodies,11
+the objective of this paper is to conduct an overlap analysis of child deprivation in the eu to gain insight into the breadth of child poverty and degree of overlap between measures of monetary and multidimensional poverty particular attention will be paid to investigate crosscountry and crossdomain differences overall the paper s findings provide a strong call for the need to take a multidimensional approach towards the measurement of child poverty in the eu context,1
+for indigenous peoples health is a broad and holistic concept encompassing the spiritual the intellectual physical and emotional dimensions essential is the coexistence of the past present and future ensuring an intergenerational continuum including both individual and communal perspectives the right to health in these documents is applied at the level of the individual,3
+a number of studies have shown that highspeed lines strongly influence the structure and level of accessibility of a country or a region where these investments occur distances seem to shrink thus even remote places may become attractive as locations for economic activities and facilitating the movement of labour and goods figure shows the impact of this spatial compression within western europe in and how southeastern europe has not been able to capitalise on this,9
+in addition ethical considerations of increased ict use in schools have to be considered the iufm institut universitaire de formation des maitres academic institute for teacher training which provides both initial and continuous training and the crdp regional centre for educational documentation are the governmentowned corporations in charge of this more precisely in the field of initial teacher education it aims to promote an ict certificate in teacher education institutions the c i level,4
+to start off his presentation he put forth a question regarding what provisions of gats offer an opportunity to advance the objective in terms of food security although it is not immediately obvious many sectors have an important impact on food security through finance distribution logistics and transportation though there are no assessments as to the extent to which regional agreements in sadc have led to distortions in domestic markets such distortions will have to be managed,2
+the paper asks if autoequilibrating market mechanisms will spontaneously equalise income growth rates and stabilise inequality it concludes that the more likely scenario is continued unbalanced income growth this in turn implies on the economic side consumption and savings flows which accumulate to changed stocks of indebtedness financial fragility and periodic macroeconomic crises and on the social side to increasing inequality of opportunity and political influence greater economic and sociopolitical instabilities are therefore the most likely consequence of increasing income inequality over time mais ces comparaisons posent implicitement que les niveaux actuels d inegalite sont constants or la distribution des revenus ne peut etre constante que si les revenus croissent au meme rythme a tous les centiles de la distribution,10
+community type where a group of farmer households pool their rights and undertake unified planning production operation and management of the land collective leasing type where farmers entrust the operation rights to a collective cooperative which then may reorganise the land before issuing it for public lease joint operating type where farmers transfer shares to a rural land jointstock company which is often a larger agricultural enterprise with modern technologies and skills farmers retain a share of the profits derived from the land the first such trust was citic trust co ltd which was established in in yongqiao district suzhou anhui province as part of this arrangement in return for their operation rights farmers receive rent and a share of the net profits of the trust dependent on the area of land they initially contributed,2
+these issues derive from similarities between the results from all or most of the regions it is important to emphasize that the results is based on an economic analysis if the projection of this fast implementation of the green technologies should become reality it is important for the countries to develop needed incentive schemes tax schemes legislation etc,7
+it is also manifested in the difficulty of combining recognition and redistribution policies the risk being that upholding cultural difference ends up legitimizing social inequality or conversely that upholding equality legitimizes cultural homogenization all this adds up to a situation of profound inequality for indigenous peoples since the scale and depth of the divides are compounded by their persistence and reproduction in numerous spheres guatemala and the plurinational state of bolivia are the countries with the highest proportions of indigenous people in the region and this is reflected in all quintiles by comparison with the other countries in the sample,10
+a few households earned income from baking or hair dressing while only of the earned income through woodwork using electricity the community benefits cited were the ability to start small businesses improved security and better use of schools the ambition is to achieve a national gridbased supply and the plan is to complete the fullscale national electrification by,7
+only vertical transfers are taken into account ie transfers from higher to lower levels of government or vice versa an exception is made for germany and switzerland where horizontal equalisation systems are in place which are therefore added the tax side is captured by general government revenue from personal taxes in per cent of gdp as well as by an index measuring the progressivity of household taxes the kakwani index it is for instance possible that a share of regional transfers received by an scg is passed on to individuals in the form of cash benefits in this case it would count towards both regional redistribution and individual redistribution making the overall expenditure seem much larger when compared with other countries where the two transfer systems do not overlap for this reason a consolidation across systems was carried out,10
+this has consequences for the validity and limitations of the indicators that need to be gathered ideally innovation indicators in the education sector should be linked to specific social and educational objectives such as learning outcomes cost efficiency equity or public satisfaction innovation should also be measured at different levels and where no objective measurement can be made according to different stakeholders perspectives,4
+field measurements in the sadah area showed significant differences in transmissivity table which reflect the variations in the hydraulic permeability and thickness s also the wide range of values for storativity reflects the variability of the confining pressure due to differences in lithology and thickness of both the aquifer and the overlying formations particularly toward the southeastern edge of the system however direct and indirect recharge has been reported in the southern sadahnajran area where average rainfall is mmyr in yemen it is estimated that a total recharge natural sources plus irrigation return of mcmyr occurs in this escarpment zone which is equivalent to mmyr although lower mmyr mmyr values have been suggested,6
+figure presents synthetic nrr that are calculated as an unweighted average of nrrs in each month of a tong unemployment spell months at two levels of previous earnings and of average fulltime wages due to benefit ceilings nrr are lower for individuals with aboveaverage earnings and for four stylised family types single persons lone parents oneeamer couples with and without children calculations consider cash incomes excluding for instance employer contributions to health or pension insurance for workers and inkind transfers for the unemployed as well as income taxes and mandatory social security contributions paid by employees where benefit eligibility is subject to behavioural requirements such as active jobsearch or being available for work these requirements are assumed to be met,10
+in spite of these achievements local authorities acknowledge that additional efforts are needed to reduce the level of pollutants that are still beyond the national standards such as ozone and particulate matter the measures adopted to improve air quality have been diverse from closing the most polluting factories to banning cars in the metropolitan area one day per week through the hoy no circula programme no driving today mexico city s government has introduced the atmospheric monitoring network red de monitoreo atmosferico simat which provides data for informed policy making and has led to the adoption of the metropolitan index of air quality and the establishment of contingency and precontingency protocols,11
+indeed they suffer from the consequences of the economic crisis which has created excess generating capacity and low electricity prices reducing their ebitda and constraining their ability to invest this is particularly a concern when it comes to financing large projects such as nuclear power plants or large offshore wind farms owing to the fact that only one of those multibillion investment projects is enough to have an impact on the credit rating of even the largest utilities these factors tend to increase the weighted average cost of capital wacc used by utilities to finance new projects,7
+the detailed accounting provided by tus allows for comprehensive coverage of all activities and enables the documentation of tasks of short duration dong and an examine the gender patterns of time allocation over three activities paid work unpaid work and nonwork activity personal care and leisure and estimates the value of unpaid work in another study qi and dong show that working women in china not only spend longer hours on housework than working men but they are also more likely to have frequent interruptions in their market work often to perform housework activities which adversely affect their earnings it draws from the growing literature on household decisionmaking in developing countries which recognizes the importance of bargaining in the intrahousehold allocation of resources including time,5
+it then looks in more detail at the performance of the health system as seen from four different vantage points that broadly correspond to the key objectives of health systems the first objective concerns ensuring that patients can access the care that they need under the government guarantee package on a timely basis the second concerns the quality of care and whether it is adapted to patient needs the third key goal concerns the resources allocated to the public health care system and whether this is sustainable over the longer haul,3
+being a fund this programme does not cover the single loan but rather the full portfolio up to a limit based on the expected losses agreed between the bank and the management of the programme any additional loss beyond this ceiling is charged on the bank which is therefore tasked with the appraisal of the loan the leverage factor ie the multiplier effect of the single peso given as guarantee has also achieved its peak in on the one hand because of the downsizing of the ngf and on the other due to the buoyant trend of credit before the outbreak of the global economic crisis the evolution in the last four years is particularly revealing,8
+the limit is generally for each species in each landing it is important to underline the main rule that all vessels are obliged to have catch quota for their catches in all species which are subject to the itq system if their individual quota is overfished they must transfer quota from other vessels otherwise the fishing permit is suspended,14
+requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the copyrirt clearance center ccc at mfocopyrightcom or the centre francais sexploitation du droit de copie cfc contactcfcopiescom this study which examines a selection of oecd member countries validates the often intuitive assumption that as a largely domestic source of electricity with stable costs and no greenhouse gas emissions during production nuclear energy is wellplaced to make a significant positive contribution with the help of a series of transparent and policyrelevant indicators the study shows in particular that nuclear energy has indeed contributed to improving energy supply security in oecd countries in a significant manner during the past years,7
+for example ghg inventories from annex i parties have improved significantly over time following clear and common ipcc methods for what to measure and how combined with clear guidelines on what to report and input from expert review teams by contrast the clarity and consistency of information on support provided and climate finance mobilised has been limited to date work to improve the clarity of what to measure and report and what methods to use for doing so is underway,13
+the multidimensionality of wellbeing can be positive in that it is more comprehensive than single measures but it may be negative if it results in approaches that become fragmented into multiple but unconnected components rather than the holistic approach intended it has been conceptualised and informs the oecd programme for international student assessment pisa borgonovi and pal five dimensions of students wellbeing are captured and these align closely with definitions in other studies and with the coverage in this report measuring wellbeing,4
+it establishes as norms the strengthening of cooperative action and promoting and enhancing access and builds on the technology mechanism already established under the kyoto protocol in it regrettably however provides little detail as to how these norms must should or will be pursued in practice these may take many forms pollution controls that also result in ghg mitigation land use regulations clean infrastructure investment targets or policies aimed at fostering of innovations or new industries b state and trends of carbon pricing washington a january,13
+the preparatory process for the second assessment allowed for a discussion of the existing differences in monitoring and assessment systems the deriving problems regarding comparability of data and the lessons learned from those riparian countries which have harmonized or made compatible their monitoring and assessment systems the convention takes a holistic approach based on the understanding that water resources play an integral part in ecosystems as well as in human societies and economies its commitment to integrated water resources management wrm replaces an earlier focus on localized sources of pollution and management of separate components of the ecosystem,6
+biodiversity conservation status varies widely across regions and states being generally poorer in the south and southeast regions and along the coast where most of the population lives in after peaking in the mid s the annual deforestation rate in the area known as amazonia legal was below the average for the previous years figure brazil is therefore likely to overshoot its target of reducing deforestation in the region by by,15
+in latvia the very large spikes in exits from sa benefits must probably be attributed to data entry errors in the administrative information similar as for sa benefits the time trends in rates of housing benefit receipt appeal to be driven primarily by changes in exit rates an exception is again the large change in hb transition rates for latvia during the recession years,1
+they assume that poor working conditions in source countries may be considered as a determinant of emigration therefore when gender discrimination in the local labour market decreases womens incentives to migrate decrease as well they show that higher levels of discrimination in the workplace are correlated with higher levels of female emigration and lower levels of male emigration suggesting a substitution effect between men and women within a given number of migrants gender norms may also affect male migration by defining their role in the public and private spheres,5
+over million of them are anaemic millions are stunted and their growth and development are compromised spicer darntonhill etal the homogenization of agricultural production systems mainly through intensification coupled with specialization by plant and livestock breeders and the harmonizing effects of globalization cbd nd above all this affects the poor especially women and girls who too often have little else to eat koningstein pingali households headed by women by youth female or male and by lesbian gay bisexual and transgender lgbt individuals are particularly affected by food insecurity un boris etal,2
+eletrobras is a federallyowned holding page companv f r electricity assets controlling a large part of electric power generation and transmission systems mainly through six subsidiary companies as well as some distribution capacity in the amazon area the empresa de pesquisa energetica epe or energy research company is responsible for the development of integrated longterm planning of brazils power sector thus supporting mmes national energy policy and longterm planning by million out of a total million permanent residences were connected to electric energy,7
+as a result of fiscal stimulus and currency depreciation inflation increased to in domestic demand would continue to support expansion as merchandise exports and remittance inflows are likely to be weak amid low global prices for oil gold and cotton as well as subdued economic activity in other subregional economies prudent macroeconomic management in past years as reflected in favourable fiscal positions and large external buffers helped to enhance the country s ability to respond to external shocks nonetheless further efforts are needed to accelerate privatization and promote a more diversified private sectorled economy that can generate productive jobs and sustain inclusive growth,8
+good governance enables effective design and implementation of gender equality reforms and the materialisation of gender equality objectives while the implementation of gender equality is an important aspect of supporting good governance reforms through balanced decision making and resulting better policies and programmes including in the area of governance if there are no channels for the government to obtain structured input from civil society organisations and the population at large it would have a detrimental impact on the ability of women s organisations to influence public policies as such gender equality objectives cannot be attained without the support of good governance policies and gender equality reforms reinforce good governance within the context of building a strategic state,5
+students typically enter this level between age and age and these programmes usually end or years after the beginning of primary school programmes classified at this level may be referred to as secondary school stage two or upper grades senior secondary school or senior high school lower and upper secondary education includes secondchance programmes literacy programmes adult education and continuing education,4
+attendance of a special school requires a recommendation from an appropriate authority and parental consent the education act puts emphasis on increased integration of students with special needs in mainstream schools preprimary and basic schools are administered by municipalities while secondary schools are administered by regions,4
+it can be assumed that electricity consumption in rural areas is considerably lower than in metropolitan areas this holds particularly for the household sector where poverty levels are higher and overall population is low only in the remote areas of the amazon which cover about of the brazilian territory but with only of the national population grid electrification has been in part replaced by decentralised electricity supply alternatives mainly small diesel plants supply isolated villages and towns at a total nominal capacity of only about gw andrade a,7
+the creation of such metropolitan transport authorities has facilitated fare integration and expansion of the public transport supply as illustrated in the example of frankfurt box a few authorities also enjoy competencies in terms of public parking and sometimes urban spatial planning spatial planning encompasses a variety of activities across oecd countries,11
+african governments need to address the challenge of mapping as much as possible all primary education facilities and identifying all schoolaged children including tracking down outofschool children although improvements in legal and institutional frameworks and higher political priorities can support further achievements without tackling social norms around girls education success will not be complete a number of interlocking factors obstruct school retention for girls and can diminish their learning opportunities hostile learning environments inadequate female teachers discriminatory practices sexual harassment lack of sanitation facilities for young girls and early pregnancies indeed a lack of proper sanitation facilities tends to prevent girls from regularly attending school when girls enter puberty their absence from school increases if no adequate sanitation facilities are available reportedly between per cent of girls miss out on schooling for this reason,5
+in sierra leone the level rose from percent in to percent in ipu un women more women than men vote in botswana cabo verde lesotho south africa and senegal although overall rates for men seem to be about per cent higher in all countries surveyed by afrobarometer tripp the increased presence of women in politics is contributing towards addressing deeply historical inequalities in the political systems of the continent womens political participation and representation in governance have long been taken as key indicators of the general level of democracy in a country,5
+these interventions are suggested to be an integral part of the new urban agenda as elaborated in chapter new urbanism calls for smaller lot sizes shopping and community facilities within easy walking distance of homes transit access and street corridors that facilitate safe and enjoyable walking smart growth tools include promotion of higherdensity and mixeduse development transit use pedestrian and bicyclefriendly design,11
+doing so would help to ensure orderly payments of ageingrelated expenditures such as healthcare costs in a recent study it was found that given a currently low taxtogdp ratio there is significant room to raise taxes without causing major economic distortions in china japan and the republic of korea poesoro recent efforts to increase tax revenues in the subregion include the sales tax increase in japan in the republic of korea is considering adding another income tax bracket at the top end of the pay scale,8
+specialists are concentrated in large cities and shortages are a particularly pressing issue in rural areas shortages in emergency medical specialists anaesthetists intensive care specialists and ophthalmologists are reportedly particularly pressing in rural areas rural municipalities have tried a number of initiatives to attract specialists including salary supplements and free accommodation shortages persist however signaling a complex problem that is likely to need additional initiatives such as improvements to rural schooling and other services to attract health professionals and their families the demand for specialised nurses such as surgical nurses and intensive care nurses is particularly high in europe leading to a relatively high expatriation rate for nurses at as discussed earlier oecd c although many returned to work in nursing following the global financial crisis as it offered more stable employment compared with other sectors affected by the economic downturn on average about nurses choose to discontinue to work as nurses while about to nurses are trained every year,3
+this paper assumes that sigts instruments z are key determinants of genderbased discrimination in social institutions covsigi z but have no direct effect on income per capita covz the two instruments appear to be valid no evidence exists that richer countries ratify the cedaw before poorer ones nor that attitude towards female political leadership is linked to income level countries ratifying the cedaw recognise the legitimacy of reducing gender discrimination and commit themselves to undertake a series of measures to end discrimination against women in all forms,5
+apart from statelevel variation schools also adjust overall models to their circumstances but the principal difference is between segregation or inclusion of newly arrived immigrants in regular classes ahrenholz et al in the case of unaccompanied minors saarland has special language classes for unaccompanied minors tangermann,4
+however thanks to the impressive growth performance of several emerging countries in the region the incidence of poverty has fallen by more than half leaving less than per cent of the population in extreme poverty in the overall global population living in extreme poverty has decreased by approximately billion people between and asia and the pacific has lead the global success in the reduction of poverty over the last two decades in other words the population living in extreme poverty in the region declined from about billion in to billion in despite an overall population growth of approximately billion in the same period,1
+water abstraction charges were introduced in mexico in oecd their level varies according to the type of user and the geographical location see tables and the main categories of users are general which in practice corresponds with industry agriculture urban hydropower aquaculture and recreation eg spas,6
+social protection systems are essential to attaining inclusive development by providing automatic stabilizers during periods of crisis by providing additional incomes to the poor and enabling them to maintain access to food and basic services various types of programmes may be considered for the ldcs such as employment generation measures cash transfer programmes targeted social services and micro finance programmes the fragmented social safety nets that exist in these countries lack the framework of institutionalized welfare systems these social safety nets are not adequately handed are not coheren and do not provide coverage to protect the majority of the vulnerable populations,1
+for example in some countries direct referrals from the criminal justice system account for a high proportion of treatment admissions the abuse of heroin and synthetic opioids remains relatively low in the european union the average annual prevalence of opioid use mainly of heroin among the general population between and years of age was estimated at about per cent in opioids were the primary drug of abuse for per cent of all those receiving drug abuse treatment in western and central europe,3
+strategies include the strengthening of primary health care and the inclusion of specific health care services for older persons specialized assistance for outpatients hospital patients and within the home and pharmaceutical services the basic principles of primary health care are the following universal access to care and coverage based on needs health equity community participation in the formulation and implementation of health agendas and an intersectoral approach to health primary health care is usually the first contact older persons have with health services it is the area in which shortterm health problems are resolved and most chronic health problems are managed paho,3
+in a number of countries government spending on cash transfers to workingage individuals and families has remained more or less constant over the entire period austria czech republic france germany greece japan korea portugal spain despite sometimes sizable trend increases in total spendingtogdp ratios as discussed above public spending on income support for the nonelderly has relative to gdp dropped significantly in a few countries a similar comparison can be made on the revenue side however while oecd revenue statistics indentify the revenue components that are most relevant in the context of studying income redistribution personal income taxes and social contributions it is not possible to approximate the share of these taxes that are paid by nonelderly households only,10
+since global disaster related losses account for a total of usd trillion of which can be attributed to weather extremes adverse impacts are projected to grow including major shifts in local and regional climate conditions changes to water availability sea level rise heat waves drought and inundation with severe consequences for human life significant investment will be needed to increase the resilience of vulnerable communities mainly in sectors such as agriculture water and coastal protection the agreement emphasises the need to balance support provision between mitigation and adaptation it also emphasises that to support adaptation public and grant based resources are particularly needed,13
+the diversity of rural areas was acknowledged and strived to foster urbanrural linkages such a spatial planning approach requires a macro regional strategy that recognises the importance of a polycentric urban network to the development of areas linked to these metropoles including small and mediumsized towns located nearby european network this is driven by an understanding that urbanrural interactions should address not just proximity issues eg commuting patterns but also consider reciprocal exchanges in order to build meaningful partnerships,11
+the icpd goals especially those pertaining to reproductive health and reproductive rights gender equality womens empowerment and girls education are an integral part of efforts to improve quality of life and achieve sustainable social and economic development of the total regular resourced expenditures unfpa provided million in assistance for reproductive health million for population and development million for gender equality and womens empowerment and million for programme coordination and assistance,5
+however the share of outofpocket payment for pharmaceuticals is high accounting for of current health expenditure compared with the oecd average of this suggests access to pharmaceuticals can be challenging in the country particularly among lowincome groups data on pharmaceutical consumption and sales are limited in latvia but the only available data for international comparisons show that sales of antibacterials for systemic use measured in defined daily dose ddd are about lower than the oecd average,3
+in real terms public spending on education grew at an annual rate of between and public spending on early childhood and preprimary education had the greatest increase during this period average annual growth rate of followed by secondary education primary education and tertiary education ineed the vast majority of public resources are executed by public institutions about of total expenditure while the remainder about are executed by private institutions caifs and tax waivers associated to private provision of education services,4
+the third principle calls for preventive and supportive measures including security measures to make schools safer environments inclusive teaching methods to ensure support for pupils of all abilities the presence of specialized counsellors among school staff and the availability of mediators and psychologists for pupils their parents and teachers this principle also calls for a specialized team within each school district to provide advice to schools facing particular difficulties it also underlines the importance of collaborating with ngos that have specific knowledge and experience in this field,4
+according to eistrup and kahlig the greenlandic men became the losers eistrup and kahlig with reference to arnfred rasmussen further suggests that even successful fishermen and hunters in practice often rely on their spouses income thus a growing number of households depend on income from the women and more than half of the homes where hunting and fishing represent a significant part of the revenues it is women who earn most of the money as rasmussen states single men without these income sources however are confronted with severe economic problems rasmussen and an increasing number of these may in practice often rely on living as couch surfers with family and friends or receive help from ageing parents which according to rasmussen only amplifies the extent of social problems in the small villages,5
+thailand s government expenditure on preprimary education as a percentage of gdp has increased significantly in recent years to reach in only new zealand and viet nam spend considerably more on preprimary education as a percentage of gdp unesco data for australia korea and malaysia are from in thailand s funding per primary student was of per capita gdp compared to in malaysia as of and in singapore figure,4
+for others such as the lowskilled it may become increasingly difficult to escape poverty understanding how changes in family structure particularly among those at risk of low income might evolve over the next years is therefore of considerable importance for policy makers it starts by reviewing the current state of lowincome families looking at their evolution over recent decades and at the factors that have driven these changes the next section then looks at the influence that the policy environment has had on lowincome families across countries examining the role of taxes and transfers institutions and policies towards families with children on poverty outcomes three specific issues are addressed in the following section how the persistence of poverty the experience of young people and migration influence social cohesion,1
+the car is becoming more dominant as a transport mode for older people but there are differences among countries especially between europe and the united states in europe walking is still an important transport mode for older people with of older people s trips made on foot of trips of persons over in the austrian study are made on foot see bell et al there are differences even within countries town planning and access to public transport have the potential to influence mode choice in the direction of less dependence on the car mollenkopf et al,11
+additional obstacles may prevent women and girls participation and their ability or disposition to meet and be interviewed this may include organizing interviews according to special schedules that facilitate the participation of women and girls arranging alternative childcare considering the possibility of conducting interviews remotely through secure communication methods or receiving written testimonies when relevant outreach initiatives should also be gender sensitive to ensure that women and girls are made aware of them in a timely manner and of the possibility of their attending and that facilities will be provided to enable them to give their testimony as a result their testimonies often focus primarily on the experience of their male relatives and or children,5
+often the assumption underlying these stratification policies is that students talents will develop best when students reinforce each others interest in learning and create an environment that is more conducive to effective teaching vertical stratification refers to the ways in which students progress through school as they become older even though the student population is differentiated into grade levels in practically all schools that participate in pisa in some countries all yearold students attend the same grade level while in other systems they are dispersed throughout various grade levels as a result of policies governing ihe age of entrance into the school system andor grade repetition,4
+during the same period the rate across the oecd fell by the difference between the two fatality rates arises as the number of registered vehicles grew faster than the population in korea the number of per vehicle fatalities has been used as an important traffic safety indicator in korea it is part of the regional safety index which is provided by the korea road traffic authority koroad and forms the basis for overall regional traffic safety policies the high density of cars might explain to a certain degree why korea has a high number of traffic fatalities even though there are relatively fewer cars in the country,11
+currently doctor assistants who are trained in emergency and outpatient care for diagnosis and prescribing play a role between doctors and nurses filling the resource gap particularly in rural areas data refer to all nurses who are licensed to practice austria reports only nurses employed in hospital the number of primary care physicians however is low at per population compared to oecd average,3
+the mcdcb has been successful in developing and expressing a strong and coherent regional vision synthesised in the jica mega cebu roadmap study and as such has set the stage as a strong advocate to the national government in terms of capital funding policy implementation and lgu capacity building while it is still early days in terms of buyin and trust the mcdcb continues to actively demonstrate success in collaborative dialogue and advancing plans and projects in a way that coordinates but does not prejudice the autonomy of affected lgus the mcdcb model is also unique in its explicit engagement with and leadership from the private sector and civil society,11
+compared to a situation without climate change the four climate change scenarios modelled in this study project large changes in future yields resulting in increased threats to food security in many developing countries aggregate consumption decreases in all regions in all four of the modelled scenarios the loss of calories per capita due to climate change ranges between and compared to the reference scenario this would have obvious impacts on food availability,2
+these provisions take basically two forms special benefits for divorcees or regulations for pension sharing or pension splitting after divorce on the other hand some countries that have a pension model based on individual rather than derived pension rights such as finland and sweden and protect divorcees in a different way by making everyone eligible for a pension benefit independent of past or present family situation choi european commission i tablei however they may not be sufficient where there is unequal distribution of unpaid care work between women and men foster points out that in the united kingdom for instance children are on average years old at the time of divorce so caring responsibilities are still likely to reduce mothers earnings for some years afterwards these gaps in earning history can thus continue to compromise women s pensions even after sharing the pension rights and contributions accumulated over marriage see for exampleginn frericks et al,5
+changes in these strategies are driven mainly by their national development strategies the implementation of the trade facilitation agreements efforts to reduce poverty and efforts to improve international competitiveness amongst others through regional integration industrialisation and the expansion of services as such commitments are an expression of the current priorities of the recipient and donor commitments are recorded as the full amount of the expected transfer irrespective of the time required for the completion of disbursements which in some cases may take many years,9
+belgium implemented comprehensive smoking cessation services and smokefree policies were also implemented who as in many other countries mass media campaigns were launched to promote the a day target for fruit and vegetable consumption belgium imposed a tax on sugarsweetened beverages in as is the case in france and finland but abandoned a sugar tax on food products,3
+the latter which concerns sustainability is necessitated by the current overexploitation and poor management of marine resources resulting in lost opportunities to improve livelihoods heightened risks to global food security and diminished economic opportunities especially for the worlds fisherfolk and coastal populations these developments have made possible access to and use of marine resources that were out of reach a few decades ago such as marine bioprospecting renewable marine energy and rare metal mineral extraction in the seabed these include small populations a limited natural landbased resource base high dependency on development assistance and international trade especially for imports susceptibility to external shocks remoteness from major markets recurrent natural disasters and they are highly vulnerable to the consequences of climate change especially rising temperatures and sealevel rise the fact that oceans surround them makes many of these vulnerabilities more evident especially in environmental terms in high transportation cost and in low connectivity terms,14
+it does not calculate cycling access to bus stations as it is assumed that bus services are accessed by walking only the main purpose of comparing cytal and ptal is to highlight areas where ptal is low by itself but can potentially be raised by including cycling as an access mode this measure however does not take into account the availability of cycling infrastructure such as parking at origin or destination or the suitability of the cycle network for a given trip thus this indicator serves tfl for strategic cycling analysis and helps identify areas for potential future cycling infrastructure investment in the greater london area most importantly such analysis requires additional quality data on availability of cycling infrastructure including parking and dedicated cycling lanes and on perceived safety and overall convenience of cycling in various areas across london however they do not capture the actual accessibility needs of various groups of people,11
+in addition to strengthening horizontal cooperation among ministries vertical cooperation with the lander and municipalities will be needed for nas implementation as the subnational authorities have legislative and administrative powers in many of the key areas for climate change adaptation the involvement of the private sector the social partners and ngos has also to be clarified the nas participatory process has in this respect already provided a valuable basis government funding has supported this community focusing on austrian issues but has also encouraged international cooperation to leverage greater resources particularly as part of eufunded initiatives table,13
+the impact of additional instruction time has been identified by researchers who have used quasiexperimental methods to examine the causal relationship between school days and student achievement naturally occurring and exogenous variation in amount of instructional time due for example to school cancellations resulting from bad weather or teacher absenteeism has been shown to have a substantial impact on student achievement hayes and gershenson for example fitzpatrick et al,4
+both the forestry market and the industrial market in guatemala have weak links to domestic and international demand so the lions share of exports traditionally consists of low valueadded products it borders to the east with belize to the north and west with mexico and to the south with the departments of alta verapaz and izabal this invaluable wealth mainly managed under a communityforest management model aimed at the conservation of natural resources justifies studying the value chain of wood products obtained from the departments forestry concessions it also explains why the metaobjectives that have been defined point to increasing job creation in the zone the strengthening of linkages between all links of the chain and between it and the rest of the countrys forestry sector greater participation by smes related to the value chain and hence a positive effect on the level of exports from the chain and the country at large outside that protected area and others officially included in the same category various mainly agriculture related productive activities are undertaken such as the production of basic grains maize and beans and african palm along with livestock breeding,15
+the country recently finished rehabilitating the dushanbekyrgyzstan border road the dushanbetursunzadeuzbekistan border road and the dushanbekulmachinese border road numerous other roadrehabilitation projects are ongoing and others are scheduled for construction by most of these roads connect dushanbe and other cities of tajikistan with the border crossing points of china afghanistan and central asian neighbours,9
+this is typically much more employmentgenerating than several other economic activities and also has substantial multiplier effects spending on the provision of proper health facilities for example or ensuring goodquality and universal education has great employmentgenerating potential there is thus a strong case for pursuing a growth strategy that allows and encourages labour productivity increases overall such a strategy should also involve a significant expansion of public expenditure and in turn of income and employment opportunities in social sectors that have a positive impact on the standard of living,8
+the challenge of hunger focus on financial crisis and gender inequality international food policy research institutewelthungerhilfeconcem worldwide bonndublinwashington dc providing coverage in times of crisis and beyond international labour organization geneva electricity sector reforms and the poor in europe and central asia the world bank washington dc recession recovery and reform in central and eastern europe and the former soviet union the world bank washington dc,1
+in korea costsharing for care including pharmaceuticals is reduced for cancer patients in belgium finland iceland and norway payment exemptions are available for certain pharmaceutical goods for patients the extent of exemption varies across these countries and includes cancer drugs dispensed in a pharmacy in belgium cancer drugs used in hospitals but copayment for pharmacy drugs in finland cancer drugs used in hospitals in iceland intravenous drugs and several painreducing drugs in norway,3
+pantanal is well preserved but it is under pressure from the expansion of unsustainable farming and ranching erosion and siltation and pollution of rivers due to pesticides urban expansion is another important threat to biodiversity in the pampa illegal logged wood is up to cheaper than legal wood which makes sustainable forest management uncompetitive nogueron and cheung,15
+for most children transitions are satisfying and fulfilling but for some children they can be challenging and stressful jindalsnape therefore the nature and smoothness of these transitions can be strongly influenced by decisions on pedagogical and programme aspects during the transition stage neuman sink edwards and weir in educational literature pedagogy has been conceptualised as the scientific base for the art of teaching and defined as the set of instructional techniques and strategies that enable children s learning to take place in educational settings oecd sirajblatchford pedagogy refers not only to the actual practices and direct actions of a practitioner but also to the way a practitioner implements the practices how he or she intervenes or engages in activities and communicates with children the way groups and practices are organised and how the daily schedule is planned,4
+in the case of sustainable energy energy efficiency loans or solar leases could be pooled securitised and issued as an assetbacked security the process of pooling or warehousing these loans or receivables is discussed further in the report to provide a credit enhancement a specialised insurance provider guarantees or wraps the assetbacked security to insure against losses the insurance wrap typically increases the credit rating of the issuance,7
+in the context of private sector engagement on the environment this approach involves focusing on the benefits of improving environmental performance such as increased competitiveness reduced costs and reduced exposure to risks rather than environmental benefits per se overcoming barriers between relevant departments eg environmental department and private sector development department within development agencies could facilitate the implementation of interdisciplinary approaches which use the language of the private sector in other words approaches should be rooted in an understanding of how development cooperation providers can better address the barriers that companies face in pursuing market opportunities for green technologies products and services in developing countries,13
+the ultimate goal of the discussion is to provide policymakers in the region with an understanding of the state of climate finance and recommendations on approaches for mobilizing climate finance in the light of global efforts regional trends and successful initiatives the author would like to acknowledge the escap environment and development division rae kwon chung aneta nikolova riccardo mesiano hala razian and with support from yohan hong a peer review was conducted by the climate policy initiative mia fitri and leela raina,13
+the charter required metro to adopt a year future vision and a longrange regional framework plan with which city and county comprehensive plans must comply metro has authority to levy taxes it levies property taxes and excise taxes and to enforce its planning requirements like cities and counties metro must comply with state landuse regulations there are no formal governmental links that span the columbia river to connect the oregon and washington parts of the region,11
+as a result it is seen by farmers as an attractive reliable and easily accessible source of water garrido and iglesias and is highly popular for this reason garduno and foster while agriculture is a significant contributor to the recharge of shallow aquifers both via surface and groundwater irrigation taylor et al nonrenewable abstraction reached km year or of gross irrigation demand in and had more than tripled since wada et al due in part to increased climate variability which affects access to surface water groundwater resources are increasingly used to the point of being exploited beyond recharge in multiple agricultural regions taylor et al this situation has made groundwater use one of the most important challenges for agriculture oecd e continued abstraction results in falling water tables which in turn increases the cost of pumping and can create a race to the bottom among producers,6
+recent analysis of efficiency vermont the energy efficiency operator in vermont shows hogwh energy reductions over a ten year period at a cost of usd million with a levelized cost of usd mwh but with multiple benefits to consumers totaling usd mwh the california public utilities commission policy rules and related reference documents outline the administration oversight and evaluation of energy efficiency programmes funded by ratepayers in california in the chinese government issued an electricity demandside management dsm implementation measures regulation requiring all grid companies to deliver energy reduction of at least of the previous year sales and peak demand reductions of at least of the previous year peak demandiea,7
+first labour market slack is exceptionally large in many countries and thus outside of most recent experience another difficulty in applying historical evidence to the current recovery period is the very different composition that it takes in different countries whereas massive labour shedding led to large increases of unemployment and inactivity in some countries an unusually high share of the total decline of labour input has been achieved through hours reductions in a larger number of countries cf the need for vigorous employment growth is evident for the former group of countries,8
+all the indicators of variability coefficients of variation and correlations in part i are calculated across time for individual farms the average across the sample farms is reported in the tables and figures this analysis of observed variability is subjected to the usual caveat that some farmers decisions and strategies are already embedded in the observed values of some variables such as yield or costs for many farmers production or rather yield since our focus is on crop farms and price are the two variables that reflect the main sources of risk,2
+there is evidence indicating that climate change climate variability and extreme environmental events and natural disasters result in women due to their social roles carvajalescobar etal their extensive knowledge and expertise should also be used in climate change mitigation disaster reduction and adaptation strategies and at the national level evidence suggests that countries with higher proportions of women in political leadership perform much better on climate change mitigation than governments with fewer women possibly due to women being more concerned than men about the impact of climate change in such countries womens environmental network and national federation of womens institutes,13
+interpretation of changes of working hours over time needs to take into account that the total number of working hours in an economy might be sensitive to the business cycle it is therefore recommended to analyse the indicators of the subdimension together with gdp growth the employmenttopopulation ratio and the mean actual working hours average working time might decrease during recessions while employment in long working hours might increase as layoffs increase the workload of the remaining workers,8
+multilateral institutions will face the same definitional and methodological issues that the oecd dac system will need to address particularly around identifying what is adaptation specific as previously mentioned there is currently a process underway within the world bank group to identify the percentage share of each project in the bank s portfolio which supports climate change related outcomes the methodology for calculating the percentage of a climate change cobenefit could then be applied across all multilateral institutions,13
+womens names do not feature in ongoing power struggles for the top leadership of the african national congress anc although the opposition democratic alliance da has three women at the helm in the countdown to the deadline for the targets of the southern african development community sadc protocol on gender and development and of millennium development goal mdg promoting gender equality and empowering women south africa needs to redouble its efforts to ensure the achievement of gender parity in all areas of decisionmaking south africa also needs to ensure that this translates into real changes in the lives of the majority of women,5
+in ontario canada for example school principals and viceprincipals can be reassigned to a different leadership position or dismissed from their responsibilities if appraisal has resulted in a third unsatisfactory rating and after the introduction of improvement plans in new zealand school principals are typically employed on a permanent basis in case of serious concerns however a competency process designed to provide remedial support may be initiated,4
+however oda for sti capacities directed to the ldcs landlocked developing countries and small island developing states as well as for developing countries in africa has remained at the about same levels for the past decade the northsouth divide in research and innovation while still large for many countries is narrowing overall as more countries incorporate sti in their national development strategies increased rd spending and institutional strengthening over the past years have encouraged more crossborder collaborations in per cent of scientific publication in lowincome countries had international coauthors from per cent in with per cent in lowermiddle income countries from per cent in,9
+for instance if more open trade raises food availability in importing countries this may reduce incomes for net food sellers and specific measures may therefore be required to help negativelyaffected households and prevent hardship brooks and matthews within the individual scenario in particular which by default is characterised by a lack of international cooperation little focus on coherent food regulations and hence comparatively high trade costs a reduction of regulatory heterogeneity could increase average farm incomes in south and central america by around by brazil is found to increase average farm incomes by about in that scenario demonstrating its prominent role as an agricultural exporter,2
+he suggests that the small effect reflects the fact that insurance cannot absorb the nonpecuniary cost of unemployment however it may also reflect the possibility that unemployment insurance has a similar impact on the employed and the unemployed as suggested by other studies discussed in the main text when jobs and workplaces combine these factors people are more apt to manage work pressure and difficult tasks they also tend to be healthier more satisfied with their job and more productive but working conditions may also impinge negatively upon an individual s personal life,8
+the application of this principle has proven to be the single most divisive political issue between parties over the life of the convention unlike the unfccc the kyoto protocol contained quantifiable binding emission reduction targets for industrialized countries in annex i this represented the application of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities at that time the protocol finally entered into force on february in spite of its entry into force however several major emitters remained outside mandatory emissions regime either because they were nonannex countries such as china and india or because they were unwilling to sign on to the protocol such as the united states of america,13
+these water challenges contain both environmental eg depletion of local water resources untreated wastewater and economic dimensions eg cost of inaction to catch up with expanding infrastructure needs water losses lack of resilience to floods and in this regard are critical green growth obstacles while there is increasing recognition in particular by the metro cebu development coordinating board mcdcb of the urgent need to tackle these problems in order to ensure the sustainable longterm development of the province this section proposes alternative or complementary policy recommendations to the existing wss strategies following oecd and nonoecd countries and cities experience in this sector however mcwd only serves of the population million residents in its franchise area the remaining population being served by community water associations or private suppliers jica and mcdcb,6
+the training of school teachers can be strengthened to help them recognise and eliminate potential bias that they can have with regards to gender groups such bias can have an impact on student schoolbased assessment boys can improve their performance in core subjects if schools and parents encourage them to read box and make homework a priority,4
+individuals need a multiplicity of skills to achieve diverse life goals these skills are general in nature and relevant for all kinds of occupations considered necessary to provide a foundation for effective and successful participation in the social and economic life of advanced economies the oecd has developed two major data instruments to assess these skills the oecd programme for international student assessment pisa assessing yearolds in literacy numeracy and science and the survey of adult skills a product of the oecd programme for the international assessment of adult competencies piaac assessing adults aged in literacy numeracy and problem solving in technologyrich environments also called informationprocessing skills they are based on recognised taxonomies in personality psychology particularly the big five factors extraversion agreeableness conscientiousness emotional stability and openness so far no comprehensive measures exist but conceptual work is being carried out to evaluate the potential of developing measurement instruments in the future oecd c,4
+basin efficiency in the base year is calculated as the ratio of the net irrigation water demand to the total irrigation water depletion estimated from records shiklomanov the projection of irrigation water demand depends on the changes in irrigated area and cropping patterns basin efficiency and effective rainfall global climate change affects future irrigation water demand through changes in precipitation and temperature along w ith other meteorological variables that affect crop evapotranspiration irrigation demand in the fpu is calculated for a given cropping pattern after taking into account the basin efficiency of the irrigation system,6
+formally such system effects are externalities whose textbook definition is an effect that is not accounted for by the one who causes it the essence of an externality is the lack of reciprocity between those who are affected by them to those who cause them usually markets establish such feedback mechanisms i give to you you pay me i receive from you i pay you in such cases the price mechanism is incapable of organising the usual reciprocal exchanges between those who create a good or a bad and those who enjoy it or suffer from it consequently negative externalities are overproduced and positive externalities are underproduced in the case of system effects in the electricity sector the relative newness of the issue the lack of firm information and the lack of an appropriate allocation of responsibilities all have contributed to a situation in which system effects in the electricity sector are part of a general entropy of costs where costs rise and profits fall without reasons that are clearly identifiable,7
+additionally it can be difficultto isolate environmental factors from other drivers of migration in the middle east and north africa for example it has been predicted that environmental degradation will reduce the amount of fertile arable land and thus compound a shortage of employment for a youthful population expanding quickly as a result of demographic trends a proportion of whom may thus migrate to look for work in this case environmental degradation demographic trends and economic factors a lack of employment combine as potential drivers for migration there is no agreed definition or defined category and no explicit legal or normative framework pertaining to people moving as a result of the effects of environmental change,13
+in the case where the majority of the basic data are available and reliable and the adjustments are based on sound judgement the estimate of the food available for human consumption is likely to be reliable burkina faso is known to be a major producer of sorghum millet and maize and a net importer of rice the differences in maize and sorghum not consumed according to insd amount to and tonnes respectively or of total production these quantities have probably been exported in which case they should be found entering a neighbouring country hence errors in food energy supply estimates of one country can have repercussions on the estimates of other countries in the region,2
+the included benefits cover three types of ecosystem services changes in flood protection based on avoided property damages changes of the biodiversity of the wetlands based on contingent valuation and the nutrient retention of the additional wetlands based on replacement costs the benefits from these changes of ecosystem services as a result of the program are then compared to the cost of both alternative programs the comparison shows that the dike relocation program is economically advantageous to the polder program if one includes the two additional ecosystem services,6
+one example of the capability of the system to work on efficiency improvement is the school consolidation process this process was led in a decentralised fashion by individual municipalities municipalities have sought to consolidate their school systems to both increase student achievement by improving the learning environment and to reduce expenditures in the folkeskole by achieving economies of scale through larger school sizes the national system reduces financial differences across municipalities,4
+one of the initiatives of the master plan on asean connectivity is the development of sustainable urbanisation strategies in asean cities this includes the launching of a smart transportation initiative for public transportation and nonmotorised transportation these include employment creation social and environmental impacts and alignment with broader development strategies and resource mobilisation oecd a public and private funds have roles to play in financing sustainable investments in public transportation public financing could benefit from the development of new sources of revenue including land value capture tools that allow governments to collect revenue generated through the effects of improved infrastructure and services on nearby land values oecd a,11
+esteban and dinar analyse agricultural water management options and find that collective responses always lead to higher welfare results for farmers and society indeed selfregulation and management by user groups have been effective ways to conserve groundwater fao koundouri stephenson reported how the upper republican nebraska river district helped control groundwater coming from the high plains aquifer,6
+involvement of all stakeholders is essential to improving the outcomes at each stage of the policymaking process and within the context of climate change it is critical that negative tradeoffs unintended consequences and maladaptation be avoided regrettably those most vulnerable to climate hazards are often excluded from policy discussions or are inadequately represented,13
+the chapter reviews the factors that push migrant women towards entrepreneurship and that determine their different entrepreneurial behaviour compared to migrant men in order to understand the determining factors behind the motivation towards entrepreneurship as well as genderbased differences the chapter addresses and evaluates the results of several case studies in selected oecd countries the chapter also evaluates the transformations in the motivation and driving forces of migrant women towards entrepreneurship over the years,5
+moreover parp cooperates with employers and employee organisations ngos businesssupport organisations and central and regional administrations on entrepreneurship policy the implementation of instruments and design of new initiatives these are either regional development agencies or institutions with adequate experience in supporting smes ie chambers foundations associations the areas focused on by the rfis include implementing regional enterprise development instruments and administering parpspecific sectoral sme support instruments in the regions,8
+the transfers to sector numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures where missing world s total values of production for catch and aquacullure were sourced from the fao yearbook fishery and aquaculture statistics both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production aquaculture lias also been adjusted to account for the value of chinese production reported to the oecd,14
+intelligent water supply intelligent parking intelligent lighting and other services provided by the intelligent system have been applied in shenzhen nanjing hangzhou and other cities in china improved the city management reduced the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions improved the citys liveability level and promoted the cultivation and development of new enterprises relevant to sdgs and the project focuses on the lot industrial standardsrelated work which include requirements terminology architecture protocols security solutions ontology interworking and bindings etc specifically it works on the transposition from published onem m standards which include technical specifications and six technical reports into itut sg,9
+the national energy strategy till reflects the political vision of the government of european development of bulgaria pursuant to the uptodate european energy policy framework and the global trends in the development of energy technologies it is prepared as a draft document which formulates the purposes basic principles relevant instruments sector policies the expected results and the necessary funding for their achievement it is aimed at the development and implementation of a comprehensive national policy for energy efficiency this strategy is based on the eu green paper on energy efficiency and action on energy efficiency published in the strategy for economic development of bulgaria the national strategic reference framework and energy strategy,7
+now they work to change the attitudes of other men in their communities at these schools married men get information about womens reproductive health for example they learn about the importance of spacing pregnancies of regular examinations during pregnancy and of giving birth with the assistance of a qualified midwife,5
+resolution also encourages member states to strengthen the collection of sexdisaggregated data to better understand the impact of small arms and light weapons on women as part of the review a global study was launched on october in the foreword phumzile mlambongcuka executive director of unwomen notes that the resolution was one of the crowning achievements of the global womens movement and one of the most inspired decisions of the united nations security council it also notes that international courts and tribunals are dealing with sexual violence in more sophisticated ways,5
+energy efficiency watch the efficient vehicle incentives programme launched in facilitates the replacement of older fuelintensive vehicles with high efficiency models with lower consumptions and ghg emissions a direct government aid of eur per vehicle is given for efficient vehicles whose beforevat cost is eur or for electric plugin hybrids whose beforevat cost is eur,7
+existing hydropower capacity is concentrated in the north of india in the himalaya region figure only of the planned capacity of gw under the th fiveyear plan was achieved most of the factors delaying the development of hydro projects have now been addressed through legislative and policy initiatives ramanathan and abeygunawardena,7
+however these funds are not currently earmarked to support tourism training although discussions are underway between the egyptian tourism federation and the ministry of manpower to assign a portion of the levy from tourism establishments to training in belgium for example employer contributions and sectoral funds finance a range of public and private training initiatives enterprises who host registered apprentices or interns can benefit from a reduction in their social contributions for each worker or employee which participates in the train the trainer programme up to a maximum of eur other countries however note the absence of industry levies and support mechanisms to finance skills and career development in the tourism industry sometimes in contrast to other sectors,8
+land use landuse change and forestry as defined by the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc covers emissions and removals of ghgs resulting from direct humaninduced lulucf activities emissions to the atmosphere can occur through forest fires conversion of forest to cropland and decomposition of aboveground biomass that remains after logging and deforestation removals from the atmosphere occur for instance through the extension of forest cover through afforestation and reforestation,15
+with the number of students significantly increasing it is necessary to both hire more teachers and retain the current ones a deficit of teachers and preschool teachers is expected by skolverket national agency for education ii compared to its peer countries sweden is placed below germany but above austria and the netherlands and respectively considering the division of the index by socioeconomic profiles swedish principals working in the bottom quarter of schools report that the shortage of teaching staff to a greater extent hinders the schools instruction capacity than the oecd average compared to,4
+the public goods nature of social infrastructure spending that is the positive eternality economies experience in response to such spending reflects the benefits that accrue to broader society as well as the individual much more empirical work is needed to identify its quantitative impact on longrun productivity growth there is however already substantial evidence that social infrastructure spending that addresses key intergroup inequalities has sizeable beneficial economywide effects several studies provide evidence that closing the education gap between boys and girls has a positive effect on economic growth klasen and lammana bandara,5
+mobility of unskilled labour to australia and new zealand through seasonal work schemes for example could provide some temporary relief to the high youth unemployment situation in the pacific existing schemes such as the recognised seasonal employer work policy in new zealand and australia s pacific seasonal worker pilot scheme made permanent in july as the seasonal worker programme have been hailed as a success governments of pacific island economies have argued that more needs to be done in terms of numbers and sectoral coverage and in ensuring greater certainty for such schemes,8
+the most important factor of all may be an open agile mindset and willingness to embrace change in a fastmoving economy it is this open mindset which has seen a book provider become a major cloud services provider a social media network become a major news outletdistributor and a search engine engage in everything from satellite imagery to translation services to selfdriving cars ecommerce can help economies open up to new markets abroad and the opportunities of the online economy but some commentators have suggested it may also leave economies with shallow or incomplete industrialization vulnerable to a flood of imports from abroad indeed the role of consumers in driving the supply chain has also yet to be clearly understood in many countries,9
+most countries use a mix of policy instruments including carbon pricing carbon taxes capandtrade emissions trading fossil fuel subsidy reform other energy efficiency policies informationbased approaches and innovation policies to foster clean technology the chapter then looks at what further action is needed by comparing different mitigation scenarios against the baseline these include various scenarios to stabilise ghg concentrations at ppm and ppm using different technology options eg carbon capture and storage phasing out nuclear power and increasing the use of biofuels linking carbon markets and various emissions permit allocation rules the chapter concludes by outlining how limiting global warming will require transformative policies to reconcile shortterm action with longterm climate objectives balancing their costs and benefits timely adaptation policies to limit damage by the already changing climate will also be essential,13
+it was opened by datin paduka dyg apsah bte hj abd majid permanent secretary at the ministry of education the theme was embracing diversity effective inclusive schools and the keynote address embracing diversity strengthening inclusive schools was made by guest speaker dr lori bradshaw the materials include the statutory requirements early identification a model for developing schoolwide procedures inclusive systems and ensuring staff ownership these were developed as part of the enhancing effective practice in special education project,4
+other data in konandreas show that selfsufficiency in cereals has remained remarkably stable in both ldcs and nfidcs over the past thirty years at and respectively nonetheless constant selfsufficiency ratios are consistent with a growing volume of commercial cereal imports paying for food imports can strain the resources of countries where economic growth lags and foreign exchange earnings are limited,2
+payments are withheld if a supplier fails to meet the specified conditions conditional payments are used in a number of jurisdictions as a compliance mechanism in the biobanking scheme in new south wales australia a biobanking agreement is made between a landowner and the new south wales minister for the environment at the establishment of a biobank site which includes the details of the estimated land management costs in perpetuity,15
+the availability of such information is particularly crucial for potential investors as this will shed light on resource supply risks thereby reducing their due diligence costs to ensure nondiscrimination between foreign and national investors this information should be available in multiple languages ideally in an electronic format so as to also be easily accessible from outside the country however the grid has not always been extended to accommodate clean electricity generation in fact renewable energy resources may not necessarily be located close to the existing grid network,7
+in response to the devastating heat wave that killed at least people across india in the government is launching a programme designed to protect people from extreme heat in two highrisk regions in preparation for the onset of summer the cities involved in the programme will have spent months educating children about heat risk stocking hospitals with ice packs and extra water and training medical workers to identify heat stress dehydration and heat stroke these plans which are geared towards reducing health risks incrementally present a unique opportunity to achieve policy integration for instance the socalled urban heat island effect a major source of aggressive heat injurious to human health can be reduced by creating more green spaces or utilizing different materials in construction silva phelan and golden which could contribute to building climate resilience and more sustainable cities,13
+fortyfive observation points on the aral sea bed help to assess the impact of the lowering sea level on groundwater in the area twelve observation points focus on the assessment of the impact of the tajik aluminium plant several observation points near the mailuusuu and sumsar rivers assess the pollution of groundwater from tailings located in kyigyzstan,6
+additionally owners with tql allocation are required to pay annually a specific tax calculated according to the amount of quota allocated to the owner satellite positioning system is required for smallscale vessels more than m length purseseine more than m length and transport vessels this will help enforce the first mile fishing zone restrictions,14
+these women have established families with reduced family responsibilities wide experience a loyal constituency and are financially stable these women can also be mentored by other women in political authority appointing women leaders into positions of authority has proved effective in many commonwealth countries redrawing of voting districts research has shown women win more open seats new constituencies than wellestablished constituencies the creation of new districts or local councils can be drawn based on increased population involving male champions practically it is important to partner with men who have longstanding control of power and sensitise them to understand gender equity equality and mainstreaming,5
+in the united states the small business act calls for the participation of small business to be maximised with a goal of awarding them no less than of federal contracts annually the act further calls for no less than of these contracts to be given to small businesses that are owned by women similarly in korea there is a requirement for of public procurement of products and services in the country to be directed to female entrepreneurs although it is not directly related to public procurement to complete these efforts some countries also focus on the supply side to support womenowned businesses through lowinterest loan programmes technical assistance coaching and facilitating access to credit,5
+promotion of gender equality should be the responsibility of all ministries and agencies across governments from finance to education centrally located gender institutions are often perceived as having more authority and better capacity to steer a governmentwide implementation of equality agenda but this is not a generalised rule and political will and public service leadership support are essential no matter the choice of institutional structures activating and adequately supporting appropriate mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the impact of initiatives is another key tool for successful policy development effective interdepartmental coordination is also critical to implementation efforts,5
+spending on pharmaceuticals per capita in finland was eur in a lower level than in most other eu countries to contain cost finland has also used price freezes and cuts in reference pricing was introduced and reimbursement since then is based on the reference price that is the price of the cheapest substitutable product plus a small premium coverage decisions are reviewed based on the reassessment,3
+in the first phase organizational and managerial training would be provided to those candidates that complied with certain requirements such as age and educational background after finishing the training candidates would prepare project proposals for enterprise development in the second phase these proposals would be screened and the most promising would receive seed capital for concretizing their business proposals,8
+in rural china electricity is supplied through three channels a county is connected to a national grid or is supplied through local dispatch or is selfsupplied following this pattern china implemented the brightness programme and the county hydropower construction of national rural electrification using small hydropower wind and solar power generation for the electrification of rural areas during the first stage rural communities were the main investors in rural electrification efforts during the second stage the central provincial and local governments all played fundamental roles and during the third stage since the central government is the main investor in the government noted that rural electricity supply suffered from a number of problems,7
+as mentioned previously in this chapter focusing on these raw results is problematic because it ignores the factors affecting student learning that are beyond the teacher s control and may encourage practices like teaching to the test and a narrowing of the curriculum appraisal processes that involve classroom observations are associated with better student outcomes but appraisers need appropriate guidance and instruments in order to conduct them effectively oecd b since the education council of new zealand the professional body for teachers has delivered a professional learning programme on appraisal practices to appraisers and teachers and has made a range of appraisal resources and guidelines available on its website education council of new zealand,4
+among the thaibom population an increase of percentage points resulted over the same time period in a higher level at while the gap between male and female rates forthaibom workers was much smaller percentage points in contrast to the sharp decline in the employmenttopopulation ratio of thaibom youth from to the epr of foreignbom youth increased from to the same conclusion holds for young men and women separately,8
+early marriage can also have negative intergenerational effects as children are less likely to be educated or immunised if their mother has not received an education world bank countries with a lower incidence of early marriage are more likely to have a higher gross female secondary school enrolment rate in south africa for example of women aged are married and the country has a gross female secondary school enrolment rate of by contrast in chad of women aged are married and the gross female secondary school enrolment is,5
+thus while the majority of the contribution to the city economy is made by households in both the cities the relative contribution of the enterprises is higher in chennai mitra reported that several of the longduration migrants and the natives of slums still had a low level of wellbeing measured by low household income and consumption expenditure per capita high childwoman ratio and low education and health expenditure per capita taking the cases of several indian cities jaipur ludhiana mathura and ujjain the first and foremost issue of contention is the identification of the urban poor,1
+expectation of graduating from university increases as the size of residence area increases on average across oecd countries of students whose school is in a rural area or a village with fewer than people of students in schools located in towns with up to people and of students in cities with over people expect to complete a university education the difference in expectations between urban and rural students was particularly large over percentage points in hungary and uirkey,4
+the work of minors is subject to special supervision and protection by the labour authorities at both federal and local level children over and under years of age must obtain a medical certificate of their aptitude for work and undergo the health checks periodically ordered by labour authorities even if they have legal authorization to work the wage must be remunerative and never lower than the minimum amount set by law,8
+they mainly cater to geographical areas with high levels of poverty and deprivation often rural remote localities the rational for both programmes is the need to bring in outside inputs to complement scarce local resources and help overcome bottlenecks and constraints to the optimal use of those resources ultimately the yardstick for success is the level of welfare benefits that accrue to poorest populations as well as the potential of the programme to bring about positive transformation of the local economies where those populations live,8
+in the lower part of its run it forms the country borders between the czech republic and slovakia and also austria and slovakia its mouth is situated about km upstream bratislava the km long section of the morava river forms the austrianslovak border and from the confluence with the dyjc river the slovakczcch state border while the river dyjc a tributary to morava river forms the border between austria and the czech republic,6
+the fact that few outcome indicators have been developed at the national level can be partly explained as in many cases adaptation policies and programmes lack measurable targets or clearly defined expected outcomes necessary to assess their effectiveness using indicators sbsta almost half of the indcs detailing planned adaptation policies and programmes include a mention of the need to monitor and evaluate progress but where this need is mentioned the indicators used are mainly qualitative as mentioned in section kato and ellis article c requires the global stocktake to review the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation and support provided to adaptation while nationallevel evaluation of adaptation is useful to assess adaptation effectiveness craft and fischer such national assessment would not be available for all countries furthermore as these systems would be developed in different ways they would be difficult to compare and therefore aggregate to inform a global review finally there might be subjective components to effectiveness and the issue of adequacy can conflate climate and nonclimate factors kato and ellis,13
+the aggregation of herring in the sound may have been the main reason and motivation for the first settlements around the sound and herring fishery has since become a central part of the cultural heritage of the area the historian saxo grammaticus already described this fishery back in the early middle ages and the richness of this ecosystem service was emphasised with anecdotal descriptions of how people caught herring with their bare hands the nutritious herring preserved by salting sustained food security both locally and regionally through export to the baltic sea region in all seasons the danish kings moved their residence from its old location in roskilde to the shores of the sound in copenhagen in,14
+the national programme for suicide prevention commissioned by the swedish government in was ratified by the swedish parliament in as an initiative that aims to reduce the number of suicides in sweden it was produced as a collaborative effort between the swedish institute of public health which produced guidelines for the population level and the swedish national board of health and welfare which produced guidelines for the individual level with support from nasp the government provides the funding for the programme s ongoing initiatives,3
+policies supporting biofuels which are mainly used in transportation were thus blamed for spikes in food prices in and oecd growing food crops for conversion into a biofuel eg ethanol in a refinery for subsequent combustion in a power plant will have different landuse impacts from growing woody crops for direct combustion in addition the efficiency of bioelectricity processes vary while woody crops yield more biomass per unit area than a food crop like corn or soybean biofuelrelated processes like ethanol combustion usually convert a higher percentage of biomass energy content into electricity fthenakis and kim,7
+effective engagement also implies that the participatory processes themselves must be accessible and gendersensitive see also case study on brazil and case study on rwanda quotas meant to support women s participation must also be adequately enforced afrobrazilian women represent the poorest and are the majority of those living in poverty informal settlements cover vast areas ofthe city,5
+there was a steady decrease in the percentage of students affirming a high level of life satisfaction with lower proportions noted for girls compared to boys for each year of the survey administration with the exception of a notable trend emerging from the analysis of data was the association between strong social support particularly family support and high life satisfaction this finding underscores the critical role that positive relationships and strong social networks play in contributing to and enhancing students psychological wellbeing morrison and peterson pp,4
+although the chapter reflects on the overall performance in terms of closing the gender gap in average years of education this measure hides any gender imbalances related to the choice of academic field eg young women being less likely than young men to choose science technology engineering or mathematics stem subjects as a field of study at the tertiary level which later in life translates into occupational segregation oecd furthermore to achieve the greatest coverage in terms of time period different data sources had to be employed which sometimes come at the cost of jumps in the estimates most observations are estimates of official statistical agencies or the product of historical research using the same sources and methods as these agencies,5
+they point to a direction of change but stop short of suggesting what needs to be changed how or in what time frame the term can mean many things but foremost in current global and national policy contexts is the recognition that cities require priority highlevel attention in national development strategies both in macroeconomic and social policy terms national urban policies contribute to building linkages between human settlements of various sizes and defining the broad parameters within which the transformative power of urbanization is activated and steered first not many national government institutions have the expertise and authority to understand the direct and indirect impacts of public policies on cities,11
+the stages in the accreditation of an educational institution in israel include i the stage of authorisation to advertise register students and commence study granted on the basis of preliminary examinations of the institution and the programmes of study that it proposes to offer at this stage the institution is not yet accredited as an institution of higher education and is not authorised to award academic degrees to graduates ii the stage of a permit ie the approval to open and maintain a higher education institution at this stage the institution is not yet accredited as an institution of higher education and is not authorised to award academic degrees to graduates and iii the stage of accreditation and authorisation during which the council of higher education accredits the institution as an institution of higher education and authorises it to award an academic degree,4
+models such as this can enable planners designers and decisionmakers with the information needed to assess vulnerabilities in infrastructure systems and make decisions based on likely scenarios and create high resilience infrastructure as well as plan for swift repair and recovery in fact all of our lives have already been touched by machine learning in one way or another and the future will bring many more applications into our daily lives recommendations for products from websites like amazon and netflix sentiment analysis of social media embedded into several products and google and teslas selfdriving cars are just a few examples of machine learning algorithms at play using algorithms that iteratively learn from data machine learning allows computers to find hidden insights without being explicitly programmed where to look,9
+a school board is established by the school s organising body allowing parents students educational staff and the public to participate in the administration of the school school principals are appointed by the organising body and can only be dismissed on the grounds stipulated by the education act the groups which are typically involved include the association of regions the association of towns and municipalities teachers professional associations teacher unions and disciplinary associations employers representatives associations of school principals experts in education and the association of nongovernmental organisations in education parents organisations are involved only in exceptional cases the education act specifies situations in which the opinion of stakeholder groups is required,4
+with the exception of the last year prior to entering grade ecec is mostly private and access to it varies across jurisdictions they make most planning structure and resource decisions including personnel management state and territory governments are also responsible for legislation relating to the establishment and accreditation of higher education courses it is also in charge of developing international partnerships in education,4
+four regions stand out in terms of high climatic constraints groundwater use relatively lower availability of surface water competition with other uses and externalities but with differences in aquifer characteristics the mexican region laguna israels western galilee the us mpw region and the australian murraydarling basin a second group of regions in japan korea denmark france portugal spain and the netherlands do not rank as high in many of these categories with relatively more available surface water less arid current and projected climate lower level of groundwater use and externalities with the exception of spains mancha occidental lastly the italian campania region and the nhpa shpa and maa regions in the united states appear to be intermediate in these dimensions regions differ in aquifer characteristics but there is no simple pattern israels western galilee and mexicos region laguna both stand out again in terms of their relative emphasis on supplydriven approaches,6
+central government is therefore the primary actor responsible for the development and implementation of nups jordan does not have an explicit nup but rather addresses urban issues through a range of sectorial policies and strategies overseen by the relevant ministries the national land use master plan of under the responsibility of the ministry of municipal affairs can still be singled out as a particularly relevant governmental policy with regards to managing and balancing urbanisation in the country,11
+the domestic market for processed fruit is relatively small with domestic consumption being mostly in fresh form production of oranges in brazil has remained stable during the past decade following rapid growth in previous periods more recently farmers in some regions have abandoned their orchards due to continuing losses in the fresh fruit market by total output could reach mt about above the level,2
+meanwhile the hydrometeorological service indicates that in azerbaijan the trend is for an increase in winter river flows and a decrease in summer flows combined with a reduction of to per cent of yearly water availability the much larger precipitation and snow melting in the ranges controls the magnitude and seasonal variations of the rivers in the lowlands the map also depicts that a significant proportion of the surface water in azerbaijan is locally produced in fact some per cent or kmvy of the discharge of the kura river into the caspian sea comes from azerbaijani national rivers,6
+corruption is considered a major threat to the legitimacy of the party norad according to the corruption perception index transparency international viet nam ranks out of countries behind mongolia malaysia philippines thailand and indonesia and scores on a scale from highly corrupt to very clean the government has been working to improve the countrys anticorruption legal framework since freedom house and the papi survey also shows that compared to citizens perceive improvements in the fight against in most provinces social network support is understood as the capacity of individuals to count on relatives or friends for help when in need family ties and traditional authority patterns are strongly embedded in social networks dalton et al,10
+embedding appraisal for pedagogical leadership within a comprehensive leadership development framework would ensure school leaders are given the opportunity to develop the relevant knowledge and competencies to exercise pedagogical leadership appraisal focussed on pedagogical leadership can itself provide an opportunity for feedback and help identify areas for school leader s development a comprehensive model for school leadership development would ensure strong linkages between appraisal and professional development,4
+nevertheless all countries with available data were subsequently able to reduce poverty rates for example in azerbaijan the poverty rate fell from per cent in to per cent in and in kazakhstan the rate fell from per cent in to per cent in nevertheless the highest poverty gap ratios can be observed for least developed countries indicating pockets of extreme poverty among the poorest and most vulnerable countries in the region the poverty gap ratios are the highest in bangladesh at per cent in the lao peoples democratic republic at per cent in and india at per cent in whereas for countries in north and central asia ratios are generally very low except georgia inequality not only diminishes the povertyreducing impact of economic growth but also deprives hundreds of millions of people access to the means to develop their economic potential by denying them adequate health care education energy credit land and so forth,1
+in ecuador the demographic and maternal and child health survey endemain found that of those aged to had this type of difficulties as did of those aged over years according to data from latinobarometro see figure iv problems in accessing health care are more acute for older persons with lower socioeconomic status those of extremely low socioeconomic status have no access to health care,3
+this represents almost half of additional meat produced globally by a high feed conversion ratio short production cycle and simple production process has made poultry the low cost alternative which consumers in developing countries demand first as their income level rises currently pork accounts for the greatest share in world total meat production however a comparatively slower growth rate through the next decade will result in it being surpassed by poultry by,2
+further considerations include the general disease situation in the area and whether there are any risk factors that can compromise the welfare of farmed fish within a defined endemic zone for pancreas disease a prioritisation criterion will apply in addition to other criteria this entails that new licenses for salmon are allocated in accordance with a regional strategy for mitigating the disease risk risk for spread of disease to wild fish stocks is also considered,14
+in moldova women report having fewer opportunities to migrate because they have fewer resources available than men iom it may also be less acceptable for women to move about and travel alone jolly and reeves an analysis of the oecd social institutions and gender index sigi illustrates that discrimination in the country of origin can be an incentive for women to migrate but only up to a certain threshold at which point it becomes an obstacle for migration and emigration of women diminishes ferrant and tuccio the emigration of highlyeducated women affects negatively infant mortality under mortality and secondary school enrolment rates in countries of origin dumont et al women s levels of education are an important factor for growth as it is correlated with investments in children s education africa s high female emigration rate may thus have serious implications for its human development and economic growth,5
+in addition the american meteorological society published a report entitled explaining extreme events of from a climate perspective that shows that humancaused climate change has influenced the frequency or intensity of events in a substantial manner the oceans store large amounts of heat which they redistribute around the planet sea water is heated by the sun in the tropics and then transferred by currents to temperate coasts where it cools down as it transfers its heat to the atmosphere colder and denser it sinks to a great depth where it moves back towards the equatorial regions and so on in a circuit lasting over a thousand years up until the sea level was measured by means of sealevel gauges positioned along continental and a number of island coasts the level of the oceans as a worldwide global average rose at the rate of mmyear between and and by some mmyear as from since measurements have been taken from satellites and have shown the mean annual sealevel rise to have been in the order of mmyear,13
+recent evidence has found declining returns on investment and increasing unemployment rates among vocational graduates transition rates from junior secondary school to vocational secondary school are much lower in eastern indonesia particularly in maluku west papua and papua the same trend also occurs in the transition rates from senior secondary school to higher education the highest transition rates from senior secondary to higher education can be seen in jakarta and yogyakarta acdp b,4
+they tend to have higher levels of education and income and have gone further in realizing rights for women basic reproductive and other rights are mostly met gaps in affordable quality childcare however can make it difficult to balance work and family life leading to people having fewer children than they want,5
+even though hivaids knowledge is good in swaziland this does not correlate with use of condoms more than per cent of adult men and women who reported having more than two sexual partners in the previous year used a condom the last time they had sex unaids one of the major differences identified in the spread in these countries is probably due to different types of hiv,3
+these differences stem not only from employment preferences or cultural considerations of each population group but also from discrimination against arabs in the labour market usisrael science and technology commission and foundation they also stem from the lack of tertiary education opportunities relevant to available employment opportunities four key issues contribute to the mismatch between higher education supply and demand a recent news report indicated that there are unemployed arab teachers in israel of whom are in the galilee haaretz,4
+among finalised cases in fwa during were finalised at or before conciliation were finalised thereafter without requiring a decision of the tribunal and were finalised by a decision fwa annual report in of applications were conciliated within days and half were conciliated within days fwa annual report in cases of dismissal by reason of discrimination for disabled people there is a mandatory pretrial conciliation and the outcome is enforceable,10
+the total length of the bars indicates the observed variation in the index of familiarity with mathematics the variation in familiarity with mathematics is more than four times greater in liechtenstein and spain than in indonesia across oecd countries around of the countrylevel variation in familiarity with mathematics can be traced to differences across students who attend the same school while around can be ascribed to differences across students who attend different schools,4
+the few that exist are predominantly based in the public sector and in urban areas given the high population growth and low economic growth rates it is inevitable that young people in the pacific will end up in the informal sector ilo b and the education system does not increase a young person s employability in the informal economy this results in a large number of school leavers for example half of school leavers in fiji in not having a job in the formal sector and not having any skills to use in the informal sector world bank,8
+in the case of ee financing contingency financing can be a useful provision for capacity building as well as potential default risk guarantee provision instead of committing to a grant which may subsequently prove to have been unnecessary contingent financing recognises the potential need for support but draws on public resources only when justified later on the basis of actual rather than projected costs intrinsic risks such as failure in the systems or technologies are controlled external risks such as volatility of a given resource price can be hedged with appropriate riskmitigation instruments figure illustrates the differences in risk exposure of ee projects versus wind power projects wind is a useful comparison because although it is technology based it offers tangible assets eg physical structure as a security guarantee unlike energy efficiency in the case of wind technology such risk is characterised by the variability of storms and wind occurrence as well as the reduced output that can result from a damaged plant,7
+a ban can selectively hinder certain choices with the aim of limiting the overall consumption of a commodity or incidence of a given behaviour the results of the survey revealed that governments have focused more of their actions on diets rather than on active lifestyles although action relating to the latter is the responsibility of regional or municipal levels of government in many countries the survey also revealed that most actions were focused on increasing choice and delivering information and education programmes to influence preference,3
+addressing gender issues is indispensable for achieving inclusive industrial development it can be expected that developing countries will most likely increase their emission levels along the path of structural transformation as industrialisation triggers the emergence of emissionintensive industries this leads to a global imbalance in terms of emissions as highincome countries assert that the effectiveness of emissions stabilisation policy critically depends on the commitment of developing countries to such policies,9
+it has been stated that even if model law is not domesticated it can be used for advocacy purposes andor enabling civil society to hold government accountable states to harmonise laws and policies including personal laws and laws on domestic and sexual violence including marital rape reproductive health marriage and birth registration education property and citizenship and dowry with human rights standards and constitutional guarantees to ensure a minimum legal age of marriage of years and to address gaps and inconsistencies that leave girls vulnerable to child marriage and limit married girls access to legal remedies enhance and encourage judicial officers to take leadership roles outside the courts of law through advocacy mentorship participation as good citizens by becoming role models in communities and making an impact in their own community s social organisationsassociations among others ensure the enforcement and implementation of judicial decisions and remedies obtained by girls harmed by child marriage to enforce their legal rights and due protection,5
+too often educational institutions are run by experts sitting somewhere in a distant administration who determine the content rules and regulations affecting hundreds of thousands of students and teachers few are able to figure out how those decisions were made i am always struck by the power of collaborative consumption where online markets are created in which people share their cars and even their apartments with total strangers,4
+total water consumption from industry dropped from to the major ground water users are water supply per cent industry per cent observation per cent agriculture per cent thermomineral per cent and per cent not classified access to regular clean and safe drinking water is an essential part of public health see chapter the percentage of connections to public water supply systems in the municipalitiesurban areas is much higher than the average and higher compared to rural areas,6
+the who also established in the global outbreak and alert response network goarn with the aim of managing disease outbreak and alerts at the international level however some have questioned whether current goarn places too much emphasis on avoiding epidemic outbreaks spreading to developed countries rather than preventing such outbreaks in developing countries in the first place davies elbe increasing life expectancy explains little of the rising health care costs experienced in previous decades,3
+findings suggest that this factor plays a significant and considerable role in terms of income poverty and especially financial strain in germany france and the uk a child s probability of being financially strained is respectively to percentage points higher than for a child living with both parents the reference category is a twoparent onechild family the work intensity category between zero and is also rather small but we include this category in our analysis as the parameter estimates are consistent with the other lower work intensity categories,1
+child supplement in panel b covers support which granted to low income families outside the social assistance in so far as these additional benefits do not reduce the social assistance amount in full they are included together with social assistance in minimum income protection this may for example concern child and housing benefits as well as refundable taxcredits if child benefits do not reduce social assistance they are counted separately as child supplements,1
+as expected upskilling is found to boost longterm levels of gdp per capita and average household income total household incomes effects are also positive across the distribution and with the same order of estimated magnitude which suggests the absence of distributional implications the decomposition of total household income effects indicates that beyond positive effects channelled via gdp there are no additional benefits from education at the household level,10
+some japanese medical schools already provide courses of social medicine or public health and the development of a department of specialist primary care would complement these these new departments could undertake research in primary care support development of clinical guidelines specific to primary care as well as teach the speciality at both undergraduate and postgraduate level in relation to other oecd primary care systems japan is starting from an unusually strong position in one respect in that the fee schedule already directs additional resources for treatment of patients with multiple chronic conditions continuity of prescribed drugs and management plans and establishment of continuous care which offers oncall services with medical advice,3
+in sectors less exposed to competition there may be more market failures that have to be addressed and reform of the energy transformation sector is critical to reduce the large amount of energy simply wasted through inefficiencies in turning primary energy supplies into final consumption another element to be aware of is the rebound effect where paradoxically increasing energy efficiency can lead to greater overall energy use box,7
+the weak capacity to evaluate the school system constrains the development of national policies that could raise education outcomes at the national level by for example targeting resources where they are most needed or reconfiguring the school network this results in profound inequities across the school system and limits the chances of the most disadvantaged students to achieve their potential costa rica has taken promising steps to raise the quality of the school system but a deeper transformation is needed to improve student learning and school completion,4
+there are also funds that operate outside the convention like the climate investment funds or national funds like the uk s international climate fund the green climate fund gcf is the only standalone multilateral financing entity whose sole mandate is to serve the convention and which aims to deliver equal amounts of funding to adaptation and mitigation gcf it is envisaged the gcf will play a key role in channelling new additional adequate and predictable financial resources to developing countries and will catalyse climate finance both public and private and at the international and national levels decision cp,13
+since the reviews of higher education in regional and city development have been the oecd s tool to mobilise higher education for economic social and cultural development of cities and regions the reviews have analysed how the higher education system impacts local and regional development and helped improve this impact in more than cities and regions in over countries they examine higher education institution s contribution to human capital and skills development technology transfer and business innovation social cultural and environmental development and regional capacity building,4
+more recently the twelfth fiveyear plan of china and the china national programme for womens development plan reaffirm the governments commitment to gender equality by stipulating the strengthening of labour protection social welfare health care poverty relief and legal assistance for women women have increased their educational attainment from an average of years in to years in and the gross enrollment ratio for tertiary education has increased from per cent in to per cent in ministry of education of the peoples republic of china according to the world development indicators female labour force participation has declined from a high of per cent in to per cent in reaching a low of per cent in figure,5
+this meant that ldcs were subsidizing users abroad to surf to content in their own nation though not many it still included sizeable diasporas researchers tourists and others another factor that has held back core internet infrastructure in ldcs has been the phenomenal spread of mobile communications the rapid takeup of wireless technologies initially diverted attention from the internet because most cellphone use was voice calls text messaging or mobile money,9
+standard commission and processing fees are in the range of of the loan guarantee amount european commission national loan guarantee funds report wwwksfporgpluploadksfprapott ksfppdf in polish as a point of comparison in the average number of jobs created per guaranteed sme loan in canada was industry canada polish banks are insisting that guarantees be provided for of the loan instead of the assumed rzeczpospolita,8
+data for the period for nine oecd countries showed weak evidence of employment impacts in changes in shortterm interest rates in the countries studied with no genderdifferentiated employment impacts takhtamanova and sierminska a study of inflation reducing episodes between and in low and middleincome countries found that there were contractions in total employment growth rates in per cent of cases and that women s employment was adversely affected relative to men s employment in the majority of those contractionary episodes ibid where inflationreducing episodes were accompanied by an expansion in employment there was no genderspecific impact inflation reduction was most likely to lead to a contraction in employment with adverse effects on women when central banks responded to inflationary pressure by raising real interest rates above their long term trend maintaining a competitive exchange rate also helped to counter the negative impact on women s employment during periods of contraction ibid women smallholder farmers and small and mediumscale entrepreneurs in rural areas are among those who have been deprived of access to credit,5
+in australia craig estimated this loss to be about of the total storage volume this evaporative loss could increase by about by due to the effect of higher surface temperatures in the face of climate change heifer lemckert and zhang increasing total usable water storage by reducing this type of loss depends on the adoption of evaporation suppression technology which is driven by the marginal value product of the water to be saved this can be further split into recoverable seepage that infiltrates freshwater aquifers as return flows as well as the nonrecoverable seepage infiltrating a saline aquifer,6
+it is the shape of this new sector not continued programmatic initiatives from a central government which accounts for finlands success closer analysis of finnish education policies and reforms since the s reveals that finland has employed different solutions to transforming its education system compared with many other oecd countries darlinghammond hargreaves and shirley sahlberg this is sometimes called the finnish way of educational reform,4
+the volume of fertiliser is in turn determined through a bottomup process in each village a definitive plan needs group rencana definitif kebutuhan kelompok rdkk of farmers establishes their fertiliser requirements this is aggregated up at the district and provincial levels to obtain a national volume of fertiliser demand for nonurea fertilisers the subsidy is presented to offset the fertiliser selling price,2
+people aged and over are expected to make up about of the population in metropolitan areas of the population in inland areas and of the population in coastal areas in productivity commission with older people often experiencing multiple chronic conditions this suggests the need for health care will grow some of this need will be in areas with insufficient services to meet the demand for health care associated with ageing this is compounded by a maldistribution in the health workforce the country has dealt with this situation with a heavy reliance on overseastrained doctors and government policy has directed them to areas of need,3
+on the other hand when the labour market is booming wage growth in the informal sector could lag behind growth in the formal sector in that case informality might increase the gap between the formal and informal sectors and hence overall inequality due to these two opposite trends the contribution of informality to overall inequality is relatively small,10
+waste management and recycling policies are still relatively new it is estimated that the valorisation rate of waste in chile was approximately in conama the main objective of the policy is to manage solid waste in an integrated manner so as to minimise health and environmental risks while ensuring a sustainable and efficient development of the waste sector mma on a national and regional level executive secretaries secretarfas ejecutiuas were created to oversee waste management throughout the life cycle of products creationusedisposal,11
+land rights are therefore an important issue in viet nam from the mid s to the mid s farming was collectivised to prevent the reappearance of rural inequalities and class division which had plagued viet nam since colonisation efforts were made to redistribute land from large landowners and colonials to tenants,10
+such impunity ends up normalizing this type of violence and undermining the rule of law all sectors of society need to play a role in changing the cultural and social acceptance or discounting of this violence the criminal justice system has a leading role in efforts to prevent and respond to violence against women criminal legislation sets the standards for what society deems unacceptable conduct and provides criminal justice officials with the authority to investigate prosecute and punish genderbased crimes the objectives of any criminal justice system in cases involving violence against women and girls should be to ensure the victim s safety while holding the perpetrator accountable for his actions and to send a clear message to society that violence against women will not be tolerated prosecutors have a crucial part to play in ending impunity for violence against women and girls,5
+a landuse dialogue lud accompanies the operationalization of sagcot the lud recognizes that pfm is necessary but not sufficient in an area which also has a history of small and largerscale commercial forest management a broader landscape approach is needed as village landuse plans are quite limited geographically and often lack technical and financial support the capacities of government officials and relevant agencies need to be strengthened and communication is key as is taking account of longterm effects on land tenure security hybrid approaches involving state and nonstate actors can work and participatory landuse planning approaches need to recognize competing interests,15
+nor has it been accompanied by appropriate strategies to improve pedagogy and teaching practices the professional development of teachers and the provision of excellent software and courseware therefore systems should be lead by the right drivers ie a deliberate policy force that ends up achieving better measurable results for students these include the focus on the learningteachingassessment nexus social capital to build the profession pedagogy matching technology and developing systemic synergies oecd,4
+so the internet cafe is no longer necessary and has closed however it did provide an important service for several years this illustrates that a social enterprise must have various income streams to be successful if one activity is less profitable or has outlived its usefulness then the business can be maintained by other activities in addition to marketing tais cloth for clothing the model may be used to produce a range of new products including bags purses decorated boxes and accessories,8
+it has outreach programmes and projects that highlight the importance of effective skills training to parents teachers and employers skills competitions demonstrate the highest standards in skills among youth and help persuade organizations to invest more in skills development as a memberled global hub worldskills helps countries or regions to improve their tvet systems and raise their benchmarks for skills excellence,9
+they also have much less work experience given their overall low level of labour force participation affording them fewer opportunities to acquire skills identify potential business opportunities and set aside savings women s limited work experience before starting a business is likely to drive a higher attrition rate since business experience is critical for success oecdidrc across countries with available data algeria egypt tunisia women have a higher fear of failure believe less in their own capabilities are less connected to other entrepreneurs and are less optimistic about potential business opportunities figure in the mena region the share of entrepreneurial activity resulting from necessity rather than opportunity tends to be high and has been increasing over the past years gem in egypt for instance the share of men and women entrepreneurs driven by necessity rose from in to in,5
+they were more keen to work with parents partly to show them the results of their childrens progress and achievements and partly to persuade other parents to bring their disabled children to school there was an increase in the number of disabled children enrolling in preschool and primary school from to per cent in aimags where the approach was used these were based on an inclusive education resource centre established by save the children at the institute of education the main preservice teacher training institution,4
+alongside the students teachers and parents that play a role in all education systems labour market actors such as employers and unions are critically important nationally and regionally the involvement of the authorities and social partners helps to ensure that the overall design of the system the content of programmes and the mix of training provision meet labour market needs some degree of consensus among the different stakeholders is important but needs to be balanced by effective leadership to ensure that consensus does not become a formula for inertia with a multiplicity of stakeholders each holding an effective veto on necessary reforms,4
+other sources of finance include environmental compensation international development cooperation private donations and revenue from tourism and sustainable forestry although the latter are still limited about half the states redistribute a share of the revenue from the statelevel value added tax icms on the basis of environmental criteria under a mechanism called ecological icms the main parameter is the extension and type of protected areas and indigenous lands,15
+nevertheless when comparing two households with otherwise identical in terms of composition and income except that one of them includes a disabled member the latter is expected to have a lower standard of living the additional costs faced by that household may be in terms of treatment costs higher costs due to specialized transportation diet or equipment required hence nonpoor households having members suffering from disabilities may actually be poor in terms of resources left to spend on basic needs after deducting medical expenditures,1
+in the two most mountainous countries kyrgyzstan and tajikistan living in a high altitude area is also correlated with a significantly higher risk of poverty world bank a world bank b higher food prices may actually have benefited rural households that derive their income from agriculture ie for those who are net producers of food however recent data on tajikistan and kyrgyzstan show that between and poverty reduced to a lesser extent in rural areas compared to urban areas slay,1
+as a proxy for longrun socioeconomic status such an index has in fact been shown to outperform more traditional income and expenditure measures in terms of explaining differences in health outcomes rutstein and johnson however while it is a valid concern in high mortality contexts this effect should not be overemphasized for a middleincome country like jordan that has already made great progress in reducing child mortality while this does not tell us anything about causalities or the exact magnitude of a correlation and its statistical significance it provides a first overview of the incidence of early childhood mortality in different contexts,3
+typically a gp will refer a patient to a secondary mental health service if they consider the patient s problems to be too complex or too serious to be handled by themselves and counselling services alone the qof for gps is being used by nice and the nhs to define other primary care objectives for mental health and to try to influence and shape the outcomes and quality of care through this pay for performance scheme of the qof indicators used by gps in were in the mental health domain,3
+one influential model of disease management is the chronic care model ccm developed in the us by wagner austin et al a systematic review evaluated the impact of disease management programmes that contained two or more of those ccm components for diabetes depression heart failure and copd de bruin et al it found that of the studies that reported changes in healthcare costs out of showed a decrease in overall costs the overall costs varied between usd a system cost saving and usd an increase in the system cost per patient per year in prices,3
+in contrast the gender gap in central and southern asia as well as in eastern and southeastern asia is much smaller owing to the significantly higher suicide rates among women in those two regions worldwide suicide is one of the leading causes of death for both men and women between the ages of and,3
+wartime demographic policies and the use of rape as a tool of ethnic cleansing are two glaring examples of the use of women s bodies in ethnicnationalist struggles as markers between self and other women and nonhegemonic genders are highly exposed to human rights violations within conflict to provide insight into this complex relationship we analyse feminist critiques of the human rights framework and the impact of specific human rights claims individualcollective and inclusiveexclusive on securitization moreover activists from the south have also criticized the human rights discourse for its racial and class bias and its irrelevance to the struggles of women in marginalized communities ethnic minorities and developing countries who are subordinate in national as well as international power relations,5
+elderly households those headed by young people loneparent families fragmented families and large families are particularly at risk of being poor in many oecd member countries predicted trends in family structure suggest that the future will see further growth in these types of families projected trends suggest that declining marriage rates rising divorce rates and increased cohabitation are likely to continue while the number of births outside marriage and the preponderance of children living in step or singleparent households appear likely to rise longevity will also continue to increase,1
+load variation from minimum demand to maximum demand is normally met with cycling plants such as natural gas and coal which have lower capital cost but higher variable costs mainly fuel peaking plants generally oilfuelled are used to provide for peak load and are therefore operated for only a few hundred hours per year the two kirchhoff laws describe the flow of electric current through an integrated system and indicate that electricity will take the way of least resistance rather than the geographically shortest route,7
+take the united nations millennium development goals as an example of the goals can be linked more or less directly to female empowerment with the last two also having elements that can be achieved only through tackling female empowerment see united nations for an overview of how the un perceives the gender dimension of the mdgs for the world bank s take on the matter see the gender equality as smart economics project world bank,5
+the internet speed required for a satisfactory quality of experience depends on the activities performed on the internet with datahungry applications such as video and online gaming the most demanding in terms of speed beyond internet speed other technical factors such as latency might be important for users of timesensitive applications such as overthetop voice applications like skype or viber quality of service parameters such as broadband speed and latency may depend both on the ability of the internet service provider to deliver on the advertised conditions and on the economic capacity of customers to pay for the plan that better meets their requirements,9
+the option of having similar offers like buy one now get one later like tesco in uk is more accepted but on the other hand this might make it harder for the shops themselves to order the right amounts one example for households is the possibility to buy smaller packaging and the possibilities to buy fresh fruits and vegetables cut in halves on the contrary today often the packaging size is getting larger and larger making it impossible for a single household to finish the food before it goes bad smaller packaging are often today significantly more expensive cost kg than larger packaging and since the costkg always is displayed many people choose the larger packaging just to get cheaper food,2
+central to them is the wellbeing of care receivers yet in their design and implementation care policies can contribute to gender equality or be detrimental to it recognition of women s unpaid care and domestic work can act as an entry point to bring a gender perspective into care policies and help reduce and redistribute care as a result,5
+these charges can be modified by the parliament acteon however the availability of good accessible data and information on water varies across brazilian states preventing effective decision making in terms of who gets water where and when and who pays for what oecd b this causes some issues with the enforcement of different water quality regulations and abstraction rules within the same interstate basin where two or more water management bodies are in charge of different sections of a river the difference in terms of rates across federal and state domains and the consequences on water quantity and quality management where charges are not applied even within the same state the difference in the levels of expertise capacity and knowledge across agencies with consequences on the ability to set and effectively implement charges at the moment plans do not set clear priorities or criteria that define available water resources and drive allocation decisions for hydropower development irrigation extension and domestic and industrial use amongst others,6
+the fact that revenues from water tariffs are not allocated straight to the iwa raises efficiency considerations as well as inadequacies in funding in many areas readjustment of intergovernmental responsibilities for strategic water financial planning is therefore a national goal for the coming few years this refers not only to the technical knowledge and expertise but also to the lack of staff and time as well as obsolete infrastructure this is an interesting result since governments often tend to consider capacity issues in the water sector a major concern for developing countries rather than for developed ones,6
+fathers particularly at the higher end of the income distribution are viewed as more stable and reliable workers whereas mothers particularly those earning low wages are viewed as unreliable in the face of family care commitments budig descriptive evidence from mexico reveals that fathers have higher rates of employment or education enrolment than men who are not fathers figure while mothers have lower rates relative to women who are not mothers of dependent children fathers are defined as having dependent children aged or younger,5
+programme participants manufacturers vendors or resale agents that sell designated energyefficient products that meet the specifications of the programme can register to use the energy star the right to use the logo is based on selfdeclaration products can be tested in participants own facilities or by an independent testing laboratory the standard will provide organizations and companies in various sectors including utility manufacturing commercial building commerce and transport with a framework for integrating ee into their management practices,7
+in the netherlands phi also covers physiotherapists contact lenses and alternative care as well as costsharing by basic health insurance on dental care in switzerland supplementary phi covers dental care and alternative medicine as well as additional costs in hospitals related to private or semiprivate accommodation or choice of doctor in canada phi provides coverage for pharmaceuticals for twothirds of the population in israel phi covers of the populationfor services that are not included in the basic benefit package the most significant medical service covered by this private insurance complementary and duplicate is the choice of physician for surgical procedures,3
+they depart from the opposition between the universality of rights and the rationality of targeting and call into question the merits of social protection regimes based on individual capitalization lastly these new approaches also seek to combine the core elements of the fight against poverty with those of the fight against inequality and efforts to promote social cohesion the former can be understood as an intangible resource which enables individuals and groups to obtain certain benefits on the basis of social relations based on trust reciprocity and cooperation arriagada the theory suggests that as the social capital of protection networks increases disparities in benefits will decrease,10
+diseases such as pneumonia diarrhoea and malaria alone continue to account for about one third of deaths among children under five many underfive deaths still occur in children already weakened by undernutrition and many pregnant women continue to face serious constraints to improve their nutrient intake especially in lowincome countries united nations a united nations childrens fund b these challenges are compounded by the urgency of tackling the problem of neonatal deaths likewise it is important to scrutinize the limitations of the health system that have held back the effectiveness of health policy interventions in helping achieve progress towards achieving the healthrelated mdgs policies to expand access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation mdg target c have also been critical for achieving healthrelated goals and are under review in chapter v the review of health policy interventions is followed by a discussion focused on the constraints of health systems and examples of measures that have enabled governments to overcome them broader issues of governance and institutions that also affect health policies and development policies in general are discussed in chapter vi,3
+in this case however the premium corresponds to the price of traded green certificates this premium is more volatile than regulated feedin premiums and thus creates additional uncertainties for renewable investors specific balancing rules can also be applied with respect to wider tolerance values for renewable energy generators the interaction of tgc and locational signals depends largely on national regulations,7
+see acemoglu and robinson for a discussion on the dynamics between political institution and inequality see tsounta and qsueke on how proactive policies can lead to a reduction in inequality in latin america at the same time taxes transfers and welfare systems provided a basic safety net for poor people and redistributed income for greater economic and social equity if it were not for these profound reforms and prudent public policies inequality could have remained persistently high in the now developed world leading to social unrest aggressive populist reforms and economic stagnation as widely observed in developing countries,10
+poverty reduction was featured as the first and preeminent goal at the end of the s the world bank and the international monetary fund had incorporated a linkage between marketoriented structural adjustment policies and the poverty agenda within the revised framework for the heavily indebted poor countries hipcs making the formulation of poverty reduction strategy papers prsps a precondition for the receipt of debt relief under the heavily indebted poor countries initiative however the goals per se do not encompass any particular strategy for achieving those objectives,1
+in the large funds vertical integration has helped promote the use of primary and preventive care also the funding mechanisms encourage all the funds to look for more costeffective approaches israel s relatively rapid population growth is likely to have helped the political economy of adjustment by reducing the need for hospital downsizing and closure,3
+an amendment to the school education act made attendance in preprimary education compulsory for yearolds in and granted all yearolds and yearolds a right to participate from and respectively amendments to the school education act also introduced a limit to the fees paid by parents with earmarked grants from the state to local governments compensating the difference in cost the legislation aims to fulfil the needs of preschool students by establishing clubs to support childrens social and personal development if requested by parents and where conditions permit enabling access to preschool institutions during the summer especially for those who cannot attend during the regular educational term and opening free mobile classes particularly for disadvantaged students in rural areas,4
+guatemalas forestry policy explicitly requires the government to promote certification as a mechanism to help the countrys forestry products penetrate the international market in it launched smartwood the first global programme of forestry certification and the first to harness market forces for forestry conservation there are three types of certification natural forest management stewardship chain and guidelines applied in the plantations,15
+future upper secondary teachers receive an academic year of professional coursework similar to many other european countries but still only have a limited amount of teaching practice hours compared with up to hours in other european countries as indicated above european commission evidence suggests that the modules are theoryfocused offer limited preparation in modem teaching and assessment techniques and do not adequately cover important topics like teaching atrisk students and integrating roma children and students with special education needs stark and zoller european commission a the teaching staff statute that formed part of the education law upgraded the qualifications required to become a teacher to a new twoyear master of arts programme in teaching,4
+china and india cover so many production environments that each can to some extent smooth out internal regional supply and demand variations via internal trade yet even these countries can benefit from this stabilising role of international trade wright shows that pooling the entire world s output variation in rice production and sharing it proportionately across countries would reduce the variation of china s and india s shares by about and respectively for many smaller countries the effects would be far greater,2
+expansion of the sgbp may also be needed to improve coverage of products and services for the treatment of priority health conditions and remove financial barriers to seeking necessary care however any sgbp revision should only provide coverage of interventions shown to be costeffective many oecd countries use health technology assessment hta to inform prioritysetting decisions for their benefit packages for the selection and coverage of medicines and development of standard treatment guidelines most commonly and increasingly for nondrug technologies programmes and services as well,3
+the chapter also describes four broad principles used to justify the use of economic instruments for water management at present the country applies four categories of economic instruments for managing its water resources fees for water abstraction user charges for water supply and sanitation irrigation water supply tariffs and fines for noncompliance with regulations concerning water resources the chapter also discusses water pollution charges which were introduced in and then abolished in this is particularly important in present circumstances where water infrastructure and services are chronically short of money for their operation maintenance and new investment pegram and schreiner user charges set at proper levels are a reminder to water user sectors of the cost of the resource being consumed water prices are also useful to public decision makers ministers regulators in deciding the allocation of water when it is scarce and on the allocation of public budgets and investment programmes to water rather than other types of public infrastructure and services,6
+more broadly global and more localised competition for factors of production particularly site area water and feeds can be critical as is competition in food markets and pricesupply conditions here the role of aquaculture in providing raw material for valueadded products is different from that for whole fresh or live product as is the potential size and value of markets involved,14
+nutrition security differs from food security in that it also considers the aspects of adequate caregiving practices health and hygiene in addition to dietary adequacy it is usually a manifestation of expending fewer calories than are consumed in adults overweight is defined as a bmi of more than kgm but less than kg m and obesity as a bmi of kgm or more,2
+the country s largest mining companies including stateowned codelco the world s largest single producer of copper apply internationally certified systems or their own systems of corporate environmental management large mining companies have engaged in voluntary clean production agreements acuerdos de produccion limpia apls which cover mine closure efficient use of energy and water sewage and waste management and acid water drainage particulate emissions need to be further reduced and water use efficiency increased in the sector mining competes with agriculture and human consumption for increasingly scarce water resources many abandoned tailing dams in chile are in deficientunsatisfactory condition and much mining wastewater from large companies remains untreated,6
+a similar picture emerges for fatalities among the elderly people who are years or older as passengers drivers or pedestrians the number of the per inhabitant elderly fatalities in road accidents was in in korea compared to an oecd average of the speed limits in resident areas are often too high to protect pedestrians,11
+they are supporting capacities in the technical managerial and administrative fields required to make crge implementable and they are providing incremental capital to put in place climateresilient low carbon infrastructure boost agricultural productivity and deploy policy incentives and mechanisms however donors convening power could be further employed in bringing on board multiple stakeholders in particular civil society groups into the green growth debate in this way opening up more ambitious opportunities in governance and mobilising the public,13
+a similar result holds for groundwater the intergovernmental panel on climate change reported in its assessment that it is virtually certain that climate change will reduce renewable water resources substantially in most dry subtropical regions resulting in scarcity of drinking water and biomassbased fuels many of these regions lie in subsaharan africa and other less developed parts of the world where women and girls already spend considerable time each day in meeting these requirements for their homes should there continue to be a lack of relevant infrastructure or more equitable sharing between men and women climate change will further reduce choices for women paid work provides economic autonomy along with opportunities for participation and social interaction as well as for enhancing skills and capabilities helping boost selfesteem and confidence,5
+some lowersecondary and upper secondary schools are combined an increase from to years of compulsory education is being phased in there are relatively few private schools in the supervised sector vocational training schools administered by the ministry of industry trade and labor provide an alternative track to mainstream uppersecondary education,4
+although public and private dialogue has increased it needs to be further expanded and systematised to establish a new market rather than being seen as an obstacle the current financial crisis should be seen as an opportunity for a paradigm shift moving away from considering energy efficiency as a liability and instead starting to view it as a hedging insurance tool that could be used against price volatility of petrol for instance such a paradigm shift could lead to the emergence of an unprecedented reassurance market as such the study makes four key conclusions discussed below,7
+a sample of random gender marker audits will be undertaken each year to improve accuracy ensuring regional balance guidelines for integrating gender in reviews assessments evaluations and audits drawing on existing tools including irrf gender marker etc accountability tools such as the gender marker roar data and gender parity data will inform its meetings,5
+moreover enforcement is highly challenging given the low numbers of pa personnel available to monitor such large areas furthermore there seems to be a problem of coordination in terms of enforcement and compliance a number of different laws regulate hunting and fishing and these should be harmonized and their application coordinated between moef and other institutions such as nepa neg narw and nimrd in the danube delta for example there are eight institutions which control illegal fishing or illegal hunting,15
+increasing international mobility of health workers has made the task even more challenging compared to the case where the government was able to determine both the supply of and demand for health workers there are additional challenges such as addressing disparities in physician densities across regions and specialties financial incentives alone are not likely to improve concerns in these areas,3
+for example women s very existence may be threatened by sexselective abortions and neglect in medical care more generally whether women have the same opportunities as men to live a long and healthy life is of fundamental importance to equality and wellbeing second the chapter looks at socioeconomic standing,5
+overgrazing and agriculture are additional pressure factors up until recently neither a management plan nor any transboundary cooperation on the wetland existed however there has been some bilateral cooperation for determination of the border along the lagoon between the islamic republic of iran and the soviet union as well as between the islamic republic of iran and turkmenistan a number of reservoirs and dams on the kura also help with flood regulation,6
+many countries also lack this capacity castro et al the challenge is that such indicators require estimation of the total amount of travel with each transport mode within the city boundaries responsibility for this type of mobility data has traditionally been outside the remit of local government road safety teams making it harder for road safety professionals to gain access,11
+these are steps in the right direction but do not per se imply that older workers are more readily hired and the offices of hello work and jeed see below should strengthen their special programmes targeting older jobseekers such as training offers secondcareer counselling and training seminars for firms in age management hello work offices administer recruitment incentives job development grants and other incentives for employers hiring hardtoplace jobseekers trial jobs for youth and other target groups and startup incentives by contrast vocational training for the unemployed rehabilitation and employment programmes for people with disabilities and childcare programmes are administered primarily through grants to other public organisations particularly the employment and human resources development organization of japan ehdo and the japan organization for the employment of the elderly and persons with disabilities jeed,8
+however each additional customer in the area reduces the average cost for all involved since the cost for connecting the additional customer is small the physical link through the grid not only links customers to a producer but also links all producers with one another this is why in the electricity system changes in the level of production of one company immediately have impacts on the production and profitability of another company,7
+as a result average changes over wide areas can be relatively well understood while there is greater uncertainty about the specific impacts at the local level particularly in countries with diverse ecosystems or topography eg nepal and mozambique regional climate models and statistical techniques have been developed that can downscale climate projections to provide a higher resolution ranger muirwood and priya however applying such techniques requires technical capacity not available in all developing countries given the uncertainties inherent in climate projection national adaptation policies and planning processes can benefit from periodic reviews and assessments,13
+its mission is to create the conditions for successful partnership between government and the private sector and develop and consolidate their capacity to implement ppp projects and increasing private investment in the national economy it supports ppp projects by developing documentation the concession proposal tender documentation the draft concession agreement negotiating with potential investors and concessionaries these recommendations are based on the experience of the oblast and city of pavlodar but they may be equally valuable for other cities as they present similar problems in the public utilities sector,11
+government expenditures to stimulate demand and full employment can be at least partially if not fully selffinancing if we consider a longerrun time horizon economists and policymakers have not typically thought about the gender effects of countercyclical or full employment policies but they should evidence suggests that in many countries women and racialethnic subordinate groups are at the back of the job queue during economic downturns making strategies to promote full employment part of the toolkit to achieve gender equality seguino couch and fairlie seguino and heintz the elr is a type of governmentfunded programme that employs all of the jobless who are ready willing and able to work in a publicsector project at a base wage,5
+as shown the icelandic population has experienced dramatic improvement in several key health indicators such as the imr and lifeexpectancy governmental polices shape and determine the context in which we are born live and die during the lifecourse people are constantly exposed to both positive and negative factors that influence their life,3
+similarly unexpected events and various types of uncertainties family members health shocks a lack of education and little or no ownership of productive assets especially land are important in the intergenerational transmission of poverty in addition inadequate asset endowments both physical and human limit households access to opportunities financial markets and credit basic services and social networks that create persistent effects on poverty and hunger social and other forms of exclusion also make it extremely difficult for the poorest and the hungriest to escape deprivations the focus has been on the poorest and the hungriest,1
+this statement does not imply that the distribution of costs cannot be discussed relative costs may be changed through a carbon tax or through a zeroemission credit in the first instance costs will be borne by electricity consumers in the second by taxpayers in both cases there will be compensating economic impacts such as increased tax revenues in the first case and lower electricity prices in the second,7
+it elaborated four governing principles citizenship empowerment gender mainstreaming and innovation these principles informed the plan s key lines of action political and social participation economic participation coresponsibility education innovation science health communication and media diversity and social inclusion violence foreign and development cooperation policy and guarantee of the right to equality the previous ministry for equality and the women s institute monitored the development of the measures and actions included in the plan for example the palestinian authority adopted the crosssectoral national gender strategy which serves as a cornerstone for the elaboration of the palestinian development plan for the next three years study participants emphasised the critical importance of these strategies as a means to uphold and safeguard women s rights in the aftermath of the arab spring and fasttrack women into politics and public service,5
+first it cannot be assumed that the mere existence of an sti ministry will ensure a net increase in total resources for sti second experience indicates that the ministry option is most effective when the ministry is involved sometimes as primus inter pares in an interdepartmental coordination body with other ministerial departments such a body oversees policies that can affect innovation performance and the distinction between policy design and policy implementation functions is clear,9
+there are some advantages to including modules or questions on time use in household surveys such as lower implementation costs as the methodology and sample design are part of a regular survey which also ensures periodicity and comparability with other indicators in the national statistical system milosavljevic and tacla this methodology also allows crossreferencing with other survey modules the regional gender agenda has driven the gradual development of timeuse measurement since the s in addition to the consensus reached by governments at the regional conferences for women in latin america and the caribbean the working group on gender statistics of the statistical conference of the americas sca has played a notable role in conceptual and methodological development and in the production and dissemination of analytical documents relating to time use cuba pioneered the field with its national timeuse surveys in and aguirre and ferrari the methodologies used were heterogeneous in terms of the objectives legal fundamentals collection process classification of activities geographic scope and calculated and disseminated indicators,5
+brazil is also home to several world heritage natural sites and internationally recognised wetlands under the ramsar convention that are designated protected areas and cover over km the government aspires to obtain the designation of additional ramsar sites by mma a sustainable use areas dominate in all biomes except the pantanal figure,15
+those found to be hivpositive are not allowed on peacekeeping missions or other local deployments but are allowed to remain within the ghana armed forces and to continue to work for as long as they are able to the soldiers and their families are guaranteed access to full medical facilities and treatment for opportunistic infections as well as to arv drugs the policy also stipulates that all ghanaian troops going on overseas courses must be hivnegative however this policy negates the vct principle advanced by the united nations department of peacekeeping operations it is also a breach of the principles of human rights provisions that no one shall be subjected to medical test without herhis consent this is a contentious issue because physical fitness is an essential feature of military service and hivaids without treatment erodes the physical fitness that military personnel are expected to possess,3
+the system includes a mobile health library consisting of locally relevant clinical and public health information with easytouse navigation tools for mobile devices and a mobile health library portal that enables users to download new clinical and public health content using mobile devices through an internet connection embedding the mhis within the ecdoh and transferring the technology and content were key goals for fhi from the outset the project started in and will continue through,3
+these companies have built up considerable technological and engineering capabilities which they could apply at least in part to the wind energy sector particularly for these companies engaging the services of established design firms has been a logical step in their corporate strategy at the same time however they have started embracing a new strategy in line with a new trend in thee global wind industry,7
+we then come to how high levels of education have affected growth in kerala before concluding with some concerns about the quality of education in the state schooling in rajasthan is a relatively recent phenomenon there are enormous challenges concerning both access and quality of schooling rajasthan is still in a situation where it is necessary to recruit female teachers to contribute to greater gender parity and social equity in school enrolment,4
+significant research has been pursued in the academia and the public and private sectors on these issues a further goal has been more effective land policy implementation the role of these land policies when coordinated with planning and zoning tools may be very important for eliminating informality since the authorities can monitor ownership rights and land use plan more effectively and eliminate illegal occupation of public land while these measures have not explicitly targeted the informal settlement problem in general terms they have provided better spatial data infrastructure for urban planning and management with respect to general compliance with the existing planning and building regulations,11
+while this is true of public employment in general the problem is likely to be more severe for older workers as the underlying demand for their skillset is generally weaker it is crucial therefore to provide older jobseekers with more opportunities for regular employment facilitating access to parttime jobs and flexible work arrangements may be an effective way to enhance older workers employment and smooth their transition to retirement,8
+any declining trends in these statistics regarding gas and coal may well improve the prospects for nuclear notable oil price volatility tends to be negatively correlated with macroeconomic growth in a carbonconstrained world the price of carbon is increasingly important for participants in energy markets and society at large,7
+although the level of womens political activism has peaked and ebbed since women have continued in a variety of ways to work within their communities and politically for recognition of the equality of women and their right to fully contribute to all aspects of the society in which they live the key factors that provide women with agency to advance their interests in modern day new zealand are the high level of education for women changes in the electoral laws and the political activism of women through community organisations and political parties the main barriers to womens political leadership have been comparatively a lack of access to political institutions the political parties and the parliament limited legal rights and economic dependence the underlying commitment to the values of enlightenment brought to new zealand by many colonists in the nineteenth century included a commitment to equality the rule of law and democratic decisionmaking through an electoral process,5
+women clients also value the opportunity to network and learn from other women entrepreneurs although the matrix in annex c is not an exhaustive list it suggests only a patchy presence of support mechanisms in a number of the economies these include women s business development and resource centres business incubators for women women entrepreneur support projects counselling and training services and marketing initiatives the network of wecs across western canada is a case in point,5
+road traffic death rates in countries including china india iran islamic republic of kazakhstan malaysia russian federation thailand and viet nam were higher than the global average however of these four countries brought down the death rates from their previous levels in for the other ten countries the death rate increased further over this period,11
+it has broad appeal to female audiences and is suitable for adaptation for countries facing similar trends associated with sdg governance systems for sport also need to be fully accountable in addressing issues of genderbased violence and harmful practices in order to command the confidence of all girls and women involved in sport the scale of the gender equity issues associated with sport calls for strong enactment of a range of policy options these options include recourse to wider systems of regulation and involve gendersensitive systems of funding distribution and redistribution and various approaches to data and information gathering and dissemination that build awareness and ensure accountability,5
+factors that concern the economic contribution include for example the motives which encourage immigrants to work in these sectors the knowledge and skills they bring the innovation generated directly or indirectly by them and possible negative economic or related effects eg pressure on nativebom employment infrastructure price levels or the environment however these national results do not necessarily hold for each economic sector since even within the same sector employment creation and displacement effects may occur simultaneously the study discussed in this chapter illustrates such effects and in this way complements the analysis in other chapters wholesale and retail trade is a very important sector in terms of employment and almost one in five workers are employed in this sector the share of employment in mining is far lower just above but at the same time this sector accounts for almost of gdp compared with for trade ghana statistical service,8
+a product patent on a new use may therefore directly extend the life of the existing patent unless the claims for the original and the new patent refer to specific and separate uses usebound claims see below during one year of artificially extended market exclusivity based on an invalid patent the originator company gained more than billion in net sales of the respective pharmaceutical product governments may seek to reduce the risk of such lawsuits by limiting patents on product variations unless there are clear and demonstrable grounds to show that the modified substance produces truly new and significant therapeutic impacts,3
+for instance estimates for thailand suggest that only half of the renewable energy capacity is connected to the grid dla piper grid issues are also prevailing in china where government estimates showed that of the total wind power generation was curtailed in according to liu despite having the best wind conditions the curtailment rates have surpassed in some of the northern regions where the grid issues are considered larger than in other regions,7
+it may however also be linked to the fact that large adaptation initiatives often come with their own reporting frameworks a practical guide for planning implementing and assessing capacity building of hivaids monitoring and evaluation systems office of the global aids coordinator usg washington dc climate change issues with aocus on development and sciencebased decision making position paper wmo geneva,13
+it is not the intention here to provide a comprehensive review of the principle but just to highlight the most critical areas a distinction exclusion restriction or preference is compatible with the principle of equality when a it has objective and reasonable justification b it pursues a legitimate aim under human rights lawand c there is a reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the aim sought to be realized differences in treatment that comply with the criteria mentioned above are not discriminatory and do not infringe the principle of equality and nondiscrimination thus discrimination may arise not only from an explicit unequal treatment in the law but also from laws that at face value are neutral but in practice have a disproportionate impact on the enjoyment or exercise of rights on an equal footing for example a law stating that the surviving partner of a heterosexual relationship is entitled to a pension would indirectly discriminate against samesex couples,5
+as part of modernization the process had the effect of making people more dependent on a system that could be adjusted in response to market or bureaucratic failures kohli moon and sorensen greece is a recent example of where the governance of the system has failed to the point where the poor have taken to the streets to protest a similar process of economic alienation has been intensified in many parts of the world since the introduction of neoliberal economic policies,1
+in of general high school graduates and of vocational high school graduates enrolled in a postsecondary programme mest access to postsecondary education is selective and students are admitted to an institution and programme based on their performance on the korean scholastic aptitude test ksat it is provided by two types of institution junior colleges and polytechnics,4
+makingworkpay policies have two main goals raising employment and limiting inwork poverty empirical evidence tends to show that the positive effects on headcount employment outweigh the costs associated with reduced incentives to work more hours immervoll and pearson evaluations have mainly concerned periods of buoyant labour demand which raises the question of how effective these policies are in an economic downturn when wages need to adjust downwards if additional jobs are to be forthcoming even so an eitc can still be effective as a tool to reduce inwork poverty in times of crisis,8
+the need to find alternatives to the present aquatic feed resources is urgent while aquaculture production shows steady and rapid growth global fish catches are stagnating or even slightly decreasing the world production of both fish meal and fish oil have according to the international fishmeal and fish oil organisation iffo statistics slipped remarkably from the record levels years ago increasing demand of fish meal and particularly fish oil rich in omega fatty acids for human use has led to increasing prices and a reduced availability for the aquaculture sector,14
+similarly turkey has achieved the highest average reduction of per year in infant mortality between and followed in the oecd by korea per year and portugal per year financial protection has also greatly improved public health spending now accounts for of total health expenditure slightly above the oecd average of,3
+this may also indicate that a gain in productivity or a greater amount of effort devoted to work in line with our earlier discussion of the lack of a counterbalance for the labourincome elasticity of supply may correlate with a reduction in the number of hours of labour supply but may boost production and growth this may mean that the gender bias in the labour market is greater than the malefemale wage gap that is based on observable characteristic education or experience for example and that the wages of women entering the workforce on average should be higher than the wage that the market is currently paying among factors relating to worker skill levels the mean level of educational attainment of the eap correlates positively although fairly weakly about with the growth rate for all the specifications,5
+with particular respect to settlements and agricultural land in the country s northern lowlands floods occurred more often in recent years almost annually and caused serious damage however the majority of these dams were badly designed and are now for safety reasons operating at half capacity limiting their usefulness in flood prevention despite the fact that illegal gravel abstraction decreased from per cent in to less than per cent in its impact still affect river beds and infrastructure today,6
+without the controller fluctuations in wind power outputs caused stability issues resulting in the occasional need for turning off the wind turbines thereby increasing fuel consumption in combination with powerstore grid stabilisation system the mgc was able to manage the hybrid energy system delivering a increase in energy yield by maximising renewable energy penetration abb the mw project has an estimated payback period of years similarly the success of the solar pv plant at cronimet s thabazimbi mine in south africa with its payback period of less than four years is attributed aside from financial factors to the use of a programmable logic control plc system that helps achieve the solar penetration ratio of boyse et al,7
+these remaining gaps not only undermine the wellbeing of societies but represent missed opportunities for achieving economic growth that benefits all to be successful governments need effective governance mechanisms and sound public sector capacities to ensure effective implementation of gender equality initiatives the recommendation promotes a governmentwide strategy for gender equality reform sound mechanisms to ensure accountability and sustainability of gender initiatives and tools and evidence to inform inclusive policy decisions it also promotes a wholeofsociety approach to reducing gender stereotypes encouraging women to participate in politics and removing implicit and explicit barriers to gender equality this work builds on the extensive expertise developed by the public governance committee and its policy communities including the report women government and policymaking in oecd countries fostering diversity for inclusive growth,5
+higher than average shares of endangered species are recorded for amphibians and mammals table and figure more than half of the vertebrates listed as extinct are wetland dependent species this is directly related to the use of all the country s water sources springs streams and swamps since the beginning of the th century to provide drinking and irrigation water furthermore israel is located on two major migratory routes avian and marine box,15
+section presents global regional and subregional figures of hunger and introduces a new indicator of food insecurity that goes beyond hunger to include moderate levels of food insecurity section presents the latest figures for seven nutrition indicators including three sdg indicators of child malnutrition stunting wasting and overweight with a spotlight on the rapid rise in overweight and obesity the links between food insecurity and nutritional outcomes particularly overweight and obesity are explored in section rising mol bodymass index is ihe mein driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults,2
+experiences of international and national tests in norway and sweden chapter in tn hopfenbeck m kjtemsli and rv olsen eds intemasjonale og nasjonale undersokelser av lasringsutbytte og undervisning quality in the norwegian school international and national tests of learning outcomes and teaching universitetsforlaget oslo evaluating educational reforms scandinavian perspectives information age publishing connecticut,4
+in technical education at least four weeks of practical training praxis should include practical handson experience on the example of the educational framework for mechanical engineering m but again schools can provide it either in companies or run it in school workshops nuov c therefore provision of workplace training in apprenticeship and technical vet depends very much on individual schools the authors estimate that only of students in apprenticeship programmes receive any practical training in a company czesand et al in four year technical programmes around of students do receive training in companies but the majority of work placements last no more than three weeks czesana et al,4
+that level of emissions would have disastrous climate consequences for the planet there are a number of emission reduction opportunities for the energy sector notably reducing the amount of energy consumed and reducing the net carbon intensity of the energy sector by fuel switching and by controlling c emissions energy efficiency and renewables are often positioned as the only solutions needed to meet climate goals in the energy system but they are not enough,7
+from to global co emissions increased by an average of per year it jumped to a annual growth rate over the next years two main factors contributed rising energy demand in coalbased economies and an increase in coalfired power generation in response to higher oil and natural gas prices,7
+citizen science should be promoted and used to raise awareness it is important to stress though that the quality of the data from those low cost sensors is in general far from sufficient to be used for drawing conclusion on the actual air quality situation and form basis for control measures this links to the need for harmonization of practices for local measures such as retrofit approaches and low emission zones it is recommended to the parties to review and share their success story in the cities it is not only a problem of scale but also of balance between sectors and other policies therefore local actions need to be city specific,11
+in brazil for example contracts are signed between the national water agency ana states and river basin committees water pacts to enable the joint implementation of water resource management instruments through the establishment of goals activities and deadlines for each party there are no exchanges of financial resources among the parties each one being responsible for supporting the implementation of its activities in the pact the results achieved are related to the reduction of compliance costs and the adoption of an integrated approach for the implementation of water resource management instruments in those river basins,6
+vanuatu has integrated wind and coconut oil into the fuel mix of its electricity generation but other countries have not had similar success with integration of these particular types of renewable energy sources in addition electricity grids can be developed in such a way that allows for the adoption of emerging technologies marine energy electric vehicles in the future the current and future use of smart grids and electric vehicles in developed countries and other island regions should be closely monitored for potential replication in the pacific at the appropriate time as the diffusion of gridconnected solar pv technology and wind turbines for example has largely trailed the adoption and dissemination of those technologies in developed countries commonwealth pacific small states should not expect the latest sustainable energy technologies to be implemented before or at a quicker rate than these technologies have been adopted in more developed countries,7
+some localised efforts to improve collection of indicators of mental health care quality have been started but are not rolled out nationally japan should look to establishing national collection of some key indicators that are still presently lacking a better information infrastructure is essentia for building stronger mental health care systems,3
+human rights principles also underline the duty of governments to raise sufficient resources allocate them in ways that meet the obligations of nondiscrimination and equality and ensure transparency and democratic participation in the deliberation of budget processes action is required along three dimensions redressing womens socioeconomic disadvantage addressing stereotyping stigma and violence and strengthening womens agency voice and participation together progress on these three dimensions can transform existing structures and institutions and in turn the lives of women and girls around the world,5
+progress in raising learning achievement in particular in stem science technology engineering and mathematics subjects that are associated with higher wages combined w ith policies to address the distinct barriers women face to employment including affordable childcare will be important to provide more equal opportunities for women and girls in costa rica similarly there have been major efforts to cater to students with special needs in mainstream schools including the development of an adapted vocational programme to facilitate transition into the labour market less policy attention has been given to improving the opportunities of children and young people from migrant communities many of whom face significant barriers to accessing education and other public services,4
+education and training policies should be pursued to improve social cohesion and productivity in the state they should seek to attain inclusive growth by increasing student education performances and improving the alignment of skills supply with skills demand investing in innovation is also critical to regional competitiveness morelos should better mobilise its innovation infrastructure for knowledge diffusion and exploitation,4
+performing a retrospective data analysis using medical claims for example can produce information reflective of specific populations for example a particular combination of chronic conditions of interest that rcts cannot easily replicate each of these options needs to be reviewed to assess how well they can provide evidence to treat people with multiple chronic conditions in these countries chronic disease is already responsible for over half of the burden of disease,3
+ask the pupils to respond in ways they can handle assess pupils through their strengths not their weaknesses the process helps teachers to plan and implement one lesson to accommodate all students and encourages each student to participate at his or her own level zone of proximal learning vygotsky everyone needs to be challenged in their learning by being placed just outside their comfort zone so they use all their faculties to resolve a problem and learn,4
+the oecd s private sector participation in water infrastructure checklist for public action could be useful in this regard tvo administrative river basin management units were designated in the danube river basin district which included subbasins of the mura drava and sava rivers and the adriatic river basin district which included the basins of the soca river and all rivers along the adriatic coast to facilitate management every subbasin is divided into smaller units called water bodies surface water and groundwater bodies,6
+examination of changes in conditions over time strictly depends on using the same instruments to measure the same variables of interest over successive cycles even then it is not possible to make inferences about what impact changes in individual teachers environments have on those teachers these sorts of inference require a longitudinal study in which the same teachers are followed over time to track changes in variables of interest,4
+but it is also important to consider what other benefits may have resulted from the measure it may be that additional energy consumption can be explained as a consequence of achieving those other benefits while some multiple benefits can be seen as a result of energy savings and should be counted in addition to energy savings achieved others can occur independently of energy savings and could provide a different measure of success of energy efficiency programmes to be considered where energy savings are low policymakers should consider any such tradeoff between reduced energy savings and socioeconomic welfare gains arising from particular energy efficiency measure and how the balance should be struck between energy savings and other benefits in designing energy efficiency policy,7
+the next decade therefore will be one largely of growth in senior secondary provision and participation this will require greater efficiency in the deployment of teachers and a better alignment of programme offerings with school size enlarged participation in senior secondary school will also require greater attention to the relevance of education to the life work and further learning prospects of students,4
+the bulk of aquaculture production will continue to originate from asian countries which account for about of world production china will remain the main producer with a share of of total production china india and indonesia are expected to represent the majority of growth in quantity terms,14
+elsewhere in the region these rates are per cent for kazakhstan and the republic of moldova and per cent in bosnia and herzegovina croatia romania and the former yugoslav republic of macedonia unhabitat a although urban areas reportedly have higher levels of service close to million people in european cities lack access to piped water and million to sewerage unhabitat a data indicate that the situation regarding piped water supply in the housing stock in the eecca countries is particularly problematic in republic of moldova and uzbekistan with services available in one third of the stock,11
+five countries reported that national record linkage projects were used for regular mental health care quality monitoring these results illustrate that considerable progress is needed in terms of having a comprehensive and welldesigned infrastructure in place to measure the quality of mental health care across oecd countries it is also worth emphasizing that inpatient data is generally better developed than data for community and other mental health care,3
+neither youthoriented programmes nor those targeting adult women are likely to address the unique circumstances of married girls or the needs of girls at risk of child marriage unless they do so in a planned and deliberate manner but unless laws are enforced and communities support these laws they will have little impact timing is key these interventions especially schooling and assetbuilding for girls must be directed at young adolescents to years old before or around the time of puberty in order to counter pressures on girls for marriage and childbearing for social and economic security,5
+they do not capture how change processes were initiated and if they were on track to achieve intended objectives backlash raises the issue of sustainability of results gender analysis and monitoring and evaluation of gender results have been inconsistent in tracking gender reversals this effect sometimes described as one step forward two steps back was mentioned most often in democratic governance results followed by institutional gender mainstreaming and then the poverty and mdg area,5
+these considerations apply to our gender analysis as well international support is fundamental to genderprogressive change in conflict and postconflict but gender agendas are not necessarily shaped bearing in mind the conflict context and the needs of women and lgbts on the ground the bosnia case proves that the most effective organizations in bringing about progressive gender change are those that are deeply rooted in local communities,5
+they are the primary regulator of the global climate function as an important sink for greenhouse gases serve as the host for huge reservoirs of biodiversity and play a major role in producing the oxygen we breathe the first global integrated marine assessment completed in under the united nations regular process for global reporting and assessment of the state of the marine environment including socioeconomic aspects provides a stark picture of the state of our oceans anthropogenic pressures on marine ecosystems including ocean acidification and climate change are challenging the resilience of the oceans and their resources as well as their continued ability to provide important ecosystems goods and services,14
+guiding these regional development strategies is the national strategy which serves as an anchor document for regional growth initiatives originating at the regional and national levels it provides a framework for investing in regions and rural areas the national policy goal for regional development is to develop the potential in all parts of the country with stronger local and regional competitiveness the strategy provides a policy framework for the development of all regions in sweden and focuses on investing in enabling factors utilising a placebased approach,11
+the coordination of social care social needs social policy and health care needs and policy is central to the current health and mental health strategies in england health wellness and mental health are seen as crosssector problems and the integration of mental health care services with social care and support is prioritised no health without mental health hm government further confirms and consolidates this approach,3
+sheikh and bagley underline the role of relationships among actors in creating shared understandings which then function as filters through which the relevance and meaning of new policies are interpreted or translated for example the vision that a teacher education institution has of teachers knowledge will influence the way in which the institution incorporates professional standards into its programme this vision is reflected in discourses embedded in institutional artefacts such as the programme curriculum or course descriptions which will impact on how staff receives and interprets the discourse of standards,4
+any proposals for legislative amendment would likely be encompassed within broader reforms to the resource management system in under the local government act local governments are responsible for a range of functions that may be affected by climate change regional coundls are at various regional policy statements water plans water consents,13
+social capital a shared understanding of public interest and the presence of trustworthy relationships among involved actors are important for the cocreation of policies as they enable stakeholders and policy makers to overcome barriers to collective action however participatory governance is predominantly based on an administrative representation model meaning that there is a central role for the representatives of school boards legally they are one of the components of the quality triangle already mentioned in chapter in the decree on inspection and support of the learning plans of education providers are positioned as an important link in the chain from attainment targets to class practice,4
+fishing is frequently portrayed as a male domain but when the whole fishing cycle is taken into account actually some of the workforce is female climate change is especially threatening to coastal communities and fishing livelihoods downstream effects on fishing sector activities such as postharvest work are often not taken into account,14
+these linkages have multifaceted positive impacts on individuals families and communities the potential for the codevelopment of urban and rural communities exists but requires partnerships between the migrants and the local authorities of both communities as well as support from national governments it assists to shift the focus away from why people move to how they work live and shape their habitats cities across the development spectrum have growing mobile and diverse populations to manage in developed countries one of the main sources of population diversity is international migration while in lessdeveloped countries it is most likely internal migration and to a lesser extent growing international southsouth migration,11
+past unemployment provides a cheap signal to employers regarding low labour productivity with adverse consequences for the individuals concerned the estimate of x may therefore partially reflect duration dependence in nonreceipt ie the fact that nonreceipt probabilities maybe tend to be greater the longer the spell of nonreceipt the factors influencing duration dependence in nonreceipt however need not be the same as the factors influencing duration dependence in receipt because unemployment leads to a substantial running down of financial assets and savings past unemployment may affect the chances of finding reemployment possibilities,1
+however the relative risk of poverty for this group has also been declining over time for young people on the other hand the risk of poverty has increased as it has too albeit to a lesser extent for children these changes alongside changes in population shares have led to a decline in the proportion of the elderly among the poor and a rise in the share of children and young people,1
+finally the extent to which turkey s agricultural policy is oriented to the support of longterm agricultural productivity is evaluated based on oecd support indicators the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law the agricultural reform implementation project arip was developed and supported by the world bank as a precondition for the macroeconomic stabilisation assistance given to turkey from the imf,2
+it does not provide consistent tax and benefit breakdowns for as many oecd countries as the oecd database used for the results in figure but unlike in the oecd database which largely records tabulations of grouped data the microdata are available directly table uses these microdata to calculate inequality and redistribution measures that capture income differences across the entire distribution broadly consistent with the widening gaps between specific points in the income spectrum shown earlier in figure the results in table show a trend towards greater marketincome inequality,10
+in the late s ontario inaugurated primary care reform characterised by the sequential introduction of a menu of payment models replacing traditional ffs payment for family physicians this reform was brought about by in part concerns regarding a shortage of family physicians and about access to physicians during evenings and weekends improving health care quality for example increasing the payment system s support for preventative health care and chronic disease management was also an important goal the ffs payment system was seen as contributing towards an excessive focus on volumebased acute care and to lack incentives encouraging both physician and interprofessional teams kantarevic and kralj physicians were given a choice of payment model these newly introduced models required or encouraged patient enrollment sometimes called rostering with gps,3
+a metaanalysis of effects on soil carbon stocks after harvesting in temperate forests showed that harvesting resulted in decreased carbon stocks of the soil horizon but found no effect for the mineral soil nave et al similar reductions in soil carbon stocks have also been found by studies from boreal forests kolari et al the finding by de wit kvindesland that soil carbon stocks increase with the stand development class related to stand age indicate that soil carbon stocks are not back to their former size within a few decades after harvesting but continue to increase cf also figure studies looking at the effect of changing harvesting rotation length also mostly support the hypothesis that soil carbon is depressed after harvesting for a long time however modelling studies liski et al overall effects of harvesting regime on the input of litter and coarse woody debris will be more important for soil carbon stocks than changes in decomposition rates,15
+first we want to assess whether such a global subsidy would be of an order of magnitude compatible with the current and envisioned financial flows going from developed to developing countries such as official development aid oda and figures put forward in the discussions under unfccc perhaps as importantly we try to critically highlight the various steps needed to arrive at a final subsidy cost for a global feedin tariff and the numerous assumptions related to those steps a main conclusion from the analysis is that uncertainty over the dimension of such a subsidy is large and is mainly related to uncertainties in how costs of renewable technologies change over time in the mixes of renewables that individual countries choose to adopt and in the share of new investment for electricity generation that is channeled into renewables,7
+the impacts of agricultural use are ubiquitous but often vary from place to place in some places it is linked to fertilisation and pesticides in others it may be linked to over abstraction or to excessive drainage eg urban flood risk linked to disappearance of floodplains in eau de paris put in place an information campaign and concrete actions to promote organic agriculture for the preservation of water and natural resources there are also contracts between the municipality of paris authorities in the hinterland and farmers for developing a tighter cooperation between supplying areas in terms of water resources and the urban core see box in the section on stakeholder engagement,6
+the grattan institute for example suggests that although energy intensive industries such as alumina refining lng production and most coal mining will be less profitable they would still be internationally competitive with the exception of cement these industries don t have a strong presence in the metropolitan economy this suggests that the negative impacts on industry and overall employment in the sydney metropolitan area are likely to be small treasury modelling concludes that action on climate change will have a relatively small impact on gnp growth,7
+in contrast poverty among older persons has fallen organization for economic cooperation and development a european commission directorategeneral for employment social affairs and equal opportunities the recent report growing unequal income distribution and poverty in oecd countries organization for economic cooperation and development a points to growing inequality and poverty in two thirds of oecd countries and finds that the economic growth of recent decades has largely benefited the rich more than the poor across oecd countries the income of the richest per cent of people is nearly nine times that of the poorest per cent,1
+recent data from show a slight decrease in the level of bilateral oda from compared to an increase in the share of climaterelated oda in the same period this concern is compounded by difficulties in defining the new and additional nature of climate finance and its relationship to aid stadelmann et however the fact that an increasing portion of oda is being climateproofed shows increased mainstreaming of climate action into other sectors,13
+as noted mdbs also have the option to report on climate finance through the oecd dac system while most of them report activitylevel data to the crs only the world bank applies the rio markers to provide details on the climate change focus of its operations as noted above the world bank is also expecting to report to dac once they have implemented their new methodology to assign a specific share of each project or programme supported to climate change this would allow for all public climate finance flows bilateral and multilateral to be stored in one database would allow for mainstreaming of definitions and classifications and would avoid double counting between bilateral and multilateral flows,13
+similarly improvement in the business environment is necessary to optimize returns from planned infrastructure investment including a proposed submarine cable to provide highspeed internet access cyclone pam devastated parts of the country in march severely damaging housing infrastructure agriculture and tourism facilities overall the damage and losses to the economy are estimated to have exceeded of gdp,8
+this reorientation of policy appears to have had an impact since the number of freeters had by declined more than from the peak the japanese government should continue its policy aiming to reduce the precariousness of youth employment and in this respect the principal recommendations contained in the oecd s jobs for youth japan report remain valid policies in the s included the further expansion of participation in silver human resource centres which now have almost million members about of the total population aged above and the introduction of an option for firms of implementing a system for continued employment after their mandatory retirement age rather than increasing the mandatory retirement age itself,8
+more than patients are registered for the online service for video consultations and prescriptions doctors can access medical records as well as heart rate blood pressure and other biosignal data which are uploaded to the system by various devices patients access the ningbo cloud hospital website to make appointments and the system refers them to hospitals that provide optimal medical services digitally see figure,3
+as a result the vienna declaration and programme of action contained an extensive section on womens human rights and declared that the human rights of women and of the girlchild are an inalienable integral and indivisible part of universal human rights this violence seriously inhibits womens ability to enjoy rights and freedoms on a basis of equality with men the adoption of this general recommendation was a critical precursor to the recognition of this issue at the vienna world conference,5
+furthermore such selective subsidisation entrenches the problem and impedes progress towards its internalisation the latter may come in the form of capacity payments or increased prices in the shortterm adjustment market this reduces the profitability of alternative means of electricity production which nevertheless remain indispensable to ensure the security of supply,7
+our analysis shows that the structure and the average level of electricity prices is identical in the scenario without renewables and in the two scenarios at penetration level on the contrary at penetration level there are limited periods in which renewables can meet all of demand and thus become the marginal generating technology which in a competitive market means zero prices the price duration curve in the renewable scenario is thus strictly the same as in the reference case with the exception of those periods in which renewables become the marginal technology,7
+participation in the labour market by persons in the age brackets in which such participation is compatible with the overall course of human development is a decisive factor in averting deprivation and having the ability to engage in many important functionings each focuses on a specific facet of what will taken together provide a fuller multidimensional picture of the situation of deprivation in urban areas of brazil the following section will provide an overview of the index,1
+indeed the government of costa rica took the decision to deregulate the health insurance market in to allow private medical insurance companies balabanova et al this was a consequence of signing the free trade agreement with the united states and it meant that the ins lost the monopoly within the insurance marked that it have had since muiser fearing this would open up for foreign corporations to dominate the insurance market and risking to loose equity in the system this deregulation was allegedly put in place in order to enhance the financial sustainability of the health care system,3
+in its second part the project anticipates and prevents the creation of new slums by making new land viable and constnictible some of the lots are then reserved for modest families to offer them an affordable alternative to unsafe housing finally the project aims at financial equilibrium in order to be reproducible and to have as great an impact as possible on the lives of the populations concerned,11
+one option following the oecd study on regional development policy would be to start with a modest set of indicators and gradually adjust or expand them if necessary oecd for example citizens that can at present consult regional documents on the web site might be given the opportunity to comment on educational plans before they are approved by the regional authorities schools decide whether training is provided in school workshops or in a company and some students receive all their practical training in the school education act no section,4
+in december the government writ mai for friluftslivspolitiken goals for the outdoor recreation policy was published which points out the future of the swedish outdoor recreation policy more or less following the intentions in the above mentioned ten policy areas writ the swedish forest policy has two equal objectives wood production and environmental protection social values are considered but lack more specific objectives the proposition en skogspolitik i takt med tiden prop,15
+the limitations highlighted by this paper call for a reinvigorated dialogue of the two communities in the un forum on sti and beyond the oecd dac and sti committees could play a key role towards that end considering that the available information on development activities does not follow standard sti definitions and classifications several assumptions had to be made as to the assessment of which activities to consider as support to sti for example activities for developmental purposes conducted by universities often include both research activities and trainings or other capacity building exercises,9
+there has also been some work on specific plans for distinct diseases or services although these are not yet complete in addition new policies aim at attracting physicians to mral areas and halt migration of health care workers see above but there is no overarching policy for planning human resources in the health care sector or for addressing skill mix further there are no systems in place aimed at ensuring an equitable distribution of capital across the country and across various levels of care the national health strategy recognises the need to address this but also to improve transparency in decisionmaking and to boost citizens involvement patients associations are increasingly part of the policymaking process for example over a quarter of romanian respondents reported that they had to give an additional payment valuable gift or make a hospital donation as part of their use of public health care services,3
+improving child welfare is the top priority and the calls to action provide a comprehensive roadmap that aims to eliminate the gaps in outcomes between indigenous and nonindigenous canadians there is variation across provinces and territories but in alberta for example of children are indigenous while of children in care are indigenous improving housing closing gaps in education quality and increasing completion rates as well as addressing health and social service provisions needs of indigenous people is essential to addressing some of the material deprivation issues of indigenous children and communities,1
+this was highlighted in the first case study in which the wellestablished institutional framework for water management in the netherlands was highly conducive to the successful introduction of effluent charges in contrast the different management traditions in denmark france and germany complicated the use of similar economic instruments in those countries andersen experience with watertrading initiatives suggests that successful trading regimes tend to be built on preexisting institutions and are integrated into traditional regulatory regimes this may entail tradable permits being combined with other policy instruments taxes charges environmental quality objectives etc,6
+the congruence of change in the severity of depression and the level of functional disability has also been found by others eg judd etal the good news of this research is that disability diminishes when depressive symptoms decrease on the other hand disability seems pervasive when depressive symptoms persist moreover the longer the duration of depression the worse are the functional outcomes,3
+between and the percentage of governments with policies to raise fertility has also increased in developing regions from per cent in to per cent in while the percentage with policies to lower fertility has remained mostly unchanged per cent in and per cent in the percentage of governments with policies to lower fertility was highest in africa per cent whereas the percentage of governments with policies to raise fertility was highest in europe percent early childbearing also increases the risk of maternal death or physical impairment and children born to young mothers tend to have higher levels of morbidity and mortality,3
+the tasks of peacebuilding are simply too great and too complex to leave decisionmaking solely to a few select male leaders peacebuilding requires the participation of the whole of society women represent half or more of every community and should have a voice and active role to play in peacebuilding peacebuilding is by definition an inclusive process that seeks to empower people to take personal responsibility for fostering peace,5
+this work accounts for about one fifth of his budget as part of scotland s transition towards integration of health and social care his is already working more closely with the care inspectorate the scottish social care regulator as of january seven joint reports have been published in relation to the care of older adults in addition distinctive characteristics of scotland s locallyrooted approach to service assessments will be strengthened,3
+education and urbanisation influence both population and income levels and are affected by them but also the composition of sectoral demand climate change affects all aspects of the nexus directly and indirectly not least climate lchange influences the hydrological cycle resulting in shifts in annual water availability in many regions and also in more erratic precipitation patterns including extreme events such as droughts and excess rainfall reduced water availability can increase competition for water between sectors as described above,6
+they see ghana as a place within the west african region that is relatively stable and peaceful though when you compare the economic conditions other places are relatively better but of course an investor is looking at the future so he is looking at the environment which is uery stable so the environment is one factor considered before coming to invest in ghana,8
+by contrast the interaction term with middleincome countries is not significant meaning that for this income group the negative impact of discriminatory social institutions on income is not statistically different than the average impact however the size of the coefficients indicates that the negative effect of genderbased discrimination in social institutions is more detrimental for lowincome countries than for highincome countries similarly in the quintile regressions irrespective of the set of controls included the sigi coefficients are significant in all specifications and decreases with income the richer the country the lower the negative impact of discriminatory social institutions on income,5
+table clusters these application cases into five types of cooperation describes them and provides insights into the main findings of energise as regards the relevance of this type of cooperation from the perspectives of industry actors and competent authorities this is not surprising as ict today are an essential part of operating and maintaining a modern power grid system more and more decentralized power generators further increase the need to employ modern ict in network operation,7
+this should be eased with the completion of the fourth bridge over the yenisei which is now under construction transport policies designed at different levels of government and implemented at different territorial scales cannot be considered in isolation regulatory financial and administrative powers are clearly attributed to the different levels of government table but policies are not always well coordinated and integrated,11
+smoking rates have also started to decline most strikingly among the young but initiatives fail to reach the least advantaged see section in the sober and healthier programme started its activities to raise awareness about alcoholrelated harm currently parliament is discussing limiting alcohol advertising and having sales restrictions,3
+this is an important distinction as it reflects the reality of variable capacities across countries and regions and also recognises that there are strong needs at all phases from research data collection through to the assimilation and mainstreaming of the knowledge gained into decisionmaking they were initially few in number and mainly fisheries biologists by specialisation during the s and s more marine scientists from a spectrum of disciplines both in natural and social science were trained,14
+overall more than of cameroon s export receipts come from five of products in the country s supply and use table sut as shown in figure and in table these exports are mostly dominated by crude oil which represented of exports receipts alone in sawn wood refined oil base metals and transport storage and communication services most of the remaining exports include industrial agriculture export products cocoa coffee cotton and bananas which represented of the total in business services rubber raw wood and agricultural food products,1
+changing dietary patterns may also mean that consumers will reduce their intake of traditional staples such as rice and spend more on other cereals pulses fruits and vegetables and they will likely eat more meat and dairy products globally wheat and rice annual yield increases as a percent of current yield have been falling and are now just below percent for rice and wheat yield growth in absolute terms kgha per year is falling in developing countries,2
+the early years of taiwan s exportled boom were fuelled by the entry of these women into export factories in the s when taiwan faced labour shortages a statesponsored satellite factory system made industrial work more consistent with traditional female roles enabling increases in the labour supply of wives and mothers hsiung this sort of structural flexibility relative to women s work and family roles is a feature that persists in taiwanese labour markets today and dovetails with expectations that women contribute financially to their families yu as a consequence increases in female labour force participation have been large and sustained going from per cent in to per cent in and per cent in compared to other east asian economies which typically have some of the largest gender wage gaps in the world women in taiwan experience a gender wage gap closer to the norm for liberal advanced industrialized countries the gender wage ratiofor average monthly earnings in industry and services was in let us consider whether these dynamics have drawn taiwan closer to the low roadfeminization of responsibility or high road gender egalitarian case,5
+gender statistics provide researchers and analysts with the quantitative evidence necessary to assess gender gaps in all areas of life to understand the interlinkages between cultural social and economic factors that are at the basis of gender inequality and their dynamic over time and to evaluate the implications of unequal access of women and men to social and economic opportunities gender statistics are used in monitoring progress towards gender equality and the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental rights by women and girls gender equality means equal opportunities rights and responsibilities for women and men girls and boys united nations,5
+at present these usually reward discrete episodes of care in the future payment mechanisms are increasingly likely to reward bundles of care or indeed a whole year of care for people with complex needs it will be interesting to see whether health systems can respond to these new pressures and whether appropriate organizations will arise to manage the challenges of integrating care for such patients experience in the us with the new accountable care organizations responsible for the costs and quality of health care for a defined population with a minimum size of people will be of great interest in this respect shortell et al,3
+for example an evaluation of the canadian work sharing programme shows that about half of the jobs that were initially maintained by the programme were lost soon after its termination hrdc the next subsection attempts to do so for the operation of stw schemes during the recession the analysis makes use of quarterly data for the period q to q for countries and four industries manufacturing construction distribution and business services the agricultural and nonmarket sectors are excluded from the analysis of the countries included in the analysis countries operated a shorttime work scheme during the entire period five countries introduced a new scheme during the crisis period and three countries never had a shorttime work scheme,8
+the goal of the project is to group small and often inefficient wocs into larger wocs with greater responsibilities in order to ensure provision of an adequate supply of drinking water and improve wastewater treatment systems the grouping would increase efficiency and lower costs under this project municipalities are committed to adjusting tariffs and introducing cost recovery by their respective water companies to ensure financial viability,6
+the rate of femicides in domestic spaces remains unchanged revealing the strong persistence of intimate partner violence un women political violence against women can take many forms including assaults and threats during campaigning and while in office the destruction of personal or family property intimidation pressure to resign in favour of male substitutes and being prevented from voting this can stymie women s political participation and has led some to abandon their political careers after election at high personal professional and emotional costs,5
+in korea for example becoming a school leader in a low performing disadvantaged school is well regarded by the profession and well rewarded financially often leaders for these schools are recognised as among the best performers this restructuring can sometimes require extra support and external intervention andor additional resources black evidence shows that successful strategies should take into account the following key elements also see box,4
+informe final de investigacion paper prepared for the project mejorando la participation femenina en el mercado laboural y el empoderamiento economico de las mujeres a traves de mejores politicas en america latina la paz fundacion aru november los casos de argentina y chile paper prepared for the meeting of experts on the gender impact of the pension system in chile santiago economic commission for latin america and the caribbean eclac june informe de evaluacibn y reforma del pacto de toledo coleccion seguridad social no,5
+professional development provides opportunities for staff who are already working in the sector to update or enhance their practices it is often referred to as inservice training continuous education or professional training the last two changes have important consequences for what is expected of those who work with young children this also refers to the ecec sector oecd,4
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law since the global financial crisis spurred the development of a generalised smart city concept undp a wealth of definitions of and approaches to smart cities has been developed and used this chapter defines smart cities as initiatives or approaches that effectively leverage digitalisation to boost citizen wellbeing and deliver more efficient sustainable and inclusive urban services and environments as part of a collaborative multistakeholder process oecd a indeed as digitalisation evolves smart cities are increasingly viewed as unprecedented opportunities to drive economic growth and enhance citizen wellbeing in cities,11
+while coverage rates are low for both sexes in south asia and subsaharan africa women still face significant disadvantages visavis men in france for example the gender gap in pensions relative to average pensions for all men is per cent for women who have no children per cent for women who have one or two children and per cent for women who have three or more children these gaps not only undermine gender equality in old age but also womens right to an adequate standard of living in chile for example the combination of these factors creates a gender gap of per cent in pensions derived from the individual capital account system see figure,5
+thus the work presented here shows that through appropriate policies and international cooperation climate change can be tackled in a way that will not cap countries aspirations for growth and prosperity the kyoto protocol intends to limit emissions of the six gases which are responsible for the bulk of global warming of these the three most potent are carbon dioxide c methane ch and nitrous oxide n currently accounting for of the ghg emissions covered by the kyoto protocol figure,13
+four of the most energy intensive industrial products electric motors circulator pumps fans and water pumps are regulated to minimize energy costs and environmental impacts over their respective life cycles and will lead to energy demand reductions across the eu of twh by the policy has been accompanied by significant technology development and has initiated eu and global standardization processes voluntary but not without obligations,7
+however a major attendant risk needs to be managed of selling off all the cheapest cers so that ethiopia has fewer affordable options left if the country ultimately needs to meet its own mitigation target under a future global climate regime from the second component of the crge therefore constitutes the climate resilient strategy to be completed in ethiopia submitted its first national adaptation programme of action napa to the unfccc secretariat in,13
+the study demonstrated why focusing exclusively on the crosssectional picture of child poverty incidence may paint a misleading picture of economic disadvantage among children however bradbury et al did not analyse predictors of child poverty transitions except for recording lower poverty exit rates and higher entry rates for children in lone parent families yet identifying the key determinants of poverty transitions helps target policies more effectively,1
+leaving school early has a major impact on young people s life chances as well as generating large negative external effects for society and lowering economic productivity however over the last years a remarkable effort has been made to bring their number down to in european commission among other measures evaluation reports have highlighted the key role that the increase of vocational education and training vet provision in portugal has played in improving students performance and reducing dropout rates qren qren,4
+it also means being willing and able to change our mind when a convincing argument is presented a variety of resources such as movies plays talks forums and even community activities are used in a process where the teacher assumes the position of facilitator and guide rather than sticking to the traditional lecture style of course this also transforms the evaluation processes with conventional tests being complemented with selfevaluation and coevaluation by students,4
+shifts in organisational culture can be seen in the key decisionmakers that have been engaged with and partnerships established by highlighting the importance of gender diversity in boardrooms and company settings either through evidencebased research or wider leadership initiatives mwa continues to make these issues visible and to promote genderfriendly shifts in organisational cultures through its multipronged approach to address pipeline challenges to womens advancement the women in leadership programme offers some lessons for other countries on effective strategies for tackling social norms and other barriers to women s career progression,5
+to improve quality and equity the state of morelos main actions are towards the improvement of educational materials and infrastructures and supporting schools in managing their own resources and developing more autonomy four key programmes have been supporting those efforts the programme of excellence to combat lagging in education programa de excelencia para abatir el rezago educativo aims to improve the physical infrastructure of some school buildings in order to improve the working and learning environment for students,4
+nevertheless costa rica presents one of the best life expectancy second highest life expectancy in the western hemisphere after canada knaul et al nonnalised indicators are averaged with equal weights indicators are nonnalised to range between best and worst according to the following formula indicator value minimum value maximum value minimum value x,3
+when the policy environment is conducive in particular this is the case in regions with a favourable investment climate limited regulations on direct transactions between companies and farms well defined grades and standards and the presence of farmer organisations that link farmers and firms the participating firms are selected on the basis of criteria including capacity to provide technology and training and receive preferential treatment such as government loans and access to land lohmar et al nevertheless by examining farmer surveys from villages mostly in zhejiang jiangxi and shandong provinces guo and jolly conclude that the proportion of households engaged in contract farming is relatively low and well below the proportion willing to produce under contract owing to an absence of opportunities,2
+this can ease communication across levels and facilitate common accessibilityoriented policy frameworks to this end it recognises the need to considerably decrease anthropogenic ghg emissions in a way that is complementary with the social sustainability goal such as reduction of poverty however without ensuring access via alternative modes these policies can generate negative social externalities imposing burdens on vulnerable users while not significantly delivering greenhouse gas reductions,11
+each and every person working in the preschool should promote respect for the intrinsic value of each person as well as respect for the environment this means that kindergartens barnehager in norway should base their activities on ethical values rooted in christianity and humanism which are assumed to be widely held by the norwegian population the christian and humanist values upon which the plan is based include empathy forgiveness a belief in human worth equality common responsibility honesty and fairness kindergartens in norway should also promote human dignity equality intellectual freedom tolerance health sustainable development and respect for the environment the te whariki curriculum of new zealand emphasises the critical role of socially and culturally mediated learning and of reciprocal and responsive relationships for children with people places and things,4
+data points outside the average circle indicate that the group or the country under scrutiny performs better than the oecd average the data shown are simple deviations from the oecd average legislation primary health care act requires municipalities to have a health centre providing primary health services,3
+however some inconsistencies remain in information communicated by parties via the ctf particularly for climate finance provided to multilateral organisations for example some countries report their entire contribution to multilateral organisations whereas others impute the climatespecific portion of their total contribution to multilateral organisations if being consistent includes consistency across different countries as well as being internally consistent then significant changes in monitoring and reporting will be needed the unfccc s most recent compilation and synthesis of annex i parties national communications indicated that there was no common approach in terms of the methodologies used by annex ii parties in defining and tracking climate finance from both a qualitative and a quantitative perspective unfccc,13
+while stateoftheart ccgts are capable of start and stop operations most of the installed capacity has not been designed to be operated in such an intermittent mode in addition existing market design does not necessarily provide an adequate remuneration of these startup and cycling costs whereas demand uncertainty on a dayahead timescale is typically in the range of of load the mean absolute error for wind is hours before real time commercial providers of forecasting solutions claim that they can reach a forecast error to hours before real time centralisation of information concerning weather forecasts and improvements of forecasting models will reduce this uncertainty,7
+diseases of the respiratory system was the leading cause of morbidity increasing from cases per population in to cases per population in detailed data are not available on the characterization of diseases such as asthma allergy and asbestosis with respiratory disease origin the leading five causes of cancer in males were cancers of the liver per cent stomach per cent lung per cent oesophagus per cent and pancreas per cent whereas cancers of the liver per cent cervix per cent stomach percent breast per cent oesophagus per cent and ovary per cent were the main causes for women for example air pollution from indoor burning of coal or biomass w as associated w ith substantial increase of lung cancer risk,3
+the two concepts represent different approaches but both aim to quantify the extent to which water is used more efficiently in agriculture plusquellec estimates that of the additional food in the next few decades will be provided by irrigated agriculture to support such an expansion in irrigated output world agriculture needs to consume additional water or use the current extraction in a more productive way or both,6
+for saintnazaire one can expect slight changes in this respect given the new contracts signed by the shipyard for the construction of several big cruise ships but these largely protect current jobs and do not offer large net increases in direct employment further it is important to consider that the economic crisis would have negatively impacted economic development in the intervening years there is now a strong focus on improving interaction and dialogue both between the two urban areas in the estuary and also among the two urban areas and the more rural communes,11
+since there has been a period with a positive anomaly this is a consequence of an increase in both maximum and minimum daily temperatures especially in summer time several summers after are characterized by an increasing rate of minimum temperature higher than that of maximum temperature the northern part of the coastal zone does have lower temperatures in the winter season compared with the middle and southern zones but summer temperatures are similar across all coastal regions there were two cases of heatwave days when over six consecutive days the air temperature is at least c more than the longterm average temperature for the corresponding days recorded prior to,13
+greater sensitivity to capitaltolabor ratios and other sectorspecific factors material to the development of successful firms will ensure that successful firms are recognized as such and that prospective participants are not discouraged from entering sme fund accelerator programs generate policy guidelines regarding repeated participants in sme fund and other innovationand learningfocused programs to ensure that firms can achieve selfsufficiency as quickly as possible while making programs available to the widest array of potentially suitable participants catching up forging ahead and falling behind the journal of economic history vol,8
+as has been mentioned already the small scale fishers were exempt from the itq system when it was first implemented mostly due to fears that they would be bought out of the industry various measures were taken to safeguard their livelihoods while at the same time there was an increased pressure on this fleet to adopt some form of quotas to limit their catches to increase employment in coastal communities fishers using a longline that is baited onshore have been allowed to double their catches in demersal living near the bottom species,14
+the secretarygeneral took the podium to express regret at the lack of progress and urge agreement direct leaderlevel engagement was to remain a hallmark of the secretarygenerals approach to climate change the bali conference launched a round of negotiations guided by the bali action plan but parties could not agree what form the final result expected in would take,13
+this firm was purchased for over uss billion in by a consortium of canadian investment funds led by brookfield asset management bam in addition of its capital is applied in more cyclical activities such as residential real estate or privately owned firms actis is a private capital enterprise that invests in emerging market infrastructure projects or in those that capture the growing purchasing power of the new middle classes it has us billion in its portfolio invested in firms only of its assets are in energy and in latin america the monies it manages mainly come from pension funds investment funds and sovereign wealth funds,7
+furthermore there is no system or institutional structure currently capable of taking responsibility for the collection processing integration and further maintenance of biodiversity data in a systematic way or at least of providing information on where data can be found the statistical services in both entities and the statelevel agency do not collect this information either this is despite the fact that there are relevant legal requirements to develop rdbs in both entities articles of the fbih law on the protection of nature and articles and of the rs law on the protection of nature there is no consistency between this information and data at the national level for example on endemic species see table,15
+on the russian side insufficiently treated wastewaters discharged from settlements mainly the village of wtirtsila sortavala municipal district karelia and from the vartsila metallurgical plant exert pressure local moderate but the plants use mechanical and biological treatment the biggest nutrient load originates from agriculture tonsyear of phosphorus and tonsyear of nitrogen and forestry and peat production combined are almost in the same order tonsyear of phosphorus and tonsyear of nitrogen low water periods pose problems to fisheries janisjarvi reservoir,6
+on top of basic competences all teacher training has to continue fleshing out the teaching methodology for the use of ict and feature it in the training to a sufficient extent further training organisations are expected to include a high standard of opportunities in teaching the implementation of the new crosscurriculum final objectives and developmental objectives the idea cannot be to call upon the services of an ict coordinator whenever a problem crops up as the official cannot be on tap at all times selfreliance means the teachers themselves are capable of solving problems to do with the use of a computer,4
+the caucasus ecoregional conservation plan was adopted at the th caucasus biodiversity council meeting in march it provides for georgia as well as armenia and azerbaijan a comprehensive ecological network map with corridor planning both within the country and with neighbouring countries however of these sites the eight conservation areas so far identified and nominated are located within the borders of existing protected areas,15
+like catchment analysis the indicator measures accessibility in terms of travel time to jobs education health services retail and open spaces unlike catchment analysis which shows access to the nearest destinations atos reflects the degree of choice by measuring for example access to the nearest three schools or doctors surgeries a basket of key services is used to calculate the indicator,11
+the last review in march concluded that romanian authorities still had to close dumpsites the eu extended the deadline for closure of these sites to july in all new landfills compliant with eu standards have replaced closed dumps and sorting plants with an installed capacity of tonsyear were put into operation,12
+yet when women want to be involved in peacebuilding they often meet resistance from men and other women who believe women s gender roles should not include public leadership men currently hold the seats in most peace talks due to their dominance in government and economic spheres women on the other hand are now making the case why it is important for them to be involved during all stages and activities of peacebuilding the discussion of including and encouraging women as peacebuilders often faces the challenge of needing to prove that women make a difference when they are involved in peace processes,5
+diseases or conditions are defined by a range of pathological characteristics that themselves relate to biological structure and function these physiological characteristics can be complex and measured at the level of the organ or multiorgans or they can be more targeted such as genetic abnormalities or predispositions measures of disease states are common and there are many examples of diseasespecific measures available causeofdeath measures would be included here,3
+this was in line with the governments policy to foster innovationled growth and support higher valueadded sectors countries such as the republic of korea which have sustained high economic growth for an extended period managed to also sustain high investment growth for an extended period aside from increasing investment enhancing the quality of growth and allocating resources to productive sectors will be important to enhance the return on investment and avoid boombust cycles,8
+in contrast public health funding accounts for more than gdp in netherlands sweden denmark france japan and germany health spending however only increased by annually less than the oecd average of between and the latvian recovered more quickly from the financial crisis than other oecd economies with annual gdp growth of on average compared to the oecd average of growth in health spending during this period was however no different to the oecd average at during the same period,3
+renewable energy sources such as wind or pv are directly sensitive to climate variables in obvious ways in the case of wind energy changes in seasonal wind patterns or strength would likely have significant positive or negative impacts because wind energy generation is a function of the cube of the wind speed for pv systems potential impacts require further research however some experts anticipate that climate change could cause a decrease in global solar radiation which would lead to a corresponding decrease in solar cell output us doe,7
+the way guidelines are funded and developed is problematic in australia another problem relate to the confusion caused by the existence of hundreds of clinical guidelines produced by numerous organisations it is unknown the extent to which clinical guidelines are contributing to quality improvements in the health system or better population health outcomes,3
+at the same time there is a slightly larger share of lithuanian students as compared to the oecd average among low performers who score below level in mathematics reading and science the largest gap is observed in reading only of lithuanian students were able to perform the most challenging reading tasks as compared to the oecd average of,4
+this is especially important for the poor who rely on good health and nutrition for productive work if they are to improve their incomes and their quality of life they must be able to resist and recover from diseases and women should be able to count on safe pregnancies yet as outlined in die previous chapter it has seen health disparities widen notably for infant and child mortality maternal mortality and the proportion of underweight children this echoes the concerns raised by the mdg summit in september which drew attention to the persistent imbalances in the current workings of the global economy which are socially economically and environmentally unsustainable,3
+for a household situated close to the lh percentile aversion to inequality close to the losses involved by income and ages at death inequalities amount to and of income respectively thus health inequality appears to weigh as much as income inequality on living standards the next task is to examine the evolution of living standards over time and to identify its drivers,8
+the findings suggest that child characteristics are important in explaining inputs and nutritional outcomes and that maternal agency and health contribute to improved health status household resources in the form of consumption are positively associated with food intake and nutritional outcomes simulations show that income growth improving maternal care and avoiding sudden price shocks have a positive but rather limited effect on the reduction of malnutrition,2
+both aspects can be observed in figure which compares the residual load covered by nuclear after the introduction of wind energy the dark blue area with the original load without renewables areas in light and dark blue the figure also shows that the average load factor for nuclear decreases from in the reference scenario to about after the integration of wind energy this means that nuclear plants tend to be operated more frequently at a partial load and are required to cycle more often the decrease on average electricity prices is expected to be more significant at higher penetration level of renewables as shown in the quantitative study presented in chapter,7
+fishery management systems that have already implemented most if not all of the best practices are the most capable to produce positive results from climate adaptation measures fishery management systems that lack some elements can still benefit from management actions although the options are more limited and the condition of the ecosystem may limit responses,14
+to enable pregnant adolescents or new mothers to stay in or return to school they need supportive national and local school policies but even with supportive policies many may not resume their education for example despite progressive legislation in south africa allowing young women to return to school post pregnancy only around a third actually reenter the schooling system grant and hallman to improve this picture some girls will need child care financial support and individualized oneonone support and counselling to help them deal with their new responsibilities and feeling different from their peers,5
+this should also make more explicit the roles and responsibilities of different levels of government and strengthen platforms for data sharing providing evidence and analysis to support policy development and disseminate best practice databases and regular surveys should cover health risks primary care health personnel including nursing and other allied health professions and outpatient activity the quality of ambulatory hospital and longterm care services morbidity and mortality amenable to health care and health inequalities eg by income education and other social characteristics costsharing arrangements should be designed to encourage the use of costeffective medical goods and services and prevention integrated and managed care models should be promoted by monitoring and reporting on quality outcomes and their success at disease management,3
+even though protected areas might exist a lack of enforcement control or even simply information can easily lead to the deterioration of the quality of these areas examples of instruments that allow for international financial transfers are payments for ecosystem services pes chapter reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation redd chapter and official development assistance oda chapter these allow consumers to make betterinformed decisions about the goods and service they purchase markets for green products can raise revenue indirectly via premiums for biodiversityfriendly attributes and investment in biodiversity conservation and sustainable use measures by producers,15
+options include fulltime courses and eleaming tailored to interested utilities or institutions three of the water agenda initiatives seek to develop regional information systems to reinforce water management by catchment and aquifer harmonised with national databases and systems initiative create an information system on investment in the water sector made by the three levels of government and users initiative and consolidate regional and national hydrological services to better measure and respond to meteorological phenomena however these initiatives do not address the need to improve the availability and use of economic information which means strengthening the design of water programmes and projects through the use of costbenefit analyses and valueformoney evaluations andor the creation of a programme of economic information and analysis possibly within imta to collect analyse and publish information on the geographical and sectoral distribution and efficiency of public investments,6
+three years learning with a highperforming teacher rather than a lowperforming teacher can make a percentile difference between two students who started at the same achievement level the negative impact of lowperforming teachers is severe particularly during the earlier years of schooling sanders and rivers barber and mourshed,4
+however the efforts of regional authorities to make their case at the national level also seem to play a role in funds allocation which may lead to suboptimal outcomes the result is that utility network companies do not have a longterm planning horizon which leads to underinvestment in municipal utility networks the national government and local akimats are promoting the installation of meters for instance the installation of heating meters for housing buildings can be financed at subsidised low interest rates through a government financial vehicle the public utilities development fund fund razvitie jkkh differentiated tariffs charging higher fees to consumers without meters are also increasingly common they provide incentives for homeowners to install meters but their actual impact on metering coverage varies across regions and subsectors eg district heating sewage or water supply,11
+the tariff rates of the stateowned electric company stelco are set at rf usd per kwh for kwh per month for the lowest rate and peak at rf usd per kwh if the monthly consumption exceeds kwh stelco the reform set specific and increasing prices per each block quantity of consumed electricity per household and meter under this new system tier one keeps the old quota price applicable to per cent of households tier two electricity prices are slightly higher and charged for kwhs exceeding the amount of basic use which is differentiated across regions and tier three sets a much higher tariff for the amount of electricity referred to as luxury use zhang the new pricing system was implemented in response to growing energy security and environmental concerns to improve efficiency and lower pollution while maintaining affordable consumer prices,7
+petroleum accounts for per cent of tuvalu s energy supply figure and per cent of gdp spc petroleum replaced biomass as its major energy source in the s fuel is imported into tuvalu via fiji by pacific energy which owns all storage and distribution facilities this fuel is mainly used for electricity generation and transport figure,7
+similarly for solar projects this risk is mitigated by data from existing installations and where there is little data occasionally by insurance currently this performance data is closely held by project developers as a barrier to competition increasing returns to incumbents but slowing adoption by other market participants deployment of lowcarbon infrastructure would be greatly accelerated if there were standard methods to measure and report the characteristics of systems and their components they are looking for investments which provide steady low correlation longterm and preferably inflation adjusted income streams they are therefore likely to invest in established and mature technologies however much clean energy technology remains at the precommercial stage,7
+if waste is perceived by the generator as having little or no value it will tend to be managed either at the lowest possible cost to themselves or at minimum cost in compliance with legal requirements the costs normally considered are the financial costs of waste management that occurred for the collection treatment and disposal of waste these costs may be offset in part by direct revenues from selling recovered materials or energy or the benefits of action to the society as a whole such as resource efficiency green job creation and a healthy and clean living environment,12
+when it was still possible to assume that what we learn in school would last for a lifetime teaching content knowledge and routine cognitive skills were rightly at the centre of education today when we can access content on line and routine cognitive skills are being digitised and outsourced the focus must shift to enabling people to become lifelong and lifewide learners schools now need to prepare students for more rapid change than ever before to learn for jobs that have not yet been created to tackle societal challenges that we cannot yet imagine and to use technologies that have not yet been invented,4
+attention to students emotional and motivational state and development therefore becomes part of any pedagogical design one conclusion sometimes drawn from technological change is that new technologies lower the requirement to master knowledge and skills as holding information and many basic tasks may be outsourced to devices this position goes too far in neglecting the importance of learned knowledge and skills as foundations for more complex abilities but it must be acknowledged that the ready availability of information changes our learning needs without wishing to oversimplify the past up until the midpoint of the previously century most people in industrial societies faced a relatively limited array of options when it came to where they would live what job they would do whether they would marry and whom,4
+similar earlier analysis have for instance been presented for new zealand by the new zealand ministry of employment mbie and for the united kingdom by dorsett and lucchino data requirements for an analysis of schooltolabourmarket trajectories are substantial the identification of individual s transitions from school into the labour market requires individuallevel panel data with frequent observations that permit tracking young people s educational status and labour market participation over a longer time horizon,8
+countries are ranked from left to right in increasing order of the share of poor people living in households with no workers data for switzerland refer to households without children income distribution and poverty in oecd countries figure oecd publishing paris,1
+in sweden the opposite occurred implying an increase in inequality panel d illustrates contrasting inequality developments in the two halves of the distribution spain experienced lower growth in topsensitive income standards compared with the middle of the distribution implying contracting inequalities in the upperhalf of the income distribution but at the same time slower growth in bottomsensitive income standards compared with the middle of the distribution implying increasing inequalities in the middle and lowerhalf of the income distribution whether inequality increases occurred across the whole distribution of income such as in sweden or within a narrower part of the distribution such as in the united states and even more so in spain would bear differential policy implications such as eg increasing top marginal tax rates versus introducing tax credits for low incomes,10
+biofuels now account for a significant and growing part of global production of a number of crops higher feed prices also may induce supply reductions in the livestock industries although the full effect is somewhat mitigated with the incorporation of biofuels coproducts into feed rations distillers grains oilseed meal biofuel mandates and blending targets which are satisfied regardless of price introduce inflexibility into the demand for feedstocks contributing to the extent of required price adjustments in the event of a shock and price volatility,2
+smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease cancer copd and asthma while the elderly population currently represents around of the total number of national health insurance beneficiaries they are responsible for around of the total health insurance expenditure hera a in these expenditures represented between and of the entire korean health budget the idf also estimates that expenditure on diabetes will increase from between billion in to billion dollars by the year zhang furthermore while korea spends a large slice of its health budget looking after people with diabetes korean mean expenditure per person with diabetes is relatively low figure,3
+in addition the annual growth rates of gdp of the three metropolitan cities of busan incheon and ulsan are higher than the national average a similar growth pattern among local cities can also be observed interestingly energy consumption on transport increased by between and whereas building energy consumption decreased by about over the same period figure moreover the share of energy consumption by the road sector is the highest among transport modes and rose steadily from to figure,11
+the finnish health care system offers good quality health care at a moderate cost provides universal coverage and enjoys high public satisfaction it has contributed to improvements in the health of the finnish population over the past decades as evidenced by spectacular increases in survival rates following heart attack stroke and cancer nevertheless on a number of health outcome and efficiency indicators finland is lagging the best oecd performers,3
+primary sources of data include vital registration systems household surveys direct and indirect methods reproductiveage mortality studies disease surveillance or sample registration systems special studies on maternal mortality and national population censuses despite being based on established demographic techniques and empirical data from other countries the countryspecific point estimates obtained through the statistical model do not necessarily represent the true levels of maternal mortality data obtained august,3
+similarly the aggregates for natural resource extractions and foreign trade of products sum up the weight of different resources and types of products with no regard for environmental pressures as with the example of the material consumption a measure that contains fossil fuels as well as sand and gravel the environmental pressures need to be assessed separately as such the indicators should be interpreted with care and always be put into a specific context,12
+target d recommends recycling or treating all municipal and industrial wastewater prior to discharge while this target aims primarily to reduce the detrimental impacts not only on human health but also on the ecosystem it seems that it leaves some loose ends given that it does not define a minimum treatment level nor does it reference the huge financial burden associated with the treatment of all domestic wastewater at the global scale several refinements of the targets and indicators initially proposed by the working groups will lead to a final list of targets supported by who and unicef as of june the proposed list of targets is not in its final form but has gone through several rounds of revisions,6
+programmes that require only finite periods of land management usually secure land management finance using a wasting endowment or trust fund see below for a discussion of contingent payments dse funds from the sale of biodiversity credits are then paid into the publicly managed biobanking trust fund to establish the principal sum necessary to generate enough interest to cover the future land management costs any additional proceeds from the sale of credits are paid to the landowner as a lump sum the landowner receives annual management payments from the trust fund to implement the management actions in the us compensatory wetlands mitigation scheme the bank instrument a broad agreement between the bank owners and regulators is used to specify how an endowment fund will finance the bank over time treweek et al,15
+for example reducing the average class size from to requires a increase in the number of teachers and thus total teacher salaries paid plus there is little clarity on exactly which group sizes or staffchild ratios are most favourable or optimal chetty et al care should be taken that inservice training is linked to career progression and to obtaining further qualification oecd,4
+the estimates of per capita consumption provided by fao using commodity balance sheets data indicate kgperson household consumer expenditure data for indicate kgperson nsso this analysis abstracts from important issues of waste or programme inefficiencies which may mean that people do not receive the full benefits of the programme,2
+often climate policy is led by environment ministries energy planning is led by energy ministries national planning is led by planning ministries and country finances are managed by finance ministries however it is important that these various agencies work together to address the multifaceted and economywide nature of energy and environment issues collaboration will allow finance and planning personnel to better understand how energy environment and climate change can be addressed in national and subnational planning processes and through fiscal ie budgetary and investment decisionmaking unep in nepal for example decentralizing the delivery of energy services in rural areas dramatically increased efficiency and created local empowerment to plan implement and monitor local energy programmes this required dedicated support to build capacity of local organisations involved in the supply chain of energy service delivery united nations,7
+to minimize opposition when the ept was first implemented the gasoline surcharge regulation was abolished at the same time this prevented an overall increase in transport fuel prices and protected vulnerable households and businesses from the impact of energy price increases however while such measures facilitated the initial implementation of ept tradeoffs are certainly evident between environmental effectiveness and revenueraising potential on the one hand and political feasibility on the other further increases in the tax rate will be necessary to ensure that ept is environmentally effective,7
+data are also available disaggregated by sex of the head of household and type of household in latin america and the caribbean and by type of household in europe in contrast poverty data compiled for this report cover only a small number of countries in africa and asia and none of the countries in oceania the revision of the international poverty line and corresponding estimated poverty data reflects new data on ppps compiled in the round of the international comparison program,1
+it is the ngos mostly the federation of reproductive health associations malaysia frham and its state members associations that have taken upon themselves a task of making contraceptives available at a subsidized cost private outlets sell a wide variety of contraceptives including emergency contraceptives but this option is reserved for those who can afford higher prices similarly in singapore with a decrease in subsidies to commodities and the closure of government family planning clinics in the mid s private sources pharmacies and drugstores have substituted public sources yap mui teng p,5
+equity funds formed as partnerships of public and private institutions could become important sources of finance and providers of organisational capacity and expertise in support of the financing of infrastructure projects including sustainable energy infrastructure projects green investment banks may also seek to create investment funds australia s national green investment bank clean energy finance corporation cefc is developing an unlisted sustainable energy fund in partnership with colonial first state global asset management that would attract institutional investors,7
+consequently womens experiences were until relatively recently not adequately addressed by the human rights framework the work of activists human rights mechanisms and states has been critical in ensuring that the human rights framework has grown and adjusted to encapsulate the genderspecific dimensions of human rights violations in order to better protect women effectively ensuring womens human rights requires a comprehensive understanding of the underlying societal structures and power relations that define and influence womens ability to enjoy their human rights these power structures have an impact on all aspects of life from law and politics to economic and social policy family and community life,5
+if the effect turns out to be insufficient treatment is stepped up to a more complex costly or taxing level the aim is to ensure that all eligible patients have access to appropriate care while reserving the most intensive treatments for those that have not to benefitted from lower intensity treatments there is evidence to suggest that psychological treatments especially cognitive behavioural therapy cbt are effective treatments for mildtomoderate depression and anxiety otte driessen and hollon nice,3
+they can also play a crucial role in reviewing the existing production of gender statistics and in developing a gender statistics programme gender statisticians meanwhile can be more involved in the planning of data collection including the coverage of gender issues and the use of gendersensitive concepts and methods they can also help to review data collection instruments and regular publications in order to ensure that a gender perspective is integrated in all statistical fields and programmes,5
+the metropolitan municipality as the sole local government in such provinces took on the local government services for the entire province it is responsible for rural and urban administration and of the total national population lives within the metropolitan boundaries technically and for economies of scale it is necessaiy to plan and manage the services for the entire uiban space,11
+they include peace and political stability sound macroeconomic management strong institutions well defined property rights and good governance the food and agriculture sector has a key role to play in reducing global poverty more than half of the world s poor depends either directly or indirectly on agriculture for their livelihoods,2
+this was not the result of political capture by powerful districts in the example of south africa the allocation of projects was determined using presumably objective criteria however local authorities in richer communities had better means of and more assistance in preparing their applications in practice recruiting workers for programmes offering remuneration below the market wage has been challenging in many cases wages are raised during implementation of the programme through workers collective bargaining adato and haddad subbarao,1
+the rate of loan recovery is very high making the fund selfsustaining all skills training programmes offered under this project are nta accredited the objective was to offer women and young people the opportunity to increase their skills giving them the tools to seek employment or become selfemployed at the end of their training,8
+a crosssectional analysis reveals that mortality is lower where density doubles this is likely due to lower vehicle speed and greater use of public transport but further investigation is needed the safer city streets database and network could support such research answering this question requires looking beyond strict numbers of casualties and crashes to consider wider economic health and wellbeing issues,11
+a thirdgeneration bicyclesharing programme an electronic parking system smart cards and traffic visualisation are being developed although as of they were still in the pilot or design stage bandung could become smarter through the use of digital technologies to analyse traffic congestion and commuting flows it could also develop smart city initiatives that target the energy sector ie reduce energy consumption and increase the use of more renewable energy sources oecd,11
+as suggested by figure labour force participation is higher in states where the educational attainment of the labour force is higher as a response more and more initiatives focus on workforce development starting with the workforce innovation and opportunity act some may affect both the relative cost of working and the ability to work eg limited supply of child care,8
+projects and programs on chemicals have included a program to support the development of national profiles to assess national infrastructure for management of chemicals antigua argentina bangladesh bolivia chile india kenya sri lanka tanzania zimbabwe national profile to assess national infrastructure a project providing national training activities for developing countries on toxic chemicals environment and health in the government of sri lanka launched a days program halting the sale of leaded gasoline in the country,12
+as a longterm strategy national legislatures should aim at reforming the electoral laws towards pr systems swaziland for instance is noted as one case of limited compliance with the constitution the sadc protocol of gender and development and the au protocol of womens rights as well as the commonwealth charter in countries outside of the sadc region where gender parity has not been articulated as a principle this should be given priority,5
+these roles may be unified within one level of government or agency but in many instances it may be spread across several levels national regional or local even at any given level responsibility may be spread across several departments or services with little toplevel coordination this complicates the task of aligning outcomes in say the regulation of ride services that may fall under those in charge of taxi or forhire regulations and public transport regulation which may fall under a completely different authority if transport governance structures contribute to this friction it may be very difficult to even broach the subject of synergies between ride services and public transport let alone experiment with them this is certainly the case where for any number of reasons new ride services are prevented from operating or face constraining conditions at a very basic level split responsibility and split levels of decisionmaking may hamper the trialling of innovative new arrangements,11
+understanding the influence of demographic economic and policy factors on poverty trends is then essential to build an effective strategy to combat child poverty after summarising the conceptual framework this section presents the main findings of an analysis of such factors on child poverty since the mid s at oecd level with particular focus on the role of different cash transfers the roadmap summarised in figure provides a framework for analysing how demographic economic and political factors influence child poverty separating the analysis of child poverty into two streams,1
+while family policy can be used as a tool to enhance gender equality objectives gender equality policy must be seen as an encompassing and multidimensional strategy that goes far beyond family issues and touches upon eveiy aspect of public life as such although some goals are fully pertinent for both women and men such as equal share of unpaid work and familyfriendly work policies it would be important to ensure that the adopted policy maintains clearly defined goals related to women s political and economic empowerment consider including gendersensitive target indicators more widely across state and sectorial programs and strategic plans to facilitate the promotion of gender equality in all areas of life over time consider developing an annual wholeofgovernment report on the implementation of the gender equality strategy,5
+transport of radioactive pollution occurs both in dissolved form and with sediments while in normal operation thermal pollution from nuclear power station at rivne of the same type as chernobyl ukraine on the styr river is reported to be negligible concentration of cs and sr radionuclids in the surface waters at monitoring stations near the rovenskaya nuclear power plant as well as in industrial wastewaters and storm waters is insignificant and does not exceed permissible limits times lower,6
+this is because as part of the casemix scheme a conversion factor is applied to reflect hospital historical charge an important number of acts and services are paid outside of the dpc and hospitals can further charge by a traditional feeforservice scheme if the hospitalisation is prolonged beyond a specified period taken together these arrangements might undermine hospital efforts to improve performance and provide incentives to shift costs to services paid outside of the dpc component evidence demonstrates that outpatient expenditures increased by between and in hospitals participating to the dpc payment scheme and readmission rates have also increased from to between and these figures might reflect inappropriate incentives associated with the hospital payment structure although japan compares well to other oecd countries in terms of the evenness of doctors geographical distribution available evidence suggests persisting problems of workforce supply in hospitals in for example the mhlw estimated that emergency care physicians were lacking across the health system,3
+it will also help to improve understanding about collective progress on making finance flows consistent with a lowcarbon pathway and thus with meeting article c of the paris agreement given this information is not systematically reported elsewhere reporting on climate finance received is not currently mandatory nor will it become so under the paris agreement however more countries are establishing or improving systems to better track inflows of climate finance for their own domestic purposes,13
+forests and trees can strengthen resilience and adaptive capacities to climaterelated hazards and natural disasters such adaptive measures must be contextspecific and there is a need for better understanding of the relationships between climate change and detrimental factors such as storms fires and pests and diseases tackling forest degradation can be important for addressing problems of land degradation but it is difficult to measure forest degradation or detect it in a consistent manner through remote sensing,15
+the analysis uses published data and literature reviews on energy trade including recent projections it then analyses the structure and evolution of trade in primary energy commodities crossborder electricity as well as climatesmart goods and technologies within and from the escap subregions the focus is on flows of oil natural gas through pipelines and lng coal electricity and climatesmart goods and technologies from to and within the escap region,7
+in other words a decrease in income inequality translates into a reduction in the poverty headcount index and a drop of in the extreme poverty headcount index for brazil in short all the results for both subperiods the years leading up to the real plan which were marked by spiraling inflation and the years that followed it when inflation rates were low and stable are similar and fit in with the results obtained for the study period as a whole nonetheless the income and inequality elasticities of poverty both for the poverty and extreme poverty headcount indices are lower in absolute values for the prereal plan period that for the other two periods that have been analysed,1
+the volume of fisheries production in the pacific region is around million tonnes with an estimated value of us billion dollars per cent of which is accounted for by commonwealth pacific small states table the larger proportion is accounted for by offshore tuna fisheries mainly by foreignbased vessels particularly in kiribati and png however the importance of coastal fisheries should not be underestimated,14
+however the cap offers more flexibility to member states to reintroduce commodityspecific and outputlinked measures a better alternative would be for member states to focus support on measures to improve the longterm productivity profitability sustainability and competitiveness of the sector the plan to create vitality for agricultural forestry and fishery industries and local communities aims at revitalising the agricultural sector in view of significant drops in output and farming incomes over the past two decades,2
+in september the share of women that were in cabinet across the mena region averaged this ranges from in lebanon to in the palestinian authority in addition when women do serve as ministers they are often responsible for soft portfolios focusing on social policy issues and sectors associated with the traditional female role with limited access to key economic positions equal access to public office also remains a challenge,5
+while there have been many achievements since then several pledges remain unfulfilled africa renewals zipporah musau spoke to the executive director of un women phumzile mlambongcuka on africas accomplishments and remaining challenges again we have only two female presidents in africa s countries but there is still room to do more,5
+for example china and india both have a high reliance on coal power of chinas and of india s electricity comes from coal iisd nonetheless in india there are no current regulations on nox or so emissions from power plants and in china many of the coal power plants are outside the jurisdiction of the central government and are seldom required to conform to strong environmental standards watson et al in these and other countries a strengthened environmental regulatory framework would yield significant air and water quality benefits,7
+they include the federal corporate income tax for the united states assuming that the incidence of the us federal corporate income tax falls entirely on capital income they find that the corporate income tax is progressive roach reaches the same conclusion but notes that if of corporate taxes are allocated to consumers and another to workers then the progressivity of corporate taxes virtually disappears duncan and sabirianova peter focus on the personal income tax only unweighted average excluding chile the czech republic estonia hungary israel mexico poland the slovak republic and slovenia,10
+the project involved primary clinics and patients after patients transmitted selfmeasured biometric information to the monitoring system through the gateway in a smartphone application tlie doctors reviewed die data and gave feedback directly to each person between the beginning of the project and diree months subsequently for the test group hbalc levels decreased by percentage point on average from to percentage points while for die control group die fall was percentage points,3
+however the law did not alter the wind concession system for largescale wind farms and replace it with a feedin tariff under the concession system wind project developers engaged in competitive bidding the winner received guaranteed longterm power purchase agreements from the grid operator the model tended to award those developers which offered the lowest feedin prices,7
+while this is significant further reductions from industrialised countries and the more advanced developing countries would be required to achieve the reductions judged by the ipcc to be necessary by to have a probability of limiting warming to c this scenario entails stabilising the atmospheric concentration of longlived ghg at ppm ccbequivalent to reach a final agreement it will be necessary to agree a fair distribution of abatement burdens in the context of the above noted commitment of developed countries to provide financial assistance to developing countries to help them with abatement and adaptation measures the us government announced that it would contribute its share to developed country financing of almost usd billion over us department of state for this sentence and the rest of the paragraph which would entail a substantial increase in us climate assistance in keeping with this commitment the fy budget provides for more than a threefold increase in bilateral and multilateral funding for climaterelated activities from the enacted funding in the previous year,13
+various oecd documents clearly describe three levels of capacity the enabling environment organisational capacity and individual capacity environmental capacity development cde is the process by which environmental capacity is enhanced in the world s least developed countries ldcs and subsaharan africa as a whole more than of people rely primarily on solid fuels such as coal or wood for cooking,7
+waiting times for a first facetoface contact with an ambulatory mental health centre can also be fairly long in of patients had to wait one month or more for a first contact with such centres vrijens et al as noted in section the legislated ceiling on public expenditure on health was reduced from a growth rate per year from to in and and down to since,3
+in the past nus have been ignored by agricultural research not included in agricultural extension curricula and did not benefit from organized value chains flowever due to their adaptability and nutritional qualities many nus could make a major contribution to increased food availability affordability and nutrition security,2
+the increase of women s representation in middle management is an important factor in closing the gender gap for the top leadership positions as middle managers constitute the natural pool for senior management candidates in most countries particularly in view of the ageing trends in the civil service similarly the growing number of women in the professional category with more than half of professionals being women is consistent with higher educational attainment and also increases the talent supply for both management categories some countries such as ireland create specific initiatives to support talented women in middle management in their progress into senior management positions within the public sector european commission,5
+inequalities that result from disparities in education exclusion of poor groups due to ethnicity or similar grounds or limited access to credit and services are hard for the poorest to overcome on the other hand removing market restrictions may compress labour returns to schooling that ultimately would help reduce inequality most ldcs experienced positive growth in per capita gdp the rate of reduction of poverty and hunger however has not been commensurate widi economic growth one reason for this is the rising inequality in income that most of these countries have experienced over the years table there are various types of shocks both idiosyncratic and covariate that affect the lives of the poorest,1
+policy action by the jamaican government on many environmental policies and on sustainable development as a whole has been stimulated by international agreements to which jamaica acceded the culture of rastafari has had a profound influence on dietary preferences for organically grown fresh foods in both rural and urban jamaica since the s some of these preferences coincide with the practices of the seventh day adventists which is one of jamaica s fastest growing christian denominations,12
+before data collection and analysis can start it is necessary to consider the question of which road safety indicators are considered relevant indicators can be used in policy making for progress monitoring and for explaining developments particularly in relation to the policy conducted good data are indispensable for this when data are not good erroneous decisions are possible improving road safety is a social issue and society cannot afford to let dilettantes take erroneous decisions based on false data leading to unnecessary road casualties in addition to their use in road safety policies good data axe of extreme importance for research,11
+the master plan for water development and management of the senegal river was drafted in a participatory manner through know ledge sharing and meetings with key stakeholders including illiterate people using illustrated informative guides it led to the adoption of a water charter republic of the congo the democratic republic of congo and gabon,6
+students are fully engaged with their learning and contribute to the planning and evaluation of lessons teachers provide differentiated learning experiences and highquality feedback over time students learn to assess their own progress and take greater control of their own learning establishing strong foundations for lifelong learning oecd d,4
+other shortterm effects are those of the transfer on the actual beneficiary in the case of transfers to the elderly and subsequent impact on retirement age see piggott et al a study by mitra on the generous south african disability grant dg finds negative effects on broad labour force participation includes discouraged workers who would be willing to work if an offer was made to them but would remain unemployed otherwise as they do not actively engage in job search of older men the study finds no significant impact on the labour force participation based on the narrow definition which only includes the unemployed who actively search for a job implying that less stringent screening techniques pushed out the discouraged workers from the labour force while not impacting the existing labour force,10
+some countries may choose to put forward packages of commitments including both mitigation and finance objectives for many developing countries financial technical and capacity building support may be needed in order to implement their mitigation actions for example many developing countries explicitly stated that the extent to which their mitigation pledges for can be implemented depends on the provision of finance and other support eg south africa bhutan central african republic colombia unfccc b,13
+however daze et al germany has for instance developed indicators to monitor adaptation action and climate impacts many of which are based on information that is similarly reported by all federal states south africa is following this path through a set of desired adaptation outcomes allowing information on progress towards each outcome to be gathered in different ways by various stakeholders dea currendy adaptation policy implementation monitoring and evaluation is only led at the sectoral level and is not aggregated nationally,13
+some of these external effects such as taking land out of production can generate positive externalities to the benefit of society including the provision of wetlands wildlife and water quality services others are costly to society producing negative externalities such as water pollution without markets however there is likely to be a suboptimal provision of ecosystem services by farmers from society s perspective moxey ribaudo etal,6
+the propoor growth among children was not enough to successfully lower income inequality among children due to reranking the decile boundaries have been based upon cross sectional eusilc datasets it plots the probability of moving into poverty for children under who started out as nonpoor as well as the probability of remaining in poverty for those who started out as poor the poverty entry probability ranges from under per cent in denmark and norway to just over per cent in estonia iceland italy and the ukthus one in children fell into poverty in these countries each year between and the probability of remaining in poverty ranges from per cent in norway to per cent in portugal,1
+seeking support from the broad community including churches employers sports clubs and social service groups working with other government agencies including the ministries of social development health pacific island affairs and te puni kokiri maori development working with schools in low socioeconomic areas to identify and reach children who are not participating in ecec,4
+if individual ministries or public agencies operate independently rather than undertaking crosssectoral initiatives the opportunity for whole government approaches is minimised at the same time possibilities for maximising efficiency and effectiveness in crosssectoral public services may be lost adversely affecting subnational development in the past few decades this trend has been exacerbated by the increasing involvement of local and supranational actors whose concerns for water differ this can be at the origin of resource and supply gaps,6
+the first programme launched on november was the venture tool box a foundation exercisecourse for business owners and managers who want to gain further understanding of some of the fundamental principles associated with owning and operating a startup or established business however such a perspective risks discounting the gendered interpretation and implementation of genderneutral economic laws chamlou and policies banks also appear to demonstrate little awareness of culturally driven constraints faced by women entrepreneurs such as their mobility and higher demands on their time which may further limit their ability to access finance ifc instead some of the banks questioned the need to develop specific financial products targeting women entrepreneurs,5
+its focus is on wind power as capacity has increased rapidly and is projected to continue to increase significantly chinas economy ran at a doubledigit growth rate as measured by the percentage increase in gross domestic product from to when the global financial crisis hit and the country came out strongly from the crisis adb in parallel to this impressive growth total primary energy consumption increased from million tonnes of oil equivalent mtoe in to mtoe in reflecting a compound annual growth rate in excess of nbs,7
+further studies are underway in africa and latin america these help meet aid effectiveness principles one of the specific aims of this partnership is to increase donor harmonisation jica the bangladesh climate change resilience fund was established so that development partners could support bangladesh in implementing its climate change strategy and action plan bccrf,13
+the main parameters are here the magnitude of investments size of schemes etc conversely norway and iceland are the countries least committed to the agenda it appears that the countries have different focus includes cooperation that has longterm perspectives focusing on developing new technologies or applying new research or technology in concrete areas,9
+for israel as a whole only about of the arab population age and over has attained tertiary education compared to about for the jewish population figure the younger age group of arabs is increasingly better educated but the gap between the arab and jewish population aged remains stark figure if strong measures are not taken to revise this trend and with the global shift towards a more knowledgebased economies in years galilee s labour force will see an influx of young workers who lack the appropriate skills that are needed in the economy while educational outcomes of the arab population are improving they still lag behind those of the jewish population even in the younger cohorts,4
+if a head of household dies without a will the law requires an equal distribution of property among the next of kin in practice the general custom is for the eldest son to inherit the parental home and the largest portion of the family property particularly land younger sons will often inherit some land or other assets of value while daughters receive only small symbolic items cedaw,10
+the drivers of labour earnings inequality an analysis based on conditional and unconditional quantile regressions oecd economics department working papers no draw lessons from the planned pilot phase for the design of the minimum income scheme increase the accountability of local governments for the allocation of social spending through a more rigorous auditing system and by enhancing transparency with regard to the use of the grants,10
+in addition social spending needs to be expanded but also be made more efficient and better targeted to the most vulnerable groups the capacity of social programmes to reach out to the poor has been extended leading to significant progress in reducing poverty and inequality especially over the period between the mid s and the mid s in the coverage of oportunidades mexico s main antipoverty programme reached million families more than of all families sedesol,1
+this uncertainty is a particularly vexed issue in education because of the range of people who have a stake in education including students parents teachers employers and trade unions uncertainty about costs is problematic because education infrastructure is large and involves multiple levels of government each often trying to minimise or shift the costs of reform assessing the relative costs and benefits of reform in education is also difficult because of the large number of intervening factors that can influence the nature size and distribution of any improvements resulting from reform,4
+changes in behaviour are increasingly driven not just by prices but also through interaction between firms energy authorities researchers public sector agencies and councils many decisions impacting ghg emissions are long term such as public transport infrastructure growth of compact employment centres and sustainable energy networks these initiatives shape urban outcomes including business spinoffs to firms and demand for skills,7
+for example in road construction investing in secondary roads in rural areas has been found to have wideranging positive impacts and higher benefittocost ratios than investments in highways united nations rural roads that increase connectivity for rural areas obviously increase access to markets and related knowledge they also have benefits for household income poverty reduction and access to health care and education schweikert and chinowsky efficient transport systems can also reduce production costs alleviating the need to store large quantities of material and allowing large and small producers to work with justintime systems nordas and piermartini,9
+this means that the share of underfive deaths occurring during the neonatal period is increasing still of the million underfive deaths in almost half were caused by infectious diseases and conditions such as pneumonia diarrhoea malaria meningitis tetanus measles sepsis and aids pneumonia and diarrhoea remain leading causes of death in the three regions with the highest underfive mortality eastern and southern africa south asia and west and central africa,3
+women in business policies to support women s entrepreneurship in the middle east and north africa oecd b highlights existing efforts by governments and other stakeholders to improve support for women entrepreneurs and identifies avenues for future action to accelerate the development of women s entrepreneurship better quality data about informal enterprises too would support the development of more effective policies for promoting entrepreneurship in the mena region and better entrepreneurship policies would have longterm positive effects on employment opportunities for the entire population so helping to offer a response to citizens calls for greater prosperity which have been at the core of the recent political and social movements taking place across the mena region,5
+it had been argued in the past riba and leyersdorff that catalonia s innovation system lacked some of the essential features deemed characteristic of effective regional systems this is why knowledge flows as well as the market and nonmarket processes that facilitate such flows were emphasised in the third plan however spanish level regulations limit catalan academic institutions ability to develop their third mission in response to real deficiencies and to such regulations catalonia has taken a number of institutional initiatives aimed at overcoming the resulting systemic weaknesses and limitations suffered by universities in the course of the third research plan the number of catalan research centres grew from in to by and the number of icrea researchers from in to in,9
+the winning projects received funding and expert support not long after buildings with extremely high energy and environmental performance started appearing across the region six exemplary buildings calls have resulted in more than m of new passive buildings and m of newly constructed and renovated surfaces,7
+however for transboundary river basins activities in the different riparian countries need to be further coordinated and harmonized in river basin management plans in particular for basins shared by eu and noneu countries the programme is based on the national programmes of measures which arc to be made operational by december in the eu the urban wastewater treatment directive council directive eec requires collection and treatment basically biological of wastewater from agglomerations and sets the time frame for compliance many countries that acceded to the eu in and enlargements in this subregion estonia hungary latvia lithuania poland slovakia and romania were granted transitional periods to comply with the directive s requirements,6
+the concept of a social protection floor has been in use in recent years to mean a set of basic social rights services and facilities that global citizens should enjoy the report of the world commission on the social dimension of globalization states a minimum level of social protection for individuals and families needs to be accepted and undisputed as part of the socioeconomic floor of the global economy a social protection floor could consist of two main elements services access to water and sanitation health and education and social transfers in cash or in kind that help to realize respective human rights ilo,1
+they argue that nonvocational learning can often produce learning outcomes which are beneficial in the workplace and conversely vocational training can often satisfy broader individual needs for personal fulfilment for instance lifelong learning provides a vital opportunity for adults to catchup on elements of their initial education and training that they have missed it can also prepare adults for a new life stage for example new employment preparation for retirement or accepting new family or civic responsibilities,4
+its main recommendations included universal preschool education from age three and organisation of preschools into clusters with links to primary schools lengthening of the school day for all students and increased responsibilities combined with increased pay and qualification requirements for school principals,4
+as mental illnesses are often a major cause andor a factor of youth vulnerability mental health support is becoming an increasingly important part of youth activation strategies this section provides a review of integration strategies targeting vulnerable youth and discusses integrated services effects on youth activation and mental wellbeing levels of integration vary but the most intensively integrated systems offer multiservice agencies in a single location these agencies offer assessments planning such as individual action plans referrals and associated social services taylor,3
+the work also investigates alternative implementation strategies namely replacing vs preserving existing bus rapid transit brt networks in auckland simulations indicate that preserving brt corridors is always more advantageous than replacing them in areas characterised by low frequency bus services however existing performance appears to be worse than that which could be achieved by shared mobility services,11
+the ecological land management programme poerem although mainly focused on land use it introduces environmental criteria that should be taken into account by the state and local administration when they decide the different uses of land the state administration is also promoting a programme for climate action in municipalities programas de accion climatica municipal pacmune with the aim of improving the knowledge of local actors about the environmental issues in their territory there is however a lack of an overarching strategy for environmental conservation in morelos for instance issues related to waste management ghg emissions and land use are addressed in different programmes,11
+the results show that the main issue for emerging economies is not the lack of jobs as such but the shortage of quality jobs this is partly the reflection of inadequate social security which pushes workers into subsistencelevel occupations earnings quality is generally much lower in emerging economies than in more developed oecd countries,8
+however introducing an aggregator adds significant cost that is reflected in lower prices to the farmers the aggregator has costs associated w ith identifying farmers assembling products from diverse sources and verifying quality that can be significant further unless there is a large enough quantity of output that is produced over multiple months the marketing interval may not be long enough to justify setting up as an aggregator,9
+the amount of tax is calculated by multiplying the cadastral income of each property by the rates voted by each beneficiary local authority for the year in question for residential premises used as the taxpayers main home compulsory relief for dependents or optional relief general relief on the base special relief on the base relief for disabled people is deducted from the notional rental value the amount of tax is calculated by multiplying the income from the tax base by the rates voted by each beneficiary commune or public establishment for intercommunal cooperation for the year in question,11
+however a considerable proportion of wastewater is not treated before being discharged or reused japan is the second largest producer of wastewater with billion m generated in and billion m or per cent of the total treated singapore is the only country in asia and the pacific where all wastewater is treated or billion m in,6
+an evaluation in auditor general for scotland found that new ways had been fairly successful and seemed to have improved patient experiences notably new ways was found to have stopped patients remaining on waiting lists indefinitely and helped with the fair and consistent management of patients areas highlighted for further work included communications with patients regarding the timing and planning of their appointment and filling in gaps in some recorded data,3
+some offer the rationale that green water cannot be captured and moved to a higher valued use in the same way that water in a river aquifer or canal can be delivered to one or more potential users some suggest also that surface water and groundwater often are used to produce higher valued crops while soil moisture often is used to produce lower valued grains and pasture at least four points seem pertinent there is no fundamental principle suggesting that the opportunity cost of soil moisture is always less than the opportunity cost of surface water or groundwater the incremental value of soil moisture can be quite high in many rainfed situations the incremental value of surface water or groundwater can be quite low in many irrigated settings and relative opportunity costs comparative advantages rather than one s own opportunity costs must be considered to determine optimal trading strategies,6
+for example the government of canada recently embarked on a policy of fisheries renewal with renewed objectives for the fisheries management system in the european union the objective of the common fisheries policy cfp is to provide for sustainable exploitation of living aquatic resources and of aquaculture in the context of sustainable development taking account of the environmental economic and social aspects in a balanced manner holden as in canada recent reform of the cfp also seeks to improve fisheries governance a common lament given unrealised objectives through enhanced stakeholder engagement,14
+for instance local farmers and communities have shown a great capacity to innovate in response to weather and other shocks there are thousands of successful experiences of localized enhanced pest and weed management water efficiency and biodiversity including stories of highly successful innovation in the most challenging circumstances characterized by a poor natural resource base and widespread poverty traditional practices such as lowtillage farming crop rotation and interplanting water harvesting and recycling waterefficient cropping and integrated pest management have also proved their relevance to increasing productivity and ensuring environmental sustainability adaptation measures involving organic soil nutrient enhancement and other ecologically sound methods an approach popularly known as climatesmart agriculture can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions,2
+all finnish children start their formal schooling in august of the year they turn seven normally primary school lasts six years followed by a threeyear lower secondary school although the new law allows some variation today it is widely recognised that the sixyear primary school provides a solid basis for high educational performance,4
+professional school leadership standards or frameworks also need to clarify and highlight the importance of school leadership for evaluation and assessment in general and for teacher appraisal and school evaluation in particular to give an example distributed leadership in secondary schools can help provide regular informal feedback to teachers in their subject areas something an individual school leader might not necessarily be equipped for considering the lack of expertise in different subjects oecd at the same time distributing leadership in schools does not necessarily decrease a school leader s workload and may create new challenges for school leaders who in turn require ongoing support,4
+this flattopped seamount measures approximately km in diameter at the base and rises m above the adjacent bathyal plain with a summit m below sea level the high faunal diversity and density indicate a uniquely rich environment in the levant basin possibly an isolated refuge for relict populations of species that have disappeared from the adjacent continental slope this area likely represents one the most pristine environments found in the mediterranean sea and therefore its protection fromfishingactivitiesisconsideredapriority gfcm the coral colonies consist of bioconstructed buildups mostly located on muddy mounds widespread in the study area other important taxa foraminifera porifera brachiopoda anellida etc these species also contribute to the complexity of the lophelia reef community with the presence of many suspension feeders and a complex trophic system,14
+a recent nationwide survey of physicians conducted in the united states showed that almost half of them receive requests from patients for an unnecessary test or procedure at least once a week three in ten said this happens at least several times a week choosing wisely patients might need tools that help them better understand evidencebased recommendations and that support them in demanding highquality and goodvalue care yet presently too few decision aids are available for patients the campaign was launched in the united states but has since expanded to more than ten countries it is hoped to be effective by educating both patients and their doctors and by facilitating a discussion between them that assists in decision making,3
+evaluation instruments such as student ratings are very reliable outcome measures capturing the data they are set out to capture students ratings capture perceived instructor effectiveness they are primarily a function of the instructor who teaches the course and not of the course that is taught marsh global student ratings such as overall instructor rating overall course rating course materials are especially suitable for summative evaluation purposes,4
+this task is particularly urgent as the greatest population growth will be in cities in developing countries where significant urban transport challenges already exist see section below such challenges are particularly pronounced in developing countries where strong migration to urban areas and increased private motorization fuelled by strong economic growth are outpacing infrastructure development and the expansion and modernization of public transport systems the process of achieving more sustainable urban transportation systems designed with the principle of accessibility at their core depends on the participation of all stakeholders in cities the authorities the private sector and the citizens within the principles of democracy a successful process will depend on effective governance of land use and transportation where new housing and commercial planning will entail simultaneous transportation systems design careful neighbourhood design strategic infrastructure investments and fair efficient and stable funding kennedy et al,11
+this is mainly due to the exhaustion of temporary ub and the assumed ineligibility for social assistance and housing benefits which will be analysed separately below similar drops can be observed in other countries when unemployment enters a third eg netherlands switzerland or fourth year eg sweden iceland the average net replacement rate averaged over the first two years of an unemployment spell is displayed for and while the generosity of ub remained fairly steady between and in most countries it increased significantly in some of them especially in the united states,10
+chapter conclusions was written by the project team this is especially true for advanced industrial or postindustrial societies where electricity provides the services essential for production communication and exchange unsurprisingly governments of oecd countries are thus concerned with understanding the factors influencing the security of energy and electricity supplies and seek to develop policy frameworks and strategies to enhance them however before proceeding towards the demonstration of the contribution of nuclear energy the complex concept of security of energy supply must itself be defined and made amenable both to the formulation of concrete policy objectives and numerical verification,7
+gender inequalities in the labour market and the unequal distribution of paid and unpaid work in the family mean that women tend to have lower pension coverage lower benefits and greater vulnerability in old age these gender gaps overlap with existing inequalities in pension coverage and benefits for workers across occupational and income strata in addition women s labour market patterns have also changed substantially over the past half century and so have the family arrangements on which many pension systems have traditionally relied recent pension reforms around the world have addressed some of these issues leading to progress in some countries but gender inequalities in old age protection remain,5
+moreover the notion that gender is binary man and woman restricts every person s freedom regardless of their gender identity to enjoy fully and equally the privileges guaranteed by international human rights norms cutting off the development of an individual s full potential as a human being whether man woman or transgender is also a rights violation men gender and development zedbooks,5
+adopting an ecosocial lens in policy design and implementation can facilitate not only green but also fair approaches that will be required to achieve the sdgs it would help minimize the risk of injustice associated with green economy policies and redress the distributional impacts of environmental and climate change policies in favour of vulnerable groups an ecosocial policy mix brings together participatory governance and decision making progressive social policies and environmental regulation with local initiatives and innovations to promote equitable and sustainable outcomes,13
+indicators of deprivation in health are difficult to define since most routine information in surveys refers to temporary illnesses during reference periods this speaks of the need to include more suitable child health indicators in household surveys measuring access to healthcare rather than temporary health status which could be accomplished without increasing the length of the questionnaire by an excessive amount more suitable indicators for health for example would be compliance with routine checkups or vaccinations and possibly access to health insurance while for child development valuable information would be provided by asking about appropriate toys and parents engagement with children up to three years old,1
+we therefore believe that desegregating special education is the first step in tackling prejudice against people with disabilities and other difficulties they have been omitted from previous equal opportunities initiatives and it is now obvious that our aim of achieving comprehensive education in newham will remain hindered while we continue to select approximately per cent of school pupils for separate education parents became increasingly confident that their neighbourhood schools could meet diverse needs newham has resourced mainstream schools,4
+he has also linked principles of equality nondiscrimination and participation as an approach to commenting on the impact of foreign debt and related policy conditionalities on the realization of womens rights in particular their economic social and cultural rights ibid international financial institutions in relation to loans and conditionalities often fail to consider and address the needs of women ibid without this perspective policies contribute to the feminization of poverty and deepening gender inequality ibid states should promote women s involvement in development planning and decisionmaking related to debt management ibid,5
+given that a third of the world s poor live in fragile states it is essential to consider whether and how processes of empowerment and propoor growth might differ in fragile contexts and how donors might support these processes there is therefore a need to carefully analyse the specific weaknesses and failings of each fragile state and society in order to provide appropriate support societies where conflict and deprivation have weakened people s physical and intellectual capabilities eg low levels of education skills poor health etc societies where conflict and deprivation have weakened cooperation and collective action and there may be significant levels of mistrust between groups,1
+the main and most contentious item related to the redefinition of the respective roles of trade unions and work councils in companies in the previous labour code work councils could be established but only in companies where no trade union was present and they had collective bargaining rights the new labour code establishes a division of competences between trade union and work councils with trade unions being in charge of collective bargaining matters and work councils responsible for all employees information and consultation activities in addition work councils can be created in companies where trade unions are active unless more than one third of the employees belong to the trade union against before the march negotiations at the tripartite council after the march negotiations trade unions are automatically allocated one seat in the work council which should avoid complete sidelining of trade unions from information of and consultation with employees,8
+as gci frontrunners reach the limits of growth from current ict investments ai and intelligent connectivity are opening up a new economic growth cycle point topic reports that fixed wireless technologies are increasingly giving way to g ltebased mobile broadband access with g lte now a major means of getting broadband at home in several regions for example scandinavia and eastern europe the inclusive internet index i commissioned by facebook and the economist intelligence unit shows that access to g networking services improved over the last year particularly in lowincome countries where coverage almost doubled from to,9
+thus article of cedaw requires states only to ensure the same rights for women and men in relation to the rights to work to employment opportunities to free choice of profession promotion job security and training to equal remuneration to social security and to protection of health and safety at work including safeguarding reproduction article ofthe iccpr simply requires state parties to ensure the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all civil and political rights set forth in the present covenant however it is now well established that the same treatment for men and women is unlikely to bring about change thus in order to address womens inequality it is necessary to focus on the specificity of women s disadvantage particularly by recognizing the link between discrimination in the home and discrimination at work and the extent to which women s primary responsibilityfor childcare and unpaid work in the home impacts on theirabilityto access good quality paid work,5
+this in turn seems to have contributed to greater overall support for nuclear power generation figure illustrates the shares of positive and negative responses to the proposition the use of nuclear energy enables european countries to diversify their energy sources on the vertical axis and the share of support for nuclear energy on the horizontal axis the correlation is examined for nuclear and nonnuclear countries the correlation coefficients are for and of for relatively high correlation coefficients suggest that the role of nuclear power in the diversification of energy sources is one of the key drivers behind increasing public support for nuclear generation,7
+examples include research grant schemes innovation vouchers and entrepreneurship education schemes among others policy instruments that address social inclusiveness include for example the provision of giants to researchers from disadvantaged groups the use of role models and mentoring programmes to tackle stereotypes and the deployment of programmes to popularise science and technology to address industrial inclusiveness challenges innovation policies may focus on addressing the main barriers to entrepreneurship encountered by disadvantaged groups such as obstacles to access finance eg through the provision of microcredit and equity financing talent eg through grants to smes to recruit researchers or experts to implement innovation projects or other support services eg through the provision of business counselling assistance to access new markets etc,9
+at the same time the european union has been adamant to make sure that vessels flying the flags of its member states comply with management and conservation rules of rfmos the conference on regional fisheries management organisations rfmos fit for the future brussels june was the opportunity to enhance dialogue between rfmos and to identify key areas that determine the performance of rfmo political will and commitment by the parties cooperation across rfmos compliance robustness of data and science capacitybuilding the fight against iuu fishing the need for transparency and better communication were recurrent themes during the day,14
+if femaleowned enterprises had on average the same characteristics size capital intensity distribution by industry age as enterprises owned by men then their productivity gap would be reduced by their profit gap by and their employment growth gap by the purpose of the survey was to shed light on factors that help or hinder the success of newly created enterprises it was conducted as a oneoff survey within the framework of data collection on business demography using samples of enterprises in the business registers stratified by activity and employee size,5
+assolombarda is the largest industry association with member firms in the region it promotes quality of education training and universityindustry partnerships it influences the design of and updating of academic programmes through contact teams develop experimentation contract of highskilled apprenticeship for ma and phd students collaborates with university placement offices and is involved in boosting the appeal of hard sciences through the scientific degrees project,4
+early general equilibrium models tend to show by contrast that environmental taxes interact with existing taxes to exacerbate rather than improve tax inefficiencies implying that environmental regulation would lead to an overall increase in business costs discouraging employment and investment bovenberg and de mooij parry however extensions of these earlier models show that recycling environmental taxes can in fact have a beneficial effect on employment but that this depends on the characteristics of the preexisting tax regime bento applications of such models on a regional basis have indicated for example that using carbon taxes to finance reductions in distortionary capital tax can lead to an overall growth effect takeda that the recycling of energy taxes in taiwan to offset income taxes would stimulate domestic consumption and investment bor and huang that that environmental taxation can bring economic benefits in turkey when fuels are the primary source of pollutant emissions kumbaroglu,7
+the alliance helps guide the mobile communication department to reduce the tariffs on mobile terminals and to support the development of the communication industry it has a positive support for both the economy and the surrounding industries at the same time this project formed a set of fttx network construction specifications applicable to the local conditions in india covering the entire project life cycle including planning survey design construction supervision and acceptance while the project was implemented the project team compiled training materials covering the whole process of fttx construction for the local environment in india,9
+this includes only expenditures on inspection of domestically produced commodities at first level of processing and border inspection for exported commodities import control activities are not included production and trade data may be used to make an approximate estimation of a differentiation between export and import inspections in case that such a separation is not possible the entire expenditure on food safety and inspection should be included and mention should be made in the documentation water subsidies granted to individual farmers and investment subsidies to onfarm irrigation infrastructure are included in the pse in the case of large investments such as dams with multiple outputs irrigation water retention flood prevention hydroenergy the gsse accounts only for the share of the outputs used by primary agriculture,2
+the high value of the d manu coefficient in the equation for female selfemployment is in line with other types of evidence that indicate that women are more likely than men to be employed in lowquality jobs lichter and landry a number of studies have provided evidence on the steep increases in selfemployment and underemployment seen in the united states as industrial enterprises have closed their doors belcher and diblasio while using a sample composed of both developed and developing countries pietrobelli rabellotti and aquilina have found that the rate of selfemployment tends to decline as the degree of industrialization rises this agrees with the evidence presented by caceres and caceres a who found that economic growth drove down the selfemployment rate in a sample of panel data for from six countries in the region,8
+with improved farm and crop management most of these emissions could be reduced or compensated by sequestration a conversion to organic agriculture would reduce industrial nitrogenfertilizer use that emits kg of c eq per kg of nitrogen on manufacture and another per cent of the applied nitrogen as soilbased n emissions it could also considerably enhance the soil sequestration of c,7
+we find that these factors combined have increased disposable income inequality in all the nordic countries but to a different extent and through different mechanisms the strength and direction of demographic change within and betweengroup inequality and the responsiveness of redistribution all play a role this article builds on previous oecd work by robling and pareliussen,10
+these results are accomplished by teachers and school leaders who are accorded wide autonomy and on the basis of comparatively modest levels of spending however there are important challenges facing primary and lower secondary schooling in lithuania a declining schoolage population makes it difficult for authorities to efficiently manage the nations school network,4
+they also show a fall in real wages for unskilled labour the group with the highest rates of unemployment at the level of the economy as a whole therefore for the period since the mid s there is little sign that employers overall were pushed up their labour demand schedules the evidence suggests that since the early s outward shifts in the labour supply schedule andor inward shifts in the labour demand schedule combined with some features of wage determination that prevented marketclearing left overall real wages little changed but unemployment much higher,8
+in larger employment offices there are separate counters by type of work ie for those seeking technical work or whitecollar jobs in cases where the skills of the jobseeker do not match with the skills required by the employer the pes officer makes an attempt to negotiate the desired skills and inform employers of other jobseeker attributes eg their eagerness and motivation to work at times when no suitable match can be made the officer will refer the jobseeker to alternative jobs andor make direct contact with the employer to develop a new job offer that is closer to the skill profile of an applicant,8
+new valuations will be implemented and updated every second year starting in the new tax system replaces a nominal tax freeze of property taxation with proportional taxation maintaining a progressive element for the most valuable homes no changes have been made to mortgage interest rate deductibility households with debttoincome ratios above are required to fix interest rates for at least five years if the loantovalue ratio is above thus locally there are some concerns whether house prices are increasing faster than warranted by disposable income growth and low interest rates thereby elevating debttoincome ratios for new homeowners systemic risk council i i this prompted the authorities to tighten financial regulation by reducing access to risky loans for households with high debt relative to income from january table,8
+in some countries energy efficiency portfolio standards require energy suppliers to meet a specific proportion of their energy demand through ee defra energy suppliers may also help reduce energy demand and electricity bills by encouraging households to generate their own electricity eventually it may give customers the opportunity to sell power produced in the home back to the grid in mauritius for example the government encourages innovation to enable households to produce electricity based on emerging technologies for renewable energy,7
+since then road deaths have steadily decreased with some fluctuations and were halved by in korea counted road deaths a decrease when compared to the level of with a population of million there are million registered vehicles ie around vehicles per inhabitants korea s road network totals km which includes km of motorway,11
+these agreements only focus on the benefits of energy resources exchange and do not look at the longterm balanced use of water this can cause early drawdown of the toktogul reservoir and huge losses in both the power and water sectors of the republics further houses with yards have been moved from the area of flooding,6
+these recent data confirm nordic countries and the netherlands as those having some of the lowest child poverty levels at the other end of the spectrum are japan the united states some southern european countries italy greece spain and portugal and some of the new eu member states romania bulgaria latvia and lithuania as discussed in the paper several factors are associated with the risk of poverty in particular the household composition the level of education and the actual workforce participation of household members,1
+this includes cooling tanks for farms with small numbers of cows improved milk collection and transportation in chilling tankers and quality and safety controls the latter requires the establishment of rules and protocols training and laboratory equipment and specialised training and assistance to farmers so that they can upgrade from local supply to cold chain supply payment for milk differentiated by quality would provide milk producers an incentive to improve hygiene and technology the policy issue here is to encourage processors to establish farmtodairy cold supply channels,2
+the development of managerial and entrepreneurship skills are also required for higher education programme accreditation despite the progress made the results are still at a low level in only out of graduate respondents chose to get involved in entrepreneurship either by running a business on their own or by being part of a team several universities participate in the government s incubator programme mtdc the national unipreneur development programme nudp that stimulates technologyrelated startups and universityindustry relationships and the annual business plan competition mibpc,4
+the special rapporteur on extreme poverty puts it even more stronglyentrenched gender stereotypes about the place of women in the home and the family and the unpaid care work girls and women are expected to perform throughout their lives often deprive women and girls of timeautonomy and choice to exercise this right un general assembly para legislation criminalizing assault murder and other forms of violence against the person is standard across states but its pervasive lack of application to genderbased violence reflects a deepseated negation of women as persons the antithesis of recognition this in turn both stemsfrom and reinforces gendered power relations in society,5
+combining working life and family life needs to be further developed and companies need to rethink their employment and career models as well as working hours active labour market programmes tend to focus on lone mothers who get stronger support to reenter the labour market than married women only if japan makes big efforts in the abovementioned areas will it be possible to significantly increase the utilisation of the female labour force in more productive workplaces new policy orientations tackle the problem of nonregular workers freeters are one target group and the government is promoting the conversion of temporary and other types of precarious jobs into more stable employment,8
+cooperation agreements for the lake skadarshkodcr prespa lakes and sava river basin have been established with the sava cooperation proving the most advanced so far covering most aspects of water management as well as navigation another promising example is the initiation of a multistakeholder dialogue process between countries in the extended drin river basin aiming to create a sound framework for cooperation in the whole basin also cooperation in the danube river basin is an example to follow more than half of the countries in southeastern europe participate in this effort and can use the experience gained in this framework for cooperation in other river basins,6
+this is turn allows us to probe deeper into questions of why there are differences and if design can support or hinder gender equity although there is a dearth of literature and research in this area studies do indicate that gender structures are embedded in the built environment quantitative and qualitative research methods should be used to collect data on how and why men and women use space differently and to further explore how gender relates to issues of sustainable development health safety and access to successfully mainstream gender issues in any public policy area requires longterm policy planning commitment time and resources this is no less important in the context of educational facilities,5
+not surprisingly most of the research has been carried out in those countries with high numbers of women in parliament there is also some support for the idea that women can impact on the nature of the institution itself once they have a critical mass karam and lovenduski note that women in scandinavian legislatures at the national and local levels have influenced the nature of politics in a number of ways including a greater prioritisation of family obligations and more accessible laws and debates,5
+data on gdp working age population and gross fixed capital formation are from the oecd annual national accounts average years of schooling of the working age population are from the recently updated version of the barro and lee dataset the inequality indicators are sourced from the oecd income distribution dataset idd,10
+nevertheless it has been increasing from in to in while the share of heads of household employed in other sectors has even fallen slightly from in to in the percentage of heads of household was similar among domestic workers and other care woikers and respectively in although the percentage of heads of household has risen for both groups the increase has been more marked among domestic workers see figure hi data for ecuador and uruguay corresp ond to urban areas for example the share of female care sector workers w ho are heads of household is higher than among other female workers,5
+overall while these aggregate statistics suggest that access is generally adequate large variations in the number of contacts with the health system in different regions suggest that in some of them at least access may be significantly constrained shortages of medical personnel in rural areas poor transportation services and lengthy travel times to health care facilities are also likely to undermine access to services in remote areas across the country who across regions greater use of outpatient care and relatively less of inpatient care are strongly correlated with per capita bed numbers suggesting that structures eg the existing hospital infrastructure shape service delivery in different ways across regions indeed looking beyond the frequency of contacts with providers the fundamental question is whether services provided mirror in attention frequency priority resources etc data systems in kazakhstan provide limited information on the nature of services delivered and in particular on the coverage of interventions related to the management of the chronic diseases that increasingly affect the population,3
+today however it is the large share of variable renewable which requires flexibility from all dispatchable electricity sources including nuclear energy the amount of recent load following that has been undertaken in germany by nuclear power plants is quite remarkable figure shows the daily variation in the nuclear energy output showing clearly the extent of the load following capacity of the nuclear park in germany,7
+longitudinal cohort analyses based on the indepth network of demographic and health surveillance sites wwwindepthnetworkorg show an association between socioeconomic status and underfive mortality mwageni and others but this association does not hold when other factors are taken into consideration debpuur and others the country data are from the most recent dhs surveys conducted in and are weighted by the population size of each ofthe countries in a multivariate regression figure presents the measured effect of household wealth on child mortality ages years or months for the three regions included in the analysis the net relative risk of dying before reaching the fifth birthday for a child born in africa from the richest household is per cent that for a child from the poorest household in the region in contrast the net relative risk of dying of a child born in asia from the richest household is only per cent that for a child from the poorest household,3
+the other option is to earn a degree through one of several affiliated foreign universities most of which are british eg the university of hull university of kent students completing a degree programme are then given intensive skills enhancement training fastrack to prepare them for employment the fastrack programme is a governmentfunded initiative designed in collaboration with multinational corporations to accelerate learning and handson experience of new and existing engineers to support industry s competitiveness in design and development,4
+most countries are relying at least partially on the international trade of energy and will continue to do so however the issue of selfsufficiency does assume a particular significance in electricity markets where a certain amount of domestic generation is required by the fact that electricity can neither be stored nor transported over long distances at reasonable costs in island countries such as australia and japan or de facto geographically isolated countries such as korea domestic power generation must be able to cover demand on its own this is not the case for storable resources such as coal or oil where countries can enjoy high levels of security of supply even if they have no domestic production,7
+the ministry grants licences for schools to operate develops policies to guarantee the right to education and freedom of education proposes changes to the legal framework governing education develops compulsory components of the curriculum monitors school and student performance and assigns and distributes school subsidies there is a difference in the degree of autonomy between municipal and privately managed subsidised schools in which more than of students are enrolled including administrative financial and work restrictions privately managed schools have full autonomy municipal schools also have high levels of autonomy about half of the decisions that affect educational practice take place at the school level with the remaining half at the municipal level,4
+in germany about of young teachers had chosen their career by the end of secondary school while in the united states only about of these teachers of yearold students had chosen to become teachers by the end of secondary school the remaining countries fall between these two extremes by contrast in australia chinese taipei and the united states around half of todays young teachers had decided to work as teachers only after they had left high school possibly because tertiary studies and education systems offer multiple and relatively flexible pathways into the teaching profession,4
+as the report was being written the crude oil price per barrel had just hit a new record which was almost four times higher than the price at the beginning of energy price increases and thus volatility are the first thing to come to mind for onethird of europeans an overview of the price data over the last few years corroborates public concerns about energy price volatility as a multitude of factors do indeed affect energy markets on a continual basis figures almost every source of energy has become a traded commodity with for some fuels an historical world wholesale market oil for example and for others intervention of the energy market liberalisation process that changed for example gas or electricity industry from a government controlled monopoly to a competitive market meaning that customers have the freedom to choose their energy supplier,7
+y zhou and r tol evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport water resources research vol the transport costs are broken into capital costs m energy costs for pumping m operation and maintenance m and the cost of water at the source m excluding the cost of water at the source the total cost for capital pumping and operation and maintenance is m for a sueznegev transfer,6
+the galway statement on atlantic ocean cooperation was signed and a research alliance was launched in may at the marine institute galway ireland this historical agreement focused on aligning ocean observations and research among the three participants other potential areas for cooperation include sharing of data such as on temperature salinity and acidity interoperability and coordination of observing infrastructures such as measurement buoys and research vessels sustainable management of ocean resources seabed and benthic habitat mapping promoting researcher mobility and identifying and recommending future research priorities research on aquaculture is one of the main issues in the alliance,14
+according to a study published in there were eight districts in the slovak republic where the proportion of the roma minority was close to or higher than matlovifiova et al in such districts the proportion of roma children can be very high both the definition of special educational needs and the age range for compulsory education differ across countries see the source of the data for further details,4
+the oecd s inventory of support measures for fossil fuels released in found that governments in the oecd and the emerging briics countries brazil the russian federation india indonesia the people s republic of china and south africa collectively support the production and consumption of fossil fuels to the tune of usd bln a year with most of that support coming in the form of budgetary transfers and tax breaks the oecd inventory identifies about such measures this effectively means that governments today still spend billions to encourage the extraction and burning of fossil fuels at taxpayers expense adding in the consumer price subsidies measured by the international energy agency iea this makes total subsidies and other forms of support for fossil fuels in the vicinity of usd bln a year oecd a,7
+chile iceland and slovenia continue to employ the largest percentage of women in central government at more than while japan employs the smallest share data for the netherlands is in fulltime equivalent japan and spain are for fulltime employees only even among the best achievers in terms of gender equality progress strong segmentation in educational and occupational choices remains for example in norway in half of working women were employed in seven occupations while men were employed in occupations oecd a,5
+the government is addressing low digital skills in the largescale incode strategy spanning the period the strategy involves both existing measures from programmes such as qualifica and industria and new measures it also includes quantified targets enrolments in digital literacy programmes by of gdp invested in rd by and of the population with basic digital skills by govemo de portugal j,4
+one contributory factor is entrenched stereotypes about which careers are suitable for men and which ones for women they are passed on to children by their families teachers and society at large indeed pisa reveals that parents are more likely to expect their teenage sons than their daughters to work in stem occupations even when they perform just as well as their male classmates in mathematics science and reading oecd students could enter any job title or description,5
+this is owing to the fact that information on breastfeeding is available only for children who are born within the fiveyear interval before the survey and the logit model forces us to drop all observations that are not fully at risk in this case all children less than five years of age and alive at the time of the survey for control purposes we also run a separate estimation for underfive mortality excluding breastfeeding as a determinant the results broadly confirm this view and are reported in the annex,3
+with regard to this a framework may be strengthened to check the appropriateness of measures under ihr and coordination may be pursued with actors in other sectors such as wto the sanitary and phytosanitary sps agreement of wto states that when national standards that are stricter than international standards are adopted the national standards must be scientifically justified for example in the case in which europe instituted trade restrictions during a cholera outbreak in africa the sps committee of wto deliberated on the restrictions including a scientific debate on the risk these measures pose to public health which resulted in the trade restrictions being lifted who and wto collaboration with initiatives such as the global health security agenda ghsa is already under way including the joint external evaluation tool for ihr formulated by who with ghsa a multilateral framework led by the united states which has stated that it will achieve its goals in at least countries over the next five years and has declared that it will invest us billion in countries towards this effort,3
+the budget balance is estimated to have fallen into deficit in although the target of having the budget deficit not exceed of gdp was met the fiscal surplus of azerbaijan increased from of gdp in to of gdp in thanks to rapid revenue growth from the low base of the revenues continued to be heavily reliant on transfers from the oil fund more than half of such transfers were directed towards social and infrastructure projects such as the reconstruction of infrastructure damaged by the earthquake in early,8
+in the summer of the first wpp in georgia will start to function the plant will be built near gori and will be implemented by the georgian energy development fund gedf its capacity will be about mw and investment value is between us million and us million however it only briefly mentions the need to promote improvements in the efficiency of energy generation transmission dispatching distribution import export and consumption as well as natural gas delivery import export transportation distribution and consumption in the government approved the regulation for construction of renewable energy sources in georgia renewable energy,7
+in a quarter of ldcs traditional biomass accounts for more than per cent of total primary energy use in half it is between per cent and per cent this leaves only a quarter of ldcs in which it does not represent the majority of primary energy used in most cases the remainder is made up mainly of oil products though with significant contributions in a few cases from natural gas particularly in bangladesh and to a lesser extent myanmar and yemen coal most notably in lesotho and afghanistan and renewable energy mainly hydroelectricity particularly in bhutan and lao people s democratic republic with smaller contributions in malawi mozambique and zambia,7
+the higher the value the more disparities between females and males threeyears average threeyears average the level of income per capita is a good proxy for longterm growth because until the th century there were only minor differences in income per capita across countries acemoglu robinson and johnson,5
+created in the mission of the ccss is to provide health care services in an integral form to the individual the family and the community and to provide economic social and retirement protection to the costa rican population in accordance to the current legislation ccss directed by health boards the ccss is made up of health establishments organised functionally by three levels of care primary secondary and tertiary and geographically by seven regions within the three service networks in the country the southern network the western network and the northeastern network interrelated they are intended to form networks that are articulated both vertically and horizontally and satisfy the health care needs and demands of the costa rican population,3
+the majority of health and medical services fall under the responsibility of county councils whose representatives are elected by the residents every four years county councils are obliged to provide health and medical services of good quality as well as to promote good health in the population primary care is delivered through public or private primary care units in the country in most of the counties it is possible to bypass primary care and access specialist services directly there is no gatekeeping,3
+in chile under the new postnatal leave legislation the mother can transfer up to a month and a half of leave to the father in several countries the leave may be extended for multiple births or in the case of illness and often varies from the public to the private sector pautassi and rico tronto and williams examine interesting aspects of these contemporary tensions belize bolivarian republic of venezuela brazil costa rica cuba dominican republic ecuador,5
+the clusters can be organised and combined in different ways to enhance their effectiveness and to create unique approaches to teaching and learning combining the approaches means moving beyond the fragmented focus on specific pedagogical innovations to highlight the importance of the creative work of teachers and schools when adjusting adapting mixing and updating the clusters of innovative pedagogies this pedagogical approach blends student work and teaching for understanding adapts their sequencing and draws heavily on digital learning resources,4
+it then looks at trends in several indicators of biodiversity species abundance eg mean species abundance or msa threatened species forest area deforestation and marine fish stocks and the implications of businessasusual trends continuing to the year under the oecd environmental outlook baseline scenario the chapter provides an overview of the different policy instruments available for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use ranging from regulations to marketdriven approaches such as payments for ecosystem services pes some more ambitious policy scenarios are examined such as the implications of meeting the aichi biodiversity target under the convention on biological diversity cbd to expand the global protected area network to at least of terrestrial land by,14
+these numbers are based on a standard relative poverty measure defined as those below of the median disposable income relative poverty rate is defined as the share of people living in households with less than of the median disposable income adjusted for family size and after taxes and transfers of the entire population the gini probably the most widely used measure of income inequality is particularly sensitive to changes in the middle of the income distribution while the other measures focus more on the tails of the distribution,1
+in addition primary prevention activities such as tobacco control programmes have also had a real impact on cvd mortality a number of countries have used the socalled impact model to explain the changes in coronary heart disease chd mortality rates observed in a population this model developed by academics at the university of liverpool uses longitudinal data on major population risk factors smoking high systolic blood pressure elevated total blood cholesterol obesity diabetes and physical inactivity and from medical and surgical treatments to quantify the contribution that treatments and risk factor reductions has made to the decline in chd mortality capewell et al,3
+the hospital sector appears less effective with the death rate within days of hospital admission for an acute condition heart attack brain haemorrhage stroke being about twice as high as the lowest rates in europe westert et al access to care is facilitated by the comprehensiveness of the basic mandatory health insurance scheme and by the lowest copayments in europe table securing that only few people forgo medical visits for financial reasons westert et al in addition essential care services are available at short distance to almost the entire population while waiting times for almost all treatments are below the agreed acceptable standard known as treek norms nza,3
+for the other houses it is economically beneficial to have individual treatment plants as their connection to group treatment plants will be quite expensive due to their location this approach is efficient from the environmental point of view since the treated wastewater from each rest house will be used to preserve the surrounding natural landscape it is also planned to construct a wwtp on the bank of the dalarik river,6
+the ruling outlined the horrific consequences of child marriage and said there had long been a lack of common social consciousness on the problems faced by girls who marry early the case defines child pursuant to article of the constitution to mean a girl or a boy under the age of eighteen years therefore no child ie a boy or a girl under the age of eighteen years has the capacity to enter into a valid marriage in zimbabwe,5
+an example is the eastern scotian shelf ecosystem that suffered from overfishing of cod and other ground fish and consequently became dominated by crustacean and small planktivorous fish in the early s frank et al despite the ban on fishing since the ecosystem on the eastern scotian shelf has failed to recover to its former composition of fish thus both fisheries and climatic perturbations may have important consequences for the composition in ecosystems including the seabed community composition and biodiversity worm et al these losses occur at two levels depleted fish stocks imply that the cost of finding and catching the fish is higher that it needs to be and fleet overcapacity means that the economic benefits of fishing are dissipated due to redundant investment and operating costs the cumulative economic loss to the global economy over the last three decades associated with overfishing is estimated to be in the order of usd trillion fao a,14
+malawi and mozambique both adopted land redistribution policies favouring the landless and de facto occupants while niger s rural code provides for mechanisms to resolve land tenure conflicts decentralization was achieved through land boards in uganda rural councils in senegal land commissions in niger and land committees in lesotho uneca wider access to land through land reform andor more secure rights whether individual or collective proprietary or not creates better incentives for agricultural investment and is therefore likely to result in increased employment in agriculture the mix of measures to be enacted naturally needs to be adapted to local conditions the local institutional setting and local traditions nevertheless since the mid s several ldcs have been entering into lease or sale agreements involving large patches of land for commercial agriculture development by foreign investors socalled land grab operations without fully privatizing land markets,8
+since the enlargement of the european union to countries in and then to countries in this problem of the meaning of the median has become more pressing a relative income poverty line based on of median incomes will inevitably struggle to reflect this new diversity figure illustrates the problem this shows for example that the richest countries have poverty lines that are higher than the median incomes of the poorest countries,1
+the electricity price is key all things equal the higher the electricity price the lower the relative contribution of carbon finance therefore whatever the targets agreed upon will be the role of implementation mechanisms is fundamental several proposals have already been put forward and they are being discussed by the ad hoc working group on further commitments for annex i parties under the kyoto protocol awgkp,7
+the iaea uses icts to support member states in improving the functionality safety and security of existing and new nuclear power plants npps to ensure affordable and clean energy sdg and improve industry innovation and infrastructure sdg by managing complex nuclear lifecycle technology systems however the applications of nuclear techniques and the iaeas work in fact extend far beyond just nuclear energy the iaeas work extends into the education and training of health professionals in nuclear medicine techniques sdgs and on health and education respectively monitoring of marine contaminants sdg,7
+lastresort guaranteed minimumincome programmes gmi such as snap supplemental nutrition assistance program formerly food stamps or tanf temporary assistance for needy families in the united states and social assistance benefits in most european countries have seen relatively few explicit changes in benefit amounts although benefit levels have frequently not kept up with earnings growth so that gmi recipients are likely to have slipped further down the income distributionnotably finland poland and spain after benefit erosion continued but tended to be less rapid mainly because average wages growth was slower the united states was an exception to this pattern with a moderate postgr increase in snap benefit levels relative to average wages,10
+young people are now virtually excluded from state support as benefits for those under have been removed pensioners and the ill or disabled are still supported by pensions and welfare payments but the low levels of these benefits means that they increasingly rely on private insurance or pension payments among the working age inwork poverty is a substantial issue and income is increasingly unstable,1
+over the last two decades thanks to the implementation of four consecutive comprehensive programmes called proaire box there has been a dramatic reduction in local air pollution figure since the levels of so and co have not been above the limit established by the mexican official norm nom of ppm average per hours and ppm average per hours respectively the levels of lead pb have been below the accepted limits since the component was removed from fuels in,11
+in contrast to these and similar developments throughout the world over the last decade the israeli system of higher education has been lagging behind in implementing a policy of cooperation between higher education industry the individual employee and government reported reasons were the competition among institutions for a limited pool of students and the lack of a credit transfer system higher education policies emphasise the important objectives of differentiating the missions of institutions and discouraging unnecessary programme duplication,4
+simultaneous development of diverse skills and extensive retraining will be necessary skill creation and reskilling activities in green growth are delivered by universiti sains malaysia and the penang skills development centre skill creation could be more efficiently organised by pooling learning resources of educational institutions and industries at the regional level,4
+there are local branches of the ebwc active in abu dhabi dubai and sharjah sharjah business women council the main objectives of ebwc are to lobby on behalf of uae women entrepreneurs facilitate research into the problems of women entrepreneurs and function as a platform with national and international organisations interested in supporting uae women entrepreneurs,5
+in mexico support based on farm input use accounted for of the pse while market price support was the second largest component with over one quarter of producer support input subsidies in this country are directed predominantly at the lowering of energy insurance and price hedging costs for farmers as well as for investments amongst these energy subsidies are the most distorting support although they are provided within an overall support level which is around of gross farm receipts,2
+the university sector has institutions which are members of the consejo de rectores de las universidades chilenas cruch council of rectors of chilean universities and which have traditionally enjoyed different treatment and a much higher status than newer private institutions the governance and quality of tertiary education are currently the focus of reform draft bills on the oversight of higher education superintendencia de educaddn superior and changes in the accreditation system are under development the ministry of education also sets reference fees arancel de referenda to calculate the maximum student aid package that students are entitled to receive,4
+external cost accounting by its very nature will always allow for alternative viewpoints coal for instance does emit a higher level of radionuclides than nuclear energy the estimate of the impacts of hydroelectricity on biodiversity seems small when compared to anecdotal evidence such uncertainties show that more systematic as well as policyrelevant research on the external costs of power generation is needed,7
+since lowskill offshoring is more prominent than highskill offshoring on aggregate engaging in a wider backward participation is associated with lower wage inequality when it is a lowskill highskill task that is received then the labouraugmenting productivity effect pushes the wages of lowskilled highskilled workers up thereby reducing increasing wage inequality however in this instance it is the highskill effect which dominates and therefore being the recipient of an offshored task tends to increase wage inequality,10
+the strandveidar is an openaccess system running from may to august the system is effort and output regulated and allows operatorsto catch kg demersal fish pr when the monthly catch limit is reached in one of the four areas the fishery will close down until next month the participating fishers are either without itq or must have finished their itq allocations before entering the strandveidar,14
+in the medium term technological changes play a more important role in explaining growth in the long run risk factors such as obesity and changes in the prevalence of chronic diseases also enter the picture thorpe et al factors influencing the future trajectory of health spending include demandside factors such as ageing and the health status of a population income growth and consumers behaviour supplyside drivers such as technological progress and changes in treatment practices productivity and health prices and regulatory factors such as institutional characteristics of health systems and their financing,3
+clotfelte ladd vigdor arrived to this conclusion through the estimation of a model with student fixed effects that minimizes possible bias using data from north virgina at the high school level after ruling out alternative explanations like prior achievements or sociocultural environment they find a positive relationship between teachers college ratings and test scores as well as a positive relationship between teachers degrees coursework and certification and student outcomes in mathematics good grouws ebmeier were among the first analytical study of the links between teachers education and in particular inservice education and student performance this study wanted to put into evidence the impact on students of their mathematics teachers continuing training to do so teachers were assigned randomly to either a control or a treatment group,4
+and commercial development in suburban locations can often impact on the economic strategies of the city the city hinterland also supplies essential services such as the supply of food and drinking water flood management and waste disposal so city governments need to take an interest in land outside the city boundary if possible to deter urban sprawl development that may increase flood risk and the need for transport infrastructure equally local governments outside the city need to reflect how the development of the urban area will place demands on their plans and land use david audretsch s book everything in its place sets out a framework for strategic management of growth in a placebased approach but across multiple places big and small how can development planning help to avoid unwarranted externalities and thus achieve the best overall outcome in use of land how could the national need for sufficient new homes be reflected in the totality of local plans while reflecting the views of those who elected them local planning authorities were reluctant to designate sufficient land to deliver a fair share,11
+the extent to which supergrids will be developed remains however uncertain see the barriers for investment in transmission capacity that are discussed earlier in this report however to which extent the system will actually evolve this way is difficult to predict smart grids have many features and may serve various purposes,7
+the priority in measures to achieve equality of opportunity ex ante is to grant all citizens a fair chance of making the most of their skills talents and efforts inequality of outcomes can be reduced through progressive taxes service provision and by targeted income support policies such as minimum wages which aim to empower the relative poor to participate more fully in society greater equality of opportunity can be fostered by addressing education inequalities and gender discrimination and by providing a level playing field for marginalised groups like rural inhabitants ethnic and racial minorities and informal workers,10
+this chain of coordination and cooperation between agents can if measures are taken minimise risks and associated costs and maximise the value reliability and speed of the supply this restricts opportunities to harvest the abundance of tropical fruit in seychelles and reduces farmers ability to sell surplus fruit to hotels and restaurants to buy locally would be a dream unequivocal support and preference for local produce over imported goods was clearly expressed by the hoteliers interviewed so long as the supply was consistent,12
+alcohol consumption and smoking rates have not declined and are among the highest across the eu obesity rates although still lower than in many other eu countries are on the rise for both adults and adolescents encouragingly smoking rates among adolescents declined in recent years and austria is finally catching up with other eu countries in terms of policies for the protection of nonsmokers for example by introducing a comprehensive smoking ban in restaurants and bars national action plans on nutrition and physical activity were put in place to counter the rise in obesity,3
+attempts to systematise health technology assessment which is not generally carried out in costa rica have also failed the inability of the ministry of health to hold the ccss and its providers to account has already been discussed in turn the ability of the ccss to reform is significantly constrained by professional groups,3
+while participation rates for men are close to those observed in peer countries female participation still lags behind rates observed in the selected countries each component is projected out to according to longterm dynamics and convergence patterns between the countries speed of convergence depends on the initial position and structural factors such as product market regulation the baseline specification assumes that these returns to education are the same for all countries and that educational attainment measured by average years of schooling of the age cohorts improves by per year over the projection horizon,5
+this general behavioural pattern limits the employment of women whose professional occupation may be viewed as optional visavis men s duty to be the breadwinner this factor in turn may contribute to an increase in women s unemployment relative to men s each spouse retains individual ownership of assets brought into the marriage and assets obtained during the marriage are registered in their individual names,5
+the earlier the privation and the longer its duration the greater the potential impact on the child the difference between the two is illustrated in the diagram below the household with the lowest income in the street lives at number the second poorest household lives at number and so on up to the richest household in number in the example given here this comes to in this example the median income is the income of house no imagine for example that the two richest people in the street living in houses nos,1
+the respondent countries identified both a priority areas for action on gender equality and b requirements for accelerating implementation of the platform for action achieving gender parity across leadership and decisionmaking positions is seen by the respondent countries as requiring identifying women with the potential to lead investing in building the capacities of women to occupy leadership positions engaging male champions and employing special temporary measures such as quotas affirmative action and targeted funding other identified areas for attention include reducing the gender pay gap accounting for women s unpaid care work advancing the rights of women engaged in the informal sector fostering entrepreneurship and making decent work a reality for more women workers action on violence against women is seen as requiring the existence and implementation of normative frameworks comprised of policies legislation and strategies along with a position of zero tolerance,5
+only through gradual public education can the perception issues surrounding this potential use be addressed stakeholder engagement can also exert a strong push towards increasing the accountability of private actors and public authorities a menu of options should be considered to strengthen existing mechanisms when they have proven effective and develop a larger consultation base that can support inclusive water policy with a positive impact on the willingness to pay and financial sustainability of the sector,6
+they serve as refuges and produce seeds and seedlings for specific reintroductions or reinforcements as well as for storage in the igb the purpose of the botanic gardens law is to support and strengthen these gardens and to allocate financial resources for their activities about botanic gardens currently qualify for this support in the center treated injured terrestrial vertebrates mainly birds moep a,15
+similarly the seller can rate us as trustworthy buyers teachers there are judicious and selective in using technology in their classrooms but they embrace technology when it comes to enhancing and sharing professional practice when i visited shanghai in saw teachers using a digital platform to share lesson plans that in itself is not unusual what made it different from other places was that the platform was combined with reputational metrics the more other teachers downloaded or critiqued or improved lessons the greater the reputation of the teacher who had shared them,4
+how can policies laws and regulations contribute to the elimination of existing inequalities and promote equality between women and men in participation rates the distribution of resources benefits tasks and responsibilities in private and public life and in the value and attention accorded to masculine and feminine characteristics behaviour and priorities are there barriers to women s access to training advisory services or other activities that would strengthen their economic participation as employers and employees a guide to gender impact assessment directorategeneral for employment social affairs and equal opportunities european commission brussels ialblobservlcldocid langlden bremer j introducing gender analysis into regulatoiy frameworks position paper prepared for the first meeting of the gender focus group of the menaoecd governance programme on addressing gender in public management american university in cairo wwwoccdorgdataoccd pdf,5
+the main contributing gas is co followed by ch and n o the co emission trend reflects fuel consumption and therefore shows a decrease in the period however with the reviving economy co emissions grew constantly until from that point there was a period of stabilization until when there was a slight drop in emissions mainly related to the economic crisis and the consequent decline in transportation,13
+private storage in local villages and at the regional level can better match local supply and demand but are often discouraged by high material costs and a lack of credit policies to improve the investment climate to strengthen farmer organisations and local cooperatives as well as extension services should be encouraged they provide instruments to transfer price risk enabling commercial participants to hedge their productspurchases against the risk of fluctuating prices,2
+this shows the scale of the potential impact of the ict sector on economic and societal development over the coming years if policymakers foster market and investment sustainability this transformation is fuelled by emerging solutions enabling the internet of things such as ai big data analytics and blockchain which all present important policy questions and challenges including policy and ethical questions linked to safety and security data privacy legal accountability and liability as well as their potential impact on employment and skills data on revenue is expected to change as technologies converge towards the delivery of multiplay services blurring the line between revenue streams generated by fixed and mobile business segments,9
+it is critical to reducing the national import bill and enhancing the international competitiveness of the economy s export industries this is probably a common problem shared by small developing countries that are dependent on imported petroleum indeed it is arguable that even those that are endowed with petroleum would be wise to diversify their sources of energy because their endowments of this nonrenewable resource are limited and they have to share the responsibility of reducing the discharge of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere supplying organically grown food to the tourist industry will be yet another way of greening that industry,12
+from the s onwards population issues also started to play an increasing role in the country s development plans and projects alqutob in jordan s cabinet approved the national birth spacing program and in government agencies were requested to implement the national population strategy which included among other areas maternal and child health family planning and birth spacing national population commission in the fiveyear development plan for the staffing of primary healthcare centres with nurses and midwives was one of the key strategies for raising the quality of health care directly benefiting maternal as well as child health,3
+if investments in provision for mildtomoderate disorders will reduce sickness absence and presenteeism see subsections above it makes good economic sense some large japanese firms are already getting involved in promoting wellbeing and preventing illhealth the national federation of health insurance societies also carries out activities such as information sharing and awareness raising making efforts to help identify mental distress amongst their employees and advice around encouraging employees to seek help for mental distress,3
+statutory requirements under the eu birds and habitats directives insofar as they relate to seafisheries are implemented through secondary legislation gross value added gva and gross profit increased between and the major factor driving this overall increase in economic performance was a higher estimate of total income in comparison with other years and reductions in nonvariable and capital costs experienced in,14
+thus multilateral and bilateral providers of support will continue to play an important role in implementing climaterelated projects to enhance such policy coherence the eecca countries first need to take stock of existing and planned policies in the country and identify any misalignment the countries then explore potential areas to improve coherence across such policies policy frameworks and measures to be examined could be broad and markedly different between countries ranging from adaptation and mitigation finance and investment promotion to competition and other environmental and development issues,13
+achieving cost recovery targets developing water pricing and trading mechanisms clarifying water entitlements and changing institutional arrangements need to be underpinned by more and reliable information encouraging examples are the monitoring of minimum water flow rates in rivers as part of environmental planning and comprehensive river basin assessments being undertaken in a number of countries however considerable information and knowledge gaps still remain this encompasses data on the sources of water used improved calculations of the physical and economic efficiency of water use in agriculture and a better understanding of the links between onfarm water use and offfarm environmental impacts,6
+the general assembly in its resolution called for increased support for strengthening data collection and capacitybuilding and committed to addressing the gap in data collection given this substantial gap strong focus should be placed on efforts to generate and collect reliable country data and information to monitor progress towards achieving sdg especially for countries with special needs including small island developing states enhanced regional collaboration on capacitybuilding to implement sdg should also be prioritized,7
+it appears that unemployed women are also better educated than unemployed men in tunisia egypt and morocco women with a tertiary education are more likely to be unemployed than those with lower levels of education in algeria and jordan and of unemployed women respectively are university graduates compared with only and among men ilo vulnerable employment defined as the share of unpaid family workers and ownaccount workers ilo is higher among women than men in egypt and morocco figure,5
+the unintended consequences of long working hours cont the years in which employees are expected to climb the corporate ladder coincide with parenting years especially among women as their fertility window is more restricted workers are often forced to choose between bringing up young children or putting in face time at the office,5
+the growing importance of ecosystem services in global policy development can be seen in the paris agreement on climate change emerging redd activities and a range of global and regional initiatives commitments and programmes these include the global goals of the united nations forum on forests the convention on biological diversity s aichi biodiversity targets the bonn challenge the new york declaration on forests and the sustainable development goals particularly goal which refers to sustainable land and forest management the need to ensure the sustainability and enhance the supply of goods and services from forests and other treebased ecosystems is gaining increasing policy attention and work on the ground,15
+even though these hold schools and school leaders accountable for performance there is no comprehensive overview of the i various selfevaluation activities which may involve a wide range of different methods of data collection olves an external review by the municipal district council the appraisal of school principals can take place at the local level but is not mandatory,4
+among several adverse implications they can lead to a deceleration of economic growth hamper efforts aimed at eliminating extreme poverty and hunger and weaken bonds of solidarity at the community level inequalities of outcome also correlate with political capture especially by vested interest groups a disproportionate political influence of the rich over policymaking increases rentseeking activities at the expense of the broader society hence undermining the global aspiration of leaving no one behind the chapter presents new research on the drivers and costs of income inequality in the region owing to data constraints the chapter primarily focuses on income inequality at the regional and country levels,10
+other important issues relate to inter alia whether or not the planning is done in a coordinated manner with incoming flow of projects on electricity generation from renewable resources and whether the planning is done in a way that reflects natural resource endowments these are treated in the public governance section of this report in tanzania the stateowned utility company tanesco has passed through an excessive fraction of purchase costs to consumers causing electricity tariffs to rise by between and,7
+if they are thrown back into the sea discarded they do not survive with rare exceptions so although they may conceivably provide food for some other species they do not help the conservation of their own species nor do they contribute to satisfying market demand for fish so more fish than are needed for this are caught rather than throw them into the sea a vessel may hope to land them illegally or transfer them to an intermediary who will land them in a port outside the national or eu jurisdiction one is that they are not wasted and the other is that they are recorded the disadvantage is that there is some economic incentive to overfish which seems counterproductive the norwegian view is that allowing discards while penalising landings provides an economic incentive to systematically fish for large and higher priced fish and systematically discard unwanted fish socalled high grading however the eu did introduce a ban on high grading in the north sea in furthermore a vessel s record of overfishing can be monitored and the economic incentive removed in the case of persistent offenders,14
+gender evaluation methodology for internet and icts giving everyone a voice and a say in the formulation implementation and evaluation is the first step towards an inclusive development initiative it is important to plan activities taking into account the daily timetables of both men and women and not to overburden them with extra activities,5
+creating the incentives needed to expand access to credit and insurance markets is an example of government activity that would contribute to reducing the structural inequalities constraining the capacity of people to diversify their livelihoods and adapt to climate change climate change resilience will demand that social economic and ecological systems become capable of reorganizing so as to maintain their essential functions identity and structure while also maintaining their capacity for adaptation learning and transformation this will pave the way towards sustainable development as long as the structural inequalities that drive poverty social exclusion and vulnerability are addressed at the same time it identifies concrete areas where national efforts will need to be supplemented through enhanced international cooperation the chapter builds upon the idea that climate hazards and inequalities are locked in a vicious cycle whereby those hazards affect people experiencing socioeconomic vulnerability disproportionately,13
+between and six countries show an annual reduction of or more in poverty rates in chile el salvador panama and paraguay over half of the rise in poor households income came from labour income while in costa rica and uruguay increases in contributory and noncontributory transfers predominated in some countries especially chile,1
+these include among others the coordination of policies on food security and sustainability regulation and economic tools to correct market failures such as the lack of integration of costs related to environmental externalities the funding and orientation of research technological transfer and adoption and the participation in international science and research cooperation governments also need to provide support to innovative experiments and outreach there is a need for strengthened links between policy and research where policy needs drive research activities in order to be properly informed by the research outcomes governments are actively involved in international standardsetting where improved cooperation is required,2
+they should also establish the research capacity necessary to assess the effects of climate or environment change on fish stocks and aquatic ecosystems some countries consider that fisheries management can be improved under the responsibility of the administration by the active participation of management bodies and by the use of management instruments that enhance fisher s sense of shared involvement in solutions for some other countries comanagement frameworks that provide for input from fishers are considered to be valuable by providing improved user right and stewardship over the resource in addition to being a valuable source of information,14
+for women it is very important that the definition covers the full range of the work they do along the fish value chain including in preharvest harvest and postharvest local differences have to be articulated and common interests need to be carried forward when defining policy and programme priorities given the dynamic and rapidly changing nature of the sector it is important to subject the definition to periodic review this is likely to be a cyclical interactive and iterative process involving rounds of consultation and debate jentoft,5
+electricity production in generally declined compared to the early s by about particularly in chisinau this is closely related to the increase in gas prices energocom is a stateowned company and acts as a single buyer at nonregulated prices for imported electricity from ukraine as well as from transnistria energocom sells to red nord and red nordvest or directly to eligible customers ener i,7
+for example several countries have adopted legislation that takes into account changes in family structure recognizing samesex marriages eg the netherlands spain and uruguay and civic unions between samesex partners eg argentina chile and sweden thanks to women s movements many countries have also adopted or improved legislation to prevent and respond to violence against women civil code article book i reform of,5
+the operational programme op for allocating this funding is targeted towards achieving both key national development priorities and the eu s europe objectives it will support the reform of the eus common fisheries policy cfp and implementation of the eus integrated maritime policy imp in germany a comprehensive range of outcomes are being pursued within these objectives and include greater technological development competitiveness efficiency safety and environmental performance,14
+on the other hand the selfreported data from the municipal national information system sinim administered by the government agency in charge of regional development subdere indicates a total debt of clp million school choice international exploring publicprivate partnerships mit press cambridge massachusetts la agenda pendiente en educacion the pending agenda in education universidad de chile and unicef santiago w w w uchilecldocumentos elaqua pdf,4
+green urban infrastructure planning also may be integrated in territorial development planning to prevent risks related to heat and floods in reconstructed urban areas the focus should be on sustainable land management through denser development and modernization of buildings this can be extended to improvement of water supply sewerage and heating systems to save resources,11
+as such countries are especially interested in learning more about their own teaching and ecec workforce and making comparisons with other countries to develop more effective policies to improve teaching and learning oecd b they may also be called pedagogue educator childcare practitioner or pedagogical staff in preprimary education while the term teacher is almost universally used at the primary level data sourced from the oecd s education at a glance indicators exclusively covers this category assistants are more common in preprimary education than in primary education,4
+gender gaps are statistically significant for all countries except for ireland and spain when relying on friends and excepts for luxembourg and slovenia when relying on the partnerspouse in panel b countries are ranked in descending order of maletofemale ratio getting social support from spousepartner when looking for psychological help gender gaps are statistically significant for all countries the gap between partner s and friends support is largest in turkey in slovenia and in easteuropean countries such as estonia poland and the slovak republic,5
+while per cent of men were fulltime workers in only per cent of women were in that category figure the improvement has to be seen however in the context of the overall decline in the work participation rate wpr of women in the shares of such workers during were per cent and per cent respectively for men and women,5
+evidence showed that not only was poverty among children and adolescents more rigid during business cycle upswings it was also more elastic during downswings most striking was that children and adolescents proved to be worst hit by crises despite representing a shrinking share of the total population as a result of the deepseated demographic changes occurring in the region in short child poverty decreased less than poverty in the total population and much less than that of older adults rossel eclac indicating that children and adolescents are seeing fewer benefits from the overall reduction in monetary poverty as has occurred recently,1
+the dart system consists of pressuresensitive tsunameters on the ocean floor and buoys on the surface the buoys are equipped with an acoustic modem that receives data from the tsunameter sensors and a small data modem that transmits pressure measurements since dart leverages global mobile satellite coverage the warning system itself is global,13
+it calls upon states parties to take all necessary action including legislation to specify a minimum age of marriage article the committee recommends that states parties take effective legal measures including penal sanctions civil remedies and compensatory provisions to protect women against all kinds of violence it specifically recommends that legislation remove the defence of honour in regard to the assault or murder of a female family member,5
+this is the case of drinking water where the protection of water sources is seen as more costeffective than endofpipe water treatment for example starting in the municipality of lonslesaunier a town of inhabitants gradually introduced financial aid packages for farmers within a perimeter of hectares acres of drinking water abstraction points the aim is to encourage them to stop growing maize make less use of plant protection products stop using certain products leave grassed strips and cover the soil,6
+on the contrary while electricity consumption has been slowing down governments have accelerated renewable investments since the implication for europe is that the residual demand to conventional generators in was equal to the level of in addition the average price levels decrease negative or zero prices can happen and peaking units are running fewer hours,7
+in most cases these are embraced in reports or programmes that identify priority themes which are then translated into action the outlook identified a number of strategic goals aimed to achieve the objectives stated above most of the goals can be further refined for the global coastal and marine environment,14
+however as wilson et a i point out this would not be the case if storage operators are able to exploit price differential through intertemporal trading with locality restricted to the basket of intermittent renewable energies such a strategy would favour intermittent over dispatchable renewable eg hydro geothermal energy moreover it would favour renewable energy in the electricity supply industry over other means of carbon abatement,7
+based on the results of the metadata survey and the pilot survey undertook in uis is designing a detailed global data collection tool that matches the needs of the indicator the cities from countries that currently make up this network work together towards a common objective placing creativity and cultural industries at the heart of their development plans at the local level and cooperating actively internationally the report looks at the contribution of culture to urban sustainability and the promotion of a culturebased approach to urban planning,11
+this approach mainly focuses on ensuring gender equality in the workplace of suppliers in switzerland this requirement relates to ensuring wage equality the federal act on public procurement requires equality in the pay of men and women in all companies as a requirement for awarding government contracts companies of or more employees are obliged to verify their compliance with this princinple,5
+wastewater treatment plants are required by regulation to discharge kg of phosphorus p for new or expanded wastewater treatment plants the amount of phosphorus removed is calculated using mathematical formulae and dischargers must remove kg of phosphorus for every kg discharged into watercourses the use of a trading programme improves water quality compared with traditional wastewater treatment since other pollutants are removed by the nonpoint pollution control methods and not just phosphorus,6
+china s official target for was million units but in reality their numbers fell to less than million by as millions of the units were abandoned owing to lack of the necessary skills for maintenance ibid included in the review were costs efficiency and technologies used the review highlighted the wide range of cookingstove models tailored to local needs fuel supply available technical skills and affordability,7
+the solar electric light fund has successfully deployed water irrigation pumps powered by pv panels in benin the sustainable systems are expected to be costadvantageous after years compared to gasoline or diesel engines self four main segments of the private sector that can play a leading role in improving access to electricity have been identified large multinational manufacturers vendors utilitiesescos local private companies communitybased and ngos,7
+following a territorial approach is complex but crucial for policy making that connects the objectives of equity economic efficiency and environmental sustainability each indispensable in the fight against food insecurity and malnutrition a striking feature of contemporary economic development is unprecedented regional disparities not only across but even more within countries within oecd countries inequities between regions within countries are larger than inequalities between countries oecd,2
+growth in social benefits reduces the overall child poverty rate however it appears to have had no significant effect on the poverty risk of families with incomes far below the poverty line such as in particularly singleparent jobless families the main reason is that the income of these families is often far below the poverty line and that the cash transfers they receive are not high enough to lift them out of poverty in addition benefits seem to have played a rather limited role in mitigating the effects of the crisis in countries where the family disposable income has declined between and,1
+however there are mixed results in the literature of mental health treatment effects on vocational outcomes the effect of medication on work impairment was higher than a placebo and psychotherapy respectively moreover work outcomes improved as the duration of treatment increased which was not related to better symptom outcome,3
+these banks could be allowed to set their interest rates freely and fund input traders crop buyers and processors they include fertiliser dealers often lending at a month and wealthier villagers or townspeople lending at about a month pawnshops lend at about a month with collateral hks,2
+the government identified the expansion and improvement of the networks as a key priority by developing a strategic plan for grid extension and in line with the recent revision of the energy act is establishing tenyearplans for grid extension which are coordinated amongst operators on a national basis this initiative is welcome as it ensures the coordination of the projects and may create synergies increases transparency and enhances participation of all relevant stakeholders also while it will not reduce the need for grid expansion smartening the grid could help managing unpredictable energy sources and generating efficiency gains as it improves demand side management,7
+adding income from production to property income section gives primary income total income is the sum of primary income and current transfers received section from this measure it is possible to obtain disposable income which is total income less current transfers paid section total and disposable incomes are the most commonly used income aggregates however to provide additional insights into the nature of poverty in a country or area compilers of poverty statistics may also wish to make use of supplementary income measures such as income before social transfers,1
+using the data reported in table column averaging across years and extrapolating trends for countries where available data cover only a short period it can be shown that the gini coefficient for market income has on average increased by over a tenyear period across the countries shown this is a very substantial increase over a relatively short period of time for instance and as discussed below is the same order of magnitude as the reduction in inequality among the nonelderly population that is achieved by the entire taxbenefit system in some countries eg switzerland or the united states,10
+policy attention has focused on women s own behaviour and choices but women have been investing more in their education and participating more continuously in employment without reaping the expected benefits it is time to focus instead on changing the environment in which women are making choices this brief focuses on policies needed to change employment arrangements this would involve raising and extending minimum wage floors to reduce the penalties that come from being at the bottom of the wage hierarchy improving the valuation of women s work through strengthening legal and collective regulation extending gender pay audits and action plans and improving womens employment opportunities by developing progression opportunities in femaledominated jobs and sectors and enabling mothers to remain in or return to employment,5
+the discussion centres around three principles which when applied to the policy process can prove helpful in facilitating adaptation and development with particular benefits to disadvantaged groups the underlying uncertainty of climate change the locality in which its effects materialize and the interconnected nature of various sectors require a policymaking system that is coherent and integrated participatory and flexible the present survey has noted more broadly that building consistency across the economic social and environmental dimensions of development policy is a core challenge that building climate resilience and achieving sustainable development will have to confront further application of a better understanding of risks and priorities achieved through the engagement of local communities improves both policy design and implementation as well as development outcomes,13
+in these cases the role of women s movements other civil society organisations and activists is critical for example in egypt and tunisia civil society has prevailed in preserving as many gender equality achievements as possible in fact tunisia has adopted a constitution that is very advanced in terms of gender equality although further efforts are necessary to ensure its effective implementation,5
+this has been achieved through liberal air transport policy as a catalyst for aviation growth coupled with extensive development of hotels resorts retail precincts and attractions driven by the singapore tourism board stb the stb manages the tourism development fund a s billion fund set up to support infrastructure development capability development anchoring iconic and major events and product development singapore tourism board taking advantage of global growth in cruise tourism singapore has completed an upgrade of its existing terminal facilities and the development of new facilities,8
+when considering a water quality risk they may resort to change in practices including drainage dilution or treatment in particular changing practices will only occur if the costs of doing so are inferior to the risk avoidance benefits and changing agriculture activity will only be profitable if the alternative provides more resilient and still viable revenue this simplified illustration assumes a perfectly elastic demand and water risks are interpreted as a vertical shift in supply,6
+the national policy and the research universities emphasise academic excellence and global impact rather than regional needs the lack of a recognised regional mission for higher education institutions which would include clear goals and a significant role for academic researchers and the college faculty is a weakness in the present higher education and innovation system furthermore there is a lack of information and data on innovation performance within the private sector and also within higher education institutions,4
+moreover within a sector the objectives of environmental protection and improving water management sometimes conflict with each other eg subsidies to fastgrowing forest plantations aimed at carbon sequestration are sometimes at the detriment of old growth natural forests that better regulate water flows this is particularly the case where water insecurity causes disruptions in globalised businesses supply chains not only are water risks directly affecting users eg through the depletion of water resources they also can result in significant additional use costs eg increased abstraction costs due to groundwater subsidence moreover there can be costs associated with damages to nonuse values such as the lifesupport function of water,6
+however while of the total eu imports from indonesia would be eligible to preferential treatment under the gsp only around are actually covered under the gsp scheme and the majority of the products are nonagricultural lord et al beyond mandatory requirements private standards such as globalgap certification are now a de facto prerequisite for doing business with most european agrofood companies the average import growth rate reached in lord et al,2
+they suggest a unified framework approach to forecasting the implications of climate changes for marine fish production which involves i identifying relevant mechanisms ii conducting a feasibility assessment of the implications of downscaling climate scenarios iii evaluating climate model scenarios and selecting intergovernmental panel on climate change ipcc models iv extracting environmental variables from climate scenarios and incorporating them into projection models and v evaluating fish and shellfish production under a changing ecosystem recently zhang et al according to the food and agriculture organization s fao exploitation state summary of assessed stocks were fully exploited or overfished depleted or recovering kelleher,14
+however some important aspects of job quality such as workplace relationships can only be measured through individuals selfassessment of their own situation including such indicators necessarily entail some subjective aspects the oecd framework does not however include purely subjective judgements of job satisfaction as these may be subject to individual preferences attitudes and values and are not easily amenable to policy the building blocks of the oecd framework are tailored to specific features of certain countries including data availability while retaining the same conceptual foundations,8
+even though such estimates need to be taken with caution given difficulties in estimating the income equivalent of inkind benefits it is clear that public services benefit poorer households the most however efficiency gains could compensate for lower spending better management and greater regional flexibility in public sector wages could contribute significantly reaping potential efficiency gains will be essential to preserve at the same time the quality of public services and fiscal sustainability the incomeincreasing effect for reduced rent tenants is in the bottom quintile and in the top quintile,10
+these schools are often run by nonprofit organisations but nevertheless fall under state supervision and are under the immediate responsibility of local authorities in addition there are vocational schools under the authority of the ministry of industry trade and labor that teach traditional trades such as vehicle maintenance and construction for the equivalent of grades to the sector is relatively small with approximately students in around institutions this is equivalent to only of the total number of grade to students however military service is playing a role in developing vocational skills as for many conscripts it includes learning general skills in engineering and trades,4
+the findings of this research reveal that online public service for women should go beyond merely providing an access to the existing national egovernment services and design and implement targeted online services for women based on adequate assessment of needs findings of this research confirm that the gender objectives should include gender mainstreaming within the national egovernment framework with an aim to bring about a more genderfriendly public administration approach in addition it is important to consider the potential of women s online participation to transform the offline reality using the egovemment as an important vehicle the crucial elements of the application of ict for gender equality in governance in this regard is to reinvent the public sector by transforming its internal and external way of handling activities as well as its interrelationships with women and other actors in the society,5
+the marine and coastal protected areas project supported by the global environment facility will contribute to this goal federal protected areas cover nearly of threatened flora and fauna species chapter while brazil needs to keep a tight focus on the amazon biome future efforts will need to concentrate on marine areas and the other terrestrial biomes notably cerrado and caatinga where protection through landuse zoning is low and the most future deforestation is expected soaresfilho et al the ecosystem representation of conservation may appear more balanced once the setaside areas as required under the forest code are implemented and monitored it has also been driven by a desire to recognise traditional and local community rights since the mid s more than km of federal and statelevel protected areas have been created in the amazon including along the socalled deforestation arc comprising the eastern and southern edges of the forests in the states of rondonia mato grosso and para and in areas expecting road infrastructure development,15
+policy makers continue to deploy targeted approaches such as subsidies and favourable tax treatments of specific technologies existing technology will progress albeit at a slower rate as the most costeffective applications with a reduced vision of largescale deployment of variable renewables and supporting technologies progress on electric vehicle development as well as storage technology development and supporting business models is also slow,7
+each of the cells provides selected examples of public instruments that could affect groundwater management in agriculture it however excludes private approaches supported by legal instruments such as adjudication or litigation that do not fit into any of the abovediscussed categories as noted in chapter just as groundwater systems are diverse and associated with specific challenges not all options will be useful in all contexts the next section proposes elements of a model to help identify factors of differentiation for choice,6
+in addition largescale solar power arrays are limited to certain highinsolation regions like the american southwest and spain frequently landuse values are low in regions witnessing the highest solar power development ie arid regions with comparatively little agriculture and vegetation the development of rooftop solar pv panels is also growing fast,7
+this chapter focuses on inclusive growth the negative effect of income inequality on pisa scores is more closely reviewed by decomposing the total sample into two groups in order to see the degree of sensitivity of public provision of education services additionally regional disparities will be explained under the frame of fiscal decentralisation the empirical relationship between fiscal decentralisation and education expenditureperformance points out that education may be a more highly prioritised sector through the budget process in regionmunicipalities governments this section constructs a stylised model to capture how decentralisation affects education outcomes,4
+different disorders show different degrees of recurrence or persistence on the other hand inpatient data show only part of the whole picture patients in inpatient psychiatric care are a selected group inpatient data from switzerland show that clinicians tend to overestimate the chronicity of their patients illness because of a relatively small group of patients who are readmitted very often frick and frick diagnosis was strongly related to the risk of rehospitalisation and the duration between two consecutive inpatient stays with a higher rehospitalisation risk as well as a shorter time until readmission for schizophrenia and personality disorders,3
+equal contribution of men and women from the planning to the implementation of peacebuilding programmes is a precondition for enhancing the impact of local and international interventions and making the consolidation of peace increasingly just and sustainable chapters and commitments to gender equality are thus an essential requirement for peacebuilding activities however while one or two programmes dedicated to the inclusion of women or women s organizations may show symbolic goodwill they do not substitute for a truly participatory process that capitalizes on the contributions of women peacemakers and responds to and advances women s specific needs and experiences chapters and individual requirements of specific groups must be analysed understood and considered particularly of those groups which are marginalized in peacebuilding processes and thus prevented from fully determining their own fate and making positive contributions to their society s future being one of these groups women have been marginalized and are now in need of proactive inclusion,5
+the oecd reform of social welfare programmes highlights the need for a more effective system of governance of such programmes the acceleration of the rationalisation of social security funds and further consolidation of the remaining ones is a critical priority in this regard as despite steps towards consolidation merged funds have generally retained their own structures the recent transfer of the overall responsibility of social welfare programmes to one ministry the ministry of labour is welcome oecd b the recent creation of a national register of beneficiaries of social and welfare benefits is a positive step towards data exchange but it needs to be accompanied by an upgrading of the ict competencies of funds employees,10
+grassroots innovators often operate as informal businesses given their importance within national economies however policy makers would do well to foster innovation in their local context in the informal economy amounted to of gross domestic product gdp in china of gdp in colombia in india in indonesia and in south africa schneider et al the informal sector employs of the nonagricultural workforce in india in colombia in south africa international labour organization ilo and in indonesia oecd a,9
+the availability and quality of transport condition of public spaces and safety while moving around and accessing urban services and the workplace or school are crucial factors in the lives of women and therefore affect their chances of increasing their autonomy comprehensively segovia there are also studies on gender inequality in access to transport united nations hence there is a dynamic approach to time use linked to the spatial dimension to the degree that it takes into account the schedules and time necessary to carry out certain activities or access and effectively use public services spaces for recreation and participation educational institutions and places where paid work is carried out this is reinforced when as policies are being designed attention is paid to inequalities in access and effective use that affect households and persons particularly poor women whose social and geographical positions seriously compromise their ability to manage time as an asset to take full advantage of opportunities and resources and to achieve autonomy and wellbeing rossel and hernandez,5
+this will help shed light on the contributions low income areas make to the city s entrepreneurship this paper also makes an attempt to understand the demographic and income earning characteristics of the urban poor it examines if the sociodemographic and other characteristics of the urban poor determine their contribution to the city s economy society and governance first a literature review to document that this is really unchartered territory is presented,1
+part of the gbp million pledged to improve access to psychological therapies will specifically help people from communities that find it difficult to access these services in time to change the department of health funded mental health antistigma and discrimination programme focused on working with african and caribbean communities ringfencing of the grants fund for work with bme communities and build partnerships with bme organisations it is part of a farreaching new agreement between police mental health trusts and paramedics the concordat acknowledges that there are particular difficulties to achieving better mental health outcomes for people in black and minority ethnic bme communities,3
+in the absence of continuation with national funding which very rarely occurs this also tends to reduce appropriation of the projects by national officers who tend to see them as pilots unlikely to be pursued evaluations from the centre for quality assessment in higher education about the involvement of employers in the provision of study programmes including through student internships and companybased practices also show that appropriate forms of involvement remain to be found that could better take into account mutual interest and availability for commitment the tools put in place to assess the labour market situation of lithuanian employees have started to provide information that could be used and widely diffused to provide evidence of vet benefits in terms of eamings and employment success to prospective students oecd j,8
+the ssf guidelines therefore state that the identification and application of the term smallscale should be carried out at the regional subregional or national level taking into account local contexts in particular such an exercise should be carried out in a participatory fashion to ensure that all voices including those of marginalized groups are heard fao a section definitions vary between countries in the gfcm area of application smallscale fisheries are generally characterized by a large number of boats of low tonnage between and tonnes which are highly diversified and use lowimpact fishing gear to target a wide variety of species,14
+in a business as usual scenario with current population growth continued migration to urban areas growing energy demand and little improvement in regard to access energy efficiency and renewable energy commonwealth pacific small states will increase fuel imports and become more dependent on petroleum increase their vulnerability to macroeconomic impacts gdp decline and generate greater ghg emissions in a scenario with moderate population growth some migration to urban areas and other countries outside the pacific subdued energy demand and some improvement to access energy efficiency and renewable energy commonwealth pacific small states are likely to moderately lower their dependence on petroleum mitigate macroeconomic impacts to some extent and generate moderate levels of ghg emissions in the more optimistic scenario of maintaining population at current levels including urban and rural population ratios some migration to neighbouring states reduced energy demand and escalated action on access energy efficiency and renewable energy commonwealth pacific small states will significantly lower their dependence on petroleum have greater economic independence gdp increase and will achieve sdg and the ndcs,7
+how these pathways play out depends on intrahousehold gender dynamics which are in turn are affected by local gender regimes and socioeconomic inequalities within a setting or beneficiary population likewise programs that generate smaller shifts in relationship power appear more easily accepted by men than those catalysing larger disruptions wasilkowska slate and mphale maldonado for example buller and colleagues note that increased cash and inkind transfers to women was accepted by colombian and ecuadorian men in part because it was intended for children s nutrition a domain already within the domestic r esponsibilities of women indeed how a program is framed and the meaning imbued to cash by a program s stated intent eg for women s entrepreneurship versus child health may influence the transfer s impact on gender dynamics and ipv as much as any other program feature,5
+producer organisations exist for sugar cocoa coconut palm oil rice sugar tobacco and coffee in more recent years it has moved on to campaign on issues such as food sovereignty sustainable agriculture and antineoliberalism protesting strongly against rice imports and unfair trade practices such as subsidised commodity imports other national farmer organisations include the national peasant union serikat tani national stn the alliance of agrarian reform movements aliansi gerakan refarma agra and the indonesian peasant s alliance aliansi petani indonesia api a farmer s interest in joining an organisation or group tends to be based on the assistance to be provided to the group consequently farmer organisations are generally dependent on facilities from other institutions and their activities will likely cease without help,2
+indeed the day mortality from ami recorded one of the steepest decreases in the eu and stood at the very low level of per patients in this is lower than germany austria and the united kingdom figure however day mortality from stroke is average compared to other countries and could be improved further particularly given that neighbouring countries germany and austria achieve markedly lower rates,3
+these countries include ecuador eritrea ghana indonesia malaysia mozambique south africa and thailand the government of thailand has moved with particular zeal in this direction by issuing a government use compulsory license on a remedy for heart disease in addition to hivaids drugs see box see a ahuja associated press thai health groups urge abbott boycott ip health newsletter of march for a critical assessment of such actions from a competition law standpoint see s flynn considering competition complaints against abbott in thailand a brief explanation of potential legal arguments march available at and thailand s lawful compulsory licensing and abbott s anticompetitive response april hereinafter flynn thailand s lawful compulsory licensing available at,3
+minimum wages which most of the literature shows reduce inequality need also to be raised to adequate levels finally wagebargaining institutions which have been weakened substantially in most countries during the last three decades of liberal policies now need to be strengthened efforts at formalizing employment even at the cost of greater employment flexibility may also be needed the effects on inequality of rising secondary enrolments are lagged by several years at least to but the longterm effects are quite powerful the impact on inequality of the increased supply of skilled labour is not automatic however as an increase in employment and drop in wage inequality can come about only if additional jobs are created increasing wage inequality accompanies trade liberalisation in mexico,10
+the increase in inequality driven by higher skill levels was more pronounced for men annex a figure a particularly in belgium finland and spain where the increased share of households with a male member employed in a managerial professional or technical job contributed point to the increase in inequality over the period one possible explanation for why more households with highskilled workers drives inequality higher is the growing tendency of people with similar educationearnings levels to live together assortative mating as described in section in part this may reflect a narrowing in the gender wage gap as a result of increased women s educational attainment female workers today are more likely to have more labour market experience and thus higher earnings than years ago moreover changes in policy parameters such as legislation mandating equal pay may also contribute to reducing the gender gap,5
+while technologies linked to smart grids are efficiencyenhancing and could in principle improve the economic viability of existing centralized systems smart grids are not simply plugin additions to existing networks but require new approaches to electricity network design and operation a significant number also have legal frameworks for minigrids although these are often inadequate or incomplete in some cases the private sector is permitted to own and operate minigrids and receive some type of public support in the absence of a legal framework and only a minority of ldcs specify technical standards for minigrids,7
+for schoolaged immigrants this active role can begin in the classroom through the language learning process however a number of challenges exist that hinder language learning of immigrant and refugee students within two months of starting school all new arrivals are assessed on their academic knowledge and language skills,4
+second if the intercultural component of the bilingual intercultural education programme peib is to be implemented successfully all teachers need further tools and competencies to develop the intercultural competencies of their students it would be important to develop a larger strategy and to incorporate and strengthen the intercultural component in both initial teacher education and professional development for inservice teachers third chile should consider giving indigenous communities more autonomy to develop and implement their own pedagogical projects,4
+however total expenditure per capita for specific objectives is often lower in austria than for the eu with the exceptions of earth sciences including climate change energy education and above all industrial production and technology in contrast the shares of rd dedicated to health and the environment are comparatively low in austria a systematic identification of key challenges for austrian rd has gained momentum recently inspired by the european commission s proposal for horizon europe where a missionoriented policy approach to rd funding plays an important role,9
+move from unified and technocratic policies standards and norms of urban design to more flexible and locally based practices urban policies are designed with a topdown approach that is not appropriate for balancing public and private development interests in the economic realities of the market there is a disjuncture between urban planning and development because citizens and main local market players are excluded from formulating policy,11
+both are deemed important in fostering economic development as the availability of initial finance for projects is a frequently stated reason why women do not take part in the labour market higher financial depth should promote participation through increased availability of credit at the same time having an own bank account has been shown to promote female economic independence and say within the household financial depth and breadth are hypothesised to positively affect the female labour force participation world bank oecd,5
+finally although one of the former president of the organisation had to step down due to corruption allegations in the organisation has received the allclear from the national audit office contraloria general in recent years at the national level a number of institutions have been set up which have successfully blended concessionary and commercial financing in the water sector for example findeter was set up in colombia to attract commercial bank financing into local infrastructure by lowering the cost of these loans to municipal borrowers,6
+this demonstrates that innovation is the main driver of growth in advanced economies firms constantly change products and processes collect new knowledge and develop new ways of working basic aggregate indicators from innovation surveys show that the share of firms developing a product or process innovation ranges from over half of all firms in austria germany luxembourg and switzerland to less than a third in france japan and norway,9
+however protests increased rapidly after the governments decision to prolong the reliance on nuclear power in and especially in the aftermath of the fukushima accident in theoretical analyses and international experience suggest that despite strong policy commitment moving away from fossil fuels without nuclear power is costly not least because other available low carbon technologies are not yet competitive oecd the public investment needed to reach the targets is estimated at around of gdp per year kfw when assessing co abatement cost in germany evaluations differ significantly reducing emissions by by is estimated to cost on average from eur t co to more than eur t co bmu b mckinsey the differences in estimates are mainly due to assumptions about the technological changes to be expected by which determine the cost of investment in lowcarbon technologies and their performance in energy savings,7
+stereotyping attributes are also common for example reports should avoid portraying only men as leaders and women as followers or men as active and women as passive and vulnerable women and girls are not intrinsically vulnerable or victims by nature this stereotypical language denies women and girls agency depicting them as weak and passive bystanders of conflict and agentless victims and builds a distorted maledominated narrative that contributes to women and girls exclusion from decisionmaking transitional justice peacebuilding and reconciliation efforts avoid using gendered nouns such as mankind replacing them for example with people or men and women,5
+the reform was based on recommendations by a governmental committee the shochat committee in see box around of additional resource requirements would have been funded by higher state budget transfer and the remainder by increases in other revenues most notably greater income from tuition fees these included i returning the budget to its level ii raising student tuition by iii expanding the support system for students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds iv merging existing colleges and v recruiting new faculty in order to enhance the quality of instruction and research,4
+includes social political and economic violence violence against women encompasses physical sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family including battering sexual abuse of female children in the household dowryrelated violence marital rape female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women violence perpetrated by family members other than the spouse and violence related to exploitation studies reveal gender age and ethnic biases in youth violence however there are major impediments that hinder comparative analysis of rates of violence among youth including lack of information insufficient disaggregation of the information that does exist and the fact that the available data cover different periods and have been collected from numerous sources most countries in the world lack adequate information on the number of deaths caused by violence and in any case deaths account for only a small proportion of the problem,5
+in hai phong for example annual waste generated in is expected to be quadruple the levels produced by the city in oecd b it includes specific targets for the collection and treatment of solid waste in urban and rural areas for industrial hazardous and nonhazardous wastes towards and for example by of municipal solid waste is to be collected and treated in all cities and of the collected waste is to be recycled reused or used for energy recovery and organic fertiliser production,11
+however much research is needed to better understand the driving forces motivations and success conditions or performance of migrant women entrepreneurs sometimes ethnic characteristics are prominent in their behaviour at other times genderrelated characteristics determine their attitudes here the critical question is does this dual effect bring about double barriers or more opportunities,5
+successful industrialisation of the country has allowed direct and indirect net taxation of farming to be virtually eliminated by the early s that had been cut to only a little more than from to the number of households affected by food poverty declined from million to,2
+the population division systematically monitoring population policies including those related to reproductive health since reproductive health policies data booklet stesa sera specifically target calls for ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services including family planning information and education and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes by likewise target calls for ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights,3
+note the changes are expressed with respect to the no crisis scenario following implementation of this policy the rates of monetary poverty are lower than in the reference scenario and respectively for the years and corresponding respectively to and reductions in the number of children experiencing monetary poverty across the country it eliminates the growth in poverty in and reduces this poverty growth by about a quarter in and,1
+a basic descriptive analysis of data involves the calculation of simple measures of composition and the distribution of variables by sex and for each sex that facilitate straightforward genderfocused comparisons between different groups of population depending upon the type of data these measures may be proportions rates ratios or averages for example furthermore when necessary such as in the case of sample surveys measures of association between variables can be used to decide whether the differences observed for women and men are statistically significant or not percentages ratios rates or averages are the basis for the calculation of gender indicators,5
+the prevalence of stunted children was higher in the poorest groups in almost all countries in which recent nutrition survey data was available in some countries the prevalence among the poorest group was nearly twice the national average figure while the prevalence of overweight children is greater in higherincome groups in most countries the poorer groups had higher prevalence in armenia and serbia malnutrition both undernutrition and overweight are multicausal problems,2
+under the australian better access initiative following the preparation of a mental health treatment plan gps are able to refer patients to clinical psychologists allied mental health professionals or appropriately trained gps providing focused psychological strategy fps services whilst the better access initiative has met some challenges this is a good example of building greater capacity for effective treatment from a primary care level promoting coordination between primary carers and specialists to provide good treatment and promoting psychological therapies as an appropriate treatment for primary care practitioners to refer to in many cases services at different intensities are likely provided slightly outside of primary care settings with or without coordination or management by a primary care practitioner and require some investments in new interventions especially at the lower intensity end,3
+instead a much more radical systemic and integrated policy approach is needed to promote sustainable food production at both national and international levels the policy challenge is how to move beyond the recognition of a multiplicity of innovative experiences toward the design of policies to expand transfer adapt andor disseminate the plethora of existing technological approaches so as to reduce poverty hunger and environmental destruction moreover active participation by various actors including governments nongovernmental organizations and multilateral organizations can be critical not only to scaling up innovations but also to disseminating knowledge building capacity among farmers fostering trust and reducing the risks associated with new technology and agricultural practices,2
+the section then presents current practices to promote access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights for persons with disabilities before concluding with recommendations for the way forward target which is placed under the goal calling for gender equality and empowerment of all women and girls calls for ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the programme of action of the international conference on population and development and the beijing platform for action and the outcome documents of their review conferences the cprd is the first convention to explicitly recognize the need for sexual and reproductive health for persons with disabilities article underscores the need to provide persons with disabilities with the same range quality and standard of free or affordable sexual and reproductive health care and programmes as provided to other persons,5
+evidence shows that the realization of these rights increases the likelihood that adolescents will become economically independent make informed decisions about sex participate in community and civic affairs and be better equipped to obtain productive employment that will help end the cycle of poverty as adults they will also be better prepared to handle the global challenges facing their generation that is the other side of the story the girl effect this is the story of girls who are counted invested in and included in society when a girl in the developing world receives seven or more years of education she marries four years later an extra year of primary school boosts girls eventual wages by to per cent,5
+this could help to answer the vexed question of the potential for competition between climate and development finance which continues to cause a political divide between developed and developing countries the development cooperation community could also consider further research in a number of areas including country level studies of financial flows to identify ways of maximising the effectiveness of finance for climate development and disaster risk reduction in addition country level studies of the measures being taken to roll out the agendas in a coherent way at the national level would provide valuable insights and learning to share with development cooperation providers and partner governments,13
+sen argues that deprivation should be seen as an absolute deprivation or dispossession such as starvation and visible hardship supplemented by a relative deprivation since deprivation also has to be judged in comparison with the experience of others in the society sen p according to sen the relative deprivation approach should not be used alone since this may lead to regarding poverty as an issue of inequality there is surprisingly little debate on what indicators are suitable this has to be attributed to the fact the empirical applications of multidimensional deprivation concepts are necessarily dataconstrained in most cases researchers only have a small number of options and common wisdom leads the analysts in their choice of the indicators used,1
+from this scheme provides a perhectare grazing payment taking into account livestock density relative to land vegetation cover with the regions of israel divided into four categories according to pasture richness herd owners must follow appropriate production practices and environmental criteria the area covered by this scheme amounted to about of total agricultural land area in preliminary research suggests that such managed grazing regimes have helped support floral diversity oecd,15
+the constructor usually governmental bodies or private contractors in publicprivate partnerships sets out the area that will be affected by the newly constructed transport infrastructure the affected area is determined by changes in expected future traffic volumes traffic volumes are calculated based on origindestination traffic data od data measured and estimated based on the existing infrastructure for the whole country,11
+the next section assesses progress made on each of the targets with sufficient data north africa has made the most progress in reducing poverty globally between and poverty rates declined by some per cent africa excluding north africa on the other hand continues to face significant challenges in this regard and has the highest poverty rates in the world with rates of more than per cent in and second only to oceania see figure,1
+unemployment among workers aged to is nearly twice the oecd average unlike in most oecd countries labour market inactivity among older working age individuals has also increased strongly relative to the precrisis period and now stands at the significant share of young people not in employment education or training is a major concern as being excluded from the labour market at a young age can be extremely detrimental for workers skills and future career prospects,8
+the latter paper also suggests ways for an improved treatment of adaptation by considering more of its bottomup characteristics finally dickinson presents a review of different types of adaptation models including some global iams but most of the models are concerned with the evaluation of regional andor sectoral adaptation options it includes all recent iams that allow for the comparison of mitigation targets and specific impacts of climate change,13
+in two countries the ratio widened three countries experienced improvement and one country presented no clear trend disparity between the two groups has been more persistent in the case of stunting malnutrition one factor in stunting reflects chronic problems and hence the deficiency of ongoing efforts related to health systems,3
+some of these adults have a lower secondary degree at most others have no formal education degree or even a primary education on average across the oecd adults with poorly educated parents have a chance of attaining tertiary education according to calculations based on the survey of adult skills oecd b by contrast adults with highly educated parents are four times more likely to obtain a tertiary degree,4
+dans les economies bienveillantes les salaires eleves se traduisent par de plus gros investissements dans les capacites humaines ce qui accrott les possibilites de croissance a long terme dans les economies moins bienveillantes i impact des salaires plus eleves sur les investissements n est pas assez important pour contrer leur effet negatif sur les profits ce qui nuit a la croissance la reproduction sociale comprend egalement deux cas schematises la mauvaise voie correspond a une feminisation des responsabilites et des obligations tandis que la bonne voie se caracterise par une repartition egale plus degalite entre les sexes des couts de la reproduction sociale en termes de temps et d argent dans le cas de la distribution mutuelle des revenus eleves pour les femmes sont favorables a la croissance une plus grande participation surle marcheaccrott la production des capacites humaineset la croissance et la reproduction sociale se renforcent done mutuellement,5
+there is a need to incentivize those private sector actors who invest in endeavours that represent positive contributions to the country s future private sector development is also an important vehicle to upskill the workforce with muchneeded business skills and exposure to innovation and technology the economic zone was given special status in july when the presidency of the oecussiambeno special administrative region was assigned to dr mari alkatiri the first prime minister of independent timorleste and the current prime minister of the seventh constitutional government,8
+firstly warm water cannot hold as much oxygen as cold water so as the oceans warm up oxygen levels drop secondly warmer water has lower density making it more difficult for the oxygenrich water near the surface to sink and circulate consequently deep oceans face a particularly great risk of oxygen depletion,14
+the evidence from the chilean government s strategy to reduce poverty showed its inability to reach the poorest who at the same time were excluded from accessing social services barrientos palma and urzua during this phase chile moved to a social assistance based model of social protection adopting conditional cash transfers ccts as the main instrument thus following the trend in many other latin american countries over the last twenty years ferreira and robalino as with other ccts it provides monetary transfers to indigent families enabling them to move out of extreme poverty in the short term while it tries to support vulnerable people by creating opportunities for a better future in the long term,1
+in the last decade gender wage gaps have been narrowing in almost all oecd countries for which data are available with the exception of italy and france where the gender pay gap has increased women often work parttime in order to reconcile work and family life when parttime workers are also included the gender gap in takehome pay doubles in many european countries for which data are available and triples in ireland and the netherlands,5
+similarly there is also a need to ensure that adequate data exist across both health and social sectors not just at a national level but at a local level this will use individuals community health index chi number as the basis for linking health and social care data at an individual level with derived activity and costs to build an understanding of how people use services and underpin local strategic commissioning plans the project also aims to develop a nationally agreed core dataset and definitions it solutions to allow access to these data with appropriate infonnation governance safeguards a reporting tool that will allow easy analysis and presentation of the data and bespoke analytical support and assistance with data interpretation,3
+however it is possible that within a family categorized as experiencing deprivation children will not be victims if for example parents have their childrens needs met as a priority unlike european surveys the canadian survey also does not provide information on the availability of resources to meet childrens specific educational recreational or sportrelated needs table shows the share of children under in canada deprived of a range of material goods resources and opportunities grouped according to their income poverty status nonincomepoor children are less likely than incomepoor children to be deprived on all of the measures in table,1
+it seems that women with no education are pushed into the labour force due to economic compulsions while those with low levels of education are constrained by social inhibitions against labour force participation particularly outside their homes a comparatively low percentage of women with secondary higher secondary and higher levels of education were in the category of attending to domestic duties as they seek to enter the labour market nevertheless more than per cent of women had this activity status at all levels of education in this indicates that women in the lowest deciles are compelled to enter the labour force more often than others,5
+similar initiatives to revive these ancient land management practices and the traditionalcultural knowledge that comes with them are also underway in other countries of the arab region including jordan box many watersheds are increasingly affected by deforestation land use change intensive agriculture mining population growth and climate change watershed degradation negatively impacts water supply particularly for the urban population reducing water availability at least in certain seasons aggravating urban flooding in others impairing water quality and hence increasing the costs of urban water supply and treatment,6
+in order to answer this question a methodology developed at oecd a was applied to new zealand microdata in fact approximately of farms in the sample received offfarm income other principal sources of income risk that are not explicitly analysed here are variations in output and outputprice covariations,2
+in addition the icelandic company samherji hf owns harvesting interests in the uk germany and poland and aker seafoods of norway has interests in a spanish harvesting company most oecd and nonoecd countries have various regulations in place that try to reserve domestic resources for domestic fishers to overcome these restrictions harvesting companies often use local companies joint operations service arrangements and vessel operating agreements etc however two factors are very important before foreign investments can take place in the harvesting sector,14
+legal aspects are then analysed by the board of legal affairs camara tecnica de assuntos legais e institucionais ctil approval is given following a plenary discussion in the cnrh historically most proposals made by the interstate river basin committees have been backed up by the technical notes provided by ana at state level charges are proposed by state river basin committees and approved by state water resources councils,6
+this is not only because of the intrinsic pressures on supply but also because opec has learned from the price increases since that the world can absorb higher energy prices relatively easily in the economic interests of its members therefore opec manages oil supply to minimize any incipient price weakness they use their growing prominence in the world to influence international policies particularly when it comes to matters they insist are internal such as human rights and democratic governance nations which have hammered out favourable deals with oilproducing nations do not want to rock the energy boat they have just managed to board resulting in a world in which international relations are mainly a race to ensure continuing prosperity not the building of a more sustainable international community developing nations scramble to procure the energy necessary to climb the economic ladder while wealthy nations struggle to adapt their energy consumption patterns to maintain their existing lifestyles,7
+based on appordered minibus services that optimised routes in realtime the service promised flexible ondemand microtransit in central helsinki at an attractive price for riders trips cost a base fee of eur plus an additional eur per directroute kilometre due to the nature of the service actual service deviated from the direct route due to additional pickups and dropoffs the project was the first of its kind bringing together microtransit and an appenabled ondemand bookingpayment environment but ultimately was not renewed in due to uneconomic performance linked to two design flaws,11
+this section documents if and how water entitlements are defined and administered it covers the main types of arrangements informal administered regimes priority ranking based on economic instruments prices markets building on the previous section this includes more detailed information on the characteristics of entitlements eg possibility to trade lease or transfer and the possibility to restrict new entrants this concerns unplanned events or shocks that negatively impact on the water resource,6
+over the long run the differences in hunger reduction across regions and countries are attributable to several factors inclusive economic growth generating demand for the assets controlled by the extreme poor has a much higher impact on hunger reduction in addition when poor households invest part of their increased income in health sanitation and education the impact of economic growth on hunger reduction is also stronger in parallel as seen in the case of bangladesh which is on track to reach the hunger target of millennium development goal higher public spending on health and education with targeted interventions increases nutritional success food and agriculture organization of the united nations b micronutrient deficiencies are also a result of undernutrition but in this case they are related to insufficient intake of vitamins and minerals an individual may take in enough or even too many calories for daily subsistence however if his or her diet is not diversified enough the result may be low levels of micronutrients a condition referred to as hidden hunger,2
+students studying in public centres in priority fields receive a monthly allowance of tnd this is an innovative way to provide delivery while at the same time allowing to better matching labour market needs veiy often private providers both for and notforprofit occupy a particular niche in provision sometimes they fill a gap in public provision for example in the netherlands the public sector faces barriers in delivering parttime programmes to adults and as a result these are mostly offered through private providers in austria germany and switzerland private providers offer many preparatory courses leading to professional examinations although evaluation of outcomes is critical in order to ensure the effectiveness of programmes oecd a,4
+we also consider how sweden s skilled primary care sector can be further developed to improve the quality and coordination of care for the swedish population the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law these pressures on the demand side compounded by the unprecedented linancial constraints facing most countries are major challenges for the swedish health care system in delivering high quality care and meeting rising patient expectations the concomitant need for services that are wellcoordinated both within and across health and social care and covering the full spectrum of services from prevention and early diagnosis to treatment of established disease provision of longterm health and social care and services for palliative care is an additional challenge for the swedish primary care sector,3
+evidence shows that within cities socioeconomically vulnerable groups often suffer the most from poor environmental conditions such poor environmental conditions in cities are often associated with other forms of socioeconomic exclusion the epidemiological literature on pollution levels also shows that intraurban variations are even larger than variations between cities for example in the case of malmo sweden geomapping analysis outlines that the socioeconomic status of the neighbourhood of residence seemed to be a strong predictor of children s level of exposure to pollution chaix et al in the united states a university of minnesota survey based on us census data found that minorities were on average exposed to more nitrogen pollution than caucasians with a significant gap when accounting for race andor income clark millet and marshall,11
+under a highgdpgrowth scenario social protection spending under this scenario would almost treble to etb billion in under a lowgdpgrowth scenario total annual social protection expenditure under this scenario would increase from etb billion in to etb billion by under a highgdpgrowth scenario social protection spending would reach etb billion in,1
+this raises the cost of imports including inputs used for agriculture as a result brazil has a low participation in global value chains while the import content for all brazilian exports is estimated to reach only and for exports of primary agricultural commodities and food products in addition to protection at the border brazil uses local content provisions in publiclyfinanced projects this condition is also imposed by the national bank for economic and social development bndes on loans for capital goods including by the agrofood and agroprocessing sectors imported capital goods are not financed under the national rural credit system except if there is no similar product made domestically while those products are subject to a minimum of local content provision,2
+despite their relatively low levels of fish consumption people in developing countries have a higher share of fish protein in their diets than those in developed countries the highest per capita fish consumption over kg is found in several small island developing states sids particularly in oceania while the lowest levels just above kg are in central asia and some landlocked countries catches in area the western central atlantic exceeded million tonnes in a level that had not been reached since however over onethird of total capture production in area consists of catches by the united states of america of gulf menhaden brevoortia patronus a clupeoid species that is processed into fishmeal and fish oil,14
+the long traditions of pedagogical theory provide a basis for defining certain approaches and their contribution to outcomes the ability to describe teaching and its impacts accurately has advanced through largescale studies of teaching including video studies and international surveys eg vieluf et al this is supported by a rich variety of other research which highlights the importance of both the social and emotional conditions created by interaction with teachers and peers and the cognitive demand of tasks national research council,4
+urban development and management are no exception and the need for wellintegrated approaches to managing urbanism has become ever more apparent chile s practices in this area have been governed by a series of discrete instruments and mechanisms that while appropriate when they were first introduced may be illadapted today to meet the demands of the country s dynamic urban reality greater flexibility and a unified approach to urban issues could help improve urban outcomes for residents,11
+furthermore finnish adults participate in adult learning courses and programmes more than most of their peers in other countries strong educational performance as it is understood in finland also includes the level of participation in and access to education even distribution of learning outcomes throughout different schools and learners and affordability and overall cost of education equal educational opportunity has been the leading value and the guiding principle of finnish education policies since the s the virtue of finnish education is that everyone has easy access to highquality and publicly funded educational opportunities,4
+under this initiative between and the government launched the construction of five large dams which will allow irrigation of around farms covering ha in the central and northern regions for a total investment of usd billion the public works concessions mechanism is used to support construction under this plan the state finances a part of the total cost private investors build exploit and maintain the dam and the end users pay the license holder for water stored there future beneficiaries criticized the programme because they considered that the water would have a high cost and it was not fair compared to other areas where the state was building directly,6
+the share of women in the tourism workforce is also higher compared to earnings in hotels and restaurants meanwhile are around lower than average earnings in the economy as a whole and up to lower in some countries table accommodation and food service activities isic rev for more information please refer to the statistical annex,8
+some countries experienced a rise in segregation between public and private schools in the s followed by a decline this group includes chile the dominican republic and el salvador the comparison between maximum and minimum values for these countries is ambiguous and depends on what index is used in all the other countries in the sample changes were small brazil costa rica and honduras or the indices give contradictory results mexico and paraguay,10
+together these regions accounts for about half of total groundwater depletion in the united states since scanlon et al as shown in figure both systems have been subject to serious groundwater overdraft with water tables lowered by up to fifty meters or more for some portions of the aquifer during the studied period however figure shows that the reduction in water levels depends on the location within the affected areas similarly in california the southern san joaquin sj and tulare t counties are the main hotspots for groundwater level reduction while the northern part of the valley with better water endowment and surface water is not really subject to groundwater depletion,6
+the beijing declaration and platform for actions serve as an important action plan for women s right gender equality and female empowerment all over the globe we must always say it loud and clear that human rights are universal and gender equality as an expression of those rights is universal as well so women s rights are human rights no philosophical political religious or other reasons can justify the violation of these fundamental ideals and this is the type of globalization that we have to value to the utmost much progress has been made since the bejing conference and it is important to mention it because it serves as the foundation for the next steps we have to take we know that the progress that we have made is far from uniform in some countries women have reached very highlevel positions while in others there are few spaces for them to work or to participate in civic affairs and they do suffer a lot of discrimination,5
+finally in all scenarios with an share of renewables open cycle gas turbines are no longer part of the optimal portfolios as the large pump storage capacity can supply all the fast flexibility needed by the system however with increasing penetration of wind and solar plants the curtailment of variable power plants becomes significant for instance with a and share of renewables the curtailment of electricity generation from wind and pv power plants is negligible and amounts to maximal of the possible annual electricity generation,7
+working paper no united nations population fund unfpa country support team for the arab states a surveillance summary of smoking and review of tobacco control in jordan prenatal care in developing countries the world health organization technical working group on antenatal axe journal of the american medical womens association vol,3
+few countries have already succeeded in building eprs the united kingdom project connecting for health has been delayed several times one of the few successes has been achieved by the canadian province of alberta which has an only slightly smaller population than finland information could also be used to promote evidencebased medicine further and benchmark providers as in the hospital benchmarking project developed since hakkinen,3
+based on a survey of business leaders the world economic forum in predicted that by over a third of the core skill sets in most occupations will involve skills that were not considered crucial at the time of the survey demand will grow more for social skills such as persuasion emotional intelligence and teaching than for narrow technical skills such as programming or operating and controlling equipment this does not mean that technical skills will not be needed but that they will have to be complemented by social and collaboration skills on the one hand automation is likely to make complex problemsolving less necessary in industries that are heavily technical today on the other hand problemsolving will gain importance in industries that are expected to become more complex and analytical the world economic forum survey highlights a number of underused but promising approaches to handling the impact on jobs of technological developments such as artificial intelligence machine learning robotics nanotechnology and d printing,9
+the proposed set of indicators does not intend to be exhaustive nor complete or applicable to all circumstances the purpose of this framework is to propose a first step in creating a list of indicators at the individual country level to monitor and evaluate adaptation actions in agriculture to reduce risks associated with climate change and maintain profitability farmers will need to adapt to changing socioeconomic and climatic conditions,13
+as part of the traffic safety master plan established and implemented by the national police agency a system has been developed to allow for an automatic search of keywords related with road safety such as traffic accidents and traffic jams on social media such as twitter and facebook and disseminate the information through the urban transport information system utis in case of necessity a police motorbike patrol will be dispatched to address the situation rapidly the police also designated every monday and friday as the day of traffic discipline and will use cameras to monitor traffic rule violations at main crossroads this was already the case in large urban areas but the initiative has now been expanded to the entire country to be conducted on a regular basis a smart phone application has also been developed in order to allow citizens to record and report situations of traffic law violations and award prizes to the best reporters,11
+about species are native to israel but an additional pass through every year about of the world s migrating birds fly over israel a number of innovative initiatives have been taken to monitor and protect these birds migratory patterns and to promote public awareness and cooperation with other countries in this regard,15
+chapter discusses the capacity for implementation of nups at all levels of government by focusing on the resources committed and the policy instruments employed in the nup processes based on these findings chapter presents the next steps with a focus on the national urban policy programme nupp a global initiative jointly coordinated by unhabitat the oecd and cities alliance to promote and support the development and implementation of nups around the world chapter presents conclusions and key recommendations for a successful and complete implementation of nups no sufficient information was available to this study to make an assessment for countries,11
+however this condition might not be sufficient to change the irrigation practice of fanners especially for rice and wheat for which dripirrigation systems are not yet used singh since then only solar pumps were installed by farmers in the state since subsidies were often not substantive enough to motivate the investment roy nevertheless the state and central governments are pursuing their support programmes and the cost of solar panels is falling which suggests further development of solar pumps threatening to increase the depletion of critical aquifers,6
+they may be attracted to selfemployment for the greater flexibility it can offer in managing the worklife balance and family care responsibilities one of the reasons women entrepreneurs are less likely to seek to grow their businesses than men entrepreneurs policy instruments for addressing these challenges such as training and grants for female entrepreneurs need to be expanded because they have not fully reached the potential target population they include dedicated business incubator and accelerator programmes for women entrepreneurs and building dedicated risk capital infrastructure,5
+this actually implies that high stand density enhances forests growth and carbon sequestration natural regeneration in addition to planting and delaying or not doing tendering makes the stand density high and thus indirectly help in enhancing carbon stock in forests silvicultural practices such as clearing make more space and nutrients available for the remaining saplings or trees in young stands and thus enhance timber production in the long run the drainage of peatland on the one hand enhances the forest growth and thus carbon sequestration in forest biomass releases carbon from peatland itself on the other hand,15
+there has also been a move towards increasingly integrated natural hazard management which focuses on factors that may affect vulnerability such as landuse planning in addition to traditional flood defences while all this provides a good basis for responding to some of the effects of climate change enhanced coordination of government action is necessary to meet the challenge it provides information on likely climate changes and sectoral impacts an overview of ongoing adaptation initiatives a portfolio of adaptation recommendations and guiding principles for prioritising actions,13
+despite the slight recovery of biomass due to good recruitment in recent years stocks were still below the limit laid down in the recovery plan over the previous few years fishing mortality levels among the main langoustine stocks functional units and south and southwest of portugal had declined as a result of reduced fishing recruitment and reproductive biomass had been restored to the levels recorded in the eighties,14
+it is still too early to tell whether these policies are working to boost basic skills among this age group but relative to there were over more passes in english and over more passes in maths than in bis for adults with low basic skills free further education in maths and english continues to be available to anyone who has not achieved level in these subjects in the government funded adult learners to participate in english maths or english for speakers of other languages esol course an evaluation of this policy finds that learners who achieve level in english andor maths will earn more than someone who did not succeed in passing the same course bis b,4
+the closer it is to the greater the degree of income inequality while the closer it is to zero the less inequality there is hoffmann figueiredo and laurini voice concern about the possibility of endogeneity being a factor when the usual ravallion and chen methodology is used to measure the effects of economic growth on poverty and inequality according to these authors this can arise as a result of two mechanisms the simultaneous determination of poverty and growth which could generate a correlation with the error component endogeneity problems can be caused by unobserved factors that affect these two components simultaneously or by a financial development process that simultaneously affects poverty growth and inequality or the direct effect that a growth trend could have on the poverty measurement with linear specifications it is assumed that the effects of growth on poverty and inequality are constant and independent of the levels of growth and inequality,1
+in all regions had an mmr of less than deaths per live births with a maximum of in the central region this decrease is associated with the implementation of medical treatment for pregnant women with pregnancyrelated complications as well as the provision of medical treatment to women from remote regions however in the mmr varied among aimags from to tuv aimag deaths per live births,3
+over one third of children still do not benefit from two years of preschool though this has been compulsory since and very few children under the age of have access to care centres or other forms of public assistance those services that are available focus primarily on health and nutrition and give inadequate attention to fostering the essential cognitive language emotional and social skills that children need to develop in the early years children from poor families who are most likely to face a weak home learning environment are the least likely to access public services,4
+this may be specified as the number of hours teachers must be available at the setting for teaching and nonteaching activities this number varies widely across all countries with available data these affect job satisfaction and staff retention and through this contribute to the quality of ecec services clarkestewart et al smaller ratios are often seen as beneficial because they allow staff to focus more on the needs of individual students and reduce the amount of class time needed to deal with disruptions,4
+secondly professional development is key to ensure that all staff and teachers know which are the best practices for successful transitions and that they have a good understanding of the practices and beliefs in both ecec and primary professional development is vital to inform practitioners of the latest findings on effective practices and curriculum content litjens and taguma sheridan,4
+as a result there is a risk that the two processes and the criteria they use are not well aligned and do not mutually reinforce each other chapter as there is currently no national system for teacher appraisal monitoring the quality of schoolbased human resource management could be a key task of the inspectorate but it is not yet fully reflected in the inspectorate s evaluation criteria chapter in the netherlands difficulties typically arise when the central authorities plans confront the longstanding tradition of freedom of education chapter which is strongly defended by schools and school boards,4
+the ministry of education and sport is responsible for developing and implementing education policies inspection procedures and the allocation of funds related to preprimary basic compulsory and upper secondary institutions the ministry of higher education science and technology on the other hand performs similar tasks for higher education and research postsecondary vocational education falls within the competence of the ministry of education and sport,4
+what have been the contributions of afforestation and reforestation the net increase between and was million ha or of the total area of forest and other wooded land in natural expansion onto former agricultural land accounts for most of the increase but afforestation in the context of public programmes has played a significant role in some countries,15
+these changes in the distribution of public expenditure are closely linked to the increase in demand for tertiary education and to the decrease in pretertiary education enrolment due to demographic factors see chapter in the last decade enrolment in tertiary education rose from students in to million in ie it doubled there was also some increase in the share of public expenditure going to preprimary education from in to in see figure for chile and colombia year of reference is instead of,4
+this represents a significant increase from estimates a decade earlier overweight and obesity problems among children and adolescents greatly increase the risk of being overweight and obese in adulthood nearly all aspects of the public system planning organisation administration and regulation are highly centralised whereas the private sector is fragmented under the proposed new national health system box there will be one purchaser the health insurance organisation an autonomous public provider and several private providers who will have the option to contract with the health insurance organisation purchaserprovider relations between the public and private sectors already exist in the current system on a limited basis when the public sector purchases services mainly on a feeforservice basis from private providers,3
+recent increases have put teacher salaries in costa rica roughly on a par with those of comparable costa rican professionals mizala and nopo the vast majority of decisions concerning education policy are taken at the national level with the regional offices of the mep responsible for ensuring these are translated into practice school principals reported in pisa one of the lowest levels of school autonomy among participating countries in student assessment curriculum staff and financial matters see figure,4
+the observation that the second most valuable intervention had been technical assistance to exporting companies such as help in designing marketing brochures upgrading labelling and packaging to meet international expectations and developing new and better products has led the assessment team to conclude that financial support and technical assistance are more powerful in combination with finance providing incentives and technical assistance helping ensure efficient use of the funds some loans from mif seem to have had a very substantial positive impact on the firms that received them for example freshpikt a canned fruit and vegetables manufacturer reported that it would not have survived without the usd initial loan it received from matep which in turn positioned the company to receive a much larger loan from the zambia state insurance corporation zsic,2
+the data collected through these subnational centres will be linked to the national system on mass transport information tago transport advice on going anywhere to promote smart mobility at the national level the centres will be grouped together and jointly operated by subnational entities to reduce costs the first joint bis centre is scheduled to be launched in through a partnership of jurisdictions in gangwondo,11
+with a view to deciding on the general design and subject curricula the framework assembled personnel from the ministry kedi researchers a basic research team leader other curriculum experts school teachers and subject specialists public conferences seminars and hearings to formulate and review the overall design were held during the process the seventh elementary and secondary school curricula were announced in december following several series of reviews and corrections basically the ncc acts as a national framework for compulsory content for the first ten years of education while the school level curriculum created or adapted regulates classroom processes,4
+publicity advocacy education and even legislation can also be used to bring about ideological cultural and behavioural changes so as to reduce high levels of retail and domestic food waste in the developed world available from accessed march the dairy and beef sector of the united kingdom accounted for over metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent mtc e of ch and n emissions in compared with mtcoe from the poultry sector radov and others,2
+lifestyles help explain variations in cvd and diabetes across oecd countries chapter looks at the health promotion and public health contribution to maintaining healthy lifestyles in oecd countries it examines recent trends in obesity tobacco and alcohol consumption and physical exercise this chapter outlines policies that health systems have introduced recently to combat unhealthy lifestyles such as tobacco consumption and high salt intake and to promote physical activities in adults and children in order to reduce overweight and obesity,3
+furthermore there is a lack of streamlined regulatory and governance frameworks between tertiary education institutions including both vet and higher education which also creates duplication and inconsistency currently of uppersecondary students enrol in a vocational college where after five years they can acquire both a vocational diploma and the upper secondary school leaving certificate giving access to university after several years of professional experience graduates from technical and agricultural vocational colleges can be granted the title engineer the vocational colleges are also accessible for graduates from other upper secondary programmes,4
+source oecd sick on the job myths and realities about mental health and work oecd publishing paris for example health services working with other sectors such as social welfare services employment education and housing developing and measuring relevant quality outcomes for specific mental health care services within this complexity is difficult there are interdependencies between these different sectors in terms of their impact on mental health outcomes and quality of care which can make it more difficult to establish accountability when shortcomings arise,3
+the german survey s corresponding figures are respectively and external equity capital box can be instrumental in financing certain types of innovation but women entrepreneurs lower access to these sources can affect their innovation capacity a growing body of research demonstrates the critical role that social networks play in the funding and success of highgrowth ventures stuart and sorenson accordingly when female entrepreneurs seek capital from other women they are more likely to be successful beckerblease and sohl while the venture and angel capital industries are still maledominated box,5
+it already has more than ten years of utilityscale wind power experience thanks to the mw capacity wigton wind farm wigton wind farm ltd this wind farm was expanded to mw in with another mw of capacity due to be installed in the near future the wigton wind farm project is the only largescale wind farm in the caricom region and provides valuable experience of wind farm development and operation st lucia electricity services limited lucelec is the sole utility company generating transmitting and distributing electricity,7
+the latter region pays almost the same amount of attention to human development as to economic development in africa these are the two dominant themes latin america and the caribbeans and arab states nups also pay the most amount of their attention to spatial structure environmental sustainability also gets low attention globally although the results are more diverse across regions,11
+the chapter makes the case for reducing the use of grade repetition and early tracking identifying atrisk students and intervening early on providing a continuum of support for struggling students and holding high expectations for all students other countries respond to diversity by grouping students whether between schools or between classes within schools with the aim of serving students according to their academic potential andor interests in specific programmes teaching in these schools or classes is adapted to students with different needs class size and teacher assignments are determined accordingly often the assumption underlying these policies is that students talents will develop best when students reinforce each others interest in learning and create an environment that is more conducive to effective teaching,4
+most of the public provision of adult education is focused on upgrading lower skills basic courses and allowing the completion of upper secondary education box for of the adults without upper secondary education second chance education plays an important role adult education is not only a way of upgrading basic skills in the short run but also a longterm investment particularly for young dropouts aged between and among whom almost half went back to higher education after participating in municipal education nordlund et al,4
+this is certainly the first and most important strength of the chilean context as broad attention ensures that education remains a priority in the government s programme at the moment of the drafting of this report the chilean government s endeavours in education have consisted of broad education reforms covering early childhood education and care ecec through higher education the scale and pace of chile s education reforms to date have required action on a variety of fronts by actors and institutions with differing levels of responsibilities,4
+in manufactured goods accounted for per cent of intraafrican exports compared with only per cent of africa s exports outside the continent uneca and odi forthcoming regional economic communities are one forum where regionally significant policies and infrastructure can be planned in line with national systems countries scoring high on the african regional integration index in the category of infrastructure are listed in figure,11
+population growth rates are stabilizing or declining in all except burkina faso guatemala and the united republic of tanzania where growth rates are still high its population growth is percent per year forests cover percent of the land area and largely comprise equatorial rainforest concentrated in the amazon basin,15
+section describes recent trends in the oecd fisheries and aquaculture sector section introduces four policy issues that are relevant for fisheries governance in member countries while section provides an outlook and future policy challenges in the fisheries sector compared to most meat products fish and fish products have higher income elasticity in most oecd countries it is therefore expected that demand for fish and fish products might fall or be redirected towards low priced species for example danish fish exporters claim that the rather expensive cod products are gradually being replaced by lower priced substitutes like pangasius,14
+for low wind penetration the capacity credit can be approximated by the capacity factor for larger wind injections the capacity credit decreases with increasing wind power capacity and this decrease goes faster for small regions the consequent variations and disturbances on the grid voltage and frequency are experienced daily by power generators and electricity end users each tso publishes in a document called grid code the performances that each generating unit must meet to be connected to the system also generating plants should be able to ride through certain transient events in the transmission system without tripping such as a sudden step change in the voltage a typical requirement is a voltage step of,7
+however it is possible that although coded as the underlying cause some of these deaths were precipitated by another condition such as influenza or cvd ho and hendi for example in england and wales over a third of all deaths with an underlying cause of dementia or alzheimer s disease are reported to also have a respiratory disease mentioned on the death certificate ons a although the reasons for the seasonal pattern in deaths from dementia and alzheimers disease are not clear it may be related to the greater vulnerability of people with these conditions to respiratory diseases,3
+this collaborative mechanism is designed to provide incentives for developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from their forest and peatland sectors a broad range of stakeholders governments multilateral organisations civil society indigenous groups and other forestdependent communities academia and the private sector are included in all redd planning and implementation processes this chapter describes how redd works and draws out some common denominators among the partnerships it promotes with only a few exceptions most notably brazil which has slashed its deforestation rates over the past decade the clear tendency in many countries is towards a continued and drastic decline in forest cover while it is not known precisely how fast or how much forest is being lost some estimates hold that km disappear every year fao an area the size of nicaragua or england most of this loss occurs in tropical areas such as the great rainforests of the amazon the congo basin indonesia and papua new guinea,15
+urban toronto in canada the university of chicago urban network in the united states and the viet nam urban forum vuf are examples of platforms for networking and discussion on key urban issues among agents from different backgrounds the membership of the vuf for instance chaired by the ministry of construction includes public private and nonprofit organisations universities think tanks and so on and even international organisations the vuf a platform for discussion on urban issues regularly reviews and reports to stakeholders on the state of ongoing urban development programmes it also contributes to a deeper understanding of urban upgrading projects,11
+health insurers had insufficient incentives because of the still prevailing substantial ex post compensations and a lack of adequate instruments because of remaining government regulation of prices supply and entry in various sectors these problems were further compounded by a lack of an adequate system of product classification dbcs and a lack of reliable and publicly available quality information performance indicators due to insufficient patient level data and an inadequate information infrastructure oecd b klazinga etal the latter is explicitly formulated as keeping public health care expenditure within an annual growth rate of la per cent,3
+so despite the fact that fisheries do have an ultimate productive limit we are currently at some distance from that point all that is needed is more effective management targeting economically optimal stock levels but its role in remote and rural areas can be very important in terms of jobs and economic activity such as in japan canada and norway outside of the oecd it is an important source of nutrition and employment especially in coastal areas of developing states and territories,14
+the fact that female labour force participation rose substantially in the rural employment nrega programme see below that provides equal pay with men suggests that this can be the case however ownwage information is not available for the selfemployed which constitute about half of the female labour force which makes testing this hypothesis more difficult it was enacted in and guarantees days of work per year for a minimum salary fixed by the state same for men and women for all members of rural households willing to do unskilled manual labour with quotas for women according to existing literature this programme has had a significant impact on rural employment increasing both public and private employment and casual wages imbert and papp,5
+this type of trial measures a treatment s effect by randomly assigning participants to an intervention or control group randomisation allows researchers to identify causal relationships between a medical intervention and an outcome because it eliminates the potential bias that could taint the study findings the design of the rct aims to measure efficacy and not effectiveness,3
+avoid unnecessary complexity the more complex the measure of child poverty the less useful it is likely to be measure wellbeing broadly child poverty is about more than income or the lack of items on a given list children can be poor in love and attention in parental time and skills in relationships and community in public services and environmental quality,1
+furthermore while higher education institutions expressed concern about the lack of employment opportunities for graduates within the region many did not have robust institutionwide systems in place to monitor the labour market outcomes of their graduates or did not know where they had found employment considerable number of students engages in voluntary work with the exception of the tel hai college this is noncredit bearing and considered outside of the curricula however from the student perspective there are competing demands of community service obligations jobs to pay for college and time needed for academic study,4
+several programmes try to provide innovative access to finance tor women such as cash tlowbased loans with flexible collateral direct credit from exporters to producers or providing financial services though mobile phones the women s economic contributions were perceived as unimportant compared to the main cash crop contributions usually the husbands view yet the woman s income was otten significant in absolute terms and was critical in facilitating cash flow and maintaining family wellbeing during the offseasons,5
+also the age group of is the fastest growing population group and at the same time has the highest ksi killed and seriously injured rate leading to a strong need to focus on improving safety measures especially for this group in each of them over of casualties aged were car drivers or passengers but the proportion of car users decreases as age increases figure thus a much larger proportion of casualties in the age group were pedestrians,11
+the provision of a performance guarantee can be also be insured by a commercial reinsurance company to provide solar plant operators and investors with greater planning security which will give investors including institutional investors more confidence about revenue derived from projects munich re in the case of sustainable energy projects surety bonds are useful to ensure project completion if a contractor defaults project contractors purchase these surety bonds from surety companies which assume liability for nonperformance,7
+it requires strengthening education labour market tax and social institutions with a greater emphasis on the implications of such reforms on youth skills and employability a broad range of skills matters for employability and more generally success in society box education attainment but also socioeconomic background and the use of skills at work influence young peoples skills box,4
+in light of this problem the college is pursuing targeted initiatives to improve the qualifications of unemployed teachers emphasising empowerment behaviours in job interviews writing of resumes and job seeking these include masters degree programmes in business administration and engineering fields a bachelors degree in geoinformation and certificate programmes in fields such as real estate studies interior design and computer studies the technion medical school through its clinical department collaborates with hospitals throughout the region and provides continuing education programmes in family medicine and dentistry,4
+the recommendation promotes a governmentwide strategy for gender equality reform sound mechanisms to ensure accountability and sustainability of gender initiatives and tools and evidence to inform inclusive policy decisions it also promotes a wholeofsociety approach to reducing gender stereotypes encouraging women to participate in politics and removing implicit and explicit barriers to gender equality this work builds on the work and expertise of the oecd public governance committee and its policy communities such as the public employment and management network and the working party of senior budget officials including the report women government and policymaking in oecd countries fostering diversity for inclusive growth and the global oecd roundtables on better governance for gender equality,5
+another lasting impact of this resolution is the explicit criteria that it declares for accessibility to drinking water and sanitation noting that it needs to be safe clean accessible and affordable it thus can be argued that this resolution introduced criteria that will need to be considered in shaping access to water and sanitation beyond including universal coverage water quality and affordability additionally wastewater treatment is highlighted within the scope of water quality protection and the reuse of treated wastewater is referenced within the scope of rural development and agricultural production,6
+at the macro level enrollment correlates with the gross national product at the micro level poor children particularly girls are traditionally less likely to enroll poverty is both a barrier to education and an outcome of the lack of education further poverty alleviation and gender equality strategies focusing on investment in education greatly depend on government action first and foremost in relation to financing checchi,4
+support should be provided for extension learning centres that draw on a range of providers including several colleges possibly open university and other universities in villages with low tertiary education participation rates when developing the network of education providers care should be taken to ensure that the population continues to have access to adequate lifelong learning services adequate it infrastructure should be put in place to ensure high speed low cost connectivity,4
+still others join caravans to engage in trade activities the largest saharan caravanners the touareg kel ewey and the kel gres of niger are farmerpastoralists with concessions and gardens in air or millet fields in ader some cross the tenere desert to trade their farm products for salt and dates eg fachi bilma and djado,2
+spain has also developed transparent and accessible meteorological forecasts with cecre and its advanced forecast model sipreolico de la fuente a system that shares balancing responsibilities with producers will induce as well variable renewable producers to develop their own forecasting resources in order to minimise their deviations from the dayahead forecast ie internalisation of system integration costs due to unpredictability all parties have to share benefits and responsibilities from system balancing and there exist nowadays a variety of power market designs allowing increased internalisation of system costs several key features of such improved designs are presented in the following thus energy provision and balancing services can be planned in advance by power utilities the challenge appears within power systems with large amounts of variable renewables especially wind,7
+good coordination between services and sensitivity to the need for different intensities of treatment are very important in addition it is increasingly recognised that subthreshold mental disorders where the symptoms fall below the diagnostic criteria for the disorder can be distressing and disabling particularly if persistent and lowintensity treatment for such cases is often appropriate those mental disorders with the most severe symptoms are relatively rare affecting only small proportions of the population see chapter,3
+a law stipulates that the ratio of disadvantaged students in each school shall not exceed the average ratio of disadvantaged people in the settlement by more than percentage points however the effect is likely to be limited because of the existing geographic segregation the recentralisation of responsibilities may help in this respect as poorer municipalities often lacked resources to finance school infrastructures while the central government may provide more funds box the general increase in teachers wages may also help in recruiting and retaining more highly qualified teachers,4
+competing schemes with different assessment criteria and definitions allow primary producers to choose among them according to their interests the media also plays an important role in amplifying the ngo messages topics like energy efficiency eg carbon footprint food miles waste handling and product loss minimisation sustainable packaging eg biodegradable or recyclable materials space efficiency animal health and welfare and social issues eg fair trade could be included in future multiattribute standards for a sustainable fishing and aquaculture industry box,14
+sustainability has three aspects or pillars environment economy and society but preserving this resource also means dealing with the economic and social consequences too if fishers have no alternative but to fish illegally they will do so and harm or destroy efforts to promote ecological sustainability,14
+other interventions or mix of policies might be more costeffective in the short run a combination of a universal or regionally targeted starting with those regions where child poverty is more widespread cash transfer programme for children aged to years old together with a schoolfeeding programme in poorer regions might represent an effective way to intervene quickly to improve child wellbeing as discussed here given the same amount of budget a cash transfer provided universally to all children aged to is estimated to lead to child monetary poverty rates that are substantially similar to the case in which a cash transfer is targeted to all children to years old predicted as poor by relatively improving the situation of younger children,1
+overweight and obesity are defined as excessive weight presenting health risks because of the high proportion of body fat the most frequently used measure is based on the body mass index bmi which is a single number that evaluates an individuals weight in relation to height weightheight with weight in kilograms and height in metres based on the who classification who adults with a bmi from to are defined as overweight and those with a bmi of or over as obese,3
+as they seek work in developed countries female migrants are vulnerable to exploitation and run the risk of ending up on the wrong side of the law or being targeted by migrant smugglers or human traffickers figures on these last two are very difficult to obtain lim posited that population ageing and the increasing integration of nativeborn women into the labour maiket in many developing countries were driving the employment of migrant women as domestic woikers this issue is still the focus of research today,5
+consequently three of the five targeted regions for fertiliser and seed inputs have been reporting huge surpluses eg mbeya region alone had an officially recorded tons surplus of rice such that at any one time government godowns with a carrying capacity of about tons are always full compelling the government to lift food export bans which have prevailed since independence the government announced in parliament that it intends to promote cereals as a tradable good without export restrictions in paddy individual farmers have achieved yields up to tons per hectare compared with the commercial farm s yield of between and tons per hectare this indicates that given the right package of support smallholder farmers can achieve the desired results japan china and korea investments in irrigated agriculture in east africa dakawa tanzania uganda north of lake kioga and kenya mwea irrigation schemes privatepublic partnership ppp approach to uplift technology uptake through contract farming with smallholder farmers,2
+this could happen if restricting eligibility increases the effective cost of recruiting workers under the scheme by reducing the pool of potential candidates nonetheless the canadian experience with the employment tax credit program suggests that restricting eligibility to unemployed workers is compatible with achieving a significant scale when subsidies are sufficiently generous for example small firms may not be able to hire as many workers as they would like early in the recovery because they are more likely to face tight credit constraints,8
+one of the betterknown examples is the interannual variation in egg mortality and fisheries landings of baltic cod in the baltic spawning success of cod in the central baltic is hindered by hypoxic and anoxic water below the halocline m where salinity is high enough to provide buoyancy for cod eggs nissling and vallin cardinale and modin koster et al in the western atlantic hypoxia appears to contribute to low per capita productivity and slow recovery of cod stocks in the gulf of st lawrence dutil etal,14
+such benefits may be gained through countries national adaptation planning processes as well as processes of preparing national communications collecting information for adaptation communications may also help policy makers identify progress towards their national goals or adaptation targets expressed eg in nationally determined contributions ndcs national adaptation plans or national communications for instance information on climate change risk and vulnerability assessments helps a country identify and prioritise its adaptation needs and actions,13
+this has been envisaged in the draft law of georgia on water resources management this would entail revision of the law on licence and permits of creating the necessary licensing regime would have implications for staffing and funding of the relevant section of the ministry of environment it is clear that georgia s river and lake basins differ in their water problems and priorities and the abstraction licences and charges would need to reflect these local factors in this context it is relevant to note that the draft law on water resources management now being considered by the georgian government includes a provision article on assessment of the status of the different river basins and the development of river basin management plans this will directly support the development of capacity for administering a licensing and charging regime,6
+restricted mobility also constitutes a key barrier needing permission from husbands or guardians to travel may limit womens ability to develop a customer base beyond their local community there is a need to conduct further countrylevel research on restrictions to mobility and on the impact of personal status laws on women s ability to engage in business and trade activity in a few cases businesswomen s associations have created online stores where women entrepreneurs can showcase their products and reach out to regional national and international markets,5
+while stunting underweight and wasting are the most common outcome indicators among children under years old anaemia and vitamin a deficiency are those indicators assessing the health status of both women and children there is a clear relationship between malnutrition low dietary diversity and limited diversity in agricultural production see figure,2
+in doing so it also helps schools to retain effective teachers and makes leaching an attractive career choice while research has produced mixed results there seems to be agreement tbat the design and implementation of performancebased rewards are crucial to their success challenges include developing fair and reliable indicators of performance training evaluators to fairly apply these indicators and articulating how and against what criteria teachers are assessed the creek authorities should pursue their initiative for school evaluation and all school units should lake part in this process,4
+alternative integrated approaches should also be promoted based on normative values and multidisciplinary sustainability and multicultural principles there is also scope for increasing the participation of irrigation districts and units to save water which would significantly contribute to the sustainability of catchments and the balance of aquifers the absence of an objective and independent assessment represents an important constraint as river basin councils and their auxiliary bodies have not been able to reflect on their failures and learn from past experiences,6
+also data on technicalprofessional programmes include teachers in programmes at the tertiary level a minor proportion of programmes supervised by cetp incomplete means that the teachers attended or were attending at the time the census took place a tertiary programme but had not completed it as shown in figure in uruguay the percentage of certified teachers according to reports from principals of schools attended by yearolds is against an oecd average of as shown in table analysis of pisa data reveals that the lack of teacher qualifications is more serious in public schools technicalprofessional programmes outside montevideo and in very unfavourable to medium schools compared to favourable and very favourable schools,4
+it represents not only a costefficient way to make digital learning materials available across the country but also a new way to improve the digital skills of teachers the country s one tablet per child project involved the production of ebooks learning objects multimedia and songs to be installed on tablets distributed to students for this project obec produced learning objects in clusters thai language english language mathematics science and social studies which paralleled the textbook content it is unclear whether these materials were also made available to students who lacked a tablet but had access to a computer,4
+in every country considered at least in children in the poorest decile lives in a deprived household the share is lowest in switzerland where it reaches nonetheless this is still considerably higher than for the total child population it is substantially high in countries such as greece portugal and slovakia where the rates are respectively and for children in the poorest decile and and for the total child population in these countries the gap reaches percentage points ppt and is as high as ppt in slovakia,1
+the global environment facility is tasked with supporting adaptation under the unfccc through the least developed countries fund and special climate change fund more recently the establishment of the green climate fund offers the potential to scaleup finance for adaptation activities seven of the largest mdbs reported providing a total of usd billion to support action on climate change in of which usd billion was identified by them as supporting adaptation afdb et al,13
+further opportunities for marketbased approaches exist in air biodiversity and waste management more could be done to promote environmental management in enterprises especially small and mediumsized companies public expenditure for environmental protection has increased significantly but still represents a relatively small share of gdp the economic crisis and large budget deficit impose serious constraints on government action and put at risk ireland s ability to meet its environmental commitments,12
+however focusing exclusively on how many jobs an economy generates provides only a partial perspective on the challenge confronting policy makers since people s wellbeing depends crucially on how good their jobs are job quality is not only a key determinant of the wellbeing of individuals and of the households in which they live an end in its own right but can also be an important driver of increased labour force participation productivity and aggregate economic performance a means towards better economic performance hence when assessing how policy and institutions can promote jobrich economic growth it is important to look at both the quantity and quality of the jobs created,8
+nevertheless the country would greatly benefit from having a more flexible setup to translate these initiatives in the budget document in principle the hivaids conditional grant which is based primarily on the disease burden should help ensure an equitable distribution of government funds for example although mpumalanga province has the second highest hiv prevalence its provincial government is ranked out of for per capita spending on hivaids,3
+they describe the current situation and indicate what the situation in might be what physical and biological impacts may emerge and how these changes might affect the economic potential of oceanbased activities it is important to note the interconnections between the drivers and changes addressed in each subsection by way of illustration rising c emissions contribute to rising ocean acidification which in turn affects certain marine creatures and further compounded by eg ocean warming pollution and ultimately the ocean s biomass the strongest warming trends have been found at high latitudes rhein et al,14
+israel could establish a special regional investment fund funded from public and private resources to provide funding for building hei capacity for regional engagement and provide incentive funds to institutions and individual faculty members for regional initiatives these could emphasise increasing tertiary education access and opportunity for the regions population especially target populations engaging faculty members and students in teacherlearning and applied research projects related to regional priorities kentucky regional stewardship and various programmes provided by the higher education funding council in england hefce provide examples its focus should be on communitybased medical education and new forms of health care delivery as well as generating of innovations that link israel s it leadership with effective health care delivery telemedicine and individualised computerbased medical records systems,4
+removing limitations on foreign land ownership would also facilitate fdi it gauges the restrictiveness of a country s fdi rules by looking at the four main types of restrictions on fdi foreign equity limitations discriminatory screening or approval mechanisms restrictions on the employment of foreigners as key personnel and other operational restrictions eg on branching and on capital repatriation or on land ownership by foreignowned enterprises the administrative burden discourages firm registration,8
+however it is important to emphasise again that only women in formal employment and those in formal jobs who have contributed to social security for a mandated period of time have the legal right to paid leave these criteria exclude many working mothers chile s policy is arguably the most generous although the compulsory paternity leave is only five days long chile offers parents the possibility to share weeks of parental leave,8
+if general taxation does not play a more important role social insurance contributions will have to be increased with the attendant large distortionary effects and lower official employment rates the indonesian health care system is still underdeveloped as a per cent of gdp public health spending at is among the lowest in the world,3
+further current reporting on climate finance is only mandatory for a subset of developed countries annex ii and a subset of climate finance provided but not mobilised for example the common tabular format ctf reporting tables agreed at cop in and updated at cop in decision cp clarify the temporal scope of information to be provided in developed countries biennial reports include specific line items on individual climate funds such as the green climate fund gcf and acknowledge that some climate finance contributions can respond to both mitigation and adaptation the unfccc s standing committee on finance also produces a biennial assessment of climate finance flows,13
+studies of countries by three research groups found the price elasticity for industrial energy demand to be between and industrial energy use in other words provides fertile ground for the application of price incentives for emission reductions indeed industry lowered its energy use much farther and faster than any other sector in response to the oil price shocks of the s,7
+the main rationale for this type of policy is to offer some labour market experience to the most disadvantaged who have a low probability of finding a job in the regular labour market hence like temporary hiring subsidies temporary public jobs could reshuffle the queue of the unemployed this policy is sometimes used at a larger scale to lower the number of the registered unemployed during slumps,8
+it has been at the forefront of major trends in psychiatric treatment such as its initiation of deinstitutionalisation in the s and development of a suicide prevention programme in updated in in the country s mental health care system underwent a major reform in order to improve quality of life for longterm psychiatric patients and emphasise community care silfverhielm kamisgould mental health policy has benefited from increased funding in recent years with the most recent plan spanning to,3
+in january of that year kazakhstan banned imports of meat from russia and set a prohibitive customs duty for six months on meat imported from uzbekistan and the kyrgyz republic because the devaluation of those countries currencies sharply reduced the cost of their meat on june after devaluing its own currency kazakhstan withdrew these restrictions a sixmonth ban on food and grain imports from russia was also in pace in to protect domestic market from lowcost russian exports the countries may unilaterally impose a temporary nontariff measure if it among other specified cases is aimed at the protection of life and health of citizens environment life and health of animals and plants,2
+about per cent of the annual budget is raised from sale of publications and about per cent is through voluntary contributions from countries and energy stakeholders duplication of all activities would be illadvised it is envisaged that the asiapacific energy centre will eventually have about a third as many staff members as the iea and so the annual budget will also be proportionately lower or about million,7
+buildings themselves can be made significantly more efficient through proper insulation white roofing and smart architecture landscaping inhome products such as household appliances continue to consume comparatively large volumes of electricity their inefficiency is exacerbated in the caribbean by the prevalence of outdated equipment and a lack of strong efficiency standards for new appliances although progress is being made across the caribbean thanks to work by the caricom regional organisation for standards and quality crosq and the oas and for example with the formation of the barbados energy performance label by the barbados national standards institute bnsi,7
+in other oecd countries private health insurers supply different types of secondary coverage for health spending see box for definitions depending on the country it may include services that are uncovered by the public system such as luxury care elective care longterm care dental care pharmaceuticals rehabilitation alternative or complementary medicine etc typically duplicate cover does not exempt individuals from contributing to public health insurance in the hsc survey only five countries the czech republic estonia iceland norway and turkey reported that private health insurance does not provide a secondary source of coverage for health and the share of private health insurance in total health spending is null or almost null,3
+at the local level there exist four main types of planning documents documents d urbanisme that govern land use occupation and changes i the scot schema de coherence territorial ii local plans plu and plui iii the carte communale which provides a map of buildable and nonbuildable areas iv and national urban law which is enforceable even in the absence of a scot or plu it is also encouraged through the possibility to undertake intercommunal local urban development plans plui something that greater clermontferrand has not yet engaged in the current land use plan for clermontferrand relates only to the commune plu,11
+as such they can provide overarching guidance on government priorities in the short and long term despite many ndcs being rather vague about the required climate compatible investments existing namas andor napas and naps in many cases provide important elements of the missing information through targeted efforts they could help outline and identify the required investment programmes and enabling environment reforms,13
+several of the skippers commented that this information alone would result in the meter paying for itself in less than six months the uk s seafish is an example of how the public and private sectors can work together to promote innovation seafish is funded by a levy on the first sale of seafood landed and imported in the united kingdom it aims to support and improve the environmental sustainability efficiency and costeffectiveness of the industry as well as promoting sustainablysourced seafood seafish has worked on the installation of fuel meters on fishing vessels as well as other energy saving devices notably gear and vessel design,14
+these committees play decision or advisory roles depending on the management category they are composed of government officials and representatives of civil society and the private sector as of out of the federal protected areas excluding private reserves had committees established and were in the process of establishing them icmbio in addition most management committees have not yet defined their operating rules so there is still a risk of exacerbating conflicts among committee members verissimo et al,15
+similarly brazil through its luz para todos programme has ensured the involvement of rural communities in management committees which work to prioritise activities within the electrification process no single technology is to be recommended aspects such as the geographical dispersion of the local population the communitys estimated electricity needs and ability to pay availability of local resources all factor into the decisionmaking process,7
+a world bankfunded youth employment program in liberia that included vocational and life skills training along with job placement help increased young women s employment by and weekly earnings by in india these types of policies could help find jobs for the often highly skilled unemployed women in urban areas along w ith other enabling policies discussed above the training programme step initiated by ministry of women and child development for marginalised and asset less rural and urban women across the country is welcome,8
+in the average number of esrf patients across countries was per population with widespread variation between countries countries such as singapore and iceland reported fewer than esrf patients per population whereas portugal and the united states reported more than the number of esrf patients has increased in every country over the to period on average the number of patients increased by over the year period but in countries such as korea the rate nearly doubled over this timeframe,3
+in addition research is increasingly concerned with analysing the worklife balance barriers to improving this balance and the characteristics of companies implementing measures to balance work and family life and with demonstrating the benefits of familyfriendly policies at company level wakisaka atsumi and kodama etal in a law was passed obliging companies with more than workers to set up action plans to promote their worklife balance and an accreditation system was introduced to encourage companies to implement childcareleave schemes oecd a and takeishi other measures concern reducing working hours for parents with young children,8
+in a number of areas of critical interest for policy makers gender data and indicators are still insufficient or lack comparability across countries further effort should be promoted to develop sound genderbased measures in the fields of labour statistics entrepreneurship and unpaid work intrahousehold allocation of resources and genderbased violence the terms sex and gender are often used synonymously although in gender research the two concepts have different meanings sex refers to the biologically recognised differences between men and women eg chromosomes internal and external sex organs hormonal makeup and other secondary sex characteristics in contrast the term gender refers to to the economic social and cultural attributes and opportunities associated with being male or female unfpa gender is constantly created and recreated out of human interaction out of social life and is the texture and order of that social life lorber,5
+the government views womens workforce participation as an important pillar of economic growth and sustainability and is therefore creating an environment to increase it the initiative seeks to challenge discriminatory attitudes and practices that are barriers to gender equality in the workplace and to promote a more genderbalanced workforce employers also have the potential to increase profitability by ensuring that the different skills and experiences of a diverse workforce are translated into enhanced products and services and attract investors and business opportunities that increasingly take gender diversity into consideration,5
+but research is needed to evaluate the extent to which ldcs are affected and are vulnerable to climate change since the impacts of climate change widely vary across geographical regions ipcc as the characteristics of each country are heterogeneous the vulnerability to climate change in each country is also variable to monitor how ipoa is addressing the issue we propose to first identify through an indicator of physical vulnerability to climate change the level and type of vulnerability to climate change of the ldcs,13
+increasingly there is a competition for access to valuable waste streams sox until recently relatively low and unstable prices for secondary raw materials have meant that in developed countries the costs of separate collection of recyclable materials are only partly covered by the revenues derived from selling the materials the cost is justified when compared to alternative means of treatment or disposal or in meeting recycling targets set by policy,12
+finally child marriage violates the right of girls to express their views regarding decisions that will shape the entire course of their lives many of these studies address the problem of child marriage in an international human rights framework highlighting the grave economic health social and psychological consequences that result when girls are forced to marry too young the majority of this literature however is based on countrylevel research mostly in subsaharan africa and south asia where rates of child marriage are the highest syria a regional crisis,5
+similar results were found by lerner et a the authors indicate that antidepressants might not be required for all employees with milder depression but when prescribed medication should start as soon as possible however it remains a fact that the positive employment effects are lower than the clinical effects frank and koss ie clinical improvement does not automatically nor fully translate into better work functioning measured with functioning scales and increased paid employment with substantial earnings or in getting off disability benefit rolls first symptom improvements do not always go handinhand with productivity improvement,3
+given its importance and in order to adequately reflect the specific conditions as well as its complex hydrology the inventory dedicates five chapters to this river system the shared tributaries of the euphrates river chap l and the major shared tributaries of the tigris river chap j are covered in more detail in two separate chapters in order to highlight the role of these rivers and draw attention to local water issues and transboundary impacts,6
+iagluja site remediation was complicated by a landslide and difficult terrain and so only partial remediation was done a new municipal waste landfill was also developed in borjomi by the end of and the existing disposal site was rehabilitated the expected lifetime of the landfill is years,12
+as in other parts of the united kingdom participation by scottish primary care physicians is voluntary for those who choose to participate the qof measures achievement against a range of evidencebased quality indicators with points and payments awarded according to the level of achievement public scrutiny provides an additional incentive with the performance of individual practices published on a website,3
+the collaborative care models that use stepped care are even more costeffective this is when the intensity is stepped up only when proven necessary patients are first offered an intervention that while likely to be effective is relatively easy to implement and carries relatively low cost or side effects,3
+income classification based on the world bank income classification this has tended to be the case in the majority of oecd countries although the degree of protection and other forms of tradedistorting support has declined significantly over the past years box however comparative advantages in food production are not irreversibly fixed while heavily influenced by initial endowments of land water climate topography soils and the prevalence of pests and diseases whether a country is a net food exporter or importer also depends on its past investments in agriculturerelated physical and human capital in institutionbuilding and in technology improvement,2
+targeted measures to address the needs of poor and vulnerable groups in commercialized health systems such as fee waivers or subsidies have been put in place but have often proven ineffective in reducing outofpocket expenditures current cutbacks in public health expenditure threaten to increase the financial burden on households womens opps have been found to be systematically higher than mens in a number of countries including brazil the dominican republic ecuador paraguay and peru not only because of genderspecific health needs but also due to the greater prevalence of chronic illness and some mental health conditions among women decisions on what health conditions are included can be heavily genderbiased,5
+in many wartorn countries such as bosnia cambodia and rwanda women continued to experience high levels of stress and anxiety in their daily lives and display typical signs of trauma including depression listlessness chronic fatigue anguish psychological disabilities and recurrent recollections of traumatic incidents despite severe emotional trauma these women demonstrated remarkable resilience and courage in surviving their sufferings often remained unvoiced however and were sometimes expressed through abusive relationships with their spouses or children most of these women continued undertaking their normal responsibilities and this clinging to routine work may have helped them to cope with the trauma interestingly in postsoviet georgia internally displaced women appeared to adjust better than their male counterparts although men became passive and moody women took outside work to feed their families,5
+sufficiently outfitted the teams have proven that they can provide direct health services and raise awareness about prevention when planning the allocation of resources the social justice goals of preserving unique ethnic groups collective identities and ancient ways of knowing rather than purely economic considerations should be taken into account described below are some of the most successful models of health service provision to northern indigenous communities,3
+similarly only a small proportion of oda specifically addresses women s needs and interests yet considerable data gaps persist of agenda s genderrelated sdg indicators only can draw on available data which limits understanding of key areas such as unpaid care work or women s access to productive resources,5
+this renewed interest in keeping public stocks was furthered by the realisation that price spikes tend to coincide with low stocktouse ratios wright even though international crop prices have mostly fallen back since and most export restrictive measures that partly caused the crisis are no longer in use many developing countries keep building public stocks this was for example the case with the intervention stocks that were created under the common agricultural policy in the european union eu during the s s,2
+one emerging trend in the new media that could have very good potential for enhancing esd activities is gamification which applies game design techniques and approaches to nongame contexts in order to encourage the adoption of certain behaviours this approach could work well in school greening initiatives for example if structures were set up to award points or otherwise reinforce and incentivise waste reduction and resource conservation through studentled monitoring related game techniques include the awarding of points for certain activities badges or certificates for certain accomplishments as well as levels of achievement the structure could be established to bring groups together working cooperatively to implement esd activities or to create friendly competition between classrooms or schools while such an approach runs the risk of trivialising sustainable behaviours or focusing too much on superficial activity and extrinsic motivators there could nonetheless be merit in exploring the idea further in relation to whole school esd approaches working with experts outside the government system in the development of sustainability plans and policies may result in quality deliverables but does little to build internal expertise or institutional capacity,13
+the opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the organisation or of the governments of its member countries it explains how a more gendersensitive approach can enhance statebuilding outcomes it also shows how a more politically informed approach to gender equality can improve the effectiveness of interventions while many donor countries display higher levels of gender equality than fcas no society has yet reached full gender equality,5
+these policies are embedded within the larger school policies and societal contexts this framework views education policy as embedded in a particular society and constrained by the wider institutional and cultural environment of a particular place and time by setting rules for the school system and guiding the actions of local decisionmakers education policy makers aim to promote excellent equitable and inclusive learning their success in achieving this ultimate goal depends on the policies they choose and also on how particular policies interact with each other and with the wider environment in which they are applied,4
+additional resources for specific activities under the workprogramme have been raised by the isrbc secretariat from the european commission and the international donor community in this regard a set of activities for the rehabilitation of the sava river waterway and the development of navigation a priority issue have been implemented and relevant work is ongoing while navigation is important for the economic development in the basin the interventions in the watercourse for rehabilitation of navigation and the construction of related hydroengineering structures may become additional pressure factors the sava river basin analysis report was developed as a first step towards this direction,6
+this trend has implications for declining costs in education but also lower higher education participation a factor which may limit future economic growth the number of female workers is higher than male workers reflecting the opportunities for women workers in the assembly operations in the manufacturing sector the overall working age group increased from in to in it is estimated to stabilise at in dipping to in,4
+public environmentrelated rd expenditure has been more or less constant as a share of public rd spending in oecd countries the development and diffusion of environmental technologies as measured through patent data is generally increasing across countries in all areas of importance to green growth yet progress is uneven across countries and is unlikely to deliver major changes in key environmental domains oecd a given that a large majority of green innovations are developed in a small number of countries achieving greater global diffusion will be essential,7
+the model aims at longterm minimisation of total energy system costs from today to the year subject to a co constraint total energy system costs vary by region and year and are then optimised in order to attain global and longterm energy costs minimisation region and yearspecific costs are summed up accounting for the timevalue of money by discounting future energy system costs,7
+an empirical analysis of extreme events in germany institute of energy economics at the university of cologne march ewi working paper no oak ridge national laboratory and resources for the future washington dc united states january report commissioned to parsons brinckerhoff by the department of energy and climate change january,7
+for reference the issue has been a central part of the discussion on heat pumps in denmark where electricity use for heat pumps has not only been subject to payments for distribution and transmission tariffs around eurmwh but also electricity taxes and pso there are plans to significantly reduce the latter two requirements toward when pso approximately eurmwh q will be completely phased out and electricity taxes will be reduced to eurmwh from the current level of around eurmwh it appears that heat pumps are competitive with new biomass and gasbased generation even with the low cop used as a standard assumption all technologies are assumed to produce full load hours per annum,7
+the organisation acquires land or property on behalf of its members or other public bodies in order to support local housing policy economic development leisure and tourism establish utilities reduceeliminate health hazards enable urban renewal and save or enhance heritage site and natural areas apart from this long list of actors involved in spatial policy and land use governance there are also commissions to regulate commercial development projects and agricultural land use change a regional public finance agency to collect taxes the areas under industrial seveso eu directive or environmental risks flooding are managed by the state and the airport is managed an independent authority formal rules require consultation with associated persons this is a list established by law which includes other local authorities and various consular chambers that represent specific groups eg agriculture commerce and industry trade,11
+while the scot was initially conceived as a tool to help larger communes manage land that was outside their direct control this was too narrow a perspective because a scot requires agreement among the members it must consider a broader set of interests including those of the smaller communes that also play a key role in the organisation because of the increasing expansion of the whole urban and periurban area questions about local economic development mobility and the role of local food and farmland preservation need to be approached at a larger scale,11
+box describes the principal models used by transport for london to carry out such simulations a major role of the cometravi and the cometah will be to coordinate metropolitanwide data collection and modelling this will allow the cometravi to build on the came s actions on the standardisation and improvement of mobility policies linked to air quality and the environment,11
+nokia s success further built upon existing advantages and entailed largescale development and mobilisation of national and international stakeholders and supply chains these ingredients will also be important in the future in identifying and seizing opportunities for innovation and growth especially in the areas defined by the societal challenges universities research specialisation has an immediate effect on the specialisation of phd graduates hence the thematically focused research funding for example through technology programmes and especially via longer term competence centres where phd education is explicitly built into the strategic research agenda feeds back to the production of industryrelevant phds,9
+moreover the university s transformation plan as the first apex university is entitled transforming higher education for a sustainable tomorrow reflecting the leadership commitment to sustainability one of the key targets has been to establish a strong functional and institutional link between universities and communities locally regionally and internationally the university has also engaged in disseminating knowledge to the local community via training seminars and conferences for instance river engineering and urban drainage research centre redac and the department of irrigation and drainage malaysia jointly organised trainings in compliance with national guidelines,4
+the authors do find though that introduction of p p programmes has brought some other important system benefits amongst them clarification of the goals of providers improved purchasing processes better measurement of provider activity and performance and more informed dialogue between purchasers and providers in the english qof one of the most established p p programmes which is voluntarily applied to gps working for the nhs a number of studies show high initial improvements in process indicators after introduction with little change since furthermore little impact on health system performance beyond the immediate gpprovided care was seen for instance lower hospital admission rates which might be anticipated with improved primary care management or an impact on mortality could not be observed eijkenaar et al,3
+but meeting the goals of eradicating hunger and poverty by while addressing the threat of climate change will require a profound transformation of food and agriculture systems worldwide changes will need to be made in a way that does not jeopardize the capacity of the agriculture sectors crops livestock fisheries and forestry to meet the worlds food needs global food demand in is projected to increase by at least percent above levels driven by population and income growth as well as rapid urbanization,2
+countries have already done a lot to raise youth skills and employability this chapter offers an overview of the whole report and discusses how countries can continue with reforms by adopting a consistent and comprehensive strategy and engaging all stakeholders youth unemployment rates reached high levels at the height of the crisis and since then have barely changed figure ranel a,4
+with enabling legislation these innovations may prove to be a leapfrog technology in regions without reliable road networks such as africa in the same way that mobile telecommunications have permitted many africans to leapfrog fixedline networks and move directly into wireless technology this delivery system is currently incapable of handling heavyweight items and long distances however and it will take a few years before smes can adopt it in a costeffective way transporting highpriority consignments and delivering to people who live in isolated areas is another way to use drones,9
+it also analyses the factors responsible for the widespread rise in inequality during the neoliberal reforms of in the fields of trade foreign direct investment fdi and capital flows and the rise in migration finally it compares the decline in inequality observed in most of latin america over with the steady increase of inequality in many european transition economies during this period despite their return to robust growth the paper argues that such divergence is explained by differences in policies prior to that he was the director of unuwider the views and opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the united nations secretariat the designations and terminology employed may not conform to united nations practice and do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the organization,10
+however there is great diversity among them ranging from in iledefrance to in limousin the central government is represented by a regional prefect in parallel to the elected regional council following changes from the law notre in which involved new competences for regions there was a merger from regions to in charbit and romano nj more specifically the region s responsibilities can be described as follows regional planning coordinating economic development vocational training high schools oecd p isi,11
+attainment of sustainable cities in many ways relate to effective planning development and enforcement of inclusive policies strong economic actions and strategies environmental protection plans sustainable investments which accommodate the needs of all people regardless of their age gender social or economic status data information and knowledge are essential in responding to fundamental questions some of these are which are the drivers and actors of city growth,11
+however its system will come under pressure as population ageing is set to accelerate after the mid s with a strong increase in the share of people over the biggest recipients of health and longterm care per capita panels c and d albouy et al price developments and technical progress could also lead to increasing upward pressure on health spending fall et al macro and microsimulations show significant increases in public health expenditures until though the scale of the extra spending varies widely box,3
+it helps to reduce the direct and opportunity costs of formal learning by making acquired skills transparent it improves the efficiency of the labour market it helps adults with limited formal education to reenter education and advance their careers also it might reward and therefore encourage learning in informal settings field et al the centre has through pilot projects developed a recognition of prior learning methodology with the main target group being people with poor formal education the lifelong learning centres around the country and the two centres for certified trades cooperate in carrying out recognition of prior learning projects,4
+requests to utilize larger portions or the full publication should be addressed to the communication unit at florenceuniceforg the measurement of food insecurity among children review of literature and concept note innocenti working paper no unicef office of research florence the prime objectives of the office of research are to improve international understanding of issues relating to childrens rights and to help facilitate full implementation of the convention on the rights of the child in developing middleincome and industrialized countries through strengthening research partnerships with leading academic institutions and development networks in both the north and south the office seeks to leverage additional resources and influence in support of efforts towards policy reform in favour of children for that reason some publications may not necessarily reflect unicef policies or approaches on some topics,2
+ninetyeight per cent of the area occupied by pacific island countries and territories is ocean we sometimes refer to ourselves as big ocean stewardship states in recognition of this geography the pacific ocean is at the heart of our cultures and we depend on it for food income employment transport and economic development,14
+in the oecdimhe launched a second series of oecd reviews of higher education in regional and city development to address the demand by national regional and local governments for more responsive and active higher education institutions as a result regions in countries have undergone the oecd review process in the reviews have been carried out by the oecdimhe in collaboration with international organisations and associations and other oecd programmes and directorates,4
+there are also concerns about the treatment of interconnections and the lack of regional coordination regarding supply adequacy for regions well interconnected and with coupled electricity prices the target model should include a common definition of capacity credits and the possibility to exchange these credits with a proper treatment of network constraints this may reduce incentives to save energy or engage demand response actions during these hours unless they can participate in the capacity market which might not be possible for small players because of transaction costs,7
+great strides have been made towards the goals in the past decade particularly for those children currently still in the first decade of life immunization against major childhood diseases has risen in all regions primary education has seen a strong boost in enrolment and attendance which in turn has served to narrow the gender divide as girls steadily gain greater access to basic schooling,5
+none of these laws were drafted with integrated water management in mind hence the case remains for consolidating the regulations into a coherent framework this would provide greater clarity both for water managers and for various stakeholder groups eg users recreational interests environmental associations unsurprisingly water is of higher biological quality in the less developed western and south western river basins table,6
+whatever the impacts on water systems the task of achieving water quality objectives in agriculture will become more difficult in the coming years as a result of climate change oecd b these people will have very little room of manoeuvre to adjust to uncertain water availability the country groupings briics and row are explained in oecd a table the increase in demand will come mainly from manufacturing electricity and domestic leaving little scope for increasing water for irrigation,6
+in parallel their average level of education has increased significantly to a point where more women than men are now attending universities in many oecd countries in spite of such progress there are still areas where women are missing out on opportunities to do as well as men especially in the labour market regarding the former the principle of gender equality has been part of the federal constitution since and in the federal office for gender equality was established,5
+the earlier mentioned study from the university aarhus estimates the amount of avoidable food waste to be in the range of of the total combining these data with the key figure g food wastes per meal we find a total of approx this includes both private and public service industry and retail sale the service sector exclusive retail sale will include both horeca industry canteens and catering and therefore more or less corresponds to hospitality sector,12
+the sas cuniculum is also not designed for newly arrived students who begin to learn the swedish language this could help decrease the negative perceptions of the subject raising the status and standards of sas and target more newly arrived students is important and would entail limited financial implications,4
+such relationship recognition may open the possibility of extending other rights to samesex partners including the right to adopt children and the right to family reunification in the context of migration meanwhile in developing countries where education has expanded secondary school attendance is correlated with declines in early marriage and adolescent childbearing curricula that promote gender equality and healthy relationships are essential as well as ensuring that schools are welcoming to and do not discriminate against pregnant girls and young parents,5
+these stocks require international cooperation to manage them due to their crossboundary nature effective implementation of applicable international law is critical to ensuring the longterm sustainability of such stocks and consequently the continuation of benefits accrued through international trade in such stocks the agreement sets out a comprehensive legal framework for the implementation of those provisions of the convention that relate to the longterm conservation and sustainable use of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks in particular it gives effect to and elaborates on the duty to cooperate set out in the convention as enshrined in articles and to,14
+successful completion of upper secondary programmes is vital to address equity issues see indicator a in education at a glance oecd but graduation rates still vary widely among oecd countries see indicator b developing and strengthening both general and vocational education see definitions section at the end of this indicator at upper secondary level can make education more inclusive and appealing to individuals with different preferences and inclinations in addition vet programmes are often chosen by students who found it difficult to progress through earlier levels of education and are thus more at risk of not completing upper secondary education oecd h,4
+note in new tb cases and relapses per population since the incidence of tuberculosis has decreased from per population in to per population in the peak was linked to the failure of a mass immunization campaign in which provided a basis for a measles epidemic some cases of poisoning with mushrooms are reported each year regarding waterborne diseases in the period group cases were reported concerning persons mainly in cities this strong decrease is related to the improvement in the distribution of quality drinking water especially in the cities,3
+such a plan would allow prioritization and proper costing of water and sanitation needs as well as elaboration of technical designs for all new projects the water strategy appeared to be not realistic financially the revised strategy is based on key strategic documents adopted by the country such as the millennium development goals revised in the nds for the period the national regional development strategy for the period and the targets and target dates under the protocol on water and health approved by the joint order of the minister of health and the minister of environment the revised strategy includes an action plan for implementation within the first three years which describes targets and capacity that will be necessary for the management and monitoring of those actions,6
+it also encompasses the technical review of climate finance provided this is an enhancement of the current framework by requiring all developed countries not just annex ii countries to report on climate finance provided and mobilised extending the technical review of information on climate finance provided to all countries that include this in their national reports to the unfccc and including the provision of finance within the multilateral consideration of progress for all parties the paris agreement also encourages all other countries that provide climate finance to report this information and also encourages reporting of information on climate finance received this paper explores how to improve the transparency of information reported to the unfccc on climate finance provided mobilised and received iceland ireland italy japan luxembourg netherlands new zealand norway portugal spain sweden switzerland united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland united states of america improving the transparency of domestic climate finance methods for estimating climate finance and establishing quantified estimates of climate finance flows are outside the scope of this paper,13
+the final section takes account of the staying power of africa s rural economy the share of urban residents has increased from in to today by the mid s of africans are expected to become urban dwellers figure urbanisation is likely to continue and level off at about around,11
+in line with their obligations under article of cedaw cambodia india pakistan and thailand have submitted reports to the committee concluding observations of the committee on these countries provides a very helpful overview of the current state of play in respect of violence against women and women s human rights in general these observations are reproduced in section,5
+in this regard it has emphasized the state obligations to prevent and respond to all instances of genderbased violence including enforced disappearances securing womens participation in truthseeking processes and protecting womens right to a remedy among other requirements ahrcwgeid ill and ahrc chap it is no coincidence that those most likely to be trafficked irregular migrants stateless persons noncitizens and asylum seekers members of minority groups are especially susceptible to discrimination and intolerance based on their gender race ethnicity religion and other distinguishing factors,5
+in accordance with international standards the reference population for indicators on child labour and forced labour should go beyond the group of persons engaged in employment work covering either forms of work within the sna production boundary or forms of work within the general production boundary as defined in the th icls resolution on work statistics relevant context information for the interpretation of the indicators on child labour and forced labour includes the respective national legal provisions in the case of child labour important aspects may be the minimum age set by national law for employment hazardous work and permissible light work the coverage of this legislation and the prohibition of certain types of child labour such as the worst forms of child labour,8
+the wide range of results is in many cases largely accounted for by the effects of luc and iluc but there is currently no consensus on a recognized methodology of quantifying those effects in particular for iluc which is not even considered in most studies this is for instance the case if residual biomass can be used for animal feed or fertilizer and the emissions related to the replaced feed or fertilizer are then subtracted from the fuel emissions many of the processes also produce significant excess heat andor byproducts suited for heat and electricity generation which similarly have associated substitution effects,13
+korea would benefit from benchmarking with countries presenting similar traffic and population patterns the safe system approach therefore aims at eliminating serious injuries as well as road fatalities for the oecd overall fatalities have gone down faster than injuries and it is useful to understand the reasons behind this lag,11
+lastly the administrative gap is still a concern for half of oecd countries eu and noneu members alike as well as the information gap and the accountability gap which also prevent the acceptance of water policy reform towards more integration the profiles attached to this report provide indepth analysis of multilevel governance challenges in water policy of oecd countries for instance any country facing a sectoral fragmentation of water roles and responsibilities across ministries and public agencies policy gap may also suffer from the conflicting goals of these public actors objective gap,6
+responsibilities for addressing climate change are spread across various ministries but in the government office of climate change was set up as a new central state administrative body directly responsible for climate change and for interdepartmental coordination of measures and policies it is currently preparing a climate change act for adoption by the national assembly in which will provide for the inclusion of climate change mitigation and adaptation in national and sectoral policies on the basis of vulnerability studies there is a range of waterrelated issues connected with tourist activities these include heat and pollution discharged from swimming pools the use of water areas for swimming pool facilities morphological modifications of the coastline the abstraction of water drilling for underground water or abstraction of thermal hot water for swimming pools and natural resorts the release of waste water from tourist facilities and restaurants exceeding legally defined pollutant limits at releases from industrial facilities and the abstraction of water for irrigation of nonagricultural land eg for golf courses or artificial snow the policy also supports the use of public transport,13
+land for special needs encompasses multiple subcategories including land of protected areas chapter land allocated for the purpose of ensuring national defence and land for scientific and technological tests and sites for regular environmental and climate monitoring the categoiy land with forest resources is broader than the area actually covered by forests which was per cent of the countiy s territoiy in the annual growth rate of the urban population was per cent between and times of that of the rural population per cent,15
+gender analysis is a requirement of the mandatory project quality assurance process quality assurance guidelines for all country programmes and globalregionalprogrammes will address gewe the gender marker rating will be included in the cover note for project documents and integrated in the quality assurance guidelines,5
+it presents the motivation rationale and scope of demandside policies and provides examples of different national strategies and approaches the policy instruments reviewed include innovationbased public procurement technologyoriented regulations product standards and the european unions lead market initiative while there is no single definition of demandoriented innovation policy it can be understood as a set of public measures to increase the demand for innovations to improve the conditions for the uptake of innovations or to improve the articulation of demand in order to spur innovations and facilitate their diffusion edler,9
+in addition the selfregulation code de deontologie has further constrained competition and the size of medical practices autorite de la concurrence a though the health law expanded midwives roles somewhat a more general definition of the scope of activities of different professions for instance in terms of general missions rather than specific tasksacts would provide greater flexibility for example privatehire vehicles could be allowed to transport autonomous patients and complement the services of taxi drivers and optometrists could be authorised to prescribe some medical goods such as glasses igf coverage of telemedicine by the statutory health insurance will be implemented in,3
+shifts in investment patterns will gather pace governments will implement their national climate plans as contributions to the objective of the paris agreement and nonstate actors will continue to drive tangible change across all sectors of society the paris agreement is also the first climate treaty to include genderspecific references global emissions need to peak as soon as possible followed by rapid reductions thereafter if we are to have a decent chance at staying below the degrees celsius temperature rise threshold of the paris agreement,13
+the best they can do is to approximate these costs by relying on impact studies and by partially accounting for the difference in costs depending on the uses the location and the time of the year first part of the water abstracted is returned to the environment if the water that is returned is of the same quality and if it is returned where it was pumped then it is not abstracted water that should be charged but rather water that has been used and not returned to the environment in the catchment,6
+these efforts should of course be consistent with any strategies to eradicate poverty and national development plans or planning planning monitoring and reporting at scale will also be required at the national level demanding new data collection analysis and additional resources for this including relevant expertise in government maximising the effectiveness of sustainable development finance including climate finance will be critical to meeting the targets set out under the sdgs environment and climate change mainstreaming has been a practice of oecd dac members for over a decade see for example environet publications on mainstreaming adaptation into development cooperation oecd and the unfccc stresses the importance of integrating climate change adaptation into mainstream decision making see for example ldc expert group,13
+for instance both the pnaee and the ppec include initiatives for energyefficient lighting in the residential sector so that there is potential duplication of efforts and costs portugal will be on track to meet its objectives if implementation continues at this rate however the highest savings were obtained in the industrial sector and might well be due to the economic crisis as shown by the sector s increased energy intensity,7
+these traits will be able to be commercially grown in vietnam following variety registration that will take one season to complete all four genetically modified maize traits went through confined and multilocation field trials conducted by mard during according to fao the irrigation potential in viet nam is million ha of which close to million ha has been developed investment in irrigation and flood protection has been a major focus of the government since the s with some of the capital investment funds available to the agriculture sector allocated to improving and expanding irrigation and protecting flood prone areas from damage,2
+total area is defined as the physical project boundary and direct area is the area covered by mirrors turbines thermal storage and any other systems as well as any structures that encumber the land direct area is always smaller than and within the total area the capacitybased average results represent capacityweighted averages fgure shows the distribution of results for csp land use,7
+with the sugar production cycle in india domestic demand in deficit years can account for a large share of world sugar exports in with subsequent large additional supplies coming on to world markets in surplus years contributing to the volatility in international sugar markets animal diseases such as bse and fmd have also had major impacts on demand for meat and feed in some years following the imposition of trade bans a main feature of the outlook is that productivity growth is slowing due to a number of factors such as higher input costs slower technology application expansion into more marginal lands and limits to double cropping irrigation etc,2
+such preferential treatment of men and maleness finds its expression in sexist behaviour and patriarchal systems and structures of power sexism can be seen in the exclusion of women from leadership roles in business governmental cultural and religious institutions it is also the attitude that allows women s bodies to be physically abused raped or used as tools of advertisement women in every culture experience sexism although in vastly different ways and to different degrees,5
+the iea carries out a comprehensive programme of energy cooperation among its member countries each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to days of its net imports the pepdee work is being undertaken by the iea as a contribution to a task group within the international partnership on energy efficiency cooperation ipeec financial and inkind support for the leas contribution to the pepdee work programme comes from uk decc the us department of energy the australian department of climate change and energy efficiency dccee and the european commissions directorate general of energy dgenergy,7
+again even when universities are owned and operated by the national government it is important to have budgetary provision for institutions regional engagement this not only provides the needed financial support but also orientates the institution s activities currently the criteria for staff recruitment and promotion in penang higher education institutions do not sufficiently encourage activities related to local engagement,4
+indicators al previously multitier ill and c are now tier ii reflecting limited data availability the tcg consists of representatives from the laegsdgs member states and selected international agencies and institutions work continues or is about to begin on other thematic indicators including language of instruction distribution of resources and teacher professional development,4
+but as the types of deprivations captured in the hdi and mpi are reduced for individuals and societies other deprivations become more prominent people have more choices and freedoms but there are still constraints that limit life potential for example the my world global survey being conducted by the united nations in support of the agenda assessed development issues that matter most to people more than million responses have prioritized action issues from options ranging from securing a good education and ensuring political freedom to tackling climate change,1
+a large number of developing countries with relatively neutral pricing policies are at a critical juncture in terms of agricultural policy development do they spend scarce resources on supporting farmers directly or do they invest in the broader underpinnings of agricultural development and economic development more generally smallholders in developing countries often underpin the rural economy yet they face systematic adjustment pressures as a necessary corollary of the development process,2
+workingage households can no longer afford to have no one in work and the numbers that are workless have fallen but for the smaller number of jobless families poverty is much deeper than previously as the value of outofwork benefits has fallen an increasing share of the poor in are working poor with low pay short working hours or having just one earner in the family education has improved raising earnings for the majority,1
+with the demise of president mutharika she became her country s first female president mr magufuli was elected as ccm s standardbearer and he chose sarnia hassan as his vicepresidential running mate she is currently serving as the first female vicepresident of tanzania globally out heads of state were women seven of these were from commonwealth member countries,5
+as a result in of girls have been married before their th birthday the eight highest number of child brides in the world unicef the participation of women in the labour force is crucial for promoting and sustaining economic growth and the gains are largest in countries where large gender gaps persist like mexico in mexico halving the current gender gap in labour force participation among to yearolds by could potentially add percentage points to the projected average annual rate of growth in per capita gross domestic product gdp for the period boosting the projected average growth rate to per year by this extra growth would translate into an increase of around usd in gdp per capita relative to the baseline scenario,5
+practices illustrate how oecd countries and nonoecd economies have designed and implemented effective efficient and inclusive water governance systems they are meant to be replicable and support bench learning across different stakeholders within cities regions basins and countries learning from evolving water governance practices is about gaining insights from real examples looking at what works or has worked and seeing how others have dealt with challenges,6
+in one in every eight workers in manufacturing was an immigrant and immigrant workers were also overrepresented in construction as well as in some service sectors such as private household services in view of the relatively high employment rates of foreignborn workers and their positive impact on nativeborn paid employment it also seems likely that foreignbom workers have a positive effect on income per capita thai authorities could reinforce the economic contribution of immigrants to the country by offering more accessible channels for regular immigration and developing integration mechanisms,8
+this is the most demanding use of values and requires the greatest level of reliability and accuracy therefore economic valuation of ecosystem services is often emphasised also in the ncm reports however several of the nordic council reports as well as other literature on ecosystem services also emphasise the need to use a broad spectre of methods to assess the benefits of ecosystem services,15
+in general as economic development levels increase andor the domestic financial systems mature finance tends to be delivered through multilateral channels however a range of other factors also affect delivery of climate finance such as geopolitical interests and historical relationship with finance providers given the data present a snapshot of and a few largescale projects committed during the period could distort the overall picture for instance armenia eg infrastructure in energy water and agriculture sectors supported by germany and uzbekistan eg largescale power plants supported by japan receive a large portion of finance through bilateral channels,13
+besides interventions cannot be seen as independent events as potential disbenefits may emerge from investing in one area without commensurate investment in the other for example inadequate water quality at the point of consumption may undermine the benefits from water supply improvement fewtrell and sanitation facilities without hygiene promotion may end up not being used tremolet et al however a few studies show that multiple interventions do not necessarily bolster the impact on health,6
+they describe practices personal resources competencies and knowledge that form the basis of successful school leadership practices entail five dimensions i constructing and implementing a shared strategic vision ii developing professional competencies iii leading processes of teaching and learning iv managing the school climate and the participation of the school community and v developing and managing the school personal resources comprise three areas i ethical values ii behavioural and technical competencies and iii professional knowledge ministry of education a in the ministry of education developed an evaluation framework for a system of selfimprovement in schools that has now been discontinued sistema de aseguramiento de calidad de la gestion escolar sacge santiago et al in the ministry of education published newly developed indicative performance standards for schools and school providers estandares indicativos de desempeno para establecimientos educacionales y sus sostenedores,4
+a multilateral multiyear protocol for agreements for minority language and secondlanguage education with the council of ministers of education canada restructured in sets the parameters for this intergovernmental collaboration students and their caregivers get help more quickly through referral to a wide range of specialist and community services including crisis intervention youth mental health afterschool programming parent and family supports sexual health and child care the strategy aims to support students who may be at risk of not succeeding and not reaching their full potential,4
+childrens experiences of food insecurity also include cognitive awareness of household food hardships and psychological strain related not only to running out of food but to awareness of parents difficulties meeting household food needs another difference is that adult experiences of food insecurity are conditioned on inadequate resources for food but child experiences are not and are instead grounded in the household social and food environment eg quality of interactions parental affect and behaviour and foods available for children adultchild differences are also possible in the ordering of experiences adults in the united states but not in all countries generally report that worry about running out of food is the least severe experience of food insecurity followed by compromises in quality and quantity and with hunger being the most severe level of food insecurity,2
+based on these approaches practical applications for the multidimensional measurement of poverty have been developed at both regional and international level some recent official applications are described below the multidimensional poverty index mpi used by the united nations development programme undp was prepared by the oxford poverty and human development initiative ophi in collaboration with undp this index which applies the methodology devised by alkire and foster is a measure of acute poverty that reflects deprivations in access to basic services and in key functionings of education health and living standards among the populations of countries including some in latin america the unit of analysis is the household with individuals identified as poor when they reside in households subject to three or more deprivations,1
+as a main rule ordinary food businesses may not supply food to food businesses in the group retail with wholesale or to wholesale food businesses however it has been accepted that retail food business operators may supply to a food bank the danish food bank collects and redistributes food from both wholesale and retail and delivers to charity organizations,2
+israeli wells further inland are less prone to seawater intrusion with a net outflow of mcmyr of groundwater from the coastal aquifer basin to the sea occurring in the israeli part of the basin in the sinai peninsula groundwater levels have also dropped below sea level in the vicinity of major population centres like arish and rafah in israel lateral hydraulic connections to older saline groundwater exist in the hinterland as the salt front has moved from inland areas towards the coast salinity has increased considerably over the past years figure,6
+increasing wealth also means that governments can increasingly afford to address the social needs of their citizens directly where this is the case social objectives and policies should evolve accordingly and reflect the newfound capacity of the economy to secure greater social cohesion growth can be seen as a rising tide but though it has lifted many boats not all have risen by the same amount strong growth is necessary to reduce poverty and deprivation sustainably in poor countries and can substantially contribute to reducing poverty in middleincome ones,1
+similarly in newzealand the new zealand teaching council nztc the professional body of teachers played a leading role in defining teaching standards with the extensive involvement of the profession employers and teacher unions oecd the bases for the standards in these cases are national education laws codes of professional practices and experts advice ibid this involvement establishes an inherent link between teacher education and standards as these stakeholders transmit their values experience and knowledge in formulating the standards,4
+programmes for facing the development challenges of the poorest and the hungriest have also been expanded this includes the heavily indebted poor countries hipc and enhanced hipc initiatives education for all fast track initiative efafti and other similar measures the international assistance programmes have begun to focus on the poorest countries and peoples to complement the bpoa the world summit september reiterated the commitments of the donors to fulfil the bpoa target of providing per cent of gni as oda to the ldcs,1
+a dense and growing population the effects of climate change an existing arid climate in much of the basin and growing demand among competing users coupled with the need to ensure sufficient water to protect aquatic and ecosystem health all place significant pressure on the basin further compounding the challenge is the requirement that of the annual natural flow must pass to saskatchewan a neighbouring province in addition the province evolved its water allocation policies and the associated legislation culminating in the proclamation of a new water act in pursuant to the water act the right to divert and use water is granted by a licence or registration under the water act,6
+constraints to an individual s ability to access food can include economic growth that is inadequate or insufficiently broadbased leading to a lack of job opportunities or lack of incentives to become a productive participant in the economy negative impacts of national economic policies inadequate training andor job skills lack of credit or other means to exchange assets or income streams food losses associated with ineffective and inefficient harvesting storage processing and handling and political decisions favouring one group over another this new concept includes securing access by vulnerable people to available supplies calling attention to the balance between the demand and supply sides of the food security equation cassava potato yam and sweet potato as well as starchy fruit plantain are among the major food crops in africa,2
+in almost all countries women more often change working time than men and women are also more likely to move in and out of the labour force age patterns of labour mobility are different for men and women and can partly explain the gender wage gap as women i have more stable careers when they are young ii more often change their professional situation at prime age driven by moves in and out of the labour force and iii less often go through a professional change when above years old the missing labour transitions change of job employer or contract type at the early stages in their career significantly shape women s careers job chum at this crucial time in one s career has the highest effect on wage growth and helps in finding the right job,5
+the infamous term threedayweek was coined during the winter of discontent when the uk coal miners went on strike gittus thus unwittingly highlights that fact that domestic energy resources do not necessarily outperform imported energy resources with respect to the security of energy supply his own statistics confirm that the longest significant energy supply interruption in the united kingdom was precisely due to the strike gittus p,7
+new technologies are the result of a complex process of scientific advances learning by doing and directed and spillover efforts in the private and the public sectors ipieca dominant energy users and equipment suppliers jointly determine the development of new technology and transitions in major energy technologies often take decades requiring massive infrastructure investments even for superior technologies,7
+thus three of these new proposed institutions include knowledgesharing components the importance of knowledgesharing to address information gaps is widely acknowledged including in the unfccc context unfccc c by highlighting potential climate impacts on individuals and communities increased information awareness can be an important driver for change eg usaid cif,13
+systematic problems and shortcomings of emissions markets for example that co emissions allowances have different prices depending on the region and the scheme can only be solved by political alignment and integrated policies however in terms of increasing technological improvement of ets blockchain technology can offer tremendous valueadded in the areas of global transparency steering and immutable tracking transactions through a decentralised exchange of certificates could be settled almost instantly without the interference of any third party contractual agreements could also be written and reviewed by a smart contract automating current manual processes,9
+another factor contributing to a low rate of job creation is the considerable scope that exists for raising output without increasing employment in many countries ie through increases in labour productivity and working time while increased layoff rates played an important role in raising unemployment during the initial phase of the recession their importance gradually diminished as the downturn bottomed out and recovery began this suggests that policy makers concerned with reducing unemployment or limiting its rise should shift their efforts from protecting viable jobs at risk of being terminated towards reintegrating the unemployed into the workforce and encouraging hiring by firms,8
+why does the sustainable development goal on education sdg matter for oecd countries target calls for equipping students with the knowledge and skills to foster sustainable development as well as human rights gender equality and global citizenship thus linking education t the wider sustainable development objectives the new agenda is a universal call for action to end poverty protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity,4
+budget allocations for salaries of teachers school support and administrative staff cover all the full year including the months of school breaks and teachers and school support and administrative staff are contracted to perform their instructional responsibilities for more days than the current instructional year thus an extended school year may not generate additional direct instructional costs there would be additional public expenditure needed to support a lengthened instructional year including maintenance transportation and other noninstmctional costs and these would be borne principally by municipalities since of sixyearolds are already in stateprovided early childhood education and care figure this option would not adversely affect family life,4
+figure illustrates the key elements that can help improve safety in this setting in a costeffective manner the most important and pressing policy action is implementing an integrated information infrastructure that enables a capture of adverse events and harm across settings and over time b information to flow freely between providers and patients across different data platforms and c a multimodal approach to reporting harm that includes reporting by patients an integrated electronic health record system that allows interoperability across data platforms and can be accessed by providers and patients across all health settings was seen by survey respondents as the best buy intervention,3
+in response to concerns that participation in professional development may be decreasing the government is planning substantial increases in professional development budgets and considering ways to require that all teachers have access to adequate professional training financed by municipalities the slate budget annually allocates some usd million to professional development of teachers and school principals through various forms of pretertiary and continuing education the government determines the focus of the training based on current national educational development needs and the training is contracted out to service providers on a competitive basis,4
+the sole purpose of this action was to prevent the sale of generic versions and of parallel imports of the capsule formulation the egc upheld an earlier decision by the eu commission considering that the withdrawal of regulatory approval for the capsule version of the drug constituted an abuse of the company s dominant position in the market for antiulcer treatments the egc stressed that while a dominant undertaking is under no obligation to protect the interests of competitors this cannot justify recourse to practices falling outside the scope of competition on the merits the withdrawal would not have been abusive if there had been some objective reason why such a withdrawal was necessary to improve the competitiveness of the company s own products,3
+moreover the programme design is based on the hukou system so migrants living in cities and counted in the urban population but having a rural hukou are not covered by the programme therefore as presented in table there is a discrepancy in poverty incidence between the hukou population base and the residence base to look more closely at the impacts of labour market changes on inequality inequality is decomposed based on a regression on percapita income of urban households,10
+the bureau of the ad hoc working group of the whole has considered an advance unedited version of the technical abstract for presentation to delegates attending the third session of the preparatory committee on an international legally binding instrument under the united nations convention on the law of the sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction the full text of the first world ocean assessment including the summary is available from wwwunorgdeptslosrp the patterns of marine biodiversity are shaped by variations in the depth and nature of the seabed by variations in temperature salinity nutrients and currents of the water column and by the latitudinal and seasonal variations in sunlight the size and complexity of the ocean means that patterns in global biodiversity are largely unquantified and their natural drivers not fully understood it also reveals likely future trends and indicates management options likely to be more sustainable uncertainties however remain and surprises will be encountered chap,14
+some studies have shed light on the extent to which various social groups have access to wellspecified facilities or what facilities certain segments of the population need and want in close proximity according to the exhaustive overview of lee and moudon grocery stores stand out as the most visited neighbourhood destination likewise paez scott and morency found that shopping and health facilities were the most important destinations to have within short distances,11
+marine biodiversity the variety of life in the ocean and seas is a critical aspect of all three pillars of sustainable development economic social and environmental supporting the healthy functioning of the planet and providing services that underpin the health wellbeing and prosperity of humanity marine ecosystems provide innumerable services for coastal communities around the world for example mangrove ecosystems are an important source of food for more than million people but they also deliver a range of other services such as livelihoods clean water forest products and protection against erosion and extreme weather events,14
+water footprint analysis which is based largely on calculations of virtual water is gaining the attention of international organizations and policy makers we endeavor to resolve some of the uncertainty regarding whether or not virtual water and water footprint analysis can be used to guide public policy decisions we review the literature describe pertinent economic concepts and provide several examples that might be helpful in understanding the policy limitations of the virtual water metaphor professor tony allan chose the term to describe the water used to produce crops traded in international markets,6
+metro cebu facilitating dialogue and collaboration among industries could serve as an opportunity for business leaders to discover synergistic possibilities and potential exchanges that could fuel the symbiotic networks it is therefore important that metro cebu continues the support to industries through policies aimed at skill development green procurements environmental technology diffusion innovation hubs and economic incentives rather than being the result of a carefully planned process the ecopark developed gradually through cooperation by a number of neighbouring industrial companies,11
+tol and fankhauser reviewed the modelling of impacts in iams that participated in the stanford energy modeling forum discussing the level of spatial detail the damage categories considered the impact metrics the climatic and nonclimatic drivers of impacts the functional specification and benchmarks of monetized damage functions the feedback of impacts on other model variables and the representation of adaptation yohe briefly reviewed the representation of impacts in iams including most of the models considered by tol and fankhauser stanton ackerman and kartha review climateeconomy models focusing on the treatment of four critical issues,13
+while the science around climate change is relatively advanced in a number of areas there are significant gaps in knowledge and particularly a need for informed policymaking strengthened governance structures and international cooperation based on sound economic analysis the oecd workshop was designed to fill that gap figure illustrates the how this workshop complements and contributes to other international fisheries and climate change conferences the fisheries management toolbox was also examined from the perspective of whether or not existing tools are available to develop effective climate change adaptation strategies for the fisheries and aquaculture sectors,14
+dependency on external funding is a major weakness in many communitybased and bilingual education programmes however there is no comprehensive strategy that ensures that the curriculum and the education system are relevant to the livelihood situation of pastoralists and huntergatherers one of the issues of concern is therefore how the education system can benefit the pastoral community or as one of the parents put it if i put my child in school what and when will i reap another comment was that schooleducated children often detach themselves from their traditional lifestyle if after finishing school they remain unemployed they end up belonging to nowhere,4
+this is the case in poland where sanitary thinning has included both damaged trees and deadwood nevertheless except in deadwood removal from sanitary thinning as a share of merchantable timber has been halved since and was down to in selectioncutting as opposed to clearcutting is often thought to be more beneficial for biodiversity though there is still a lack of knowledge about how forestry without clearcuts affects biodiversity,15
+proceedings of an oecd workshop effects of productivity shocks and export restrictions on welfare and food supply in japan food policy vol the political economy of international trade law essays in honor of robert e hudec cambridge university press cambridge paper prepared for the conference on challenges facing the world trade system organized by j bhagwati p krishna and a panagariya columbia university new york and johns hopkins university sais september october washington dc,2
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law there is strong evidence that favourable circumstances very early on in childhood support the development of the critical cognitive emotional and social skills that provide the foundations for success in school and life disadvantaged children who are more likely to face poor learning environments at home therefore stand to gain the most from access to quality ecec services enabling them to start school on an equal footing to their wealthier peers,4
+trends in suicide across and yearolds vary widely across countries mental ill health also negatively affects work productivity and absenteeism oecd b in england for example health care use costs are at least higher for individuals with comorbid longterm somatic and mental health conditions compared to individuals with longterm physical illnesses only ibid,3
+according to rocha although poverty in brazil has persisted for decades it was only after the inflation problem was solved that social problems started to be treated as a priority the reduction of inequality being an example this may account for the small output of articles studying the povertygrowthinequality triangle in brazil therefore the implementation of public policies aimed at the reduction of inequality besides solving this problem may also indirectly help towards other economic policy goals such as increased growth rates and poverty reduction,1
+although it is more expensive it adequately addresses the needs of the population the government pays no subsidies to the private institutions delivering education services to remedy these challenges the government has enacted a law on private education and so the process and procedure for creating private institutions has been made easier,4
+overall only percent of households had nonbank savings initially while participation in the programme led to an increase of three percentage points in paraguay soares ribas and hirata found that households benefiting from the tekopara programme saved percent more with the impact being stronger among the extreme poor similarly in ghana handa et al,1
+for employed mothers with a high level of educational attainment this is a difference of just under percentage points being unmarried also significantly increases the likelihood of an employed mother working fulltime although the size of the association here is only small on average holding all else constant the probability of working fulltime rather than parttime is only about percentage points higher for unmarried mothers than for married mothers age has less of an effect there is no significant difference in the probability of fulltime employment across age groups at least after controlling for other factors,5
+this holds for arrangements to protect industries and regulation of processes and products as well as for arrangements regarding intellectual property in relation to environmental goods and services and technology development see also vos this volume as we saw land policies and largescale commercial land deals relate to climate change internationally new codes must be developed and applied such as the framework and guidelines on land policy in africa as endorsed by the african union setting quantitative limits on emissions is a potentially effective way of keeping economic growth within safe environmental boundaries more so than open ended and voluntary agreements,13
+this hypothesis was formalized in the context of a solow model by bourguignon who showed that when savings are a convex function of income there may exist multiple steady states characterized by different degrees of inequality another possibility however is that they end up eliminating most of the variation in the data exacerbating measurement error biases and reflecting in practice only the shortrun effects of inequality but many of the theoretical effects of inequality on growth may take a significant amount of time to materialise changes in education or in political stability for example,10
+the introduction of improved agronomical practices and advanced technologies will be central information and communications technologies ict for instance can be used to inform smallholders about new farming techniques and market prices world bank a as well as to improve livestock traceability deloitte maximizing output while minimizing negative impacts on the environment additional investments in research and development rd will be crucial in increasing productivity but better dissemination and adaptation of existing technology in different agroecological regions will also need to be part of the solution,2
+there are few activities in the public health arena though standard deployment in public health ushers in widespread acceptance we introduce an ecosystem targeting public health expecting sustainable operations we then discuss a portable health clinic with body area network technologies banphc for affordable healthcare and telemedicine a banphc targets mass medical examinations and treatments because of its easytouse and mistakefree features,3
+girls in households that use solid fuels for cooking spend hours a week on average gathering fuel compared to hours a week in households using clean fuels data on the type of device or technology used in the home for the purpose of cooking heating and lighting is also needed at present most of the data collected through household surveys focus on identifying the primary type of fuel or technology used for cooking and disregard information in cases where various types of fuels might be used for different purposes within the household such as heating and lighting expanding the detail of related information that is collected through surveys can provide more accurate estimates of the health and environmental impacts of this practice,5
+the results also confirm that the greatest inequality is within the african population and lowest within the white population the table holds a useful caution the actual magnitudes of the inequality measures that come from household sample surveys are much lowerthan the census estimates presented in the previous section of this paper and it is inequality measures such as these expenditure based estimates that are used in order to compare south african inequality in the post period to other countries,10
+according to conagua almost twothirds of the annual mms rainfall occurs between july and september but leaves chihuahua as the fifth driest state in mexico by almost billion people almost half of the world s population are projected to live in areas with severe levels of water scarcity oecd b although oecd countries are for the most part not as severely affected as the rest of the world mexico is among the oecd countries that will be the most affected mexico is already one of the oecd countries with the largest per capita water consumption,6
+the largest loads of phosphorus originated from point sources with municipalities as the main source constituting of total point source discharges in with from diffuse sources for some baltic countries such as finland and sweden agriculture is the major contributor of phosphorus into the baltic threequarters of nitrate leaching into groundwater is estimated to be from farmland leading to some eutrophication problems and breaches of drinking water standards,6
+effect of climatic variability on childhood diorrheo and ils high risk periods in northwestern ports of ethiopio global nutrition report nourishing ihe sdgs according to this report in cambodia one in four children under five is underweight one in ten suffers from wasting ond one in three is stunted,2
+otherwise it must be justified on the basis of objective reasonable and proportional criteria see section lack of equality in the enjoyment of familyrelated rights means that some members do not equally enjoy their family s economic wealth gains and social benefits the negative impact on women is well established,5
+the official name of the programme as introduced by the decree is the programme de recherche active d emploi according to angelurdinola and leonsolano many youth quit the sivp programme in order to benefit from amal which offered a more generous stipend these are reduced to tnd and tnd respectively for individuals who have previously benefited from the sivp individuals wishing to set up their own business receive help with the identification and development of tire project in addition and conditional on obtaining a financing agreement they can receive a sum of up to of the cost of the project and not exceeding tnd as startup finance,8
+in brazil and mexico where homicide rates are relatively high women make up only of all homicide victims in contrast across european countries where homicide rates are relatively low women on average account for of all homicide victims this different gender structure indicates a different typology of homicides in different regions of the world with higher shares of men victims associated with larger shares of firearm and organised crimerelated deaths intimate partnerdomestic violence is likely to be more devastating for victims than violence outside the home as it might leave victims without a safe place to live with no one to trust and anxieties about the safety of their children robeyns,5
+the international standards mainly iec standards are adopted by the solar energy plants grid connection code and the egyptian transmission grid code this directly contributes to the achievement of sdg by increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix after starting its full operation the four substations may be disconnected separately or together this will cause a big problem for the grid operator dispatch centre as there will be a need for standby generation from conventional power plants or from hydro power plants from aswan high dam,7
+the basin committees are deliberative bodies in charge of the administrative management where negotiations and participatory decision making take place to debate on water issues arbitrate use conflicts and design basin management plans the basin agencies are the executive arms of the committees providing technical support and implementing their decisions the latter are financed through the collection of bulk water fees with the objectives to i better balance water demand and supply and ii provide the necessary funds for the adequate operation and maintenance of existing systems and new projects at the basin scale,6
+moreover it required the regions to develop monitoring programmes for surface and groundwater in order to establish a coherent and comprehensive view of the physical chemical biological and hydrogeological status within each river basin this legal text reclassified the entire national environmental legislation for pollution control environmental impact assessment and environmental decision making chapter part iii defined water environmental standards and conditions for water resources management in transposing the wfd the environmental code divided the italian territory into eight river basin districts serchio padano eastern alps northern apennines central apennines southern apennines sardinia and sicily and defined environmental and public health standards for water resources,6
+while monetary poverty gives a good picture of the financial resources needed to support household members at a subsistence level ofit is incomplete when measuring whether all household members have access to the necessary goods and services as argued above having enough financial resources does not always mean that this access is guaranteed this can be due to lack of services or infrastructure lack of information administrative restrictions discrimination and other reasons at the same time it may well be that the access to certain goods and services is guaranteed without the need of the financial resources at the household level because for instance the goods or services are available for free or almost free eg partially subsidised,1
+if land userelated emissions are included however the picture changes dramatically giving it of global emissions and making brazil the fourthlargest emitter after china the united states and the eu the per capita figure increases to tonnes per year this reflects the fact that agriculture and forestry play a major role in the brazilian economy with deforestation responsible for over half the countrys current greenhouse gas emissions and the fact that biofuels constitute a substantial part of its energy mix according to mckinsey the opportunities from land use put brazil among the five countries with the greatest potential to reduce emissions by and at a comparatively low cost nonetheless the brazilian economy is projected to grow considerably and the possibility of increased emission intensities raises questions about the future trajectory of brazilian emissions,13
+thirtynine regional report and coordination centres rmcs have been established to support youth in continuing their education and guiding their schooltowork transition in addition the ministry of education culture and science allocated funding for better guidance for students in their study and career choice intensified collaboration between secondary vocational and adult education schools and stronger cooperation between a wide range of stakeholders including local authorities schools trade unions and industry social services and justice departments the implementation of these policies has coincided with a decline in dropout rales from in to in although sc issues may have contributed as well,4
+however the age distribution varies considerably across regions suggesting some regions may face staffing crises much sooner than others in all regions urban areas tend to have three to four times the density of physicians as rural areas with no rural area exceeding per population this suggests not only that rural doctors are probably overworked but also that adequate access to good quality care in rural areas may be compromised as in most oecd countries recent medical graduates tend to prefer working in urban areas not only because they offer better financial and social opportunities but also because the workload is higher in rural areas,3
+moreover because of widespread occupational segregation in the labour market described in detail in chapter economic policies that have distinct effects on particular sectors such as the service sector will affect women and men s employment differently demands on unpaid work may intensify during times of economic stress increasing the burden on women volatility at the macroeconomic level produces outcomes that both reflect and reinforce existing gender dynamics although the outcomes will differ depending on the context when a crisis triggers womens withdrawal from paid employment they return to dependent positions within the household with less autonomy and less access to incomes of their own,5
+there is more public support for care than in the low road regime but that support tends to preserve women s responsibility for social reproduction and is associated with the growth of lowpaying lowskill care services razavi and staab in a number of countries in this group particularly in southern europe not much is spent on family policy overall though others in western europe are more generous daly unrisd for instance in france spent about per cent of gdp on family benefits austria and germany about per cent and italy japan portugal and spain less than percent one of the resulting contradictions is that even if higher wages and market participation for women are associated with more human capacities production increasingfemale labourforce participation may also induce fewer contributions to social reproduction from men as the familial model breaks down,5
+the main artery road in the northsouth direction a national road and the circular roads in the administrative city are picked out at the global level figure the new administrative city is particularly poorly serviced by public transport this may be problematic given the weak local integration already present in the area the new administrative centre is also weakly integrated locally meaning that moving around this centre may be challenging a situation that is not helped by the relatively poor access to bus stops in this area,11
+as part of the improving access to psychological therapies iapt and following a small trial and series of cohort studies that assessed the programme efficacy a computerbased cbt programme beating the blues has been progressively rolledout across primary care practices in the united kingdom prescribed by a gp the patient then completes eight weeks of beating the blues sessions at home while the gp who enrolled the patient receives progress updates and risk alerts the programme has been found to bring reliable and clinically significant treatment effects when used in routine care and benefits are similar to the routine delivery of facetoface cbt care and was recommended by nice cavanagh nice as a useful lowintensity tool as part of a steppedcare framework,3
+according to hungary the aquifer is possibly at risk in terms of both quality and quantity hungary considers as needed evaluation of the quality status and the utilizablc resources joint monitoring mainly quantitative and joint modelling including the estimation of the amount of transboundary groundwater flow according to romania there is no transboundary impact because of the high level of dilution due to the flow of the murcsmaros river and due to the large distance between the mines and the border,6
+thus urbanrural differences in the case of hunger are different from those relating to poverty among the asia pacific ldcs lao pdr has an incidence of per cent while similar incidences are per cent in bangjadesh and per cent in timorleste see ahmed et the results for bangladesh show that while food energy deficiency is a major problem for the country low quality diet affects much fewer people when it comes to diet quality rural households are at a clear disadvantage,1
+they show that beneficiaries of chile solidario have performed better compared to the control group in terms of employment of additional persons within the households per cent and especially in terms of improvements in their housing conditions per cent similarly de la guardia et al data report information on the socioeconomic conditions of chilean households for the years and and include four regions representing about per cent of the country s population atacama maule bio bio and metropolitan regions,1
+the vertical nature of their approach creates a new type of frontline healthcare worker with very specific skills which may not correspond to the overall needs of the country in general people living in remote areas urban slums or particular geographical areas with high concentrations of ethnic minorities depend heavily on such basic primary care services as observed elsewhere there is a serious risk that weak human resource and systems capacity at central and local levels can be overwhelmed by the growing proliferation of ghp and other hivaids initiatives with separate demands even if vertical funds invest resources in strengthening national capacities or improving their harmonization and alignment difficulties will persist because each initiative has its own governance structures and decisionmaking process the united states president s emergency plan for aids relief pepfar for instance has indicated that it targets children and orphans particularly the share of children receiving pepfarsupported treatment grew from per cent of total beneficiaries in fiscal year fy to per cent in fy,3
+the legal arsenal governing the communication of information is being expanded with respect both to the consultation dimension and to the obligation of ministries and public enterprises to publish their reports online making those indicators available to stakeholders is an essential condition for improving local service the programme contracts already in place between the government and the operators provide a solid basis for collecting information and monitoring performance in terms of service quality the indicators developed by sonede based on work of the international water association iwa and collected for each of the districts grouped into four regional directorates cover essentially the technical aspects of water supply and not the quality of service,6
+the dumping of waste at sea is controlled under the convention on the prevention of marine pollution by dumping of wastes and other matter of and its protocol if these are effectively and consistently implemented that particular source of inputs of harmful substances will be satisfactorily controlled however there are serious gaps in knowledge about their implementation over per cent of the contracting parties to those instruments are not reporting and it is consequently not known how effective the instruments are chap,14
+equitable education systems are those that are both fair and inclusive and support students to reach their learning potential schleicher on this indicator of system performance canada performs better than either australia or new zealand in mitigating the socioeconomic circumstances of disadvantaged students figure thus the canadian education system as a whole has strengths that should be able to deliver sound education experiences and outcomes to canadian indigenous students,4
+use a differentiated approach to reach out to students at different stages of their study process use performance assessment exercises including regular feedback sessions with people from the business community alumni entrepreneurs and students and to track and survey alumni with entrepreneurial careers build and expand linkages between research and teaching for example by getting doctoral students to work on research topics related to entrepreneurship education recognise that compulsory courses may reduce genuine interest in entrepreneurship,4
+in the european union adopted its second hygiene package aiming at harmonizing existing eu food and feed safety legislation thus creating new certificates again it led the united states to negotiate a special status with the european union regarding the certification of fishery and aquaculture products as a result us exporters are still using public health certificates coming from the legislation and not from the hygiene package,14
+the paa is a programme through which the brazilian government buy the product of smallholders and uses those products to serve free or low cost meals in public institutions like schools the paa also supports the formation of stocks with products from small farmers for food security purposes the national school feeding programme pnae created in stipulates that at least of the food served in public schools must be bought from small producers based on the mda definition,2
+thus despite the emergence of a new paradigm the role of the industrial sector is still important a strong focus on human capital development and scaling up of technology adoption can transform uncertainty into opportunities additional skills are necessary to exploit the advantages of new technologies not only welltrained workers but the countrys general infrastructure play a crucial role in the optimal adoption of such technologies,9
+a single factor is defined for all genders and age groups since aggregate apc data are not available by gender and age weighted percentile rank is calculated for each individual in the original distribution if two or more individuals have the same amount of alcohol they are attributed the same percentile rank once the correction is applied individuals are assigned a new corrected status of hazardous drinking and new cis are computed,3
+some of the actions required include filling infrastructure gaps harmonizing technical standards synchronizing operational procedures developing and deploying information and communications systems and aligning crossborder legislation railway freight in the region has expanded from trillion tonkilometres to trillion tonkilometres during the period with the largest increase being in the east and northeast asia subregion where it has more than doubled from to trillion tonkilometres the world economic forum has found that while the road and rail network of india is among the largest in the world its ranks sixtyfirst in terms of road quality and twentyninth in terms of the quality of its rail network figure,9
+ensure that governance arrangements help mobilise water finance and allocate financial resources in an efficient transparent and timely manner ensure that sound water management regulatory frameworks are effectively implemented and enforced in pursuit of the public interest promote the adoption and implementation of innovative water governance practices across responsible authorities levels of government and relevant stakeholders,6
+this immense decline and the regions lead on the global level have been mainly due to the poverty reduction in china and india as these two countries alone have lifted million people out of extreme poverty the highest incidence of extreme poverty is recorded in south and southwest asia per cent in whereas the lowest is in north and central asia per cent in it is noteworthy that since east and northeast asia and southeast asia have recorded the fastest absolute reductions in poverty rates compared with those in other subregions,1
+if for example a government has established a green growth interministerial committee which adequately reflects biodiversity then there is no need to convene a separate one embedding permanent environment or natural resource management units in various ministries as is the case in ethiopia and madagascar could also contribute towards mainstreaming vertical institutional cooperation remains a challenge in a number of countries including madagascar peru south africa and viet nam,15
+the seller ofthe vehicle is to contribute with a discount which amounts to the same as the government subsidy through the price signal of the new car registration tax scheme linked with the emission output of a car the latvian government aimed to motivate endusers to buy environmentfriendly cars and to make car manufacturers penetrate the market with more efficient vehicles thus since when the new scheme has practically been brought to force the average co emissions of new cars decreased by in gkm and by in gkm,7
+tariffs are also found to have a significant negative impact on agricultural trade yet despite the higher level of tariffs on agricultural products the analysis shows that their impact is not necessarily stronger than on manufactures on average a reduction of tariffs by would increase trade value by about although data limitations have not allowed controlling for the impact of other tradecost related constraints such as standards and conformity assessment and access to credit case studies have illustrated how badly these constraints affect the agricultural trade performance of developing countries in particular as regards small and medium agricultural producers processors and traders,2
+section b has demonstrated that sectors differ significantly in their dependence on digital technologies and has provided rankings of sectors according to their digital intensity these rankings show that services sectors with the exception of construction and transport tend to use digital technology more intensively than manufacturing and agriculture sectors within manufacturing the transport equipment and electronics sectors stand out as digitalintensive which is mirrored in data from the international federation of robots which show that the automotive industry uses a significant number of robots and is likely to benefit from progress in smart robotics,9
+obesity and smoking clearly impair employment prospects wages and labour productivity cardiovascular diseases and diabetes have negative impacts on employment prospects and wages and diabetes cancer and arthritis lower labour productivity alcohol use cancer high blood pressure and arthritis have mixed effects on employment and wages and are not always linked with increased sickness absence eg cardiovascular diseases and high blood pressure,3
+this chapter reviews such barriers in areas including regulations related to longterm investment corporate disclosures on climate risks public procurement and the allocation and delivery of development finance it then provides some guidance for governments on how to align principles governing financial regulations corporate governance and public spending with the low carbon transition investing in lowcarbon climateresilient infrastructure could put the world on a c trajectoiy and deliver significant cobenefits including improvements in air quality health energy savings and better mobility,13
+mismatches have above all a skills dimension with an excess of lowskilled workers and a possible lack of skilled workers in certain domains reducing the high tax wedge on low salaries and avoiding excessive minimum wage increases would support demand for lowskilled labour in the longer term upgrading the labour supply requires improving educational outcomes especially of disadvantaged students and making the schooltowork transition less abrupt,4
+over the past decade the percentage of women regularly screened for cervical cancer remained flat at around only among the lowest rates in the eu overall hungary has the second highest hospitalisation rates for ambulatory caresensitive conditions in the eu largely due to frequent hospitalisations of patients with congestive heart failure copd and asthma hungary fares comparatively better countries when it comes to managing patients with diabetes outside of hospitals with hospitalisation rates about half the eu average figure since hungary has had by far the highest mortality from lung cancer for both men and women compared to the rest of the eu reflecting high smoking rates twice as many men as women died from lung cancer in alcoholrelated deaths in hungary are the third highest in the eu and death rates from road traffic accidents are well above the eu average,3
+a major genderresponsive budgeting program was undertaken by the asia foundation in partnership with several ngos involving six provinces and districts as a result of budgetary analysis by mexico s budgeting for gender equity initiative the secretariat of national defense built nearly childcare facilities and accommodation for women in the army and air force centre for studies fernos b p in gender budgeting was piloted with regional governments see box indraswari,5
+at the national level advisory basin councils have been set up already in kazakhstan and the talas in in kyrgyzstan kyrgyzstan is expecting to complete the establishment of river basin management authorities and basin councils required by the water code in establishment of an interstate chu talas basin council has been proposed and a concept for it developed,6
+lake lammijarv between lake peipsichudskoe and lake pihkva is according to estonian classification partly moderate lake peipsichudskoe side and partly bad lake pihkva side at the time of the first assessment the ecological status of the narva river was reported as good and the transboundary impact was assessed to be insignificant the lake peipsichudskoe retains some of the pollution load which improves water quality in the narva,6
+the development and successful implementation of programmes for the prevention and treatment of drug abuse in central america and the caribbean are largely restricted by the limited resources and institutional capacity of countries in the region in addition governments have to strike a balance between competing developmental priorities and the need to adopt drug abuse prevention and treatment measures however patterns of abuse and trafficking have continued to shift requiring governments in the region to adapt their drug control policies accordingly abuse of prescription drugs continues to be the single biggest challenge to drug control efforts in the region,3
+on the other hand lowincome workers appear to suffer more frequent job losses greater subsequent earning losses and more cycling between precarious manufacturing employment and spells out of unemployment on the other hand technological change is likely to continue impacting labour markets while technological change is difficult to predict possible shocks on the horizon are related to automation,8
+in real terms public spending on education grew at an average annual rate of between and this reflects the growing importance of education as an area of public investment and a clear commitment of national authorities to improve resourcing in education indeed the government which took office in set the ambitious target of converging to a public spending on education of of gdp by the end of its term ineed,4
+the data are collected at the oecd tl territorial level corresponding to nuts regions in europe and to large administrative subdivisions eg mexican states for noneuropean countries first they complement international assessments of differences across regions in living conditions oecd by providing comparable measures of differences in household incomes and poverty levels between regions second they can support the analysis of the levels and implications of income inequality in each region by documenting how household income is distributed within regions and how many people are poor relatively to the typical citizen of their region,1
+country invariance of compensating differentials as a share of income is also supported by research showing that elasticities are relatively similar across countries with a similar level of economic development helliwell et al a fixedeffects framework also reduces the risk of biased estimates dueunobserved heterogeneity ie omitted timeinvariant effects that are correlated to the regressors introducing fixedeffects is indeed equivalent to regressing the change in life satisfaction on the change in explanatory variables in the sample of countries under study there appears to be very low correlation ie below between changes in log income longevity and unemployment and hence no risk of encountering multicollinearity problems,8
+however at the system level across all oecd countries and all countries and economies that participated in pisa there is no clear pattern between a systems overall mathematics performance and whether students in that system spend more time in regular mathematics classes or not table iv since learning outcomes are the product of both the quantity and the quality of instruction time this suggests that crosssystem differences in the quality of instruction time blur the relationship between the quantity of instruction time and student performance,4
+for each country the main trends in poverty as measured by the share of population living on below and a day are shown with two hypothetical maximal and minimal poverty trends in each case the main trends are estimated on the basis of existing information on income distribution in the available household surveys the maximal or minimal trends are estimated by assuming that for the whole period income distribution remains at its most unequal or most equal level attained during the period since while per capita average consumption follows the same trend as in the main estimates,1
+some countries further differentiate the minimum wage by sectoroccupation eg japan and mexico and lower rates are sometimes set for workers on trainingapprenticeships and for disabled workers by contrast in a small countiy like latvia there are considerable practical difficulties of introducing geographic differentiation of minimum wages these difficulties combined with the large regional wage disparities in latvia underline the need to exercise great caution when deciding on acrosstheboard minimumwage adjustments in order to avoid negative employment effects especially in lagging regions more widespread collective bargaining would ensure better representation of worker interests in the wage setting process and remuneration in line with productivity for a larger number of workers,8
+world s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the fao yearbook fishery and aquaculture statistics both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of chinese production reported to the oecd,14
+in peru yearold girls spend on average around two hours while boys of the same age spend a little over one hour research by plan international found similar results in their study girls aged spend more time on household tasks than boys the same age the gap widens to for girls aged,5
+countries with higher gross output present lower levels of enterprise but a higher proportion of opportunitydriven entrepreneurial initiatives in latin america the highest female tea rate is found in ecuador followed by peru the plurinational state of bolivia and chile see figure the male tea rate is higher than the female one in all cases kelley and others,5
+the less energy is required the less of it needs to be produced and imported the less scope there is for any breakdown in supply and yet this intuitively appealing reasoning needs to be qualified in some forms inefficiency can provide a source of flexibility in times of crisis and supply interruptions simply by eradicating its most blatant manifestations,7
+however social norms and barriers may keep women from joining business networks balancing home and work responsibilities was seen as a major or signiticant barrier by of women business owners in nigeria and in argentina this challenge was more difficult for women managers executives and professionals fewer women reported difficulty in argentina perhaps because reported no children at home while only of nigerians reported no children at home,5
+the university of waterloo has been recognized as the most innovative university in canada for more than two decades and it makes sense to direct our innovative spirit toward the challenge of encouraging girls and women to enter and ultimately thrive in stem fields the european parliament is forecasting about seven million new stem jobs by in europe alone and so we believe it is critical to empower those who identify as girls and women to enter these rewarding careers not only for their personal development but also for the betterment of society we have hosted stem outreach experiences for more than years through our engineering science quest esq camps,5
+this is highly relevant for ldcs where the majority of internet use is from mobile phones and where prepaid predominates the itu basket is based on the lowest monthly charge fora package including at least mb of data usage per month the basket finds a wide range of prices across the ldcs in ranging from us to us with the median equal to us figure,9
+the average deductible for individual plans amounts to usd for health maintenance organisations hmos usd for preferred provider organisations ppos and usd for pointofservice plans pos for family coverage the average deductible is usd for hmos usd for ppos and usd for pos kaiser family foundation and health research and education trust other countries impose deductibles for some categories of services only eg for pharmaceuticals,3
+in the prevalence of schizophrenia in the province of stockholm was approximately of the population svenska psykiatriska foreningen the corresponding percentage for nonaffective psychoses is in the same area these results indicated that the prevalence is higher in metropolitan regions compared to the whole country in,3
+this project plan is aiming at to cover these main steps see this section d operational structures rules and procedures and e process and timetable below in a nordic assessment these roles have been translated into a corresponding but simplified set of organisational bodies see box below since the nordic countries do not have governance structures similar to the ipbes plenary and bureau these functions are suggested here to be adapted to the possible circumstances in the nordic context in a pragmatic manner for the potential assessment to be able to be in line with ipbes rules of procedure this has to be defined ie the authorising environment that has to approve the scope give a mandate for the assessment and finally accept the assessment report,15
+it is also important for the emb to undertake an assessment of staff performance and identify needs for professional training and capacitybuilding including in relation to gender sensitisation as part of this process the performance of such agencies during the election and their capacitybuilding needs should be carefully reviewed several cog reports note that women have been discouraged from participating in the electoral process because of the levels of violence perpetuated against them research undertaken by the international foundation for electoral systems ifes indicates that political violence against women affects their effective and sustained participation in the electoral process as voters candidates and party supporters and as electoral officials bardall,5
+various other countries indicated that underperformance entails the possibility to dismiss a school leader or to initiate a separate procedure that may lead to a school leader s dismissal in the case of his or her continued underperformance this includes various states and territories in australia belgium flemish community various provinces and territories in canada chile performance appraisal israel isced level and partially isced level new zealand and northern ireland in the united kingdom in the flemish community of belgium for example school principals on temporary contracts may be dismissed if their performance is rated as unsatisfactory they may however remain employed in a teaching capacity if they had previously been granted a permanent teaching contract flemish ministry of education and training and the university of antwerp edubron research group,4
+accordingly the city has looked to value capture strategies to render these measures costeffective one advantage has been the continuing rise in commercial property values which has greatly enhanced the value of tfl s own real estate holdings in addition the rising trend has enabled the city to use a supplement to an existing property tax on commercial buildings as a powerful value capture mechanism,11
+political concern about mergers has led the parliament to propose a moratorium on mergers although associated legal instruments are not in place ministry of health id instead the minister of health wants the healthcare authority nza to carry out additional merger assessments in terms of quality and access ministry of health c d however having several institutions involved in merger assessments would increase unnecessarily regulatory uncertainty without improving the prevention of anticompetitive mergers to ensure an effective hospital merger assessment the competition authority should develop a clear methodology taking into account all relevant aspects of the problem including consumer welfare concerns such as accessibility of care,3
+the different changes it has engendered are transforming our understanding of higher education today this chapter analyses these issues in two parts the first section delimits and reviews the concept and evolution of elearning from the more traditional forms of distance education to the current modalities of virtual education it also examines the global expansion of elearning in higher education and some of its most recent developments,4
+the process of open recruitment also offers advantages to applicants since they can more directly choose the school and identify with the school s educational project as a result the process is more likely to build a sense of commitment of teachers to the schools where they are recruited it should be noted however that the teacher labour market features a number of rigidities and imperfections,4
+crossreferencing the two sets of dimensions allows population groups to be defined according to their degree of vulnerability the incomevulnerable group which is subdivided into the moderately poor and extremely poor and the socially vulnerable group these dimensions are applied to different population groups according to ethnicity age and area of residence which are used to draw up multidimensional poverty maps despite the usefulness of panel surveys most latin american countries are not yet using them it was found that around half of those living in poverty in had exited by,1
+available from social insurance is often financed through a contributory mechanism that involves beneficiaries employers and the state and covers such areas as health insurance oldage pensions and unemployment maternity sickness and disability benefits social assistance is a noncontributory scheme which takes the form of cash transfers often conditional to poor households persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups it can be either universal or targeted active labour market programmes consist of skill development and training initiatives special work schemes and wage and employment subsidies,8
+definitions also change from country to country a country with limited access to crossborder energy infrastructures but a broad domestic resource base will thus think differently about the security of its energy supplies than a small open economy closely interconnected with its neighbours but with few resources of its own not unlike the notion of sustainability another key dimension of energy policy in oecd countries the notion of security of energy supply is often being applied in different ways to support different policy objectives,7
+despite lower borrowing costs subdued private investment conditions have kept overall investment stagnant at about of gdp for the whole year meanwhile the trade deficit widened in as exports declined mainly due to lower cotton prices nonetheless favourable workers remittances helped narrow the current account deficit and foreign exchange reserve rose to an alltime high of billion at end downside risk includes slower growth of workers remittances as economies in the middle east the major destination of pakistani migrant workers continue to face lower oil revenue and subdued economic activity,8
+access to adequate and affordable ict infrastructure notably national and international broadband connectivity is essential for the development of the software industry this involves consideration of the role of network operators internet exchange points data centres and related regulation while it is beyond the scope of this report to discuss related policies for broadband development in detail several publications from international organizations address this topic in detail technology parks innovation hubs and incubators are sometimes set up with the aim of making it easier for software enterprises to get started innovate and expand see also chapter iii such facilities are of particular value when weak basic infrastructure electricity broadband connectivity represents an obstacle to business development,9
+reductions in the agricultural land use tax by is provided for organisations which manage and use agricultural land and land holdings in excess of the land limits which are used for agriculture and forestry by households and individuals including land allocated by stateowned enterprises reductions in land use taxes have also been used to encourage commercial investment in agriculture and incentivise infrastructure development the policy change resulted in most farm households and organisations either being exempt from paying agricultural land use tax or having the amount they pay reduced figure extension stations exist in out of districts almost all of the districts without a station are completely urban,2
+the environment axis consists of objectives and associated strategies including slowing deterioration of forests and jungles conserving ecosystems and biodiversity and integrating conservation of natural capital with economic and social development this section looks at key sectors for mainstreaming policies addressing agrienvironmental concerns are nascent this is especially concerning as mexico is projected to continue with strong growth in agricultural production in the coming decade with the risk of further expansion of production onto environmentally fragile land oecd b,15
+these trends have been taken into account when estimating the cost of renewable energy annex ii as a result renewable energy is the cheapest option when evaluating the socioeconomic cost for new generation capacity as shown by the level ized cost of energy lcoe for different technologies in figure value of heat set to eurmwh,7
+the need for innovation and new green and inclusive business models also provides an opportunity for companies to contribute to green growth and climate action on a profitable basis by developing new products and services diversifying their business streams as well as reaching new targets a survey of the heads of caring for climate members a coalition of businesses under the un global compact found that over half viewed climate change as a driver of growth and innovation in their companies over the next five years un global compactaccenture furthermore green sectors have experienced higherthanaverage growth rates over the last few years for example the green and renewable energy sector ranks first globally in compounded annual growth rates cagr in revenues by sectors over as shown by nyu stern which tracks historical cagr in revenues and net income by sectors in the same time span the total global market cagr in revenues was for comparison nyu stern,13
+these include the belief that women are much better placed than men to take care of children or that the family might be harmed if mothers work outside the home economic and sociological insights on the persistence of gender differences in wellbeing outcomes are also discussed where relevant the analysis presented in this section covers gender issues across the life cycle from school to the start of a new family and the entry into the labour market to later life and considers both economic income wages occupation and social health education social relations outcomes there are significant differences amongst women and men that may be greater than differences between the two sexes,5
+a particular focus is accorded to production of renewable energy ie solar biogas etc the stated purpose of the strategy is to bring about a modem and competitive agrofood sector that is compatible with a high level of environmental nature and climate protection its central aspect is that it promotes coherence between the environment and production methods through technological innovation and revision of agricultural legislation a total of dkk billion eur billion to be financed in part by the eu rural development programme is to be invested in green growth activities until which is an increase of around compared to previous initiatives,13
+on average the social tariff is some per cent below the wholesale price table but the social tariff is not targeted at the lowincome households rather it benefits all private households as well as the public administration the large majority of poor households moreover have a monthly water consumption that is higher than the maximum allowed in the first consumption block vclientlydecmasitefrtranchesdefacturationettarifs,6
+two reasons could be considered the first is related to project management bureaucratic redtapes poor coordination across relevant authorities and financial conditions may lead to project delays and thus keep reclaimed land vacant such issues have in the past created problems for lgus investors and designated government agencies that had financed the reclamation project through loans and were liable for repayment dacayo,11
+spatial planning decisions also affect citizens quality of life directly including ease of access to jobs services and amenities national and subnational governments across the oecd are involved to varying degrees in policies pertaining to place eg landuse policies and planning property rights land development and redevelopment land registries urban transport and environmental performance in urban areas they have at their disposal a range of policy instruments eg regulation standardsetting technical assistance,11
+importantly countries that have had a historically low burden of cvd disease such as switzerland and japan have still managed to make substantial gains this suggests not only that other countries can also make further gains but also raises important questions about why success has varied so much across countries all countries have been successful in improving life expectancy at birth and at age in percentage terms life expectancy has improved even more once a person reaches years of age,3
+section ii reviews poverty in asia pacific ldcs in terms of both aggregate and disaggregate indicators this covers subjacent medial and ultra poverty and the relationships between poverty and hunger section iii utilizes some of the indicators established for identifying the poor especially in terms of the characteristics of the poorest and the hungriest,1
+the regulatory aspect includes smooth and transparent licensing procedures in particular for technologically complex installations such as nuclear reactors at least as important are however the regulations that organise the working of electricity and carbon markets longterm contracts on the one hand provide certainty and visibility and are thus often crucial for accompanying capitalintensive longterm investments on the other however they can act as a barrier to entry for new potentially more efficient competitors,7
+previously seen as the cinderella among the united nations many preoccupations finally saw access to clean water and sanitation recognised by the un as a human right not a moment too soon oecd modelling suggests that if we continue current trends by billion additional people will be living in river basins that are under extreme water stress despite some good progress driven by the millennium development goals water statistics continue to alarm every year for instance dirty water causes the death of more than million children under the age of water which every culture on earth recognises as the source of life itself is no exception for this reason it is increasingly moving to centre stage whenever and wherever people meet to discuss humanity s response to the major conundrum of how to match growing needs to insufficient or dwindling resources,6
+moreover the plan does not only cover the canadian military it also targets canadian ngos and recommends they adopt codes of conduct in their work to address issues of sexual exploitation and abuse in humanitarian crises one of the central tenets of is the inclusion of women at all decisionmaking levels including parliament and the judiciary in many postconflict countries high numbers of women are reported in political positions,5
+this criterion for identifying the poor was compared with the indirect method more traditional in the region which defines poverty on the basis of per capita household income the basis for this was an analysis of available surveys of living conditions in households in the region providing data for implementing both methodologies to enhance the diagnostic study the assessment of latin america and the caribbean also used thresholds of moderate deprivation which reflect unmet needs that undermine childrens wellbeing and development,1
+of the countries where more than percent of the population are living in extreme poverty all but two are in africa bangladesh and haiti strong global growth in developing countries in particular created the conditions for the reduction by half of the proportion of extreme poor between and in a recent study of longrun growth in countries the strongest driver of poverty reduction among lowestincome earners was found to be increases in average gdp per capita reinforcing the existing consensus on this relationship however both scenarios assume that the same relationship between per capita gdp growth and the decline in poverty is sustained and there is evidence that this is unlikely after poverty reduction reaches the majority of poor people close to the middle of national income distributions poverty will fall more slowly for the remaining poor at the bottom of the income distribution,1
+about usd bln was provided in though the amount was significantly reduced in as part of the subsidy reform fossilfuel subsidies in belarus steadily increased since reaching usd bln and were approaching the level of subsidies in azerbaijan in usd bln energy subsidies in georgia and moldova were much smaller but increased over the review period to the levels of usd and mln respectively,7
+nonetheless the relevant coordination mechanisms are only explicitly provided for in honduras through the executing agency of the presidential commissioner for financial inclusion and in mexico through the national council for financial inclusion which is the only such mechanism actually operating in this respect the clear definition responsibilities and goals of the national strategy for financial inclusion in honduras is noteworthy in mexico a second round of the national survey of financial inclusion has already been implemented which reports on the progress achieved between and and in principle should represent a key input for the adjustments needed to implement the national financial inclusion policy this is complicated by the risks and opportunities arising from the use of technological platforms to offer innovative financial services through new distribution channels,9
+although very subtle there are gender differences in the use of the media which from the perspective of skill requirements in the information and knowledge society are crucial to academic success and labour market integration for these generations timeuse indicators can provide timely information to follow up on policies for expanding access to the internet and other appropriate platforms during this stage of the life cycle nonetheless as discussed in chapter iii of this edition of social panorama of latin america the countries of latin america and the caribbean have not yet succeeded in ensuring that young women and men have the same rights and opportunities in training and labour market integration,5
+a report on energy efficiency courses suggests that there is a wide range of courses nationally relating specifically to energy efficiency and others that include some components of energy efficiency the report estimated there are national training package qualifications which included some components of energy efficiency as well as state accredited vet courses and courses run by industries in nsw more than of all students enrolled in tafe nsw were participating in green skills training well above the target for the system needs to be flexible to respond to the rapidly changing regulatory and market environment,7
+these results have some critical policy implications indeed reducing gender inequality in social institutions increases the probability to have female migrant and then to benefit from its positive effect on gender equality promotion this paper assesses the twoway linkages between gendered migration and discriminatory social norms leading to relevant findings on the interaction between social institutions gender and southsouth migration while gender inequality in social norms constrains female emigration it has no effect on male emigration suggesting that men and womens incentives to migrate differ,5
+the talis average however masks significant differences between countries also includes hours worked during weekends evenings or other offclassroom hours the sum of hours spent on different tasks may not be equal to the number of total working hours because teachers were asked about these elements separately,4
+women from diverse backgrounds continue to face higher barriers during recruitment and promotion processes in for the oecd countries for which data are available women occupied on average of offices in first instance courts and in appeal courts but held only of judgeships in the supreme courts these studies can trigger policy actions by providing information that directly responds to identified gaps,5
+the increase in the korean unemployment rate between december and march was also less than but unemployment in january was percentage points above the precrisis level the upsurge in unemployment during the first two months of was probably due to the temporary expiration of a crisisrelated public works programme reductions in employment may result from either increased job losses or reduced hiring,8
+in addition volatile world market prices for oil pose risks for economic and political stability with sometimes critical effects on energyimporting developing countries oecd there are opportunities for cooperation with developed nations in the area of carbon financing and investment in lowemission energy technologies to break the cycle of poverty and other risks associated with fossil fuel dependence renewable energy can play an important role in providing a more sustainable and secure energy supply for developing nations,7
+nonetheless the relatively small size of the sector limits the contribution that financial sector pay has on income inequality to a small but noticeable amount simulations indicate that most of this contribution is explained by financial institutions paying salaries and bonuses which are above what employees with similar profiles get in other sectors estimations that allow for heterogeneity across workers reveal that this wage premium is more than twice as high for financial sector workers at the top of the distribution than at the bottom the labour market in finance displays other symptoms of imperfection with for example male financial sector workers earning a large wage premium over female financial sector workers again especially at the top,10
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law in particular pupils with an immigrant background who constitute around of the pupils at the relevant age cohort perform significantly worse than native students even after accounting for the socioeconomic status of the parents oecd while the difference between the average pisa scores of pupils with and without an immigrant background does not differ significantly from the oecd average points in slovenia versus the oecd average of on the pisa science scale the gap in the share of top performers between the two groups is large in slovenia being second only to germany across the oecd figure a similar picture emerges when the share of top and strong and not only the top performers is considered oecd a,4
+there is scope to expand the use of pes programmes and economic instruments such as the proposed trading scheme for discharges of nitrogen and phosphorous to combat eutrophication this would be more effective if it were implemented with partners around the baltic sea marine issues were included in the innovation strategy the focus on the conservation and sustainable use of marine ecosystems could be further strengthened in the context of innovation policy and in discussions about a european blue economy strategy,14
+the focus is on this age category rather than later stages of life for two reasons the first is that threefifths of missing women go missing during birth and infancychildhood missing girlswomen at later stages of the life cycle reflect not only discriminatory practices against women but also poor institutions such as lack of healthcare or water and sanitation infrastructure world bank thus the measure used here specifically focuses on a sexselection bias in the period of early infancy where the bias is caused by abortion infanticide and the possibility that young girls are systematically less cared for in early childhood anderson and ray the data comes from mitchell and the un,5
+the state policy on energy efficiency and renewable energy sources is under implementation as stated in the energy sector development programme until the development of centralized heating systems on the basis of cogeneration plants where it is economically feasible is one of the main directions of heating systems development according to the energy sector development programme until it is envisaged to reduce the electricity production from coal to per cent compared to per cent in,7
+in china alone the number of the poor decreased from million in to million in which meant a sharp decrease of china s poverty rate from to per cent progress in several other countries of the region has also been impressive for the east asia and pacific region as a whole the incidence of poverty declined from to per cent during the period,1
+second policy action should address all those factors that hamper women s labour market prospects even when they have the same endowments of skills and capital as men in particular policy makers should concentrate on freeing women s time by easing the burden of caring duties and by encouraging men to be more actively involved in housework promoting flexible work arrangements and making parental leave more effective can play an important role in this respect,5
+however klasen argues that as no society past or present treated the two sexes equally and the two sexes did not differ in survivalrelated behaviours it is hard to separate biology from behaviour thus it is hard to say whether females should enjoy a longevity advantage of or five years views vary on whether income and labour force participation are relevant indicators related to women s wellbeing klasen argues that it is not immediately clear that gender inequalities in labour force participation should necessarily be seen as relevant for a wellbeing assessment as it might be the result of a consensual division of labour within the household,5
+many scientists are in agreement that ppm is the maximum acceptable limit for atmospheric c the difference in c concentration between preindustrial times and the present day is ppm thus the most pessimistic scenario from the latest ipcc report is for a c concentration in the order of ppm by,13
+this decision was based on the petition from the association of municipalities and cities in the federation of bosnia and herzegovina to request the constitutional court to decide whether the law on forests is harmonized with the european charter of local selfgovernance to protect the right of local selfgovernance according to the constitution of the federation of bosnia and herzegovina the federation is responsible for land use policy on the level of the federation while the cantons are responsible for policy on the protection of the environment and use of natural resources since such alignments were not realized within the set time limit the law on forests was proclaimed invalid,15
+they can also guide teachers in preparing learning programmes and lessons that might be needed in order for students to be able to reach the prescribed standards for example it provides content standards describing what all students should learn at each grade level and places a significant amount of responsibility on educators to determine how the content should be implemented,4
+table presents data in selected countries showing the percentage of women in senior positons in political parties the data reveal that while political parties are no longer a maleexclusive institution there is still considerable room for more female participation women make up almost per cent of local government positions in lesotho and seychelles per cent of the members of local councils or municipal assemblies in namibia and over onethird of local government seats in mauritania mozambique united republic of tanzania and uganda,5
+since these cannot meet the cookingthermal needs of households one of the requirements of the doe is that the suppliers of nongrid technologies augment their services by selling thermal fuels such as paraffin and liquefied petroleum gas lpg the installation of shs must be such that the maximum densification of the installed base is achieved in a specific area the service provider who holds a monopoly for servicing an area must make sure that universal access is achieved in a village identified as a nongrid area in early the doe issued a call for proposals for nongrid rural electrification,7
+the imf also suggested that simultaneous budget deficit cuts in many countries were likely to have a cumulatively adverse effect in the world economic outlook the imf acknowledged serious underestimation of the values of multipliers at the time hence the actual adverse output and employment impacts are likely to have been much larger as is clear from more recent evidence cited earlier hence the potential longermn benefits of fiscal consolidation must be balanced against the short and mediumrun adverse impacts on growth and jobs,8
+in particular small and mediumsized enterprises smes which lag in productivity relative to larger firms and governments lag in their adoption and use for example while almost of enterprises in the oecd had a broadband connection in of enterprises with or more employees used cloud computing compared to less than a quarter of smes this is a concern because evidence suggests that a slowdown in the diffusion of technologies and knowledge from frontier to lagging firms may be an important source of the current aggregate productivity slowdown,9
+ofsted is the office for standards in education children s services and skills in england ofsted inspect and regulate services which care for children and young people and those providing education and skills for learners of all ages ofsted regularly publish reports on schools in englandsee,4
+each country will need to determine what efforts are most appropriate to its unique priorities and capacity ideally there would be consensus on the broad outlines of a trade agenda that complements and supports the paris agreement while delivering positive trade and investment outcomes several commonwealth countries are already manoeuvring to take advantage of the opportunities,13
+school access has been expanded by investment in school infrastructure and recruitment of teachers in higher education too the number of providers continues to rise rapidly a new law enshrining the rights of all children to free and compulsory education will further lift enrolment bringing closer the government s goal of universal elementary education which comprises eight years of schooling,4
+also by law workers have the right to request their employers to insure them nic although firms must insure workers when their contracts specify or more basic working hours per week workers with lower basic working hours may have higher actual working hours higuchi reported that the percentage of workers contributing to employment insurance was for men for women which suggests low coverage of nonregular employment if the numbers enrolled in the el system million in and million in are compared with total number of employees aged the implied el coverage was in and fell to in japan statistical yearbook tables and,8
+regulatory changes requiring buildings within a designated zone to connect to the system allow district heating and cooling projects to realise widespread energy efficiency gains cities can also improve the conditions for distributed clean energy investments by providing lowinterest loan programmes which enable property owners to install renewable energy technologies in some cases repayable through property taxes as in several united states cities or through ordinances requiring installation of renewable energies in new buildings such as barcelona s solar thermal ordinance oecd access to the longterm finance required for regional clean energy investments can for instance be considerably facilitated by tapping regional financial markets,7
+disasters caused by vulnerability to natural hazards have a strong negative impact on the development process in both industrialized and developing countries the indicator may be expressed as percentage of total population for human loss and of gdp for economic loss disasters involving natural hazards can have devastating short and longterm impacts on the society and the economy of any country adversely affecting progress towards sustainable development in addition to total emissions sectoral c emissions can be considered,15
+governance actions to promote resilience are further hampered by fragmented decision jurisdictions hanna it includes guidance and directives on economic social biological ecological and governmental matters who is a policy maker varies according to the particular political and legal context of a fishery over a variety of different political and legal contexts the implicit goal of fishery policy is to increase the resilience and adaptive capacity of the fishery fishing industry fishing communities and fishery governance,14
+this practice is usually perceived as an extra opportunity to fully acquire the required knowledge in order to move forward however research has consistently shown that grade repetition does not provide greater benefits than promotion to the next grade brophy in japan malaysia and norway no yearold student had repeated a grade while in colombia and macaochina over of students had repeated a grade at least once,4
+other studies also show that in rural areas relatively wealthy households benefit more from chemical fertilizer price subsidy than poor rural households holden et al a multistakeholder accord on green economy might be considered a similar approach has been agreed in south africa establishing the relative roles and commitments of business civil society and central and local government here there are opportunities for improving synergies with the climate resilience strategy identifying enterprises and activities that also adapt and build resilience to extreme weather and climate change,13
+section discusses the findings and concludes the paper data sources are mostly national statistical institutes except for eleven countries for which the who global information system on alcohol and health is used belgium chile germany greece iceland israel italy luxembourg portugal spain and uk the methodology to convert alcoholic drinks to a more readily comparable metric of pure alcohol may differ across countries,3
+to amplify this message of solidarity and strength hollywood stars with many millions of social media followers around the world are partnering in their timesup movement with women and girls from rural areas students civil society activists and others whose voices have been long ignored in africa activists and survivors are speaking out against female genital mutilation fgm and child marriage they are led by such women as jaha dukureh the unwomen regional goodwill ambassador for africa on fgm and ending child marriage in latin america women have taken to the streets to protest the murder of human rights activist marielle franco and to stand up against femicide through the ni una menos not one less campaign in sweden an open letter from hundreds of actors sharing their testimonies and demanding zero tolerance of harassment led to thousands of women across all industries echoing those appeals first and foremost it has shown the strength of solidarity and sisterhood,5
+it is likely then that a university or private contractor will be needed to carry out such an evaluation nevertheless the lack of a national hta institute stands in marked contrast to most other oecd countries and renewed effort is needed to consider how one could be established especially given current fiscal constraints new initiatives focussing on reducing the prevalence of smoking excess weight and harmful alcohol consumption and initiatives focussed early in the life course on children adolescents and families are especially important in the czech context,3
+but regions remain restricted by the loss of the general competence clause and the principle that no government can exert oversight over other governments where it lacks clear jurisdiction both france and austria have established regular conferences that provide such structure but at different scales and for different topics france s territorial conferences for public action focus on dialogue between regions and local authorities and are open to a range of thematic areas whereas the austrian conference on spatial planning assembles representatives from all levels of government and is specifically targeted to address spatial planning issues they were established mandated as part of the maptam law and are intended to strengthen dialogue between local authorities including epci and the region and to coordinate responsibilities,11
+these calls have been motivated by concerns that some forms of support may complicate sustainable fisheries resources management by promoting overcapacity and overfishing this was motived by the view that often commercial fisheries are exploited potentially exploited by more than one nation either because fishermen from more than one country operate in the same area or because the fish migrate from one jurisdiction to another as a result fisheries subsidies may not have just an impact on trade but an additional effect of hindering a trading partner s ability to produce fish products if one country subsidises its fisheries to the extent that the resource is diminished,14
+raised income levels subsequent to welfare reform both for those in and out of work may therefore be expected to have a positive effect on children a review of the evidence on welfare reform and child outcomes in the united states waldfogel concludes that those most vulnerable to doing poorly as a result of policy changes are the very young under age two and adolescents detrimental effects are most likely to occur where there are no gains in income when mothers are working in lowwage or longhour jobs or jobs which reduce the amount of parents time with children such as jobs with nonstandard work hours or long commutes the evidence has largely supported investment in early years services with cunha and heckman arguing that early intervention to break the link between poverty in childhood and outcomes in later life is crucial because of the way skills are developed skill begets skill and learning begets more learning early advantages accumulate just as early disadvantages do while later interventions may still be worthwhile it is much more costly to intervene to affect outcomes for teenagers,1
+fourth the coverage of indigenous scholarship programmes is low also chile provides resources for the implementation of programmes that promote school enrolment and attendance in rural and remote areas in particular scholarships becas de integracion territorial are offered to students finishing their basic education so they can continue into upper secondary education,4
+men in the kitchen is an opportunity for them to develop their own skills and assume household responsibilities women and girls may be reluctant to have men and boys engage in housework for fear or losing the limited responsibility they have in the home women and girls can also internalise gender stereotypes on which tasks are socially acceptable for women or men making them resistant to change thus as hopem s experience shows real redistribution of domestic responsibilities requires rethinking restrictive gender roles by and for both women and men,5
+due to the infeed of low marginal cost electricity the supply curve shifts to the right with a significant decrease of the number of hours in which peakand mediumload technologies are marginal this results in lower spot and average electricity prices and in a reduction of inframarginal rent for base and mediumload technologies the former effect affects mainly peakload type of generators while the latter is more relevant for base and mediumload generators,7
+the first aspect concerns the adaptation of the demand curve as discussed earlier smart grids have the capabilities to provide flexible load curves through demand response demand shifting and integration of storage the key question here also relates to the potential and to which extent this potential might be used in a geographic wide setting at this moment smart grids projects are in a piloting phase so the full potential of demand response and demand shifting is not yet clear,7
+the only ridership growth has taken place in chicago s central neighbourhoods metropolitan planning council although the regional comprehensive plan go to adopted the goal of doubling public transport ridership by as a means of increasing mobility and creating more liveable communities some parallel policies at various government levels are stimulating car use such policies include generous parking policies a gas tax that is relatively low from an international perspective and the lack of congestion charges or parking fees in most areas,11
+they have also conducted a variety of research projects pertaining to the status of women and girls for instance the national commission for lebanese women initiated a campaign to lobby for legal reform in the field of economic rights and published a study on women s rights in lebanese law morocco is often cited for its commitment to genderresponsive budgeting it releases an annual budgetary report that provides all details about its spending disaggregated by sex and recently went a step further with an organic law of finance that enshrines gender equality as a key principle in the objectives and performance indicators of the moroccan national budget moreover egypt has created an equal opportunities unit within its ministry of finance and palestine has formed a national committee to oversee the development of more genderresponsive budgets in the future,5
+however adults seen at primary practices with the attributes of a pcmh where clinicians are accessible know patients medical history and help coordinate care rated their care higher and were less likely to experience coordination gaps or report medical errors the conclusion supports the need for redesigning primary care developing care teams accountable across sites of care and managing transitions well primary care is at the centre of the care system in sweden and well positioned and qualified to take on such a role,3
+plastic litter in the ocean can be considered a common concern of humankind the background section describes the rationale for the report noting that marine plastic litter is a global concern and summarises the unea process this is placed within the context of existing governance frameworks at international and regional scales and linked to the un sustainable development goals under agenda,14
+previous research shows that when schools utilise a dynamic priority structure soft bounds it allows them to admit fewer or more students than their ceiling as long as students with the highest priority are given their optimal choice this is more beneficial for the overall welfare for all types of students than hard bounds which strictly limit the number of accepted students for each type as opposed to hard bounds soft bounds do no commit schools to achieve a balance among the different types of students,4
+crop losses are also higher for femaleheaded households in lao people s democratic republic amounting to per cent of total rice production compared with per cent for maleheaded households faosida b globally fao estimates suggest that providing women with the same access to productive resources as men could increase yields on their farms by per cent raising total agricultural output by per cent this suggests an important distinction between gender inequalities that arise directly from gender norms and what might be called contingent inequalities those which arise indirectly from the interaction between the resulting disadvantages and those due to poverty they may on average have more limited educational opportunities because of gender biases in household decisionmaking andor differential provision,5
+the project continued in when containers were placed in an additional locations currently in podgorica and the urban municipalities of tuzi and golubovci containers for separate waste collection are spread over locations collected waste is transported to the regional recycling centre at landfill livade where it is treated,12
+he visited patagonia chile and antarctica where he stressed in the backdrop of fastmelting ice that all this may be gone and not in the distant future unless we act together now in antarctica he launched the caring for climate initiative convened by the un global compact the unfccc secretariat and the un environment programme unep meant to galvanize also business leaders to generate solutions in he formed his climate change support team ccst a small unit located inside the executive office of the secretarygeneral to provide political analytical strategic communication and outreach support on climate change this team reported directly to the secretarygeneral and beginning in provided him with neutral unbranded advice on engaging with heads of state and government leaders from the corporate finance and investor communities religious faiths the global scientific community and civil society both summits attracted more than heads of state and government and raised climate change to the top rungs of the global agenda you need to set an agenda a road map to a more secure climate future coupled with a tight timeline that produces a deal by,13
+it then examines womens gains in control over resources across diverse regional settings focusing in particular on labour market earnings and productive assets this shows that progress has been uneven across countries as well as within them and identifies some of the constraints that stand in womens way the chapter then looks at marital property and inheritance regimes and the gap between women and men in terms of asset ownership,5
+for example several tariffs in the eu are indexed to inflation and adjusted on an annual basis in the uk retail price index which includes the price of electricity in its basket indexation exists on the renewable obligation certificate roc system onshore wind farms receive certificate offshore though this is likely to be grandfathered into a new structure feedin tariff with a contract for difference fit cfd in projects where specific inflation protection is not provided high current cash flows provide a certain level of inflation protection finally the assets provide a hedge to energy inflation as they have long useful lives and potentially benefit from scarcity value in the future ie fewer desirable windsolar sites,7
+within that context the gcc countries produce approximately half the world s desalinated water and jordan palestine and yemen are incorporating the desalination of seawater and brackish in their water strategies in order to augment their water supplies largescale investments are already under way in jordan and yemen and small household desalination units can be found in the gaza strip however some adverse environmental impacts are associated with desalination including the discharge of hot and concentrated brine into coastal marine environments the entrapment of aquatic creatures in plants intakes and the production of carbon dioxide co,6
+world employment and social outlook trends for youth available from documentspublicationwcms pdf note diagnosing planning and designing youth employment interventions available from youthemploymentwcms lang enindexhtm,8
+there are also policies targeting land degradation and reclamation the promotion of the protection of native birch woods and restoration of marshlands a number of strategies have been adopted for various issues and sectors planning and taking into use national level biodiversity accounting could be set as a target in the next version of the nbsap in accordance with the aichi targets,15
+first within the ict sector itself governments should focus upon removing policies that prevent competition and limit innovation instead they need to encourage and facilitate the introduction of innovative ictbased products and solutions second in nonict sectors of the economy agriculture health energy transportation commerce etc,9
+this figure drops to for the atrisk population and to for those who are not at risk of poverty the opposite is true for the age group of years and over which accounts for about for the poor population but of the members of the population group that is not at risk of poverty this percentage diminishes as income levels rise to the point where only of the group classified as not at risk have not completed this level of education the largest category in the group of nonindigent poor and those at risk of becoming poor is made up of those who have completed primary school but have not completed their secondary education about in each of these groups,1
+in chile mexico turkey and the united states until health insurance coverage is voluntary at least for a part of the population in chile employees in the formal sector must enrol in a health insurance plan and pay of their monthly income or pension for coverage they can choose to enrol with the public insurance fund called fonasa which covers around of the population or with one of the thirteen private health insurance funds isapres seven private funds are competing in an open market while others are associated with public enterprises and their employees,3
+as with international funding mechanisms capacity both technical and operational remains an overarching challenge in many contexts undp a number of countries have started making headway in strengthening their investment appraisal mechanisms to integrate climate change box dedicated climate finance should support the strengthening of national systems and capacity for mainstreaming the benefitcost ratio bcr for a given policy is recalculated capturing the impact and associated costs of climate change,13
+in fact these references reinforce the idea of work as being paid work outside of the home as discussed above the cedaw committee has tried to address this gap in the convention in two general recommendations the second focuses on measuring and valuing women s unremunerated domestic activities in national accounts cedaw committee b but it fails to consider mechanisms to address the imbalance between women and men in the household or to remunerate women for such work,5
+for example some women s activities and contribution to the economy and society are not adequately captured in statistics if old concepts of work and labour force which do not take into account all forms of work are used see for example the section entitled work in chapter ii for example gender statistics in agriculture should be based on an adequate coverage of all agricultural holdings including smallholdings where women are predominant should include information on farm labour disaggregated by sex age and other social and economic characteristics and should cover aspects of management and ownership of agricultural resources at the most disaggregated level possible such as the subholding and individual levels furthermore new concepts and new methods of data collection should be used for the production of gender statistics for example recent methodological developments in timeuse surveys and violence against women surveys and changes towards more comprehensive statistics in national accounts so that unpaid work is covered should be integrated in the production of national statistics,5
+informal jobs display lower earnings quality higher insecurity and lower quality of the working environment as captured by a higher incidence of long hours accordingly the chapter examines workers transitions into and out of informality this analysis which helps to clarify the role of informal jobs in social mobility and potential persistent effects on workers careers is limited to four countries for which the necessary data are available urban china urban colombia south africa and hirkey this finding casts doubt on the hypothesis that informality constitutes a reliable stepping stone towards better jobs this suggests some workers may become trapped in a vicious circle cycling between informal jobs and nonstandard lowerquality formal jobs,8
+however these potential economic gains must be balanced against the possible environmental costs road and rail development can lead to deforestation and biodiversity loss increased traffic on new roads increases air pollution which can affect health negatively even when the infrastructure is in place operation also requires funding,9
+kerekere is a form of reciprocity in which one may ask neighbours friends and relatives for goods and services to meet one s basic socioeconomic needs or for the purpose of fulfilling certain social obligations ratuva some of these customs are traditions such as the utu extended family karekare taking turns at joint work with nonutu members te aiai sharing fire bubuti the requesting of gifts based on family relationships te katabetabe burden sharing especially at funerals and tekaonono sharing food with people outside the utu the mata chiefly title system in samoa that controls all local government is a traditional wellorganized social protection system,1
+in ethiopia for example per cent of rural women are engaged in nonfarm activities compared with per cent of men central statistical agency of ethiopia and world bank in lao people s democratic republic per cent of the household members involved in nonfarm activities are women the great majority per cent of them working in wholesale and retail trade faosida b artisanal agroprocessing is a traditionally female occupation in many countries and agroindustrial processing of highvalue products such as fish flowers and livestock products exhibits a marked occupational pattern by gender characterized by predominantly female employment table and significant occupational segregation by sex,5
+similarly of entrants to tertiarytype b institutions graduate compared to the oecd average of japan fell from first in mathematics in to sixth among oecd countries in from second to third in science and from eighth to th in reading comprehension australia has a child care benefit ccb a voucher given to families to help with the cost of care it varies with family income the number of children in childcare centres and the type of care received,4
+tier requires kwh per household per year for households to meet most electrical needs for eight hours a day with improved energy efficient appliances such as light emitting diode led technology this demand is expected to drop further for example the cost of a standard package of skwh per year should not be more than per cent of a household s income,7
+in this context a gender impact assessment was introduced in in korea adopted the gender impact assessment act which applies to all laws decrees and projects of the central and local governments existing guidelines have also been revised to ensure that the gender impact assessments are applied to new government activities,5
+other environmentally important polluting substances are emitted to air beyond ghgs and odss the most important are the different fractions of pm which is an air pollutant consisting of mixed solid ie dust and liquid particles suspended in the air furthermore the particulate material contains different chemical elements and compounds that can be harmful beyond the potential impact of dust for example pm can contain chemical constituents such as sulphates nitrates and ammonium,6
+action in the energy sector to ensure sustainability is tied very closely with action on climate change there are many cobenefits of climate change action that flow to the energy sector which include access to clean and safe sources of energy and ensuring climateresilient infrastructure if the identified responses solutions and contributions to combating climate change ndcs can be financed and implemented at the same time as extending access to energy to all of their populations commonwealth pacific small states will achieve real independence through energy and economic security building local employment capacity to undertake these tasks and reducing the need for imports especially through local food production will also assist in strengthening the economy and reducing fuel import bills,7
+they find that over the shortrun higher unemployment is associated with lower overall mortality but high unemployment over longer periods of time is associated with higher mortality data from the state of pennsylvania reveals that the impact of a job loss on mortality rates persist for years after the event with an estimated loss in life expectancy of years for a worker displaced at age forty sullivan and von wachter on the one hand economic recessions can lead to higher health care needs particularly in areas such as mental health which may in turn lead to higher health care utilisation,3
+accordingly there is a need for meaningful curricula intercultural and bilingual education and initiatives for involving the families of excluded children and young people unesco in view of the enormous weight of the family environment in determining the relationship between family members and education the social and economic returns from investing in early childhood education are vital unesco a the focus on early childhood education in recent years led to the world conference on early childhood care and education held in moscow in providing a comprehensive approach to the developmental needs of children in this stage of life,4
+while these programmes were not intended to directly target agricultural pollution of the bay indirectly they have had a number of beneficial impacts on water quality in the bay most significantly has been the decline in soil erosion on cropland and pasture attributed to conservation compliance under the conservation reserve program crp oecd b also expenditure on the environmental quality and incentive program eqip has been increased rapidly over recent years figure with more than half the programme s funding directed at water quality conservation and managing livestock manure shortle et al,6
+crosssubsidies for both energy producers and consumers are another widespread mechanism in georgia for instance electricity producers sell electricity to the grid at differentiated tariffs that ensure lower costs to end consumers but in practice provide crosssubsidies from cheap hydropower generation to highercost natural gas generation another example is belarus where commercial consumers of natural gas electricity and heat pay a premium in the tariff put in place to crosssubsidise the tariff for households furthermore heat tariff for households is crosssubsidised not just through the higher heat tariffs for commercial users but also through tariff for electricity since belarus cogenerates a lot of its heat and electricity,7
+important considerations when developing a questionnaire on violence against women include the length of the completed interview the mode of interviewing the need for skip and filter questions the importance of establishing a rapport with respondents the wording and order of questions including multiple opportunities to disclose the need to ensure respondent safety and the importance of minimizing emotional trauma this questionnaire can be expanded andor adapted for individual country contexts and used as a dedicated survey questionnaire development begins with qualitative research in which survey managers review the relevant studies on violence against women in order to assess the primary policy and research issues that a survey on violence against women could help to address,5
+saving lives our healthier nation department of health reconfirmed mental health as a key priority for the nhs and set a target to reduce suicide and death from undetermined injuries associated with mental ill health by a fifth the national service framework for mental health in adults of working age published in was a year strategy resulting in a significant growth in community mental health provision with the development of early intervention assertive outreach crisis intervention and home treatment approaches and community teams the first mental health act in england the county asylum act was passed in and was followed by the lunacy acts of and,3
+at the national level macroprudential policies can prevent the financial system from becoming dangerously fragile ideally a gender analysis of national budgets should also examine fiscal policy at the aggregate level total spending total revenues and deficit financing the ministry of finance has developed a budget tracking system to measure the gender responsiveness of public spending and donor aid along five indicators,5
+however there is a motherhood wage penalty in the case of informal workers the predicted natural log of the hourly wage is pesos for nonmothers and pesos for mothers the positive wage gap of in favour of nonmothers is significant and almost the entire difference is significantly unexplained or associated with possible discrimination thus these findings bear out the original hypothesis of a motherhood wage penalty in the informal sector and most of this penalty is attributable to discrimination or unobserved factors it is also worth noting that this differential in the informal sector is at the upper end of the distribution of the motherhood wage penalty estimates reported above,5
+student selection and sorting may also create stereotypes and stigmas that could eventually affect student engagement and learning vertical stratification refers to the ways in which students progress through school as they become older horizontal stratification refers to differences in instruction within a grade or education level school systems determine which specific programmes to offer vocational or academic for example the age at which students are admitted into these programmes and the extent to which students academic records are used to select students for their schools,4
+stronger partnerships between tertiary education institutions and industrial associations could stimulate innovation in the modes of delivery of education and training this would require transparent pathways between different levels of education and also between higher education institutions in penang there is a lack of pathways between higher education institutions on the one hand and between higher education institutions and vocational institutions,4
+the first category consists of developed countries with oldage poverty rates lower than the oecd overall average below per cent among older persons these countries include the netherlands per cent the czech republic per cent canada per cent france per cent poland per cent norway per cent and italy per cent in the majority of these countries the poverty rate for older people is lower than or the same as the poverty rate for the whole population figure,1
+they are unable to determine however whether the effect of equity on the distribution of growth stems from the boost given to earnings by the relatively low wages paid to women whose entry into the workforce may lower average wages and hence reduce what is known as the efficiency wage whether or not increases in women workers productivity will actually translate into unbiased wage increases will depend on structural aspects of the economy and its institutions which may reduce or heighten womens wage bargaining power employment gaps in the presence of lower wages for women can reduce growth because the opportunity for using cheaper labour as a competitive advantage is lost seguino,5
+the expenditure per student is relatively high compared to other countries both at the primary and lower secondary level see figure in the most recent comparison available the expenditure per student was and above the oecd and eu averages for primary education and and above the averages of the oecd and eu areas for lower secondary education although primary and lower secondary education are typically provided under the same roof in the folkeskole expenditures are slightly higher at the lower secondary level than at the primary level presumably because of longer school days for students at the lower secondary level,4
+it is essential for lighting heating and cooking as well as for education modern health treatment and productive activities yet billion people lack such access and more than half of all people living in developing countries rely on the combustion of traditional biomass eg wood to meet their basic energy needs for cooking and heating lack of access to modern energy sources is both the result and the cause of poverty as it exacerbates and perpetuates poverty,7
+educational lag is costly for the education systems of the region even bearing in mind that several countries have automatic promotion systems for the first few grades by years of age there is already a significant percentage of children who are two or more years behind the grade they should be in see figure ii according to unesco in the period the overall percentage of repeaters for all primary education grades was and the dropout rates for grades one through six were and respectively unesco b in nearly million children were not in school primary education completion rates are in urban areas but only in rural areas,4
+the latter are higher than those found in electricity sector modelling since abatement costs outside the electricity sector will be significantly higher the question is however whether they can be more than four times higher since electrification remains an option for the majority of uses of fossil fuel combustion here future modelling work and empirical studies will be required to bridge the gap neither the discussions about the social cost of carbon nor the discussions about the marginal cost of abatement according to a politically chosen quantity target are anywhere near to conclusion,7
+prima facie the fact that the average number of acutecare beds per capita is relatively low while the average occupancy rate in israeli hospitals in is among the highest in the oecd area suggests that the hospital sector is efficient in this dimension figure however the fact that the australia ireland and the united kingdom consider an occupancy rate of as an appropriate limit is perhaps a sign that bed occupancy in israel may have been pushed too far in addition press reports citing instances of overcrowding such as patient beds being located in corridors are fairly frequent,3
+providing information on impacts and vulnerability in national communications is mandatory for annex i parties and is also requested for nonannex i parties unfccc and an assessment of main vulnerabilities is included in napas identifying and assessing information on climate vulnerabilities are also two suggested steps described in the technical guidelines of the nap process leg nevertheless country reporting on how they have gone about conducting assessments of impacts and vulnerability could help other countries learn lessons as to how to improve such assessments,13
+underpinning both approaches is the view that government inefficiency has contributed to a wide range of macroeconomic dislocations in escwa member countries one view maintains that this has happened because of excessive protectionism misallocation of resources and the introduction of restrictions to the workings of the market as if markets alone could be relied upon to resolve spontaneously the large disequilibria in the escwa labour markets however when compared to other developing regions labour markets in the escwa region are not as rigid as they may appear,8
+these funds were used mainly to collaboratively disseminate technologysupported education to more diverse student populations the catalyst initiative also provided nonfinancial support for collaboration including opportunities for facetoface meetings online communication infrastructure training and coaching regular monitoring feedback and communication design of the hp catalyst initiative cont the structure of the catalyst initiative was designed to promote collaboration for innovation in stem education at three different levels first at the project level the catalyst members carried out core research and development work on technology and stemeducation second at the consortium level full and associate members were grouped together to enhance collaboration and innovation around specific themes such as informal learning assessment or teacher professional development box,4
+this collaboration started years before chile became a member of the oecd in as a part of this work in the oecd performed a review of national policies for education and an analysis of the chilean education system the reviews deliver policy recommendations which can be complemented with oecd advice on implementation,4
+at the same time a part of expenditures shown in the categories incapacity related housing or other social policy areas which includes social assistance may provide income support to the elderly total social expenditure levels increased but cash transfers for the nonelderly often did not hungary israel slovak republic and slovenia are not included in the graphs as mid s data are not available for these countries,10
+the first of these disaggregates any variation in poverty and indigence rates into two components growth in average income growth effect and changes in the way this income is distributed distribution effect the latter involves assessing the role played by the different sources contributing to household income and paying special attention to the labour market factors accounting for changes in earnings the growth effect was particularly important in argentina colombia the dominican republic ecuador and honduras where it accounted for or more of the decline in poverty,1
+nevertheless recent evidence in particular from germany suggests that this is increasingly the case the present analysis is based on daily market data from eex the largest european electricity exchange operator the available data cover the period between first january and the end of july an initial simplified case evaluates the potential benefits of load following of an ideal electricity generator that has no technical or economical constraints,7
+early warning systems and mechanisms for sharing information along the food value chain will be critical to the success of climatesmart agricultural development the broad coalition of nongovernmental organizations and private corporations which signed the new york declaration on forests in is one example of the catalytic role public finance can play the coalition seeks to reduce global emissions of greenhouse gases by between and gt annually conway et al,13
+standards related to the quality of water supply services and nonrevenue water can stimulate more systematic roll out of swm and related technologies to detect leakage and respond to consumers demand guidelines are supported by websites green products databases and pro forma requests for tenders the green purchasing network arguably is the most active international network in this area initiatives in this area could enhance ksmw s competitiveness visavis standard water supply services for korean cities,6
+from the impact evaluations conducted in nepal the strategy was recognised as being one of a very limited set of opportunities young people have had to participate in urban planning and engage with experts and officials this work focused on a location called kiberia the largest informal settlement in kenya s capital nairobi it houses around to people who live in congested conditions and with few public spaces a critical requirement for young people s leisure recreation and sense of freedom it was used as a tool for dialogue in working with young people to ensure that their play space was not compromised in the new design for the community this was particularly in relation to ensuring that a new access road that cut across the market did not result in a major loss of play space,11
+between and those living in urban areas increased by nearly to reach of the colombian population while of the population lived in rural areas it is projected that of the colombian population will live be urbanised by infant mortality rates have decreased from deaths per live births in to in oecd average deaths per live births,3
+the second analysis introduces additional operational constraints such as a minimum load level and limits on the speed of the power ramp rates of course this exercise only applies to the highly volatile dayahead spot price prices in the electricity forward markets in which a substantial share of electricity is traded include some measure of capital costs display much more stable price curves and do not offer any scope for economic load following,7
+this indication came at cop in cancun when a senior member of the chinese delegation declared that there had been some rethinking on transparency now we think if we have done something why not say so having formerly refused international monitoring of domestic mitigation efforts this statement suggests a loosening of a tightly held position while the implementation schemes have not yet been agreed this development does signal a change on the one hand as the copenhagen pledge has been incorporated into the twelfth fiveyear programme the central leadership feels reassured that china will meet its target and thus not risk being exposed as a weak and unreliable actor in the international regime,13
+fishing right allocation depends on the type of fishing gear and size of fishing boat the overall goal is to achieve longterm economic social and environmental sustainability and ecosystem balance whilst also ensuring adequate quality and hygienic standards for consumption this disease affecting both penaeus monodon and p vannamei occurs in shrimps of days after stocking in growout ponds and leads to mortality rates of to its results show that after three years of high prevalence especially in the disease occurrence,14
+responsibilities for providing health care services differ across municipalities depending on their level of development and administrative capacity this arrangement has resulted in greatly heterogeneous levels and quality of services for instance around of the municipalities mostly in the poorest regions do not provide urgent medical care and of them do not have a resident publicsector doctor issa this is an especially important issue in brazil given its continental size and the shortcomings of its transportation network there is evidence that more sophisticated procedures are largely unavailable to more than half of the population without private insurance plans as they mainly are supplied by the private sector only issa,3
+such examples include the g the clean energy ministerial the climate and clean air coalition the friends of fossil fuel subsidy reform the carbon pricing leadership coalition and many others in other words climate change can be tackled through cooperative action in a number of subfields such as clean energy development carbon pricing initiatives and fossil fuel subsidy reform they have introduced a nexus thinking showing that many goals for sustainable development where climate change is one of goals are interlinked,13
+countries with low tertiary enrolment levels azerbaijan georgia and republic of moldova should establish more places and ensure equitable access to tertiary institutions the vet system requires detailed delivery plans with greater involvement of national and local employers in addition to budget allocation it is important to consider whether spending on education is efficient and well targeted,4
+arguably to date the fisheries management toolbox has experimented with the full spectrum of management controls it is noted that the modern toolbox represents a diversity of management approaches that are most effective when operated jointly and designed specifically and uniquely for the context and fishery in question the fisheries management toolbox exhibits strengths and weaknesses with regard to dynamic changes in the complex environments in which it operates,14
+the main difficulty with this criticism lies in how to operationalize the multidimensional notion of poverty responding to this issue some offer to reduce multidimensionality to a few basic dimensions the united nations development programme undp human poverty index is an attempt to go beyond income in constructing a composite poverty index the millennium development goals also recognize the multidimensional nature of human wellbeing through the deployment of a broad range of objectives and targets the contention here is that the nature of poverty is countryspecific along these lines it has been argued that by using a common international poverty threshold that would be applicable to the poorest countries one would necessarily underestimate global poverty,1
+the second is the spending on social assistance benefits which is also a benefit for a disadvantaged population with no labour market income the allowance received by families living in this situation appeals to reduce the exposure of children living in these families to poverty finally spending per person receiving pension benefits shares a strong and negative association with withincountry changes in the relatively child poverty rates table d reports the results of the estimation obtained with data on social cash transfer payment rates measured as the average payment rate for a twoparent family,1
+the gender gap in entrepreneurial activities has changed very little in most countries since they also tend to earn less evidence suggests a slight narrowing in the gap between the proportion of selfemployed men and women with employees the evidence on selfemployment earnings is too sparse to draw conclusions about whether the gap is closing,5
+they also had similar challenges particularly around logistics and transportation as well as coordination of efforts on the ground however in terms of learning from their experiences while both countries conducted workshops to review the lessons learnt only vanuatu produced a detailed report with practical recommendations forthe government to pursue this is further evidence of vanuatus strong commitment to disaster risk reduction and management compared with dominica,11
+about of staff of primary and secondary rural schools agreed in a recent survey that the transition for students is very challenging unicef this suggests that while small schools might have been an effective way to ensure access to primary education they might also be an obstacle in the transition to secondary school the necessary expansion of preschool and secondary education services in rural areas calls for a joint review of the school network to foster better quality and equity with most school buildings in need of an upgrade and demographic trends making rural schools even smaller it will also be increasingly hard to justify investments in these schools when alternative approaches could deliver better quality to students while also supporting the expansion of educational opportunities at other levels,4
+the total certified area grew by million ha between may and may which is half the growth that occurred in the previous months to enable the possible inclusion of certification schemes in redd eg to ensure sustainable forest management and monitor illegal logging certification frameworks and incentives that are more effective in other regions may be needed graph shows how the certified forest area of the two major certification schemes is divided among the cis europe and north america,15
+this will both increase the demand for food and create shifts in relative food demands with a likely greater demand for proteins and more processed products trade openness provides a number of advantages in helping countries better adjust to these developments it provides for a greater diversity of products to be available and accessible for consumers helping consumers meet their full range of nutritional needs it also allows for the benefits from changing patterns of specialisation to be realised and provides access to global and regional agrofood value chains with income growth there has been increased demand for more processed products which means for many commodities the value chain involved in getting the product from the farm gate to the final consumer is being extended participation in value chains is facilitated by low barriers to trade and improved regulatory coherence that allow products at various states of transformation to flow across borders in other words imports play an important role in creating a competitive export sector,2
+the most recent evaluation recorded a satisfaction rate among participants continued their education found parttime and fulltime employment dobrovoljc et al funded by one of national office of disability employment policy at the department of labour dol youth opportunity yo grants public health researchers worked with baltimores eastside yo center to add a mental health intervention to the yo center s employment training programme the mental health intervention included three main components an onsite mental health clinician a peer depression prevention curriculum and mental health training sessions for employment centre staff who had no formal education in mental health the pretestposttest evaluation found no significant differences in depressive symptoms or coping strategies after jobseekers completed the programme tandon et al,3
+scotland s desire to strengthen the patient voice is grounded in a recently developed framework that empowers patients as equal partners in their care patient and public involvement is promoted through a commitment to transparency about the direction and performance of the nhs and through a commitment to using feedback as a tool for improvement for example the results of a national survey on maternity care were used to identify areas where there was a need for improvement and to inform future maternity policy the patients rights scotland act sets out patient rights and principles for the delivery of health care,3
+industry can contribute with solutions such as for example simplified medication regimens or packaging there is also a scope for multipartner initiatives to improve patients health literacy les personnes atteintes par l une des principales maladies chroniques en particulier courent de serieux risques a ne pas prendre correctement leurs medicaments,3
+the implications also need to be treated with caution as in some instances further research is needed for specific contexts as well as across a sufficient number of countries to be confident about the consequences of specific approaches further potential areas of research on school leader appraisal include among others school leaders perceptions of using separate appraisal processes for developmental and accountability purposes the effects of using professional school leadership standards as a reference standard for appraisal the effects of involving peer evaluators in the appraisal process the effects of using teacher parent and student surveys and questionnaires as a source of information ways to strengthen links between appraisal and professional development and the effects of using appraisal results to reward successful school leaders with a financial reward these need to reflect countryspecific governance frameworks the allocation of responsibilities in the education system and the extent of decentralisation the existence of national curricula and standards and the overall culture of evaluation all need to be taken into account in approaches to the appraisal of school leaders also see chapter,4
+the figure for young people in vulnerable employment in lics who are food insecure is are even severely food insecure meaning that they have gone without food many times during the past year high job quality is associated with fulltime wage employment low job quality with vulnerable employment and underemployment in terms of material wellbeing working conditions and security the best employment status to have is fulltime wage employment for an employer these young people have the lowest food insecurity rates and the highest rates of life satisfaction,8
+overall the health system in latvia is performing well despite challenging economic circumstances in the past five years latvia has delivered significant reforms to the hospital sector closing a number of hospitals and emergency departments in a drive to improve efficiency accessibility both economic and geographical is a major concern with outofpocket payments remain high poor performance on some indicators of health care quality are also worrying the chapter makes recommendations for improvement drawing on bestpractice examples from oecd countries,3
+for our study we need to find counterparts for the treatment and control groups in among students in lower secondary schools in or this can be achieved with matching methods where counterfactual scores are constructed using scores of students with similar characteristics to those observed in t usually matching methods are used to make control and treatment groups more comparable assuming that we have the same observations in each group in and t in our case we do not want to adjust for dissimilarities among treatment and control groups we know that students who were in vocational schools differed from those in general schools but we are interested in whether moving students from different tracks who differ by assumption into the onetype comprehensive lower secondary schools affected them similarly,4
+natural or agricultural areas are easily reachable for urban dwellers and the reverse can be said for mral inhabitants willing to spend some time in the central agglomeration it is also offers a chance to strengthen local agricultural connections in the form of higher value local foods and additional valueadded processing taking advantage of these opportunities requires increased collaboration between different types of economic and institutional structures under the umbrella of the grand clermont as well as the setting of coordinated land use planning policies see box for a discussion of common governance frameworks for ruralurban partnerships absent an articulation of how this creates better opportunities for surrounding communes it is difficult to see how they can justify ongoing participation in the arrangement,11
+examples include concentrations of surgical instrument firms in sialkot pakistan ceramic tiles in santa catarina brazil metal working in kumasi ghana and wine in cape town south africa in turkey gaziantep has undertaken heritage restoand rehabilitation to revitalize the tourism industry dubai is investing in higher education in engineering and information technology in tennessee us the city of chattanooga incorporates endogenous development in its multifaceted economic developmentdriven city plan prepared in response to loss of manufacturing jobs in the s,11
+chinese atademy of engineering publishing be nd resource allocation enw jtng however up to a significant share of water pollution in the sungarisonghua came from nonpoint sources the upper part of the argun in china is called hailaer after the mutnaya channel connects it to the dalaihulun lake for km the river act as the sinorussian border and finally after confluence with the river shilka forms the amur river the percentages of the different sectors arc not expected to change markedly,6
+several other countries south africa zambia cameroon and nigeria are still working to achieve this in parliament ewaste imports are prohibited by this regulation and its enforcement has resulted in the repatriation of several illegal ewaste shipments that arrived in nigeria stuffed in secondhand vehicles or other containers for more information see the chapter on transboundary movement in this report the kenya ewaste act which still awaits official approval before public dissemination has as one of its highlights that no company will manufacture or import any eee without indicating where its ewaste will be treated at endoflife,12
+ultimately higher levels of inequality could end up undermining continued growth and thereby the sustainability of the shift policy makers should pay attention to the evolution of income inequality both for its own sake and because it influences the poverty dividend of growth social policy can limit inequality in outcomes today but macroeconomic stabilisation and education can level the playing field over the longer term and offer possibilities for the poor to take advantage of future opportunities,1
+the average age is years over the last years the area of maturing mature and older forest stands has been steadily expanding which is mainly due to a change in the regulation of allowable annual volumes of timber harvesting however this area is still small and forests composition in terms of age structure needs to be evened by at least years,15
+the combined talents and perspectives of both men and women yield a better more comprehensive understanding of society at large which in turn improves the quality of policies and delivery of public services accordingly there is mounting awareness in mexico of the benefits that accrue from the equal participation of women and men in public decision making in congress the political executive the judiciary and across federal and state public administration they have introduced almost of all the proposals that have come before the gender equality committee in the chamber of deputies since the lxiii legislature of the mexican congress opened in september,5
+further details on the linkages between remittances and food security in the eca region are examined in section the prevalence of severe food insecurity refers to a persons capacity to access food bo it is based on eight simple questions about the occurrence of behaviors and experiences typical of situations in which the ability to obtain food is constrained the combined set of answers to the eight fies items analysed through the lenses of rigorous methods based on item response theory gives an opportunity for assigning each respondent a probability of belonging to any possible class of food insecurity,2
+selected relevant national and local policies are economic policies which impact the economic impact eg job creation that urbanisation can bring land public senice safety and security housing certain infrastructure climate natural resourcesenvironment mobility and social policies increasing coherence at the policy level can improve administrative effectiveness and resource flows at the metropolitan level empowering local authorities by building capacity rebalancing fiscal systems and giving legal and political mandate empowering communities grassroots organisations social and traditional leaders and civil society at large by providing them with tools for monitoring and evaluating policies and increasing participatory mechanisms in budgeting andor policymaking processes,11
+family medicine in korea is equivalent to what many oecd countries refer to as general practice and these professionals account for less than of physicians working in health care clinics table however this is not the case in korea in addition to being staffed by those without specific training in general practice of health care clinics are solo practices table these statistics exclude dentistry and oriental medicine clinics,3
+there are two issues for university management to follow up i teaching methods and teachers and ii interests and needs of students although externals with business experience are generally involved in teaching by providing personal testimonials giving guest lectures and acting as member of competition committees there are relatively few examples of entrepreneurial practitioners engaged in the full curricula experience linkages between research and teaching should be strengthened for example by involving doctoral students in research topics that a linked entrepreneurship education inviting international visiting entrepreneurship professors on a regular basis could also strengthen the research base the students learning experience and the efforts to train the trainers,4
+the pan american health organization and its caribbean epidemiology center carec have provided technical assistance to help implement the strategic plan and donors have included unaids and the world bank and bilateral donors such as the united states this is due to a combination of efforts by the respective governments by key regional agencies and by the international community however given the apparent levelling off in incidence there is much room for future research especially pertaining to the microeconomic impact of the disease much work also needs to be done at the national and regional levels on tracking the sources and uses of funds available in the fight against hivaids,3
+if each country matched its top regional performers trend an additional million lives could be saved if each country matched or fell below the current average rate of underfive mortality in highincome countries an additional million lives could be saved the latter scenario again compared to staying at the rate would save million childrens lives between now and if each country scaled up intervention coverage as fast as the best performer in each area of intervention eg skilled birth attendance exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months etc closing the gap between the current trajectory and the rate of progress needed to achieve the child survival goal would save the lives of million children under age almost half of them newborn,3
+pressure from ngos has already forced a change of vocabulary with at least lip service being paid to sustainability it should be possible to build on this to promote real change by convincing fishers that ultimately subsidies are often part of the problem not the solution not all of this subsidy benefits the fishers since buyers may benefit too price subsidies may make it profitable to keep on fishing even when market prices are low,14
+on the basis of information from countries showing the contraction of regional output and the concomitant weakness of employers demand for labour it has been estimated that the number of wage workers fell slightly in contrast ownaccount work continued to follow a markedly countercyclical trend rising by the processes driving up unemployment rates were different for men and women in the case of men,8
+domestic and external imbalances have been successfully addressed over the last decade fiscal consolidation led to a steady reduction in the budget deficit over the period and it has been maintained at below of gdp since then the central government debt as a percentage of gdp declined from a peak of in to in oecd a the country is currently wellplaced to finance the short term costs of some of the reforms in the agrofood sector proposed below,2
+this could be done either by switching from stable feedin tariffs to feedin premiums that provide a fixed markup over market prices or from subsidies for deployment rather than for production both would provide renewable producers with an incentive at least not to produce at maximum capacity in times of negative prices and thus provide better remuneration also for dispatchable capacity the very question however shows how scenarios with very large shares of intermittent renewables say above of electricity production begin to require adjustments that create intrinsic ceilings to the original objective,7
+as climate change can have impacts at local national and global scales it is useful to have indicators in place to monitor the results of actions across all of these different scales for instance indicators such as the number of climate vulnerability assessments conducted may be important for monitoring the efficiency of delivering projectlevel outputs however it may be difficult to interpret in the absence of indicators at greater scale such as the overall number of people vulnerable in a country,13
+in particular the ministry of the economy has taken a broad view of learning and innovation both in terms of apparent technological sophistication as well as of a wide range of needs for firms of different sizes and stages of development to a considerable degree it has also been thoughtful in identifying the supports that each different target requires at the same time having incubators that specialize in the development of business ideas that can involve traditional medium or hightechnology sectors suggests that innovation is being understood not simply as the result of scientific research centers but also involves leveraging site and traditionspecific knowledge toward further economic development in addition to the hotels restaurants and other services consumed by tourists visitors commonly seek out traditional crafts produced by skilled artisans manos a morelos is an association of craftsman formed and supported through a combination of the sme fund and statelevel funds bringing together artisans from around the state,8
+in response since corfo in collaboration with kfw has been providing lowcost funding to commercial banks for financing renewable projects in its first phase the programme allocated nearly usd million mostly to small hydro projects in the programme was extended by usd million and again in when it received usd million to specifically target solar projects oecd,7
+restraining patients physically usually with straps on a bed can occur when hospital staff feel that a patient is out of control presenting a danger to themselves or others or is causing disruption while staff working in hospitals including nurses and psychiatrists may feel that such action is necessary or justified restraint can be very stressful and traumatic for the patient and can result in injury or even death a report on the use of restraint in england found that in alone there were eight deaths linked to the use of restraint and in there were injuries resulting from the use of restraint mind seclusion of patients where patients are kept in a confined space is often used for similar reasons to restraint but again can be highly distressing to patients and can have a lasting impact on their mental wellbeing and their confidence in hospital staff national mental health consumer carer forum,3
+slums swelled at the same time as new settlements appeared since the sector has been revitalised through the introduction of a tax linked to sales of cement which will provide financial resources to the fonds social de lhabitat fsh which provides a levy of centimeskg fawzi zniber it involved households million inhabitants in more than a thousand districts in cities of which nearly a third concentrated in the casablanca agglomeration alone afd,11
+at the current rate the world will miss the mdg sanitation target by over million people southern asia and subsaharan africa are especially off track in terms of sanitation coverage various estimates of investment needs to meet the mdgs in developing countries were produced since the millennium declaration the most recent estimates of financial needs for the sector by world health organization see hutton and bartram prussustiin et al,6
+the curve ranks technologies and industrial processes according to the net costs of avoiding a ton of c emissions taking into account both the capital costs and the operating costs of lowemissions technologies figure ii suggests opportunities for negative cost or winwin emissions reductions where the upfront capital costs are more than offset by future energy savings most of these savings are achieved through improved energy efficiency,7
+the federal mortgage society sociedad hipotecaria federal shf provides bridge loans with a preferential rate for developers to construct houses using ecotechnology this project is expected to help cut over million tonnes of ghg emissions over years the estimated lifecycle of these houses the air quality plan seeks to minimise emissions while transport planning seeks to increase mobility transport activities are not funded or approved unless they conform to the purpose of the air quality plan,11
+this is because only the ensuing changes in market production are taken into account with no allowance for the resulting decline in unpaid household service work further walker and gauger argued that conventional statistics grossly understate the economic contribution of women to production because women perform about two thirds of all housework in the s feminist economists criticised the shortcomings of traditional labour and production statistics,8
+in addition national quality goals initiated in set a framework to improve quality and efficiency of care across settings the danish health care system is effective in preventing mortality from amenable causes such as ischaemic heart disease and stroke the casefatality rate for heart attack patients is among the lowest in the eu,3
+they facilitate student learning of the content through presentation of the content in clear and meaningful ways and through the integration of technology candidates in advanced programmes for teachers demonstrate an indepth understanding of the content of their field and of the theories related to pedagogy and learning in australia the national ict competency framework has been proposed,4
+this includes for instance introduction of improved woodstoves development of managed woodlots and forests for fuelwood and other community needs promotion of biogas solar wind and other renewable technologies offgrid rural electrification based on renewable electricity introduction of efficient technologies such as compact fluorescents and development of low carbon clean development mechanism cdm projects in many sectors nonetheless a number of general observations may have broad applicability in the case of individuals the difficult economic situation in many countries limited access to information limited access to resources and low awareness of environmental issues related to the energy sector all serve to disempower and limit capacity and the most vulnerable members of the community will typically be the most disempowered in some countries with a strong tradition of participation and involvement ngos are key contributors to policy and program development in the country in other countries the role of civil society organisations is severely constrained,7
+more recently two types of social assistance schemes have been introduced one applied in some countries of southern africa aims at oldage protection the othertargets extreme poverty and is applied mostly in lowincome countries in central east and west africa ninozarazua et al in many southern african countries the provision of noncontributory social pension schemes that targeted the elderly poor of certain ethnic groups have been extended as domestic initiatives no longer based on racial discrimination,10
+however the lack of clarity about the distinction between climate change and development is one of the factors that has led to distrust between developed and developing countries fuelled by concerns about additionality and the potential for competition between climate finance and development finance for a limited amount of international public finance development finance in the form of official development assistance oda increased steadily from the end of the s up to in net official development assistance oda flows from member countries of the development assistance committee dac of the oecd totalled usd billion,13
+the patterns detected were different for each country as were those for domestic tasks and caring for others a higher education level meant less time on domestic tasks in uruguay and peru but in mexico and colombia those with an intermediate education level spent more time on such tasks than those in the low education group while those with the highest level spent the least time on such tasks the time devoted to caring for others increased in line with education level in mexico and colombia,5
+species groups including birds plants and butterflies are relatively easy to sample and should be included in indicators or indices for farmland structure parameters but it may be questioned how indicators based on these species groups track structural changes in the landscape effects of decreasing area with suitable habitat may be tracked easily as species disappear and population levels decrease but because of highly varying dispersal rates the actual recovery of biodiversity following eg a reestablishment of suitable habitat positive structural changes may not be tracked as straightforward and may show significant delay dispersal in a fragmented landscape may hold a significant degree of inertia that effectively postpone the recovery of a habitatspecific biodiversity at newly created or restored sites,15
+the key strategy at this time was to foster the growth pole which geographically corresponded to the socalled gyungbu corridor linking seoul to busan and ulsan the government used public resources and external borrowing to finance the work focusing first on manufacturing and services in seoul it then went on to create the heavy industry base along the southeast coast by building such industrial cities as ulsan the construction of which began in and a number of other industrial estates in that region during the s and s to improve efficiency the government s investment was concentrated on the high priority areas of seoul incheon and ulsan so as to facilitate accessibility to human resources subsidiary material product sales and infrastructure,11
+the council of higher education and the galilee development authority could create a forum to enhance regional collaboration and demandled education provision in the region other important participants in this forum would be the ministry of minority affairs and the arab affairs desk with the prime minister s office in addition the region would benefit from sustained community development programmes that help build capacity in communities in responding to change and social economic and environmental challenges see box the regional competitiveness approach argues that regional capacity can be nurtured and developed by identifying their competitive advantages,4
+regional and departmental councils contribute respectively with and figure when looking at individual entities seven actors capitalised more than eur million in moreover pseau claims that ddc in the water sector has a strong leveraging effect eur of ddc funds is able to mobilise up to eur eur,6
+however the accreditation standards are broad and do not specify what is needed for a highquality teacher preparation programme mnesr the admission criteria for bachelor s education programmes for future primary teachers are the same as those for other bachelor s degree programmes and there are no minimum admission requirements for the initial teacher education modules for future secondary teachers candidates are interviewed for entry but all those who apply tend to be admitted velea and istrate,4
+the abuse of methamphetamine is also increasing in kenya west africa did not play a key role in the synthetic drug market until recent years the reasons behind the change part of an overall increase in global illicit demand for amphetaminetype stimulants may be explained by weak controls on legal imports of their precursors and the socioeconomic situation in the subregion,3
+this fell to about one in five workers in according to the employment bureau of africa teba an employment agency with the adoption of the refugee act of which entered into force in asylum in south africa was formalised and throughout the s applications have increased rapidly part of this increase is due to the fact that asylum seekers had full access to education and employment and asylum procedures risked serving as a back door into the labour market,8
+nonetheless certain regularities can be identified based on the most recently available figures the least unequal countries in the region are the bolivarian republic of venezuela costa rica and uruguay it is also possible to identify bolivia brazil colombia guatemala and honduras as those with the highest levels of income concentration in the region,1
+in its decision of june the latter confirmed the patent office s rejection of a patent for glivec denying significantly enhanced efficacy of glivec under article d over a previously known molecule see the ipab decision in novartis ag v union of india et al business standard of july in addition the ipab ruled that because of the price charged for glivec poor cancer patients in india would not be able to afford the drug which in turn would threaten many people s lives and thus create public disorder in the country p of the decision,3
+the extension of income data at subnational level is part of the oecd work on advancing the measurement agenda of wellbeing to regions and cities see incomebased measures of poverty at regional level are a first step towards more encompassing metrics of deprivation that include nonmonetary measures high disparities between regions can undermine national economic growth leading to inequality of opportunities and creating social tensions that in turn may sustain regional imbalances over time oecd b,1
+some colleges have taken steps to build their capacity in this domain for example the tel hai academic college and ort braude enterprise support services for students remains at a low level colleges see their role as regional change agents but deliver this role mainly through community service it has been instrumental in training most of the hitech engineers in the country,4
+domestic violence is a major contributor to women s mental health problems including depression marital rape may lead to unwanted pregnancy and abortion others have a provision in the law that spouses should not cause physical or mental harm to each other but evidence of injury is usually required to prove assault which can be very difficult for wives to demonstrate,5
+in principle nuclear energy is also wellpositioned to contribute to adequate capacity margins and stable loads by providing stable baseload electricity it reduces the complications of integrating intermittent or distributed generation since as a reliable baseload source of power it helps maintain frequency and voltage expressed differently the massive use of intermittent sources will require a significant fraction of continuously operating and robust baseload electric power generation fuelled by more steady sources while the technical parameters of nuclear energy set limits to the extent it can make up for sudden load changes itself the development of smart grids and demand response should smooth load variations and thus increase the share of baseload demand this would considerably strengthen the case for nuclear energy in cooperation with both other supplyside and demandside technologies price volatility in liberalised electricity markets and reinforced by intermittent renewables does remain a challenge and needs to be addressed by appropriate means such as longterm contracts,7
+for this reasons nuclear power plants pose more stringent requirements in term of the stability voltage and frequency permissible variations and availability of external power supply for instance nuclear power plants require redundant electrical connections with the existing grid which makes for higher connection costs compared with a thermal plant of equivalent size attempting to work in island mode ie a reactor producing its own electricity for cooling is a difficult challenge in normal times and would be inappropriate and potentially dangerous in an emergency situation,7
+those with the least education have higher mortality rates and a greater incidence of avoidable hospitalisation for example survival rates for breast cancer are lower in women with low education and rates of potentially avoidable hospital admission and amenable mortality are about double among people with lower educational status compared to those with higher education this is illustrative of other differences in health status and outcomes between socioeconomic groups,3
+this can be paid by the year by month by week or by day a modelling study now underway should determine the natural rate of recharge of the deep aquifer in the south of luxembourg which contains waters fit for human consumption the water law requires housing developments to have a separate system with the exception of artificial water bodies those created by human activities or those that have been highly modified through physical alterations due to human activity polychlorinated biphenyls pcbs can cause cancers and endocrine disruption,6
+recharging also requires a noncontact recharging facility to be installed at the station such a recharging system is running in other korean cities such as jeju suwon and pohang the introduction of compressed natural gas buses is another example of lowpollution transport policy in sejong the central government provided a subsidy to sejong to help the city adopt cng buses sejong s bus network includes routes served by buses among which are brt types,11
+benefit levels are often too low to provide women with financial independence or a greater say in household decisionmaking evaluations of ghanas livelihood empowerment against poverty leap programme for example found that in spite of transfers being directed to women decisionmaking remained with husbands brothers and sons in this case the low level of benefits was compounded by irregular and inconsistent payments the risk of stigmatization is greatest where gender inequalities intersect with other axes of disadvantage such as class ethnicity disability location or race,5
+the use of bioeconomic models as a descriptive device allows for the examination of economic tradeoffs including the estimation of potential profits the fact that bioeconomic models entail the specification of an objective function which can be a multiobjective function can force diverse stakeholder groups to be transparent in their objectives and performance indicators the identification of performance indicators is critical because it can provide additional metrics to be tracked during the ongoing collection of data on the fishery for monitoring and evaluation,14
+at present access to health care services appears to be broadly equitable across regions although limited reporting by regions and municipalities on inequalities inhibits deeper understanding and analysis the increasing centralisation of specialist hospital services could exacerbate small inequalities in the current geographical distribution of physicians across denmark municipalities will need to ensure that elderly patients are not disadvantaged potential problems in access caused by the closure of smaller local hospitals incentives to recruit health professionals from local communities where needs are the highest might have better payoffs on retention in underserved areas in the longer term,3
+job creation should be seen as the focus of innovation activities in the galilee technology transfer offices should be strengthened and organised at an arms length from the university in order to be managed as a quasi market service reporting to the university but independent from it incentives for higher education institutions should be strengthened to increase their capacity to act as technology transfer agents to bring nonlocal knowledge to the region and to create community partnerships incentives for higher education institutions and their staff to engage in local and regional development should be developed,4
+for each target area one or more municipalities have the political responsibility to establish an action plan in a structural plan for northwest skane was adopted the purpose was to strengthen the regional aspects of spatial planning the plan is used among member municipalities as a strategic document in their work on longterm planning such as the revision of municipal master plans,11
+if it does not effectively address that challenge india will continue to face weak private investment and modest economic growth the governments policy initiatives have centred around the socalled rs recognition resolution recapitalization and reforms india ministry of finance the central bank strengthened its asset quality review in which found significant quantities of nonperforming assets,8
+the idea here is not to encourage public ownership which would amount to returning to failed policies of the past rather the idea is to ensure that the capitalmobilizing power of the state is used to provide the initial investment impulses needed to generate growth with employment at unctad the development of the concept in the ldc context was linked to earlier efforts to understand how structurally weak and underdeveloped economies like ldcs should promote economic growth and how they should initiate and then accelerate the growth process such efforts also sought to understand what are the key factors or capabilities that enable such economies to produce goods they can consume or sell and what kinds of productive activities create quality jobs that contribute to poverty reduction,8
+tax and benefit payments are said to redistribute if they lower inequality regardless of the extent to which this is achieved through actual or implicit transfers from higher to lowerincome groups as in other parts of this report changes in the income distribution are analysed here using snapshots for individual years the reference period is the mid s to the mid s international comparisons tend to focus on specific parts of the taxbenefit system heady et al,10
+in addition the higher up the pay scale the greater the differences in career opportunities and compensation while on average the gross wage gap in oecd countries stands at in switzerland as noted for top earners it rises to in oecd countries and in switzerland oecd a women also make up a small percentage of company board members in switzerland for the largest firms versus a european average of egon zehnder and entrepreneurs defined as persons taking on the risk of setting up a business the gender wage gap is calculated as the difference between median earnings of m median eamings of men for the netherlands,5
+serbia is due to adopt a new energy strategy though the associated action plan for the sector is lagging somewhat behind this indicates that they are still developing policy legal and institutional frameworks and that relevant legislation is not adopted andor fully aligned with the relevant energy community acquis in the former yugoslav republic of macedonia at the time of the assessment the energy law was not yet third energy packagecompliant and a clear strategy for the whole sector including measurable objectives is not in place,7
+modern renewables jointly accounted for less than per cent the past decade was the first in two centuries with increasing co emissions intensities owing to a coal revival in contrast with the rapid conversion to natural gas in the s in the global share of coal reached an estimated per cent which in relative terms was higher than and in absolute terms about twice as large as at the time of the first oil crisis in,7
+secondly reforms have been decidedly propoor in that the most regressive subsidies those that benefit the poor the least have been eliminated despite the increase in electricity generation coal generation has remained constant at around twh since with much of the increase coming from gas oil and an interconnector to spain which has been in place since iea c iea a building the four power plants of the ouarzazate complex in particular will lower the cost of concentrated solar power worldwide,7
+school leaders and teachers should develop strategies together to support promoted students who are struggling with certain subjects and give teachers access to staff with expertise to help those students the greater the variety of opportunities to learn the higher the probability that all students will benefit under certain circumstances the school year can be reorganised to extend learning time by introducing remedial classes before or after school at saturday school or at summer school spending more time at school is positive for students with unfavourable afterschool learning environments oecd c,4
+alternative results are presented for a more ambitious scenario in which the proportion of renewable sources increases from percent in to per cent in the ren study examines the potential for renewable energy sources for electricity generation heat and cooling and transport fuels the corresponding figures at the regional level are given below in figure in the basic version of the model each country within a region is assumed to adopt the same mix as determined by the regional potential,7
+even considering that pensioners incomes are below the overall average income these cuts have likely improved the contribution of pensions to the reduction of inequality with regard to poverty the cuts had no direct effects as they only affected pensions above the poverty line the program was particularly effective to reduce the poverty incidence since the minimum income threshold was initially fixed at the relative poverty line corresponding to of the median average income,1
+some of these issues reflect weak decisionmaking mechanisms within rfmos which leaves the potential of such issues undermining the effectiveness of collective management as a result overfishing continues to be a problem in some areas of the high seas including in rfmomanaged areas at the outset it is worth highlighting that many fisheries are already fully subscribed and some are overfished hence an important policy objective is to ensure that international and national fisheries are managed in a sustainable way and that fishing capacity is brought into line with available fishing opportunities,14
+the second document that formulated a vision and consecutive policy actions is the agefriendly manchester programme which was launched to bring the city s policies in line with the world health organization s agefriendly cities approach toyama and yokohama have adopted a legal approach through a local autonomy law the process of formulating a vision for development followed a similar pattern in all of the cities assessed each included engaging the wider public and the private sector,11
+the storting norwegian parliament and the government formulate the objectives for education adopt legal frameworks the education act and its regulations and evaluate the status and condition of the daycare and education sectors the local municipalities and county authorities have the overriding responsibility for financing primary and lower secondary education adapted version of theisens h effective governance front the centre paper presented at the first thematic goes conference november the hague oecdceri,4
+the two main actors responsible for the development of clinical guidelines are the government and academics ie the korean academy of medical sciences since clinical research centres in korea have specialised in specific health insurance review and assessment service hira is responsible for quality assurance and auditing of claims for publicly reimbursed medical services both hira and koiha undertake public reporting on health care providers,3
+the perception of higher risk in investing in women s entrepreneurialism and cultural bias among loan officers are two reasons cited by local banks as they attempt to target lending programmes for these businesses women business owners also tend to make more conservative investments to minimise risk ifc la furthermore broader consumer research shows that women value personal relationships with individual service providers women want to be treated as individuals while men want to feel like they are part of an important group melnyk et al rather seamless adaptation of product and service enhancements to benefit women will also benefit men and result in an improved customer experience across all segments,5
+due to the fact however that urban population and especially that in capital cities is expected to grow a public transport network losing demand might be an issue of concern in particular if the demand is at relatively low level compared to private motorized transport while this is a too short period for drawing meaningful conclusions the demand levels should be carefully watched and the causes for declines identified actions should then follow to reverse the negative trends,11
+where the groundwater table is high and there are problems with drainage irrigation contributes to soil salinization waterwithdrawal from the kura for irrigation occurs mainly downstream from mingcchcvir there is some limited manufacturing activity in turkey based on agriculture and animal husbandry,6
+it also provides an overview of student performance in reading and science and describes the evolution of performance in these subjects over previous pisa assessments the volume also reveals differences in how equitably countries allocate resources and opportunities to learn to schools with different socioeconomic profiles case studies examining the policy reforms adopted by countries that have improved in pisa are highlighted throughout the volume,4
+furthermore procedures that might be expected to be covered such as thoracic surgery and some neurological procedures are not included a failure to make such services systematically available limits access to good quality care public funding only accounted for of health spending in the second lowest share in the eu after bulgaria figure nearly all of the rest is paid out of pocket by patients themselves this is the third highest share in the eu after cyprus and bulgaria and nearly three times the eu average of these large outofpocket payments constitute a substantial barrier to accessing medical care for many latvians as reflected in the high levels of unmet medical and dental care needs,3
+this effect is likely to be small considering the low share of the overall number of students being moved in fact increased inclusion in regular schools has occurred in a period of a general decline in expenditure per student the overall cost saving is a result of fewer students in the costly special schools thus when analysing the resource situation in schools teacher resources are of particular importance,4
+network members share best practices and provide financial services to women entrepreneurs for this type of saving a formula with regular deposits is preferable because it makes it easier to forecast expenses by spreading them out over time according to available cash levels and planned expenditures the entrepreneur may prefer to seek a more flexible savings solution that makes funds easily available,5
+as a large frequently centralised activity producing an output that is fundamentally important to human wellbeing industrial development and economic growth electricity production is also the most broadly studied sector in this respect the risks stemming from nuclear accidents and the disposal of spent nuclear fuel have also always loomed large in public perception traditionally concerns about social costs have focused on electricity production at the plant level in recent years however the advent of significant amounts of wind and solar pv capacity has required for the reasons explained above a shift from a plantlevel perspective to a systems perspective consistent with a general shift of focus in the energy sector this is also why the present effort aims at providing a policyrelevant synthesis of the full costs of electricity provision at the level of the consumer rather than just at the level of the costs of electricity generation at the individual plant its input coal and its marketed output electricity are paid for in monetary units,7
+at minimum the state supervises the process and in some cases it also participates in collecting the contributions or distributing the benefits these responsibilities fall mainly on ministries of work or employment employment offices and social security agencies although the former is more generous than the latter it also has strict conditions such that individuals who do not satisfy the eligibility requirements for the insurance can receive unemployment assistance benefits based on their income in that sense the assistance represents a link between unemployment protection and minimum income protection irrespective of labour market status as happens in the social assistance and universal basic income models it can also serve as an automatic stabilizer and improve the process of matching the supply of skills with the demand for them the weaknesses of unemployment insurance and assistance stem from the fact that owing to risk aversion and moral hazard the benefits can reduce incentives for the individual to seek and find a new job and coverage tends to be sparser in the case of more volatile labour markets and more precarious jobs,8
+for example although south asia has seen a significant decrease in the poverty rate from per cent in to per cent in given the increase in population size this means that the absolute number of the poor increased from million to million over that period figure ii in subsaharan africa the absolute number of the poor increased from million to million in the same period while the poverty rate fell from per cent in to per cent in whereas in poverty had been concentrated in east asia and the pacific with per cent of the worlds poor living in that region by the concentration of poverty had shifted to south asia and subsaharan africa which now account for per cent and per cent respectively of the world s poor,1
+households with valid information in all four waves can be at risk of moving into or out of poverty for one two or three waves in the uk and for one or two waves in the rest of the countries table a in the annex shows the same estimates in nongraphical format mean relative income growth rates have been calculated for each baseyear decile group in each period income growth among children is clearly propoor relative per cent income growth is highest in the poorest decile although the pattern is slightly different for each of the four periods considered mean income growth in the poorest decile slowed down over time it went from between and to between and and between and,1
+given the need to avoid undue burden on countries for preparing an adaptation communication article this structure could be used for the adaptation chapter of a country s national communication there is a good match between these information needs and the information that countries are already requested or able to report to the unfccc via national communications adaptation communications or naps however some of these information needs such as the results from individual adaptation actions or broad adaptation strategies may be difficult to assess and quantify,13
+this represents a serious obstacle to grid extension in rural areas especially at a scale and pace consistent with the attainment of sdg and the needs of structural transformation however technological advances in renewableenergy and storage technologies have stimulated renewed interest in offgrid systems bolstered by their potential contribution to decarbonization of the power sector including through the hybridization of dieselbased generators and the islanding of local grids kempener etai beyond a certain breakeven distance from the existing grid capital costs may be lower for offgrid solutions than grid extension and conventional generators as may operating costs due to reduced transmission losses and potential fuel savings murray et al,7
+the programme has also been supported by several grants from the directorate general for health and consumers of the european commission the contents of this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the european commission the oecd or their member countries this paper illustrates trends and social dispar ities in alcohol consumption and harmful drinking in oecd countries,3
+these are based on cultural historical and religious contexts gender norms can shape incentive systems and support current institutions that restrict women s rights freedoms and protection in most cases although largely unfavourable for women traditional gender norms are upheld by both men and women,5
+each spouse is allowed to use the joint property in accordance to need and joint property may be sold or donated only with the consent of both spouses the law also provides that a woman has equal rights with her husband in divorce and that wives and husbands have equal rights to common property after marriage see also case study on south africa and chap under a community of property regime all of a couple s assets and liabilities are pooled and shared equally by the spouses irrespective of whether they were acquired before or during the marriage unless expressly excluded by a donor or testator all profits and losses are borne equally by the spouses and each spouse assumes joint control with his or her partner over the estate while a spouse in a marriage subject to a community of property regime may perform any juristic act with regard to the joint estate without the consent of the other spouse a number of restrictions apply and a spouse shall not perform certain acts such as the sale of immovable property including the matrimonial home forming part of the joint estate without the consent of the other spouse upon divorce or death each spouse or the surviving spouse of a marriage subject to a commu nity of property regime is entitled to half the joint estate,5
+this affects the ability of these habitats to mitigate natural disasters primarily volcanic tephra fall and sand encroachment the ability to store and mitigate water is also largely lost which increases the likelihood of floods in lowland areas denmark has considerable forest coverage whereas iceland and the faroe islands have very little forest coverage nearly all the finnish forests are classified as seminatural forests showing characteristics of human impact,15
+the final section provides a summary of the requirements that must be met in order for the goals considered in this chapter to be realized the objectives to be pursued in building climate resilience alone encompass multiple sectors thereby increasing the need for substantive coordination and integration of policy interventions particularly within the context of climate hazards resilience requires that instead of focusing on individual risks the policymaking process take a more integrated approach to management of change and uncertainty arup while poverty and development status for example are obvious determinants of the capacity of people to cope with and adapt to shocks there is also an underlying connection between vulnerabilities and multiple inequities in access for example to assets land work and political processes addressing these inequities requires simultaneous actions as they all play a role in determining exposure to climate hazards and the capacity to cope and adapt,13
+for instance nsw households in the united kingdom have one of the highest incidences of poverty in terms of market income redistribution lowers their poverty risk to below the oecd average of the strong povertyreducing effect in the united kingdom and other countries reflects certain taxbenefit policies that are especially helpful to nonstandard workers and their families in greece poverty among nsw households even increases after redistribution,1
+of the million deaths worldwide attributed to household air pollution in percent were in asia and the pacific globally household air pollution is the secondmost important health risk factor for women and girls sixty percent of all premature deaths attributed to household air pollution occur in women and children policy interventions should urgently address the need to transition to clean energies while acknowledging the gendered dimensions of control over the allocation of resources within households the thrust of national energy polices in the asiapacific region has largely been on electrification but with almost no mention of genderbased realities particularly gender inequalities the energy sector employs considerably fewer women than men and mostly in administrative jobs,5
+relatively simple and inexpensive improved stoves can reduce by as much as per cent the amount of fuel needed for cooking global energy assessment forthcoming some of these cooking stove programmes including their costs are described below such strategies are typically part of national innovation systems as discussed in chapter v and provide a framework for coherent packages of policies and programmes that encompass all stages of the technology life cycle,7
+the ongoing periurbanisation processes of the clermont metropolis is partly constrained by the lack of space due to the presence of the chaine des puys mountains and the subsequent hillsides near the city this peculiar geographical situation has two main consequences first it involves a restriction of the possible land uses and occupation and it gives birth to a relative scarcity of available land,11
+a review of experience in financing esd may be helpful to those countries continuing to struggle with securing sustaining or increasing public funds for advancing esd active participation in the agenda for education in the baltic sea region has included an esd action programme that led to the nomination of national esd coordinators for formal higher and nonformal education these early initiatives have created a positive climate for full engagement in the strategy for esd,4
+lost earnings as a result of all depression in england were estimated at gbp billion in rising to a projected gbp billion prices by mccrone et al lost earnings as a result of anxiety disorders were estimated at gbp billion in rising to billion in over the past two decades most oecd countries have seen a sharp increase in the number and share of people claiming disability benefit on the grounds of mental illhealth oecd,3
+overall students with lower performance in compulsory education go into vocational programmes but based on performance in compulsory education nonwestern immigrant students are more likely to choose to follow a general programme this suggests a comparatively weaker intake among immigrant students to vocational programmes and after five years of study dropout rates are very high for female immigrant students and for male immigrant students the strongest predictor of these dropout rates is previous performance in compulsory education l dding recent research has shown that employers screen potential apprentices according to grades and absenteeism in school students without significant behaviour and learning problems at school can find apprenticeship without difficulties in most sectors h st,4
+joint collaboration on exchange of knowledge on methodologies status for monitoring and assessment strategies as well as available data in the nordic countries is a necessary element in this process monitoring studies of marine litter and the beach surveys demonstrate that it comprises of various constituents such as plastics metals glass ceramics rubber processed wood clothing paper etc the review of literature and studies on marine litter also called marine debris demonstrates that plastic debris comprise most of the marine litter worldwide aniansson etal,14
+expenditure on social protection in prices increased from etb billion in to etb billion in there was a increase in expenditure between and due to a significant increase in humanitarian relief related to the drought in the second and thirdlargest components of social protection spending were access to basic social services and social insurance with average annual shares of and respectively,1
+damaged infrastructure contributes to the spread of communicable diseases including those previously eradicated such as poliomyelitis in syria recently and prevents people from receiving curative or preventive health care which then leads to spikes in ncds access to food and safe drinking water may also be reduced internally displaced persons and refugees are particularly vulnerable to ill health because they generally live in poor conditions in which diseases spread easily and access to health services is minimal,3
+consolidated figures in bogota suggest that that while private car occupants were killed in traffic crashes seven times more vrus were killed in crashes involving a private car on the other hand in a year when cyclists were killed only three pedestrians were killed in collisions with pedal cycles this illustrates the significant impact of one road user group on others relatively modest in the case of pedal cycles yet overwhelming in the case of private cars taxis are clearly separated in the collision statistics which is something other governments could learn from,11
+such payments cover about of senior citizens in bangladesh and around in nepal introduction in in thailand the old age allowance introduced in reached close to of the population aged and over in and almost threequarters of the elderly in hong kong china receive the old age allowance similarly the basic oldage pension introduced in in korea reaches about of the people aged and over and provides krw about usd per month per beneficiary on average,1
+other complementary factors most importantly a recipient s entrepreneurial skills are crucial for making credit more productive most poor people do not have the basic education or experience to understand and conduct even lowlevel business activities the corresponding shares in pakistan and sri lanka are about and per cent there is no one single solution to global poverty the solution must include a broad array of empowering interventions and microfinance when targeted to the very poor and effectively run is one powerful tool daleyharris pollin and montgomery p,1
+the adjustment equals unity and hence disappears when individual experiences the benchmark outcomes xk the aggregation problem has been at the core of social choice theory average income is often used as a welfare measure but does not give priority to the worstoff a broader class of aggregate social welfare functions has been proposed to reflect distributional concerns,8
+cooperation w ith border countries has generally been limited as they are not in the eu until recently the russian federation formed an important export market for many of the voivodeships products however the russian embargo has limited this trade for particular commodities eg apples and new markets have been sought in response notwithstanding some of the barriers the eastern market on podlaskie s doorstep has been an underutilised asset in some respects since regions have been fully responsible for a large share of european funds under cohesion policy under cohesion policy all regions in poland are defined as less developed meaning that their gdp per capita is less than of the average gdp of the eu with the exception of mazowieckie voivodeship which recently transitioned to being a more developed region and includes warsaw lessdeveloped regions are allocated a larger funding envelope,9
+accessing international capital markets can also be difficult for many developing countries these challenges can be further exacerbated for clean energy infrastructure projects as lenders may be reluctant to lend due to an insufficient knowledge of local markets and a higher technology risk ensuring access to affordable finance will require developing country governments in particular to combine a shortterm strategy of facilitating access to international financing and a longerterm approach the latter would need to address the full range of risks and limitations that increase the cost of financing for clean energy including the shallowness of the domestic financial market key informational social or behavioural risks related to clean energy financing and the limited number of financial products that are available and suited to the sector s financing needs in some countries like brazil or china bank lending has played a predominant role with stateowned andor national development banks being the main sources of longterm financing in china for example banks hold around of the total loan portfolio for infrastructure walsh et al,7
+to establish whether largescale investment in energy efficiency in order to reduce energy demand is cheaper than new energy supply it is important to have reliable information on the net benefits of saving energy this includes the cost of programmes the value of the energy saved and any cobenefits until recently energy efficiency has been accorded low priority by producers and consumers,7
+the presence of strong women s movements and civil society groups that advocated on behalf of gender issues was also key to gains in terms of development results that promoted gewe the lack of gender analysis explains to some extent why so many undp gender results are gender targeted gender negative or gender blind the tools and processes to make gewe relevant to the work of staff members in programme design implementation and monitoring and evaluation have also not been sufficiently developed and applied the gender marker and the resultsoriented annual report as well as monitoring and evaluation require further refinements and a more consistent application if undp is to increase the quality of its gender interventions and reporting and the assessment of its contributions,5
+the local community needs to truly understand the harmful consequences and see the value of giving girls and women other opportunities in life on equal footing with boys and men this means for example allowing them to continue their education inherit own their own land and have their own bank account gender based violence is an extreme expression of inequality which affects one in three women in the world in south africa and burkina faso i have met men who play a key role in improving the lives of women and girls,5
+this has in turn shaped policy and the province is partnering with organisations and providing resources to intervene with these trends in alberta wellbeing surveys are done at the school level and many schools use these to inform their approaches to indigenous issues and students each year alberta education produces report cards with selected indicators for schools to use as a basis for an evaluative discussion it coconstructs the process for understanding classroom practice across a school,4
+thus the future lies in workers creating economic value with machines rather than against them expert opinbn is divided between those who see a secular decline in productivity and those who see a divergence between frontier firms fhat adopt new technologies and reach historically high productivity and other firms that lag behind however the interpretatbn of current trends is complicated by issues pertaining to the appropriateness of existing indicators to measure productivity in the new technological era similar considerations apply to concerns about technological convergence driving simultaneous convergence in platforms commercial interest and investments that can result in concentration of market power,9
+considering the steep fall in unemployment in the recent period the imbalance between labour supply and demand seems to account for an everincreasing proportion of persistent unemployment bassi and others cazes andverick to achieve this it is important to create national vocational education and training systems that recognize the triple relevance of knowledgebuilding and skills development meaning that training and educational content accords with employers requirements the aspirations of individuals especially young people and sustainable development needs biavaschi and others in this context and in view of the identified weaknesses special emphasis must be laid on nonuniversity technical training lacinto,8
+the new zealand emissions trading scheme nz ets established in was one of the first schemes to include the forestry sector the australian carbon farming initiative has been designed to cover all landbased sector emissions and sinks the republic of korea passed the carbon sink act in which integrates the forestry sector into its scheme forest sector offsets are also under consideration in the japanese bilateral crediting offset mechanism bcom and emissions trading schemes in chile and china,15
+organisation for economic cooperation and development washington dc paho i legetic branka ed cecchini michele ed publication is available on the oecd web site wwwoecdilibraiyorg and paho web site wwwpahoorg requests for permission to reproduce or translate this publication should be addressed to the communication department cmu pan american health organization washington dc usawwwpahoorgpublicationscopyrightforms,3
+while less common independent permanent gender commissions and independent permanent human rights commissions were used as oversight institutions in of countries in canada the house of commons standing committee on the status of women created in is mandated to oversee the status of women canada the lead national mechanism at the federal level see box this allparty committee comprised of male and female members of parliament and chaired by a member of the official opposition focuses on analysing a range of issues of importance to women scrutinising government decisions and policy advocacy,5
+the evaluation is based on the oecd committee for agriculture s approach that agriculture policy should be evidencebased and carefully designed and implemented to support productivity competitiveness and sustainability while avoiding unnecessary distortions to production decisions and to trade conducted in partnership with the oecd investment committee the review comprises a special chapter highlighting key challenges to be addressed to improve the investment climate in agriculture drawing from the oecd policy framework for investment in agriculture its population of million makes it the th most populous country in the world,2
+in some jurisdictions regulators impose price caps to mitigate market power during peak hours in markets which are not sufficiently competitive it is argued that binding price caps are the cause not the consequence of underinvestments l autier in that case removing price restrictions would not necessarily yield adequate generation capacity but would only increase monopoly profits,7
+similarly teacher evaluation for certification monetarily rewards teachers through access to higher salary scales and may lead to dismissal if the teacher is unable to access the early certification stage clearly there is considerable duplication across both processes at the same time there is considerable potential for the teacher performance evaluation system to inform certification processes as is the case with the assignment of career stages in the new career structure to current teachers,4
+the imputation of components for students missing data on one component was done on the basis of a regression on the other two variables with an additional random error component figure presents the percentage of students performing below proficiency level for participating countries including mexico as well as relative changes between and mexico is one of the four countries that showed statistically significant increases in the percentage of top performing students going from in to in t the other three countries were portugal with an increase of more than four percentage points to almost italy with nearly two percentage points to and greece with an increase of almost two percentage points to nearly,4
+the project was first implemented in academic year on a pilot basis and the ministry has announced intentions to extend selfevaluation to all schools the ministry had made clear that the selfevaluation project is an effort to develop a culture of evaluation in a country where teachers have strongly opposed evaluation initiatives in the past but this is only a first step toward a more comprehensive evaluation policy framework as illustrated in figure a comprehensive system involves multiple components,4
+access to finance for small and mediumsized enterprises is a widespread problem especially in developing countries but care must also be taken to minimise risks that external funding can contribute to pressure for unsustainable expansion unesco more generally broader progress towards good governance and reducing bureaucracy is important for removing potential barriers to entrepreneurship and enterprise ratten however ongoing and multiple concerns have been raised about employment practices pay and conditions for local and migrant workers in different countries in both of these sectors cottle and rombaldi further intervention may be required in cases where selfregulation enacted through private sector manufacturing supply chains proves ineffective thibault,8
+a classical system for expressing pollution with mainly organic matter from point sources is the saprobiological index this system is also used in the country irregular sampling and determination is done by the university of skopje faculty of biology even if it is an older presentation map shows clearly the high sewage pollution with dominant water quality classes iii alphamesosaprob and iv polysaprob especially below bigger cities such as skopje veles bitola and stip as well as the vardar river the cma river and the bregalnica river,6
+for that these tools need to be considered as part of a riskreduction management system because they make complementary contributions to the prevention mitigation and recovery systems that exist in the regions countries kuriakose and others have argued that the design and implementation of the system should take account of a number of distinctive elements i flexibility and the possibility of expanding the coverage and geographic zones of implementation ii climaticallysmart targeting iii investments that promote and strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity and iv the promotion of institutional capacity and resources for climate risk management vakis also argues that social programmes to cope with disasters need different operating criteria including those that highlight the flexibility of adjustment and the extension of coverage to provide an effective response in the shortest possible time and coordination between government efforts and those made by different nongovernmental and private organizations,13
+this prompted new legislation in that now makes access to health care a right for all greek citizens and provides comprehensive coverage not only to them but also to irregular migrants and refugees see also box previously the different occupationbased shi funds had their own contribution rates and benefits packages resulting in fragmented and unequal access to services today the public benefits package is relatively broad and dental services have been added under the legislation establishing the new primary care system in alone the state and nongovernmental organisations dealt with approximately new arrivals providing shelter food and required medical assistance,3
+depending especially on the catchment characteristics and intensity of rainfall relatively stable flow or shortduration flooding may result in rainfed rivers the beds of rivers flowing into desert sinks may be dry for a significant part of the year the seasonal water availability situation is further influenced by climate variability and change consequently the water management challenges vary in time and space,6
+document management systems dms are also sometimes used in order to draft review and accept contracts often if there are larger project consortia one independent and assumed neutral company or the biggest stakeholder is responsible for contract management the responsible party for contract management sets up the technology and acts as the administrator with access to all data and the possibility to change the status of documents,9
+large farmers also enjoy the benefit of the programmes and sometimes are main beneficiaries for instance fertiliser subsidies dominate budgetary support these payments are channelled through fertiliser companies and have been found to be costly and the extent to which benefits accrue to farmers has been questioned,2
+at the sectoral level greater consideration is being given to tax and regulatory policies that encourage producers to reduce their energy consumption and adopt more sustainable production technologies the recent financial crisis in shifted attention to getting economies back on track and has diffused the focus on green growth however as economies gradually recover attention on green growth has revived in the case of thailand continuing political uncertainties mean that a green growth strategy may have to wait until after the long awaited elections in are held and a new government is formed,7
+while health care spending has declined in real terms in italy during these different periods significant growth rates have been reported in other oecd countries differences in health care spending are also found between italy and european countries in public health spending after control for price levels was higher in european countries than in italy,3
+optimum use of land resources and more opportunity for urbanrural linkage conservation of farmlands higher quality of life due to and natural biodiversity more recreational activities fewer co emissions due to shorter food travel mileage rural economic development urban agriculture renewable energy etc better access to a diversity of local services and jobs higher quality of life due to access to local services shops hospitals etc they also can reduce automobile dependency through more economically viable public transport systems and by encouraging the use of walking cycling and public transport,11
+the prodeem programme provided mainly nongrid solar pv electrification to community installations health facilities and schools topdown management with little local stakeholder involvement lack of costrecovery schemes and lack of coordination with grid electrification plans severely affected the results of prodeem goldemberg eta the target groups for rural electrification thus live mainly in the northern and northeastern states of the country where electricity access at the beginning of lpt was lowest in both nominal and relative numbers in the northeast million rural households of all rural households in the region and in the north thousand rural households of all rural households in that region lacked access to electric energy,7
+indeed progress has slowed in a number of areas and the remaining gender gaps are often very large in emerging economies further improvements are not inevitable but will depend on effective policy action the recovery from the global economic crisis has been weak in large portions of the developed world and clear signs of a slowdown are evident in many emerging economies in this context increasing female labour market outcomes represents a very important untapped resource with the potential to boost productivity and revive economic growth ferrant and kolev hsieh et al,5
+the latter are particularly important while nuclear power has some system costs of its own it remains the only major dispatchable lowcarbon source of electricity other than hydropower which is in limited supply carbon prices will thus be an increasingly important tool to differentiate between lowcarbon and highcarbon dispatchable technologies the present study provides a contribution to the debate which is still ongoing further research is necessary and will undoubtedly refine both methodologies and empirical results,7
+residential schools on the other hand contribute to the enhancement of the academic performance of students including that of girls by sparing them the burden of travelling long distances and performing domestic chores one of the disadvantages of residential schools is the risk they pose of physical and sexual abuse indigenous girls are often at risk of becoming pregnant and then dropping out of school and in some cases expelled from school not only is the enrolment rate for indigenous children especially for the girl child very low but there is a higher dropout rate among indigenous children,4
+most yearolds in germany have attained a vocational qualification at either upper secondary or postsecondary level the fourth largest proportion among countries with available data the oecd average is due to the high incidence of vocational qualifications and the fact that a general degree mostly abitur is dedicated to further education and not to direct entry in the labour market only of adults attain a general upper secondary or postsecondary qualification as highest degree one of the smallest proportions among oecd countries the oecd average is table al between and unemployment rates decreased by percentage points among adults without upper secondary education from to by percentage points among those with an upper secondary or postsecondary nontertiary education from to and by percentage points among those with a tertiary qualification from to,4
+in the brussels capital region where the flemish community government is responsible for the schools providing education with dutch as the language of instruction additional support is provided by the flemish community commission in brussels the school board can finance the part which is not subsidised by means of a loan guaranteed by the flemish government as reported by the representative groups and stakeholders interviewed by the oecd review team it is common for private and municipal schools to use a portion of their operating grants to pay off the loan that covers the portion not funded by public sources,4
+energy suppliers will not want to see their revenues from government subsidies drop nor will consumers want to pay full price for a resource they are used to obtaining at a lower cost in many situations weak knowledge or fear of the unknown related to renewable and low carbon energy technologies is an issue to be overcome the structure of the energy supply sector may also be challenging with strong interests resisting change world agroforestry centre nairobi kenya,7
+this is an important aspect of it necessary for advocating for better rights and working conditions on the other hand scholarly research on migration and development has also focused on the agency of migrants mostly through the glorification of the role of remittances for development the policy field is populated by simplistic storylines eg women remit more women are agents of development that have very little to do with womens realities aspirations and struggles in the global south while decontextualizing and depersonalizing their experiencessuch headlines also silence the global structural inequalities that are foregrounded by human rightsfocused literature in the name of development,5
+in the netherlands the national associations of mental health care professionals have developed national multidisciplinary guidelines for the treatment of several mental illnesses evaluation is carried out according to positive or negative performance rating according to aspects of services while mental disorders comprise a large burden of disease they are generally undertreated partly because people with mental disorders are not adequately identified resulting in a large treatment gap,3
+output volume of the food processing industry fell in every year from until except from to the annual average growth in processing of food products including beverages and tobacco products was and the value of production in was kzt billion usd billion the share of food processing including beverages and tobacco products in industrial output in was,2
+the pdf was established in and officially inaugurated in to work towards inclusive barrierfree socially just and gender equitable societies that recognise the human rights citizenship contribution and potential of disabled people in pacific island countries and territories all disabled children and adults have the right to access education on an equal basis with others this includes all stages and types of education ranging from preschool to basic education to university to lifelong learning,4
+if a home visit is deemed necessary the gp decides if the patients condition is suitable for an ecp or whether a gp is required halter et al variations on this model enable the patient to be transferred to another health service such as a primary care centre instead of an emergency department these initiatives should be considered particularly in the rural context and scaled up where appropriate,3
+developments in agricultural productivity growth and resource use are first presented to outline the issue the different ways innovation systems agricultural policy farm structure and other factors affect agricultural productivity and sustainability are then discussed suggestions are made to strengthen innovation systems and to improve agricultural policies in order to foster agricultural productivity growth efficiently and sustainably,2
+for example by washing atlowertemperatures avoiding tumbledrying avoiding fabric conditioners avoiding certain care products technical and aesthetic lifetimes can be extended environmental impacts of laundering are simultaneously reduced information on howto carry out simple repairs can also extend lifetimes,12
+review in this context other countries experience with establishing universities of applied sciences or polytechnics and the role of local industry in developing specific curricula and assessing future demand for graduates this is a major task see also the recommendations regarding internationalisation overall the result can be described as a modem middleoftheroad governance structure with performancebased budgeting processes longterm planning a science and innovation advisory council with two main ministries in charge a number of agencies with differing degrees of independence a funding system with more than individual programmes and a variety of feedback and communication loops performancebased budgeting needs fine tuning and longterm planning should encourage continuity of action,9
+according to aure and grimsrud the latter might be instrumental in maintaining or even recreating traditional gender roles since some newcomers most often the women of the family might need to work less in order for the families to have more time together such messages may be disagreeable to women and men who want a more equal everyday life aure and grimsrud own translation at the same time globalisation and the internationalised market have created an increased competition from abroad which have put pressure on a number of the traditional industries of the peripheral areas furthermore danish jobs are increasingly centralised and with this the demand for mobility among the residents of the peripheral areas have increased,5
+other countries invest in skills abroad for example some countries provide training to temporary labour migrants in the host country and the workers can then take this knowledge back to their home countries when they return box they can also help to improve ihe quality variety and relevance of domestic highereducation three key elements that require a critical mass of highquality academics,4
+le gouvernement doit assurer la transparence de ses intentions et les communiquer aux acteurs concernes en temps utile productivity growth in agriculture an international perspective cab international oxfordshire royaumeuni the geographic demographic political and economic characteristics of the country are presented as are the key trends in agriculture since,2
+changing the area would require the model to be able to allocate water demand for irrigation according to different crops and actual locations this facility is currently not available even if the enuironmental outlook baseline projection were to consider a modest expansion of irrigation the associated growth in irrigation water demands would not alter the total demands decisively these are increasingly determined by much faster growing demands for domestic and industrial use and electricity production other projections of total water demands show a comparable picture shen however despite being equipped the area is often not irrigated for various reasons such as lack of water absence of farmers land degradation damage and organisational problems,6
+in greece overall suicide rates have been stable in and despite worsening economic conditions this underlines that countries need to continue monitoring developments closely in order to be able to respond quickly including monitoring highrisk populations such as the unemployed and those with psychiatric disorders comparability of data between countries is affected by a number of reporting criteria including how a person s intention of killing themselves is ascertained who is responsible for completing the death certificate whether a forensic investigation is carried out and the provisions for confidentiality of the cause of death,3
+pregnant women are exempt from copayment for normal delivery services pregnant women are also exempted from copayments in outpatient care the average copayment for primary care provided in ordinary practices is nzd usd for children aged six to seventeen years old and nzd for children aged less than six for primary care provided in vlca practices these copayments are respectively of nzd usd and nzd,3
+in each case the labour force was projected individually by gender and fiveyear age group with the overall labour force size the sum across both genders and all fiveyear age groups estimates of gdp per capita were calculated using a modified version of the longterm growth models presented in oecd economic outlook no these growth models estimate gdp based on a standard cobbdouglas production function with the usual longterm growth determinants ie physical capital human capital potential employment and labour efficiency potential gdp across the projection period here is estimated by projecting trends and changes in the various input components with projections of the components themselves based on both longterm dynamics within the given country and on convergence patterns between countries see oecd c and johansson et al for details on the measures data and assumptions used to project the individual components,8
+this led to a demand for licensed electricians to gain the additional grid connected photo voltaic installation qualification in order for home owners to access the rebate the success of this approach resulted in over licensed electricians completing the training within the timeframe of the policy driven demand these panels form part of the ecoskills training structure a living laboratory learning facility designed and built to sustainability principles by nsi carpentry electrical and plumbing students and staff,7
+even though women are in the labour market in ever greater numbers marriage and childbearing often dampen their access to paid work however in many contexts a single often low income is insufficient to pull the entire household out of poverty moreover in a world that is increasingly monetized and marked by changing social risks and family forms strengthening womens command of economic resources is hugely important to answer this question this chapter begins by explaining why it is important for a woman to have resources of her own be it from labour market earnings assets or entitlements to social protection regardless of the family structure in which she lives see figure,5
+grain producers applying reducedtillage are eligible for increased rates of per hectare subsidies similarly producers of sugar beet and vegetables and melons with drip irrigation benefit from considerably higher per hectare payments compared to those who do not use drip irrigation apart from its effects on crop productivity drip irrigation has beneficial environmental outcomes such as water saving and prevention of soils salinisation swamp formation and erosion of the irrigated lands box,2
+it is a useful tool for policymakers seeking to promote gender equality and improve womens wellbeing using a sample of couples from the china national time use survey ctus this study examines the relationship between bargaining power and the amount of time allocated to household and care work and market work it is found that wives spend a longer time working in a day minutes than husbands minutes the findings also show that the impact of bargaining power on womens time in unpaid work is complicated,5
+products with mfn rates higher than were subject to a rate in and entered chinaasean duty free starting in the agreement on tvade in goods between asean and china was signed in november and set out the modalities for tariff reductions and elimination for tariff lines categorised in either the normal track or the sensitive track commencing on july tariff lines on the normal track covering of tariff lines were gradually reduced and traded duty free from january for asean and china or for asean products on the sensitive track were further categorised into sensitive and highly sensitive lists,2
+women currently aged over who have had full careers less than ten years outside work and fulltime education are no less likely to provide daily informal care than women who have had interrupted careers as a result while female labour force participation rates are expected to increase in the future this may not be enough to reduce gender inequalities in the provision of informal care unless they are accompanied by broader shifts in perceptions of gender roles chapter effective social protection and infrastructure for ltc and better support for caregivers are therefore likely to remain important parts of policies against gender inequality,5
+moreover about a fifth of the software associations surveyed for this report stressed that the general business environment in their countries constituted a barrier to growth given the variety of issues that can be considered under such a broad area a discussion of relevant policy options needs to remain fairly general the status of the ict infrastructure was noted in chapter ii to be of high relevance,9
+whereas for per capita gdp accordingly if the poverty line is held constant in real terms any change in the poverty indicator can be analysed in terms of changes in average income and the income distribution the difference between this indicator and the poverty rate observed in the initial period can be interpreted as a growth effect,1
+if countries overlook the soft components of the ict rollout such as skills education local content inclusive policies participation and institutional accountability the impacts of the digital revolution will fall short in the spirit of inclusive knowledge cities broadband infrastructure and softcomponents need to be conceived and rolled out jointly to ensure a future humancentred sustainable city development although automation may lead to loss of jobs smart and knowledge cities will lead to the creation of jobs in it data analysis research and in the sociocultural and environmental sectors,11
+they have planning data collection and coordination prerogatives usually devoted to river basin organisations as collegial structures they can also arbitrate and prevent conflicts over water use they provide fora to reach compromise on water allocation disputes and they are key interlocutors of conagua regarding the management of water risks such as drought overexploitation and contamination in order to develop mechanisms in line with the national strategy in addition the councils participate in the development of financial studies with conagua to best determine the necessary users contribution to support their programmes of work,6
+strengthening national and local capacities is therefore paramount to enable and build systems that support collection analysis and dissemination of sdgs data and information including supporting different forms of disaggregation accompanied by spatial analysis and the necessary mechanisms to aggregate urban data at country level an effective implementation structure for sdg at the national and subnational levels requires reliable and effective governance structures and supportive frameworks for financing innovations and institutional capacitybuilding with a wellconnected network of stakeholders at global regional and national levels in addition most of the sdg indicators have a direct connection to urban policies and a clear impact on cities and human settlements since nearly one third of indicators are being measured at the local level,11
+the dominican republic s indc indicates that it would need usd m in incremental costs for the period ghana s bur highlights projectspecific cost needs rog other countries eg cambodia in its nc dcc highlights specific and qualitative adaptationrelated capacity building needs while others eg guatemala in its indc indicate that international adaptation support will be needed but do not specify how much,13
+around per cent of them are living with hiv data at the national level however as evidence regarding the effectiveness of different services and treatment programmes needle and syringe programmes opioid substitution therapy antiretroviral therapy and the provision of naloxone becomes more accepted in the countries it is expected that more targeted service programmes will be implemented in the region the provision of psychological treatment services has been expanded in some countries in the region to respond to the demand for treatment for amphetaminetype stimulant use,3
+with regard to capabilities sdg advocates for the elimination of gender disparities in education and training and sdg targets an end to violence discrimination and harmful practices such as early and forced marriage as well as reproductive health and rights finally women s agency is linked to the target of effective participation in decisionmaking in the economic and political realm in sdg macrolevel policies coupled with gender job segregation have made it difficult for women in many countries to convert their greater productivity related to higher educational attainment into improved livelihoods absolute and relative to men,5
+this chapter assesses the contribution of immigrant workers to gdp in thailand based on labour market and other information assuming that the economic contribution of immigrant workers is broadly related to the number of workers it is possible to make a quantitative assessment of the direct output generated by immigrants in thailand as the sectoral distribution of workers is a major determinant of the contribution to gdp this chapter starts with a brief review of sectoral development of the thai economy and the position of foreignbom workers in this regard,8
+regular reporting of adverse events was institutionalised in and a safe surgery checklist was introduced in the same year the programme run by the ministry of health and applying to ccss as well as private facilities focuses on accrediting health care providers accreditation is at a basic level however and essentially comprises verification that the facility complies with minimum requirements around staffing levels equipment and documentation more ambitious quality monitoring and improvement programmes have been abandoned,3
+the impact on people and ecosystems will depend on how the world adapts to those changes adaptation policies will need to be implemented to safeguard the wellbeing of current and future generations worldwide the management of climate change risks is closely intertwined with economic development impacts will be felt more by the poorest and most vulnerable populations national governments and donor agencies have a key role to play and integrating climate change adaptation strategies into all development planning is now critical,13
+instead it fosters the establishment and implementation of such agreements as well as their further development the convention establishes principles and rules that form the basis for countries working together to protect and sustainably use their shared freshwater resources such measures include undertaking environmental impact assessments and other means of assessment preventing and reducing pollution at its source licensing and monitoring wastewater discharges and developing and applying best environmental practices to reduce inputs of nutrients and hazardous substances from agriculture and other diffuse sources parties are obligated to use water resources sustainably taking into account the ecosystem approach,6
+in march the government announced the first review of the scheme the review will be completed by the end of and current tariffs will probably remain unchanged until april the review will examine all aspects of the scheme with a focus on largescale solar projects which have been more popular than envisaged and a review of tariff rates for farmbased anaerobic digestion plants as fewer of these plants have been accredited than expected,13
+it sets out a vision plan and timetable for achieving the united kingdoms emission reduction targets department by department updates on progress will be released quarterly and a final plan will be released following the confirmation of the fourth carbon budget in june a gib to unlock finance for the transition to lowcarbon growth will commence operations during the latter half of,13
+iftotal inputs exceed total outputs the aquifer will recharge reductions in streamflow may lead to impacts on both instream habitat and to downstream or transboundary conflict over shared surface water allocations if agricultural producers increase the efficiency of their irrigation systems while keeping pumping the same recharge i will decrease and once again there will be a reduction in outputs storage or a combination of the two,6
+in several sectors efficiencies can be gained through cogeneration combined heat and power and even through the integration of renewables such as cofiring of biomass with fossil fuels and industrialscale solar thermal applications energy efficiency applications in industry often using available technologies available in the global marketplace can be inexpensive to deploy and offer attractive paybacks electricity demand currently represents of worldwide final energy consumption its share is expected to increase significantly due to growth in general demand and increased use of electricity in heating and transport,7
+it focuses on the area of tax policies labour market and product market policies nonpolicy factors such as up skilling globalisation and technological change are also covered albeit more succinctly section wraps up the empirical findings by classifying policy reforms on the basis of their joint effects on gdp per capita and household disposable incomes across the distribution for each country and each year the database covers mean disposable income by deciles ie the population is sliced in ten equally sized groups ranked by income allowing direct computation of income standards see box,10
+uranium resources are welldistributed around the world with an important share in oecd countries especially australia canada and the united states because of these properties nuclear energy played an important role in ensuring the security of energy supply in many oecd countries update on the crisis capability index and the supplydemand index quantification for eu ecne ciep wwwecnnldocslibraryreport e pdf in this context a source of energy such as nuclear which is not strongly dependent on the access to imported fuels and can produce electricity with domestic infrastructures at a stable cost provides the basis for reliable energy supply,7
+it also details a comprehensive set of education policies and practices some of these policies and practices are designed to address the specific challenges immigrants face upon arriving in a new country others are designed to foster the longterm integration of immigrants and their children students with an immigrant background in many education systems are at an increased risk of academic underperformance of reporting feelings of alienation high anxiety related to schoolwork and low satisfaction with life,4
+results from pisa suggest that across oecd countries schools and countries where students work in a climate characterised by expectations of high performance and the readiness to invest effort good teacherstudent relations and high teacher morale tend to achieve better results on average across countries and particularly in some countries even after accounting for socioeconomic background and other aspects of the learning environment measured by pisa the results show that reading performance is positively related to higher values on the pisa index of teacherstudent relationship in oecd countries including the united states on the index of disciplinary climate in oecd countries including the united states and on the index of teacherrelated factors affecting school climate in oecd countries including the united stales table iv c in pisa results volume iv it is noteworthy that in no country is there a negative relationship between any of these factors and learning outcomes,4
+in it earned uss billion in latin america from energy generation and uss billion in the distribution segment outside the electricity business iberdrola would henceforth only invest in the gas sector to supply its own combinedcycle power plants nonetheless it is currently one of the few electricity firms with an engineering subsidiary,7
+indeed the level of slack exceeds the rise in unemployment because hours worked have been cut for workers who have remained employed while other potential workers have withdrawn from or remained outside of the labour market in response to poor jobsearch prospects estimates of these other forms of slack are discussed later in this section after a fuller analysis of the impact of the recession on conventional employment and unemployment measures the increase in unemployment has been especially sharp in spain and ireland just over and percentage points respectively,8
+these arguments are not valid for normal frequent variations in yields or production but for catastrophic risks that have low probability of occurrence and generate high and systemic damages oecd a covering normal risks with government support programmes crowds out farmers proactive management of risks and creates moral hazard the most appropriate policy response to market failure is the investment in information and databases,2
+the following chapter examines policy coherence and the importance of local strategies to job creation this does not necessarily correspond to the municipal level where the public employment service has its antennas such municipal offices are often merely delivery agencies with low critical mass and strategic capacity except in urban centres,8
+this has partly been due to insufficient application of the normalised method mtn and long transition periods in water sector reform when the interministerial committee for economic planning cipe functioned as the regulator in areas where no management concession had been awarded despite increases rate levels have remained low while the average water supply rate in italy is around eur m with wide variations across the country in many other oecd countries they are already between eur and m,6
+many households with one worker will be poor and in this scenario the working poor will account for the largest proportion of those in poverty while promoting the employment of second earners may help to alleviate poverty among couples policies which increase hours worked and promote earnings progression will also be crucial for poverty reduction particularly among singleadult households at present lowskilled groups have little chance of labour market progression meanwhile interventions to help those in lowpaid deadend jobs find better jobs in particular through the promotion of education and training could have a substantial influence on increasing wages and reducing poverty,1
+sound environmental management also encompasses major goals such as significantly expanded use of sustainable energy sources and increased energy demand management this section considers these capacity requirements first for the government sector and then for energy suppliers the private sector and civil society these requirements are critical but they are not specifically related to the energy sector and as such are better addressed in a broader crosssectoral discussion of environmental capacity requirements although increased end use energy efficiency and reduced end use environmental impact are among the goals articulated above in section the sectorspecific capacity requirements to achieve this are beyond the scope of this paper,7
+in the unemployment rate of young people aged was above the rate for other age groups but well below the oecd average of despite this comparatively low level youth unemployment and schooltowork transition are major issues in japan in the past the japanese employment system was characterised by a tradition of direct placement from schools into companies,8
+this new law disqualified per cent of the women trained by znwl for the local government leadership for the previous three years they could not qualify to contest elections because they did not have the grade certificate the znwl managed to lobby political parties to adopt other women to replace those that were disqualified and dropped out of the election race however there was no time to train the new women candidates in leadership skills,5
+in viet nam a diversified farming system at the household level integrating vegetation aquaculture and use of cages in animal husbandry has contributed to improvements in both income and nutritional outcomes food and agriculture organization of the united nations for instance improving fuel and combustion efficiency for the purpose of decreasing greenhouse gas emissions requires actions which may generate cobenefits in the health sector if they succeed in curbing air pollution and thereby ameliorate its healthrelated consequences and reduce the demand for health services air pollution is a classic example where public policy is required to enable environmental and health risks to be reduced at the same time in a significant number of countries mostly in subsaharan africa more than per cent of the population uses solid fuels for cooking forouzanfar and others poor households women and children in particular are exposed to indoor air pollution smith and others world health organization,13
+this trend can be seen for instance in australia where the fisheries management act mandates management effectiveness and cost efficiency as explicit objectives for the australian fisheries management authority both groups value the stock but the conservationists will place a much lower value on the harvest if any at all boyce showed that this had implications for their respective acceptance of regulation in view of the low levels of current stocks and the impact of fisheries on the environment the effectiveness of conservation groups in terms of political influence and affecting bargaining outcomes is open to debate the groups are no doubt gaining public support and enjoying some policy gains,14
+finally the loughs agency is an agency of the foyle carlingford and irish lights commission established under the britishirish agreement act to provide the effective conservation management promotion and development of the fisheries and marine resources of the foyle and carlingford areas these are the recommendations of the international council for the exploitation of the sea and the north atlantic salmon conservation organisation nasco in the government reaffirmed its commitment to manage the wild salmon fishery in line with the scientific advice from onwards in the interests of conservation of wild stocks and the following year essentially closed the irish mixed stock salmon fishery principally drift nets and some coastal draft nets,14
+grain farming was established in the steppe land of northern kazakhstan in the virgin lands programme of the s and s however and similar to the situation in neighbouring siberia variable climate led to volatile harvests and the soils in some of the new lands were unsuited to longterm cultivation about according to the world bank other regionally important crops include sunflower seeds and oil crops in the northeast and rice in kyzylorda,2
+whilst most people with common mental disorders are in employment the rate of employment for those with a common mental disorder cmd is to percentage points lower than the population without a cmd oecd depression has been found to be highly correlated with poverty brown figure a wide number of publications underline the financial losses as a result of reduced output related to mental disorders including chapter in this publication centre for mental health oecd,3
+the challenge is not only to encourage innovation in general but to steer the efforts and investments of innovators into fields of endeavor that are particularly critical for sustainable development the above market and coordination failures are typically exacerbated in these fields because many of the goods and benefits to be generated by innovation have public good properties and generate positive externalities themselves this means that the private incentives for engaging in innovation in these fields are attenuated even more than when innovation is applied to goods and services without sustainability attributes moreover because some of the benefits of innovations in fields critical for sustainable development will accrue to society at large rather than to the buyers of the respective products and services innovations in these fields are also likely to be taken up more slowly by customers,12
+furthermore for some types of adaptation actions such as the provision of information on changing regional climatic conditions the government may need to play a more central role unless these policies are climateproofed they may inadvertently hamper adaptation and prevent farmers from taking decisions that improve their resilience to future climatic circumstances for example agricultural policies that directly intervene in management practices and lock farmers into current practices that may have historically been best practice but are not well adapted to changing climate require careful reevaluation governments may assist farmers and other private agents in providing public risk management tools such as early warning systems,13
+this fiscal risk is further enhanced for clean electricity generation as the latter is likely to be subsidised at the beginning of the transition from conventional energy to clean energy see investment promotion and facilitation section governments should therefore undertake careful benefitcost analysis to justify the subsidy levels and financial analysis to ensure that the liberalisation process is fiscally sustainable and provides sufficient yet affordable stimulus for the participation of clean energy investors the design of clear procurement rules or of standard power purchasing agreements which can be adapted to better accommodate clean energy ipps is also necessary to protect consumer interests,7
+the pathways between and among institutions in penang are limited according to penang s selfevaluation report there are no multiple pathways with well coordinated transfer routes and accreditation including transfer systems to ensure flexible student transfer between different educational institutions or between higher education institutions while universiti sains malaysia has an agreement to allow the transfer of credit for students from public higher education institutions to continue their studies at university this applies only for students transferring from public higher education institutions such as a polytechnic and uitm the oecd received no information on the number of students who take advantage of this credit transfer agreement,4
+the breadth of policy reforms has varied dramatically across countries in a few there has been rapid structural change whereas in a greater number of countries changes have been limited to parametric change reductions in salaries pharmaceutical prices increases in copayments the most common changes have been to reform pharmaceuticals both to pay less at a national level and to encourage more use of generics increase copayments and to centralise purchasing or provision of health goods and services that said a number of reforms have attracted considerable critique and political unrest among workers industry and the general population,3
+in particular municipalities have been found to show a high degree of flexibility in granting land use authorisations the decisions of municipal authorities that are incompatible with state planning may find several roots the economic returns for municipalities and their mayors of delivering land use authorisations may also be identified as a reason for municipalities to grant permits that are undesirable from a state territorial planning perspective a final political aspect may also be envisaged that of the mayor who after three nonrenewable years in office would take advantage of his authority to facilitate projects that may put him in a better position in a political party or group ejidos make up of the urban territory of the state of morelos gobiemo de morelos a three types of property exist in mexico private property which accounts for around onethird of the country s land area social property which makes up more than half of the country s territory and publicfederal property approximately of the total which includes national parks and waterways,11
+chapter will discuss the changing policy attitudes facing nuclear energy once it is discussed in a security of supply perspective the reason is that the issue depends on subjective valuejudgements which may vary across market actors citizens and countries markets thus cannot develop the verifiable parameters over which private buyers and sellers could negotiate satisfactory outcomes at sufficiently low cost this informational complexity even though it is due to very different reasons is something energy supply security has in common with certain types of environmental externalities such as greenhouse gas emissions the other great example of a market failure in the energy field,7
+the monitoring system covers national groundwater deposits reservoirs and tail systems wells and springs and includes observation stations with automatic devices also groundwater extraction is monitored for major water users for different purposes drinking water industry and irrigation with the supply network comprising wells of which are functioning and pumping million m year since the investments in groundwater monitoring and exploration have increased by per cent per year all covered by a longterm programme folly funded by the state chapter,6
+those who used to say there was no discrimination in their organizations were now keen to change the value system reevaluate jobs and work to create more mixed groups in the workplace the chosen symbol shows a compass a stamp a runic representation and the smiling faces of two different individuals the law therefore reflects compromises such as the considerable flexibility allowed for the design of job classifications and other requirements among companies although the standard must apply equally to all within the same company,8
+of the seven countries for which child poverty can be estimated the world bank classes guyana as lowermiddle income belize grenada jamaica saint lucia and suriname as uppermiddle income and antigua and barbuda and trinidad and tobago as high income however neither national income nor monetary poverty fully explains the variability in child poverty levels for example although trinidad and tobago has the highest per capita gross domestic product in the caribbean it does not have the lowest level of child poverty,1
+this time trend is not as apparent among secondary and higher educated workers though among these workers in all years the share of paid employment falls considerably with increasing experience figure seems to suggest that many particularly tertiary educated workers do not stay in paid employment until retirement and paid employment is not the same as a stable job figure shows monthly income in real zar of south africanbom workers by levels of education and experience for each of the two census waves,8
+this coordination ensures that economic growth is promoted through the region s municipal development agendas and with respect to environmental preservation and social cohesion across the territory this requires that certain federal criteria be met which do not often coincide with local government criteria moreover federal government support is conditioned on the availability of public resources,11
+the capacity of a society to develop young peoples literacy skills and wellbeing depends on its ability to provide the right kinds of human and material resources to support healthy development from conception to childhood and beyond educational prosperity refers to the success of the education system in developing childrens cognitive skills and their social emotional physical and spiritual wellbeing the term prosperity simply refers to the condition of experiencing success or thriving willms,4
+robustness tests should be reported to see whether policy relevant comparisons are robust to a range of plausible weights other inputs into the final weighting structure include national policies often as presented in development plans as well as participatory exercises with poor communities the issue of weighting is no more challenging for the mpi than for other poverty indicators such as imputing prices for nonmarket goods or adjusting rural and urban poverty lines for monetary poverty measures,1
+strengthening public primary and community care would also result in fewer selfreferrals to hospital emergency departments for minor ailments and conditions where treatment costs are much higher finally managing chronic conditions better within primary care settings would contribute towards preventing deterioration and the need for hospital care for example gps and private family doctors linked in to the myhealth system are now able to make referrals for services that could previously only be requested by hospital specialists additionally the range of services provided in primary care has been expanded to include for example chronic disease management clinics and healthy lifestyle clinics,3
+by gender parity in access to primary lower secondary and uppersecondary school had been achieved on average across the globe unesco in north africa for example just girls are enrolled in primary school for every boys and in subsaharan africa the ratio is as for secondary schools gender disparities are more widespread,5
+hence total system costs are higher and alternative arrangements induced by public intervention which may just be confined to discontinuing subsidy payments would increase total welfare in several european oecd countries but particularly in germany the advent of large amounts of intermittent electricity generated by solar power and wind power has been leading to large technical externalities with network operators and other producers including nuclear energy being forced to accommodate large swings in the production of renewable energy it has also lead to important financial externalities with average prices tending to be lower and price volatility higher than they would have been otherwise,7
+typically teacher assessment is presented in the literature as having higher validity than external assessment test items and grading standards may vary widely between teachers and schools so that the results of internal assessments will lack external confidence and cannot be compared across schools there might also be a high risk of bias ie the assessment is unfair to particular groups of students,4
+one of the reasons for the programmes success might be due to the value of the grant twothirds of the income to the bottom quintile was provided via social assistance grants with most of this income coming from child grants the child support grant the foster care grant and the care dependency grant combined the namibian system of social cts which has its roots in south africa has evolved quite differently given the different economic and social circumstances in these two countries resulting in a mix of eligibility criteria being applied,1
+it may be worth considering the creation of larger management units that could use economies of scale to put more rigorous quality assurance procedures in place an assessment of whether economies of scale could be achieved if municipal water systems were grouped together might be made a condition for subsidies as is the case in austria for example while dublin reduced the level of unaccountedfor water from in it was still in however unaccountedfor water outside the greater dublin area remains high with levels in some localities exceeding in,6
+there is also an effort to shift from charging for irrigation water hased on the area covered to the volume of water used in many countries especially where water stress is a serious issue policies regarding onfarm water resources mainly groundwater usually involve licenses and other regulatory instruments but because of high transaction costs to enforce compliance the degradation and illegal pumping of groundwater remains a challenge to achieve sustainable groundwater use more effort will be required to enforce regulatory measures and develop mechanisms for volumetric management and charging which is also essential for the management of surface water especially where water stress is a serious issue but achieving marginal cost recovery for groundwater supplies is complex as is the development of groundwater markets,6
+moreover some analysts have stressed that informal firms generate efficiency losses because by avoiding taxes they rob more productive formal competitors of market shares farrell data on microfirms in mexico from to show that the percentage of female owners increased more in the informal sector than in the formal one figure source oecd secretariat estimates based on six waves of inegi encuesta nacional de micronegodos enamin the data are representative of mexican urban areas,5
+this leaves indonesian policymakers and consumers uneasy about the countiy s vulnerability to international markets for these commodities and also uneasy about unforeseen events that may impact negatively on the countiy s domestic food production capability transitory food insecurity is a concern for indonesia not just because it is a net food importer but also because possible international fuel price increases macroeconomic shocks plant and animal disease outbreaks and natural disasters all threaten the reliability of its food supplies over the threeyear period the average prevalence of undernourishment in indonesia was of the population but by the period this measure had declined to fao,2
+figure shows the trends in health care expenditure growth during three different recessionary phases in each of the phases the health expenditure was set equal to one at the point in time just prior to the start of the recession peak year expenditure growth during the recession of mid s showed little sign of abating after the start of the recession,3
+in some countries the implementation of a mixed model curriculum has been found to be less effective than pure academic or comprehensive approaches nevertheless a clear dichotomy between the academic and comprehensive approaches is not necessarily warranted for ever been expelled from high school this is the percentage of sample group members that had been expelled from high school,4
+taken together with the increase in farm and nonfarm production activities social protection strengthens livelihoods rather than fostering dependency public works programmes can provide important infrastructure and community assets and when designed and implemented properly contribute directly to the local economy cash transfers increase the purchasing power of the poor who demand goods and services largely produced in the local economy,1
+to improve the health situation of indigenous peoples there must thus be a fundamental shift in the concept of health so that it incorporates the cultures and world views of indigenous peoples as central to the design and management of state health systems it is shaped by indigenous peoples historical experiences and worldviews and is expressed in the rules and norms that are applied in the community and practised by its members to promote health and prevent illness an indigenous community seeks to recuperate and maintain its interior and exterior equilibrium including the harmony between community members who are sick and the world around them,3
+improving policy coherence in managing fisheries can improve efficiency without compromising other objectives for the sector waste is both a national and global issue information on this subject is scarce but what evidence there is suggests that the amount of waste its value and environmental impact are significant,14
+however the extent to which this broadband expansion will include the provision of computers and new digital technology as complementary tools for teaching and translate into digital skills training in the classroom rather than merely serving for administrative purposes is unclear the pilot project in favour of school wellbeing proyecto a favor de la convivencia escolar intends to train school directors in the use of material for teachers and students this effort involves the delivery of materials by the state government across the schools likewise the safe school programme programci escuela segura grants funding support to schools to improve the school environment and foster better learning it also provides technical support to schools by means of three books delivered to the schools library gobiemo de morelos a,4
+the indcs of several countries indicate that they are in the process of developing a nap and imply that this may take several years eg uruguay and south africa s indc indicate that the nap will be developed by there can also be a significant delay between developing an overarching adaptation strategy and a plan to implement that strategy for example france established a national adaptation strategy in and it took until for a national adaptation plan to be developed climateadapt,13
+however further progress is needed to improve the comparability of genderdisaggregated data across countries however credit providers might also discriminate against women entrepreneurs the banks and public support policies should ensure tight supervision to prevent any discrimination in this regard the consumer financial protection agency cfpa in the united states collects data on small business credit availability by gender race and ethnicity and enforces lending laws to ensure that loans are granted fairly to small business owners,5
+according to this definition the proportion of ruralurban inequality is slightly lower than the case in the first grouping and explains of overall inequality china has made great progress in poverty reduction during the reform period but the poverty reduction strategy has been implemented in rural and urban areas separately prior to the s when ruralurban segmentation was substantial most poverty was concentrated in rural china because urban residents were well protected by the welfare system,10
+in germany the tariffs and the degression rates are usually revised every four years but some additional adjustments are possible and have been recently used for photovoltaics in response to the increasingly rapid deployment of solar power the government introduced a volume responsive degression system in for photovoltaics the system was revised in and in as solar generation capacities continue to expand at a high pace these adjustments have been insufficient to control the development of photovoltaics and the government is revising again the support measures feedin tariffs should be cut further and the degression system could be made more efficient by basing it on an analysis of price elasticities,7
+total funds are released according to the timeline presented in table these socalled social tariffs are not linked to lpt but available also to urban consumers those who use up to kwh per month pay only of the regular residential tariff while those consuming between kwh and kwh per month pay the reduced tariff of of the regular residential tariff,7
+in common with the way clinical audits have traditionally developed in many countries quality registers in sweden focus predominantly on hospital and specialist care eight of the quality registers also cover services provided in primary care dementia diabetes heart failure chronic obstructive pulmonary disease copd palliative care slowhealing wounds asthma and senior alert for reducing falls malnutrition pressure ulcers however in general coverage of providers and data completeness in quality registers is considerably poorer in primary care than for the hospital sector in part this is reportedly because staff find the addon task of data collection and reporting for several quality registers burdensome resulting in weak engagement by gps,3
+it is estimated that this reform helped to reduce the gini coefficient and thus inequality in personal income distribution by percentage points without having any discernible disincentive effect martorano a progressive tax system affects all income groups and their relative incomes including the income gap between the middleclass and top income earners on the expenditure side social transfers and the free or subsidized provision of public services are often directed at specific groups such as the poorest families with many children the elderly and the unemployed from this perspective social expenditure is better suited to preventing or reducing poverty and to protecting social groups that are particularly disadvantaged or vulnerable however to what extent public expenditure aimed at reducing inequality should be targeted to specific social groups and how has been subject to debate undesa it has also been argued that targeting requires administrative capacities and involves transaction costs and that the selection of the groups to be targeted may often be influenced by political interests mkandawire,10
+in addition both male and female victims often do not want to relive the traumatic experience andor feel fear shame embarrassment and an unwillingness to become involved in the police and judicial systems these stationsunits are staffed primarily by female officers in order to provide an environment where women may feel more comfortable in reporting crimes they often combine a number of specialised police officers with health and social workers along with legal specialists to form a team that can comprehensively respond to cases of genderbased violence including domestic violence and sexual assault,5
+in short it is an adaptive management cycle with planning implementation evaluation and adjusting activities within this general framework which is inherently sequential and not simultaneous it is relatively straightforward to calculate changes in landings revenues and costs this information could be useful to commercial sector stakeholders and managers but does little to capture the role of economic information in affecting catch and processing strategies then the fishery is monitored to obtain estimates of the management control variables and stock indicators that can be used to refine the biological model and or to solicit stakeholder input that is used to reestimate the assessment models to determine new estimates of stock status and then new management plans if necessary,14
+accordingly the creation of the gfcm forum on fisheries science the conducting of regional surveysatsea and the compilation of catalogues of fishing activities aim at enhancing the quantity and quality of data used for advice the revision of existing management plans or the development of new ones is also considered necessary for main commercial fisheries as well as the fisheries that rely on or show a strong interaction with resources in need of urgent action it also recognizes that collecting socioeconomic data that are as complete timely and accurate as possible helps develop coherent policies to ensure resource and market access for smallscale fishers,14
+social insurance funds collectively negotiate with regional medical chambers and other health professions regarding health care provision in the areas of ambulatory or outpatient and rehabilitative care and pharmaceuticals efforts were made over a number of years to achieve more joint planning governance and financing by bringing together the federal and regional levels and coordinating these with social insurance funds the health reform was an important step in this direction introducing a federal and nine regional commissions on health system governance involving all relevant actors see section s,3
+the ten selected projects will benefit from streamlined issuing of permits and the possibility of regulatory incentives crossborder cost allocation and funding under the european union s eu instrument for preaccession assistance and the neighbourhood investment facility in addition two electricity and eight gas projects have been approved as projects of mutual interest with the eu it will require sustained political and institutional will if the economies are to achieve both national and regionally shared objectives by implementing the adopted legislative and regulatory frameworks at present compliance with the eu third energy package is patchy at best but is an essential prerequisite for the interoperability of the see and eu energy systems as well as for improving the productivity and competitiveness of the sector at regional and national levels,7
+instead the cost of gasoline subsidies was transferred to pt pertamina which had to account for billion in costs in alone to cover the difference between market prices and subsidized prices this financial burden threatened the liquidity of the stateowned company to counteract this an energy security fund was set up in to stabilise fuel prices subsidising them when global fuel prices are higher than domestic prices and using additional revenue to fill the fund while global prices are low,7
+all tobacco products must cam health warnings and messages covering at least per cent of the packaging smoking in public places and public transport facilities including outdoor areas parks and playgrounds is forbidden according to the law the instruments or equipment used for diagnosis or radiotherapy shall be calibrated and under regular quality control and quality assurance,3
+the key elements are economic stability and growth supportive trade regulations and a sufficient domestic capacity of the manufacturing sector restricted access to global markets through trade barriers limits the opportunity for productivity increases and expansion of the manufacturing sector while limited access to global markets prevents the implementation of new technologies due to lack of access to innovations trade barriers hamper the creation of demand for new products,9
+state subsidies for education could be utilised to reduce the gap between private and social returns internalising some of the externalities the first one is a macro approach drawing on the empirical growth literature the role of human capital accumulation in explaining income differences across countries and over time is explored extensively mankiw etal,4
+some countries have reached the economic limit in terms of sewerage connection and must find other ways of serving small isolated settlements in the briics countries significant improvements have been made over the past two decades with an average of of the population of the briics having access improved drinking water sources,6
+this model can help guide pedagogical and assessment design feedback and evaluation of mlms learning for scalable technologyenhanced innovative pedagogies tepi and serve as a framework to guide policymakers practitioners and researchers towards implementing tepis at scale the rationale is often based on the expectation that learning through ict will transform the learning process pelgrum and law to achieve st century outcomes such as collaboration communication creativity and critical thinking partnership for st century skills however principals indicating that ict is very important for achieving pedagogical goals remain few in number particularly so in economically developed countries with high computerstudent ratios and levels of internet access elearning needs to be an integral part of a deep pedagogical transformation in order to bring about the st century outcomes often mentioned in policy documents law a,4
+the adoption of monitoring measurement and evaluation procedures of procurement activities remains underdeveloped new public procurement legislation was adopted in to better consider innovation and environment aspects in public procurement agendas this revision is based on the eu public procurement directives the government also initiated national training for innovative public procurement for the largest cities in and all health districts in,9
+the institute for apprenticeships will also be responsible for working with employers to articulate a common set of transferable workplace skills to be required by each technical pathway the government also proposes to create colleges for highlevel technical skills training mostly levels and called national colleges for the development of skills known to be in highdemand including highspeed rail digital skills nuclear onshore oil and gas and the creative and cultural industries furthermore to meet recognised demand for higherlevel stem skills institutes of technology will be introduced to coordinate technical education in stem subjects at higher levels levels and across higher education further education and private providers and industry students studying in national colleges and institutes of technology at levels to will be eligible for incomecontingent advanced learning loans similar to those offered to university students but in addition to more skills investing in the right skills is equally important targeted financial incentives can promote access to higher education for individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds or encourage the development of specific highdemand skills,4
+if they decide to cash out their social package entitlement which covers health services and transportation to the place of medical treatment then they receive an additional rub usd payment rates vary per beneficiary category see below disabled wwii veterans can receive up to rub per month usd if they cashed out their social package while survivors of disabled wwii veterans would get far less table in nominal terms payments more than doubled and together with the substantial increase in pension payments chapter this contributed to the eradication of poverty among pensioners at least when the latter is measured in absolute terms against the prevailing minimum subsistence level,1
+nonlinearities in the nature of water problems themselves eg the risk of irreversibility as well as uncertainty about the linkages between water risks and the economic values placed by producers and consumers on potential changes in water security will make very complex any systematic effort to compare the costs and benefits of proposed targets the economic value of water security improvement or impairment can be difficult to capture especially when that value cannot be derived from direct use of water resources likewise the costs of policy inaction should also regularly be assessed,6
+the estimated health impact of air pollution in kazakhstan is sizeable premature mortality attributed to air pollution was estimated at deaths for the period with the highest mortality estimate due to air pollution in almaty city kenessariyev et al this last study also concludes that the impact of air pollution on premature mortality in kazakhstan is notably higher than in russia and ukraine however environmental monitoring systems are not sufficiently funded and environmental statistics do not always reflect the current pollution load on the environment world bank a,11
+there is a training centre for pes staff at the japanese institute for labour policy and training employees will be asked to attend a certain number of training sessions during their career although many job vacancies are accessible on the pes website wwwhelloworkgojp jobseekers are still often advised to visit hello work offices in person this is discussed further in chapter compared with the current principal and branch offices the pes had about thirty years ago since many offices in remote areas have been closed since,8
+it covers eu member states as well as norway and iceland most of the childspecific items available in the eusilc refer to children aged apart from the two items related to school education that apply to schoolage children only the eusilc methodology specifies that if one child in the relevant age category lacks an item all children in the household are flagged as lacking this item,1
+while not taking into consideration the newly arrived students from onwards pisa findings further indicate that similar to most oecd countries firstgeneration immigrant students in sweden were the most academically disadvantaged among students with an immigrant background secondgeneration immigrant students are students who were bom in the country in which they sat the pisa test but who have two foreignborn parents returning foreignborn students are students who were not born in the country in which they sat the pisa test but who have at least one parent who was bom in such country,4
+the ccxg formerly called the annex i expert group is a group of government delegates from oecd and other industrialised countries the aim of the group is to promote dialogue and enhance understanding on technical issues in the international climate change negotiations the views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the european union the effectiveness of climate finance can be defined as the extent to which an activity attains its stated aims,13
+these approaches have been fully assumed by eclac which has declared that living in poverty does not involve just not having the income necessary to cover basic needs being poor also means suffering social exclusion which prevents one from participating fully in society ultimately poverty is not being entitled to rights the negation of citizenship barcena p,1
+the remaining urban growth will play out almost entirely in developing countries in years it is likely to be three times larger moreover as angel shows the historical pattern of urban growth suggests that over this time horizon urban population density in developing cities could easily fall by half one is to have a threefold increase in the average population of its existing cities and a sixfold increase in their average built area,11
+the difficulty of corrupting information in the block chain strengthens the traceability of fish products along the value chain which will enable more fisheries aquaculture farms and fish processing facilities to meet import requirements such as the country of origin and phytosanitary standards of many countries improved traceability will also make it possible to fulfil growing buyer demand for legally and responsibly sourced fish in some fisheries and aquaculture farms it will assist in meeting certification requirements,14
+families can enable women and girls to flourish and realize their potential as well as being the building blocks for thriving communities societies and economies but families can have a darker side they can be places of violence and discrimination spaces where women and girls are often denied the resources they need where they sometimes eat least and last and where their voices are stifled and their autonomy is denied as such the recognition of families as an ambivalent space for women and girls has been at the heart of this report,5
+training in water use management can be invaluable for water demand management green economy implementation provides an opportunity to refocus development priorities on water during the interview process a water expert remarked in future we cannot live without the green economy hence we must think green in everything we do starting from water management it is recognised that the national water infrastructure is archaic and needs upgrading the infusion of appropriate technologies including information and communications technologies into the water sector is highly recommended,6
+public hospitalbased physicians are salaried employees despite the commitment to the health system being legally enforced policy concerns have been raised over regional differences in population health status and access and quality of health services oasi this calls for an effective performance management of hospitals clinics and professionals at regional level oecd,3
+of significant concern these had worsened substantially between and received thrombolysis within minutes in compared to the year before this figure was at the secondary level the same study found that of providers could cite less than five of the recommended ten steps in taking blood pressure measurements and that this share was higher at the primary care level,3
+the former captures more precise information about particular conditions while the latter enables patients outcomes to be compared across a range of conditions patients complete surveys before and months after a surgical procedure to assess whether the intervention improved their health hospitallevel data are publicly reported with applied casemix adjustment to ensure meaningful comparisons can be made between hospitals among the clinical areas using proms are cardiac breast cancer and rheumatism care as well as care for hip fracture and spinal surgery the purpose is to assess whether patients need checkups tests and other treatment to promote highvalue care,3
+policies targeting spatial investments should on this basis consider not just national but regional economic geography good urbanrural linkages in the form of infrastructure and institutional support can therefore help inputintensive sectors to flourish consequently providing serviced and viable secondarycity alternatives may give mature firms better locational options,11
+since several ministerial departments have created their own programmes to incorporate gender into budgeting at the local level as a result grb now functions as a permanent fixture in the performancebased budgeting process budgets benefiting women are now available in four line ministries agriculture and rural development education health and finance and the budget line allocated towards targeted livelihood activities for women has increased from million dirhams in to million dirhams in yet these stakeholders are very important in ensuring good quality data to support the approval and implementation of genderresponsive budgeting in addition it is important to ensure that line ministries take an active part in the gender budgeting process so as to increase their ownership and buyin egypt jordan and morocco use ad hoc pilot projects and jordan morocco and the palestinian authority use governmentwide requirements with assessment by relevant line ministries,5
+at the time the world health report estimated that achieving the millennium goal of halving by the year the proportion of people who are unable to reach or to afford safe drinking water would yield a gain of approximately million dalys worldwide achieving universal access evaluated at coverage of improved water supply and basic sanitation plus disinfection at point of use would result in an additional million dalys a catastrophic drought in meant that water availability dropped from litres per capita per day to litre per capita per day and triggered a cholera epidemic this in turn led to the construction of a canal to bring water which allowed augmenting water supply to litres a day after its completion in,6
+deliveries to millers increased from million tonnes in the marketing year to million tonnes in due to the relative simplicity of milling and the scalability of investments it became an attractive activity for local entrepreneurs mills actively procure wheat either directly from farmers or through local traders almost half of kazakhstan s flour is produced by mills in the northern grain region,2
+some is cropland forest grassland and urbanindustrial area nevertheless as reported this range of measures needs to be improved and other measures also need to be introduced in hungary groundwater abstraction regulation is used and effective water use efficiency measures monitoring public awareness protection zones and wastewater treatment and data exchange need to be improved and vulnerability mapping regional flow modeling good agricultural practices integration with river basin management and arsenic treatment or import of arsenic free water are needed,6
+such protection is for the benefit of both the man and the woman reforms have also been conducted regarding the age of marriage for instance in djibouti egypt and morocco the age of marriage for both men and women is now polygamy is still allowed but is more restricted than before and is put under judicial review,5
+biotechnology and synthetic biology have enormous potential for addressing the environment climate crisis and loss of biodiversity through more advanced biofuels and cleaner agriculture that is agricultural processes with less input of chemical fertilizers and pesticides andor a reduction of carbon dioxide through artificial leaf technology nuclear and isotopic techniques to track and quantify carbon water and nutrient movement and dynamics are also used to increase agricultural productivity resilience and the sectors greenhouse gas emissions in sudan the application of climatesmart agriculture has allowed hundreds of women many of whom are refugees or internally displaced persons to start smallscale farms and home gardens in extremely arid areas in some areas such as digital technologies which are characterized by very low marginal costs and wide distribution through platforms and networks performance cost and applicability across sectors is improving at exponential rates,9
+there has also been a growing number of people dying from diabetes linked to the growing prevalence of type ii diabetes with mortality being one of the highest in the eu the number of people dying from alzheimers and other dementias has more than tripled since also reflecting population ageing better diagnosis and lack of effective treatments as well as more precise coding these are leading health problems that even if not fatal have serious lifelimiting consequences,3
+countries who are most successful in activating their skills potential share a number of features they provide highquality lifelong learning opportunities both in and outside school and die workplace they develop education and training programmes that are relevant to students and flexible both in content and in how they are delivered,4
+what is the picture in key emerging economies has the growth of income inequality been mirrored by rising inequalities of wealth wellbeing and opportunity this chapter charts the drastic rise of income inequality in oecd countries since the s examining the key drivers over the short and longer term with a focus on the role of technological change reforms to labour market institutions and the advance of globalisation,10
+such a vision should be constructed with the knowledge that considerable work remains to be done to attain excellence and equity throughout chile s education system the chilean government should continue to challenge outdated practices and structures that circumscribe the potential of its people and should continue its endeavour to foster lifechanging learning opportunities for all,4
+in most oecd countries hospital performance is measured either as absolute targets or observed changes overtime estonia and the netherlands also use p p in primary care but did not provide additional information the netherlands and the united kingdom also use p p for outpatient specialist cate but did not provide additional information the categoiy other refers to hospital management in luxembourg and the efficient use of medication in france,3
+consider for example maternity paternity and parental leave policies these policies may encourage equal enjoyment of rights by partners by enabling both parents often mothers and fathers but also samesex parents to take paid or unpaid time off to care for a newbornadopted child when this happens they foster a more equitable division of childrearing responsibilities in the family and give women or the primary caregiver in a samesex family greater opportunities for career advancement,5
+utilities are obliged to purchase renewable energy electricity from different sources according to predefined ratios in order to foster more costefficient renewable energy technologies experience in poland and sweden shows that the legislator needs to set a sufficiently high penalty payment to enforce compliance with the quota obligation the penalty should exceed the marginal generation costs for renewable electricity quotabased mechanisms sometimes operate without certificate trading and can also be combined with tender mechanisms or feedin tariffs fit,7
+put more simply this implies that the largest city is twice as large as the secondlargest city three times as large as the third and so on along the uiban hierarchy while the relationship tends to break down at small scales it holds remarkably well for many countries across a very wide range of city sizes gabaix and ioannides there is also the question of whether zipfs law implies some constraints in the pattern of uiban growth ie that the growth trajectories of individual cities could not change the overall citysize distribution duranton,11
+sluggish productivity growth over the past two decades raises the question of how to develop better skills and use them more efficiently to achieve stronger and more inclusive groivth improving the performance of compulsory and tertiary education would help all students acquire the right skills ensuring adults upgrade their skills is another key challenge which involves strengthening the adult learning system,4
+the answer to that question is no the definition of access to improved water is quite minimalist ie water that is not shared with animals a more stringent definition reveals that billion human beings continue to have access only to unhealthy water and between and billion roughly half the human race continue to drink water of dubious quality in addition as urban environments expand the supply of water and sanitation infrastructure will not be able to keep up with population growth,6
+the dni combines vacant lots acquired via eminent domain with cityowned parcels and leases these to private and nonprofit developers for the purpose of building affordable housing consistent with the community s master plan according to the initiative s annual report the group had an annual budget of around usd million which was allocated to programme costs administrative costs community capacity building and special events it has historically relied on loans from organisations including a usd million loan from the ford foundation and usd million from the riley foundation to acquire vacant lots and reconvert them,11
+there have been many and varied efforts to train public officials andor to include capacitybuilding on violence against women in the official curricula for these professions such trainings and capacitybuilding efforts have been found to be most effective and implemented rigorously when they are mandated in law and developed in close collaboration with nongovernmental organizations under article of the albanian law on measures against violence in family relations the ministry of the interior is charged with training police to handle domestic violence cases and the ministry of justice is responsible for training medicolegal experts on domestic violence and child abuse and training bailiffs on service of protection orders draft legislation on protection orders in the netherlands if passed will mandate a training programme for police the quality of police and prosecutor work is crucial in determining whether court proceedings are instituted or a person is convicted,5
+in publicly funded colleges government involvement can extend to admissions policies programme approval curricula institutional planning and working conditions vocational education straddles both secondary and tertiary sectors training may be offered during the last two years of secondary school or in separate specialised schools or in public and private colleges admission requirements for universities and colleges are based largely on secondary school academic performance,4
+in nepal over the last decade the share of women migrant workers has significantly increased the national population census shows that about per cent ofthe absentee population is composed of women due to prevailing patriarchal norms and values and skewed policy female labour migration is traditionally stigmatized and associated with sex work or equated to trafficking,5
+it must be coordinated with the other policy areas highlighted in this report in particular employment social protection and social services it must support rather than undermine efforts to redress womens socioeconomic disadvantage through employment policies social protections and social services this involves considering a broader set of goals and indicators for example considering potential tradeoffs between maintaining very low rates of inflation and employment outcomes it also requires ensuring that sufficient resources are available to support the realization of human rights,5
+such cognitive engagement by students depends on the quality of interactions between teachers and students around meaningful content and the quality of teacher explanations eg clarke resnick and rose patrick mantzicopoulos and sears however guided discovery learning in which teachers provide feedback assist learners and elicit explanations is effective for larger numbers of students alfieri et al therefore teachers always need to guide students even throughout instructional phases when students have more freedom and responsibility for their own learning activities unfortunately there is even less empirical evidence about the relationship between adaptive and equality of opportunity than on the effectiveness of adaptive teaching they have showrn that high quality instruction can reduce inequalities borman et al,4
+spending on active labour market programmes almps cannot be disaggregated in financial transfers and services they are however included in the total public spending shown in brackets data for australia mexico turkey and the united states data do not include public spending on housing and utility services except for incometested housing cash payments as included in the totals in table spending on income support to the workingage population concerns nonpension related income support payments see table,1
+mexico has made headway in developing an institutional framework for achieving gender equality it consists of a national system for equality between men and women a national policy and oversight mechanisms to hold government accountable for achieving results yet mexicos growing efforts to achieve gender equality still deliver only limited results,5
+today women are a central force in this movement womens participation and representation has increased they have taken up positions of leadership and significant strides have been made to achieve parity in womens representation in decisionmaking bodies in its latin american section for example parity was established in womens specific concerns have also gained greater visibility on the movements agenda when via campesina developed its political position on food sovereignty in the late s for example women argued that because women are primarily responsible for the wellbeing of their families food sovereignty must include a drastic reduction in the use of healthendangering agrochemicals,5
+in addition it is regulated that the umbrella organisations provide support to schools via their pbds furthermore networks and umbrella organisations are key players in the vlor this position makes the umbrella organisations indispensable in the development and implementation of attainment targets,4
+the belgian public waste authority transition network is a partnership that has developed a longterm vision to innovate on a system level not incrementally and to create a transition path to more sustainable material practices the network s focus areas include closing material cycles designing safe materials to circulate in closed cycles increasing services shifting from selling products to offering services and creating more sustainable plastics weaving these diverse policy mechanisms into combinations which would reinforce each other can help to generate more effective efficient and lasting outcomes,12
+despite this objective however no information directly linked with the field of ict in initial teacher education was found this is the case for the czech republic and greece to date teachers in total have been already familiarised with basic computer applications while the rest of the teachers are currently attending such courses,4
+while male jobs grew by between and female jobs barely increased table the labour market and higher school attendance absorbed fully the estimated net increase in male working age population over the past decade at the same time about million women dropped out of the labour force as available jobs were scarce net of the rise in school attendance,5
+also of concern is the reported suspension of opioid substitution treatment in the autonomous republic of crimea and the city of sevastopol since march which reportedly has had serious consequences on the patients who were receiving such treatment worldwide the highest prevalence rates of persons who inject drugs continue to be found in eastern and southeastern europe approximately per cent of the estimated global number of persons who abuse drugs by injection and are living with hiv reside in eastern and southeastern europe for example ukraine reported a prevalence rate of hiv infection of per cent among injecting drug users,3
+in education systems teachers in private schools collaborate more frequently by exchanging ideas or material than teachers in public schools do while only in the netherlands do public school teachers collaborate more than private school teachers when school principals reported that teachers cooperate by exchanging ideas or material the average yearold student in oecd countries scores points higher in science in slovenia the average student scores points higher according to the report supporting teacher professionalism oecd c a collaborative culture also shows one of the strongest associations with teachers selfefficacy and job satisfaction,4
+table summarises the causes of road crashes in riga between and according to estimates the most severe crashes in riga involve the most vulnerable of road users pedestrians this reduction is due to implementation of a variety of measures such as use of speed cameras systematic auditing of road infrastructure road safety campaigns and development of cycling infrastructure nevertheless since road mortality rates have stagnated,11
+this makes their provision a matter of policy choice and contestation in addition technological changes have an impact on the provision of such infrastructure including through a shift to less capitalintensive techniques and increased competition markard torrisi kasper electricity generation has historically relied on conventional fossil fuels and involved large centralized power stations transmission and distribution are responsible for moving electricity from power stations to users,9
+as a result uppermiddle income working class rather than the top income class shouldered the burden this coupled with corruption led to much higher administrative costs and compliance costs of a progressive pit in developing countries than in developed countries and left many loopholes that the rich who are more resourceful and connected could exploit reforms towards comprehensive pit can include a progressive element as incomes from investmentcapital gains when taxed separately are normally taxed at a flat rather than progressive rate,10
+close interaction with female role models whose own position may be seen as attainable can be particularly important in engaging female participants in sport and in building their own leadership skills when specifically designed sportbased programmes can provide a safe environment in which young women in particular can develop a range of skills and experiences through involvement in coaching officiating and a range of other roles murray such programmes can also be a particularly effective context in which girls and women can build strong and mutually supportive relationships kay sarnie et al,5
+the development of a policy on recertification which would include the safety and appropriate use of pharmaceuticals in portugal is ensured by infarmed the national authority for medicines and health products sweden does not have an accreditation system for health care organisations for some professions the diploma has to be supplemented with a certificate of completion of a specific internshippractice experience there are no formal national systems of cme and cpd or for recertification,3
+this implies a decrease in catch from the level of tonnes and a decrease in value of nok billion the firsthand value of these farmed species amounted to nok billion in and nok billion in fanning of other marine species is modest of this exports of capture fish accounted for nok billion whereas farmed fish accounted for nok billion,14
+child benefits are not taken into account for assessing eligibility in the guaranteed minimum income scheme rsi education benefits contribute to the living expenses and tuition costs of tertiary students and are also subject to meanstesting while tertiary education benefits support those who should expect aboveaverage incomes in the future on top of the subsidies financing tertiary education almost of the benefits go to the lowest two income quintiles imf such measures can be a powerful tool to enhance intergenerational mobility and improve the equality of opportunities,1
+another priority for the use of additional public resources in education is increasing the salaries of teachers and school leaders finally increasing public investment in education needs to go alongside improving the efficiency of public funds use as suggested above in uruguay there is a need to strengthen the links between the fiveyear budgeting process to strategic documents and mediumterm expenditure frameworks that connect spending decisions to education priorities,4
+the oblastlevel governments on the other hand generate their revenue from stable taxes connected directly to their territory taxes on real estate transport taxes property taxes personal income tax and so on almaty city has a budget of kzt billion for just over usd million of which almost kzt billion comes from the city s own revenues taxes individual revenues social tax and the sale of land assets table also shows that cities have different levels of dependence on central government transfers for of almaty city s income comes from taxes and from transfers,11
+what is missing is a systemwide long term publicprivate partnership to improve access and success in education the university of the free state is a broadbased university which recently under the leadership of vice chancellor jonathan jansen has embarked on a road of institutional transformation to become a worldclass engaged university of excellence and innovation and an equitable diverse nonracial nonsexist multicultural multilingual university where everyone will experience a sense of belonging and achievement the central university of technology has under the leadership of thandwa mthembu undergone a thorough institutional transformation which has involved extending its careerfocused education and training mandate into applied rd it aims to become an engaged university that focuses on producing quality social and technological innovations in socioeconomic developments primarily in the central region of south africa see box,4
+section c considers the link between economics and gender equality and the contributions of feminist thought in that connection section d reflects on the heterodox perspective and its challenges to economics and the role of the state the different expressions of feminism all retain certain fundamental ideas at their core based on the concept of the sexgender system as an analytical framework feminism has redefined the concepts of sexuality and its links with politics and legislation pushing the frontiers of analysis of democracy and the role of the state towards the private sphere,5
+in order to embed lowcarbon orientations institutionally and to raise the means for funding the investments in innovation and structural transition internationally agreed carbon pricing if flanked with measures correcting serious social side effects and if shaped in contextually sensitive ways seems to have more promise than the alternatives comparisons of needs in developing countries with available means and with fundraising in the international climate negotiations indicated a gap of hundreds of billions of united states dollars per year thus the levels of finance for addressing cc need to be raised,13
+the main species harvested in were herring tonnes cod tonnes and mackerel tonnes panel a the most important export market for norway was the european union taking of all seafood exports from noiway approximately of the noiwegian production of seafood is exported and norway is the second largest seafood exporter globally panel b,14
+the first approach involves determining how much of the change in the poverty rate is due to income variation and how much to changes in income distribution the second approach weighs the different sources of household income focusing on labour market factors that affect labour income changes this breakdown reveals whether the change in income that pushed the poverty rate in a given direction is part of a general trend for all income groups or had a more specific effect on the poor the results of this analysis based on data from household surveys are presented in such a way that the effect of both components entirely explains the poverty rate variation in a given period see box,1
+there is a need for policies that focus on structural inequalities around health in addition to denmark s historical focus on health risk behaviour denmark s municipalities could also include policies to address inequity as part of their responsibility for prevention and health promotion strongly related to the challenge of ensuring equitable access to services section addresses the possible financial barriers that exist in the danish health care system,3
+moreover per cent of indigenous suicides occur within this age group suicide figures vary by community however suicide rates have consistently been higher among alaska natives than any other racialethnic group in the united states suicide ranked fourth among the leading causes of death among alaska natives in alaska has the highest rate of suicide per capita in the country,3
+this result should be interpreted with care mexico s relatively low gender pay gap also likely reflects selection effects around the relatively small share of women whose expected payoff incentivises participation in the labour market a recent decomposition of the gender wage gap in mexico attributes about half of the gap to differences in women s and men s endowments including human capital and employee characteristics the other half remains unexplained de la cruz toledo,5
+this then raises the second issue the treatment of children it would be inappropriate to apply a full life cycle annuity calculation to the children in a household as well as the adults since they are expected to leave the household and set up on their own it is therefore assumed that children share in the household s wealth until they reach majority which is taken for the moment to be years of age,1
+the eu funds played an increasingly important role in funding of water and wastewater infrastructure with their share in annual expenditure increasing from around in to in about eur million was allocated from eu funds for the second planning period for water supply and sanitation moe the total spent by water utilities increased significantly from eur million in to eur million in moe c,6
+the adoption of international standards can also improve ocyt s ability to serve national policy evidence interests eg for the development of policies on services innovation similar qualities at departmental and municipal levels in some areas increasing reliance on mineral commodities and slow diversification into new economic activities,9
+restricting investments in generating capacity to sources that offer the best financial return at a given moment has longterm implications for the country s energy security and for the value chain of technologies that are momentarily ignored for this reason the governments of brazil and uruguay for example are considering specific measures to support biomass which is in danger of extinction owing to the recent success of wind power apart from policies that promote efficient electricity use the most important measures in this regard will seek to replace the most polluting generating sources by cleaner alternatives and where possible by renewable energies,7
+for example some of the common challenges identified by an evaluation of sidas climate change initiative cesar et al in particular monitoring relevant data or developing data of sufficient quality such as long and continuous time series at an appropriate level of disaggregation remains a challenge for many countries for instance when conducting an audit of the brazilian government s response to adaptation in auditors found that climate risks in the agricultural sector coastal zones and relating to water security could not be properly assessed and managed,13
+to reduce the impact of yeartoyear sampling variability countrylevel estimates are presented as threeyear averages in fao online methods for estimating comparable rates of food insecurity experienced by adults throughout the world low heightlengthforage is an indicator that reflects the cumulative effects of undernutrition and infections since and even before birth,2
+les programmes de developpement de l agriculture doivent prendre en consideration l impact environnemental des objectifs de croissance et des mesures de soutien sousjacentes car certaines ont un effet non negligeable sur l environnement ie les subventions actuelles au titre des pesticides et des engrais les subventions par tonne au titre du betail ou de la volatile les projets d investissement pour la construction de pares d engraissement et de complexes pour la production laitiere les subventions a l irrigation ils sont soumis aussi a des prix eleves et a des risques financiers qui ces demieres annees sont aggraves par l instabilite des marches mondiaux des capitaux et des produits les risques ont une incidence sur la capacite du secteur a generer des revenus et a attirer le credit et l investissement,2
+the range of qualifications across public universities is quite remarkable where more established universities may have to of academic staff with doctorates while newer universities have less than staff with doctoral degrees universiti sains malaysia reports staff with doctoral degrees and university of malaya while universiti malaya pahang reports and the national defence university only training schemes to upgrade staff qualifications have started but will take considerable time to change the situation however salary packages offered by universities which operate within a civil service framework are unable to be internationally competitive,4
+more specific measures include an increase in taxes on alcohol consumption combined with price minima limitations on the hours during which alcohol can be bought and on types of shops allowed to sell alcohol products the elimination of illegal production a complete ban on advertising and the development of prevention programmes according to the action plan of the government commission on alcohol market regulation of july regional programmes are being developed and implemented in the subjects of the russian federation in order to reduce alcohol consumption and prevent alcohol addiction these programmes take into account regional patterns of alcohol consumption ie the share of rural population and need to be coordinated with regional educational and health care programmes,3
+the chapter first introduces the issues and sets out the main findings before examining policies in oecd countries that foster equal partnership in families and discussing how those policies differ in their approach and tools section looks at how financial incentive structures embodied in taxbenefit systems may encourage both parents to work parental leave is a critical component of policies to reconcile work and family life and the main subject of the next section which considers how reform in germany has changed father s and mother s leave taking behaviour section analyses the implications of a potential family workingtime model such a scheme could foster gender equality involve fathers more in child care and housework and enable mothers to work fulltime or longer parttime hours the next section discusses the provision of early childhood education and care services and outofschoolhours care,5
+the final standard is expected to be approved in june the npoaseabirds sets out a strategic framework to reduce seabird bycatch to sustainable levels however the npoaseabirds is currently under review to ensure integration with the environmental standards framework which includes a seabird standard currently being developed by the ministry of fisheries a number of regulatory and nonregulatory best practice mitigation measures currently apply in new zealand trawl pelagic longline and demersal longline fisheries,14
+six countries in the region reuse over m cyr of wastewater namely qatar and the united arab emirates which reuse over m cyr and egypt jordan kuwait and syrian arab republic which reuse m cyr of wastewater the treatment of wastewater for reuse has therefore become a mainstay of national water resource management plans in most countries in the escwa region the runoff is reused by diluting it in large surface water bodies in order to provide more water to downstream cropping systems and users with the exception of egypt and the syrian arab republic agricultural runoff is not used significantly by countries in the region in egypt almost m cyr of agricultural runoff is mixed with water from the nile and reused,6
+the model then estimates the overall prevalence of diabetes disabilityadjusted life years and total direct health expenditure enabling estimates of cost effectiveness costutility and costbenefit this choice is a function of predicted health status objective measures of health and individual characteristics predicted health status is a linear combination of past health status and individual characteristics estimated via an ordinary least squares ols model this enables examination of both the short term impact of the intervention on health care expenditures and taxes as well as a longerterm view of the impact on health health expenditure employment and gdp,3
+moreover improvements to the public transportation system will be necessary to secure the region s longterm attractiveness despite the city of chicago s ranking among the top five of world cities for transportation infrastructure pricewaterhousecoopers the metroregion is at risk of squandering this competitive advantage without sufficient investment for system expansion and upgrades progress has been made on energyefficiency retrofits green building design and the metroregion s ability to attract wind energy headquarter functions,7
+after years of successful work beerecl concluded its operations at the end of february while at first the credit line had served the renewables market almost exclusively increased marketing efforts later enabled significant expansion of the energy efficiency lending portfolio by the conclusion of beerecl in almost projects had been signed with a total investment value of million these received more than million in financing through the facility of financed projects focused on energy efficiency and a further on renewable generation energy efficiency loans ranged from to million with an average subloan of,13
+these are new structures and it will be essential to ensure that effective dialogue between central and provincial public health agencies hospitals and hospital unions occurs to ensure that local health needs are met however there is at present no systematic adverse event reporting in place which could be an area for future consideration the focus so far has been on structural and organisational components of hospitals broadening the programme towards clinical outcomes of healthcare services seems advisable to make the model more useful for formative functions such as quality improvement initiatives within hospitals development of a reporting and learning system should be led by the department of health care quality and accreditation and the public hospital institute strengthening the involvement of all stakeholders in the standard setting process and increased transparency on the process of evaluation and scoring would also help to further increase the acceptability and impact of the programme it is troubling that at present strong disagreements exist between the profession turkish medical association nurses association midwives association and the government on mutual roles and responsibilities,3
+the two countries should cooperate for the delineation of transboundary qroundwaters and in the field of monitorinq transboundary aquifer under consideration but not approved the upper neretva river flows through a mountainous landscape for the last km from mostar bosnia and herzegovina to its mouth the river spreads into an alluvial delta covering km,6
+violence against women is an obstacle to the achievement of the objectives of equality development and peace united nations statistics on the prevalence of various types of violence causes and consequences of violence and access by victims of violence to formal and informal support for can lead to better focused and more efficient preventive and intervention efforts gender statistics may be considered a field of statistics see for example unece and world bank institute however the production of gender statistics should not be misunderstood as being limited to the compilation of sexdisaggregated statistics from various statistical fields and their dissemination in genderfocused publications reports or databases,5
+income inequality has declined in many of the countries that experienced sustained economic growth while increasing in countries with negative growth in most countries whose per capita incomeconsumption grew during this period growth was faster for the bottom per cent of the population others have a more omplex decisionmaking mechanism in place,10
+each type of innovative financing instrument is examined in turn starting with a short description of the instrument an evaluation of its current use in the water and sanitation sector and an evaluation of the role that oda can play in developing the use of such instruments the list that appears in this table is clearly not exhaustive as there is almost unlimited potential for innovation in this area besides such innovations are often combined as financial structures need to be tailored so as to adapt to the critical mismatches that materialise in each case table at the end of the section evaluates the applicability of these financial mechanisms to different sets of circumstances the main purpose of blending is to use grants so as to allow attracting repayable financing that would not have been provided otherwise whilst ensuring that the resulting project is not so expensive that the poor are excluded from the service for example oda grants can be provided as interest rate subsidies section seed financing for revolving funds sections and contributions to the establishment of project preparation facilities section etc,6
+this investment has been framed within specific state programmes it has provided the basis for other local initiatives aiming to improve the cleanliness of residential and public territories and restore the natural environment rural settlements form groups interlinked with each other and with urban settlements centres of administrative rayons through administrative economic and sociocultural ties and transport networks,11
+to do so it will identify the most salient gender issues in malta as well as shed light on the vulnerabilities generated by the complex interactions of gender with age disability and migration status in addition it will stress the importance of including women and women s rights activists in drr initiatives and decisionmaking identifying gaps and opportunities within existing political and social structures and presenting suggestions for gender mainstreaming in drr in malta this analysis hopes to inspire drr research and prevention work that is attuned to gender issues and at the same time embraces an intersectional perspective acknowledging that there cannot be resilience without gender equality,5
+costa rica and paraguay other income accounted for a large part of the rise in poor households income mainly through imputed rent in the case of ecuador income from pensions and transfers kept poverty from rising between and see figure ii income from transfers in poor households rose in almost all the countries,1
+since then fare and ticketing has been generating sufficient revenue to fund the system back and revenues in excess are given back to public shareholders according to the national planning department under an agreement made in of the infrastructure costs are covered by national government public funds and are provided by bogota city hall the projected cost of the buses and fare collection equipment is financed by private investment,11
+in effect the minimum age of marriage is years furthermore any person who plays a role in early or forced marriage of a minor is liable to a term of imprisonment of six months according to article of the organic law instituting the penal code the civil code contains provisions related to marriage where the challenge is based on the fact that either or both spouses were not of age at the time of the marriage such a challenge can be brought by the spouses by any interested party or by the ministere public,5
+in cyprus the preparation of esd school plans have been officially incorporated in primary education and are currently being piloted in preprimary education at a later stage they will be introduced in secondary education cyprus informal report the cyprus ministry of education and culture through the cyprus pedagogical institute has written the guide for implementing eeesd in school to support the design and implementation of school plans and to support teachers as they use include the eeesd curriculum in the framework of the school plan in finland suggested that approximately per cent of schools have an sd plan in place with another per cent planning to do so,4
+in this scenario there is longterm structural unemployment while employment rates among women have fallen back from their peak outofwork poverty however is of the most concern to policy makers with longterm unemployment particularly worrying most of the poor are in chronic poverty and find it hard to escape their situation unemployment leads to deep and longlasting poverty which produces longterm scarring effects,1
+i believe that icts just like many other technologies and tools are neither good nor bad their outcome and impact depend on the purpose for which they are used during the economic slowdown of many governments turned to techenabled startups and ictenabled media companies as a growing but strategically important economic sector the report estimates that almost half the activities people are paid almost usd trillion in wages to do in the global economy have the potential to be automated,9
+aquaculture production is projected to reach about mt in an increase of over next decade this amounts to an annual growth rate of which is significantly lower than the growth rate of pa this slowdown in expansion will mainly be due to restrictions caused by environmental impacts of production and competition from other users of water and coastal spaces,14
+however youth need to recognize that parttime work in their field or entrylevel jobs for which they may feel overqualified can be important steps on the pathway towards longterm career development and as such can arguably be considered decent work internships and apprenticeships in particular may only offer lowwage or parttime employment but can provide youth with valuable job experience as new entrants as well as onthejob training and skills development that will serve them well as they build their skill sets and careers young people who are not financially secure are pushed into temporary seasonal and parttime work to meet their basic needs ilo,8
+the paper argues that in order to fulfil the growing expectations teachers face they need to be equipped with relevant knowledge capabilities dispositions values and skills such as knowledge and understanding of diversity issues reflectivity about identities perspectives and practices teacher agency and autonomy empathy and pedagogical judgement and tact the paper suggests that responsive teacher education should integrate diversity into the curriculum approach diversity as an asset link theory and practice create spaces for action reflection study and anticipation in handling diversity and incorporate relevant technologies for innovative teaching ce document qui porte sur les enseignants etudie les roles de ces derniers leurs fonctions et leurs difficultes en classe face a des eleves d origines diverses,4
+this problem is particularly acute in urban areas as the share of city dwellers without access to treated water actually increased between and the share of people without access to treated water is also expected to increase in subsaharan africa where the millennium development goal for improved water supply is unlikely to be met figure worse still nearly billion people are expected to have no access to basic sanitation services in figure oecd a,6
+the sole reliance on personnel appraisal risks to focus on the performance of individuals only and to lose sight of the ways in which individuals can contribute to the improvement of the whole school this requires a reflection of how school evaluation will be aligned with teacher appraisal and in particular school leader appraisal to create synergies and to avoid duplication and misconceptions school evaluation will need to contribute towards school improvement and not simply be an exercise in compliancy,4
+the department sets the policy direction for commonwealth fisheries management legislative reformreview and negotiates jurisdictional boundaries and resource sharing arrangements and is the lead agency for australia s negotiations in international fisheries forums the australia bureau of agricultural and resource economics and sciences abares provides scientificeconomic research and advice to support the departments fisheries policy development and engagement in international and domestic issues the department of agriculture also works with the fisheries research and development corporation,14
+to assist in this process specific goals and targets for sme and entrepreneurship policies will also be needed an area which appears to be underdeveloped at the current time this framework should take into account the new small business act for europe and the eu sme policy framework this could take the form of a nationalregional working group on smes and entrepreneurship led by the ministry of the economy that holds at least semiannual meetings dedicated to discussing policy issues and challenges,8
+responsibilities are still not clear between state municipalities headmasters and teachers and resources and responsibilities are often poorly aligned while the starting salary for a swedish teacher is around the oecd average the wage progression and thus the possibility to make an attractive career out of teaching is very limited the highest teacher wages are only higher than starting wages compared to the oecd average of oecd d more flexibility on working hours outside the classroom increasing autonomy on ways to reach learning targets enhancing coaching and feedback and increasing influence on issues concerning pupils and workplace are all factors which have the potential to raise teacher satisfaction and the attractiveness of the profession,4
+taking this decision the committee seems to have relied on a literal interpretation of art see the case of dudgeon v the united kingdomapplication no nihal p for example the ways in which international human rights courts and united nations treaty bodies have interpreted the right to privacy encompassing the protection of womens reproductive freedoms the protection against marital rape as well as an adults decision whetherto engage in sexual conduct with a samesex partner undoubtedly influence the interpretation of provisions related to the family an assessment of when a law policy or practice has a discriminatory impact depends not only on the circumstances of the case but also on the point in time when the assessment is made,5
+moreover the sewage system is being rehabilitated in different cities and towns of absheron peninsula the problem of rainwater collectors in baku city that used to mix some faecal waters and drain into baku bay has been addressed and sewage mixing w as discontinued w ith a consequent decrease in contamination loads at the bay as a result of all the above measures the bathing water quality of the caspian sea is improving but much work remains to be done both in baku city other wwtp and on the absheron peninsula,6
+in general primary care and other nonacute care services in denmark appear to be performing efficiently under growing demands the proportion of patients who visited an emeigency department due to the unavailability of primary care was the lowest among eu countries in figure potentially avoidable hospital admission rates for heart failure are low for example standardised admission rates for diabetes vary fold between regions and avoidable admissions of people over vary twofold across danish municipalities from less than to over per population delays in discharges from hospital also vary widely oecd this suggests some unwarranted variation in access to and quality of primary care services and postacute care as well as the need for greater coordination across all levels of care,3
+these challenges have been further elaborated in the context of disadvantaged groups in urban and rural settings chapters for refugees and forcibly displaced populations chapter and across different regions chapter the first relates to water supply which corresponds to the volumes of water that can be withdrawn sustainably from surface and subsurface sources as well as from unconventional sources this includes desalination of sea water water reuse and recycling and rainwater and fog harvesting,6
+women s involvement in leadership roles within the legislature is also uneven especially when it comes to chairing committees it is worth evaluating how present norms and procedures of representative bodies both at the national and subnational level could be improved so as to foster a gendersensitive work environment conducive to the needs of both men and women women fill only two of the ministerial positions in the presidential cabinet,5
+for example productive forests often serve as wildlife corridors however there has been little progress in setting conservation objectives in the natura network by the end of september management plans had been approved for only of the network area poland has started preparing management plans for a further of the natura area,15
+though it has a smaller gdp per capita and a much lower ghg metric tonnes per capita emission level compared with for thailand the philippines too recognises the importance of green policies it has set up institutions and taken initiatives to address environmental issues as in thailand policies on sustainable development are made by many different agencies and there is no clear coordinated strategy for integrating green targets into development plans,7
+in and when grain crops were abundant the fcc withdrew from the market around onequarter of the harvest with fcc s purchases considerably exceeding its sales in the drought year the operations were reversed the fcc released additional volumes of grain onto the market that equalled nearly of that year s crop in addition to domestic operations the fcc is involved in international grain trading as an operator of state grain resources and commercial trader the company uses its own funds to purchase grain for exports export sales are closely linked with its domestic operations and more likely represent an activity to balance the company s grain stocks than a regular trading business thus fcc exports have been extremely variable ranging in from tonnes to tonnes in as was their importance relative to fcc s domestic sales and kazakhstan s total grain exports figure,2
+on the other hand dominicas preexisting conditions limited its options and fell far short of meeting the total costs of hurricane erika even though those costs have probably been underestimated this is despite both countries being eligible for overseas development assistance oda as well as having similar eligibility criteria for grants from ifis see table from a bilateral perspective one of the reasons could be that vanuatu has a much closer political relationship with its major bilateral donor australia than the relationship between dominica and japan its major bilateral donor,11
+this study also revealed that the majority of respondents did not think that immigrant workers in a regular or documented situation and national workers should be treated equally undocumented immigrants may also face high wage penalties one study found that undocumented immigrant workers from clm were paid at least less than the minimum wage paitoonpong et al such perceptions are more prevalent in urban areas despite the fact that immigrants are more likely to be employed in d jobs which are shunned by most thais sunpuwan and niyomsilpa,8
+although primary care sector is well developed see above in section most ebais only offer appointments in the morning and early afternoon closing at around pm patients reportedly get up very early to start queueing for an appointment such difficulties make many patients go directly to hospital emergency departments for primary care,3
+total lgu spending increased from an average of of gdp during to about in the late s against of gdp in the oecd area in oecd b while the central governments still undertake major hard public infrastructure investment eg major roads ports airports lgus nonetheless have substantial expenditure responsibilities for instance in the environment sector eg solid waste disposal water supply systems seawalls and dikes drainage and sewerage flood control department of finance however lgus have very limited ambitions for funding infrastructure development oecd in metro cebu total expenditures reached around php billion in of total revenues most of expenditures went for general public services of total expenditures followed by social services and economic services,11
+kosovo scores the lowest mainly because it currently has no functioning central employment agency while the agency should start functioning soon its role is currently carried out by the ministry of labour and social welfare and local employment offices which operate within their own legally defined mandates although pess drive activation policies in all the economies for those policies to succeed it is crucial that other actors are also involved,8
+moreover every year wildlife trade generates an estimated usd billion worldwide excluding largescale commercial trade in fish and timber oecd while it is difficult to estimate both the financing needs for optimal biodiversity and ecosystem service provision and the existing financing flows it is clear that the financing gap is large annual financial flows for biodiversity have been estimated at usd billion per year about half of which is delivered domestically in the european union the united states and china parker and cranford,15
+for example in azerbaijan where gdp growth has been spectacular annual average growth between and the service has not significantly improved over the decade in georgia despite an important average annual gdp growth continuity of service dramatically decreased from hoursday in average in to hoursday in in ukraine which had similar gdp growth to georgia over the decade the share of the urban population with access to piped water decreased from in to in,6
+oil is the most important fuel accounting for of primary energy in oecd countries followed by gas coal nuclear energy and renewable sources including hydropower biomass and waste figures from riso unlike most new renewable sources in developed countries wind turbines are increasingly competitive with conventional power production analysis from the danish energy association for instance estimates that offshore wind turbines will be competitive with other energy technologies in riso,7
+the structural quota system sqs which was endorsed by parliament in continues with small adjustments this law replaces the raw fish act from norway has prioritised efforts on issues related to discards and bycatch of marine recourses and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems vmes the total firsthand value decreased from nok billion in to nok billion in,14
+the precise distribution of tasks and responsibilities between school providers and schools and therefore the degree of school autonomy for the use and management of resources will always depend on individual school providers and their schools mineduc ace and es santiago et al according to this survey of decisions in public lower secondary education are taken at the central level oecd average while local authorities and schools take and of key decisions respectively oecd average and respectively see figure the data thus demonstrate the important role of school providers in education governance in chile,4
+in other countries the range of services actually covered by secondary coverage depends both on the scope of the basic benefit package on effective access to covered care and on government regulations on possible roles for private health insurance in several countries for instance phi is not allowed to cover costsharing left by the public system see table this is the case in australia canada and switzerland such coverage is allowed in finland but only for health care services dispensed by providers that are not eligible for funding by public health coverage,3
+programme feasibility reports and costings of new projects with an aggregate capacity of gw were prepared under the gw initiative in may of these schemes with an indicative tariff below inr kwh usd kwh amounting to gw were selected for detailed project reports and subsequent implementation in ntpc announced that they would provide assurance cover for the affected village against any mishap from one of their hydropower projects in uttarakhand state electrical monitor,7
+similarly to calculate the coping capacity the following five indicators were used a external public debt stocks b total reserves in months of imports and gross savings all to gdp ratio c government effectiveness d world governance indicators and e human development index the exposure index el and capacity index cl were the weighted average of the selected indicators the vulnerability index was discovered by calculating the differences between the exposure index and coping capacity index,1
+bosnia and herzegovina for example lacks adequate communication between the entities inspectorates their databases do not allow them to share data and information this creates an opportunity for noncompliant employers to reproduce bad practices in different areas of the economy ilo b specifically in view of the low employment rates for women the oecd recommendation on gender equality in public life oecd a recommends that all economies should adopt a dual approach to gender equality make gender a mainstream part of the design development implementation and evaluation of all public policies and budget and level the playing field between men and women through actions that target specific forms of gender discrimination moreover coordinating implementation better with other areas affecting employment would be welcome eg tax policy education policy and social policy,8
+of the five models compared the one with the most detailed representation of enduse technologies found energy efficiency and enduse technologies constitute first rank options to cope with severe climate constraints kitous et al this includes rapid penetration by midcentury of electric vehicles and lowenergy buildings with the diffusion dynamics of both enduse technologies modeled endogenously the policyinduced technological change in climate change mitigation scenarios is a major point of departure from historical energy transitions,7
+this suggests that highskilled individuals skills decline more slowly with age than do those of lowskilled individuals though it is not possible to know this with certainty without longitudinal data additionally two studies using these data have demonstrated a large causal impact of schooling on skills additionally both studies provide some evidence of differential impact of schooling reforms hi a correlational analysis green and riddell observe that schooling is more strongly associated with skills at the tenth skills percentile in canada norway and the us in his instrumental variables iv analysis din er shows that the causal effect of additional schooling is greater at the lower end of the skills distribution both results imply that educational expansion promotes equity,4
+the nup articulates clearly the means to harness the economic opportunities of urbanisation describing it in its vision as an engine of economic development and sustainable human settlements to achieve this the strategy is founded on four pillars coordination the increased institutional governance for multilevel governance densification promoting compact and integrated urban forms for economies of agglomeration conviviality meeting social needs for quality of life and equity and productivity ensuring urban environments enabling businesses however given the importance placed on urban economies and the territorial balance of economic development successful implementation of the national urban policy will rely heavily on local governments and their institutional and technical capacity this challenge is acknowledged in the national urbanisation policy and will require increased local ability to raise fiscal revenues better access to urban planning data and analytical tools sharing of management practices and citizen participation in policy making,11
+according to the regional innovation scoreboard european commission a stockholm is the most innovative region in the eu followed by the capital region of denmark hovedstaden with the relatively early adoption of the green growth agenda the nordic countries have become frontrunners in green economy transformation having obtained a significant competitive advantage in green solutions regions are classified into four main innovation performance groups ie leader strong moderate and modest performers with three subgroups within each performance group ie a top third most innovative a middle third and a bottom third least innovative to allow for more diversity at the regional level,9
+the model then takes inputs for zonetozone travel times from any number of major travel demand models the model can then be run iteratively to compare a range of combined transport and landuse consequences from various transport policy and investment scenarios it is an integrated transport landuse model that has been applied in a number of regions to test alternative land development scenarios and transport policies,11
+the framework defines an overall picture of crosscurricular priorities across all levels of education whereas the curriculum specifies detailed content of instruction for each grade table provides an overview of these frameworks available in each country covering primary and lower secondary education annex a for more details,4
+in this respect some ldcs will be able to take advantage of the window of opportunity opened by china s likely delocalization of the lower end of its manufacturing industry through a combination of integrating domestic firms into manufacturing gvcs and attracting fdi domestically this strategy should be complemented by policies on clustering export promotion and labour costs policymakers need to expand the financing made available to these firms through national development banks or commercial banks,8
+in terms of sociocultural factors in patriarchal contexts women s empowerment is more likely to lead to increased conflict and ipv at least in the short term hence the relative status of women and men in terms of decisionmaking and how their power and resources compare to each other is an important contributing factor for increased ipv hughes et al this seems especially common in situations where a man is unable to fulfil his genderascribed role as breadw inner and a woman is beginning to contribute relatively more to family maintenance or where a woman takes a job that defies prevailing social convention hughes et al,5
+under the paris agreement reporting arrangements for finance refer to three new categories of countries developed developing and other countries that provide and mobilise resources in the absence of a definition of which category countries belong to there is more flexibility for countries to interpret these terms and decide which reporting provisions best apply to them the provisions for flexibility are more nuanced in the paris agreement with the term applying more specifically to those developing country parties that need it in the light of their capacities art,13
+delivering on sdg requires teamwork and a spirit of partnership among diverse stakeholders from many nations and sectors the oceans cover almost three quarters of the earth s surface storing one third of all the carbon emissions stemming from human activity they are part of the solution and we must make them a key focus of our efforts to cope with and mitigate climate change,14
+according to the wef on the trends it could be closed within years in effect although women remain underrepresented in political decisionmaking the statistics generally point to incremental progress and opportunity to build on gains achieved it provides key facts where women are or are missing in parliament local government cabinet and the top leadership of their countries,5
+this new approach is based on the triangulation of survey data with recorded aggregated per capita consumption data by modelling the upshifted distribution of alcohol consumption the methodology is described in annex the initial distribution of selfreported alcohol consumption is shifted to the right after correction reflecting the fact that people consume more than they declare,3
+to be able to make broad statements about the effectiveness of biodiversity mainstreaming ideally one would need to start with a set of core indicators which are fairly easy and inexpensive to collect and which are comparable across countries a few other indicators may also merit further consideration selecting a core set of indicators step is an important element of this and aims should be made for these to be as consistent as possible across countries so as to enable aggregation of data at regional and global levels,15
+for admission to higher education the successful completion of upper secondary education is a minimum requirement in most oecd countries in most systems the actual grades obtained only have an importance for the selection into specific programmes the level of standards determines the passing threshold which decides on students progression to higher education higher standards in assessment for qualification and certification can form an obstacle for lowperforming students and can contribute to reducing overall higher education admission rates,4
+it serves as a resource and forum for agencies aiming to achieve a comprehensive federal government approach to policy on women and girls council members are the heads of every federal agency and major white house office reinforcing the statement of former secretary of state madeleine albright that in our government responsibility for the advancement of women is not the job of any one agency it s the job of all of them after analysing each federal agency s focus on women the council works to ensure that each agency is directly improving the economic status of women as well as developing and evaluating policies that establish a balance between work and family the council has also focused on finding new ways to prevent violence against women through cooperation with the vice president and the justice department s office of violence against women,5
+whole communities risk being left behind unless unbalanced service distribution is rectified extreme vulnerabilities to climate change place additional stress on economic activity particularly in tourism fisheries and agriculture the economic vulnerabilities translate into limited choices and opportunities among citizens,1
+infrastructure and uiban form need to be redesigned to increase the attractiveness of and wellbeing in cities new innovation and technologies will be fostered to retain the autonomy of older people development of new business models and investment strategies will be explored to bring innovative technologies to the market the need for remodeling the existing housing stock will stimulate the housing market,11
+distributional effects may also occur between countries associated with changes in patterns of trade in fossil fuel brazil has introduced programmes to expand the supply of safe and reliable energy to the poorest segments of society including those living in remote rural areas pereira vasconcelos freitas and da silva show that rural electrification in brazil leads to a significant reduction of the energy poverty level and a consequent improvement in energy equity similar conclusions have been reached for bangladesh barnes khandker and samad where of rural households are energy poor versus that are income poor,7
+the relationshipis not simply a oneway relationship with climate change impacting on different sexes in different ways or more specifically having a greater negative impact on women and girls than men and boys the association between gender and climate change also encompasses the impact that women have had to date in shaping climate change policies at the subnational national and international levels in addition to high fatalities loss of homes and livelihoods women and girls also experience secondary impacts including sexual and genderbased violence sgbv and trauma loss or reduction of economic opportunities and increased workloads,13
+specific deterrence is the actual experience of being sanctioned for the speeding behaviour this may be an immediate sanction in the form of being stopped by a police officer and issued an infringement notice or receiving an infringement later if detected by a speed camera research suggests that complex behaviours are not deterred by highly visible enforcement but through the actual experience of detection other complex behaviours include unsafe overtaking or lane changes which are driver behaviours that are momentary and involve complicated thought processes and may be performed during a journey,11
+in general the literature suggests that a significant reduction in poverty rates is a consequence of economic growth combined with policies to reduce income inequality the joint result of these two effects is that poverty reduction feeds through directly into improvements in the average income of the poorest according to this author the reduction that occurred in the early years of the decade was a consequence of several factors that had differing regional impacts including distributive changes in labour yield and the expansion of welfare benefits the proportion of poor people p fell from in to in a figure that while still high represents a reduction of percentage points,1
+these barriers include transmission congestions and the lack of long distance transmission lines resulting in severe curtailments in some regions in china accounted for per cent of the billion in global spending on power grids and storage while india and southeast asia accounted for per cent iea a these forms of investments will need to continue and expand across asiapacific countries,7
+there is a need for solutions that would eliminate the risks associated with costly upfront capital investments and the lack of technical expertise in the maintenance of assets cullinen in comparison to a traditional ppa where the offtaker is a utility under corporate ppas the power generated is purchased directly from a renewable energy producer by corporate actors such as mining companies under this model the mine as a corporate customer strikes a ppa with an ipp,7
+independent monitoring mechanisms such as gender equality or human rights commissions can provide independent recourse to complaints related to genderbased discrimination and oversee the implementation of the gender equality commitments of the government parliaments and parliamentary committees can help provide checks on various government entities and also contribute to the longevity and sustainability of gender equality reform during periods of change in the political environment many mechanisms both at the central and at the local levels are already established and kazakhstan must be applauded for these accomplishments,5
+in addition students in smallclass schools tend to suffer from poorer learning environments regarding the teaching workforce current studentteacher ratios indicate that there might be some oversupply of teachers in the system the conception of teacher employment whereby basic compensation is associated purely to the teacher s teaching load stavka system is a source of concern as it does not appropriately recognise the many tasks a teacher accomplishes beyond teaching and reduces his or her engagement in school activities,4
+this profile is found in australia canada france ireland the netherlands the united kingdom and the united states in some of these countries eg the netherlands the preprimary teacher is trained both for the preschool and primary sectors in federal countries variation exists across different states or provinces but the predominant type of training is in primary schooloriented pedagogy readinessforschool is a primary aim of early education,4
+some of the inconsistencies between findings may be explained by the wide variety of definitions of drinking used eg weekly or monthly frequency of heavy drinking and by the variety of definitions of socioeconomic background used eg income occupation employment status in a number of countries switzerland germany france united kingdom sweden finland czech republic and hungary both men and women with higher incomes were found to be more likely to consume alcohol kuntsche et al similar findings were reported based on data from estonia latvia and lithuania me kee et al,3
+useful areas for further study and policy action include the routine availability of genderdisaggregated data embedding of genderspecific approaches within the normal annual routines of budgeting and complementing executiveled approaches with external quality assurance the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law today many disparities and inequalities between the sexes appear to have become embedded to a greater or lesser extent in the baseline of public policies and the allocation of public resources,5
+strong links with surface water the basis of the cooperation is the agreement between the russian federation and kazakhstan on the joint use and protection of transboundary waters issues of transboundary significance are discussed in the kazakhrussian joint commission and monitoring data is shared in the intergovernmental working group on allocation of flow of the bolshoy uzenkaraozen and malyi uzensaryozen the land area requiring irrigation largely depends on the actual availability of river water depending on the hydrometeorological conditions and ranges from some ha in wet years to ha in dry years the transboundary precaspian aquifer no three reservoirs in kazakhstan are the sarshyganak x m the ajdarchansk x m and the rybnyj sakryl x m reservoirs,6
+as you are planning any lesson for pupils ask yourself what are the essential knowledge skills or understanding i want all students to get from the lesson ask yourself how do my pupils learn best take account of learning styles most pupils can learn in visual auditory or kinaesthetic ways though most have a preference and it is good to know these,4
+the model has received considerable international attention over the past decades delivering good labour market outcomes in tenns of both dynamism and inclusiveness the financial crisis is seen for many experts as a stress test for the flexicurity model in particular some disadvantaged older workers are at risk of a chaotic transition from work to retirement when they lose their job,10
+interestingly this was reported to still be the case in instances where national climate change policy papers exist ie namas or napas suggesting that centralised consideration of climate change priorities are more important than standalone climate change plans although the latter can be a first step in formulating national priorities some countries such as kenya and indonesia have already stalled to integrate strategic priorities on climate change into their mediumterm national development plans it was further explained that taking a bottomup approach towards the formulation of national climate change strategies allows for sector specific planning and financing needs to be taken into account there is a range of examples on how this is being done on a countrybycountry basis the experience of respondents from recipient countries reflected that the national context in which climate change priorities are considered can vary greatly across countries,13
+this implies that about billion people in the world are vulnerable to various degrees despite working they cannot earn enough to get out of poverty in many developing countries most poor adults have to work if only to survive especially in the absence of adequate social protection of the world s poor per cent live in rural areas where agricultural wage workers suffer the highest incidence of poverty largely because of seasonal unemployment and the low wages paid by small farms world bank b,1
+while childrearing in marriage is the predominant norm and fathers help financially support the familytaiwanese men contribute very little time to domestic labour yu and while taiwan and its east asian neighbours are known as having strong developmental welfare states that have successfully built up the human capital of their labour forces in service to the needs of economic growth there is very little public provision of care outside of investments in education and health kwon pierson unrisd a legacy of income equality and limits on immigration have meant that working women cannot rely on a supply of lowerincome rural or migrant women for help with care the care sector is small marketbased and largely unregulated most parents depend on older kin for help when they need it budig and misra yu,5
+the initiatives of escap for the asian highway and the transasian railway networks can be traced back to the late s and early s with regard to the asian highway to date only per cent of the network which spans km of roads passing through member states reaches the two highest categories of road class a total of km or per cent still needs to be upgraded to meet minimum standards and the poor quality of several segments is affecting usability,9
+capital costs are reduced by increasing economies of scale of the connections grid extension projects are often leveraged by rapid expansion of generation plants burning fossil fuels as in china and the opportunity to tap into significant hydropower potential especially in africa as a renewable energy source with low generation cost but this is not the only concern,7
+there is an online register of practising and cancelled health practitioners employers and consumers can use it to check a health professionals registration status health professionals must renew their registration annually through participation in a prescribed amount of annual cpd the artg is maintained by the therapeutic goods administration which is responsible for safeguarding and enhancing the health of the community through the effective and timely administration of the therapeutic goods act,3
+forest law did not allow concessions on forests and forestland currently users of forests public forest management enterprises pay a fee for use in accordance with the provisions of the legal regulations at the cantonal level private forest owners face numerous problems in managing their forests,15
+an ndc may be adjusted at any time so long as the adjustment enhances its level of ambition the indcs that have already been submitted by parties will become ndcs once the parties concerned join the paris agreement by parties with indcs for are to communicate new ndcs and parties with indcs for are to communicate or update their contributions common timeframes for ndcs are to be considered at the first session of the cma,13
+coordinated negotiation and planning process should be led by the victorian government within each of the five nonmetropolitan administrative regions they should create systematic mechanisms to monitor and evaluate their activities in this area to share good practice with the institutions and benchmark this experience with other institutions and localities in addition they should invest in developing the skills of facilitators ie those with boundary spanning roles who help create links between the tertiary education institution and other stakeholders,4
+seasonal tariffs can be very effective in providing higher incentives for saving water in periods with high scarcity increasingblock tariffs on the other hand which foresee elevated charges above a certain level can be an effective way of reducing consumption from users with very high demand wateco in any case price structures need to be volumetric with low fixed charges in order to provide incentives for reducing water consumption water metering is usually a precondition for effective pricing systems roth lallana et al,6
+the factors presented include strengthening country ownership greater mainstreaming of environment and climate change in development cooperation less fragmentation of climate funds and improved access to finance for ldcs and sids the need to define climate finance enhance transparency and increase the amount and predictability of resources are also considered the oecd working alongside other key research and policy partners can play a role by contributing to work under the unfccc to develop a transparency framework for climate finance,13
+the main aim has been to continue to keep hospital inpatient numbers to a minimum and to maximise the health system s ability to care for adult mental illness within the community secondary treatments that would have traditionally been delivered in a hospital or similar inpatient setting are therefore delivered in an outpatient setting the team provides a range of different treatment approaches but there is an emphasis on work in community settings including visiting patients homes,3
+first rising concerns that some developing countries mainly in africa and latin america which possessed some industrial production capacity relatively early may also have been adversely affected by imports of manufactured goods including from lowwage economies as shown in chart an additional change in the nature of the tradeinequality relationship relates to the greater tendency to complement trade with financial integration financial integration may have a substantial effect on the exchange rate which in turn can have an impact on a country s trade performance,10
+the qich programme has learned from and built on international example including quality measurement initiatives such as the healthcare effectiveness data and information sethedis of the national committee for quality assurance ncqa in the united states some qich indicators are based on hedis definitions as the programme is not mandated its success is attributable to the voluntary involvement of the health funds in the conception and design of the project from the start their active participation in the indicator development process and the consensus developed around a scientifically robust quality measurement programme the qich project is an exemplar of the practical implementation of a systematised ongoing scheme for monitoring and improving the quality of primary care based on scientific research and guidelines,3
+it seeks to profile key quality of care policies and benchmark the extent to which policies to monitor and improve quality in the turkish health system are being employed in describing the quality governance structure and the role of the ministry of health and affiliated organisations the chapter highlights how turkey needs to continue steps towards more devolved governance and work to align public hospital and public health system governance addressing the quality of inputs into the health system the chapter recommends that turkey continue the impressive work begun on quality standards and accreditation while working to build good patient safety and quality assurance systems the chapter concludes with a recommendation that turkey develop a coherent policy on how to strengthen the turkish information infrastructure to facilitate the use of quality indicators,3
+governments also confirmed their resolve to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women as effective ways to combat poverty hunger and disease and to promote sustainable development general assembly resolution the conference of the parties to the united nations framework convention on climate change at its eighteenth session in adopted a decision to promote the goal of gender balance in the bodies of and delegations to the sessions of the conference of the parties and to include gender and climate change as a standing item on the agenda of the conference see fccccp add decision cp the resolution also called upon governments to support women smallholder farmers by facilitating their access to extension and financial services agricultural inputs and land water sanitation and irrigation markets and innovative technologies in resolution on women in development adopted at the same session the assembly encouraged governments to take measures to ensure equal access to full and productive employment and decent work at its fiftyeighth session the commission urged governments to promote the full and equal participation of women and men as agents and beneficiaries of peoplecentred sustainable development see e,5
+the proportion of women in paid employment outside the agriculture sector has increased from per cent in to per cent in over the period the proportion of women in vulnerable employment being a contributing family worker or an ownaccount worker as a share of total female employment has declined percentage points from per cent to per cent in contrast vulnerable employment among men has fallen by percentage points from per cent to per cent,5
+more specifically it shows that they are locked in a vicious cycle whereby initial socioeconomic inequalities determine the disproportionate adverse effects arising from climate hazards which in turn results in greater inequality this discussion is followed by a thorough review of the evidence demonstrating that the multiple dimensions of inequality as they relate inter alia to income assets political power gender age race and ethnicity underlie a situation where disadvantaged groups are more exposed and susceptible to climate hazards and possess less capacity to cope and recover when those hazards have materialized further it is shown that as a result inequality is exacerbated,13
+the underrepresentation of women in positions of high responsibility may be linked to the significant female dropout rates from the labour force at a young age as many such positions become accessible only with considerable work experience the difficulty of attaining senior positions could be an additional factor dissuading women from entering or staying in the job market in unemployment rates for young females ranged from in morocco to in libya considerably high compared to an average of in oecd countries figure,5
+moreover the damaging consequences for sustainable development and food security have become apparent with renewed attention after food prices rose sharply from late before declining after early however many food importing african countries may be worse off without subsidized food imports while only a few african economies are in a position to significantly increase their output and exports in the short term african agricultural production and export capacities have already been undermined by the last three decades of low investment and neglect,2
+the reports were sometimes incomplete or had not been sent to the land transport safety authority ltsa which was at that time responsible for the data entry coding and analysis of crash reports injuries were often inaccurately recorded if at all crash locations were often imprecise and bloodbreath alcohol levels and precrash speeds were not recorded in all cases this combination of underreporting of casualties and missing data resulted in important crash data not being captured understating both the actual levels of road trauma and crash contributing factors,11
+in that case the waiting time might be an equilibrating mechanism making the demand for public treatment equal the supply moreover it introduces a system of medical information covering individual treatment providers medical employees and prices of services provided by public sources second ehealth aims at integrating working databases creating both a centralised source of information regarding the history of patients treatment and a medical internet portal available to all interested parties,3
+the implementation and enforcement of the new forest code will contribute to achieving these targets by expanding the areas under protection within private lands section only of coastal and marine areas are under environmental protection the government is scaling up efforts to bring this share to by still far from the aichi target of however executing agencies at each level of government are responsible for implementation,15
+indeed measuring and monitoring some of the key determinants of health outcomes eg risky behaviours is fundamental to implementing the right policies in particular it is important to understand why some population groups have poorer health than others and to develop and evaluate policies and interventions to prevent disease and promote health for these groups an ideal set of indicators would provide information about the most important diseases and conditions causing poor health disability or death as well as the various risk factors that lead to poor health,3
+this chapter introduces mpis and shows how they add value to a monetary poverty measure or a dashboard differently from the index of material deprivation discussed before mpis reflect a view of poverty that remains multidimensional being grounded in sens capability approach in contrast measures of material deprivation focus on a single underlying phenomenon material deprivation and seek to describe it using various indicators,1
+estimated tax payments are then divided by net income ie gross earnings minus personal income tax and employees social security contributions plus family benefits for instance food water supply medical care and public transport are often granted reduced rates or exemptions this approach typically implies a considerable deadweight loss and people at higher income levels often benefit more in absolute terms since they consume more in the case of mexico the total implicit subsidy due to the zerorating of food was estimated at some of gdp in the mid s dalsgaard,10
+this aspect is very important because policies tend to be more effective when targeting the causes of gender inequality and the structures and practices that perpetuate inequalities not merely the outcome of gender inequality in an unjust and unsustainable development process united nations gender statistics have a crucial role in gender mainstreaming in development and poverty reduction policies policies and measures tend to perpetuate and exacerbate inequalities when not adequately tailored to existing gender differentials hedman perucci and sundstrom,5
+this problem is somehow circumvented since most existing watersupply systems have difficulties in meeting these standards and the new ongoing constructions mentioned in previous sections are in line with currently less stringent international accepted standards eg who or eu it also identifies a list of chemical substances for which sanitary maximum allowable concentrations are established including ammonia fluorine sulphates heavy metals and organic micropollutants in accordance with the law on water supply and wastewater drinking water sources should be protected through pollution prevention measures in order to meet the requirements of sanitary and environmental legislation,6
+yeah so he got the money from them centre link i didnt get paid when i was in there in ethiopia but she recalls that it has been very difficult particularly when her second son was bornas she was at university taking a degree in filmmaking and had to balance childcare with study her mother was back in ethiopia and both her sisters were also studying so she needed to send the children to childcare five days a week,5
+in addition countries may consider making the operations of the legislatures more gender sensitive to support women s access to public office box supporting the establishment of women s caucuses and networks could also provide a support net to women seeking legislative mandates oecd its mandate is to support equality and gender mainstreaming,5
+research can help to address fundamental scientific challenges and foster technologies that are considered too risky uncertain or longgestating for the private sector the iea tracks government research development and demonstration rdd expenditure in member countries for energy efficiency and energy sources and compares those levels with total rdd spending see figure as well public spending on lowcarbon energy rdd for about nine technologies energy efficiency in industry and buildings carbon capture and storage and smart grids are available through iea statistics and could be useful in the development of green growth indicators for the energy sector information on the financing of clean energy technologies involving risk or equity capital can help to assess innovation that is moving closer to commercial application in the marketplace,7
+examples of biodiversityrelated climate funding initiatives are highlighted in table most notable examples are the multilateral and bilateral initiatives to support redd such as the forest carbon partnership facility fcpf unredd programme forest investment program fip amazon fund biocarbon fund international climate initiative ici international climate and forest initiative icfi and global climate change alliance gcca see annex b for a short description of these a total of usd million has been approved and usd million has been disbursed for redd finance between and representing of total climate finance heinrich boll stiftung and odi buyers of verified emission reductions have demonstrated considerable interest in the cobenefits of carbon projects and in some cases are willing to pay a premium for them ecosecurities karousakis petersstanley et al,15
+in these cases private investments may be activated only indirectly through for example the provision of finance via green bonds in other cases the private sector is more likely to be directly involved for example through targeted investments into the transfer and development of locally adapted climate resilient technology on the ground the ability to attract private sector engagement is strongly influenced by the specific market conditions in each country and sector context these can be improved through a variety of interventions including finance instruments eg derisking policy and regulatory reforms and capacity building,13
+for the purpose of this figure government members are defined as ministers deputy ministers and state secretaries first there is little evidence so far of a correlation between the increasing number of female ministers and parliamentarians and the adoption of more gendersensitive laws and policies in the arab region some female members of parliament have indeed become prominent advocates for legislative reforms in favour of women s rights but these individuals rarely form a homogenous group and female legislators certainly do not share the same political views simply by virtue of their sex,5
+they are more likely to make sense where they help address other issues including risk sharing technical expertise and project design and management a recent oecd survey found that the lack of adequate capacity for subnational governments to manage ppps was seen as a significant challenge by of responding oecd country governments oecd c governments wishing to expand the role of private finance in urban public investment may therefore need to address these capacity issues before proceeding very far for example by establishing dedicated ppp units that can work with local authorities oecd d,11
+policy tools to increase employer engagement in vet are discussed in section in mexico some elements are already in place or are being developed for example five levels of competences already exist under the council for standardization and certification of labour competences conocer and a competencebased approach has already been applied in upper secondary vet although difficulties have occurred with the updating of these competences,4
+they also raise the question of whether access is commensurate with need data on discharge diagnoses based on icd codes as well as surgical diagnoses based on icd codes suggest that most hospitals remain focused on delivering core services of limited complexity a significant proportion of which would be more likely be provided in lower level facilities in oecd countries obstetric services also largely dominate the picture of hospital activity in kazakhstan most of these services should indeed be hospital based but their prominence suggests that the activity in kazakh hospitals is neither very complex nor very diverse,3
+this statement created an important foundation for embedding gender considerations in national laws policies and services partner governments endorsed the gender mainstreaming strategy for policy design and public service delivery contained in the platform for action which emphasises the responsibility of all government agencies in addressing issues of gender inequality the gender mainstreaming approach responds to evidence that policies and programmes generally will have a different impact on women and men because men and women tend to have different responsibilities needs and resources,5
+consequently a combination of macro and micro analyses is needed to fully capture the effects of the global financial and economic crisis on developing countries and to help formulating policies to mitigate their effects on households and children given the magnitude of the shocks engendered by the crisis a computable general equilibrium cge framework is required to incorporate the structural aspects of the economy and capture the many and varied direct and indirect interactions between factor markets good markets households government private firms and the foreign partners however cges generally cannot distinguish the impacts on individual households and their members as required to evaluate the poverty nutritional educational and health impacts on children the effects of the global economic crisis on households and individuals can be felt in terms of changes in employment opportunities and earnings commodity prices private and public income transfers and the provision of public services,1
+ethanol and methanol fail the single use test as these are common chemicals in many synthetic hydrocarbon reactions in addition to being green fuels biodiesel is exclusively used for transportation or energy production but is an exout ex as it is categorized under the large subheading of products preparations and residual products of the chemical or allied industries solar cells also form part of a large subheading which includes semiconductor devices and lightemitting diodes,7
+besides the urban poor are not covered by this programme these schemes have significantly contributed to reduce poverty in addition to improving education and health leibbrandt et al these have been effective in reducing poverty especially during crisis periods oecd a the impact of such projects on the local economy poverty and inequality has been below expectations herd gao and riskin have estimated that if dibao were extended to such workers the number of beneficiaries in urban areas would increase by around,10
+in france for example the welcome city lab established by the city of paris offers support access to finance and work space for innovative tourism business startups in israel government supported regional tourism business incubators provide mentoring and access to expert advice to more than rural tourism projects annually along with professional training and financial support in slovenia meanwhile the agency for the promotion of entrepreneurship innovation development investment and tourism spirit provides locally available support to promote entrepreneurship,8
+first the term externality is very much associated with environmental externalities this holds in particular for the power generation sector which in the s was the subject of three influential and since updated studies on environmental externalities the environmental impacts of electricity generation in particular in the area of climate change remain of course an important issue the nea discussed this in a publication on carbon pricing power markets and the competitiveness of nuclear power nea,7
+second demand elasticities are relatively small with respect to price and supply elasticities are also low at least in the short run in order to get supply and demand back into balance after a supply shock prices therefore have to vary rather strongly especially if stocks are low third because production takes considerable time in agriculture supply cannot respond much to price changes in the short term though it can do so much more once the production cycle is completed the resulting lagged supply response to price changes can cause cyclical adjustments that add an extra degree of variability to the markets concerned,2
+shifting the tax mix towards lessdistorting taxes in particular from labour to consumption would improve incentives to work and save promoting growth such reform however could raise inequality as consumption taxes tend to be regressive in the short run given that lower income households bear most of the burden and are at best neutral in a lifetime perspective targeted transfers to lowincome households can reduce this likely tradeoff oecd,10
+the very high consumption norm can possibly be explained by the high technical distribution losses in the water system the establishment of the water supply regional development agency and the joining of the local water authorities to the two big companies have been very good first steps towards the improvement of the water supply and sanitation situation of the country however critical challenges remain,6
+it can also import the generic version of the drug patentexpired or voluntarily licensed it may not however import from a manufacturer that was issued a compulsory licence by its government in the latter case production shall be predominantly for the supply of the domestic market and thus there is a de facto restriction on exports,3
+these regions tend to be divided into those that are highly dependent on farming as a source of livelihood and those where farming is a minor activity the farmingdependent regions show a further dichotomy between poorly integrated regions where farming remains either a subsistence or semisubsistence activity and regions where farming is highly specialised in the production of a major export crop that has little or no food potential such as cotton or is limited in its food value such as coffee those that produce nonagricultural products rely on imported food and access to food can be limited by transport restrictions weak connectivity to external markets or by a decline in incomes if the resource price falls,2
+this makes it much harder for governments and other key institutions to adequately prepare and invest in their future including providing them with adequate education freedom from violence meaningful employment access to health care and equal opportunity in life inequitable gender norms hurt both boys and girls but the burden is particularly high for girls effectively limiting the ability of half of the population to fully realize their potential more than half of yearold girls today live in countries that can be considered to be very unequal in terms of gender,5
+we discuss related issues including the increased use of the ecosystem services framework to assess environmental change and indicators relating to other sectors including health and wellbeing and tourism the forest europe process has the commitment of states in the european region and neighbouring countries their full definitions and issues relating to how they are reported are given below,15
+note for the definition of the edi see footnote the consequences are that the energy intensity of economies rises in tandem with the process of structural transformation which can also be observed on a sectoral basis the energy intensity in the three major economic sectors is systematically higher in odcs than in ldcs and higher in developed countries than in odcs figure,7
+the chosen solutions receive a nonrepayable grant covering up to of the project development up to approximately usd while applicants are responsible for the remaining percentage funding is provided in two phases the first one covers proof of concept and is limited to clp million approximately usd while the second supports the development of a prototype of the social innovation including testing with the recipient community as well as a sustainable business model and a plan for scaling up both programmes involve the active participation of local communities in identifying local challenges as well as in implementing the selected solutions,9
+respondents also occasionally listed commercial interests among the drivers of stratified medicine only in finland and israel did this appear to be a prominent concern however while one chinese respondent anticipated rather different benefits in the form of a move towards introducing elements of a market economy into healthcare thus while respondents were able to cite occasional examples of successful stratification of medical interventions haematological cancers in finland and lung cancer in luxembourg for instance these were predominantly local examples both geographically and in terms of being confined to a few quite specific conditions while the general view among respondents was that it was still too early to look for significant improvements in healthcare attributable to stratified medicine,3
+in lake issykkul declines have also been linked to the introduction of perchpike overcollection of wildflowers and medicinal plants close to towns and villages has led to substantial declines in these species in many areas tulip species including greig s tulip early crocuses and other plants have recently disappeared,15
+students in rural schools perform score points lower than students in australian cities or large city schools the indigenous population which represents up to of the population has a strong start in education of yearolds participate in education although they face low attainment rates with of indigenous people and over completing year or equivalent raising their performance and attainment can contribute to raising overall equity and quality of education this programme will distribute about aud billion to over schools in socioeconomicaliy disadvantaged communities with additional funding provided by the states and territories,4
+at the same time the geopolitical challenges to ocean governance are growing not least the increasing multipolarity and fragmentation of power structures and the emergence of new state and nonstate players the signs are that ocean governance is expected to continue to evolve along mainly sectoral lines rather than through comprehensive approaches yet there is a clear need for more integrated ocean management to address the interconnected nature of ecosystems growing economic activity mounting pressures on ocean resources and increasingly crowded ocean space innovation in governance greater use of economic tools and a stronger scientific knowledge base are among key strategies to be pursued the trends identified in chapter including for example the growing importance of emerging and developing countries and shifts in the centre of economic gravity suggest that humankind is progressing ever further towards a distinctly multipolar world,14
+gender discrimination impedes girls and young women especially in today s youdidominated populations girls and young women face the largest gaps between their enrolment in secondary school a critical gateway to participation in society and the economy similarly they face overall discrimination that further inhibits their engagement and contributions to their families communities and the larger society as illustrated by comparing percentages of young people in country populations and those countries rankings on a united nations development programme index of gender discrimination this is especially harmful because good health paves the way to economic opportunity long life and overall wellbeing in most countries their numbers compound challenges in escaping violence in finding dignified work or in gaining access to decent schooling and youthfriendly health services including reproductive health and family planning services among the most promising strategies for spurring national development and improving the prospects of young people are energetic and welltimed investments in education health including sexual and reproductive health and women s status,5
+lowintensity counselling interventions may have no impact on movements into employment as evidence from the netherlands suggests van den berg and van der klaauw by contrast in an experiment in denmark early and frequent meetings with unemployed workers increased employment over the next two years by up to five weeks pedersen et al positive impacts on exits to employment have also been found for france suggesting in particular that intensive counselling can improve the quality of job matches thereby reducing unemployment recurrence crepon et al a recent trial from nevada in the united states shows that already a first meeting of jobseekers with counsellors expedited reemployment and helped participants to get relatively higher paying jobs although some of the impact occurred prior to the first meeting and is described as a threat effect the greater part of impact arose subsequent to the meeting and is described as a reemployment services effect,8
+this is reflected in the simple mean of the sample which is of the order of and in the round for the lower medium and high education groups respectively these values are interpreted as the percentage of each groups population that would have to be redistributed geographically to achieve zero segregation which would be when the territorial distribution of the two groups being compared is identical these figures confirm the exclusive location pattern of the bestoff groups in the regions cities tending as they do to live in areas that are fairly well connected to the commercial and financial centres of their cities are fairly selfsufficient in services and have high land and housing prices which have the effect of expelling poor households or impeding the entry of poor individuals or households the extent to which these welltodo groups are sealed off has serious implications for their connections with the rest of society and it is also a powerful mechanism for reproducing wealth and concentrating economic power the text presents the results for the more aggregate scale the messages being in agreement in both cases,10
+moreover as in the case of other environmental resources such as greenhouse gas emission permits auctions generate revenues without recourse to distortive taxation for example such revenues could be used to fund the purchases of water rights for environmental objectives which are currently paid for from tax revenues auctions could also be applied to nonconsumptive uses such as electricity generation hydroelectric generation benefits from rents from the free utilisation of water which could be appropriated by government moreover in periods of drought local governments have purchased water rights from power generators using tax revenue a number of water concessions for electricity generation are falling due in the near future,6
+the collection of msw is provided in most cities and towns but significant part of rural areas do not have an official collection system in place for a number of years official data collection was carried out by the then ministry of transport and infrastructure w ith the collaboration of instat through annual surveys on urban waste municipalities reported to the ministry on msw and on construction and demolition waste considering that the overwhelming majority of municipalities do not have access to sanitary landfills with an entry gate suitable for weighing trucks bringing waste data are based on the number of truckloads that are dumped on the dumpsite or landfill thus the amount of generated waste is only estimated sometimes even in the case of modem sanitary landfills,12
+she is a lovely young girl years old and as any other young teenager with her whole life in front of her kiswendsida is one of the young mothers we meet in this book against all odds and thankfully due to the support from her grandmother she managed to stay in school during her pregnancy and returned to school already a week after giving birth,5
+pigs buffaloes and cattle were the most common farm animals in agricultural households cattle were raised by per cent of femaleheaded and per cent of maleheaded households and pigs were raised by per cent of femaleheaded and per cent of maleheaded households but femaleheaded households kept a greater proportion of buffaloes and goats as in the case of cambodia the average prices of livestock and poultry sold were higher for households headed by men than for those headed by women per cent higher for turkeys and per cent for ducks as a result of differences in the types of markets andor buyers to which female and maleheaded households have access faosida b,5
+standard errors are in parentheses in particular while discriminatory family code confirms our previous results on the negative relationship between gender inequality and female migration in the selection equation restricted civil liberties exhibit a positive effect this may be explained by lower access to the public sphere encouraging women to escape elsewhere to enjoy more civil liberties,5
+on the one hand these trends are reflected in the potential demand that labour force participation can channel into economic growth on the other the conditions under which women enter and remain in the labour market will determine their supplyside ie costbased contribution to growth labour supply functions are calculated using the supply in terms of hours feminization rates and estimated wages in dynamic economic growth functions the results indicate that the feminization of the labour force bears a positive relationship with growth but that increases in the labour supply as measured in hours does not,5
+the mergers led to a significant reduction of the number of vet schools by vocational schools operating as regional centres had been granted selfgoverning status with increased budgetary autonomy this allowed them to attract a variety of stakeholders in the management enterprises regional and municipal government representatives etc,4
+measures have been adopted to ensure that all pupils leave lower secondary school with adequate basic skills provide inclusive and meaningful education for all and encourage local governments and schools to set their own targets consistent with the national targets within this framework the norwegian ministry of education is looking for more targeted approaches to strengthen the quality of lower secondary education these focus on the need to adapt teaching and learning to student motivation in specific adolescent ages of ensuring suitable school environments that cater to their needs and of supporting effective transitions from one level to the next,4
+but as tim harford financial times columnist suggests see his opinion piece on page neither is necessarily true first plenty of other things need to change if innovations are to become truly transformative second not everything that glitters is gold without the aid of massive computing power to process and analyse data the interconnectedness that the internet creates and the bandwidth that makes the instantaneous and bulk transfer of information feasible these innovations might not have arisen and certainly would not have the same potential that they do now,9
+in line with the archimedes principle this ice displaces a volume of sea water whose weight is the same as its own were it to melt the water thus produced would constitute exactly the same volume of sea water as the volume previously occupied by the ice without any consequent change in sea level the melting of sea ice in and of itself does not play any part therefore in rising sea levels antarctica contains million km of ice which represents percent of the worlds water but per cent of fresh water and per cent of ice,13
+as to private hospitals they only receive a flat fee from the social security institution for every patient they see and are free to charge patients additional costs up to a ceiling fixed at more than the public hospital price this is dampened however by the fact that providers have little incentive to offer the full range of secondary care particularly complex packages of care for patients with the greatest need since the current set of reimbursement codes do not reflect case severity furthermore there is little incentive for public hospitals to contain costs since overspends due to unbudgeted activity may in some cases be compensated with funds from other public hospitals in surplus prices paid by the social security institution however are well controlled and show no evidence of inflation,3
+all of these sources of water pollution make treatment costs higher and have implications for public health and natural ecosystems according alkinskoo et al only per cent of the population is served by a central sewage treatment system and these are located in the main urban centres of portofspain san fernando and arima ema,6
+teacher collaboration is widespread among primary teachers in the six countries twothirds or more of teachers report engaging in joint teaching and collaborative learning and almost all teachers across the six countries report exchanging teaching materials with colleagues and attending team conferences this chapter builds on that foundation by further analysing specific teacher and teachingrelated topics the first part discusses the appraisal and feedback that primary teachers receive and the induction activities mentoring and professional development in which they participate,4
+insufficient supply of highquality vocational programmes and tertiary education study places hamper human capital formation and growth stabilising and simplifying vocational education by more focus on high quality apprenticeships would support participation the government needs to find efficient measures to raise participation especially among children from low income families to replace the abolished educational maintenance allowance further reforms to funding of higher education could lower taxpayers costs and help finance a needed expansion in the sector the implications of school funding cfbt education trust research paper measuring the variation in teacher effectiveness in england centre for market and public organisation working paper university of bristol,4
+this suggests that not all teachers in schools with mentoring programmes for all teachers report having mentors in some countries however there is a large difference between the proportion of teachers who work in schools with mentoring programmes for all teachers and the proportion of teachers who report having a mentor school leaders need to highlight the benefits of such programmes for teachers and remove any barriers to access to ensure that teachers can participate in these activities and reap the benefits that ensue,4
+various school leaders had decided on a topic for their schoolwide professional learning eg visible learning based on the work of john hattie and schools were planning workshops that all teachers were to participate in challenges with this type of professional learning include a lack of differentiation based on teacher need a lack of teacher ownership over their learning and often a lack of connection to the learning needs of students more generally as interviews during this and a previous oecd study as well as international data suggest professional development is not always planned systematically at the school level is not based on sound teacher evaluations and knowledge about teacher s development needs to better meet the needs of their students more on this below and lacks strong links with wider school development planning,4
+the recycling volume of each household was monitored over a sixmonth period as a function of recycling convenience factors a random sample of of the households was drawn for a survey on further information about individual households such as household size age education level and home ownership the results indicated that convenience factors such as higher frequency of collection lower sorting requirements commingling in a single bin rather than several bins and more convenient closer collection location contribute to recycling,12
+many developing countries lack domestic certification bodies recognized in export markets in such instances smes must use foreign certification bodies which can be quite costly when this happens it is likely that only the larger firms have the financial resources to reach the final stage of certification the private sector is leading the creation of standards on digital goods and services,9
+figure shows the number of subscribers globally by generation of mobile technology in singapore the operators singtel and starhub have boosted mobile services to lgbps following successful trials in ooredoo oman had covered of the population with lte network by mid several mena operators have commenced trials of g and are beginning to map out spectrum strategies in conjunction with national regulatory authoritiesfor example zain and etisalat have conducted g trials in saudi arabia kuwait and uae,9
+usage rates for yearolds with tertiary education are generally in line with those of the overall population and in some countries approach the usage rates among yearolds the difference in usage between yearolds with high and low educational attainment are particularly large in hungary poland and spain oecd while users with tertiary education perform on average different activities those with lower secondary education and below perform only activities,4
+such an increase would exceed the current market price of aluminium potentially placing european aluminium producers at a competitive disadvantage we assume an electricity intensity of mwh pertonne of aluminium source ceps and a marginal c content in electricity of gkwh the market deficit consumption minus production in europe is currently almost million tonnes meaning that consumption exceeds production by million tonnes see figure,7
+the paris agreement indicates both what country adaptation actions could comprise and what an adaptation communication could include along with the channels through which an adaptation communication could be submitted while leaving the form of an adaptation communication open thus this section summarises what types of adaptationrelated information are already reported to the unfccc how reporting on these different topics can help countries improve their adaptive capacity and increase resilience how an adaptation communication could be structured to maximise its utility while minimising the extra work needed to develop it the paris agreement strengthens several provisions relating to information provision on adaptation table below and is applicable to all countries indeed the leg indicates that undertaking comprehensive climate risk and vulnerability assessments is necessary to be able to design adaptation plans for the medium and long term,13
+this implies that the number of poor persons fell by approximately million in while the number of indigents remained practically constant extreme poverty also fell appreciably by percentage points since although in this case the rate of reduction has slowed in recent years owing mainly to a steeper rise in food costs than in headline inflation the second subperiod which started in shows a slowdown in the rate of reduction of the number of incomepoor persons which fell to per year in the case of poverty and to per year in the case of indigence,1
+applications to remove native vegetation are classified as low medium or high risk where applications to clear native vegetation fall into the low risk category the equivalence rules that apply are less specific than in the case for applications in the medium and high risk categories and consequently the costs of compliance are lower for lowrisk projects the regulatory requirements for applications proposing higher severity biodiversity loss increase in proportion to the proposed impacts where environmental impact assessments may be required evaluating the ecological equivalence between biodiversity loss and offset sites is a twostage process biodiversity is measured at the biodiversity loss site and an offset requirement is then calculated to meet the objectives of the scheme based on the measured loss,15
+the toolkit can therefore be used to benchmark progress the results of this assessment will also help communicate the advantages of icts for abating environmental change including climate change at the same time the toolkit aims to help countries design appropriate tools and approaches to leverage the benefits of icts for sustainable development that is for esustainability the concept is based on the work undertaken by pamlin and others on using icts for sustainable development,13
+the parameters that are described in the inventories can however probably be used to identify degradationrestoration needs at least roughly for seminatural grasslands a national inventory was carried out in angs och betesmarksinventeringen it describes the status of the studied grasslands including overgrowth nitrification or negative disturbance and has a special category for grasslands that need restoration for wetlands the national wetland inventory vatmarksinventeringen covers some parameters that can be related to restoration needs such as the presence of drainage and overgrowth,15
+this has been formalised most recently in decree no the role of various agencies in rice export management is divided as follows mard is responsible for forecasting the quantity of rice available for commercial export based on domestic production and consumption estimates and reserve volumes moit for seeking markets and negotiating governmenttogovernment g g food exporting agreements and the viet nam food association vfa is in charge of operating contract registration of rice exporting enterprises and allocating g g contracts among exporters box it is organised and operates under a charter ratified by the minister of the interior and under state management of mard members of vfa work together to coordinate food trading activities for the protection of legitimate interests of its members to contribute to food security to import export food in the international market in compliance with the state policies it receives no government funding to carry out these activities,2
+it also will require international cooperation to ensure investment in infrastructure and technologyto improve agricultural productivity however an estimated per cent of the population are still undernourished sustainable development goal on eradicating hunger by therefore poses particular challenges in asia and the pacific the most populous region of the world the estimated proportion of the global population undernourished has fallen to less than per cent of the global total in the period despite a population increase of nearly billion people globally over the last years million fewer people now suffer from undernourishment than was the casein,2
+this identifies four key areas of intervention competence development regulatory reform public sector operating model and developing incentives for grass roots initiatives as regards innovative procurement each government department is expected to produce an innovation procurement plan aligned with its commercial strategy setting out how it will drive innovation through procurement secondment of experts from the private sector to the public sector is also being stressed for the purpose of mentoring on proinnovation procurement,9
+such tools can help to set common standards and make accessibility considerations a central criterion for decisions by multiple stakeholders deficits in the quality of access to opportunities that different groups experience should also be identified this requires developing methodologies for collecting qualitative information regarding satisfaction with available services for instance based on surveys such studies should aim to identify where different groups of citizens eg of a certain age occupation or gender lack appropriate access through available transport modes,11
+for total number of classes failed this is the number of classes failed by per member of sample group asked at age results are from a study of different curriculum models impact on disadvantaged children in new jersey the sample groups are randomly selected and have comparable socioeconomic backgrounds and other background characteristics child centred constructivist is a highscope curriculum model child centred social is a nursery school programme with a focus on social skills,4
+if information is used as a reference the most recent figures show that in eight countries the poorest quintile saw its share of total income increase by at least one percentage point meanwhile in nine countries the relative share of the richest quintile declined by or more percentage points this groups share continues to be more than in five countries compared with when this applied to countries,1
+the stability pact for south eastern europe has also provided support to such initiatives in particular the sava river cooperation the envsec initiative a joint effort of undp unep osce unece and the regional environmental center for cee with the north atlantic treaty organisation as an associate member develops and implements transboundary water cooperation projects cooperation on transboundary waters in africa is supported through the africa action plan agreed by g leaders in in many subregions including eecca the establishment of joint bodies and strengthening transboundary water cooperation are considered to be among the important tasks of the eu water initiative a partnership initiated by the eu at the world summit on sustainable development in johannesburg in,6
+countries that highly urbanized such as gabon per cent urban libya per cent urban equatorial guinea per cent urban botswana per cent urban south africa per cent urban and seychelles per cent urban have high gdp per capita african countries are beginning to promote cities and urbanization for socioeconomic development by prioritizing urban planning and development this is expected to enhance economic diversification at the local levels leading to employment and wealth creation increased opportunities for knowledge and skills transfer and innovation,11
+basin construction is also practised by farmers to direct flood water and to enhance good drainage on inland valley and flood plain fields stones and fertilizer bags filled with sands are often used as bunds by farmers to reduce soil erosion due to runoff and this practice often enhances silt deposition omotayo and musa these include the assurance of complementary interaction between crops and livestock such that slack resources from crops could be used as feed for livestock while livestock would provide draft power and manure to replenish the soil farmers use ciicatajijjiirra an indigenous method of soil conservation in ethiopia to maintain soil fertility through the process of kraaling cattle at night and rotating the position of the barn regularly in order to uniformly distribute manure to crop fields,2
+in the institute for the equality of women and men enacted a gender analysis of the budgets of all the federal public services and prepared draft gender notes for each budget following this analytical exercise the institute helped budget officials apply grb by supporting them in drafting gender notes for the annual budget the institute plans to publish a gender budgeting manual to explain the gender budgeting procedure in detail and provide concrete examples that support budget officers in fulfilling their tasks,5
+the mere sum of individual municipal decisions in transport and spatial planning rarely shapes up into a coherent metropolitan development plan coordination efforts by a metropolitan governance body sometimes boil dowm to stitching together individual plans on an ex post basis furthermore municipalities sometimes do not find out about the plans of neighbouring municipalities until it has become complex and politically costly to negotiate adjustments,11
+the water sector has certain intrinsic characteristics natural monopolies inelasticity of customer water demand economies of scale large sunk investments in networks and infrastructure local scale of service delivery externalities on health and environment etc these imply a low degree of competition few international players and therefore high risks of abuse of dominant positions hence the need for a strong regulator to balance the interests of all parties and prevent opportunistic behaviour that means protecting consumers from private sector abuses protecting the private sector from politicallydriven decisions enabling the public sector to carry out longterm policy objectives seeking outcomes consistent with those from competitive markets and guaranteeing sufficient flexibility in contracts regulations and standards to adapt the form of service delivery,6
+this generates tradeoffs between the security of right holders and the flexibility of water allocation this can generate opposition from right holders and rent seekers appropriate processes and compensation measures need to be considered firstly fastgrowing economies that need to secure food supplies are increasingly making landlease deals with poorer nations that have fertile land with water availability wef unbundling water rights from land ownership in these countries would ensure that water benefits domestic needs but this may generate tensions with the new owners of the land,6
+one readily available product is the retscreen clean energy project analysis software developed by the government of canada this decision support tool available freeofcharge can be used worldwide to evaluate energy production and savings costs emission reductions financial viability and risk for various types of renewableenergy and energyefficient technologies a cpr is a detailed regional or national end use study that estimates the potential contribution of conservation to meeting future energy requirements energy and capacity,7
+shortly after its independence in the country invested in water infrastructure development mainly to support irrigated agriculture due to the new necessity for domestic food selfsufficiency becker so the agricultural sector was a priority water recipient it avoided implementing demand management and its water allocation quotas could not be allocated to the industrial or urban sectors until the ministry of agriculture managed the water sector and relied on natural water resources to meet all demands with agriculture as the primary user the ministry kept the political objective of maintaining low water prices for farmers world bank in the s and s freshwater sources were fully employed and by the s a period of severe drought focus shifted to establish new water supply in replacement of freshwater use katz s j,6
+school principals were also given a minute questionnaire that covered the school system and the learning environment in some countries and economies optional questionnaires were distributed to parents who were asked to provide information on their perceptions of and involvement in their childs school their support for learning in the home and their childs career expectations particularly in mathematics countries could choose two other optional questionnaires for students one asked students about their familiarity with and use of information and communication technologies and the second sought information about their education to date including any interruptions in their schooling and whether and how they are preparing for a future career,4
+other skills that are gaining increasing importance are those that are most inherently human in nature and thus difficult for robots and machines to emulate variously termed soft skills transversal or transferable skills and behavioural interpersonal and socioemotional skills so too are competencies and attitudes such as creativity intuition imagination curiosity risktaking openmindedness logical thinking problemsolving decisionmaking the ability to engage in contact and interact with others empathy and emotional intelligence communication persuasbn and negotiation skills networking and teamwork and the capacity to adapt and learn new abilities education and training policies at all levels should aim to strengthen such abilities skills and attitudes among current and future workers,9
+nevertheless authorities cite some evidence which could indicate that recent enforcement efforts have been effective for instance social insurance revenues have increased more strongly than employment since the start of the recovery although the extent to which this is driven by enforcement efforts is difficult to disentangle from the effects of other policy changes such as increasing minimum wages public opinion may largely see informal employment as an involuntary outcome for employees and workers weak bargaining position suggests that informal work is indeed often not a choice of workers notably during periods of slack labour markets imposing fines on workers indiscriminately is therefore not only politically difficult but probably counterproductive as it can discourage employees from reporting employers infringements of applicable labour and tax laws,8
+of all the mechanisms included in water governance this is the most prevalent and also remains among the most difficult to carry out others however are political and often appear when the government of one country usually an upstream country embarks on riverrelated projects that are likely to have significant downstream impacts in other countries water diversion dam construction and waste disposal in water are examples of types of activities that are in need of assessment but when crossborder relations are involved are not shared either by lack of concern about crossborder impacts or unwillingness to be open to potentially critical assessments from outside the country similarly information is not only about projects and their impacts but also about decisionmaking especially with regard to behindcloseddoors agreements that can entail corruption,6
+however recognizing the great importance of remittances in national development the ldcs should design appropriate measures to counteract negative impacts on migrant workers these countries can adopt aggressive labour export strategies to identify areas with a high demand for labour and negotiate bilateral labour migration agreements with those countries governments can also create expatriate livelihood support funds to help returning migrants find new jobs,1
+for some dimensions countries could agree to transparency requirements if it is not possible to agree bounded flexibility some of this information depends on the commitment type eg carbon neutrality commitments should be accompanied by a definition of carbon neutrality however much of the information would be needed regardless of commitment types eg time frame coverage of gases and sectors gwp values or other ghgequivalence metrics treatment of lulucf estimated emissions reductions any conditions attached and any use of units from market mechanisms,13
+early tracking occurs at age compared to the oecd average of and differentiation of educational pathways has increased research shows a strong relation between tracks chosen and socioeconomic background at age of the student cohort mostly from high socioeconomic backgrounds enters gymnasia the czech school inspectorate and research on roma find that roma children participate less although they are ensured access by law and that czech students from disadvantaged backgrounds low socioeconomic levels and roma students are more likely to drop out eight working groups have been set up to implement various tasks in the context of the economic crisis the proportion of yearsolds not in education and not employed increased to but remained below the oecd average of see figure,4
+some good practices were identified but there is not enough critical mass to transform the economy in a homogeneous way there is therefore a need to provide entrepreneurs and small business owners with tools and support schemes tailored to the green economy access to finance is also an important aspect private capital but also public funds for instance through rd lines or esf should be made available more easily to businesses subsidies and giants should also be considered targeting key sectors such as those identified in this report and their supply chains could prove effective in expanding businesses in the green economy and thus in creating jobs,9
+chile also has high repetition rates in international comparison even if they have decreased in recent years in addition student achievement in international assessments while at the top within latin america remains below the oecd average however trend analyses of pisa results have shown some statistical significant improvement in reading literacy while performance in mathematics and science has remained fairly stable,4
+it highlights and explores hierarchical and unequal relations and roles between and among males and females the unequal value given to womens work and womens unequal access to power and decisionmaking as well as property and resources gender mainstreaming or integration helps assess the impact of different laws policies and programmes on groups of men and women as explained in the box below it is a strategy for making womens as well as mens concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design implementation monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated the ultimate goal is to achieve equality between men and women,5
+but people who see themselves as candidates for the professions and are attracted to the working conditions enjoyed by professionals might not find what theyre looking for in schools that use bureaucratic management to direct teachers work media campaigns to enhance the image of the profession by highlighting its importance for the nation its sophistication and complexity and the intellectual excitement it can generate can also help countries that wish to broaden the range of teachers backgrounds and experiences could concentrate on promoting the benefits of a teaching career to groups who are underrepresented in the teaching force such as men and people from minority backgrounds this is intended to ensure that all schools have access to effective teachers and a balance of experienced and beginning teachers the allocation of teachers to schools is decided by the local education authority and the exact rules followed may differ,4
+after preceding discussion it is obvious that this can again be only a partial input to the ongoing discussion about what energy supply security means for different countries and different stakeholders this index is normalised to range from extremely low security to extremely high security it covers final energy demand energy conversion and transport and primary energy supply and hence in principle the entire energy system the sd index is also at the basis of the ssdi employed in chapter of this publication to track the evolution of the energy supply situation in selected oecd countries over the past years in a systematic manner the difference in the ssdi and the sd index is essentially that the ssdi was adapted to be able to work with the only available consistent data available for the past years ie the iea energy statistics,7
+the chicago tristate metroregion is among the top five metroregions in the us for specialisations in professional energy services and the metroregion also exhibits specialisations in air and water purification technologies lighting and green architecture and construction services in the chicagoarea county region the milwaukee metroregion has the strongest specialisation in the us in water efficient technologies the growth of the green sector in the chicago tristate metroregion has brought with it a significant number of greensector jobs the sector has grown by since the metroregion could build on these strengths to improve economic and environmental outcomes in the long run energy efficiency retrofitting and green building design could be considered top priorities for job growth and distinguishing the metroregion s green architectural expertise but financing mechanisms for lowering the barriers to energy efficiency investments would need to be improved wind energy holds the promise of developing a sector that is beginning to call the chicago tristate metroregion home but needs clearer pricing signals and technical assistance to become more pricecompetitive,7
+besides the coordination committee on integrated water policy ciw is the competent authority for the wfd and the coordination of integrated water policy in flanders it is composed of the leading officials of all administrative entities involved in water management and of the representatives of the authorities of the water management at the local level it has a threefold mission i to prepare plan and follow up the integrated water policy ii to guarantee a uniform approach of integrated water policy in the subbasins and iii to implement the decisions of flemish government related to integrated water policy as part of the implementation of the wfd the committee prepares the river basin management plans for the two river basin management districts in flanders the scheldt and the meuse,6
+between and precipitation of more than mm was observed at least once per year during per cent of the period to date any impact that climate change may have had generally on rainfall in albania cannot be distinguished from natural variations the number of days per year with wind speeds in excess of ms showed no discernible trend in the period the latest period analysed in the third national communication on climate change,13
+social science medicine worrying about the stock market evidence from hospital admissions the mental health consequences of the recession economic hardship and employment of people with mental health problems in european countries cuts drive health system reforms in spain,3
+turkey and the russian federation display high shares of employees in strained jobs while not presented here the decomposition of job demands suggests that strong time pressure is an important work stressor hence using very long hours as a proxy is a reasonable option for measuring the quality of working environment in emerging economies where information on working conditions is often scarce and limited in scope turkey colombia indonesia and india perform rather poorly when the quality of working environment is proxied by the incidence of working more than hours a week figure panel b,8
+in the latter case of instream habitat regulations are intended to maintain minimum streamflow requirements throughout the year in the model presented here we will consider the design of policies to address cumulative stream depletion problems in some detail kuwayama and brozovic extension of the model to allow maintenance of specific streamflow constraints continuously throughout the year requires an intraseasonal crop water production function which leads to much more complex analyses and is generally not analytically tractable eg han thus the impact of ongoing pumping on streamflow needs to consider the pumping history rather than just pumping in the current period,6
+eviction can take place only under certain very exceptional circumstances and under strict criteria imposed by international law states have to take certain measures to comply with international standards such as adopt and implement special measures to protect women from evictions for instance by conferring titles to land and housing to women states have to assess the differentiated impact of evictions on women so that the specific impact on them is addressed appropriately,5
+total cost recovery level is also for all uses with a couple of notable exceptions water companies do not cover their costs furthermore not even financial costs are covered with the collected revenues average water tariffs have been calculated by dividing the total amount of revenues paid by farmers and the amount of water used in each water region,6
+the unequal sharing of family and household responsibilities means that when public services such as health childcare water and sanitation are cut back or become less affordable it is usually women and girls who fill the ensuing gap spending more time on unpaid care and domestic work see chapter finally because women are more likely to be employed in the public sector they are particularly affected by staff and wage cuts in this sector in the united kingdom the womens budget group has repeatedly denounced the regressive nature of fiscal consolidation which is based on spending cuts rather than tax increases and quantified the toll that budget cuts take on the most disadvantaged women and girls in the country,5
+five of these are offered at regional colleges under the council for higher education ort braude tel hai sakhnin western galilee and sefad colleges socioeconomic gaps between the population groups and the disparities between the galilee and the centre of israel remain israel needs a continuous and concerted policy strategy policy should ensure that educational infrastructure on offer to all arab and jewish children including issues such as class sizes educational facilities at all levels basic standards in english mathematics and sciences is of a similar standard,4
+in the countries of latin america and the caribbean approved the regional programme of action for the women of latin america and the caribbean whose guidelines remain in force thanks to a decision approved at the eighth regional conference on women in latin america and the caribbean lima and the ninth regional conference on women in latin america and the caribbean mexico city eclac the region s commitment to the goals laid down for equitable participation by women in economic activities has been consolidated in the light of these programmes and platforms for action thus each country has amended its legal framework and created institutions oriented towards the development and promotion of gender equity,5
+the first is to enable individuals to live in dignity by ensuring that their basic needs in terms of food health housing and income are met the second objective is to foster an inclusive society by helping canadians join the middle class through measures to promote the development of the skills of vulnerable populations such as young people or indigenous populations access to quality employment and the development of early childcare services the third objective is to support the middle class by protecting canadians from falling into poverty and by supporting income security and resilience,1
+green msp is now the region s accepted privatepublic voice for green manufacturing green are aimed at driving the growth of local green manufacturers through government purchasing implementing building standards and incentives aligning industrial zones with green assets providing finance to startup companies and a recognition programme for green manufacturers the model is a strong example of one region s efforts to expand its green manufacturing base it is a good model for local coalitions developing recommendations to create their own green economies but may be more relevant for larger cities with more developed sustainability efforts in place such as sydney,7
+according to fischer and newell if learning is more firmspecific and less likely to spill over policies subsidising renewables are less appropriate to compensate for knowledge externalities in contrast if learning is more difficult to patent to appropriate rents then renewable subsidies may be relatively more justified than rd support a more modern and possibly more realistic perspective instead sees technical change as a cyclical process based on twoway feedbacks between market experiences and technical developments,7
+trends in frontier technologies which are fundamentally enabled by the internet and icts are superimposed on a world with existing technological divides both between and within nations this is vital to understanding who is lagging how far behind and to identifying measures to mitigate such divisions responding adequately to such challenges will require capabilities increasing rd intensity remains a longterm objective worldwide in the european union for example the europe target for rd is per cent of gdp in only four european union member countries finland sweden denmark and austria met this target eurostat while it has increased significantly in some regions rd intensity in most developing countries is much lower than either the world average or that of developed countries in europe and north america which exceeds per cent,9
+based on the review this chapter outlines key questions for eecca countries to assess their readiness and to identify priority areas for improvement in addition while this report does not solely focus on access to the gcf funding box outlines key institutions and capacities needed to access its resources as one example such institutions include the green climate fund gcf the global environment facility gef and other bilateral agencies and multilateral institutions such as deutsche gesellschaft fur internationale zusammenarbeit giz the kfw development bank the united nations environment programme unep the united nations development programme undp and the world resources institute wri,13
+as evidence computer users witnessed an average income increase of us which equates to a total increase or per year finally the largest impact occurred among the internet users who benefited from increased speed and in the case of those users who previously used dialup internet elimination of the incremental cost of usage users who could access the service directly in their homes as a result of network deployment also benefited for this group the increase in the income level was substantially greater than in the previous cases their income increased by us a rise relative to their initial income or a increase per year,8
+due to their stationary nature and limited exposure to international competition electricity sectors are frequently called upon to generate a major share of these emissions reductions beyond reductions in absolute consumption this means substituting fossilfuel based power generation with lowcarbon technologies such as renewables or nuclear power for instance the energy roadmap of the european commission ec envisions greenhouse gas emissions in to be at least lower than in while the electricity sector is supposed to be carbonneutral by that date ec a,7
+it then examines vocational education and training in sweden with a focus on workplace based training programmes and career guidance at school finally it gives an overview of social services offered in school and the coordination of these services up until the age of all students learn together in one comprehensive school without tracking or grade repetition,4
+parents who abuse drugs are more likely to live in homes in which relatives friends and strangers also use drugs exposing children to possible emotional and physical harm additionally children that have to be removed from such environments are more likely to engage in crime drug use and delinquency drug abuse is of particular concern among street children throughout the world,3
+labour force participation is included as an additional measure in the composite index to capture the socioeconomic dimension of women s position we believe labour force participation is an important aspect of gender equality as it reflects what one can actually do with better education etc the example of the middle east and north africa is a case in point,5
+some tariff packages may be offered only to particular groups such as those in receipt of social security benefits oecd in australia for example sydney water provides a range of residential safety nets in the united states there are examples of lowincome and disabled households receiving rebates based on income percentage discounts on water bills waivers of fixed charges and fixed allowances credits on bills oecd,6
+the practice of blending agriculture runoff with freshwater resources is degrading water quality to varying degrees with such contaminants as toxic trace metals microorganics pathogens pesticides trace nutrients and biodegradable organic loads in addition to adversely affecting downstream ecosystems this practice increases heavy metal concentrations in downstream fisheries and agricultural produce without desalination many of these regions would be uninhabitable,6
+in following a severe drought the quota was reduced by to million m compared with the level the quota has changed little since then but it is expected to decrease to and million m by and respectively from the current million m quota reductions since have been compensated by income support payments during the last decade water use declined from megalitres ml per hectare per year to about mlhayear,6
+moreover these transfers have beneficial although small effects on children s school and labour participation rates furthermore beside the cash transfer policy the subsidy for school canteens has a relatively low cost but carries fairly considerable benefits in response to the crisis especially in alleviating caloric poverty while the other two policies are quite ineffective regardless of which dimension of poverty is considered english translation by nathan weatherdon,1
+different seasons and rainfall patterns and variability in production which will increase as climate change continues imply variable market conditions across countries where production variability is not highly correlated among most countries in the region integration through regional trade offers the prospect of cancelling the effects of small country size on production volatility koester studies have calculated the amount of stocks needed for each country within a defined region so as to stabilise cereal consumption in times of fluctuations in cereal production and import prices dorosh et al these studies have compared those stock levels to the levels required by the same countries when cooperating regionally,2
+there are also significant variations among types of users within the same city in most cities industrial and commercial users pay significantly more for water services than domestic users in mexicali an extreme case almost six times as much in many cities tariffs are increasing above inflation rates in in a sample of cities water tariffs increased above inflation in cities in cities the increase was below inflation in cities there was no increase and in city there was a decrease conagua,6
+the programme provides loans to establish microbusinesses and promotes saving by the poor fcoss another ngo in fiji the foundation for rural integrated enterprises n development friend works towards poverty alleviation through its social and economic empowerment programme microcredit systems exist informally in other pics the wantok system plays a vital role in entrepreneurial development especially in png mannan,1
+the eu comprised the following countries austria belgium denmark finland france germany greece ireland italy luxembourg the netherlands portugal spain sweden and the united kingdom source oecd health data and rosstat taken individually different categories of ncds and injuries make up the ten leading causes of death in the russian federation and account for of deaths in the russian population as a whole rosstat standardised mortality rates smr for cerebrovascular diseases and ischaemic heart diseases are twice as large as the oecd average and are ten times larger than the best performing oecd countries figure,3
+for instance low rates and lax enforcement eg illegal abstractions underreporting of consumption prevent abstraction charges from being effective instruments for water policies while low pollution charges do not significantly change the behaviour of polluters water markets are a step in the right direction but they tend to be poorly designed and can lead to overabstraction payment for ecosystem services pes schemes are in place and the pact recently adopted by the new mexican administration explicitly requests that they be strengthened commitment,6
+training is being provided and public awareness and education programs have been implemented reviews recommend that a new agency center for crisis management be established to manage emergency situations state statistical office state statistical office total carbon in aboveground biomass is million tons which is about the same as in all stateowned forests are guided by year management plans,15
+on the southwestern side turkish territory there are some springs therefore the quantity and quality of the lake water is preserved as in natural conditions only three villages arc located near the lake in turkish territory population some in the georgian part the population is some within a radius of km from the lake,6
+we note this point while taking account of data limitations in the empirical analysis section three describes the data and the econometric model followed by the interpretation of the results summary remarks and policy implications conclude the paper this was promulgated in the first national programme for womens development in china and in several laws including the law of the peoples republic of china on the protection of womens rights and interests and the china employment promotion law,5
+they can provide systemic coherence and consolidate the vision of w hat the country considers to be a good teacher professional standards describe a common set of competencies that good teachers are expected to have or develop throughout their careers they are an opportunity for members of the profession to link research and practice further building a collegial understanding of longterm goals means and accountability based in practice furthermore this shared understanding of what constitutes a good teacher can help to better align classrooms schools and systemlevel organisations while providing the necessary resources to teachers to better support student learning oecd kleinhenz and ingvarson toledo figueroa revai and guerriero,4
+for instance armenia now has only five water companies yerevan djur armvodkanal nor akunk lorivodkanal and shirakvodkanal covering the whole population see box below on armenia this would help achieve economies of scale and remove some resource limitations including shortage of staff at the beginning of almost municipal water supply and sanitation utilities were integrated and two legal entities were created agmosavletis tskali ltd eastern water and dasavletis tskali ltd western water this integration aimed to improve the technical and financial conditions of utilities and pave the way for future privatisation,6
+some funds may be directed to the national treasury and allocated through the national budget while others might be directed to other actors for example in a third of international climate finance flows to indonesia were disbursed by the national government another third by stateowned enterprises and the final third via private nongovernmental subnational governments or other actors cpi and ministry of finance financial flows received outside the national government for example to ngos are often not systematically tracked,13
+a person suffering from burnout no longer manages to overcome everyday stressful events and experiences emotional fatigue it is however difficult to estimate the prevalence of burnout in the population as for instance it can be hard to distinguish it from depression attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on the other hand occurs among to of children of school age and boys suffer from this state to times more often than girls,3
+the itq model was later expanded to the coastal shrimp fishery in the itq system has facilitated a concentration of the shrimp fisheries on fewer operators and improved the profitability in accordance with the political objectives the maximum ownership limit on shrimp in offshore fisheries is and two companies are close to the limit while in coastal shrimp fisheries the limit is,14
+the new legal framework adopted by the federal district and which is in the process of being developed by the state of mexico sets an important foundation for this by enlarging the scope of mobility policy and the responsibilities of mobility authorities success however will depend on strengthening the planning regulatory and financial capacity of the authorities in charge of mobility policy a crucial part of this process involves clarifying responsibilities where the outcomes depend on multisectoral strategies,11
+under this standard nmfs is defining fishing communities and profiling these communities to enable improved social impact analyses for all federally managed fisheries the ifa provides that the department of commerce can provide disaster assistance to states determined by the secretary of commerce to have been affected by a commercial fishery failure or serious disruption affecting future production due to a fishery resource disaster eg from either natural or undetermined causes funds as appropriated may be used for any purpose the secretary determines appropriate to restore an affected fishery or to prevent future failures,14
+besides many conduct monitoring service quality practices with the aim of informing the public about the level of quality provided which provides more transparency to the users of ecec in addition it is common to monitor service quality to enhance children s development and to improve staff performance source table oecd network on ecec online survey on monitoring quality in early learning and development november,4
+while it is an important concept it has not been used widely by the treaty bodies for example although as we have seen much emphasis is placed on the importance of equal pay for work of equal value for women and men it is rarely made explicit that women s pay should be increased to that of men in recent decades there has been strong opposition to such restrictions on the grounds that they breach the equality principle however this has led to two quite contradictory responses the cedaw committee has encouraged austria to ensure levelling up measures are included in its antidiscrimination legislation cedaw committee austria op,5
+the certification scheme energy smart is used to rate and certify the energy performance of commercial buildings it was originally developed by the energy sustainability unit esu at the national university of singapore and the national environment agency of singapore to target offices hotels and shopping malls the scheme is voluntary and most commercial enterprises participate because it can be used as part of their branding strategies the european council for an energy efficient economy has established that it is advice on energy efficiency improvements rather than solely ratings and certifications that primarily mobilize markets to achieve energy savings measures,7
+this is the case not only because of the importance of these indicators for identifying the poor but also because they are the most readily available indicators in surveys conducted in the region admittedly a more comprehensive multidimensional poverty measurement requires data on other aspects such as nutritional status state of health and employment status of persons for a proposal on the aspects of wellbeing that should be captured in a multidimensional poverty measurement see santos but this information is not available for a sufficient number of countries in the region this means on the one hand that the dwelling does not provide protection against various environmental factors for example rain humidity etc thus a dwelling is observed to be deficient when it does not guarantee sufficient insulation against natural and social elements,1
+this new support system for school improvement seeks to build the capacity of schools and school providers for selfimprovement and to make better use of pei and pme to this end it also seeks to establish pme as a tool that is more independent of the sep and related accountability requirements another positive development is that thanks to targeted funding programmes in the form of the sep and the programme of school integration pie schools have additional resources to hire learning support staff that support teachers in their work and provide support for students within schools,4
+political processes are frequently delayed when the attention of governments shifts towards a more pressing topic or if a government changes that is relying on fossil fuel capacity can be extremely profitable under one framework or they can be financially disastrous in another thinking in terms of real options investors would wait until the policy framework is clarified before committing to a make a final investment decision but indefinitely delaying decisions carries the risk of tightening supply conditions and deterioration of security of supply,7
+some in the planning field have perceived this environmental focus as a threat drawing attention away from gender issues however sustainability as defined in the rio declaration includes economic viability and social equity two components which could be used to draw attention to gender issues in scandinavian countries gender considerations have been integrated into strategic level planning and sustainability programmes which illustrates how gender issues can be an integrated part of sustainability greed folkesdotter horelli,5
+overage attendance as a result of grade repetition andor late entry risks reducing participation in education unesco for all other countries with available data this share ranges between and figure bla in the last grade of lower secondary education this share increases for most countries and doubles on average across the oecd from to the share of overage students increases most from the last grade of primary education to the last grade of lower secondary education for argentina by percentage points costa rica by percentage points luxembourg by percentage points and spain by percentage points while it decreases substantially for hungary by percentage points highlighting a high rate of dropout and a drop in enrolment rates for yearolds,4
+given that canada used to impose a standard royalty of per cent of the net selling price of the drug in final dosage form on a licensee of right to use patented pharmaceuticals until and given that most data originators will recoup the bulk of their rd expenses in developed countries anyway a royalty comprising the generic producer s own marginal costs of production plus per cent of these costs depending upon gdp per capita ability to pay would seem more than sufficient while such an approach would give only an approximation of the real costs of the originator s rd it would avoid the transaction costs and possibly endless litigation that more complicated models might induce finally it would also be limited in time for instance to five years during which the data originator would be entitled to claim compensation,3
+at national level the government spent roughly usd million per year over for improving irrigation and collectordrainage systems during the same time periods usd per ha of irrigated land was charged as water supply fee out of which farmers paid the total cost of modernisation will be usd million,6
+absolute sodal mobility refers to the total amount of movement of people eg an increasedecrease in household income irrespective of a change in the distribution of income while relative sodal mobility refers to the upward or downward movement of a member of one sodal class compared with a member of another dass the section begins with an analysis of income mobility in viet nam from to the concept of income mobility is significant for countries such as viet nam that have experienced stable persistent economic growth and profound structural transformations,10
+next a country synthesis is proposed in order to highlight the coherence of the national policy in the field such coherence is built on the strength of the associations that exist between levels and the following table summarises the content of the recommendations and specifies whether a diploma related to the field of ict uses in education exists the case of each country is specifically described in the following paragraphs,4
+sustainable transport decisions must be scaled up and expanded so that cities do not get locked into infrastructure that pollutes generates economic loss limits opportunities and endangers lives recognizing how unsustainable transport affects urbanization some cities are now investing heavily in mass transit and acting to limit car sales and usage these meeting have brought together various stakeholders including national statistical offices national and local governments transport authorities,11
+based on analyses of data from the database the board of incopesca costa ricas national fisheries authority recognized the need to permanently remove shrimp boats from the coastal zone as requested by fishers the negotiations leading up to this action took several years but in incopesca temporarily banned shrimp boats from the tarcoles marf with only hookandline fishing being allowed the study of the effects of the ban showed recovery in the two most exploited species snapper and shrimp,14
+in the united states antiimmigration raids led to surges in dropout among children of undocumented immigrants wary of deportation whereas an earlier policy providing deportation protection had increased secondary school completion yet their attainment and achievement often lagged behind those of host country peers in the european union twice as many foreignborn youth as natives left school early in,4
+so teachers know that the easiest approach for them may be simply to wait out attempts at reform most significantly there is a substantial gap between the time at which the initial cost of reform is incurred and the time when it is evident whether the benefits of reform will actually materialise while timing complicates the politics of reform in many domains it seems to have a greater impact on education reform where the lags often involve many years it is a long way to successful reform implementation failure is often just one small step away as a result the political cycle may have a direct impact on the timing scope and content of education reform education reform becomes a thankless task when elections take place before the benefits of reform are realised,4
+consent for this purpose must be consent given voluntarily as a result of the victims free will assessed in the context of the surrounding circumstances the mens rea is the intention to effect this sexual penetration and the knowledge that it occurs without the consent of the victim para see viseur sellers the prosecution of sexual violence in conflict for further analysis the resolution recognizes the devastating impact of conflict on women and girls and reaffirms the need to implement fully existing international humanitarian and human rights law obligations protecting the rights of women and girls during conflict,5
+second approaches and structures to identify and diagnose special needs need to be developed this is not an easy task and requires the contribution of a range of specialists eg teachers doctors psychologists and good communication with parents third there needs to be a reflection about the roles of special schools and the extent to which mainstream schools can contribute to the education of special needs students,4
+for example many countries have introduced or reinforced antiharassment laws others are conducting awarenessraising campaigns about definitions of sexual harassment ways to prevent sexual harassment and legal rights for victims and obligations for employers when harassment occurs to ensure that women are represented in decision making many oecd and developing countries have initiated some form of affirmative action to increase female representation in politics chapter,5
+private finance estimates are from oecd dac survey on mobilisation data recorded in dac statistics is not equivalent to that reported as climate finance towards the usd loobn goal and is not comparable to the recent estimates in the oecd study climate finance in and the usd billion goal in collaboration with cpi see this section outlines some of the underling factors that will determine the level of coherence between development finance and climate finance,13
+this chapter outlines its demographics economy government and particularly its education system including recent reform efforts and challenges it has been free of charge since and participation rates are now high with almost universal preprimary and primary education reform efforts to decentralise administration and increase the quality of its education to meet broader development goals have had less impact with challenges of effectiveness efficiency and equity remaining to be met,4
+no country of the region has identified women entrepreneurs as a specific target group an explanatory factor may be that sme policies focused initially on industrial sectors where women are largely absent in the latter part of the decade sme policies have been more generally applied to all sectors of economic activity,5
+we will identify and briefly assess key policy choices affecting icts and how best to ensure that government policy optimizes the role of icts in sustainable development government influence also extends to coregulation social marketingadvertising and collective action for nonmarket production by private individuals it will show how all of these goals are related,9
+furthermore gender units can play an important role in gender sensitization training as well as in training on how to avoid gender bias in data collection through their contacts with national machineries for women and nongovernmental organizations gender units and gender focal points can facilitate communication between the producers and some of the end users of gender statistics united nations these units can provide information to users and help them to understand the uses of existing statistics the development of methodological materials on gender statistics has a rather short history,5
+the scope of this holistic vision builds on the advances made across the period of the mdgs during which net enrolment rates in primary education increased from to per cent in developing regions of the world united nations as reinforced by the incheon declaration of the world education forum world education forum education and lifelong learning are recognised through sdg as being fundamental human rights and as vital in realising the broader aspirations of the agenda for sustainable development finally many sportbased initiatives have also been oriented towards the holistic development and empowerment of young people and the dissemination of educational messages and so are relevant to sdg targets and,4
+lower plants including fungi and invertebrates have also been studied intensively a number of species are found only in kyrgyzstan these endemic species and subspecies include over plant species around invertebrate species including endemic insects and vertebrate species as well as a further subendemic vertebrates,15
+legally binding treaties and optional protocols further delineate specific human rights protections creating a comprehensive normative human rights legal framework this came to the fore during the first world conference on women mexico city the united nations decade on women and debates on international norms such as cedaw the adoption of cedaw established a critical reference point underscoring the importance of gender equality in development with an explicit focus on reducing discrimination against women gender on the other hand focuses on socially constructed roles behaviours activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men or women,5
+poverty data are presented disaggregated as far as possible by sex by sex of the head of household and by household type the review shows that simple disaggregation of poverty by sex results in small gender gaps however the gender gap may be underestimated by not taking into account intrahouschold inequality furthermore when female and maleheaded households are examined consistent gender differences appear only when these are further disaggregated for example female or male oneperson households and households of female or male lone parents with children the second part of the chapter looks at statistics at individual level,1
+the results of the household survey analysis used for the simulations in section show that this weak role of transfers in reducing poverty is also due to the fact that the rate of nontakeup of family or housing benefits is often high among poor families a more effective targeting of benefits then can contribute reducing child poverty if and only if it involves a better coverage of poor children and an increased amount paid to the poorest families as suggested in the section substantial progress in reducing child poverty may be achievable at constant expenditure levels and through better benefit coverage of poor children,1
+the venn diagram in figure illustrates the union approach and the concurrent poverty groups the second column in table presents the proportions of the child population that are union poor and belong to either groups a b or ab depending on the country and the domain under consideration this percentage varies between per cent and per cent,1
+in more than million adults worldwide were unemployed vulnerable employment accounts for more than half of total employment and is particularly high in southeast asia percent south asia percent and subsaharan africa percent even those employed may be earning very iitde in million people ages and older were estimated to be employed but living in households with less than per person a day employment especially decent employment is associated with dignity and status and with stable and cohesive communities and societies,1
+in all these cases private foresight is not sufficient to internalise the impacts of a supply interruption and public action is warranted one can attribute this need for public intervention to the existence of informational asymmetries or transaction costs one aspect of this is that in technical terms energy supply risks do not follow a welldefined probability distribution function that would let private insurance markets take care of the issue another aspect of the issue is that the action of one actor in an energy system impacts the wellbeing or profitability of another without taking this impact into account frequently this is unavoidable for technical reasons gas and electricity are gridbound and even oil and coal use common infrastructures such as dedicated ports shipping lanes etc,7
+this constraint has negative effects on fathers who lose valuable time with their families and negative effects on mothers who are more likely to leave the labour market to care for children in these households working mothers face double duty long hours of paid work followed by intensive hours of unpaid work in many higherincome households however domestic workers help reduce the unpaid work burden,5
+accordingly the four pillars of gender equality in egovernment emerged from the research which include women s access to ict capacity development for women online public service outreach for women and women s participation in online public process it should be the specific situation of a country s advancement and capacity in those four pillars that jointly influence the scope and priority of objectives for gender equality in egovernment it should be noted that the two concepts gender equality and empowerment of women are different in their meanings gender equality emphasizes remedying the existing inequality between men and women which reproduces further inequalities with negative consequences for women s wellbeing while empowerment of women does not have a connotation of gender disparities and focuses on the changes needed for women to realize her full human rights unfpa,5
+also the data for onshore and offshore wind technologies are not available for finland and the republic of korea values for wind onshore were replaced by the oecd median case and values for the wind offshore by those of germany for coherence with the analysis presented in section the load factors of wind onshore power plants in france have been obtained from the most recent data published by the french grid operator rte for dispatchable power plants data in parsons have thus been used taking an n of the kind plant and median case assumptions,7
+the task of managing the infrastructure is particularly hard as the capacity of the school board as well as the ability to fundraise from the local community is often lower in rural areas while many school buildings are in very poor condition as most of them were built between the s and s the hundred primary schools with the lowest performance in the country as measured by grade repetition and dropout levels have less than students and are mostly located in rural areas outside of the capital area pen there are also indications that students from small primary schools are less likely to make the transition to secondary school,4
+the harvesting and extraction of some of these resources such as timber are known to potentially have significant adverse impacts on biodiversity so to the extent that information on the impacts on biodiversity associated with these different resources exists indirect links with resource use and biodiversity loss can be established and trends in the use of these resources monitored the seea also allows linking the flow of resources to specific sectors of the economy,15
+negative effects in mountain ecosystems are caused by uncontrolled collection of plant species and illegal hunting of large carnivores and the balkan chamois threats are also induced by overuse of biological resources mostly for commercial purposes thus a high number of indigenous medicinal and aromatic plants species of mushrooms more than species of diatom algae species of lichens species of ferns and species of mosses are all at risk at the national level the most threatened groups of higher plants are the angiosperms flowering plants with approximately species aquatic and wetland plants are especially endangered,15
+it uses a value of to represent a society where everyone has the same income and which therefore has no inequality at the other end of the scale it uses to represent a society where only one person has all the income and which thus has maximum inequality to make them easier to understand gini values can also be represented as gini points this is done simply by multiplying each value by so a gini coefficient of becomes gini points,10
+secondly teaching to the test emphasises rote memorisation and a more passive approach to learning as teachers spend more time developing testtaking strategies rather than cultivating students problemsolving skills kellaghan etal by involving teachers in standardised test development and implementation and training teachers on how to effectively use and analyse test results there can be less risk of teaching to the test however incentives attached to test results must be carefully constructed to avoid motivating strategic behaviour such as teaching to the test the research is mixed as to how to effectively promote positive behaviours as a result of incentives while reducing negative behaviours,4
+caceres and caceres a found that the main determinants of selfemployment in a sample of six latin american countries were the economic growth rate and the level of remittances as a percentage of gdp these two variables will be considered here along with the change in the manufacturing sector s share of gdp d manu and a qualitative variable qualil representing the drop in gdp in to be the determinants of selfemployment in el salvador the results are shown in table,8
+in line with g commitments germany should eliminate the support measures to fossil fuels and if needed replace them by environmentneutral measures within the fuel consumption tax stmcture tax rates vary according to fuels users and purposes suggesting taxation is not systematically related to the level of negative externalities for instance tax rates are reduced for heating fuels and are quasi null for coal,7
+by contrast women in the informal sector experience a statistically significant motherhood wage penalty in all of the specifications we find that the wage penalty is not the same for all mothers as having more children increases the estimated penalty for one child for two children and for three or more children the coefficient estimates for the motherhood wage penalty as reported in table appear to be relatively stable over time showing a higher penalty in the period before the shock versus for one child versus fortwo children and versus for three or more children the estimated coefficients associated with motherhood and children are nonsignificant across all the formalsector regressions as in the ols results formalsector women workers do not experience statistically significant motherhood wage penalties across the full time period of the data two different specifications of motherhood one by the number of children and one by their age show no significant wage penalties for mothers working in the formal sector,5
+the project promotes healthy lifestyles with educational initiatives such as a community garden club exercise and nutrition lessons and environment and recycling education the development complex strengthens community engagement with social activities and an onsite food cooperative without planning and specification of land use for public amenities such as schools and health centres the development cost for land acquisition and construction is high and coverage tends to be unequal,11
+women account for less than of entrants into tertiarylevel computer science programmes in oecd countries and only around of engineering entrants and while less than of girls wish to be ict professionals almost of boys do since the oecd council adopted the oecd gender recommendation many countries have taken new measures or reinforced existing ones to increase the participation of underrepresented groups who include women and girls in stem studies and occupations,5
+those constraints set a limit on fuel enrichment average and maximal burnup power peaking factor and boron concentration during operation safety concerns require negative fuel and coolant coefficients and a minimal antireactivity margin throughout reactor operation for example in a batch strategy only of the assemblies are replaced at each refuelling thus each fuel assembly stays in the core for cycles on the other hand a higher enrichment results in a burden on the fuel fabrication plant higher fabrication cost and additional technicaleconomic constraints for fuel transport and storage,7
+outside asia the middle east experiences the fastest rate of increase at over per year primary energy demand in oecd countries grows by around from to while the united states remains the secondlargest energy consumer in the world in its total energy demand is only slightly higher than in from consuming less than half as much energy as the united states in it now consumes slightly more and in the weo new policies scenario it is projected to consume nearly more than the united states in despite this china s percapita energy consumption is still at less than half the level of the united states in consequently the global energy projections in the world energy outlook remain highly sensitive to the underlying assumptions for the key variables that drive energy demand in china including prospects for economic growth changes in economic structure developments in energy and environmental policies and the rate of urbanisation,7
+the priority action framework paf for natura published in sets priorities for action to develop the natura network and estimates the financing required it calculates that around eur billion is required to manage the natura network over a significant increase times from the eur million budget allocated by the eafrd for the purpose over the paf provides support to ensure that nature protection is well covered in the forest management plans of forest districts,15
+in addition to being reluctant to lend to an emerging sector such as clean energy commercial banks can also face limits on how much they can lend to the power sector in india for example most banks can lend a maximum of of their loan portfolio to the power sector pearson in such circumstances special provisions need to be introduced into banking regulation to promote clean energy projects for instance by differentiating the cap,7
+in other words the decomposition helps to measure the portion of changes in family income due to changes in the characteristics of the child population and those due to changes in the association between these characteristics and the income level the decomposition is carried out for market incomes before taxes and transfers they correspond to labour income in their vast majority capital income being generally low for poor households and for disposable income after social transfers by comparing the changes in income before and after taxes and transfers one can infer what role transfers have played in responding to changes in labour income and how this role has varied across the income distribution,1
+in a survey taken in across all european countries when asked to rate whether they allocated too much too little or the right amount of time on paid work contact with family other social contact and personal hobbies women reported lower satisfaction with their allocation of time than men these differences in perceptions of imbalance and stress can be due to the fact that women maintain general responsibilities for the household s operation data refer to for mexico to for ireland the netherlands and the united kingdom to for spain and the united states to for italy to for denmark and germany to for norway slovenia and south africa to for france to for austria and to for israel in general women have larger and more multifaceted networks than men report having more friends and provide and receive more support from members of their network than men do,5
+they are subordinate to the pri in the case of municipalities that comprise a wider urban unit these plans incorporate different documents and studies including a review of the socioeconomic situation and potential for industrial development as well as feasibility studies for physical expansion particularly with respect to service delivery they also articulate the municipality s urban centres in terms of population and growth potential roadway hierarchies including access and service roads parking requirements zoning plans principal urban activities assess the infrastructure capacity of roads large structures and areas designated as at high risk for natural hazards or requiring protection identify buildings classified as national monuments and traditional zones zoms tipicas identify historical buildings or zones,11
+this project aims to protect vulnerable and important ecosystems and species living in the areas beyond national jurisdiction including the high seas and areas of the seabed beyond the continental shelf of coastal states the area accounts for of surface of planet and of the surface of the oceans and nearly of oceans volume there are four subprojects namely sustainable management of tuna fisheries and biodiversity conservation in abnj sustainable fisheries management and biodiversity conservation of deepsea living resources and ecosystems in abnj ocean partnerships for sustainable fisheries and biodiversity conservationmodels for innovation and reform and strengthening global capacity to effectively manage abnj,14
+towards sustainable fisheries of the oresund cod gadus morhua through substock specific assessment and management recommendations historia degentibus septentrionalibus description of the northern peoples aftale om danmark i bedre balancebedre rammerfor kommuner borgere og virksomhederihele landet,14
+each gma must define its desired future conditions by based on actual withdrawal data and projections of groundwater availability a groundwater management plan must be set accordingly water has a higher economic extractive value in region h houston area where water mostly serves municipal and industrial water needs than in the farming regions o and a as a result the economic cost of unmet water needs groundwater as well as surface water is much higher in region h figure c,6
+corrective measures are then required before the doe releases more funds in order to accelerate implementation and quality delivery the doe has established guidelines for all the stages of the electrification programme and occasionally provides oneoff capacity building support to weaker municipalities in the case of nongrid electrification nonacceptance of renewable energy systems as a solution for the provision of electricity is slowing down the electrification process,7
+its responsibilities include the economic regulation of the water supply sanitation and solid waste management as well as national regulation of drinking water in chile the powerful regulatory agency superintendencia de seruicios sanitarios is in charge of setting water tariffs and sanitation services granting concessions monitoring quality of service delivery including sewage treatment as well as establishing norms and standards economic regulation is carried out through several complementary tools and actors,6
+gini coefficient is calculated for household disposable income after taxes and transfers adjusted for differences in household size for japan carlos farinha rodrigues is professor of economics at the lisbon school of economics and management university of lisbon this paper was originally published as part of the economic survey of portugal under the authority of the economic and development review committee edrc,1
+in russia technological improvements play substantial role in promoting low carbon development and reduction of energy consumption primarily via substitution of outdated soviet technologies for new more efficient ones as a result different sectors had different emissions dynamics in than the present as shown in table the main development has been the decline of the share of the agricultural sector while the importance of industrial processes as an emissions source has increased slightly,7
+in this framework the determinants are divided into upstream macrolevel factors midstream midlevel factors and downstream microlevel factors however mortality is the result of past experiences of risk factors while morbidity is the result of ongoing influences as important as mortality and morbidity are for all those affected to restrict actions to downstream factors does not address the socioeconomically driven determinants of health that are found more upstream here governmental policy plays a key role and is in turn influenced by still more upstream determinants of global forces,3
+the second and less acknowledged reality is that food insecurity can be much higher in rural areas because of a far greater reliance on a narrow range of locally produced foodstuffs whose yields are unstable limited access to national and global food markets and high levels of poverty can price rural people out of food markets in the last decade greater focus has been placed on integrating rural regions into the national and global economies broadening the economic base of rural regions and improving agricultural productivity in many respects the pursuit of competitiveness productivity and income generation regional development are necessary to sustain progress in the effort to reduce hunger malnutrition and poverty however they are far from sufficient on their own,2
+the sample is small at around households or about persons and it is biased toward the lowincome populations the sample does not cover those who change residential area and new buildings which are often occupied by richer households the rlms does not seem to be representative at regional level not least because of the low response rate and high attrition in major cities then again the questionnaire is quite comprehensive on the income side in terms of wage and nonwage incomes of adults and on expenditure patterns including detailed questions on food consumption in the last seven days and nonfood consumption over the last three months oecd the wide divergence in estimates may reflect insufficient screening of highrisk subpopulations some of the international variations may result from differences across countries in the practice of registering premature babies,3
+some countries have adapted these questions to their local context by including different circumstances such as if she spends too much money if she disobeys if she is unfaithful if she insults him if she neglects household chores if she shows disrespect for her inlaws and if she speaks about the need to protect herself against hivaids the who multicountry survey on women s health and domestic violence measured women s attitudes towards domestic violence by asking them about the situations in which they believe that a man has a good reason to beat his wife including situations in which she does not complete the housework disobeys her husband or refuses to have sex with him a second set of questions addressed the situations in which women believe that a woman has the right to refuse to have sex with her husband including situations in which she does not want to he is drunk she is sick or he is mistreating her garciamoreno and others,5
+at the same time procedure for recertification of foreign doctors does not exist yet in israel at present accreditation is mandatory for hospitals to be eligible for funding from the ssn but a number of accreditation models have been developed across regions with varying levels of sophistication since there is a national attempt towards standardisation of the accreditation process technical group for accreditation trac,3
+indeed there is no guarantee that results on the capacity of a social programme to reduce poverty by a given amount will translate to another country if the poverty line is set in a different way we propose that this line be set at a multiple of median income which makes the poverty line sensitive to the distribution of welfare in the country rather than being solely determined by the mean of the welfare metric used this relative poverty line can fruitfully be used alongside an absolute poverty line which we set at the level of the international dollaraday poverty line considering that the international dollaraday poverty line sets a minimum income for fulfilling survival needs the dollaraday line may appear more relevant when the relative poverty line falls below this level,1
+this was much higher than in developing countries where that share was on average only per cent in africa per cent in east south and southeast asia per cent in latin america per cent in the transition economies and per cent in west asia table as a result developing countries on average have had less scope to influence income distribution through fiscal measures several studies have found that many lowincome and least developed countries experienced a decline in their public revenue in the s and s mostly as result of falling income and trade taxes heady khattry and mohan rao gemmell and morrissey in the s the fiscalrevenuetogdp ratio declined in out of countries in latin america and the caribbean sainz and calcagno,10
+in the majority of countries monetary policies are focused almost exclusively on meeting very low inflation targets attained by raising interest rates to keep prices from increasing more rapidly high interest rates slow economic activity by making credit more expensive and less accessible thus reducing consumer purchases and raising the cost of financing productive investments all of these factors lower demand for labour recent research has shown that womens employment has declined faster than mens in a range of developing countries including brazil colombia costa rica the philippines and the republic of korea that are experiencing reductions in inflation associated with restrictive monetary policy in countries that maintain a less restrictive monetary environment such gender inequalities are less evident,5
+appraisal constitutes one opportunity for giving feedback on school leader s efforts to assume wider leadership tasks and responsibilities and can be used to point school leaders towards opportunities to engage in activities that may help improve the wider system research has increasingly stressed the benefits of using multiple tools to form a fair valid and reliable picture of a school leader s performance from a comprehensive perspective however school leaders and evaluators need to have the necessary capacity and competence to choose suitable instruments and understand fairness reliability and validity concerns,4
+these include specialised programmes in preparation for tertiary education and programmes that can result or lead towards the award of a vet qualification access to university in australia is via exam and the provision of a ranked entrance score or via a comparative entry qualification australian year subjects have significant breadth and depth in their coverage and vary across states and territories,4
+the epa seeks to shape a shared cultural space by utilising cultural routes to foster awarenessraising about heritage education networking quality and sustainable crossborder tourism and other related activities the agreement strengthens the democratic dimension of cultural exchange and tourism through the involvement of grassroots networks and associations local and regional authorities universities and professional organisations it contributes to the preservation of a diverse heritage through themebased and alternative tourist itineraries and cultural projects,8
+qualifications and skills in excess of those required at work are still valued in the labour market on average a tertiary graduate who holds a job requiring only an upper secondary qualification will earn less than if he or she were in a job requiring a tertiary qualification but more than an upper secondary graduate in a job requiring upper secondary qualifications based on this information the survey measures the use of a wide range of skills including both informationprocessing skills which are also measured in the direct assessment and generic skills for which only selfreported use at work is available,4
+these provide not only some principled stance around which efforts will coalesce but also represent a measure against which individual and collective pledges can and will be evaluated with respect to mitigation the paris agreement states two longterm temperature goals underpinned by two emissionsrelated goals it also has an adaptation goal the c target was a critical negotiating issue for the sids as many of the climate impacts anticipated even at a c global mean temperature rise are very likely to result in catastrophic damage to these states,13
+bl assumes a convergent world with rapid change in economic structures toward a service and information economy reductions in material intensity and introduction of clean technologies the emphasis is on global solutions to economic social and environmental sustainability including improving equity but without additional climate change policies a and b have a stronger focus on selfreliance and local solutions with slower economic growth and technological change,13
+in developing regions a significant proportion of women who are in the labour force have no income of their own because they are contributing family workers on family farms and enterprises being married and having young children in the household dampen womens labour force participation rates while they have the opposite effect on mens discrimination in labour markets and womens disproportionate responsibility for unpaid care and domestic work pose a particular problem for lone mothers who cannot rely on incomepooling with a partner,5
+therefore risk should be seen as a normal and inseparable part of economic activities and development as something built into particular development pathways and practices constructed through daytoday decisions by those who have a stake in particular patterns of development it needs to ensure that development is risk informed to improve the safety of people and critical facilities to protect the natural and built environment and to build resilient livelihoods and economic activity prospective measures to prevent or reduce risk creation can be combined with corrective drm efforts that reduce the level of existing risk eg through retrofitting of critical infrastructure such as schools or hospitals compensatory risk management activities also have a role in strengthening the social and economic resilience of individuals and societies in the face of residual risk the remaining risk that cannot be effectively eliminated for example through preparedness response and recovery activities contingent credit insurance and safety net programmes that are designed to help affected populations mitigate disasters or recover from their impacts,11
+this is reflected in the division of domestic tasks women remain responsible for the vast majority of household and care tasks including of cooking of collecting water and of childcare see box as a result social stigma toward men involved in unpaid care and domestic activities is high as well as for women who pursue paid work rather than care and reproductive roles this is reflected across the world figure shows that higher levels of genderbased discrimination in social norms as measured by the sigi see box higher gender time use gaps,5
+eastern europe and central asia countries the largest programmes are indias schoolfeeding programme and the programa nacional de ahmentaqao escolar in brazil which cover and million children respectively for example following the global financial crisis the government of brazil was able to react quickly at low cost by scaling up programmes this had a significant impact reaching over million of the most vulnerable people and in turn contributed to domestic demand growth despite a decrease in gdp in of percent private consumption remained stable and resumed growing in the second half of berg and tobin the programme resulted in a percentage point reduction in poverty levels living on less than a day in beneficiary households between and ward eta it entails a cash transfer to the primary caregiver of a child who is under the age of and living in a household earning below a defined income threshold,1
+to ensure that increased resources are not wasted but translate into better health outcomes greater health system efficiency must be prioritised at the same time without removing this cap or undertaking a health sector spending and efficiency review it will be difficult to increase health system resources substantially over a short period of time many other oecd countries such as france or the united kingdom engage in regular spending reviews that allow a more responsive approach to public service development whilst controlling over spending,3
+linked to this is the question of governance and how policymakers and managers deal with competing interest groups and effect policy change in the face of varying positions while it was recognized that many fisheries management tools that incorporate uncertainty exists they may not be effectively applied due to implementation challenges associated with political social economic and financial factors for example there have been major changes in composition of the new zealand charter fleet in recent times and major decreases in midwater landings of a number of species as fish stocks move and distribution and abundance change there will be significant issues with respect to access and allocation between affected states and their commercial stakeholders possibly resulting in situations where national and local community interests may clash,14
+a more systematic use of wastewater treatment public transport and water supply tariffs and charges could help to raise more revenue while increasing the sustainability of green utility systems parking taxes and charges offer one such instance the city of bandung is considering increasing parking fees to discourage car use this could be combined with west java province s current policy of reserving some parking slots for energyefficient cars identified with a blue sticker,11
+while the national government is responsible for structural energy policies to transform the energy mix by creating a market environment in favour of cleaner energy sources large cities like hai phong can contribute to national goals by piloting renewable energy options promoting greener products and energy efficient buildings in addition to improving energy efficiency in industry many local energy policies can create cobenefits such as reduced air pollution and improved traffic congestion which correlate effectively with local actions to increase the proportion of its energy sourced from sustainable sources use of biomass electricity is expected to rise from in to in city of hai phong,11
+the environmental impacts of pipelines are mainly related to the risk of an oil or gas leak or spillage and are location specific there are no data available to enable a conclusion to be drawn on whether or not tajikistan follows international guidelines and best practice on the management of risk of spills from existing pipelines while hydropower is a renewable resource the impacts of the hydropower sector include habitat loss and displacement of local communities,7
+this is partly driven by global economic growth and increasing demand in the shipping sector for example container traffic looks set to continue to grow very fast with volumes likely to triple by oecd fisheries production worldwide is expected to expand by around a fifth over the next ten years although the main driver of overall production will be aquaculture oecd and fao,14
+at the same time table also shows that agriculture accounts for a very large share of total withdrawals amounting to an estimated in this aggregate estimate however combines very different rates across countries and equally variable rates at subnational levels margat and van der gun as shown in figure agriculture use represents a significant portion of groundwater use more than in at least nine oecd countries israel chile korea turkey australia the united sates spain mexico and portugal,6
+experts suggest creating a buffer or service area around the designated stop of the public transport within a metre walking distance countries with more advanced systems of data collection may wish to conduct an entire network analysis within the same buffer but paying attention to the street network as part of a physical accessibility component they can also adapt to the transit system separating nonrapid transit the conventional bus from rapid transit the metro light rail bus rapid transit brtj etc at a metre walking distance experts also proposed to consider including formal and informal transport systems yet in many countries there is no clear way of defining stops for informal transport it is also suggested to disaggregate information to the greatest extent possible when reporting although this requires major efforts mainly surveys which are still lacking in most cities the share of population with access to public transport depends on several factors,11
+citizens and businesses may avoid taking risks delaying decisions regarding investment innovation and labour mobility that are essential to jumpstart growth and social progress education will be key to reconciling the needs and interests of individuals communities and nations within an equitable framework based on open borders and a sustainable future this is a moral and social obligation it is also a huge opportunity,4
+the general ordinance develops the different regulations regarding administrative procedures planning processes and relevant technical design standards for urbanisation and building technical norms define the technical characteristics related to projects and urbanisation and construction materials and systems in order to comply with the standards required by the ordenanza general the ministry of housing and urbanism mimsterio de viuienda y urbanismominvu through its seremi regional level offices plays a supervisory role ensuring that the regulations and norms of the general law and the ordinance are met,11
+the large number of teachers and school leaders is driven by the significant proportion of smallclass schools in the country and strict staffing norms the large number of staff squeezes school budgets creates rigidities and crowds out investments in other areas about of school expenditure in rural schools is devoted to staff compensation this means that budgets are very tight and that principals have very limited room for manoeuvre to manage resources in a more efficient way or invest in school development activities in particular the large number of staff discourages improvements in their compensation which is considered low in kazakhstan although the complexity of the teacher salary structure hinders its analysis the definition of class sizes is a recurrent tradeoff that has a great impact on expenditure due to the labourintensive nature of education small class sizes require a large number of teachers whilst greater class sizes can free up resources to improve teaching quality,4
+by way of example the association of british insurers abi representing the third largest insurance industry in the world after the usa and japan notes that of the gbp trillion in assets under management held by its members from their longterm savings products ie pensions annuities and lifeinsurance most is invested in domestic and overseas equity and bonds other investment and cash accounts for or around gbp billion industry estimates are that up to around gbp billion of this is invested in infrastructure and it could be estimated that maybe or around gbp billion is in green projects mostly renewable energy such as wind farms and solar,7
+despite some shortcomings this achievement is impressive both because of its scope and because chinese electricity consumers pay their bills unlike consumers in many other developing countries iea another good example is morocco which has reached per cent coverage over a comparable time span access to modern energy strongly influences and determines living standards eg availability of lighting access to water and sanitation agricultural productivity ie through irrigation health refrigeration for medicines and vaccines and power for equipment gender and education its centrality in promoting higher living standards and enhancing productive opportunities means that none of the millennium development goals mdgs can be met without major improvements in the quality and quantity of energy services in developing countries,7
+using token or cryptocurrencybased models and gamification approaches efficient markets for carbon offsetting activities can be built and scaled this approach requires customercentric market models and applications which are easy to understand and use education and providing access to blockchainbased applications will be key for successful implementation,9
+in of countries globally had not achieved gender parity in lowersecondary education while in uppersecondary school the figure was unesco they include childcare programmes for siblings and flexible school times in the harvesting season tackling discriminatory norms attitudes and practices through the media religious institutions and community leaders can also help to dismantle some of the barriers to girls education box,5
+the example of the united kingdom shows that reforming lowcarbon support instruments can take time the proposed electricity market reform which goes through several reforms in parallel mobilizes a lot of resources and staff governments should aim to provide more certainty and predictability while evolutions of climate policies may be needed to reflect a rapidly changing new economic environment and rapidly declining costs of some lowcarbon generation technologies support instruments for lowcarbon generation which include some control over quantitative deployment of capacity provide more predictability,7
+as figure shows the number of central government actors involved in water policy making ranges from two in the case of the netherlands to for chile source oecd water governance survey beyond the determination of who does what the challenge lies in the problems of overlapping responsibilities generated by interpretation and implementation of water policy on the ground,6
+according to french policy wwwdeveloppementdurablegouvfrleaupaieleauhtml waterpaysforwater means that water users consumers and polluters must pay for the infrastructure construction and operation necessary for the production and distribution of drinking water and the provision of sanitation services at the same time the waterrelated expenses of the authorities in charge must be balanced with the revenues received from the water users this principle highlights that no public subsidy explicit or hidden should be provided to the water sector while allowing for crosssubsidisation between categories of water users as well as between individual water users another consequence of this principle is that revenues from water charges or taxes are earmarked for waterrelated services these issues will be explored further in this chapter,6
+narrowing the labour force participation gap between men and women by has been estimated to raise annual growth in gdp per capita by percentage points on average thevenon et al second evidence from oecd countries shows that having more women in paid fulltime work results in lower household income inequality harkness oecd therefore policies that focus on increasing the earnings potential of lowerpaid women can reinforce the equalising effect of womens labour market integration despite the fact that chile has made remarkable progress increasing women participation in politics the share of parliamentary seats occupied by women is the lowest in the oecd,5
+thus nature protection in lp forests will increasingly have to rely on funding other than profit on timber sales the forest act allows central budget funding of nature protection in lp forests this included funding not only of nature protection but also of many other tasks eg drawing up afforestation plans on private land inventorying forest condition,15
+water supply and sanitation in the five other lgus of the metropolitan areas is either undertaken by lgus or by private suppliers the existence of water districts originated in the provincial water utilities act of which created the local water utilities association lwua water district concept encouraging lgus to transfer their water supply systems to water districts on a similar model as mcwd adb a the data presented below will often reflect the fragmentation of water suppliers and the lack of harmonised and available information across all areas of metro cebu see section for a discussion on data in the water sector,6
+in the s both countries had similar income levels and similar rates of growth south korea s larger middle class enabled it to shift away from exportdriven growth towards domestic consumption a transition that did not occur in brazil they do not constitute a developmental middle class and their employment education and consumption behaviours do not coincide with perceptions of a middle class that drives domestic consumption and growth in latin america for example the middle sectors are still economically vulnerable average schooling is only years and few of its members have university degrees,10
+this includes direct costs of services lost productivity at work and reduced quality of life the cost of poor mental health to business is just over gbp per employee per year or almost gbp billion across the uk economy centre for mental health for periods preceding commissioning authorities should be taken to mean primary care trusts under the authority of strategic health authorities,3
+however the colombian innovation system is still small overly centred on state actors and performs well below the level required for its sustained development the share of gdp due to nonmanufacturing industry mining including petroleum construction utilities increased rapidly from less than a tenth to over a fifth of output while the manufacturing sector either stagnated or contracted falling from just over a fifth to about a sixth of output this may reflect a significant longterm trend of relative demanufacturisation which mirrors to some degree the experience of other latin american countries as the scale and scope of manufacturing exports especially from asia has increased,9
+in the us law requires fishery managers to rebuild depleted fish stocks within ten years if possible these legislative mandates may constrain the rebuilding strategies available to fishery managers and stakeholders but there still may be substantial gains from careful design of rebuilding plans that better meet stakeholder objectives and reduce the costs of rebuilding a depleted fishery more gradual rebuilding strategies are likely to generate greater economic benefits if demand is inelastic and marginal costs increase with the level of fishing activity in many cases it will be desirable to rebuild fish stocks to well above by but this will not always be the case and again depends on a combination of biological and technicaleconomic factors that will vary from fishery to fishery,14
+criteria to prioritise investment projects include economic profitability reduction of extreme poverty regional development and concurrence with other investment programmes and projects conagua however the existing systems seem to support the selection of projects mostly within programmes and within subsectors and it is unclear to other stakeholders how the allocation across subsectors works there are several examples of actions taken to reduce costs and increase the efficiency of public spending that could be replicated such as taking advantage of economies of scale in the provision of water supply and sanitation services see the benefits from the creation of a intermunicipal companies in colima or adopting appropriate technologies eg rainwater harvesting in oaxaca,6
+as a result asia has been changing from the traditional carbohydrates and vegetables dominated diet to one richer in fat and proteins a process that has been called the westernization of the asian diet in south asia for example the area devoted to millet and sorghum fell while more land was planted with fruits and vegetables in south east asia the pattern was similar with a fall in the area of land devoted to other cereals,2
+in this light the scientific bodies under the convention could focus also on the city scale and assess the contribution of long range transport to air pollution in cities the scientific community can generate knowledge and methodologies to be used by local authorities but also regional and national authorities to support their cities linkages between both scales should be considered in the tools developed and promoted by the scientific community,11
+furthermore the capital grants for wind power plants provided under the latter act of can explain partly the permanent growth in wind electricity capacity since then the ptc was created along with itc and provides an inflationadjusted tax credit of usd mwh inflationadjusted for electricity genherated from qualifying renewable energy projects in particular wind indeed the most rapid growth did not happen until after while the ptc could have played a key role in the business case for new renewable power plants there were intermittent interruptions of the ptc which occurred when congress delayed in reauthorising the act,7
+a working group of experts and practitioners is tied to each of the four funds in the case of the structural fisheries fund essf this group consists of professional fishers representatives from the county administrative board and a project leader the funding from the essf is msek approximately eur this provides good possibilities and incentives for sustainable development,14
+the exclusion of smallclass schools from the application of the formula at least at the beginning of the pilot process seems reasonable as funding small rural schools through a unique national allocation formula is not an easy task a per student funding scheme implies that resources are calculated for every student and that a specific formula is drawn often in the form of a mathematical equation a well designed funding formula can under certain conditions be the most efficient equitable stable and transparent method of funding schools levacid,4
+on the other hand consistent with the research at the ict level broadband economic impact could be mediated by a lag effect indicating that adoption does not automatically translate into growth but that it would require the accumulation of intangible capital defined as the changes in business processes and firm culture that lead to assimilation of improved business processes while the deployment programmes are as expected concentrated in the construction and telecommunications sectors the impact of externalities are greater in sectors with high transaction costs financial services education and health care these include efficient access to information savings in transportation and benefits in health and entertainment and can be measured in terms of the difference between consumers willingness to pay for the broadband service and actual prices,9
+fpdevarebanken has received some basic funding from ministry of social affairs and both the ministry of food and agriculture and ministry of health were actively involved in the planning of matsentralen in oslo however there seems to be quite a low engagement from most authorities in development of food redistribution both on the national and the local arena one should eventually have expected a stronger involvement and commitment from the social security authorities as the food banks certainly are and will be very important for the charity organisations operating food serving for low income people,2
+overall alcohol consumption measured by sales is also low with italy having the third lowest consumption per capita after greece and sweden alcohol consumption among adolescents is also stable and relatively low of yearold girls and of yearold boys reported having been drunk more than once in their life a lower proportion than in most other eu countries though obesity has increased it has done so more slowly than in other eu countries,3
+as hiv infected they are more likely to be infected with other stis specifically syphilis and hepatitis b silverman et al the debt bondage the women end up in makes them take risks such as serving more clients and having longer working days in order to repay their debt faster during this stage the women in the study had extremely limited access to health care information services and medical care,5
+cash transfers can have a substantial impact in not only reducing the monetary poverty of children though this depends to a great extent on both the size of the transfer and the mechanisms of intrahousehold distribution barrientos and dejong but also in compensating for the foregone income from child labour pure monetary transfers which are often spent on food health and education also have a proven impact on child wellbeing in these specific dimensions besides complementing the household income through a monetary transfer ccts produce a stronger impact on childrens human capital by means of the conditionalities which are specifically established to improve access to education and health services,1
+the studies also show that many newsrooms have gender equality policies regarding parental leave and prevention of sexual harassment at yle specific newsroom teams also have team goals that are set annually and many of these include gender balance when meeting their goals the team gets a monetary reward some journalists at yle also do selfreflections on their news work from a gender perspective von weissenberg says yle could still do more to train staff in gender awareness some journalists are very gender aware and think a lot about diversity but this is a field where we could definitely do more,5
+the technological developments described in section b have improved the quality speed carriage capacity and affordability of networks including for example fixed and mobile broadband services making it easier to supply products digitally and to connect producers sellers and consumers across borders crossborder data flows boosted by basic and valueadded telecommunication services such as data processing and storage via high capacity ie cloud storage allow companies not only to sell their goods and services but also to coordinate their logistics and the activities of their subsidiaries and partner offices across the globe tuthill nowadays broadband access to the internet and other data networks offers the higher speeds that are required to exploit technologies such as cloud computing that allow a more widespread use or offering of services that require the transfer of large quantities of data wto c,9
+others are diagnosed too late to prevent the dramatic impact of the disease on the eyes kidneys nerves and circulation in tonga for example traditional lowfat sources of protein such as fish cost between per cent and per cent more than either lamb flaps or imported chicken parts the local taro plant costs more than imported starches such as bread and rice thus not only are the health consequences of these imported foods detrimental but the availability of these cheap imports is also constraining the development of domestic markets in the pacific diabetes is present in per cent of the torres strait islanders of australia per cent of the residents of the kingdom of tonga and per cent of the residents of nauru,3
+the plan ought to be consistent with overall fiscal projections and be communicated in a clear and transparent way to ensure that all stakeholders in the education system are fully aware of the implications of those decisions for that purpose an explicit presentation of a benefitincidence analysis would be extremely useful moreover the choice between different components of the reform to be prioritised should be based on their expected costeffectiveness which once more ought to be an explicit component of all budgetary decisions giving citizens the opportunity to understand how tradeoffs in the allocation of scarce resources are being addressed reports by the education superintendence find that of schools misreport school attendance the chilean association of municipalities estimates the accumulated debt as of was clp million or close to usd million see newspaper la tercera november p,4
+lechner and wunsch using an unusually rich data set find that a wide range of control variables which are not often available for this type of study affect impact estimates she also warns that estimated positive impacts for shortterm training within firms may partly reflect the selection of participants by firms the turning category in the oecdec labour market programme database can include longerterm jobsearch training work experience with some training elements classroom training training within firms and preapprenticeship programmes and special support for young apprentices,8
+what is more outofpocket payments represent of final household consumption compared to the eu average of the seventh highest among member states outofpocket payments include copayments for a wide range of nhs servicesincluding primary care visits in portugal of people from lowincome households reported going without a medical examination when needed for financial reasons in above the eu average of figure and significantly higher than the rate for the highest income group although who estimates show modest levels of catastrophic expenditures from private spending on health in portugal barros borges forthcoming,3
+the water agenda is a new element in mexico s national water planning system it sits between the water policy established in the national water law and the water programmes approved by every new presidential administration every six years conagua b the water agenda includes several features of a strategic financial planning exercise first as indicated above it provides estimates of the financial cost of achieving its four strategic goals,6
+here again the debate is open mention may be made here of at least three implications from the earliest proposal to institute a family wage to the extreme of calling for the implementation of a housewife s wage the debate is wideranging controversial and ongoing recently as a consequence of the momentum the subject has been building up in the public policy debate some countries have incorporated components into social security reforms that seek not necessarily to remunerate unpaid care work but to compensate women for the income they forfeit over the life cycle by taking on these responsibilities,5
+the coverage of seguro popular which provides basic medical health and preventive services and protection to people without health coverage see chapter on addressing the health challenges has also widened to provide universal coverage in these programmes have led to a reduction of extreme poverty while at the same time supporting access of the poor to education and health services moreover they have contributed to a reduction of longstanding wide regional disparities in access to basic services estimates from the consejo nacional de evaluacion de la polftica de desarrollo social coneval indicate that in of the total population equivalent to million individuals were in patrimony poverty conditions ie they did not have sufficient income to satisfy their food health education housing clothing and public transportation needs figure that count reached its highest point in after the tequila crisis when of the population was classified as poor,1
+the case of singapore which is at the forefront in building technologydriven traffic management mechanisms in asean provides some noteworthy examples based on most recent information the expressway and tunnel networks that form part of the its stretches about km with a total lane length of km lta it is equivalent to about of the total length of road lanes in the country incorporating arterial collector and local roads notable thoroughfares included are the kallangpaya lebar expressway marina coastal expressway central expressway fort canning tunnel and woodsville tunnel,11
+some of these policies are paternalistic or integrationist and are based on policies of assimilation or integration that seek to resolve the problem of indigenous peoples in integrationist models the concept of health is defined from the top down privileging a biomedical paradigm over indigenous health models and indigenous cultures are treated as interesting folkloric elements without true value for health promotion similarly culturalistic approaches recognize cultural pluralism as intrinsically valuable but prioritize the didactic linguistic or folkloric aspects without delving into questions of participation or power in this approach there are minimal consultations conducted with indigenous peoples and projects programmes and policies are designed by actors external to indigenous communities who treat indigenous peoples as a target population there may be translation of educational materials into several languages for example but without a critical examination of the pedagogical or cultural implications,3
+this is refected in the education system which is characterised by an extensive system of planning and norms kazakhstan uses national strategic planning to broadly set out a vision for the country but also to regulate every aspect of the education system at the central level a number of strategies and planning documents notably the state program for education development in the republic of kazakhstan for sped ensure consistency and guide policymaking,4
+the independent pricing and regulatory tribunal ipart uses a price determination framework to set maximum charges for bulk water services and resource management activities by nsw office of water the charges include a fixed component determined by entitlement volume and a variable component usage charge and they vary by types of systems valleys and the reliability class of the entitlement in ipart projected total water planning and management costs for to be aud million with aud million allocated to users they include a license fee of aud ml and a water harvesting charge of aud ml the total amount collected is aud million per year which represents less than of water planning and management costs,6
+the indigence rate in panama increased by percentage points while the other countries with information available the dominican republic el salvador and paraguay did not register significant changes in their poverty and indigence rates see figure panama is an exception as despite the absence of significant changes in the poverty rate it registers an appreciable rise in the poverty gap squared index revealing a worsening of the situation among the poorest the poverty gap squared index also rose by slightly more than the poverty rate in mexico,1
+soft skills such as teamwork and communication are more easily learned in an authentic work environment while simulating these in workshops is more difficult aarkrog students can learn on uptodate equipment available in companies from trainers who are familiar with the most recent technologies box summarises the benefits of workplace training to students,4
+for example in poland more than of middle managers are women women s share in top management positions in the public service exceeds in canada the representation of women at the middle management levels ex minus and ex minus is gradually increasing with women constituting at the ex minus and at the ex minus levels in treasury board of canada secretariat in australia where seven out of ten federal and state parliamentarians are men and this has not changed in the last ten years the situation in the public service is improving the proportion of women in senior and middlemanager roles has grown from in to in australian bureau of statistics january,5
+the aim is to familiarise readers with the aims and context of the project it includes acts that inflict physical mental or sexual harm or suffering threats of such acts coercion and other deprivations of liberty as such it is a type cause and consequence of discrimination five categories are usually distinguished within a definition of vawg although these are not exclusive sexual violence physical violence emotional and psychological violence harmful traditional practices and socioeconomic violence vawg occurs in the home in state institutions and in the community,5
+spill over effects have also been seen across sectors outside the current government or private sector board focus for example mwa assisted the new zealand defence force to evaluate its pipeline of women in military service and new zealand customs to establish a diversity council and career pipeline for women working in customs one of the main goals of mwa s programmes has been to change organisational cultures in order to foster environments that encourage women s leadership roles,5
+the percentage of womenowned msmes is around women in india have over time secured greater recognition of their capacities as entrepreneurs but social conditioning still weighs heavily on their initiative and selfconfidence lack of time and capital limit their potential for starting risky ventures in indonesia labour force surveys show that the share of women whose status in employment is business owner with paid workers employer increased substantially between and moving up to,5
+this result is expected as grains and oil crops account for the largest portion of international trade and most of the traded grains and oil crops are produced in rainfed regions of the major trading countries schultz et al some of the authors have suggested also that trading green virtual water is more sensible than trading blue virtual water because the opportunity cost of green water is less than that of blue water yang et al in addition some authors have suggested that trading green water for blue water can generate meaningful water savings from a global perspective the bluegreen metaphor provides helpful descriptive terminology but there is no inherent underlying principle that can be called upon to suggest optimal production or trading strategies,6
+this includes agreements between individual countries and regional fishery agreements that cover the high seas also known as regional fishery management organisations rfmos in the antarctic the fisheries sector is managed under a single international system the key issues here concern the implementation of the ecosystem approach the management of iuu fisheries and the intensification of industrial fishing for krill a small but proteinrich shrimp that lies at the centre of the southern ocean food web,14
+under the influence of climate change rainfall is predicted to decrease by and runoff to decrease by groundwater levels arc expected to decrease with minor changes in groundwater quality the km river has its source in turkey from springs on goze mountain goze dagi and discharges into the kura river in the part of the basin that is georgia s territory the surface water resources are estimated based on observations from to to be approximately km year about m yearcapita in georgia s part of the basin water withdrawal is x m year with withdrawn for energy for agricultural purposes for domestic uses and for industry animal husbandry and agriculture are the main sources of income and are increasing in the turkish territory in the kura basin see assessment of the kura,6
+civil society organisations csos should be seen as key partners in this as they can complement local government action to support sustainable consumption objectives the educational campaign through innovative yet impactful messages should aim to target each demographic group and ensure effective household waste practices furthermore residents can be encouraged through information outreaches to reconsider lifestyles and consumption patterns by buying ecoproducts or reusable items such as shopping bags,11
+measures to enhance energy efficiency and increase the share of renewable energy in the tpes would thus be important steps to mitigate climate change risks in emerging asia in addition to yielding benefits such as improved air quality and enhanced energy security through reduced fossil fuel dependence climate change impacts southeast asia in emerging asia there has been a widespread adoption of targets for renewable energy with particularly ambitious targets in china and india in terms of absolute scale the indian government has announced a target of increasing the solar capacity from gw to gw by while increasing the overall capacity of renewable energy to gw goswami,7
+consideration must be given to whether separate implementation strategies are necessary for the policy to be effective for each relevant group although employed to various degrees in a majority of oecd countries including finland switzerland sweden new zealand turkey the united kingdom and korea gias have yet to become routine steps in public policy making examples of cases with highest proven record of gia implementation include catalonia where gia is fully legislated gias performed in and sweden where gias have not been regulated and are being carried out with different methodologies and at all levels boman ongoing challenges related to methodological concerns lack of expertise to conduct such assessments and the absence of precise guidelines remain ibid within the private sector however comparable gender analyses have a long history of providing information to corporations related to purchasing practices and service preferences of men and women consumers,5
+women meanwhile are overburdened with work and demands as they continue to perform their traditional role as caregivers a role regarded as natural while simultaneously taking on new responsibilities in public life and in the labour market the worsening care crisis calls for a reform of social protection systems and labour practices as well as a transformation of cultural norms that sanction an unequal distribution of paid and unpaid work between women and men these divergent trends are affecting the continuity and balance of traditional care arrangements in the region s societies they are limiting women s ability to enter the labour market unimpeded by traditional barriers and thus their ability to achieve greater economic autonomy and wellbeing in other words there is a situation of rising demand as a result of demographic transition and falling supply as a result of the entry of women into the labour force the tension between these two phenomena acts as a brake on women s ability to increase their labour market participation and calls for a review of the design and application of related public policies,5
+for example in lahore pakistan wheat prices rose by per cent in the year prior to february while the maize price in zimbabwe s capital harare went up by per cent between october and february the spike was even worse in burundi in bujumbura the price of beans went up by per cent during the same period see table iv the food crisis has not abated as most food prices are rising again and have exceeded the peaks recorded in,2
+this gender division of labour increases women s economic dependency on men when men with higher earnings or a pension are not around any more because of divorce migration or death women as lone mothers and older women living alone have a higher risk of poverty the proportion of women who were employed and earned cash income in the last months is particularly low in some asian countries in both the southern and western subregions and the gender differences are very high for example only per cent of married women aged in india were employed and earned cash income in the last months compared to per cent of married men of the same age,1
+they might improve transparency for example if they lead to better monitoring of the outcomes and impacts of support provided which the transparency framework is also meant to address paragraph d there is however no specific mandate for work on how best to monitor and report on nonfinancial support provided and received eg technology development capacity building for example in the global landscape of climate finance buchner et al,13
+in making this observation i certainly do not imply that all migrant women inevitably become single mothers rather i suggest there is a discernible pattern noticeable in both countries but with distinctly different causes there is therefore a greater likelihood of ethiopian women forming relationships and having children the lebanese government s restrictions on mdws rights to legally marry and have children has the unintended countereffect of propelling these women and their children into irregular status and precarious single motherhood,5
+classical examples of such country characteristics are differences in relative productivity or in factor endowments such as capital natural resources or labour countries abundant in capital tend for instance to specialize in the production and export of goods that are capitalintensive while labourabundant countries export labourintensive goods for instance nunn finds that countries with strong legal institutions have a comparative advantage in products that are contractintensive,9
+businessasusual could also be financially challenging with a significant share of gdp being spent on fuel imports putting pressure on foreign currency reserves and facing high opportunity costs of financing other development priorities such as education and providing health services it could also result in unsustainable use of natural resources such as fuel wood in being locked into outdated technologies and in losing an increasing share of gdp to fuel imports because of future projected economic growth clearly a new way needs to be found if the needed growth is not to be accompanied by and ultimately undermined by resource scarcity high costs of environmental damage and accompanying costs in human health and erosion of development progress,13
+oracles oracles can be used to provide external information to the smart contracts and therefore to the applications based on the platform the framework offers standardised methods to include oracles so using them is a basefunction and therefore simple this way it is easily possible to include any kind of external information that is necessary to execute the application enabling multiple efficiency usecases it is important to decentralise the oracles as well so that there is no central external database that can manipulate the whole network,9
+a number of amendments were made to the european commission s proposal in response to the positions of various member states regarding certain crosscutting and substantive issues such as managing stocks for maximum sustainable yields a ban on discards and transferable fishery concessions in terms of the geographical distribution of companies the north and centre regions are still predominant with regard to corporate headquarters and job concentration in preserved fish accounted for the total production of tonnes turnover of eur million while production of dried and salted products cod totalled tonnes eur million in sales value,14
+water savings have ranged between and per cent input cost savings per hectare are estimated to be per cent due mainly to the use of fewer agrochemicals and farmers incomes have increased substantially however the involvement of formal research institutions has been more marginal with some positive experiences in china and indonesia the governments of cambodia china india indonesia and viet nam have endorsed these innovations and included them as part of their national strategies for food security africare oxfam america and wwficrisat project p,2
+it establishes management measures and harvest control rules for fisheries targeting sardine sardina pilchardus and european anchovy engraulis encrasicolus in the northern adriatic sea gsa and transitional conservation measures for small pelagic fisheries in the southern adriatic sea gsa further precautionary and emergency measures were established for and since then additional recommendations have been adopted establishing supplementary precautionary and emergency measures for this fishery in both gsas and for and for the general objective is to ensure that the exploitation levels of small pelagics in the adriatic sea are at msy by it started from a qualitative appraisal of alternative management measures that was later developed into a full quantitative framework,14
+because the cheapest opportunities are likely to be exploited first absent other barriers abatement costs are minimised by the pricing of emissions this is all the more important at the international level where there are large differences in marginal abatement costs across countries the power of pricing to minimise abatement costs has been amply demonstrated in the united states through experience with the capandtrade scheme to reduce sulphur dioxide s emissions in the electricpower sector and hence acid rain introduced in it has resulted in almost a halving of these emissions and compliance costs are estimated to have been lower than would have been incurred had the command and control regulatory approaches considered by congress instead been adopted stavins and carlson et al,13
+the efficiency encompasses for example the charging efficiency and the selfdischarge rate durability includes cyclelife shelflife and robustness against misuse among them battery storage systems are popular and are found with a wide range of chemistries due to these different chemistries the efficiency durability bulkiness and cost of batteries vary a lot batteries can be further categorised in normal atmospheric temperature batteries eg leadacid pbacid lithiumion liion nickel metal hydride nimh high temperature batteries eg nanicl or nas and flow batteries eg polysulfurs sodium bromide psb vanadium redox battery vrb or zincbrome znbr,7
+it presents key definitions and concepts and displays some of the main sti trends in particular relating to research and experimental development rd spending and ict development it highlights efforts made to increase access to sti in developing countries and explains the transformational effect of icts on the economy it also highlights common barriers faced by many developing counties in fully utilising new technologies the third section presents the approach to identify stirelated activities in the crs and discusses opportunities and limitations with the data the fourth section of this paper presents the main trends in odf in support of sti for the sdgs including by development providers financial instruments key sectors and receiving countries and regions,9
+these were strengthened as part of the reforms of through the creation of centrally standardised agreements covering care coordination prevention and rehabilitation these agreements are managed continuously by regional consultative committees comprising representation from the regions and municipalities as well as private health care practitioners and are ratified by the national health board these standards comprise three categories organisational quality risk management hygiene and human capital care coordination patient involvement referrals and medication safety and diseasespecific standards guidelines and protocols,3
+these two countries have excelled in mainstreaming women in local governance structures following constitutional amendments to reserve onethird of all local government seats for women in india after the rd and th amendments to the constitution in more than one million women were elected to local government positions similarly institutional reforms to reserve seats for womens active participation in local governance in bangladesh in resulted in many women councillors being elected,5
+between and gdp per capita increased by and the poorest of people saw their income grow seven times as fast as the top brazil also reduced by half the number of people living in poverty in half the time expected in this chapter the man at the helm of this remarkable transformation luiz inacio lula da silva explains how this was enabled by a democratic decision to put social policy at the heart of the country s development strategy the flagship bolsa familia family stipend programme transferred cash to lowincome households in exchange for enrolling children in school and ensuring regular medical checkups and vaccinations conditional cash transfers the programme has benefitted an entire generation by helping to break the vicious circle of poverty,1
+it can be expected therefore that developing countries and especially ldcs will slowly catch up with the rest of the world fixedbroadband subscriptions are continuously increasing without a slowdown in growth rates furthermore almost all fixedbroadband subscriptions had download speeds of at least mbits with a very substantial part having advertised speeds of more than mbits in ldcs there is still a significant pocket of subscriptions for the lowest speed tier kbits to mbits although that proportion is decreasing rapidly,9
+this situation explains also the increasing role of the informal sector as one of the major job providers in the region nasser estimates that informal employment reached million in egypt in representing per cent of total employment between and the rate of growth of this index in the region was of per cent per year which represents a level comparable to that of europe and central asia undeclared high levels of production increased the issues of revenue collection for nonoil countries and enhanced fiscal resource losses,8
+this is the case in azerbaijan the kyrgyz republic armenia new zealand myanmar korea and australia as in most oecd countries health and the humanities are the other most popular degrees women obtain in the asiapacific region figure women on the other hand are underrepresented among students and graduates of degrees in the socalled stem fields of study science technology engineering and mathematics stem innovation can benefit from a concentration of individuals with stem skills,5
+to date mwa has commissioned three major research reports realizing the opportunity addressing new zealand s leadership pipeline transforming cultures to grow women leaders and women on boards why women on company boards are good for business these publications have allowed mwa to base its strategies on a strong foundation of evidencebased research and advocacy for example in partnership with mwa nzx has introduced the nzx diversity listing rule which requires listed companies to report on the gender composition of their board of directors and senior managers the ministry has also worked with a group of private sector champions called the percent group,5
+however this practice is very recent in effect since and has so far been mainly focussed on fruit and vegetable products other per hectare subsidies are set for groups of commodities such as grains vegetables and melons fruits and berries and feed crops and therefore are not included in the scts these developments were linked to the difficulties of ginneries to attract credit for forwardcontracting cotton growers this was due to the local banking crisis and also to the regulations introduced that limited the ways ginneries could attract finance,2
+relative child poverty rates in france and spain for example begin at very similar levels and respectively but in france the rate is more than halved by government intervention whereas in spain very little difference is made see figure a similarly austria the czech republic germany and italy all begin with relative child poverty rates of to but after taxes and benefits the relative child poverty rate is brought down by half or more in austria the czech republic and germany whereas in italy there is almost no reduction at all its premise is that in a society committed to providing special protection for children the child poverty rate would be lower than the overall poverty rate,1
+source city of louisville reliability of supply may vary on a daily or weekly basis as well as on a seasonal basis increased reliability avoids first of all the need for households to store water for shortage situations and induces therewith cost savings as space and material is economized furthermore people might benefit from a feeling of confidence in water supply and from increased comfort,6
+the bias toward home ownership is hardly unique to kazakhstan and in oecd countries as diverse as mexico and the united states most of the housing assistance supports home ownership oecd b despite the shortage of housing in the country the real estate market is full of housing for sale and rent that remain vacant interviews conducted for this review suggest that the population is generally unwilling to rent housing because of the unregulated market high price of rentals lack of legal certainty and for cultural reasons,11
+in the next chapter we test and illustrate this approach on three indepth case studies and a number of other case studies from the nordic countries the conventions article emphasises an obligation to ensure the participation of the public in the definition and implementation of landscape policies and requires the parties to the convention to establish necessary procedures to achieve this hence peoples preferences for landscape experiences need to count more in policy processes with significant landscape impacts landscapes exist not only as physical entities that are the source of direct sensory experience but also as cultural constructs with symbolic meanings for certain people,15
+implementing the ideas of the new school creating digital classes focusing on authentic learning creating a digital platform for teachers to cooperate are all at the heart of the programme other changes related to the role of teachers and school directors are also being addressed based on the analysis in figure comparing annual workloads in greece with oecd and eu averages greece would need to increase weekly teaching obligations approximately by four to five hours per week to reach the oecd average,4
+total final energy consumption increased by per cent with the fastest growth in transport followed by householdservices and industry this was the combined result of structural changes higher energy prices ee policies and other factors a decline in energy services relative to gdp accounted for one fifth of the reduction in energy use per unit of gdp with the rest resulting from declining enduse energy intensities used as a proxy for ee improvements the iea projects that under current circumstances global final energy intensity will continue to fall at a rate similar to that of the last years per cent per year,7
+the framework seeks to integrate farmers with researchers scientists cooperatives and extension services in order to generate the kinds of knowledge that was crucial for their improved performance this framework promoted by the food and agriculture organisation of the united nations is based on the recognition that knowledge of relevance to agricultural development has several sources and linkages these factors have changed the face of agricultural development and rendered it intricately linked to global economic trade and knowledge capabilities of countries but also focused the associated emphasis on the inability of economic growth to address the food security needs of the poor clearer than ever before,2
+during the triennium the two working groups contributed to the implementation strategy of the oecd principles on water governance focusing respectively on developing indicators and collecting and reviewing water governance stories effectiveness of water governance relates to the contribution of governance to defining clear sustainable water policy goals and targets at different levels of government to implement those policy goals and to meet expected objectives or targets efficiency of water governance relates to the contribution of governance to maximising the benefits of sustainable water management and welfare at the least cost to society,6
+further bilateral donors and multilateral financial institutions committed to support more than projects in these countries in those two years although the paris agreement has stressed the importance of balancing financial resources between adaptation and mitigation unfccc the imbalance is a tendency observed globally however the imbalance is more pronounced in the eecca countries where mitigation accounts for of funds adaptation for and both together for the global average is for mitigation for adaptation and for both,13
+the national event a drop of water is a grain of gold is widely celebrated every year at the beginning of april there is widespread public understanding that water should be managed economically in a sound way it became clear during the past decade that there would be a water shortage if the volume of water in the amu darya river were to decrease owing to the traditional method of water use,6
+central and southern asia million and subsaharan africa million data from cities or municipalities in countries show that about three quarters of municipal solid waste generated is collected in subsaharan africa less than half of all municipal solid waste generated is collected with adverse effects on the health of residents,11
+there has been wide spread recognition of the need to address illegal fishing practices however more needs to be done to support countries capacity to address unregulated and unreported fishing including through capacitybuilding for example the same roo given under free trade agreements could be extended to least developed countries included as part of the agreement reached under the ldc package monitoring progress on the implementation of sdg should be a priority embedding a review process and mechanism within the wto s existing trade policy review procedure could be one solution,14
+between and the percentage of younger smokers was fairly stable but then started to decline among males and more recently among females as well the gender gap in smoking varies enormously between countries in smoking rates were on average over higher among males than females in the united kingdom though the gap between males and females was only,3
+the physicians selected as the medecin traitant receives an additional annual payment for patients diagnosed with an ald this payment covers the care coordination required to implement specific care protocols the care protocol of a patient lists all medical and paramedical services required for a comprehensive treatment and automatically identifies the services for which patients are exempt from copayment in nearly all cases this coordinating role is fulfilled by gps,3
+in addition to family structure maternal education and employment as well as household socioeconomic status are robust predictors of early learning outcomes it is very difficult to determine the unique impact of any of these specific features of the economic and social environment on children s outcomes duncan magnuson and votrubadrzal x however a large body of nonexperimental research suggests each of these factors is important maternal education is a powerful predictor of early learning outcomes on average more highlyeducated mothers spend more time working than mothers with less education they also on average spend more time with their children cameiro meghir and parey issi duncan magnuson and votrubadrzal i,4
+the reduction through income taxes is even greater than meanstested transfers the redistributive impacts of fiscal policy were reduced when the benefits drastically declined and when taxes became less progressive as a result the percentage change in market gini offset by taxes fell from per cent during to per cent during while those of transfers also declined from per cent to per cent during the same period,10
+as mentioned above the lack of reliable data on drug abuse in the region may be the reason why the reported prevalence is so low the abuse of yaba methamphetamine and codeinebased preparations continues to be widespread in bangladesh and is still increasing among street children the abuse of glue and solvents by sniffing is common,3
+a project to provide a rapid effectiveness assessment was conducted by wwf in cooperation with the fbih ministry of environment and tourism in using international rapid assessment and prioritization of protected area management rappam methodology there is however room for consideration and development of additional regulations on economic instruments for protected areas in both entities as a result of the existing level of decentralization the entire system of information and reporting on protected areas in the country including reporting on international obligations is generally failing obligations for protected areas are dispersed throughout a number of agencies according to the governance system in each entity,15
+the second water introduces social technologies to capture and store of rainwater for agriculture especially for vegetable gardens and small livestock frequently geographical targeting is used to select an area for intervention and is then often combined with other criteria such as poverty risk of drought vulnerability to climate change cultivation of certain crops steepness of land or degree of urbanization in agricultural interventions aimed at reducing rural poverty geographical targeting often follows the same logic as in social protection programmes and intervention areas selected by poverty incidence criteria unlike in social protection geographical targeting is based not only on poverty maps or povertyrelated criteria but also on the type of agricultural intervention such as irrigation rural development natural resource management or land reform,2
+austrias main areas of specialisation are in traditional sectors more technologically and researchintensive sectors such as information and communication technology ict and pharmaceuticals are less represented there is concern that current specialisation patterns could limit growth opportunities,9
+but the structural transition of their economies from lowproductivity to highproductivity activities has also led to rising income gaps and spatial inequalities it is likely that these countries can maintain high average incomes while gradually closing their income gaps over time through the fuller absorption into highproductivity activities of the w orkers who now remain employed in disadvantaged areas and activities a less benign distributional outcome will probably result if a shift from exportoriented production emphasizing manufacturing to production oriented more towards domestic markets leads increasingly to employment and wage opportunities in service activities which tend to be less well remunerated than jobs in manufacturing,10
+the sewage treatment fee is relatively low only of the clean water price city of hai phong waste collection service covers all urban districts and approximately of rural districts in the city the department of construction doc is in charge of domestic waste in urban areas and the department of agriculture and rural development is in charge of domestic waste in rural areas the volume of urban waste per person per day generated in hai phong has increased from kg in early s to kg in,11
+it provides rd funds to brazilian companies to develop and strengthen input supply chains machinery and equipment for agriculture and the development of food products and processes inovaagro has become the main channel for bndes to deliver rd funds in the sector and accounted for over of a total of about usd million over of inovaagro funding is targeted to livestock fisheries and aquaculture only coffee research is currently supported by tax deductions and embrapa is managing a national consortium to use the coffee fund funcafe,2
+main beneficiaries are the owners users and managers of public buildings service providers consultants engineering companies financial institutions architects and constructors it aims to increase energy efficiency boost renewable energy diversify import sources and transport routes as well as protect critical infrastructure furthermore the energy strategy underlines romania s ambitions to become a major electricity exporter by the national strategy on energy efficiency sets forth the objectives concerning energy efficiency for the period up to the year the main purpose of the strategy is to identify possibilities and means to increase energy efficiency at all levels of the energy chain by implementing specific programmes in order to reach its ultimate goal the increase of primary energy efficiency by per cent by the year,7
+this brings down the average performance of the country see figure moreover the very small proportion of students who achieve the highest levels in science mathematics or reading levels or which is far below the average across oecd countries means that there is a very small pool of young schoolleavers who are well prepared to pursue higher level technical and scientific education a major challenge for a country seeking to develop its knowledgebased industries nearly one third of yearolds have repeated a year in costa rica above all oecd countries except mexico see figure however grade repetition rates in primary school almost halved between and from to as a result of new rules restricting its usage see chapter,4
+the agency s formative approach to school evaluation has made it an explicit goal to foster school s capacity for selfevaluation and the agency should further pursue this direction to begin with it is an opportunity to raise quality expectations in initial teacher education accreditation processes will need to send clear signals about the quality standards initial teacher education programmes need to reach,4
+household income information is for the year the round analysed is that of with income data referring to the year on an annual basis it collects timely and comparable multidimensional microdata on income poverty social exclusion and living conditions every year both crosssectional data and longitudinal data are collected,1
+the work of the partnership is described at statisticspagesintlcooppartnershipmembersaspx indeed these price reductions reflect the particular situation in several developing countries in which fixed broadband used to be a premium service with prices corresponding to more than per cent of gni pc the effect of these new offers was to drive prices down drastically in the year in which they became available the ecosoc resolutions can be found at,9
+a substantial share of water consumers experience difficulties paying for water supply services and sewage disposal moreover of the water pipes and half of the sewage collectors are in a dilapidated state water quality indicators often do not meet human health and safety standards and large quantities of water are lost to leakage in the networks around of total supply in tbilisi and rustavi the wss systems have been privatised and are now privately owned by the georgian water power company,6
+the inconvenience and economic damage of such emergency measures in absence of adequate power capacity are selfevident it also happens to be the area where nuclear energy can contribute most directly to the security of energy supply the costs of an interruption of power supplies due to insufficient capacities on the economies of oecd countries far outweigh any real or imagined interruptions of physical supplies due to geopolitical reasons,7
+overall women spend over an hour longer on unpaid and paid work combined than men the double burden leaving them with less time for personal care including sleeping and leisure similar to oecd countries women have around to minutes less leisure time than men do in all countries with the exception of bangladesh as gdp increases the time women and men spend on unpaid care work decreases,5
+however differences in definitions sources and methods could blur international comparisons in addition data for many of these indicators are still lacking for a third or more oecd countries as an illustration data on survival rates for selected cancers are available for the same year for at best countries,3
+as a whole it receives an annual allocation from the ministry of health and social affairs of eur which allows it to maintain its offices assemble delegates to times per year and hold work group meetings to times annually these work group committees meet to discuss the advancement of nsph goals within the swedish health care community and society in nsph received financial support from the swedish government to among other things formulate strategies aimed at strenghening and enhancing the influence of user organisations on national regional and local levels as well as for the individual when meeting with health care providers,3
+as districts of higher standards have signalling power below their actual level of performance they are likely to adjust standards to the lower for employers and higher education institutions these effects reduce trust into certification and make a comparison of certificates between regions unreliable it raises standards in lowachieving districts but lowers standards in highachieving districts,4
+the french therapeutic educational and pedagogical institutions iteps are designed for children with serious behavioural problems those who have difficulty in school and socialising but who do not present an intellectual disability or psychosis the student guidance units clbs offer both universal surveillance and individualised support for students with greater complex needs a similar structure is also in place in the french community where a number of actors are involved in providing support for students with special needs the psychomedical social pms centres have a similar role to the clb centres working in a multidisciplinary team regular medical checkups on the other hand are carried out by the schoolbased health promotion services pse while school dropout prevention is primarily handled by school dropout intermediation services pms and mobile teams ibid a national mental health screening was introduced in and covers all high school students,3
+municipalities are also responsible for fulfilling the right to a place in kindergarten for all children from year of age tertiary institutions are mostly autonomous in their decisions including those on how they allocate resources norway has generous funding at all levels of the education system public and private educational institutions at all levels get most of their funding from public sources and public education is free except at preprimary level where parents must pay some fees,4
+in addition the government applied a policy to cushion the transmission of high world prices for food security reasons for example in it released dry milk from state reserves to restrain increases in prices of dairy foods since mid the simplification of trade within the customs union facilitated cheaper imports of dry milk from belarus which has likely put a significant competitive pressure on domestic milk prices,2
+the repetition rates of students at the undergraduate level are very high though declining slowly imad b this rate is the highest for the first year reaching in the academic year but it drops to and in the second and third years before going up to in the fourth year the average duration in scotland is years,4
+this chapter has been produced with the financial and substantive assistance of the european union as part of the oecd project defining measuring and assessing job quality and its links to labour market performance and well being vs s the contents of this chapter are the sole responsibility of the oecd and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the european union this project is a joint undertaking between the oecd directorate for employment labour and social affairs and the oecd statistics directorate and it runs until september the project also encompasses chapter of the employment outlook and chapter of this publication,8
+preparatory education lasts between and months immigrants are also provided information and guidance on different occupations and vocational studies when immigrants later apply for an upper secondary vocational programme through the joint application system they can receive extra points for completed preparatory education information on job training and education opportunities and practical tips on getting a job or changing career can be very helpful for young adults and unemployed adults as well as those who have been inactive in the labour market for a while,4
+the process of developing this vision should engage a broad range of stakeholders from national and subnational levels in setting objectives and developing innovative solutions however the measures implemented have further complicated the water governance system proposals were made in to replace river basin authorities with eight river basin districts to implement some of the main provisions of the wfd,6
+germany based its tariffs upon a fraction of the retail rate that is to say the price at which electricity was sold to consumers not the wholesale rate that is to say the cost at which utilities purchased electricity from other generators in germany consumption taxes constitute a large fraction of the ultimate retail price of electricity wind energy and solar energy were paid per cent of the retail rate and hydroelectric plants were paid per cent of the retail rate this was corrected in germany in by the stipulation that renewable sources of electricity would have priority access to the grid for a host of environmental social and economic reasons,7
+for rice wheat maize and soybeans trade actions by countries related to export restrictions buying to increase stockholdings and removal of import restrictions or import subsidies all contributed to the price spikes the exaggerated price movements created by the application of insulation policies in other countries created worse outcomes than would have otherwise occurred from a global perspective the various individual country interventions targeted at improving food security lessened it,2
+box discusses redd further markets for emission reduction credits from reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation redd are anticipated to generate a us billion annual revenue stream for developing nations stimulating an exponential increase in demand for carbon sequestration services from southeast asian forests in particular in addition to helping to build capacity for redd in developing countries the fcpf also supports the implementation of smallscale redd pilot projects cambodia indonesia the lao peoples democratic republic thailand and viet nam are among which have partnered with the fcpf in the development of national redd readiness plans numerous studies warn that once redd is implemented the sheer volume of available forest supply could send the market price for tradable carbon tumbling possibly as much as per cent investments in redd projects could also be subject by the same risky investment patterns and flows that launched the financial crisis,15
+similarly women made up per cent of labour migrants from kyrgyzstan in per cent from uzbekistan and per cent from tajikistan with the average for the cis states being per cent kyrgyzstan also has the highest share of women among holders of temporary and permanent residence permits in comparison with all other countries in die share was per cent while the average was per cent among migrants from uzbekistan widi this type of document per cent were females for tajikistan the figure was per cent oecd p for details see oecd p,5
+indeed in reviewing the literature on water demand the ample opportunities for conserving water across the board are striking including in the electric power sector the production of industrial steam residential consumption and irrigated agriculture in our opinion the main reason why such substitution has not been more widespread to date is due to the absence of economic incentives for conservation in many uses around the world water remains virtually free,6
+for example one assumes that predicted traffic growth particularly car travel must be provided for by adding road capacity this approach has inevitably resulted in more travel exacerbated car dependency and has encouraged dispersed patterns of development the increased congestion comes at significant costs to the economy the environment and the overall wellbeing of the population,11
+women represent billion of commonwealth peoples and form the highest number of voters in any election yet they are the least represented in governance and political processes moreover these political legacies have vested a culture of clinging to power without opportunities for grooming new leaders nepotism is rife and transfer of power has seen the devolution to family relatives a form of political monarchy as a result many women remain challenged by these limiting factors which persistently hinder their participation in addition some commonwealth countries have mainstreamed women into decisionmaking by recognising their overwhelming contribution in liberation struggles civil wars andor protest politics in mozambique namibia rwanda sierra leone and south africa thereby sidelining academic excellence as a criteria or guarantee to participate in governance,5
+estimates of forest biomass and soil carbon sequestration in finland and norway during the past two decades are and tg c yr respectively or and g c nr yr liski et al for sweden forest carbon accumulation between and was estimated to be tg c yr or g c m yr agren et al the soil carbon sink was about to of the total carbon sink estimated using models,15
+the hierarchy of value placed on the lives of men over women and masculine over feminine characteristics creates the context where a society can accept or at least not actively oppose massive violence against women this section describes a variety of analytical frameworks for examining different forms of violence against women frequently scholars and activists such as the authors of devaw refer to public and private violence as detailed in figure direct violence inflicts direct physical harm,5
+but we were always aware of how many other people were suffering so that meant not just that i have enough to feed myself but that i can live a life of purpose the culture has changed she says women can work and take care of themselves and don t need to rely on their husbands contraception is available in practically every corner shop,5
+of the emerging countries analysed in this chapter only argentina chile peru the russian federation and south africa have such a provision such legislation should be genderneutral and should avoid imposing excessive costs on employers which would have detrimental effects on the employment prospects of protected workers documenting the full spectrum is beyond the scope of this chapter but investment in infrastructure such as water electricity and roads provides an example of such a policy these types of investments may facilitate access to the labour market for women by increasing the efficiency of housework and facilitating their commute to work,5
+the apa is requested to identify sources of input for the global stocktake examples include information on the state of adaptation efforts support experiences and priorities from submitted adaptation communications the mobilisation and provision of support the latest reports of the intergovernmental panel on climate change and relevant reports of the subsidiary bodies paragraph decision cp specific work items include exploring ways to monitor and evaluate support provided and received for adaptation in convening a meeting to exchange views on national adaptation goals and indicators and the possible relation of such indicators with those for sustainable development and for disaster risk reduction in the context of the sendai framework for disaster risk reduction ac b,13
+the training and education of ecec staff affects the quality of services and outcomes primarily through the knowledge skills and competencies that are transmitted and encouraged by practitioners it is also considered important that staff believe in their ability to organise and execute the courses of action necessary to bring about desired results fives qualifications can matter in terms of which skill sets and what knowledge are recognised as important for working with young children,4
+other benefits such as unemployment benefit sick pay and child allowances all of which are much better targeted than pensions have remained underfunded progress in the field of social assistance was less marked than in latin america as social protection had an entirely different meaning and modus operandi under central planning as a result these countries initially lacked the administrative infrastructure to manage social assistance programmes prevalent in market economies for instance in the early years of transition many eefsu countries introduced universal child allowances but later on transformed them into meanstested programmes,10
+malaysia has special schools and integration units which have separate classes for visually and hearing impaired students and students with learning difficulties most of these offer boarding facilities and pupils attended them in autumn physically disabled pupils are integrated into mainstream education if they can manage the system as it is otherwise they stay at home,4
+even more concerning levels of socioeconomic inequity have not changed since in the majority of countries figure shows that in a few countries such as australia finland and korea the discrepancy between students in the top and bottom quartiles of pisa s socioeconomic escs index grew even larger between and however pisa results show that inequality of opportunity is not set in stone and that selected school systems succeeded in becoming more equitable over a relatively short period oecd,4
+stable employment brings benefits for society enabling the workforce to retain experience knowledge and productivity thus enhancing economic performance full employment also contributes to social cohesion particularly by improving the wellbeing of girls increased employment of women helps change perceptions of the value of girls and encourages investment in their education and health it also helps reduce poverty,1
+instead this chapter focuses on whether the key elements are likely to be in place for strategy implementation to be effective it also examines austria s record of natural hazard management policies and makes some comparison with other oecd countries in discussing austria s process for developing adaptation policy the west and the south have an alpine climate while the lowlands in the east and north have a temperate climate this varied terrain leads to marked differences in climate variables within a comparatively small area,13
+chapter notes that management is needed to tackle externalities and points out that multiple policy options can help address these issues acknowledging that specific responses will need to be tailored to hydrogeological and environmental conditions chapter provides an overview of management approaches in oecd countries that vary widely with weak evidence of a constraintresponse correspondence only four of the responding oecd countries austria czech republic slovenia and the netherlands national and regional and five of the regions the jeju volcanic island region in korea and the four spanish regions report conducting regular evaluations of groundwater management as part of the eu water framework directive eu member countries are required to provide reports on the state of implementation and the qualitative and quantitative status of groundwater management bodies,6
+the data are collected by the world health organization who annually and show solid and linear growth over the period the growth of the number of connected institutions has grown an impressive per cent from an original baseline in of connected institutions to at the end of the monitoring of the adoption of ehealth strategies is proposed as another data source an ehealth strategy can be a good indication of a governments view of the importance of ehealth and the role it will play in strengthening the health sector including the building of connectivity the who global observatory for ehealth reports that the number of countries with ehealth strategies is showing a steady rise in countries indicated that they had ehealth strategies and in this number had grown to,3
+even though there were a substantial number of international articles and books on assessment and they had attended the det programme they were not able to access this international literature on their own there was little work in the higher education sector in norway in this area and so very few norwegian research articles had been published teachers believed the situation had much improved at the time when afl was initiated with more support available from norwegian research,4
+they also make it clear that disadvantaged schools need more support so they can start regarding ethnic differences as a resource for learning rather than an obstacle to learning oecd b identifying the relationship between preprimary education and later performance in school is challenging because attendance at preschool is often correlated with socioeconomic advantage when disadvantaged children enter preschool they already lag behind advantaged children because they are likely to have had fewer play opportunities at home to explore patterns shapes and spatial relations compare magnitudes and count objects,4
+the census covered teachers working in public institutions maintained by the national public education administration anep only hence data for early childhood and preprimary education do not include teachers in schools managed by the ministry of education and culture mec and by the child and adolescent institute of uruguay inau also data on technicalprofessional programmes include teachers in programmes at the tertiary level a minor proportion of programmes supervised by cetp in public primary education the average size of classes has decreased over the last decade to students in,4
+the mechanism used is the structure of feedin tariffs specified in the german renewable energy law when hydropower facilities comply with certain criteria such as ensuring biological continuity of the river or being built in a location where there are barrages or weirs they are paid a higherfeed in tariff from electricity distributors which is reflected in the energy bill paid by the end users the additional remuneration is paid to hydropower producers for years and varies according to facility size and output smaller plants are paid higher remunerations per kwh than bigger plants to ensure their profitability plants producing more than mw are only paid for the increased part of production after modernisation these are illustrated by voluntary agreements between water supply utilities and farmers to reduce pollution and water treatment costs see oecd b in the eu and the united states farmers are paid for a variety of environmental stewardship measures including reducing nitrate contamination,6
+section concerns itself with gender differences in unpaid household work and finds that german women still do more than men section examines changes in attitudes to worklife balance and the roles of parents finally section considers how the gendered distribution of paid work may affect growth in coming years overall germany has made great strides in improving the gendered distribution of paid and unpaid labour there is still plenty of room for further progress however however as cohabitation becomes more common more and more children are growing up in households with two cohabiting parents,5
+this has emerged from energise across both the survey and the application cases analyses the joint expert meeting by itu and energise identified examples for areas where more clarity and integration of regulation is needed for instance in romania there is no technical standard allowing the coexistence of power grid lines and fibres for broadband provision in the same duct,7
+therefore assuming that the level of genderbased discrimination that prevails in a given society does not reflect actual preferences for gender equality gender discrimination in social institutions may well decrease the life satisfaction of both men and women men and women who may be affected directly by discrimination against women may display lower levels of satisfaction due to their more limited capacity to live the life they want williams et al one theoretical example for this is derived from the optimal allocation of leisure and work,5
+they should be located close to housing and create interconnected green corridors following modern trends in the most advanced cities planning more compact streets and concentrating green areas while maintaining their share of the total land area strikes a reasonable compromise between compactness and green landscapes putting these into operation will complete the transport infrastructure raising the efficiency of connection hubs current legislation provides private property rights to land only in a limited range of cases,11
+the study also found that women experiencing violence earned per cent less than those not abused and the overall lost productivity was estimated at per cent of gdp in mens atrittules and practices regarding gender and violence against women in bangladesh preliminary findings icddrb pp,5
+it was created upon the initiative of the mma and gef to complement direct government efforts the rationale being that a private institution would be less vulnerable to changes in government and able to attract more private finance funbio s main activity is the support of brazilian protected areas the volume and scope of support expanded massively in with the launch of the arpa programme,15
+in more than ngos were registered providing services in several areas with many focusing on environmental issues usaid environmental ngos cany out awarenessraising training and educational activities but also organise public campaigns and represent individuals and citizen groups in disputes over public or private decisions that affect public health or environment the ngos have joint communication and cooperation platforms with ekoforum being one of the most active,6
+it emphasises the centrality of knowledge and learning and aims to promote inclusion coherence and flexibility in educational practice it also stresses the importance of adaptability audacity and raising awareness of environmental sustainability issues as critical to a st century educational approach this includes the expectation that the citizen develop critical thinking selfawareness autonomy and responsibility individuals should be able to cope with uncertainty in a fastchanging world to use the skills they have developed to continue lifelong learning and should respect the fundamental principles of democratic society and the rights guarantees and freedoms on which it is based these include responsibility and integrity excellence and high standards curiosity reflection and innovation citizenship and participation and freedom these include the use of languages and texts information and communication reasoning and problem solving critical and creative thinking interpersonal relations autonomy and personal development wellbeing health and environment aesthetic and artistic sensitivityawareness scientific technical and technological knowledge and body awareness and mastery,4
+despite children being identified at an early stage there may often be long delays in treatment patana further complicating matters schools and the educational and psychological counselling services pps are not required to cooperate with centrally managed services taigeting students mental wellbeing leading to a lack of collaboration within services managed at different levels of governance oecd a schools have reported uncertainties regarding their roles in supporting the students with mental health concerns in the flemish community while the clb centres in the flemish community are designated to take a leading role in providing mental health support these roles are not clearly defined in the french community,3
+across oecd countries a more socioeconomically advantaged student scores points higher in mathematics the equivalent of nearly one year of schooling than a iessadvantagpd student in portugal the performance difference in mathematics is is scorepoints together with chile hungary luxembourg and the slovak republic the relationship in portugal between performance and socioeconomic status is significantly above the oecd average oecd a portugal s position contrasts to that of italy which for example showed a similar performance level and improvement in pisa results as with portugal between and see figure,4
+development policies can build on this principle to promote the dissemination of good practices within professional networks of women farmers and traders in the region by modifying the architecture of social relations their goal is to increase the social capital of individuals resulting from the combination of internal links to a community and external links with other social groups that are more diverse from a geographic ethnic religious or identity point of view walther the addition of actors seems particularly suited to the case of agricultural sectors such as rice in which women are underrepresented,5
+the observatory is informed of all major deliberations on water management on which it issues an opinion prior to their presentation at the city council these deliberations concern for instance the price and quality of public drinking water and sanitation services as well as the annual activity report of eau de paris service provider the observatory is composed of four boards representing i elected officials at municipal level ii consumers iii local institutions from the health urban planning land use and housing sectors and iv academia beyond institutional and professional actors any individuals or associations can join,6
+such movements can generate deep and lasting transformations for example womens specific concerns have come to the fore within via campesina a transnational agrarian movement that campaigns for rural peoples access to land territory food water and seeds within a human rights framework see box after the conference via campesina women started to meet in autonomous spaces to define a common agenda in the words of one observer as women spoke from their own experiences of working within peasant and farm organizations a real sense of camaraderie sharing of insights and respect for one another permeated the discussion of potential models and plans for work within via campesina,5
+if governments prioritized the prohibition of harmful fisheries subsidies could the us billion freed up annually be dedicated to finance a blue fund destined to implement other sdg targets in other words could target become a means to implement the ocean sdg taking advantage of resources that would be freed up through the elimination of harmful subsidies the blue fund could help rescue our ocean at no cost to taxpayers transforming subsidies that are harmful into socially and environmentally beneficial ones,14
+they receive compensation under the same policies as other teachers in the education system teachers in lithuania can be considered a highly qualified workforce compared to that of many oecd countries an asset that can be further developed to continue strengthening the ecec system moreover lithuania views professional development for teachers as a required part of their ongoing service on par with other european union countries that invest in professional development european commissioneaceaeurydiceeurostat invest more time in training teachers in classroom settings as part of initial teacher training with emphasis on training teachers in interacting with young children and using the curricula and methodological guidelines available partner with teacher training institutions to develop coaching and mentoring models for teachers already in classrooms,4
+another ncer programme targets secondary school students by introducing vocational courses within study programmes students will be able to opt for basic subjects such language tuition and mathematics and devote the rest of their study time to learning vocational skills destined to help the development of the rural economy the ncer works in conjunction with the ministry of education and is in the process of developing an appropriate curriculum for these study programmes,4
+el salvador paraguay and uruguay several of which showed the largest gains in this source reported increases both in average income per recipient and in coverage in the other countries the outcome resulted from a rise in one factor combined with a fall in the other see figure within this framework it is possible to analyse different combinations of inequality reduction and average income growth that could produce a particular poverty rate and then assess whether those conditions are in line with the trends observed in recent years goal is to end poverty in all its forms everywhere and sets targets for achieving that target is to eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere by,1
+seaice shrinkage has a positive retroaction on global warming meaning that it amplifies it by ipcc on the basis of a very specific scenario foresees global warming of c but of cin the arctic according to the model used the summertime arctic sea ice could disappear altogether sometime between and,13
+furthermore with the economic recovery and in the absence of additional policy actions emissions have increased according to current estimates while remaining below their level c emissions in germany rose in in addition the package of measures defined in the integrated energy and climate programme and in the energy concept may not be sufficient to reach the targets finally the recent decision of an accelerated phaseout of nuclear power will add in a constraint on ghg abatement,7
+the correlation between inequality and redistributive efforts is stronger especially for advanced countries but holds in developing countries too again this paper supports the tenet that one of the most efficient and fundamental redistribution tools is the expansion of education investment students from lowincome families often start school already behind their peers from more affluent families,4
+accessing international capital markets can also be difficult for many developing countries these challenges can be further exacerbated for clean energy infrastructure projects as lenders may be reluctant to lend due to an insufficient knowledge of local markets and a higher technology risk ensuring access to affordable finance will require developing country governments in particular to combine a shortterm strategy of facilitating access to international financing and a longerterm approach,7
+in parallel to the increasing trend in selfemployment among immigrants and women the increasing ownership of businesses by migrant women or women of ethnic origins has emerged as a new phenomenon one question is whether the new niche of migrant women entrepreneurship opens new perspectives for socioeconomic cohesion or integration the present chapter investigates migrant women entrepreneurship from the perspective of motivation driving forces and genderbased differences,5
+the commission pushed forward the language on hiv and aids recognizing the epidemic as a global health emergency and calling on governments to provide universal access to hiv prevention treatment care and support free of discrimination and with a gender perspective to meet the goal of halting and reversing the spread of hiv and aids by resolutions also recommended that policy and programme linkages and coordination between hiv and aids and sexual and reproductive health should be strengthened and included in national development plans and poverty reduction strategies all countries should strive to make accessible through the primary healthcare system reproductive health to all individuals of appropriate ages as soon as possible and no later than the year,3
+all providers including gps hospitals and pharmacies and patients will participate in ehealth in which they can share data on patients including their diagnoses health care services received such as diagnosis and treatment and medication prescribed and purchased it is anticipated that patients will use a card containing their unique patient id to pay for all health services and medications allowing their health care utilisation data to be collected providers will need to provide information about patients including their diagnoses treatment provided and medication prescribed in order to get reimbursed by nhs and this will be linked with the utilisation data in the ehealth system the system should allow access to health information via the internet allowing patients to engage more in taking control of their own health conditions,3
+the goals of the intervention were often new to teachers as well as rubrics as a pedagogical tool and some of the related practices usually teams that implemented a unique session on creativity and critical thinking were implementing a signature pedagogy for which teachers would be accompanied see chapter for a more detailed discussion of signature pedagogies however training was most valuable when it consisted of several sessions held at regular intervals and continued to include a focus on the creativity critical thinking and the project materials,4
+it introduced a valuefocused training course which included a hour programme based on case studies to further increase resistance to corruption pyman et al in bulgaria began training officers in multiethnic communities or neighbourhoods on working with vulnerable groups recruiting and training officers to engage respectfully with migrants and refugees have taken on more urgency with the recent influx spurring new initiatives the helsinki police department launched a campaign in to recruit young migrants to the force which slightly boosted their number eufra,8
+there are considerable synergies between climate action and measures to reach other goals such as health goal clean energy goal sustainable cities and communities goal responsible consumption and production goal and oceans goal ipcc for example fulfilling goals on sustainable consumption and production will also work to help address climate change initially it was set up to discuss international financial issues but its agenda has expanded to also include for instance climate change and energy policies,13
+the study looks in particular at innovation support in clean versus dirty technologies for electricity production renewables versus fossil fuels and transportation sectors the first one is directly of interest for us even if the second also has a direct implication on the reduction of greenhouse gas ghgs looking at the number of citations received for clean patented inventions in the electricity sector compared to dirty ones the study finds a gap of nearly and this gap has been increasing constantly during the past years as it can be seen in figure,7
+a multisided platform allowing access to investors infrastructure project sponsors insurances contractors and additional relevant stakeholders would help to coordinate interactions among actors it could be established by public institutions and governing bodies as well as private institutions who by taking the responsibility of development and provisioning have the authority to register project initiators and check published projects for validity and regulatory aspects after registration and successful checks infrastructure project initiators could use this platform in order to publish information on planned projects including detailed project plans and pricing information,9
+through impact analysis of data on those households within the project area farmafrica demonstrated a considerable improvement in the nutritional status and family welfare of project participants ayele and peacock one exception is the homestead food production hfp project introduced in bangladesh by helen keller international nearly two decades ago this project initially focused on reducing vitamin a deficiency by promoting home gardens but its scope has been widened to address iron and zinc deficiencies also by incorporating smallanimal husbandry and nutrition education lannotti cunningham and ruel,2
+for comparison the land requirements of today s global fossil fuel infrastructure are less than km which is about the size of belgium smil b solar power reaches spatial power densities that are two orders of magnitude higher than for wind and three orders of magnitude higher than for photosynthesis solar power can in principle reach power densities commensurate with demand densities in houses and some smaller cities however industry highrise buildings and megacities in which the majority of the worlds population will live require even higher power densities than solar could offer,7
+there are various ways in which this could be achieved eg the commitments could be included in the core agreement in an annex to the agreement in separate inf documents or in a separate cop decision listing the commitments in an annex to the agreement or a set of cop decisions rather than as part of the core agreement itself could make them easier to subsequently modify the commitments included in the agreement could only be the first round of a longerterm process of setting mitigation commitments with a view to achieving the longterm c global goal,13
+second international examples of policies and practices to tackle key challenges are described including examples of financing mechanisms to steer provision towards improving access and quality and to stimulate private investment in adult learning the third part outlines the chapter s recommendations for improving the financing of adult learning in portugal several stakeholders emphasised the overly centralised nature of decision making on the funding of adultleaming programmes,4
+potential projects are evaluated in this regard through a thorough screening procedure and if necessary must provide a positive environmental impact assessment the cfp aims to ensure a sustainable exploitation offish resources this means reducing the number of fishing vessels and the duration of the fishing period the establishment of open and closed fishing seasons and areas,14
+some of these are outlined in the paris agreement including disseminating knowledge and lessons learned and improving the effectiveness and durability of adaptation actions information on progress towards national and international adaptation goals will also inform enhanced implementation of adaptation actions over time moreover national monitoring exercises to generate relevant information for adaptation communications under the paris agreement could help to inform reporting for other development agendas such as the un sustainable development goals sdgs and the sendai framework for disaster risk reduction,13
+however assuming that a pay gap exists whereby women earn lower wages a second hypothesis is that the entry of women into the workforce lowers average wages and hence production costs this implies that feminization contributes to growth but that this positive effect may be heightened by the existence of gender inequalities that may then remain in place because of the savings that they afford the above result could be a combination of the effects of these two factors but the findings discussed above indicate that during the period under study the former effect outweighed the latter except in the case of brazil the negative selection effects in the labour supply generated by the exclusion of some people from the labour market who could be participating in it but are not doing so in this case women remained virtually unchanged during this period and in fact tended to increase,5
+these changes in purchasing and consumption patterns are occurring in smaller cities and towns as well as the largest cities through their research and marketing efforts food companies of course are shaping as well as responding to these demands this transition corresponds closely to rises in income and the structural transformation of the food system as seen primarily in industrialized and middleincome countries popkin adair and ng p describe this phenomenon as the primary mismatch between human biology and modern society awareness of these characteristics and the key actors who shape food systems will help identify where to intervene and what to do to create systems that help achieve good nutrition figure provides a schematic overview of the elements of food systems and the broader economic social cultural and physical environment within which they operate,2
+however collective management eg pooling systems in japan can also work as it gives the whole community an economic stake in the system s effectiveness outputbased market mechanisms offer good results when the fishing industry is geographically concentrated with few landing sites daily weekly or monthly vessel catch limits eg in ireland the united kingdom germany and france can also be used but offer less flexibility trade flows are generally easier to monitor than catches making itqs more practical in exportoriented fisheries,14
+sectors in the second panel are energy resid residential comm commercialinstitutional manuf manufacturingconstruction ind industrial processes transprd road transportation transpoth other transports waste waste agric agriculture despite a relatively high share of energyintensive industries figure upper panel energy intensity is not particularly high in germany by international comparison table however ghg emissions per unit of energy consumption stand slightly above the eu average table,7
+but there are many others for example in park geunhye is the current and first female president of south korea while sheikh hasina is the current prime minister of bangladesh and she and ms khaleda zia have alternated as prime minister since chandrika kumaranatunga was president of sri lanka and jenny shipley and helen clark both served as prime minister of new zealand gloria macapagalarroyo was president of the philippines from and pratibha patil was the first female president of india,5
+a total of out of seats were set aside for women and there are posts throughout various levels of government charged with addressing women s concerns as well as providing training in gender awareness mzvondiwa some of the reasons for emphasising women s inclusion in postwar governance structures stem from the same essentialist arguments outlined above namely that women are more naturally oriented toward forgiveness and reconciliation as well as the argument that since they were most affected by the violence they would be most likely to want to work to overcome it powley thus rwanda shows that essentialistbased arguments can nevertheless result in increased inclusion of women in political participation,5
+mexico s water scarcity problem is partly due to illegal abstraction whether abstraction without license or abstraction above licensed levels but even if only the legally licensed volumes were abstracted there would still be a problem because over the years the mexican governments have licensed abstraction rights for significantly higher volumes than available in the river basins and aquifers in order to address this issue conagua has put in place a specific programme programa de adecuacion de derechos de agua the implementation guidelines of which were issued in august the programme is designed to buy water rights from farmers in those irrigation districts where the licensed water rights exceed of water availability,6
+there is overlapping of responsibilitiescompetences concerning the use of wild species and issuance of permits and fees collection between different institutions while some key roles are lacking in the institutional framework ie a nature protection agency in the federation of bosnia and herzegovina this results in poor coordination among sectoral strategies the overlapping of existing relevant legislation nature spatial planning forestry and imprecise and overlapping legislation regulating the use of space and natural resources at the different levels of governance in the country state entity cantonal municipal most of the planned secondary legislation for the area of biological diversity exists but most of the actions these acts provide for have not been implemented,15
+this is particularly important in countries that cannot employ monetary policy for that purpose unemployment benefit replacement rates and duration as uell as social assistance benefits should be set at levels that do not excessively discourage job search and especially where they are relatively generous be made conditional on strictly enforced workavailability criteria as part of welldesigned activation policies moderate benefit sanctions should be part of an activation strategy employment services should offer unemployed workers indepth interviews and jobsearch assistance and participation in active labour market programmes should be compulsory after a certain length of joblessness perormance of employment services should be rewarded on the basis of job placement rates and stability in jobs of reemployed workers active labour market programmes should be regularly assessed to ensure that inefficient programmes are terminated and that the mix of programmes is adjusted to suit the needs of jobseekers and the labour market,8
+finally a local counterpart made of a neighbourhood development council manages the programme the phases vary in length according to the complexity and needs of the neighbourhoods during phase one trust is established between the neighbours and the team in charge of the project and their collaborative work begins the first activity is a technical study with a diagnosis of the urban and social environment and the safety conditions in the neighbourhood the study identifies the most important shortages and the key actors and proposes an integrated plan of action simultaneously the team helps the community diagnose its problems promoting the involvement of all the social groups living in the neighbourhood and soliciting their demands and expectations,11
+approximately persons were registered as directly employed in the aquaculture sector in in addition the ministry is responsible for seafood safety and fish health trade policy and market access the fish sales organisations act was adopted june and regulates the firsts hand sales of fish,14
+then international remittances stagnate in and rebound in following the precrisis trend around per cent crisis scenario in cameroon forecast of the ministry of economy and planning minepatdgepipdape cadrage macroeconomique dynamique du compte d operations financieres,1
+however in kazakhstan it is closely associated with poverty and lower income levels world bank b while unemployment rates are relatively low and do not vary much across kazakhstan s monotowns selfemployment may be a more appropriate indicator for identifying monotowns with a depressed labour market a high level of selfemployment is highly correlated with lower average wages across kazakhstan s monotowns and urban areas as a whole the monotowns accounted for of kazakhstan s urban population at the beginning of but almost of the urban population in,11
+first accounting for environmental externalities air pollution mainly of s nox and pm climate externalities in the form of ghg emissions and other costs including radioactivity significantly alters the cost comparison across different technologies especially for coalbased generation second solar and windbased generation and to a lesser extent nuclear are characterized by relatively high capital expenditure with negligible marginal operating costs third unlike fully controllable technologies variable renewable technologies have positive system costs reflecting the need to balance their variable temporal profile and enhance grid flexibility these costs increase with the unpredictability of the energy source so are higher for wind than for solar,7
+these gender differences can be explained partly by the greater prevalence of risk factors and disease incidence among men in latvia for example cancer incidence is about higher for men than women in latvia while the gender gap is much lower at less than in the united kingdom denmark and iceland oecd a the mortality rate from ischemic heart disease and stroke is three times higher than the oecd average per population compared with and per population compared with respectively in,3
+instead renewable plants could participate in the market by providing a dollar per mwh bid below which they are no longer willing to generate these bids should reflect the marginal cost of production of the plants which is close to zero to that end a locational marginal pricing framework would be helpful to attain the least cost dispatch and curtailment decisions should reflect the impact of different renewable generators on losses and congestions on the network active power control algorithms can limit wind plant output during curtailment events,7
+povcals data on these large emerging giants is divided between urban and rural samples deriving the headcount absolute dollaraday poverty figures is easily populated with the ruralurban population data drawn from the world development indicators headcount relative poverty is a bit trickier since it requires finding the median from an aggregated combination of the two distributions,1
+the new york city green infrastructure plan requires usd billion of investment from the public and private sectors in swales green roofs and other source controls to manage runoff this will have further benefits including cooler temperatures improved air quality more green space lower energy bills and higher property values new york city s green infrastructure plan will change the city form and reduce combined sewer overflows csos by billion gallons per year billion gallons more than the existing grey strategy at a savings of more than usd billion over the year implementation period,11
+not all these women are however divorced or actually abandoned by their husbands but they are certainly those who face troubles in their life approaching state bodies for assistance is precluded by the womens unwillingness to reveal diat their husbands have abandoned them as this might lead to the loss of their status in the community this is also a result of their inability to provide the authorities with official papers owing to the fact diat religious marriages account for a high share of the total number of marriages iom,5
+university faculty numbers grew from in to in an increase of compared with an increase of in fulltime equivalents in the size of the student body the proportion of african students in south african universities increased from in to in and is presently about twothirds of the total number of university students african students have a higher likelihood of dropping out while of all enrolled students are african in public universities they make up only of the graduates,4
+underthe programme labelling is mandatory for incandescent and compact fluorescent light bulb and various household appliances such as refrigerators and air conditioning units this united states environmental protection agency epa doe programme is formally used in the eu canada australia the european free trade association efta japan new zealand switzerland and taiwan it has broader global impact as energy star products are freely traded to many other countries,7
+the indicator which has been selected for the second part of the target concerned with enhancing the use of enabling technology in particular ict is the proportion of individuals using the internet the internet provides extensive and growing access to information services and applications which add value to peoples lives enhance their productivity and enable them to access new opportunities lack of internet access and use can exacerbate existing disadvantage the tier i indicator for this target is one of the partnership on measuring ict for developments core list of indicators is based on an internationallyagreed methodology and is included in the idi the latest results for which are discussed in chapters and,9
+the mandatory core entrepreneurship course includes a basic introduction to entrepreneurship and small business management as well as a studentrun oncampus business activity the entrepreneurship course at the school of management is compulsory for bachelor of management students the teaching method is largely interactive and combines lectures with case study work and tutorials,4
+supported by a strong demand for vegetable oils and protein meals oilseeds consumption will increase by through the tenyear period more than any other commodity both are important components in human diets and especially in many developing economies constitute a crucial source of energy the annual per capita food consumption of vegetable oils in developing economies is expected to grow by pa,2
+since it is difficult to establish an arrangement that would exempt residents from paying tourism taxes external cost efficiency and equity considerations make the discriminatory treatment of tourists a controversial issue according to leask et al in some cases economic instruments such as various types of taxations or concessions are restricted to the socalled flagship attractions of a destination these kinds of attractions are often used to promote a destination and generate income to support the management of less popular attractions and the infrastructure of a destination see eg martinlopez montes and benayas revenue management can also entail the use of market segmentation for flexible and dynamic pricing promotions and capacity allocation leask et al,12
+this is not an efficient mechanism for allocating congestion costs since it does not provide the correct signals to those plants which cause the congestion high lmp indicates geographical locations where additional generation would lessen congestion and improve the overall efficiency of the system high differences in lmp in close nodes might indeed indicate geographical locations with congested transmission lines,7
+comment on the series is welcome and should be sent to educontactoecdorg this paper focuses on teachers and explores their roles functions and challenges in classrooms with diverse student populations it examines initial and inservice teacher education and professional development programmes and approaches that can foster the teacher competencies called for in school settings characterised by migrationinduced diversity and offers policy pointers,4
+because these are winter rain zones the land is fallow from spring to autumn water retention work is done during the fallow period and counting on subterranean water that has been held in this way winter crops mainly wheat are sown in october and after germination depend on winter rainfall for growth land is divided into fallow land and winter cropland which are alternated every year an agricultural method that is called the twofield system,2
+the university s broad portfolio of activities are connected under the healthy campus programme the mobile unit of the centre for education training and research on renewable energy and energy efficiency cetree has introduced the issues of renewable energy and energy efficiency to million school children in malaysia and has carried out programmes to members of public via community centres small scale recycling projects have brought tangible improvements in village communities the current programmes are often small in scale and fragmented among higher education institutions,4
+the same characteristics that make cities socially and economically progressive spaces also generate complex environmental and social challenges that can only be met by active public interventions at multiple scales at the household eg housing subsidies city eg planning and national levels eg trade and employment policies if these challenges arc not dealt with effectively the welfare of individuals communities and entire nations can suffer these are no inevitable consequences of rapid urban population growth rather they are a consequence of political and institutional failure that inhibits effective urban planning policymaking investment and regulation,11
+however when they are able to do this the results from energy efficiency actions reduce unprofitable energy sales and improve demand management pay back investments for both consumers and the utilities a detailed appraisal of the range of multiple benefits from utility efficiency programmes is included in chapter of iea a energy delivery impacts of energy efficiency governments can decide to reallocate subsidies to targeted social measures domestic hard coal producer support of eur billion was of gdp in,7
+despite progress on many fronts including on reaching the millennium development goals on water and sanitation in an estimated million city dwellers and million rural dwellers remained without access to an improved water source and an estimated billion people without access to sanitation governments must put in place the conditions to ensure that the actions of all stakeholders different categories of users multiple responsible authorities financiers and various service providers contribute to the longterm objectives of environmental sustainability and enhancing social welfare it also often means generating sufficient information and support for policy change by making the case for reform answering the question of what is in it for society and individuals,6
+a recent disclosure of massive money laundering in the estonian branch of the largest danish bank danske bank provides a spotlight on the issue of systemically important financial institutions and the need for enhanced vigilance especially across borders the disclosed activities took place during at that time antimoney laundering regulation and supervision in denmark was insufficient and had substantial shortcomings as pointed out in evaluations by the financial action task force fatf i j,8
+as a result networks services are provided commercially by single parties and the revenues from these services must be regulated to ensure the provider does not abuse their monopoly position this means that the retail price and end customer pays for electricity does not increase when the wholesale price for electricity is highest even though the cost of that electricity may change substantially the differences in the cost of supply are generally averaged and spread across all users so price signals do not communicate information about the scarcity of electricity at particular times as a result customers are unable to ration supply in response to the value they place on it and will continue to demand electricity even when its underlying cost is at peak levels,7
+as immigrants integrate more fully into the labour market their potential impacts may well diminish the impact of immigration on labour market outcomes of nativeborn workers using this approach has been assessed by examining several labour market outcomes of thaibom workers in relation to the proportion of economically active immigrants with comparable levels of skill in line with findings of previous research see bryant and rukumnuaykit kulkolkam and potipiti lathapipat foreignbom workers do not displace thaibom workers on the labour market at the national level,8
+in india weak corporate and bank balance sheets also contributed to a sharp slowdown in investment thus simply lowering policy interest rates was not enough to revive investment in that country over the past year there has been a welcome recovery in investment in line with firmer global demand and stronger trade investment in exportoriented manufacturing sectors picked up increased public infrastructure outlays have also supported strong investment in such countries as indonesia and pakistan,8
+in out of countries and economies more men than women were able to correctly answer at least five questions as indicated by the blue bars gender differences in financial knowledge recorded in the survey as indicated by the grey diamonds were generally also in favour of men among the ten countries for which comparable data over time is available albania and poland reported a statistically significant reduction in gender differences in financial knowledge while in the other countries gender differences have not changed significantly table a in online annex a when asked how they would rate their own knowledge about financial matters compared to other adults in their country men are more likely than women to report above average knowledge in countrieseconomies out of even after comparing men and women with similar levels of testbased financial knowledge,5
+legal assistance centre marital property in civil and customary marriages proposals for law reform windhoek international centre for research on women connecting rights to reality a progressive framework of core legal protections for womens property rights p respecting and promoting the realization of womens marital property rights in malawi briefing paper,5
+at the same time the creation of local hospital clusters encourages coordination among hospitals with a view to limiting geographical disparities in access to innovative services drees d local hospital clusters ght should allow the creation of joint medical services notably for public procurement and some efficiency gains the maximum topup is worth of their activities capped at euros a year,3
+some models make explicit the processes of negotiation within the household blundell browning and others for example demonstrate that womens earnings can modify the outcome of household decisions these household bargaining models allow for different preferences within tlie household widi the potential for disagreement but they are based on die assumptions of exogenous preference selfinterested motives and individuals having die ability to make choices a large body of literature on households in developing countries demonstrates diat the household is not only die locus of unpaid work activities but also a site of gender inequalities in workload and resource allocation,5
+appropriate climate adaptation responses may therefore also vary within an individual country nonparty stakeholders such as subnational governments will often have the mandate to develop and implement actions such as flood protection measures which can enhance an area s climate resilience indeed some nonparty stakeholders have developed good practice guidance for adaptation in certain types of cities eg c has highlighted a step approach to adaptation in delta cities c this has been started in some countries eg nepal which has established local adaptation plans of action in order to help vulnerable communities decide on their priority adaptation actions ids nd states and municipalities in mexico have also developed adaptation plans gom,13
+by the end of gw of wind power capacity had been installed worldwide figure ii of which gw were in eu gw in the united states gw in china and gw in india in gw of new capacity were installed which was per cent less capacity than in more than half of this new capacity was installed in china gw and india gw compared with gw in eu and gw in the united states eurobserver for several decades through its rd and its sunshine programme from to japan refined the technology and successfully reduced the costs of a kw roof system from million to million yen,7
+as evidenced by the oversubscription of the trapezia funds in the united kingdom there is a business opportunity and scope for equity funders to meet the needs of women entrepreneurs see case study viii they are also likely to have less time to spend on financial transacting due to the time demands of family and carer responsibilities institutions such as dfcu group in uganda have recognised this access challenge and have positioned womenfriendly branches in locations close to where there are clusters of women entrepreneurs and aligned branch operating times to correspond with the requirements of this group of customers significant numbers of women are using internet banking per cent in the uk and per cent in malta for example eurostat,5
+since the onset of the conflict in the protracted crisis in syria has resulted in grave consequences for the education system for both human resources and infrastructure by may more than million children between the ages of and were out of school while more than education personnel including teachers have abandoned school sites and classrooms,4
+as a result even where power price reforms have occurred they are insufficient to create major incentives for efficiency or reductions in demand communication and transport systems expand access to information goods finances and people to better enable access to water in more efficient ways to meet the needs to sustain local livelihoods as biswas points out such calls for comprehensive planning have a long history a unique feature here is that whereas in the past such strategies as integrated rural development ird were wholly national or subnational attempts now the proposition is to include crossborder collaboration in multisector planning covering entire river basins,6
+the opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the authors comments on working papers are welcomed and may be sent to the directorate for employment labour and social affairs oecd rue andrepascal paris cedex france authorship is usually collective but principal writers are named the papers are generally available only in their original language english or french with a summary in the other the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law,8
+national policy documents such as national curriculum guidelines for both ecec and primary school or the monitoring of transitions as part of inspections can support the quality of transition practices and ensure quality is more even across different settings or schools parental surveys are the most common tool followed by child monitoring methods eg portfolios child development reports or development assessments,4
+over longer periods and based on earlier stage lessons considerable structural and operational responses may be required as outlined in table genetic knowledge and management is likely to be more critical including genetic improvement for more efficient feeding and diet specificity and improved species resistance to wider temperature ranges salinity changes lower oxygen and to a wider range of pathogens new aquatic pathogen risks may require biosecurity and prevention measures to be more closely applied gatesoupe,14
+in addition the because the ocean declaration launched at cop has been signed by an increasing number of countries the sustainable ocean initiative for example aims to ensure the convergence of actions by regional seas organizations and rfmos by facilitating partnerships to link various initiatives cbd since cites has listed commercially exploited fish species while the convention on the conservation of migratory species of wild animals cms has listed,14
+in primaiy care these focus mainly on the physical fabric of the building and availability of clinical equipment and emergency drugs and there is a limited number of activityrelated standards turkey has embarked on an ambitious programme to translate an extensive set of clinical guidelines written by the finnish medical society there are however difficulties of embedding a large number of guidelines at once and in particular of changing practice through guidelines with little sense of local ownership or participation during development,3
+this paper identifies at least nine types of ndc related to mitigation and lays out the information requirements for each one for some ndc types such as absolute emission reduction tar gets there is considerable existing experience with accounting and reporting progress in implementation under the kyoto protocol and the cancun agreements for other ndc types such as goals to peak emissions by a given date there is less existing experience,13
+the song acha river is the only outflow river from the lake and is subsequently connected with the ussuriwusuli river and the amurhcilong river system furthermore it plays an important role as a source of drinking water and irrigation for ha of rice paddies in china both sides of the lake are important for fisheries in particular for the white fish tons annually,6
+and when teacher quality is low governments lend to tell their teachers exactly what to do and exactly how they want it done using an industrial organisation of work to get the results they want today the challenge is to turn teaching into a profession of advancedknowledge workers and to do so across the board rather than in pockets of excellence to attract the people they need modern school systems need to transform the organisation of work in their schools to foster professional norms of control and benchmarks in lieu of bureaucratic and administrative oversight the past was about received wisdom the future is about usergenerated wisdom,4
+the presented economic solutions provide a good basis on which to gauge the advantage and drawbacks of policy instruments which will be the object of the following two sections demandside and supplyside approaches moreover even in one location the choice of instrument will also depend on the desired level of reduction in water use policy rankings are not necessarily invariant to changes in total water use or desired hydrologic conditions palazzo and brozovic while presented individually for clarity purposes it should be noted that several of these are applied in combination one core approach is to allocate allowable groundwater pumping to each well,6
+it should be noted that available statistics do not in practice rigorously follow consistent water use class definition criteria rather they follow the main targets of the groundwater withdrawal provisions which means that rural drinking water supplied by irrigation wells may be included in irrigation use statistics whereas water from public water supplies but used for smallscale irrigation or for small business or industrial uses may be included under domestic use data on the breakdown of groundwater abstraction with respect to water use sectors are much scarcer than data on total abstraction and time series are virtually nonexistent in view of this as a first approximation it is assumed that the breakdown over the water use sectors does not vary much in time hence even data of ten years earlier could still be representative for,6
+the edition of the programme for international student assessment pisa oecd a points to three key aspects of the institutions that regulate secondary education that play a part in reproducing inequalities of origin hindering the equalizing role that guides the education system first the teacher assignment mechanism has the dual effect of sending a revolving door of young and inexperienced teachers to schools in unfavourable sociocultural contexts as well as concentrating teachers with more experience in schools in favourable contexts second the geographybased system for assigning students to schools reproduces the residential segregation process,4
+the recent ebola crisis in west africa only underlines the imperative to collectively address the problems not only of access but also of innovation see box indeed for such reasons millennium development goal mdg included a focus on improving access to affordable essential medicines in developing countries the world bank for example estimated a loss of about per cent of gross domestic product for these three worstaffected countries in bthe ebola crisis has thus underlined the urgent need for intensified international and national action to improve access to health care and medicines,3
+crosssectoral coordination mechanisms at national and subnational levels for food security and nutrition and rural development need to engage relevant actors in the agricultural and social protection domains in joint programming single registries can also play a key role in coordinating interventions across different sectors and in providing households with the complementary support needed to gradually move themselves out of poverty and hunger,2
+for example less than half of boys of primary school age in south sudan were attending school in only about one third of girls were in school similarly low levels of primary school enrolment are seen in countries such as the democratic republic of the congo and liberia the gini coefficient is a measure of income distribution in a country and is the most commonly used measure of income inequality the graph suggests that countries with young age structures are generally more unequal in terms of income,5
+the previous law had a number of shortcomings including inadequate regulatory and procedural requirements for the control and management of controlled drugs and substances the description and categorization of drugrelated offences were not clearly outlined the absence of penal provisions for drugrelated offences the lack of a basis for determining the magnitude of such offences and the absence of provisions on the need for and validity of drug test requirements the new and comprehensive law restored the balance between demand reduction and supply reduction and addresses shortcomings of the act of to improve port security and prevent the illegal use of sea containers in transnational organized criminal activities including drug and precursor trafficking bangladesh and nepal joined the container control programme of unodc and wco in,3
+in germany and the united states they were about five percentage points more likely to report so by contrast in the netherlands and canada they were equally likely to report so research shows that receiving frequent feedback from the science teacher was associated with emotional resilience among immigrant students oecd j on average across oecd countries immigrant students were six percentage points more likely than native students to report being frequently treated unfairly by their teachers,4
+first it reviews the major reported impact of climate changes on fish and fisheries from an eaf perspective and introduces the iframe model as a tool for assessing and forecasting risks to fisheries and ecosystems it then identifies management objectives and attributes for an eaf and discusses the development of indicators reference points and risk indices for assessing those fisheries affected by climate changes finally it reviews current fisheries management systems and discusses the implications for management under changing climate conditions,14
+the digital revolution is intensifying interactions among businesses consumers and governments it is also cutting transaction costs which are among the most binding constraints for firms in developing economies the digital era therefore offers developing country firms an opportunity to expand their access to international markets infrastructure development is critical for sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction,9
+proponents of the disenchantmentoveremployment theory argue that women are unhappy because their career advancement is blocked blocked mobility theorists illustrated this with the glass ceiling still wirth glass doors and sticky floor still factors researchers in ethnic entrepreneurship added the accent ceiling collins et al while glass ceiling refers to the barriers to career advancement of women sticky floor refers to the absence of career movement beyond the initial entry job while accent ceiling refers to racial discrimination that blocks immigrant women in the labour market second entrepreneurial life attracts more and more young single women,5
+source ipcc b following the pigouvian paradigm presented in chapter such a carbon price would be most straightforwardly administered in the form of a carbon tax imposed on the emitting producers the carbon tax would then render carbonintensive technology more expensive would lead to a reduction of fossil fuelbased electricity in the power mix and ultimately to a reduction of carbon emissions themselves in all fairness it must be added that the costs for gasfired power generation are hugely dependent on the location and that its lcoe can fall as low as usd per mwh in the united states,7
+this may differ from national definitions which use different hours thresholds parttime work is also further disaggregated into parttime temporary and parttime permanent jobs when the data is available permanent fulltime employment remains nonetheless the norm in a majority of oecd countries although there is substantial diversity across countries,1
+hence we propose introducing the energyproportional concept the idea that the power consumption of a system should be proportional to its workload to the server cluster by matching the number of active servers to the load we also present the design and implementation of a prototype of the server cluster and evaluate it by examining power usage and response times to some kinds of traffic patterns as a result our scheme reduces power consumption effectively under low load succeeding in saving over energy compared to the conventional management policy where all servers are kept in service whatever the workload without affecting the response time,7
+by law every ten villages called a cell have a mediation committee made up of ten members at least per cent of whom are women they tend to be respected members ofthe community so their decisions have weight the abunzi are therefore much more accessible to the community than a traditional court see also case study on rwanda,5
+this was not conducive to significant poverty reduction involving instead the shifting of part of the poverty problem from rural to urban areas dynamic structural change thus involves strengthening economic linkages within the economy and ensuring productivity improvements in all major sectors it may be evident from the previous discussion that whether growth is propoor or not depends to a significant extent on the pattern of growth in terms of sectoral composition and technological characteristics,1
+together they mean that the riskretum profile of lowcarbon investments is often less attractive than their fossil fuelbased equivalents scalingup financing to a lowcarbon economy will not happen spontaneously it requires strong policy and price signals to ensure that lowcarbon and energy efficiency investments offer a sufficiently attractive riskadjusted return compared to available alternatives iea these are presented in the shaded part of table and are briefly discussed in the following section they are the subject of other chapters in this report,13
+only samoa has included reference to the likelihood of continued growing electricity demand however measures to improve this area are lagging behind developments in renewable energy and are not featured as prominently in sectoral policy targets these issues increase the risks and therefore also the costs of providing goods services and infrastructure,7
+governments however cannot do this alone other stakeholders and dutybearers such as teachers parents and community leaders also play an important role these actions can also build human capital impart information or skills to empower girls to make decisions in life and uphold or protect girls basic human rights only by working in partnership across sectors and in collaboration with adolescents themselves can constraints on their progress be removed it also requires deliberate efforts to recognize the diverse circumstances of adolescents and identify girls at greatest risk of adolescent pregnancy and poor reproductive health outcomes,5
+the latter are free to set their own criteria although there is of course an ongoing dialogue on these issues between industry and regulators in each country operating nuclear power plants a regulatory authority defines the responsibility of the plant operator and the safety and operational limits that have to be fulfilled in all operating conditions during the licensing process the mode of npps operation is defined and all types of authorised transients are analysed,7
+it concerns both live and dead specimens or even products made from wildlife or plants the specimens and products are used for pharmaceutical ornamental or traditional medicinal purposes illegal harvest and trade includes a range of species from iconic ones like gorillas orangutans elephants tigers rhinos tibetan antelopes and pangolins to corals birds reptiles and sturgeon for caviar,15
+living standards are estimated with the help of copula functions that simulate the joint distribution of income and age at death in a montecarlo framework in a first step only the income dimension is considered upper curve in a second scenario individuals differ in their income but have a similar life expectancy which is nonetheless lower than the reference life expectancy in japan middle curve finally individuals have different income and ages at death and the latter two variables are considered as positively correlated in order to match the difference in life expectancy between the bottom and top quartiles of the income distribution using van raalte et al eventually the latter correlation may evolve over the long term due to changes in policy settings eg health or fiscal systems reforms or to trends in adverse selection patterns eg as chronic morbidity tends more often to yield rather than derivate from lowerincome status for a representative household earning the median income ie with the parameter of aversion to inequality close to income inequality involves a loss of of income versus for inequality in ages at death,8
+furthermore the reported information should be used strategically for policy making the code applies to new constructions andor alterations with a specified minimum total gross floor area and it also adopts six performance standards table the performance standards refer to areas where efficient practices are to be adopted,11
+ill periods of hypoxia dominated by small worms and rpd layter close to the sedimentwater interface certain groups of species primarily mollusks and plants can reduce organic and nutrient loading to the water column table but physical drivers play a large role in determining the degree of impact to the water column suspensionfeeders serve to couple pelagic and benthic processes because they filter suspended particles from the water column and the undigested remains ejected as mucusbound feces and pseudofeces sink to the sediment surface,14
+with the reform the bus network has been fully reorganised into a trunkfeeder system and buses are now classified into five types which are serialnumbered and colourcoded to make it easier for users to recognise them traffic accidents have been halved during the last decade and citizens satisfaction has improved by since the city government introduced an evaluation and incentive scheme seoul d first the city seeks to improve citizens accessibility to public transport the seoul urban railway comprehensive enhancement strategy proposes to build two additional subway lines to connect the districts that are currently outside the catchment area,11
+for example in the united states a federal brownfield tax incentive was introduced in which entailed fully tax deductible environmental cleanup costs including petroleum cleanup this programme was sunsetted in meanwhile examples from cities abound for instance new yoik city offers grants to property owners and developers to clean up and redevelop brownfields,11
+explorative attempts at quantification are frequently the first step in generating the societal discussion processes that lead with time to more widely accepted systems for cost accounting one need but think of accounting for c emissions and subsequently to better forms of internalisation a good conceptual understanding is the essential condition for any attempt at quantification this is why the following discussion of the different items of the system cost matrix distinguishes clearly between gridlevel system costs which are the subset of system costs which can be usefully quantified in the context of this study and total system costs which include external effects where quantification and monetisation in the present context would not add any value,7
+it is one of the reasons why some developing countries queried the findings of the oecd cpi study climate finance in and the usd billion goal oecd c in addition there are several inconsistencies and gaps in the current unfccc reporting framework for climate finance ellis and moarif the unfccc standing committee on finance has been mandated to work on rules and procedures for tracking climate finance unfccc and this work will be intensified and carried forward post paris,13
+capacitybuilding programmes for lpas should be established these could be in the form of training programmes and exchange of experiences with other countries for a property to function it sometimes requires access to facilities outside its own boundaries eg roads garages playgrounds and water and wastewater facilities it is not unusual for several properties in the same village or neighborhood to have similar needs however homeowners are reluctant to spend on repairs and maintenance because of the nonfunctioning housing management system resulting from gaps or unclear procedures in laws relevant to housing further this law does not have a provision covering ownership of common properties for buildings without a homeowners association,11
+instead it aims to capture the different types of reforms as well as identify some common approaches that have been implemented in many countries cutting the prices paid for publicly financed health care eg cuts to the price of medical goods and salaries nevertheless a number of countries have introduced new financing arrangements to broaden revenue bases create greater flexibility and equity in financing health care,3
+in the daily volume of electricity production throughout the country was around million kwh including more than million kwh of exports to afghanistan and kyrgyzstan afghanistan receives more than million kwh of electricity daily and kyrgyzstan around million kwh tajikistan reportedly supplies electricity to afghanistan and kyrgyzstan only during the springsummer period table,7
+similarly tailored accreditation standards for specific sectors such as elderly care and palliative care facilities previously existed but have fallen into disuse until the ministry of health ran a programme with the ccss to evaluate primary care services including patient satisfaction with results made public at facility level this too was abandoned although the primary care performance framework described earlier has rectified this,3
+what the stylized model to be developed below does is to focus on the cmcial role which human capital accumulation plays in the process needless to say financial capital is important and some models in the endogenous inequality literature have indeed focused on that where imperfect capital markets result in some the rich being able to borrow funds to invest in worthwhile projects and receive handsome returns on them and others the poor not matsuyama the distribution of financial assets is of course an important consideration that could have serious implications for the course and character of development at the level of an individual human capital accumulation principally education but also health raises his or her productivity and hence income,1
+further advances include a stronger focus on probabilistic analysis and attempts at considering largescale climate instabilities adaptation has received only limited attention in global iams so far mostly due to the mismatch in spatial scales at which mitigation and adaptation decisions are generally made some recent iams attempt to identify optimal levels of adaptation in climatesensitive sectors or do include adaptation to climate change explicitly as a decision variable,13
+eventually however the reduction in costs and market penetration of renewables leads to a sharp decline in fossil fuel prices there is a high degree of international cooperation to achieve sustainable development goals the signs of global warming continue unabated and climate concerns rise to the top of the international agenda,7
+the findings show that health expenditure has a positive effect on reducing child mortality only for uppermiddleincome and highincome countries whereas for lowincome and lowermiddleincome countries health spending does not have a significant impact on child health status it is also found that at lower development levels public health spending has a greater effect on mortality rates than private expenditure while at high development levels private health expenditure has a positive impact on child mortality today combating this scourge is considered a key policy objective and strategy,3
+patients who subscribed to the ffeechoiceofprovider option typically pay of costs of tests and imaging services privately insured patients isapres have an average copayment rate of in a few countries patients do not pay for laboratory tests but have to contribute to the costs of imaging,3
+guided by the state committees these offices ensure the organisation s ontheground presence in new jersey connecticut and on long island and play a critical role in the research planning and advocacy for projects in their respective areas the majority of the association s income comes from its endowment which is regularly increased by donations from members individual and corporate the rest is provided by grants from corporations and philanthropic entities paid events like seminars and congresses and funding campaigns this funding scheme allows the association a high degree of independence in the advice it provides to decision makers the management of the association consumes of the budget public affairs and fundraising,11
+the upshot is that the energy security perspective should probably be downplayed and the climate part takes a more prominent place as upward pressure on the prices of fossil fuels will be reduced as more supply surfaces in coming decades reducing energy related c emissions requires low carbon solutions to energy production in the form of energy savings deployment of close to zero carbon technologies such as carbon capture and storage ccs atomic power and renewable energy such as wind power biomass etc from a broader perspective it requires a more general shift towards the use of primary energy sources produced at home or at the very least in stable and friendly regions when energy technologies are ranked in this way most renewable energy technologies come out top while coal is better than gas and gas is better than oil the relation between objectives implications and technologies is illustrated in figure,7
+fuel quality standards which are in use across the region may raise fuel prices in addition to the typical goal of reducing pollution by region average household expenditure on transportation varied between and of nonfood expenditure with between and of this is spent on fuel among households owning cars figure as a share of nonfood expenditure average household transport expenditure was the highest in the autonomous region of muslim mindanao armm cordillera administrative region and northern mindanao,11
+it also provides an overview of key recent policy developments many member and nonmember economies are undertaking important structural and policy reform in their fisheries sector and new governance structures and management instruments are being put in place finally this general survey offers an overview of the activities of the oecd committee for fisheries cofi and the oecd fisheries secretariat,14
+reduced pesticide use suggests that bt crops would be generally beneficial to incrop biodiversity in comparison with conventional crops that receive regular broadspectrum pesticide applications although these benefits would be reduced if supplemental insecticide applications were required gm science review panel at present the production of transgenic and cloned animals is extremely inefficient with high mortality during early embryonic development and success rates of only percent of the transgenic animals born the inserted genes may not function as expected often resulting in anatomical physiological and behavioural abnormalities nrc,2
+according to the total water demands by user currently the major water consumer is the irrigation sector with per cent followed by nature with per cent then industry with per cent and drinking water supply by population and tourists with per cent figure total annual water abstraction in the country has been decreasing in recent years especially from surface water figure it might be related to the breakdown in industry at the moment even if industry is still a big user of groundwater,6
+an annual payment of aus is made for each registered usual patient years and over who has a chronic disease and has been offered or has had a health check practices can also receive outcome payments of up to aus per patient per year where a target level of care andor majority of care have been provided however it can be difficult to draw direct comparisons on health status and outcomes between people living in very remote areas and those living in major cities,3
+shedding light on some of the details of that picture can help the design and targeting of policies to tackle the harms associated with alcohol consumption the results of analyses of alcohol consumption in oecd countries were presented in the previous sections of this paper analyses were conducted on the basis of individuallevel alcohol consumption data from multiple waves of national health and lifestyle surveys and included the identification of trends over time in overall drinking and in measures of hazardous and heavy episodic alcohol drinking as well as regressionbased analyses of social disparities in drinking patterns and the calculation of concentration indexes for individual countries,3
+there has been some limited experience of collective reporting of mobilised climate finance eg oecd a which also addressed attribution of mobilised climate finance to different actors mdbs further work would be needed if collective reporting of climate finance is to be taken forward in the unfccc context as it could entail significant changes in the transparency framework such as the reporting of information from nonparties there is some precedent of communicating climate finance information to the conference of the parties to the unfccc cop by nonparties who are operating entities of the unfccc s financial mechanism the cop could provide relevant guidance regarding the information to be included in future reports for example on quantifying mobilised climate finance in the context of the unfccc which could increase the utility of such reports,13
+women continue to assume the bulk of domestic chores which can be an impediment to their engaging in a fulltime work over a long period such notions dictate the home as the proper sphere for women s participation even when a woman driven by economic necessity succeeds in obtaining a wagepaying job she in many cases receives no real substantial assistance from the man with housework,5
+completion rates are usually lower for students with a disadvantaged background eg lower educational status of parents firstgeneration immigrants oecd h oecd in most countries repeaters tend to be concentrated in the last two years before graduation while in some others the distribution over different grades is more even in a smaller number of countries repeating grades is restricted by law and school regulations and the concept of repeating does not even exist especially at lower educational levels,4
+in addition many ministries have specific urban policy functions the average oecd member country government had ministries or nationallevel departments or agencies with explicit urban policy functions in mid and many had or more while oecd countries still had no overall framework in place in mid a number were under preparation and in a number of other countries urban policy was rolled into broader regional or spatial development strategies,11
+given the natural limits to capture fisheries production it is clear that aquaculture will have to meet most of the future increase in demand for fish bostock et al in world fisheries and aquaculture production is projected to be about million tonnes which is a increase from the average level for the oecdfao agriculture outlook projects that by compared to a baseline of aquaculture will grow by compared to growth of capture fisheries oecdfao in many places this is for good reason current evidence indicates that more than a quarter of fish stocks are overfished with the rest increasingly being fished at their maximum capacity figure this indicates that the pressure placed on fish stocks is significant and sometimes excessive,14
+importantly bike sharing allows the brt to attract passengers from a wider radius making affordable mobility available to more residents with bike docks at every station the system also allows passengers who would ordinarily only travel one or two stops on the brt to instead take a bike saving the user money and alleviating brt crowding reflecting the lack of alternative transport options vehicles registered in lahore increased sharply from vehicles per people in to vehicles in resulting in an estimated million motorized trips on a usual weekday,11
+the experience of oecd countries shows that a special development agency could effectively address these complex issues in the united kingdom urban development corporations udcs have been used as a mechanism to regenerate urban areas in need of revitalisation where there was a need for a new body that could take a focused singleminded approach while most udcs have been created by central government mayoral development corporations mdcs and other forms of development corporations are recently used as delivery vehicles by local authorities box,11
+a longterm perspective is essential to understanding gender inequality within and between countries in addition to allowing us to understand where and how gender inequalities emerge and persist a longterm perspective should also allow better exploration of the relationship between gender inequality and economic development lagerlof this chapter therefore seeks to address three interrelated questions,5
+at the same time gender relations in the localities of origin regulate whether females will respond to these demands overall perceptions of womens mobility among kyrgyz people are more conducive to female migration than among tajiks and uzbeks among die important differences observed between females and males are marital status and migration regime among those who have children women more often take the children with them to the russian federation,5
+the schoolbased vocational pathway offered in secondary education is not well regarded in lithuania and is taken up by fewer students than in many other countries efforts to raise esteem and participation are underway but have not yet shown results between and the number of students enrolled in upper secondary education fell by over one quarter from to,4
+figure uses a graphical format to summarise changes in net transfers between and and between and for each period changes are shown as a percentage of household net or disposable income and at six different earnings levels at the bottom of the earnings distribution and subject to relevant income limits families are assumed to be receiving meanstested assistance benefits ie unlike in the earlier replacementrate results the calculations now relate to families who do not or no longer receive any unemployment benefits that depend on a previous employment history the income values shown at zero earnings are therefore mostly driven by the value of gmi benefit as well as by other transfers for children or housing that may be available,10
+protecting water resources directly at the source by limiting pollution from catchments also generates indirect benefits such as avoided investment and treatment costs and can be overall more costeffective increasingly countries are recognising the benefits of managing water resources using a whole of basin or river basin approach given that reducing pollution at the source tends to be a cheaper option than treating water before supplying it to consumers the degree of certainty with which water is supplied is an important factor in determining the benefit that water users derive from the service and strongly influences their willingnesstopay increased reliability of water supplies avoids the need for households to store water for shortage situations and therefore induces cost savings water reliability is also an important parameter for economic activities industries but also agriculture and services which use water in their processes or as a nonsubstitutable input benefits from wss investments are not equally shared amongst users whereas benefits from water services are usually experienced at household level benefits from sewerage services are shared by a community as a whole,6
+comprehensive efforts are underway to increase vet attractiveness including changes to governance of vet schools that will strengthen community engagement and business collaboration improvements to the vocational training workforce through continued professional education largescale investments in a national network of sectoral practical training centres that provide stateoftheart facilities for vocational training improved information about labour market outcomes through a new human resources information system and efforts to clarify the legal basis of apprenticeships and provide employer subsidies so employers might create more numerous apprenticeship opportunities early evidence suggests little headway in increasing the attractiveness of vet to students or employers implement the newly authorised human resources monitoring system and use it to provide evidence of vet benefits to prospective students raise school capacity and incentives for apprenticeship training and clarify the scope of employer incentives for the creation of apprenticeship contracts,4
+in sierra leone for example projects started with an assessment of attitudes related to gender stereotypes around sanitation based on the information gathered awarenessraising sessions were organized to tackle attitudes concerning the work considered to be that of women and girls such as cleaning latrines washing clothes and dishes sweeping fetching water and cleaning and dressing children provision of adequate and affordable social services in particular health water and sanitation and care is essential to reduce the demands on women of unpaid caregiving and domestic work and thus increase their likelihood of gaining access to an education or an income of their own the growth and institutionalization of largescale cash transfer programmes and of noncontributory pensions especially in some middleincome countries are an encouraging development for women,5
+there is now widespread evidence that there is limited overlap and thus considerable mismatch between different measures of poverty bradshaw and finch perry wagle this notion does not merely have implications for the academic debate but also for the use of poverty approaches in the policy sphere and the formulation of policy responses roelen gassmann and neubourg de b ruggeri laderchi saith and stewart particular attention will be paid to investigate crosscountry and crossdomain differences,1
+gender transformative programming involving males and females has promoted change by challenging harmful gender norms to address the adverse distribution of power roles responsibilities and resources between men and women in countries such as brazil egypt ethiopia india and peru the core of soul citys strategy is harnessing popular culture and communication to bring about social change using south africas public broadcasting infrastructure the programmes communicate key public health messages and stimulate dialogue and debate,5
+based on the population sampling survey the average monthly earnings for people working in agriculture in rural areas are only cny and the local offfarm workers can make cny monthly the medians being cny and cny respectively hence the income difference between farm work and offfarm work accounted for most of the inequality within rural areas table also presents the inequality indices in rural areas based on various definitions of the rural population columns and in fact the earnings difference among rural residents is quite substantial and is mostly contributed by the difference between farm work and offfarm work,10
+this premise is tentatively supported by the quantile regressions of fournier and koske that reveal differences between the bottom and the top of the wage distribution lowincome workers on temporary contracts indeed earn less than those on permanent ones and this effect fades for workers that are better paid figure moreover the crosscountry panel analysis tentatively indicates that a larger gap between epl on regular and temporary contracts is associated with more dispersed earnings table,10
+however in spite of the recent efforts public expenditure on education remains considerably below the oecd average and below the equivalent expenditure in other latin american countries in international comparison public expenditure appears to be particularly low in public general upper secondary programmes this relatively low level of spending translates into inadequate spending on teacher and school leader salaries and on learning materials and challenges to meet the demand for preprimary education places while there have been considerable efforts to increase the salaries of public teachers in recent years the relative salaries of public teachers remain low,4
+in these areas adequate access to the health service rose from in to in today more than ebais are present in every territory of the country and constitute the basis of the national health care system on a more negative note ebais only offer appointments in the morning and early afternoon which limits access to primary care most doctors working in ebais do not have specialist postgraduate training in primary care,3
+in ldcs that are heavily dependent on oil imports for generation an additional factor has been pressure to diversify energy sources as a result of high and volatile oil prices particularly in in particular it highlights the need for a pragmatic approach based on local realities rather than a particular school of economic thought and the fundamental need for realism in terms of the complexity of reforms countries capacities for implementation and the time frame for delivery of their objectives this is seen as a relatively quick and straightforward way to introduce competition without extensive restructuring while protecting social equity sen et al,7
+the strategy is judged to have failed mainly due to problems with its design and for providing insufficient evidence for the benefits that the significant institutional changes in water management could bring oecd b other oecd countries have successfully established river basin organisations and pursued watershed management while recognising the challenge of managing the multiple actors and interests involved in such coordination efforts see box examples of river basin organisations can be found in australia murraydarling basin authority france agences de l eau mexico organismos de cuenca portugal administragoes de regiao hidrograica the netherlands water boards and spain confederadones hidrograficas,11
+manage cultivation techniques quality and utilisation of fertilisers steer the cultivation and production plans set up the strategies schemes plans procedures norms techniques and technologies for species of plants and fertilisers manage the attestation corroboration of quality fieldtesting recognition and trademark protection of new species of plants and new fertilisers,2
+lower grades to typically have fewer than pupils and often operate separately from upper grades to although the unified peruskoulu is gradually closing the gap between these two compulsory education lasts until completion of nine years of basic school or until a young person turns whichever comes first grade repetition is rare and over of young finns successfully complete nine years of basic school,4
+road improvement may continue to have its place in locations where it can be demonstrated to be socially and environmentally justifiable and where proper maintenance can be provided but only in a broader context of other measures for these reasons policy recommendations must embrace broader solutions to problems that are longterm by their nature while also attempting to offer short and medium term measures that can assist with increasing the quality of life in vietnamese cities by making efforts to make transportation safer and greener first with road accidents being the second highest cause of death in viet nam chapter urban road safety is a pressing issue that must be urgently addressed,11
+the findings emerging from this work also assess the various conditioning factors in price transmission in particular the fact that nontariff trade barriers domestic policy and lack of domestic infrastructure can significantly obstruct the transmission of international price fluctuations one often cited example is that of maize in egypt a country that underwent significant agricultural liberalisation measures in the late s there the transmission of world to domestic prices went from being nonexistent to near in years following structural adjustment reforms baffes and gardner but such clear cut examples are the exception,2
+still the provision for reservations opened up a considerable political space for women as candidates party workers supporters and voters ibid women are affected by problems related to water sanitation and environmental pollution women councillors try to solve those problems and they are generally sympathetic to womens difficulties,5
+this may not be the case in developing countries however the cost of inaction could be as high as a permanent loss of global gdp stern institutional pension funds have liabilities that stretch will into the second half of this century so it has been argued that they have a direct interest in ensuring that investment in a lowcarbon infrastructure takes place,7
+the major development banks are all involved in significant programmes for promoting clean energy investment for example for a review of development banks activities in the area of energy efficiency financing see unepfi energy efficiency and the finance sector the organization of the petroleum exporting countries opec has argued during international climate negotiations that a global energy transition would lead to lower incomes because all else equal the total volume of oil consumption would be lower in a carbon constrained world,7
+the majority of countries do not have explicit rules regarding contactability or time to respond to communications from the pes but a number of countries state that requirements may be individually agreed between pes counsellors and jobseekers and are included in individual action plans quantitative indicators for oecd and eu countries oecd social employment and migration working papers no a majority of oecd countries state that both occur simultaneously or are part of the same procedure,8
+measurement errors are assumed low with the large sample and potential omitted variables are assumed to be covered by proxies eg human capital can be taken into account with educational variables positive need of money or negative domestic tasks family constraints are considered via household variables income per capita share of unemployed men number of children of each age class also the study covers married women only,5
+the remaining wetlands are threatened by fitst development particularly the restoration of riccpaddics on the russian side supported by chinese capital and workforce which had mostly been abandoned years ago flumancaused fires lead to the degradation of ecosystems and further deforestation of the area especially in the russian federation the overharvesting of fish leads to the disappearance of valuable species and crossborder poaching is a major concern for border guards there has been local extinction of at least one species of bird asian crested ibis,6
+it includes an assessment of i demographic changes over time economic performance and diversity and longterm growth challenges it analyses the environmental performance of the city and indicates where opportunities for green growth lie it includes an assessment of transport and landuse trends energy performance the risk of floods and water supply and wastewater treatment and solid waste management systems it includes an assessment of i the influence of the national government on local affairs and the need for horizontal cooperation between all local jurisdictions in the bmr,11
+this is due to the inelasticity of demand for electricity itself due to the inability to store electricity and its character of an essential commodity even slight overcapacity will thus lead to very low prices whereas undercapacity can lead to very high prices limited only by what is called the valueoflostload voll the cost of a shortfall of electricity to consumers measured in the s of dollars these asymmetric incentives create a tendency for private investors to underprovide capacity the future might may hold even greater challenges for power sector investment at least in europe ucte p however in recent years they were further increased by the following two factors market liberalisation and unstable regulatory framework conditions,7
+transport policies that aim to affect behaviour eg by altering travel routes distance modes frequency or schedules can accomplish this through either push or pull measures although they do not have to be monetary in nature most often these measures come in the form of pricing measures involving either costs for noncompliance push or monetary rewards for compliance pull the potential for such measures to have unintended behavioural effects eg rebound effects however should also be recognised and addressed,11
+in absolute terms the highest increase adding around mt cc e in ghg emissions will come from agriculture followed by industry at mt and forestry at mt however in relative terms growing industrialization will manifest itself in the highest annual emission increase of more than from the industrial sector and around from transport industry emissions under bau assumptions are therefore projected to increase more than fold while transport emissions are projected to increase fold it identifies domestic potential for abating mt c e in by implementing the selected ghg abatement options instead of conventional development practices which is a decrease in ghg emissions compared to bau,13
+teachers are to be rated in four possible categories with quotas for the top categories at the municipal level eg the top category cannot concentrate more than of the teachers in the municipality the results of the teacher performance evaluation will determine access to the teaching performance allowance only teachers rated in any of the two top categories will receive the allowance they may also lead to sanctions for underperforming teachers including dismissal,4
+in the pacific bluefin fishery the fishing area has tended to shift northward year by year they concluded that water temperature in recent years seemed to be higher than normal but that these changes were not necessarily related to global warming because other fluctuations over periods lasting from ten years to several decades were dominating yamada et al more recently seo reported that the fast growth of hokkaido chum salmon at the age of one year which was related to global warming would positively affect the survival rate and in turn would affect the population densitydependent growth and maturing at age two to four due to the limited carrying capacity of the bering sea these are statistical downscaling dynamic downscaling on regional scales and dynamic global models,14
+how does the paris outcome relate to trade what are the policy implications for commonwealth countries the resulting accord known as the paris agreement hereinafter the agreement charts a course for both mitigation of emissions and adaptation to the impacts of climate change after the end of the kyoto protocol s second commitment period in the decision to adopt the agreement also contains elements of a work plan to be implemented in the period,13
+this document was based on discussions with the oecd ecec network which brings together international policy makers and researchers as well as international organisations such as unesco and the european commission and the extended ecec network a subgroup of countries initially interested and eventually participating in the talis starting strong survey as well as consultations with external experts for instance what are ecec staff pedagogical practices how do they support children s development,4
+numerous studies show that it is difficult to determine how individual schools are funded this lack of transparency prompts concerns about efficiency and equity in education particularly given the prevalence of private schools compared with other oecd countries evidence including a study commissioned by the government see spotlight indicates that government schools most affected by inequitable funding become less attractive to students from upper socioeconomic status who move to private schools,4
+the number of categories chosen can range from as in the case of the united states to in the case of japan some industries may be excluded from the ocean economy in one country but not in another moreover there are significant differences among countries in the delineation of the classifications and categories used,14
+the positive impact of fertility decline is not limited to reducing household size more important it completely transforms the age structure of the population and provides countries for a considerable period of time with a large and growing potentially productive population combined with a shrinking economically dependent population these advantages make households less vulnerable and provide women with more autonomy in reproductive decisionmaking creating a virtuous circle linking demographic trends with socioeconomic progress the situation is particularly worrying in the case of adolescent girls in latin america,5
+they determine the share of resources in the school budget that should be used on teacher salaries and recruit teachers accordingly before announcing a vacant position school principals are responsible for determining the kinds of competencies that are required the teacher recruitment situation varies across schools and municipalities,4
+it is now also involved in restoration projects within the catchment area in order to preserve biodiversity the water collected from the mont blanc massif is channelled into the reservoir located at an altitude of m asl the water comes from the high valleys of the river arve and eau noire france and from the ferret andtrient valleys switzerland through collectors located on the french side the water is routed to the reservoir by gravity,6
+in particular inequality and poverty decline when such rents are added to the standard notion of equivalised disposable monetary income koutsambelas and tsakolglou this reflects the fact that imputed rents tend to be more equally distributed than disposable income especially among some lowincome groups such as the elderly households headed by pensioners and the poorly educated for a description of the measures see box data refer to total population,10
+large farms ranging from or more to hectares represent of all units and make up of all farm land the largest class of farms comprises a mere onetenth of of production units but holds of land that is less than of farm units over hectares are producing on more than onethird of all agricultural land,2
+given the current level of price premium for denitrification it is unclear whether all coalfired units will install a denitrification facility compliance assessments of plant operations by the government revealed improper operations of fdg facilities in some power plants as a consequence plant owners not only had to return the premium paid but were also charged high penalties up to five times of the amount received zhang,7
+even this information however showed that per cent of the region s total population or some million people were consuming less than the dietary minimum fao the picture for underweight children is even more troubling the problem was that although food was plentiful and available millions of people particularly agricultural labourers who had lost wages because of severe flooding could not afford to buy it and suddenly faced starvation sen it undermines the health of adults and reduces their capacity to live and work to their full potential,2
+while ruralurban disparities are still significant there are signs that ghana s cities are facing considerable challenges with land use infrastructure and services provision particularly with regard to housing sanitation and transportation and the absence of gainful and productive employment opportunities especially for the youth the critical policy challenge has been to ensure orderly and sustainable spatial development coordination and planning and measures to enable metropolitan and municipal authorities to secure adequate financing for infrastructure and services the culprit was the ebola epidemic that struck the subregion especially guinea sierra leone and liberia between december and december other contributing factors included a waitandsee approach to governance in the runup to the october presidential election and the adverse international economic outlook which hurt the prices of export goods,11
+the management premium is set at eurmwh for and steps down gradually to eurmwh in where it was scheduled to will remain however a reform of the premium is ongoing as some stakeholders perceive it as being too high one the one hand exposing wind energy sellers to a balancing mechanism would reflect the costs and value associated with wind volatility and unpredictability,7
+section examines the role of innovative ecosocial policies in promoting transformative change and climate change resilience in conclusion section identifies the kinds of ecosocial policies that can support the transformation to sustainability the interconnectedness of environmental sustainability and human wellbeing has been increasingly recognized since the term sustainable development was popularly defined in the brundtland report and taken up at the earth summit,13
+yet with fewer than one in six persons with drug use disorders provided with treatment each year the availability of and access to sciencebased services for the treatment of drug use disorders and related conditions remain limited a significant proportion of the large number of premature deaths among people who use drugs is attributable to opioids in addition opioid use disorders account for the heaviest burden of disease attributable to drug use disorders in almost million dalys or per cent of the global burden of disease attributable to drug use disorders were attributable to opioids,3
+as a result of the busan declaration the global partnership for effective development cooperation gpdec was created in several initiatives exist in the framework of the gpdec that are committed to advance specific commitments for effective development cooperation including the partnership on climate finance and development this voluntary initiative fosters countrylevel actions by promoting good practice and knowledge sharing on mainstreaming climate finance into development planning and more effective ways to use climate finance,13
+one of the purposes of the commonwealth research symposium on teacher mobility recruitment and migration in was to leam from the experience of the commonwealth teacher recruitment protocol ctrp although ethiopia is not a member of the commonwealth this paper intends to present ethiopia s experience related to the themes of the symposium the paper analyses the issues related to the ctrp to help design a new protocol for future teacher management in relation to international recruitment,4
+it raisied the minimum marriage age for women removing the husband s ability to deny a wife permission to work outside the home and required both spouses consent to administer marital property the ethiopian case shows how reforms giving women more rights have a measurable impact on employment their participation in occupations that require work outside the home fulltime hours and higher skills rose more where the reform had been enacted,5
+because of the lack of political will as well as multiinstitutional involvement and inadequate financial resources for the establishment of basic transmission and distribution infrastructure in rural areas resources were too scarce to allow for the complete implementation of the rggvy scheme during the th plan some state governments have been slow in awarding contracts owing to their lack of preparedness for implementing projects on a turnkey basis others have been slow in acquiring land for the kv substations others in providing authenticated lists of bpl households in some states the number of bpl households turned out to be greater than foreseen and still others in providing necessary forestry clearance sometimes there was no monitoring because statelevel committee meetings had not been convened,7
+rising temperatures are melting polar ice and together with thermal expansion of water are contributing to sea level rise changing precipitation patterns more frequent intense weather events storm surges and flooding coastal erosion increased sedimentation of coastal waters and pollution from flooded or destroyed infrastructure and storm runoff ipcc a b usd nd the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change states that with high confidence changes will occur in marine biological systems due to rising water temperatures affecting shifts in pelagic algae and other plankton and fish abundance in high latitudes ipcc a migratory patterns of stocks are expected to alter due to modified seasonality of marine and freshwater systems,14
+over longer periods this share increases with estimates suggesting that over a lifetime half of americans will experience poverty mckeman et al other less important explanations are the increasing international integration of labour markets through trade and more recently offshoring and also the declining penetration of labour unions and the falling real value of the federal minimum wage the reshaping of the income distribution in lis countries a paper prepared for presentation at the conference on inequality and the status of the middle class lessons from the luxembourg income study luxembourg july,1
+funding support needs to be created in order to encourage such activities there are examples around the world where universities are provided with such funds that give them enough freedom to cooperate with each other and undertake joint activities to promote regional and community development similarly recruitment hiring and reward systems should reflect a commitment to regional engagement which in turn needs to be recognised as a scholarly practice,4
+in particular sport programmes and sporting role models can reinforce health education and messaging to reduce risk factors for ncds sport programmes for female empowerment can include sessions where health information is discussed and participants are educated on sexual and reproductive health hiv and aids and nutrition and hygiene kay research has shown this can be more effective than conventional approaches in improving knowledge and attitudes amongst young people through the use of alternative communication and peer leader support delvaa et al it is also a major focus within the sdp sector especially in the area of hiv and aids,3
+this suggests a need for questions concerning gender equality and for representation of womens interests to be included by institutions from the local to the global level action and pressure from social movements are central in challenging and reworking the discriminatory cultures practices biases and stereotypes that are often evident in policy institutions and organizations in many countries and regions informal economy workers producers and consumers are organizing collectively both to contest dominant development models and to advocate for and indeed demonstrate alternatives they include la via campesina which since the s has grown into a globallynetworked movement to defend the rights of smallholder farmers in the face of pressures from largescale corporate agriculture,5
+it is designed to target those living in extreme poverty or just above this threshold the programme conditions recipiency on actions from beneficiaries in terms of investment in education and medical checkups for children and pregnant women it was launched in with coverage limited to rural areas before extending to urban areas since,1
+in addition the rate of automation of jobs is steadily increasing in both high and lowwage countries the aim is no longer only to provide a basic education for all but to provide an education that will make it possible for everyone to become knowledge workers such education will need to build the very highlevel of skills required to solve complex problems never seen before to be creative to synthesise material from a wide variety of sources to see patterns in the information that computers cannot see to work with others in productive ways and to be able to both lead and to be a good team member when necessary this is what is required in todays flat world where all work that cannot be digitised automated and outsourced can be done by the most effective and competitive individuals enterprises or countries regardless of their location,4
+the sociocultural blueprint builds on the idea of multistakeholder and multisectoral engagement and calls for promotion and integration of sustainable consumption and production strategy and best practices into national and regional policies or as part of csr activities asean b the politicalsecurity blueprint calls for strengthening collaboration with the private sector and other relevant stakeholders to instil csr asean c notably at the asean labour ministerial meeting on may in vientiane asean labour ministers adopted the guidelines for corporate social responsibility on labour to provide broad guidance to governments enterprises employers and workers organisations on raising awareness proactively encouraging engagement and promoting social dialogue and compliance with core labour standards asean d,8
+the transfers to sector numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures where missing world s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the fao yearbook fishery and aquaculture statistics both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of chinese production reported to the oecd,14
+the state through the education process will create conditions and opportunities and will stimulate the technical scientific technological and humanistic training of workers in order to ensure their incorporation into the social process of work in decent safe and secure productive jobs that guarantee the employee s welfare in the event of termination of the employment relationship for reasons beyond the control of the worker or in cases of dismissal without just cause when the employee expresses a wish not to request reinstatement the employer must pay compensation equivalent to the amount corresponding to social benefits the chief motivation of governments was to maintain social peace and avoid major social conflicts institutions were created gradually from the first labour inspectorates and employment offices to labour ministries,8
+in the programme also provided digital teaching material and technological infrastructure such as internet connection to several rural schools mineduc ace and es in a complementary programme integrating rurality integrando la ruralidad that offered offline digital resources was implemented in schools that had limited internet access students are either enrolled in special education schools escuelas especiales or integrated in mainstream schools in there were special education schools offering basic education years through and no special schools were available for years or above most special basic education schools were located in urban areas,4
+a clear and understandable institutional framework including the roles and mandates of the different agencies involved eg ppp units supreme audit institution sector regulators should also be established a clear and reliable legal framework for ppps together with transparent disclosure of bid assessment methods such as computation of the psc provides an important policy signal to the private sector considering the technical complexities associated with clean energy technologies it will also be important that the ppp unit possess the necessary technical and human resources capacity to accurately evaluate the risks benefits and costs associated with ppps in clean energy infrastructure,7
+it contributes to the study of educational inequality by evaluating how the way in which educational inequality is both conceptualized and measured influences country rankings such choices in turn have implications for the policy conclusions that are drawn from international comparisons these values have increasingly been incorporated into a global consensus now that they form an explicit sustainable development goal united nations a world bank goal and part of the most recent international monetary fund imf narrative imf clements et al the same values have also been central to the aims of recent protest movements such as occupy wall street and los indignados,4
+it is not clear in what time frame these obstacles will be overcome it takes advantage of the fact that like the majority of higher organisms including mammals and humans the mosquito carries a significant microbiome symbiotic bacteria in its gut pumpuni et al the idea is then to engineer these symbiotic bacteria to produce interfering products effector molecules that arrest parasite development,3
+they are designed to in scotland national quality registers and clinical audits have emerged as bottomup clinicalled processes in scotland often led by pioneering clinicians in addition scotland participates in the ukwide programme of national clinical audits run by the healthcare quality improvement programme hqip scotland performs measures and reports on progress in achieving the outcomes in the national performance framework,3
+the class a units are modern slaughterhouses supplying high quality carcasses to processors and factories producing packed fresh meat and sausages for retailers a range of small and mediumsized marketoriented enterprises provide slaughter facilities and supply bazaars and shops with fresh meat or provide sausage and other meat products these enterprises have problems meeting international veterinary and hygiene standards and most sausages have a shelf life of less than a week fao b highincome urban consumers are more often concerned that the beef has passed through class a slaughterhouses and factories with strict sanitary controls,2
+however the paper does not consider the effect of other major mechanisms on education performance above all student education performance is affected by parents income levels and the degree of care since income inequality is a very important variable in explaining education performance the empirical analysis needs to include such related variables,4
+over the past decade the sistema nacional de lndicadores de calidad en salud indicas has published a range of indicators covering primary secondary and emergency care including patient satisfaction rates across sp and ss services in addition a number of other initiatives are underway in the separate subsystems this data collection has the potential to be a rich source of valuable information to drive change and improvement,3
+in morelos imofi delivers the business credit programme which has features akin to those of the federal smepp and helps smes obtain mediumsized credit that would be hard to receive by commercial banks in queretaro sofeq runs credito pyme which disburses credit on the average of mxn for firms engaged in the strong manufacturing base of this state eg automotive and aerospace industries rather than scattering resources in too many streams they focus on those industries where the state has a comparative advantage and which can accordingly impact the most on local development,8
+the weak positioning of women in economic legal political and sociocultural spheres also renders them more vulnerable and less resilient to shocks the experience of past crises has revealed several significant channels of gender impact first cuts in social spending led to significant increases in the burden of unpaid work borne by women which compensates for the loss of public provisioning,5
+this suggests that relative child poverty is lower when social spending per head is higher and also that at given expenditure levels child poverty is lower when the poorest fraction of the population receives a higher proportion of social spending table c provides detailed results of regressions applied to anchored child poverty rates the proportion of jobless families appears to be one of the main determinants of the evolution of absolute poverty measured by reference to its level in increased per capita social spending also appears to play a particularly important role in reducing the level of absolute child poverty,1
+the benefit function also incorporates parameters that affect all users such as input and output prices and weather for example in a dry year it is expected that the benefit from applying any amount of water to a crop will be larger than in a wet year firstbest optimisation would require explicit valuation of all possible environmental services associated with the groundwater resource both now and in the future instead society decides on the level of hydrologic services that is desirable and the economic problem is to achieve that level using a solution that maximises benefits to water users,6
+as part of an effort to achieve selfsufficiency in sugar production announced toward the end of the s bulog s role was extended in by giving it the monopoly on sugar imports and all purchases of domestic production in effect bulog was given complete control over the supply of sugar on the domestic market the distribution chain and most prices were also regulated,2
+overall connecting people and devices through ict technologies can have widespread benefits throughout society and on the economy the future possibilities of iot and al bring yet another dimension to how the use of icts can contribute to lowering transaction costs improving system efficiency and transform production and delivery chains however while developing countries have the opportunity to leapfrog the digital development by directly deploying more advanced technologies the digital transformation of society requires investments across many sectors,9
+around of them are below hectares and almost are below hectares but these small and mediumsized farms only account for a small share of the world s land the reasons include an absence of information at all for a number of countries a current farm count based on old census in low and middleincome likely to have seen an increase in farm population this pattern is largely due to the dominance of larger farms in highincome countries and upper middleincome countries in particular in latin america,2
+the proposed agreement has the potential to reduce trade barriers between the two trading blocs a key output of the plan is the creation of voluntary partnership agreements vpas between the eu and tropical timbersupplying countries as of may vpas had been signed with six countries cameroon the central african republ ic the republic of the congo ghana indonesia and liberia it is estimated that about of total global roundwood production originates from certified forest areas,15
+best practice summaries offer detailed information such as training needs cost components literature base lessons learned and contact information as of newly added best practices are assigned to one of four bpc evidence types describing the strength of evidence and the generalisability of results a number of initiatives aim to articulate high school and postsecondary cte helping students in making a smooth transition from one level of education to another without delays or duplication in learning,4
+these are crucial if countries are to meet the central goal of the paris agreement to keep the rise in the earth s temperature to well below c above preindustrial levels by the year and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to c above preindustrial levels in these countries economic cycles are synchronized with commodity price cycles implying that their economies grow faster during commodity price booms but slow down during commodity price slumps as episodes of commodity price slumps are generally longer than boom periods cddcs experience on average slower growth than other countries commodity dependence affects economic performance through several channels,13
+in june the korean government decided to unify the operations and management of hydropower dams as a consequence hydropower dams and multipurpose dams are managed conjunctively see box multipurpose dams are owned by the government molit and operated by kwater they discharge water year round to serve several purposes such as flood prevention water supply and power generation,6
+in brazil the federal government sets the general standards for schools but does not have direct responsibilities with a few exceptions on primary and secondary schools which are mainly local municipalities and regional states both levels have a large degree of autonomy in determining their curriculum the group also aimed at providing the technical advice needed to shape the programme in accordance with educational official methodology as well as to facilitate the inclusion of financial concepts into the normal curriculum of primary and secondary schools,4
+although in youth represented of the workingage population in brazil of the unemployed in the same year were young that unemployment is an issue of serious concern to youth emerged clearly from a survey of youth carried out in of youth cited a lack of work opportunities as the most important challenge facing their age group and believed that youth employment programmes should be the government s number one priority abramo et al this is no different in brazil see chapter for further details,8
+the river then flows through semiarid to arid areas for over km with high evaporation rates and no further dilution it has also led to the salinization of the shatt al arab river see chap the spatial variations in salinity levels generally indicate an increasing trend of dissolved solids downstream,6
+the coffee is sold to alter trade timor a marketing social enterprise chat aims to ensure that the producers obtain a fair price for their coffee as well as investing in training to help cooperative members improve yields raise quality and consistency and develop more sustainable incomes alter trade timor sells the coffee onward to tradewinds a notforprofit fairtrade organization that aims to export highquality products to consumers in australia who in good conscience know that the coffee they drink has benefited the producers for example ilo initiatives have revolved around identifying and supporting the establishment of social businesses that could help reduce poverty in rural areas,8
+this is characterised by early adopters majority early adopters majority late adopters and laggards or late adopters on the supply side the diffusion of the public service innovation under service integration in the cscs implies that government agencies and departments receive communication or some form of signalling from the centre so as to adopt the option of providing their services within onestop shops the resulting distribution is thus expected to be a rightskewed distribution curve with more public agencies and departments bringing their services in the early adoption phase the last few laggard supplyside adopters would therefore represent those departments and agencies offering complex services whose integration requires more time technological adjustments and significant capital outlay,9
+these include feasibility and viability after the project funding period based on the grading the lag will prioritise select and provide partial funding for projects the reasons it was assumed included lack of time and organization among fishers in order to overcome these barriers the lag representative responsible for the essf together with the county administrative board made a comprehensive swot analysis to map potentials and constraints for the development of coastal fisheries in oresund,14
+the upstream thinking initiative now operates on ten catchments in target areas working with over a thousand farmers following extensive discussion in guidance leading to the pr review included catchment solutions as an option companies could use to address water quality challenges ofwat in the runup to pr ofwat supported the development of catchment solutions with further experience the regulatory agencies recommended that the approach be used more broadly by water companies in pr,6
+in particular the fund is to operate in a transparent and accountable manner guided by efficiency and effectiveness unfccc further monitoring and evaluation under the gcf will include a results measurement framework with guidelines and appropriate performance indicators gcf the benefits and challenges of developing results frameworks to assess the effectiveness of climate finance interventions are outlined in box,13
+a major wilderness area is identified as biodiverse if it has of the original vegetation remaining in pristine condition and a low human population density peoplekm wilderness areas are based largely on the world s terrestrial ecoregions see olson et al it includes life expectancy literacy education and standards of living for countries worldwide,15
+in fastchanging markets some of todays successful gazelles may no longer be around tomorrow it is in the interest of education and training institutions to involve the most dynamic players in relevant markets in training activities industry associations may also need to be proactive and reach out to institutions to establish forwardlooking collaboration,9
+in rural south africa mothers are often demonised as deviant and negligent through adolescents accounts of how they became infected with hiv which they trace back to a mothers unplanned unprotected sex and early pregnancy vale thabeng in south africa younger mothers were found to participate most and fathers least mmotlane winnaar kivilu gender also influences who adolescents live with boys are more likely than girls to live with their grandparents whereas girls tend to live with their siblings aunts uncles or other relatives and in households headed by their husbands zimmer dayton,5
+moreover states should adopt temporary special measures to accelerate the equal enjoyment by women of all economic social and cultural rights to address this situation ibid she adds that considering that gender inequality is a cause of and a factor that perpetuates poverty effective recovery policies must take into account state obligations regarding gender equality and the protection of womens full range of rights ibid the ilo recently passed the social protection floors recommendation which links the right to social security to the promotion of equal opportunity and gender and racial equality ilo redistributive measures are not in themselves sufficient to address gendered disadvantage,5
+for example the european union water framework directive imposes legally binding requirements with respect to adaptationrelevant investments on private sector actors engaged in waterrelated development efforts as noted above the paris agreement promises an enhanced role for utilization of market mechanisms for payment of environmental services and the next generation of market tools for sustainable development could make adaptation deliverables a focus persson for example investments in infrastructure and early warning systems must precede the delivery of some adaptation measures such as improved crop distribution enhanced delivery of medical services during a heat wave and rapid response to extreme weather events,13
+this could include a revision of the regulations of the responsibilities of principals and deputy principals and the development of a related set of professional school leadership standards such standards would provide a clear and concise statement of the core elements of successful leadership by mapping out what school leaders are expected to know be able to do and how furthermore uruguay needs to reevaluate the current levels of remuneration of principals and deputy principals to ensure that school leadership is sustainable in the future and that qualified and interested teachers who would like to take on more responsibilities are not deterred from making this step,4
+a sectorspecific example of a proinnovation initiative comes from canada the canada mining innovation council launched a zero waste initiative which prioritises innovation that is expected to lead to significant reductions in mining waste these approaches can be upscaled and broadened if improving resource efficiency is integrated into national innovation policies research partnerships are promoted and barriers to the entry of new firms and to the development of new business models are removed the global economy requires around usd trillion of investment in infrastructure between and,12
+in of all public consultations were held in emergency services in hospitals and in health areas out of which turned out not to be actual emergencies as a comparison nonurgent visits to an emergency department ed accounted for nearly of all ed visits in the united states in italy in canada in portugal in australia and in belgium the ccss introduced a national initiative to tackle lengthy waiting lists in april,3
+thailand is a representative case in asia more than indigenous peoples in thailand officially referred to as hill tribes had no access to the public health system the national commission on human rights of thailand noted that for the hill tribes who have not yet received legal status the public health service is elusive,3
+a value of zero indicates that there is no difference between socioeconomically advantaged and disadvantaged schools in how concerned principals are about the educational staff at school and positive values higher equity indicate that principals in socioeconomically advantaged schools are more concerned than principals in disadvantaged schools for example schools with large special education programmes and more teaching assistants tend to have more teachers but the schools high studentteacher ratio has no impact on the size of regular classes in addition the amount of preparation time per day allotted to teachers may vary across schools and across school systems,4
+while practitioners have a right to conscientious objection the protection of that right must not infringe on womens right to accurate and objective information on contraception the european court of human rights for instance has held that pharmacists may not refuse to sell contraceptives based on their personal religious beliefs the committee on the rights of the child in its general comment no guaranteeing the availability accessibility quality and acceptability of these services and medicines is central to ensuring womens sexual and reproductive health rights,5
+studies have been carried out in the region that show deficiencies in pension and retirement benefit coverage that have a larger impact on women who receive roughly less than men on average marco cepal a in recent years time has become the subject of study as a measure of wellbeing the problem of poverty has been analysed from various unconventional perspectives and a vicious circle involving poverty and time spent on unpaid work has been revealed vacatrigo cepal a hence in order to achieve sustainable development it is important to consider this dimension when designing public policies as shown in figure iv poor women receiving transfers in both countries spend more hours per week on unpaid domestic and care work,5
+the women peace and security agenda should also be given some teeth through the establishment of a mechanism whereby member states can be held accountable if they fail to implement resolution and related resolutions some forms such as honour killings and female genital mutilation fgm affect young women particularly the socalled honour killings or femicide affect young women at higher rates than older women,5
+in addition prior consultation with a wide range of stakeholders will build support for implementation and operation of ppp projects sustainable use of energy and energy access the emphasis is going to be on sustainability while developing regional energy connectivity so power generation is going to be biased towards the use of renewable resources that have low emissions namely hydropower solar and wind,7
+for the multiple deprivation analysis the numerator is the cumulative number of deprivations among children deprived in the selected number of dimensions out of a total of five dimensions although a good indication of deprivation incidence the headcount ratio h is not sensitive to the breadth of multidimensional poverty as it remains unchanged regardless of whether children who are identified as multidimensionally poor suffer from two to three or four to five deprivations simultaneously for this reason two additional ratios are used in the analysis applying the alkire and foster methodology the average deprivation intensity among the deprived a measures the breadth of multidimensional deprivation,1
+for example the ars could set funding of medicosocial services through bundles of goods and services for a network of providers and develop payments for joint structures to encourage cooperation the implementation of a paperfree health system and shared electronic health records has progressed slowly hospitals are developing their it systems dgos and electronic pharmaceutical records dp are widespread in pharmacies but the implementation of shared dmp designed to promote prevention quality continuity and coordinated patient care due to take place in has been delayed with only records by end,3
+the most common output control is total allowable catch tac which often is measured on the basis of landings a tac sets a maximum on the catch allowed for specific species areas and time periods it is among the most common management instruments used and is also used in combination with most other fisheries management schemes,14
+if available in the future ccs may however play an important role in reaching deep c reductions in power generation not only in oecd countries but especially in developing regions as china and india that rely strongly on coal for power generation the total storage potential in this category is estimated to be gt these potentials are regionally concentrated so mumbai chennai and ahmedabad can store significant amounts of c while other areas such as delhi and calcutta cannot,7
+the importance of teachers mental health literacy has also been incorporated in the british good care guidelines which state that schools and local authorities should make sure teachers and other staff are trained to identify when children at school show signs of anxiety or social and emotional problems nice the onset of mental health programmes across children in primary school yearolds decreased for children in secondary school or experiencing mental health concerns prior to the establishment of the initiative however the evaluation showed little or no impact uk department for education,3
+it has adopted many innovations in station design and construction to ensure environmental and social sustainability in its operation created a reduction of metric tons of ghg of c equivalent and kept vehicles off the urban streets of delhi in addition jabodetabek airport ja connexion provides bus services from soekarnohatta international airport to several hotels and malls in jakarta,11
+the south and southeast of the country is dominated by smallscale farming with mixed agriculture this is where most of the country s horticultural production is concentrated and all of the country s cultivation of cotton and rice the longterm trend in employment is less clear due to a change in the definition of employment which has substantially increased the number of employed in agriculture since the s,2
+the drop in remittances was offset by an improvement in the trade balance mostly due to lower energy gas import prices imf european integration policy anchors the government s reform agenda but political tensions and weak governance have put these reforms at risk in its energy imports were about usd bln equivalent to of gdp or of total imports,7
+an activity is classified as related to climate change adaptation if it intends to reduce the vulnerability of human or natural systems to the current and expected impacts of climate change by maintaining or increasing resilience by increasing ability to adapt to or absorb climate change stresses shocks and variability andor by helping reduce exposure to them oecd a the dac crs also tracks flows from some southsouth cooperation sources this database does not include financial flows at the activitylevel from some nondac member donors such as the people s republic of china hereafter china and the russian federation hereafter russia or private sector sources which are presumably prov iding a significant amount of finance to the eecca region,13
+regions with moderate groundwater stress present the highest rates of fulfilment on most of the proposed elements and instruments for agriculture groundwater management at least some of the five most stressed groundwater regions checked the main conditions in contrast a number of the least stressed agricultural groundwater regions did not comply with the list of conditions with the exception of conjunctive management and the use of direct instruments,6
+the report is also a timely addition to the calls made by the commission on global poverty the organisation for economic cooperation and development and others for incorporating quality of life dimensions into the way we understand and determine human deprivation but all the best data in the world wont do us much good if they sit on a shelf collecting dust they must be used to influence decisionmaking and accountability and ultimately to transform the lives of the worlds most vulnerable people the last years have shown us that progress on poverty is possible but we also know that it is not inevitable nor has it been universal my hope is that this report will catalyse the global community to ensure that this time no one is left behind,1
+overall new zealand producers operate in a market environment guided by world market signals this policy choice follows from the broad economic strategy which sets limits on government interventions in the agricultural system farmers are eligible for various types of assistance ranging from initial emergency response and psychological help to more general types of aid as provided by the new zealand welfare system table,2
+it is important to emphasise that eliminating zoning will not address the problems of social segregation and segregated land use if conditional urban developments are not grounded in a citywide vision for urban spatial development the german zoning system provides a useful example of an approach that relies on zoning and also allows for flexibility and a mix of uses throughout most of an urban area as in singleuse zoning landuse zones are separated into categories such as residential commercial industrial and mixed use however in each zone other uses are also allowed either automatically or based on conditions see table,11
+the net annual profit from the ground lease is remitted to the central municipal budget approximately and the reminder contributes to the balancing fund and social housing fund there is a municipal policy that the ground lease is set at a lower value for social housing developments as of there were ground leases issued in the city,11
+it then focuses on the impact and the role of regions in the newly created topsector policy the analysis also considers innovation in broader terms examining additional domestic and european policies the strength of the dutch economy comes from the combined contribution of a variety of functional urban areas fuas and regions therefore maximising growth in all regions is critical for overall performance the effects of the recent global financial crisis revealed a differentiated impact among dutch regions with some displaying more vulnerability than others,9
+comparisons are made between pisa and pisa the last time mathematics was assessed in depth to account for the extent to which the observed relationships are influenced by the level of economic development of countries and economies the comparison of school systems discussed in this chapter also considers national income per capita per capita gdp among all countries and economies that participated in pisa of the performance variation among students is observed at the system level is observed at the school level and is observed at the student level the crossnational analyses provide an overview of how systemlevel attributes and major organisational arrangements relate to student performance and equity in school systems,4
+nonmandatory reporting provisions introduced in the paris agreement in addition to the mandatory reporting requirements mentioned above include reporting of climate finance provided by countries other than developed countries and reporting of indicative climate finance to be provided and mobilised by developed countries this means that different national reports of climate finance in the context of the usd billion goal are not always comparable complete or consistent this in turn hinders the ability to produce a meaningful aggregate eg in the context of the global stocktake,13
+the fixed part of the tariff should not exceed of the total different tariffs apply to different water quality grades raw water settled water purified water revenues that correspond to abstraction are transferred to the relevant authority provinces and metropolitan cities in the case of river water use or kwater in the case of dam water revenues generated in addition to water abstraction costs are earmarked for the operation of multiregional water supply systems,6
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law this includes the distribution of resources between the different levels of the administration eg central regional and local across resource types eg human resources physical resources and between individual schools eg through funding formulae and special targeted programmes in addition it also discusses the distribution of school facilities eg organisation of the school network the organisation of teacher resources eg number of teachers teacher preparation the organisation of school leadership resources eg number and profile of school leaders and resources targeted at specific student groups eg special needs programmes for disadvantaged students in kazakhstan s capital expenditure which refers to the spending on assets that last longer than one year eg construction renovation or major repair of buildings and new or replacement equipment represented of its primary and of its secondary education expenditure compared to and respectively across oecd countries see figure oecd a,4
+this is perhaps surprising as many immigrants originate from countries with significantly lower life expectancy than our nordic countries this is largely due to increased rates of heart disease alcoholrelated diseases and cancer socialstyrelsen in finland mortality rates of those born in north africa and middle east subsaharan africa and asia is percent lower than among native finns,3
+like pupils in secondary school and students in higher vocational education students in adult education receive school guidance komvux has no programmes as course provision is individually adapted in persons participated in komvux education women courses should be available at the latest three months after the person registered their move to sweden,4
+it is necessary to identify costeffective means of tracking and keeping the advocacy publicly alive and enduring as part of civic engagement and advocacy cuttingedge policy research should be conducted on a consistent basis part of the civic mobilisation around this should be to empower young women aspirants,5
+additional information on specific country data and on the methodology used for calculations is reported in appendix a table provides the final results on a countrybycountry basis the values used in our model lie in that range with the exception of those for the united kingdom above usd mwh at penetration level and double at penetration redpoint this probably reflects the challenge of balancing wind in small isolated electricity market no studies have reported balancing costs for solar technology thus this study works with balancing costs that are similar to those calculated for wind power this is not unreasonable ramping rates tend to be smoother with solar energy while forecast accuracy is lower barth,7
+there is also a risk of competition among users in the semiarid regions for the water stored in reservoirs this is an important concern as water has featured prominently in brazil s programmes to fight poverty who gets the water in cases of scarcity how are waterrelated risks allocated across water users,6
+an analysis from to journal of law and economics vol the compelling effects of compulsory schooling evidence from canada canadian journal of economicsrevue canadienne deconomique vol the effective provision of preschool education eppe project final report department for education and skills nottingham,4
+as the new career structure is implemented it will be crucial for the established certification process to send clear signals of rigour in identifying both good performance at the different stages of the career and underperformance as a teacher an important issue will be to resolve the current duplication between the certification process associated with the career structure and the teacher performance evaluation system to take advantage of the continuous character of the teacher performance evaluation system and to address the need for teachers to continuously show they are fit for the profession at the different levels of the career structure it could be considered introducing the requirement for recertification at a given career stage,4
+all levels of government administration all types of civil society religious organizations and local communities across the country are invited to participate to ensure an equitable and balanced response to climate change for social justice as well as assist in mobilising appropriate knowledge skills and actions based on the epacc a first phase towards formulating the climate resilience strategy consolidation was carried out by undp in it consolidated the existing adaptation work in ethiopia by taking stock of ongoing programmes and comparing them against the risks vulnerabilities and adaptation challenges identified by sectors and regions this identified existing gaps between the two,13
+these have received little attention in the debate about fisheries mainly because the sector is not very important in most countries and effects tend to be regional these principles were later adopted under the european fisheries fund which became effective in they are used to provide research management and enforcement services that may not be supplied if left to market forces,14
+however not all constructions eg individual housing units have projects and eia to be submitted for state examination criteria for obtaining financial support by private contractors need to include an assessment of the location of new development and its environmental impact attracting investment for urban development is difficult if the city cannot supply a reliable transport system,11
+however considering the uncertainty surrounding climate change projections and applying the precautionary principle setting the target at tco per capita by would ensure a sufficiently high probability that the stabilization target could be achieved jonas and others only the united kingdom has useful numbers of greenhouse gas emissions based on consumption even in advanced countries the practice of picking winning technology is perceived to be unavoidable the important questions would be who should do the picking and how in general policymakers should focus preferably on setting broad political goals rather than on detailed technologyspecific issues strategic longterm planning is essential in order to coordinate actions by many different actors in different parts of the complex interdependent energy system,7
+well spacing requirements that limit well density are also a type of zoning regulation zoning is commonly decided by hydrologists geologists or environmental engineers working for a government regulatory agency and is thus often sensitive to local hydrologic conditions for example well spacing restrictions are often set explicitly on the basis of local hydrologic properties to avoid significant well interference thus above aquifers with higher transmissivities and lower storativities there are correspondingly larger wellspacing requirements eg see brozovic et al,6
+whilst the overall share of people reporting poor health is smaller than in other nordic countries the gradient by educational level is no less pronounced see figure women also report poorer health across all levels of education furthermore people with lower levels of education no training or short training are more likely to have a longterm illness of respondents with no training compared to of respondents with or more years education or be very bothered by pain or discomfort with no education and with short training compared with of respondents with or more years education that people with or more years of education,3
+subsaharan africa remains the region with the highest prevalence of undernourishment with some improvement in recent years while the share of undernourished is lower in western asia than in most other regions it is nevertheless the only region that has registered an increase since the most significant reduction in prevalence of undernourishment has occurred in southeastern asia with a decline from to percent,2
+flood protection is financed by taxes paid by water users to the regional water authorities along with general taxation this also contributes to the relatively low willingness to pay for flood insurance documented in several studies currently the government is moving towards a new system of improvement of security standards for dykes referred to as the multiple layer safety approach box however under the current arrangements the amount and coverage of such compensation is left to political discretion and not determined in advance,6
+the unclear status of these areas resulted in growing pressures eg for grazing areas which in some cases led to their deterioration finally in late the legal protective status of nature preserves has been extended for the next years until therefore the legal status alone of nature preserves cannot currently be perceived as an effective solution to ensuring their protection due to the uncertainty of their continued existence in the future this is attributable in large part to the fact that all state nature reserves are legal entities with a stable and clear legal mandate have valid land use certificates are managed solely for nature conservation purposes and receive more attention and support from the government foreign donors international organizations and conservation ngos,15
+they enjoy a greater range and higher quality of shops leisure facilities schools hospitals and other services but it has also created greater demand for the services that energy provides eg heating and cooling lighting transportation increased service demand need not have led to a rise in actual energy use provided that among other factors improvements in energy efficiency kept pace however this was not the case in fact since the rate of improvement in energy efficiency has been about half of what it was in the two previous decades iea a improved energy efficiency is often the most economic and readily available means to do that,7
+there are also significant opportunities for disaster risk reduction response and reconstruction in cities including through land use planning building codes and regulations risk assessments monitoring and early warning and buildingbackbetter response and reconstruction approaches the response of cities to the challenges of climate change has been fragmented and significant gaps exist between the rhetoric of addressing climate change and the realities of action on the ground the critical factor shaping urban responses to climate change is government capacity which is hindered by factors that are institutional technical economic or political in character in developing countries where resources are particularly limited municipal authorities might be hesitant to invest in climate change adaptation given the many competing issues on their urban agendas,11
+further access to information needs to be complemented with support to parents on how to interpret the information and how to select the most appropriate school for their children information could be made available in selected foreign languages and be accessible to parents with limited literacy oecd ii this involves the ability to make an informed choice about what an individual does not want as well as about what one likes and needs the value of choice is highly connected with certain groups in society such as middleclass parents allen reay and allen there is a need to manage student intake according to socioeconomic status and nonselective intake criteria oecd this requires ensuring that equity criteria are adopted for schools to prioritise disadvantaged students or that funding arrangements make disadvantaged students more attractive to highperforming schools oecd,4
+changes in child monetary poverty under the different scenarios simulated in this analysis are captured through a cobbdouglas approach using household specific preferences but with fixed budget shares a more sophisticated approach allowing for substitution effects such as an almost ideal demand system aids was not possible with the available micro data aggregate household consumption deflated by a per adult equivalent scale based on minimum caloric needs and by relevant spatial and temporal deflators is the variable used to assess changes in monetary poverty according to country specific absolute poverty lines changes in real expenditure are affected by two main channels income and consumer prices,1
+the high concentration of selfemployment income or capital income drives inequality in household market income up close to the oecd average the slovak republic and slovenia being exceptions in this regard however the large tax and cash transfer systems succeed in reducing the dispersion in household disposable income to or below the oecd average the underlying causes vary however,10
+national specific applications nmoda and other further applications can use other decisions regarding the cutoff choice without endangering the basic consistency of the methodology the first approach accounts for the severity of deprivation by counting the number of deprivations experienced by each child the second approach uses scalar indices to combine the multiple aspects of deprivation into one single figure the last approach builds mainly on the counting approaches towards multidimensional poverty but expands the analysis by measuring the overlap between deprivations or between poverty and deprivation the next two sections elaborate the moda practice for handling multidimensional povertydeprivation analyses based on counting distribution overlap and multidimensional indices counting measures are individual or householdjcentred approaches because the method concentrates foremost on the number of deprivations that are experienced by each individual,1
+the thcentury french scientist claude bernard famously wrote that science is a superb and dazzling hall but one which may be reached only by passing through a long and ghastly kitchen osborne simon and collins writing more than a century later comment that the essential irony of a discipline that offers intellectual liberation from the shackles of received wisdom is that the education it offers is authoritarian dogmatic and nonreflexive crosscountry differences in science teaching and their association with students performance and interest in a sciencerelated career are presented in chapter ofvolume ii in a majority of countries and economies students from advantaged backgrounds are more likely to expect a career in science even among students who perform similarly in science and who reported similar enjoyment of learning science several actions have been suggested to close this gender gap and more generally to encourage more young people especially those from groups that are now underrepresented in sciencerelated fields to participate in further sciencerelated study and work,4
+although estimates on the extent of forest loss and change vary among studies the overall picture for the gms is one of rapid forest decline mainly due to forest loss in cambodia and myanmar but at the same time lao pdr thailand and viet nam have experienced forest gain primarily due to the increase in area of other naturally regenerated forests or secondary forests and in the case of lao pdr there has been a reclassification of forest area figure forest cover is still declining in cambodia but the decline is less severe than before forest area in lao pdr has shown some increase in the last fra report lao pdr had reclassified forest area which may explain this change whether actual forest cover has increased is debatable myanmar was the only country where the decline became severe during to,15
+this network comprises cities with a common objective placing creativity and cultural industries at the heart of development plans and cooperating actively at the international level citizens have been empowered to engage with local government and exercise their rights and responsibilities by developing mil skills through a range of adult literacy programmes in particular considering the needs of vulnerable groups a number of public internet access points have been established the beijing declaration on building learning cities defines a learning city as one which promotes inclusive learning from basic to higher education revitalises learning in families and communities facilitates learning for and in the workplace extends the use of modern learning technologies enhances quality and excellence in learning and nurtures a culture of learning,11
+the national energy research council nerc analysed the potential savings for ten jordanian enterprises hotels banks and a health centre were they to adopt energy efficiency measures the government currently allocates less than of its budget to the environment unep the establishment of national green growth policies or economic development plans which integrate environmental concerns and opportunities and the allocation of adequate public funds and other resources show government s determination to achieve green growth objectives and can help raise investors confidence jordan is also signatory to a number of environmental conventions the regional convention for the conservation of the red sea also known as the jeddah convention the convention of biological diversity the convention on nuclear safety the convention on combating desertification the stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants and the convention on nuclear safety,7
+they are safe spaces for discussion of highly personal forms of violence and the unique perspectives of women that are often not discussed in mixedsex forums chapter because of alarming trends in gender inequalities in education and training which affect girls and women in a postconflict society the problem of unequal access to education needs to be urgently addressed chapters and,5
+these weaknesses can depress the growth performance of the farmed fish norwegian scientific committee for food safety even legal or administrative limits have been set for main nutrient contents of the feeds organic fecal wastes from plantbased feeds are a concern as well expanding use of recirculation systems in aquaculture set new qualifications for feeds,14
+the most effective schools improve teaching practices by encouraging their teachers to discuss their professional learning plans with each other so that they can support each other s growth cole professional learning is most effective at sustaining improvement to teachers competence when it is collaborative and embedded in their work including activities such as classroom observations group discussions and collective preparation of instructional material coaching and mentoring schleicher however it was reported to the oecd review team during interviews that the pedagogical circles tend to be formal and are mainly used to transmit information,4
+it takes two years to reskill and newlyskill lemdesigners in mindfulness of learning difference and diversity competence orientation backwards design curriculum development differentiated instruction and assessment the recognition and expertise that comes with such deep learning has strengthened the reform effort throughout this programme started in and aims at training mentoring and changing teachers practice in order to improve learning outcomes in the targeted areas,4
+the scottish government isd scotland and health boards also put in place processes to produce additional information about the management of waiting lists for example identifying when patients are recorded as unavailable for patient choice reasons which has helped add transparency to the process in addition to this programme a series of primary care indicators have been developed to identify issues around avoidable variation and health system waste these indicators include referrals hospital admissions prescribing and patient experience,3
+the worstaffected species appeal to be those which are already known to have a very poor conservation status of species listed as being critically endangered cr per cent are considered to have a decreasing population table the corresponding proportion of endangered species en is per cent of species that of vulnerable species vu per cent of species and that of near threatened species nt per cent of species amongst species with a decreasing population trend are a number of charismatic mammal species often associated with the country such as the barbary macaque macaca sylvanus the mediterranean monk seal monachus monachus and the barbary leopard panthera pardus panther,15
+the highest case fatality rate in this age group concerns hospitalization for diseases of the circulatory system with hospital deaths for hospital discharges per cent of case fatalities diseases of the circulatory system constitute per cent of all registered cases of diseases and per cent of new cases hypertensive diseases ischemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases represent respectively per cent per cent and per cent of the circulatory system diseases the incidence rate is much higher in children per children in compared with the general population per population in,3
+although public funding has seen some reductions due to the economic crisis expenditure per student continues to be above the oecd average high dropout and youth unemployment rates require efforts to consolidate basic skills and better match labour market needs focusing on quality of education and provision of vocational education and training at the same time quality of teachers and school leadership can be improved through more targeted initial and continuing training,4
+the relationship between ethnic status and alcohol drinking was analysed all other things being equal in england new zealand and the us results show that minority groups generally drink less alcohol than the white population except in the us where mexican american men have a higher prevalence of any alcohol drinking than nonhispanic white men concerning harmful forms of drinking results show that in england white men and women are more likely to engage in hazardous drinking and hed figure while findings in other countries are seldom statistically significant,3
+where mral populations live close to urban territories and hence services and have lower levels of social and economic marginalisation broader mral policies may be more appropriate however these are complemented with broader policies such as the national and regional development strategies and in operational programmes such as the programme targeting poland s eastern regions which have lower economic growth dispersed settlement patters and higher rates of poverty it is important to recognise that there are also a host of policies that are often sectoral in nature that impact rural areas and that are not targeted to place but that can have territorial consequences nonetheless,9
+that said nuclear plants just as coalfired power plants require water cooling they are therefore best built close to large rivers or to the sea which may pose siting issues of its own in an electricity grid supply and demand need to be balanced continuously intermittent sources thus need to be complemented by costly backup technologies,7
+these publications contain data from different statistical fields and from different sources cover multiple policy areas and gender issues and are addressed to a large audience including persons with limited or no experience in statistics they are an important tool for nonstatisticians gender specialists gender advocates and policymakers instead of presenting data and letting the reader analyse them and draw their own conclusions these publications are focused on presenting the main results of data analysis and their interpretation including implications for policymaking they are usually designed to be user friendly and written in easily comprehended language with simple tables and charts and an attractive presentation,5
+economic training support and sometimes incentives that address families economic justifications for marrying their daughters early provide alternatives to marriage and increase the value of girls to their families of origin one example is berhanehewan in ethiopia which provided families with a goat as long as their daughters remained in the programme and remained unmarried until age karei and erulkar another example is the zomba cash transfer programme in malawi which found that unconditional cash transfers were more effective in delaying marriage than conditional transfers baird et al by educating and mobilizing parents and communities those who decide when and whom girls will marry to change social norms relating to expectations of girls and their marriage prospects these programmes aim to delay marriage,5
+it is currently managing four funds investing in renewable energy projects its latest fund eref mln raised to date will invest primarily in businesses that own renewable energy generation assets in order to aggregate between mw and mw of electrical generation capacity it is expected that mln of the fund will be reserved to secure and finance a pipeline of projects still in their development phase in order to boost the fund s returns,7
+break in time series for austria and the uk cyprus and france and croatia as already highlighted this is the case of slovakia where anchored poverty decreased but relative poverty increased and the uk where relative poverty improved but anchored poverty got worse the most commonly used inequality indicator is the gini coefficient which ranges from to the higher the indicator the higher the levels of inequality within the country,1
+training and support for paralegals can be a very effective way of reaching more vulnerable men and women especially in rural areas other measures could include support for travelling courts the provision of legal aid and support for csos that provide legal aid and guidance policies should be reviewed to ensure that they are appropriate and nondiscriminatory especially in the areas of pretrial detention sentencing and noncustodial sanctions for instance family responsibilities need to be taken into account for both women and men policies need to be supported which reduce inappropriate levels of security for women who are often held according to stricter security classifications than necessary due to the small number of prisons for women,5
+the anglosaxon countries achieve relatively high employment rates but combined with relatively high income inequality austria germany the netherlands and switzerland come closer to the nordics even though they still display significantly higher inequality mediterranean countries tend to combine low employment rates and high inequality while eastern european countries tend to display both low employment and low inequality,10
+improving labour market prospects and outcomes for women is an essential aspect of moving towards gender equality providing the basis for increasing womens full and effective participation in economic life as well as in decisionmaking in domestic political and public life while improvements in labour force outcomes and the protections afforded to women therein will support the overall objectives of goal it is important to highlight the benefits to working women from concurrent gains in specific targets for goal here the adoption of stronger safeguards against exploitation will better protect young women and encourage increased labour market participation,8
+also a special regulation forbids new commercial salmonid aquaculture sites within designated national salmon fjords the aim is to stimulate the municipal authorities to draft and update local development plans in addition municipal authorities were given powers to levy a property tax on farming facilities in seawater from,14
+additionally the aggregate effect of pursuing secondary policy objectives on the public procurement system should be periodically assessed to address potential objective overload the following examples do not provide an exhaustive list of measures employed by the countries one approach is tasking suppliers to demonstrate their compliance with gender equalityrelated laws or requirements,5
+these estimates translate into roughly million million and million children under age respectively the relationship between food insecurity and poverty and wellbeing varies by region demonstrating that definitions of food insecurity depend on regional context and encompass more than monetary poverty alone finally correlations of food insecurity and income per capita between and show that some regions were harder hit by the shocks in food prices and the great recession than others in addition further research on how food insecurity differs between children and adults will be important for future efforts to address and reduce child hunger,2
+the report focuses on both challenges and opportunities for the industry and outlines relevant measures and future policy in recent years focus has been on environmental interactions reduction of fish diseases and development of new species for farming marketing research on aquaculture species and food quality control will be important in the years ahead farming of marine species is developing though a great effort still has to be put in to scientific and developing activities to establish a commercial industry,14
+it focuses mainly on the distribution of food and the food waste generated in all those intermediate steps of the production chain before reaching the final consumer the methodology is quite transparent and can be confidently used by relevant stakeholders provided the data exist and they are credible data on the number of enterprises in relevant economic sectors nace rev are widely available if data quality improves robustness of this indicator will also improve furthermore the scope is quite limited only to the distribution on food,12
+i show that female educational attainment has surpassed or is about to surpass male educational attainment in most industrialized countries these gaps reflect male overrepresentation among secondary school dropouts and female overrepresentation among tertiary education students and graduates existing evidence suggests that this pattern is a result of a combination of increasing returns to education and lower female effort costs of education a widening gender gap in education combined with recent wage and employment polarization will likely lead to widening inequalities and is linked to declining male labor force participation,5
+all efforts should be made to include key gender issues in the report itself as well as in its summary moreover considering that the report is likely to serve as the basis for followup actions this genderspecific analysis is instrumental in supporting efforts and tailored initiatives aimed at promoting victims access to justice and effective remedies this would include the establishment of special protection units and gender desks in police stations etc see guidance noleof ttasecteiarygeneral reparations or conflictrelated sexual violence june,5
+although most of brazil s soybean production is for export markets domestic demand for crush is expected to continue increasing demand for crush is expected to grow by around per annum during the period so that by the end of the projection period demand for crush is expected to reach almost mt some above the base period figure higher crush results in higher protein meal production which grows to mt in most of the additional production stays at home to feed the pork and poultry sectors with feed use increasing by per annum to more than mt some higher than the base,2
+in sweden norway denmark and iceland the increase in forest cover also has contributed to the increase in forest biomass stock in finland even though forest cover decreased slightly between and annual increment in growing stock was far greater than annual harvest and thus the net annual increment was positive and overweighed the biomass removal due to decrease in forest cover it is projected that in all nordic countries and thus in the whole nordic region the forest biomass will continue to increase steadily until this corresponds to the fact that the net annual increment in forest growing stock will be positive in the nordic countries in coming decades finland and norway forest growing stock data are available already from mid ies corresponding to the beginning of forest inventory in these countries,15
+it also takes into consideration the role of icts in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in this document esustainability refers to the broader issues of using icts for sustainable development but recognizes the urgent priority of dealing with climate change in order to achieve sustainable development an outline for a sustainable estrategy sweden and a central issue forthe future saving the climate the speed of light,13
+in the degree of selfsufficiency increased to and then decreased to in import prices for fish and fisheries products further increased in comparison with previous years whilst export prices slightly decreased the dominance of import trade in supplying the market with fisheries products is reflected in a negative trade balance eur million which grew between and,14
+this helps avoid reaching the final stages of a project that citizens do not support or recognise as their own akims and senior public managers should express at the outset commitment to the process and the principles of the purpose and scope of the exercise one way to start would be by understanding what people value about the city and engaging on these terms it is recommended that akims and senior officials from different levels of government engage in regular discussions about the process,11
+as a result while korea had one of the widest proboy gender gaps in girls outperformed boys in although the difference was not statistically significant colombia had the widest proboy mathematics gender gap of all pisaparticipating countrieseconomies in but was able to close it significantly even among the country s highestachieving students while boys performance remained stable between and girls did points better on average with the highestachieving improving by points,5
+the sustainable development goal is also aimed at strengthening the capacity of all countries particularly developing countries for early warning risk reduction and management of national and global health risks target d however in the efforts to achieve this goal and its related targets there are a number of challenges associated with the means of implementations as the existing institutional arrangements may be inadequate in providing an enabling environment for diverse organizations to cooperate each other the issue of global health governance is also relevant in the asiapacific region where the severe acute respiratory syndrome sars in the pandemic influenza a h n in and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus merscov in were health security threats,3
+the table below illustrates how different established pedagogies tend to lead to different kinds of learning experiences combining pedagogies which share common practices can help reduce the tradeoffs of using too many pedagogies for example in a school where students are practiced in inquirybased learning teachers might feel more confident in combining his approach with challenges or complex projects knowing that students are competent at managing their own learning studying common combinations of pedagogies can help to identity those practices which are common to several pedagogies such as presentations of learning or student selfassessment,4
+they did not call it adaptive teaching but in both teachers skilfully assess and instruct moment by moment mcghee hassrick et al in a similar vein yeh also suggested that achievement gaps can be closed through what he calls rapid performance feedback an individualised and structured model of instruction in which each student is presented with tasks that are challenging but not too difficult so that they have a high likelihood of receiving positive performance feedback on a daily basis interestingly there are schools around the world that already teach microadaptively eg oecd,4
+there has not been any revision since but moef aims to strike a balance between the mitigation and adaptation components in the next climate change strategy it ensures the integration of ghg emissions reduction policies into other sectoral policies in addition it coordinates both the national inventory system for estimating ghg emissions and removals and the implementation of the flexible mechanisms of the kyoto protocol it further participates in the approval processes of ji projects and emissions trading activities,13
+the government of argentina regards the software sector as a value added service export as well as of strategic importance to the countrylt is working on promoting the industry in close partnership with the private sector to provide a more enabling environment after a significant devaluation of the peso in exports surged from per cent to per cent of total software sales with exports valued at million in during the same period the number of people working in the sector rose from to people,9
+the first aspect has to do with the variety of private sector participation modes and their conditions for success the second relates to the financial viability and fiscal sustainability of private sector participation in the water sector the third concerns ways of improving the mechanisms for transparency and stakeholders engagement,6
+when a girl is married she is less likely to go to or complete school or travel freely outside of her home alone more likely to be subjected to genderbased violence and less likely to know about her body and rights her limited mobility schooling and knowledge in turn reinforce and perpetuate gender inequality this trend towards fewer children has had a number of benefits for women in particular including better health for both themselves and their children greater educational attainment increased participation in paid employment and improvements in how women and girls themselves are viewed and valued by society and within their households stoebenau and others in many settings this has formed part of a virtuous circle of empowerment where greater access to reliable ways of controlling fertility has enabled an expansion of rights in other areas which in turn has further contributed to their ability to fully exercise their reproductive rights such gender norms shape and reinforce social legal and economic systems these genderunequal norms and attitudes are often used to rationalize control over womens sexuality and reproduction,5
+similarly the green climate fund has developed an initial results management framework although these fund level frameworks may not be directly applicable to national approaches to monitor and evaluate adaptation they can inform partner countries domestic frameworks for example in mozambique the results framework for the pilot program for climate resilience ppcr under the climate investment funds has been used as a basis for developing the national monitoring and evaluation framework for adaptation iied b,13
+it offered awards for outstanding achievements under this theme at the same time as it was already working with training providers to increase their capabilities under the tafe nsw education for sustainability action plan state training services part of the nsw department of education and training now provide funding for energy efficiency and other green skills courses professional development for trainers and assessors and registered training organisations and in some cases the development of training resources or training support activities the project is intended to identify and define growth opportunities across eight industry areas grid solutions green buildings waste conversion low emissions vehicles solar wind geothermal energy and business services,7
+in particular it was argued that they have not been very demanding and that negotiating and monitoring the agreements was also a resourceintensive process in contrast empirical studies also showed that the full levy but not the agreement was successful in promoting energy efficiency and innovation suggesting that there is a case for the abolition of the latter below three programmes are discussed the rural energy for america program reap eqip and the water and waste disposal program in addition reap can no longer provide funding for feasibility study grants nor for blender pumps due to the exclusion of retail energydelivery mechanisms in the modified definition of renewable energy system councils ie nonprofit entities or affiliates are now eligible to apply for energy audit and renewable energy development assistance grants although the programme s funding is reduced to usd million in mandatory funding and usd million in discretionary funding per fiscal year from through the programme continues to provide assistance to agricultural producers and small businesses in rural areas for adopting renewable energy and improving energy efficiency,7
+this is especially important for management of the environment for transportation issues and for labour market developments that affect commuting patterns competition among areas for economic development opportunities is also an emerging challenge stronger relations are considered necessary with the nearby territories of the south loire like cap atlantique pontchateau and other epci surrounding the nantes metropole in order to better manage relationships among territories,11
+a number of programmes were implemented under the agrirecovery framework to assist producers in dealing with the impacts of flooding drought and disease that had hit producers in parts of canada the new rules for procampo were published in april with three main changes first the rate of payments was made more progressive from providing higher payment rates for smaller farmers,2
+educational or learning accounts can be a means to help achieve this objective oecd but tax incentives need to be designed in such a way that they do not disproportionally benefit higherwage earners in high marginal tax rates globalisation and technological changes offer opportunities but also raise challenges that can be tackled with effective and welltargeted policies regulatory reforms can be designed in such a way that they make markets more efficient and encourage employment while reducing inequalities at the same time labour market and social policies also need to be adapted to changing household structures,10
+the prosperity outcomes include measures of academic performance educational attainment attitudes towards school and learning and health and wellbeing foundations for success cumulative development and institutional selection the foundations for success are described below while a description of the other processes and the effects associated with each of the processes along the educational prosperity pathway are available in annex a for example from age to age childrens development is affected by parents engagement with the child and intrafamily relations as well as by the quality of care at home and in early childhood centres,4
+of course the electricity sector is supposed to carry an important share of the effort to reach the objective of limiting the rise in temperatures to c according the iea s world energy outlook the electricity sector would contribute of the global effort to bring the energy sector in line with the ds and at the level of oecd countries the figures cited by kuik et al,7
+worse they often violate the rights of more disadvantaged social groups the process of translation of rights into policies and of policies into real changes in womens lives has been extremely uneven around the world how can human rights be used to create the kind of states that respect protect and fulfil human rights and womens rights in particular this creates the possibility for advocates to campaign for measures to support the realization of womens rights even in nondemocratic or weakly democratic political systems in the process by which states compile their national reports for the cedaw committee for example womens rights advocates have the opportunity to prepare their own shadow reports to comment on the official government report and to campaign for greater policy attention,5
+this could be promoted for instance through inkind microgrants of electrical equipment for use in economic activities for which there is local demand unctad a proactive support of rural firms and cooperatives embarking on the processing of agricultural crops could for example enhance local value addition while simultaneously creating that anchor load which generates substantial electricity demand increasing the viability of minigrids while electricity is the most versatile form of energy most of the energy services it provides can also be furnished albeit in some cases imperfectly by alternative energy sources mechanical power by wind or flowing water lighting by kerosene product and space heating by biomass and even product cooling by evaporation fridges,7
+so absolute poverty lines calculated in this way already encompass part of relative needs the extent to which the results differ will depend on how and how often the thresholds are updated poverty is deprivation in dimensions that are indispensable for meeting basic needs and for enabling people to function,1
+a similar approach is used to compare overall emissions along different paths representative of different technologies for instance ethanol production in brazil currently uses one unit of fossil energy to produce nine units of renewable energy ethanol therefore currently has a per cent fossil fuel energy content most of which corresponds to the diesel used to transport the sugar cane from the fields to the mill if ethanol was used as a transportation fuel that fossil content would be virtually eliminated,7
+a main objective of legislation is thus to achieve a good water status for all areas by the policy will be finalised in early although there is no specific climate change adaptation plan for the tourism sector most of the sectors that are key to tourism growth and development have in place or at the development stage strategies and action plans relevant to climate change adaptation,13
+a broad policy package which included fiscal incentives and a greater degree of economic openness encouraged agricultural producers to diversify the commodity sector beyond coffee and bananas towards higher valueadded agricultural produce for export it also promoted the diversification of the economy towards hightech industrial activities this case study presents interesting lessons on how diversification can be facilitated but also on the difficulties in achieving inclusive growth,2
+other factors associated with inwork poverty include being young aged living in a singleearner household low levels of education and having children brady et al they also find the working poor to be disproportionately female less educated and with children in the united kingdom and united states welfare reform has been associated with increased employment particularly among lone parents,1
+towards a rightsbased poverty line april available from wwwneweconomicsorg the world bank currently defines extreme poverty as average daily consumption of s or less new theories have emerged regarding the phenomenon of poverty as multidimensional involving unsustainable livelihoods lack of access to basic services discrimination social exclusion and restrictions on freedom to participate in the community and to explore ones capabilities,1
+however incomes of the richest decile contracted before the crisis and during its earlier phase but then grew between and this illustrates the differential impact of the recent economic crisis along the income distribution while the lowest incomes were protected the middle lost a lot of ground and the top did better at the end of the crisis than before the crisis scandinavian countries tend to combine lower exit and entry rates while southern and eastern european countries tend to have higher rates of both exit and entry householdlevel income events ie relative growth in employee earnings are found to be the most important predictors of transitions into and out of poverty,1
+in particular new targets to enhance nature protection in forests should be set as part of the overriding objective of establishing and maintaining the natura network this includes nature protection on natura sites of public and private forests as well as in forests that are outside the network but contribute to its effective functioning eg ecological corridors edge habitats more needs to be done to align legislation particularly through major revision of the spatial planning act and updating of the nature conservation and forest acts amendment of the spatial planning act should aim to correct the land use imbalance between forestry nature and agriculture by making local land use plans binding and including natura provisions in them coordination is overseen by the undersecretary of statechief nature conservator and the department of forestry and nature conservation the moe also supervises the lp and national parks which have their own administrations,15
+the result has been a pronounced postponement of first births and a higher rise in childlessness than in most european countries burh and huinink however patterns differ between the eastern and western german lander in the east the increase in women s education did not considerably affect completed fertility which remained stable across generations up to those bom in the s while in the western lander the lack of support for the workfamily balance contributed to falling birth rates across all generations in particular women who engage in a fulltime career in germany are much more likely to remain childless than in france while mothers are much more likely to work parttime and for particularly short hours or less per week,5
+by of immigrant students in hauptschulen were in such classes which were formally abolished in glenn and de jong an analysis of primary school catchment areas in four districts showed that one out of five schools enrolled twice as many students with immigrant backgrounds than lived in the area this is a consequence of parents circumventing official primary school assignment and schools offering ways such as separate classes based on parent choice of religious or foreign language instruction to attract native students and better teachers fincke and lange open society justice initiative it maintained the gymnasien which selected of their students with an extra reserved for siblings leaving selected by lottery basteck et al,4
+the more successful countries however have not been those that followed strategies focusing on overcoming a single major constraint but rather the ones able to effectively find a degree of coherence among different levels of development policy effective enough to usher in the conditions necessary for poverty reduction the main determinants in the more successful cases are discussed below while they do not necessarily constitute a blueprint for guaranteed success in other contexts they do provide lessons on how to tailor development strategies to national requirements in their indepth study of several developing economies besley and cord eds however initial equality may be more important for if growth proceeds from an initial egalitarian distribution then it has a greater poverty reduction effect this has been borne out by countries that have proved successful in reducing poverty despite rising income inequality during periods of growth acceleration with china being the most prominent example along with viet nam,1
+in particular the creation of the mp label marseille provence through the creation of an association at the metropolitan scale was a key building block and helped develop collaborative projects that reached beyond initial cultural objectives to such areas as uiban transport environment and economic development the results of the european capital of culture largely exceeded initial expectations with more than million visitors and around eur million estimated economic spillover effects in december an association marseille provence was set up and the project w as selected by a european juty in september the association mp covers municipalities mainly from the intermunicipal authorities etablissements publics de cooperation intercommunale,11
+the eppe study concluded that what parents do is much more important for children s development than who they are in terms of socioeconomic status education levels and racial and linguistic backgrounds when children s early development has not progressed well in the initial years ecec can be effective in helping children to get back on track in their development especially in key areas such as language in addition ecec can assist children to develop other key skills such as selfregulation empathy trust in others prosocial skills gross and fine motor skills and early numeracy oecd forthcoming,4
+in the emerging economies covered in this report this type of policies already assumes a relatively important part in their expenditures on agriculture ongoing discussions in the g are also favouring a comprehensive set of actions to improve the global food and agriculture system in both the short and long term building on the success of past policy reforms that have restructured and improved the way support is delivered to the agricultural sector designing these new frameworks provides a unique opportunity to further improve efficiency and equity of support and to invest in a strong and competitive agricultural sector,2
+the role of central government is somewhat minor in federal countries that transferred most water competences to subnational governments such as the united states box or belgium where water responsibilities are so scattered across states or regions that it is almost impossible to capture a national institutional mapping this indicator helps measure the fragmentation of roles and responsibilities based on the assumption that the more actors there are the more complex the situation is but it has to be analysed in light of the governance tools adopted to overcome such complexity,6
+though far from the only lever funding flows have a significant influence on the shape of health systems and services and could be exploited more in wales some targeted funding has been put in place for gbp million of hypothecated funding to develop primary care services across wales and gbp million to take forward projects funded by the intennediate care fund this year that have proven to be effective across community and acute environments linking outofhospital care and social care to strengthen the resilience of the unscheduled care system pushing beyond this wales could consider commitments or concrete ambitions such as setting an expectation that a certain percentage of health board spending be shifted out of hospitals and secondary care and towards primary care in the next years or pushing for minimum investment levels from health board financial planning in primary and community care,3
+some countries are currently undergoing this process and are developing tools and approaches to put this into practice box provides an overview of the prioritisation process used by ethiopia in the development of its plan and see chapter vulnerability to climate change can be different according to age gender and ethnicity and these perspectives need to be brought into the decisionmaking process,13
+it is estimated that between and million tonnes of fish are caught by iuu fishing annually representing of global catches across all fisheries agnew et al this represents a substantial pressure on fish stocks above what would be considered as desirable however it is claimed that the number of economically overfished stocks is even higher than the number that is biologically overfished eg pauly and zeller in new zealand the percentage of fish stocks above the overfishing threshold declined percentage points from in to in,14
+it starts by reviewing the current state of lowincome families how they have changed over recent decades and the factors that have driven these changes it then looks at the influence that policy has had on lowincome families and at variations across countries examining the role of taxes and transfers institutions and policies towards families with children it then looks at three specific issues for poor families the persistence of poverty the experience of young people and migration,1
+on average a drop in gdp corresponded with a drop in health expenditure figure however health care expenditure fell by more than that in countries such as greece and ireland and less in countries such as iceland slovenia and hungary a further predictor of cuts was the rate of health care expenditure growth prior to the crisis countries with higher rates of growth before the crisis tended to have bigger falls in health spending after the crisis,3
+attendance improved and negative behaviour decreased from one year to the next in addition teachers felt that all students were more engaged when assistive technology was used for whole class instruction this approach can be used in small groups pairs or individually with a touch screen laptop however it was felt that the challenges lie with the educators to design pedagogical practice classrooms and school communities that reach and teach all students,4
+the chapter goes on to examine inequalities in access to good education and explores how to make the education system more inclusive to provide opportunities at all stages to all and flexible enough to adapt in the face of ongoing structural change workplacebased vocational training and lifelong learning will be key to that end innovation can become an engine of growth provided more weight is attached to quality and application in university research evaluation and worldclass researchers are attracted and retained by greater research autonomy meritbased promotion and stronger protection of intellectual property rights spending on education in particular at the lower levels where the social returns are higher needs to increase alongside vocational education,4
+the key challenges are the high upfront cost particularly in the case of thermal storage systems and dry clean technology the lack of national expertise knowhow is limited to a certain number of companies in europe and the united states the need to develop solar atlas and a monopoly in manufacturing some ofthe main components of the solar field given these challenges photovoltaic technology could be an attractive option to csp technologies the mean annual global solar radiation for al khor was kwhm yr in because of possible fluctuations in solar irradiance a backup solution exists for electric generation using molten salt storage units to store heat for later use,7
+the wages of health care professionals are low by international comparison in as multiples of the average wage the wages of gps specialists and hospital nurses were among the lowest in the oecd the share of physicians aged over was around in well above the oecd average of around figure the oecd aggregate is an unweighted average of data for oecd countries,3
+epidemics such as measles and poliomyelitis and the limited response by the health care system are worsening the situation health indicators even improved during the s the infant mortality declined from per live births in to in and the under mortality rate fell from to per live births international sanctions imposed during the s and the consequent economic development rollback however took a toll on the health system and health outcomes life expectancy at birth and healthadjusted life expectancy did not improve among young people between and,3
+employment rates for norway supplied by statistics norway on average german mothers would rather their partners worked approximately five hours less per week while fathers would like to see their partners work three hours fewer per week chapter offers a more detailed discussion of german fathers relatively long and german mothers relatively short working hours these different gender preferences hold true for all countries but are more pronounced in germany the netherlands and the united kingdom than for instance in denmark france or sweden where support systems facilitate fathers and mothers to realise working hours in a less constrained manner promoting a better reconciliation of work and family life can deliver a double dividend to the german labour market it will help the german labour market both in the short term as more mothers work andor work longer paid hours and potentially limit the decline of the overall population by promoting higher birth rates,5
+this suggests that additional measures are needed to achieve a lasting increase in lone parent labour market participation for australia there are useful insights to gain both from countries with a similar stance and those with a markedly different approach australia together with ireland the netherlands new zealand and the united kingdom had lone mother employment rates of below in the early s see figure,8
+at the same time agricultural productivity growth must be supported by agricultural research and extension that is relevant and accessible also for smallscale farmers social protection programmes can play a key role in helping farmers and rural residents to cope with shocks and invest in productive activities and human resources finally implementing policies aimed at promoting youth employment in rural areas as well as employability of youth through education and training is particularly important from a migration perspective strengthening the forward and backward linkages between agriculture and the broader food system is essential to increasing agricultural productivity and creating broader market integration opportunities for smallholder farmers,2
+the overall contraceptive use has stood at around per cent since the last decade the policy on paper appears to be ideal however it has faced major setbacks during various stages of being implemented women completely rely on publicly supported services but in the absence of adequate and quality family planning services they forgo the use of contraceptives as a result more than half of the women receive services from private providers which are not cost effective and thus cost has become one of the major barriers in use of family planning methods,5
+decentralized sustainable energy projects based on solar photovoltaic pv systems windelectric or microhydroelectric simple technologies are sufficient to provide lighting and electricity for basic appliances and power for smallscale productive activities such as electric fencing water pumping irrigation and icemaking see section d and table below this means that decentralized renewable energy units can provide a costeffective solution to quickly improve social and employment opportunities in isolated poor rural areas world bank b since the units are not connected to the main national grid there is no new demand on what is typically an already stretched national installed supply capacity this can significantly shorten the time frame for implementation of rural electrification projects,7
+monitoring and oversight mechanisms are not systematic and can be strengthened gender equality related reforms and good governance collectively reinforce each other planning and implementation of gender equality reforms will only succeed if there are sound planning monitoring and implementation processes for the public sector at large,5
+we also estimate an ordered logistic regression model on the same explanatory variables using the cumulative number of deprivations as a dependent variable children are the unit of analysis and the models are estimated for each country separately included as household characteristics are household size and squared size household demographic composition tenure status of dwelling owned or rented work intensity status of the household and the household s income poverty status for indicators of multidimensional poverty only,1
+introduces requirement for water prices to reflect costs requires riparian states to cooperate in the management of transboundary river basins sets criteria to assess groundwater chemical status and to identify pollution trends commission comprised of a conference of heads of state and government b council of ministers c technical advisory committee d sectoral advisory committees e secretariat establishes the indus basin development fund establishes supplemental contributions to the fund international water law project lake chad basic commission perspectives wwwoieaufrcieddcontributionsatriobcontributioncblthtm mekong river commission wwwmrcmekongorg nile basin initiative wwwnilebasinorgnewsite organization for the development of senegal river wwwomvsorgfromvsdresentationphp office international de l eau wwwoieaufrspipphp articlel institute for water and watersheds oregon state university wwwtransboundarvwatersorstedudatabaseinterfreshtreatdatahtml international joint commission canadaus wwwiicorgenbackgroundiic cmi naturehtm and pakistan,6
+the in established rec which brings together different stakeholders could be strengthened further to take up this role of platform for information sharing and cooperation the rec could be further developed to take on this role while educational attainment has been on the rise in france a significant share of students still leave education without upper secondary degree while the share of early leavers from education and training in france declined from in to in it remains high compared to many other european countries,4
+persons with between seven and nine years of schooling have a poverty rate similar to the average predictably the percentage of poor persons is higher among the unemployed than among the employed and the economically inactive moreover among the employed the poverty rate is lower for wage earners than for ownaccount workers who in several countries have a similar poverty rate to that of the economically inactive population this raises the question of whether the public policies for poverty alleviation are placing sufficient emphasis on the achievement of minimum standards a broader look at poverty including deficiencies in spheres such as social protection and income explores the relationship between different dimensions of deprivation in particular it explores conceptually and empirically different dimensions thresholds and ways of adding dimensions in order to advance towards the construction of a relevant multidimensional poverty index that can be applied throughout the region,1
+for health the ndoh submits its business plans including new bids to the national treasury with the nine provincial health departments submitting business plans to their corresponding provincial treasuries initial negotiations then take place for health bilateral meetings between national treasury and senior health officials are held with equivalent meetings held between provincial treasury and provincial health departments to discuss whether programmes are adequately funded,3
+the challenges are due at least in part to the centralised administrative and financial system in chile local governments in chile depend largely on central government transfers and have limited sources of ownrevenue leaving few resources available for additional investment measures only the wealthier localities can afford to use their ownsource revenue to invest in local economic development initiatives oecd,11
+the private sector generally supports service delivery and fundraising in some countries the private sector is at the early stages of development while it has expanded considerably elsewhere cercone reversing this trend and implementing the mechanisms needed to contain the growing system costs are the main challenges facing caribbean countries in terms of equity and access to health services,3
+at the same time the less dispersed wages among union members indicate that such extensions may be associated with lower earnings inequality while empirical evidence also suggests that centralised as opposed to intermediate wage bargaining might be beneficial for both employment and income equality the level of bargaining is not under the immediate influence of policy makers these labour market effects have implications for income inequality the lower employment rate is likely to be associated with higher income inequality whereas the more compressed wage distribution to the extent that unemployment benefits are progressive or lowerincome workers are more likely to receive them has the opposite effect,10
+this article reflects on the capacity of bilateral regional and multilateral trade policy to manage sustainable fisheries effectively upon reflection what becomes apparent is the requirement for better synergies and coherence amongst these levels of trade policy making in order to promote global sustainable fisheries management more effectively many other countries within the membership have large maritime zones,14
+the programme dates back to the s and is one of the few types of direct support that has been in place since the early period of independence the programme covers a wide range of crops including cereals and pulses soybeans sunflower other oilseeds potatoes perennial grasses annual grasses sugar beet cotton fruits and grapes costs of producing or purchasing seeds of costs are compensated per tonne of seeds provided based on the rates set per tonne,2
+when fisheries managers are unable to set or enforce restrictions on fishing that would ensure sustainable exploitation of the resource the problem lies in the ability of institutions to take all forms of information into account in decision making the influence of pressure groups and election cycles and a lack of useful feedback when bad outcomes occur when scientific information is uncertain or not trusted it can be replaced by negotiation some governance structures are more adapted than others to take the longterm view that is essential for sustainable exploitation of the resource,14
+the education system has a number of features that promote equity including a high proportion of students enrolled in early childhood education low grade repetition and comprehensive schooling until age upper secondary graduation rates are high as are enrolment rates for vocational education and training vet but dropout from vet is also high tertiary education is accessible to all through policies such as a publicly funded grant and loan scheme in the oecd survey of adult skills adults in denmark demonstrate belowaverage literacy skills and aboveaverage numeracy skills compared to the average across participating countries with younger adults scoring around the average,4
+this provision has been severely criticised by social housing advocates for allowing welloff areas to escape their obligations and many prosperous municipalities such as neuillysurseine have taken advantage of it so far to resist the government s efforts to make them increase their stock of social housing scanlon and whitehead in practice social rental housing often concentrates lowincome households in deprived urban neighbourhoods that offer lowquality public services and little access to job opportunities which exacerbates urban social exclusion in chile for example areas identified for social housing construction were not always equipped with proper urban infrastructure facilities or services and connectivity between social housing and job centres is often deficient oecd e,11
+this can be achieved through specific industrial technologies or environmentally friendly technology transfers which affects the entire production structure and the individual production processes cantore and padilla the recycling of waste and materials for example is part of such a green technological process by transferring the relevant technological innovations and the required knowledge to implement such processes highincome countries can play a vital role in greening developing countries industrialisation process unido an additional advantage of such a strategy is the cost factor of input materials this may serve as another driving force to switch towards more environment friendly technologies using input materials more efficiently while simultaneously reducing emissions benefits both the environment and the manufacturing firm in terms of costs unido a,9
+if it is high then public policies designed to combat poverty based on economic growth will be more effective since in this type of situation boosting income will have a proportionally greater effect in terms of poverty reduction on the other hand if the coefficient of elasticity is low the most appropriate poverty reduction strategies will be those that combine economic growth with some type of income redistribution marinho and araujo their results indicate that if the income level were to rise by in countries with low levels of inequality the poverty rate would fall by whereas in countries with high levels of inequality the same increase in mean income would lead to a drop in the poverty rate they thus conclude that in this latter case growth has no more than a weak impact on poverty levels,1
+however belgium is an exception because shorttime work was already being used quite extensively prior to the start of the crisis this means that the jobs impact of crisisrelated shorttime work in belgium may be overestimated substantially unfortunately it is not straightforward to correct for this as this would require detailed data on takeup during the precrisis period which are not available for most countries,8
+specifically goal recognizes the role cities play in climate change through several targets including targets b c latest data indicates that cities are major contributors to climate change as they account for between and of energy consumption and generate more than of all greenhouse gases emissions waste and air pollution but they are also highly vulnerable to natural disasters the ndcs place an emphasis on climate actions that are mainly connected to urban planning transportation and earlywarning systems in general urbanization features in about of the submitted ndcs out of demonstrating the linkages between urbanization and climate change actions the strong connection between ndcs and sdg is crucial for achieving the agenda and the success of the paris agreement making the two initiatives interdependent,11
+this is not to disregard the fact that various disabilities introduce a degree of dependence in people s lives the idea is to seek within that reality a care relationship in which persons with disabilities have the greatest possible capacity to make decisions on matters that affect them plan and lead their lives with as much freedom and dignity as possible and be seen and heard as they are and in their demands for proper treatment these changes are also making it increasingly unreasonable and highly questionable that the unpaid work performed by women in the household continues to form the backbone of care provision the roles of the state the market and the family and community in care provision urgently need to be rebalanced,1
+this influence is very large in south european countries and in luxembourg causa and johansson more generally the correlation between parents earnings and children s earnings attributable to educational attainment is very high in italy the united states and the united kingdom and quite low in nordic countries d addio in turkey chile and estonia by contrast the skills of students are relatively homogenous skills inequalities can be decomposed into withinschools and betweenschools differences,4
+forest research stations have been attached to them public expenditure on forest education has been increasing in recent years and reached pln million in this is done through forest district programmes for nature protection which produce a companion report to the forest management plan that is unique in europe and probably in the world data provided by the forest district programmes are regularly used to update the inventory,15
+these interviews also revealed other onfarm risk management practices that were not mentioned in the studies for example dairy farmers had developed emergency plans to deal with major disasters including backup power generating capacities to ensure that milking could continue and product spoilage minimised to address risks of labour availability farmers indicated they were increasing the degree of mechanisation in their operations and developing contingency strategies for unexpected interruptions in the availability of labour including changes in the onfarm enterprise mix thus irrigation and spraying against pests were identified as standard output risk strategies and storage as a typical marketing strategy,2
+comparisons are made across a range of oecd and nonoecd countries and between regions municipalities within the russian federation the results in both dimensions suggest that there is substantial room for improving public expenditure efficiency comparisons with other countries suggest that the russian federation s health outcomes are similar to those achieved by some countries which spend to less the results on the basis of comparisons across regionsmunicipalities suggest that current health outcomes could also be produced with about two thirds of the present inputs if the less efficient regions were able to emulate the most efficient ones some regions have been more successful than others in achieving results even though the resources at their disposal have sometimes been more modest indeed two world bank demonstration regions voronezh and chuvash republic appear to have had considerable success in improving health care supply and health outcomes demonstrating that there is considerable potential for higher performance box,3
+section c analyses the electricity market in the region s countries and the influence that the sector reforms implemented in the s have had on its current configuration the following section provides an overview of the transnational enterprises in the sector their investment strategies in the region and the effect of the european and global situations section e analyses electric power generation from renewable sources and particularly the exponential growth of wind power in brazil mexico and other countries of the region the final section sets forth a number of conclusions and analyses the policies implemented by the countries of the region to develop the sector in accordance with the multiple objectives mentioned above,7
+this is particularly the case for industries in which embedded software plays a prominent role such as automotive robotics mobile phone household appliances etc consumers can have a vision of overall supply and demand and of their electricity consumption in real time and thus adjust their consumption based on price signals for the electricity provider the smart grid allows operators to stabilise demand by monitoring and influencing consumption in real time either through technical intervention or variable demandbased pricing,9
+the declaration outlines the following five fundamental principles for making aid more effective during the busan th high level forum on aid effectiveness climate finance in the context of development cooperation was outlined as a priority for effective international development in particular to continue to support national climate change policy and planning as an integral part of developing countries overall national development plans and ensure that where appropriate these measures are financed delivered and monitored through developing countries systems in a transparent manner,13
+this requires health providers to critically reflect on whether policies and practices promote or compromise indigenous health and wellbeing indigenous peoples should not be a passive consumer of health care but rather an active partner in the development of high quality of care that ensure good health outcomes for indigenous peoples in the circumpolar areas state of the worlds minorities and indigenous pepole,3
+women tend to marry into the husband s family leaving behind their own family to live with the inlaws after the death of the husband they also in a sense become internally displaced persons unofficial polygamy in such postconflict societies is spreading more rapidly as widows have to become second wives to survive and protect themselves and their children,5
+the world bank and unhabitat have defined a cutoff point at which owneroccupied or rental housing is deemed unaffordable which has been used for tracking housing affordability over time as part of the agency s urban indicators programme housing is generally deemed affordable when a household spends less than pet cent of their income on housingrelated expenses such as mortgage repayments owners rent paymentsrenters and direct operational expenses such as taxes insurance and service payments except for latin america and the caribbean lac all subregions with significant slum prevalence recorded higher slum growth than the global urban population change average with the highest rates recorded in subsaharan africa ssa at per cent and southeast asia at per cent,11
+this includes setting up of legal aid centres that assist in fighting workplace sexual harassment the publication and distribution of newspapers and the establishment of a women s centre that provides legal education medical assistance small credit and skills training this challenges the traditional definitions of labour issues or workplace politics baskin when achieving leadership positions women s participation in trade unions tends to be limited to women s issues and women are excluded from participating in hard core issues that require collective bargaining agreements with employers and governments,5
+at the same time possibilities for maximising efficiency and effectiveness in crosssectoral public services may be lost and subnational development adversely impacted the policy gap therefore refers to a lack of policy coherence at central government level which is a condition for better crosssector coordination at the subnational level a primary concern is the lack of information to guide decision makers in the water sector,6
+among the countries that practice grade repetition and that have relevant data available in estonia iceland ireland and israel the direct and opportunity costs of using grade repetition for one age group can be as low as or less of the annual national expenditure on primary and secondaryschool education or between usd and usd per repeater figure and oecd a table iv in belgium and the netherlands the cost is equivalent to or more of the annual national expenditure on primary and secondary education or as high as usd or more per repeater these estimates are based on the assumption that students who repeat grades attain lower secondary education at most as individual schools receive their funding in relation to the number of students enrolled they do not have to absorb those increased costs or bear the opportunity costs of lost output field kuczera and pont by contrast practices that can reduce the use of grade repetition such as personalised and intensive intervention very often have direct costs for schools,4
+modem medicine has also been called mainstream medicine mm allopathic medicine conventional medicine modern medicine orthodox medicine traditional medicine western medicine or clinical medicine it involves the approach to health care practiced in developed nations based on scientific data for diagnosing and treating disease mm assumes that all physiologic and pathological phenomena can be explained in concrete terms mm tools include nonhuman model systems blind studies and statistical analysis to ensure reproducible results,3
+see also general comments adopted by the un human rights committeesuch as no and no moreover this principle has been further expanded by the work of the supervisory bodies dealing with the two conventions specifically aiming at the prohibition of discrimination the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women cedaw and the convention on the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination cerd thus to assess whether or not there has been discrimination in the enjoyment of rights related to the family it is necessary to understand the scope of the principle and the way in which it has evolved over the years,5
+coastal regions particularly rakhine state and ayeyarwady delta region are at high risk for cyclones storm surges and tsunamis much of the country especially in the central dry zone is exposed to flooding and landslides during the rainy season in addition to drought and fire during the dry season the challenges call for more comprehensive approaches based on an integrated analysis of hazards risks linked with land use livelihoods planning and natural resource management as such new ways of working were seen as critical to building community resilience and reducing risk and vulnerability related to natural hazards and climate change,13
+in the united states the high supply of cannabis is due to extensive illegal production within the country largescale smuggling from mexico and largescale production and diversion from states within the united states that allow cannabis production for nonmedical purposes and for medical cannabis programmes authorities of some states have complained of a spillover effect created in their territory by the diversion for trafficking purposes of cannabis from neighbouring states that have legalized the drug for nonmedical purposes united states authorities have also reported a per cent increase in the number of cannabisrelated emergency department visits between and,3
+countries have also developed specialised training and certification systems to seek efficiency gains through specialised cancer care delivery in countries such as sweden cancer patients are treated at specialised institutions with both inpatient and outpatient facilities often called comprehensive cancer centres in which radiotherapy chemotherapy and surgery are provided these centres often facilitate the delivery of integrated care provided by diverse specialists to cancer patients and engage in extended research activities,3
+speech at the launching event of the ec and the all party parliamentary group on climate change cooperation london january available at formathtmlaged languageenguilanguageen clean energy investment in developing countries wind power in egypt winnipeg usd available at wwwiisdorgpdf bali copenhagenegyptwindpdf,7
+the state government manages the resources for the construction of those ecotourism centres and provides technical advice as necessary agrotourism and ecotourism for example attract tourists who want to learn more about local culture and economic activities thus providing a stimulus for farming and forestry and other environmentallyfriendly activities the experience of the weissensee region in austria is a good illustration of this compatibility likewise a recent oecd review of costa rica highlighted the country s development of a strong ecotourism industry with wise management of natural resources and high positive impact on the incomes of local communities in rural areas weissensee is one of austria s most touristoriented communities in which agriculture is closely connected to the tourist industry the agricultural landscape represents an important input factor for the production of tourist services,11
+in addition the state budget for allocated eur million to preprimary education capital works and to assist the municipalities with the highest preprimary education needs see chapter such projects need to be expanded until the demand for places can be satisfied since preprimary education is so important in preparing a child for basic education it should be changed from an original to a transferred responsibility and become fully funded by the ministry of education through appropriate normatives see also chapter such a move would also contribute to a better monitoring of the sufficiency of places offered in relation to demand for them,4
+renewable energy systems are increasingly being deployed to spread access to water in remote communities and simultaneously increase water availability for irrigation with certain impacts on food security in the same manner renewable energy in urban settings enhances the resilience of urban water systems tapping into locally available energy resources is a remarkable way of reducing the costs of utilities and improving the reliability of water supply,7
+the ffrmc and lfrmc and the sc annually review and evaluate the progress of the ecosystem based fsrp and recommend any revisions or supplementary items for individual policy first while the conventional fisheries management policy does not have a clear goal of stock rebuilding ecosystem based fsrp specifies the target fish stock recovery in policy however the new ecosystem based fsrp premises the voluntary participation of fishermen allowing fishermen to voluntarily participate in setting up and executing the plan as well as making them responsible for the outcome but ecosystem based fsrp requires an analysis on a management measures by species of fish type of fisheries and sea area before and after an operation so that fisheries management measures can be utilized more effectively accordingly resource management also enforced measures for fishing effort for each fishery and technique restrictions instead of managing individual species separately,14
+the reporting flexibility allowed for in individual parties adaptation communications is likely to lead to differences in what is reported to the unfccc by parties and when this might also make it difficult to use such information to track the progress towards the three individual aspects of the global adaptation goal agreed on in the paris agreement ie enhancing adaptive capacity strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability the typical characteristics of adaptation which is contextspecific longterm and changing over time can also impede such assessments which may explain why assessments of the same issue done by different organisations in different ways can lead to such wide variations in results,13
+are the supportive policies adjusted in view of progress this is all the more important given that renewable technologies have shown a high learning rate during prices of pv modules dropped by another reaching usd w installed at the start of bnef overall this amounts to a drop in prices since unep fi on the one hand lower cost of production for clean technologies is an opportunity to increase the ambition of the overall longterm clean energy objectives,7
+the focus is not about results or outcomes per se but about the overall objectives and preconditions to effective climate finance that can be considered at different stages from the design to delivery of finance at the international and national levels as well as for programme and projectlevel activities through the use of semistructured interview techniques across a sampling of diverse stakeholders in the climate finance arena the authors consider perceptions about the relative importance and relevance of different principles and preconditions for success to understand what supports effective climate finance outcomes to date there is not a commonly agreed definition of what constitutes effective climate finance,13
+they focus on three objectives i to establish a clear predictable and legitimate framework supported by competent and wellresourced authorities ii to ground the selection of ppps in value for money and iii to use the budgetary process transparently to minimise fiscal risks and ensure the integrity of the procurement process however the lack of adequate planning for migration results in squatter settlements slum areas traffic congestion urban poor and urban sprawl kazakhstan s national and subnational authorities show little evidence that they have taken the necessary steps to absorb newcomers into cities,11
+consequently the oceans and resources therein are fundamental to the wellbeing of the commonwealth this is particularly so for the sids which may possibly not have other significant natural resources approximately million jobs globally are linked to the oceans through fishing aquaculture coastal and marine tourism and research activities conversely experts have issued a stark warning if we continue on the current trajectory only one third of the amount of fish available from capture fisheries in will still be available by,14
+it has been estimated that of the cost of treatment of diabetes in the united states is on nursing care due to kidney retina and macula neurologic and other complications ujujurujoriddiabetesdayorg wwwidforg in it was estimated that approximately million people die every year from chronic lifelimiting illnesses of which less than have access to ltc connor longterm care needs increase significantly with age with typically around of the population aged over requiring some form of longterm care bulletin luxembourgeois des questions sociales,3
+data refer to and for chile recent years saw a rise in the fraction of workers who earned the minimum wage from in to in this suggests that the minimum wage has become increasingly binding and further increases of the minimum wage risk reducing employment among current minimum wage earners,1
+for example in nepal undp supported a crossparty women s caucus that successfully built power and a common agenda around women s rights in the constituent assembly from to however its success was not long lasting and the second constituent assembly elected in abolished the caucus in the eyes of the women involved in the caucus this was because they had built up a solid power base solidarity and a strong voice across party lines that threatened the leadership and status quo under the soviet union women s participation in labour markets and politics was equal to men s participation,5
+for one of these respondents the issue was primarily one of uneven economic development across urban and rural centres but it is worth noting that chinese respondents also saw the benefits of collaboration around infectious disease control as flowing in both directions not just into china but outwards to the rest of the world thus two respondents pointed out that infectious disease control is not merely a national concern but has international and global implications and that consequently as one respondent put it an integrated global approach is necessary to understand transmission and evolution of infectious disease agents international cooperation and exchange would thus benefit not just china but would contribute to the work of infectious disease control in an international context in the case of south africa this pattern was reversed south african responses to the sections of the questionnaire that asked about stratified medicine were very brief compared to those relating to control of infectious diseases,3
+to show the latter result consider two wells j and i with dj dt then it must be that ifdjt sfly i dj sfl for all and t i eg consider the gloverbalmer equation however the gains from optimal regulation relative to other simpler kinds of regulation may not be quantitatively important and depend both on the heterogeneity of producers and their production functions and on the spatial complexity of the hydrologic system for any given application it is important to understand whether the gains from the introduction of a complex regulatory or incentivebased system for groundwater management are worthwhile in comparison to alternate regulations with lower informational requirements and higher stakeholder acceptability,6
+as a result relative poverty measured as household incomes below of median income has been contained between and the proportion of individuals with household incomes below of median income fell from to before housing costs and from to after housing costs relative child poverty fell from to before such costs a reduction of over a quarter but short of the previous government objective of halving relative child poverty by jin et al the housing cost overburden rate the percentage of the population living in households where the total housing costs net of housing allowances represent more than of disposable income eu housing statistics is one of highest in the european union eu reaching nearly in for tenants in the private sector compared to an eu average of recent cuts to housing benefits and the removal of indexation on actual market rents from april will increase the burden further for lowincome tenants in private rental,10
+yet globally time use data remains limited in particular for developing countries due to the significant costs and capacities needed to undertake a time use survey reporting on sdg target requires regularly collected timeuse data disaggregated by sex age group and location however to date only countries have ever conducted timeuse surveys and only of those were conducted after un women of the least developed countries only have collected timeuse data,5
+water quantity demand in agriculture includes water for irrigation and water for livestock water quantity demand in agriculture includes water for irrigation and water for livestock hence there is much need for improvement in the physical efficiency of water use in agriculture in all irrigated regions of the world to help toward meeting the projected global increase in agricultural commodity production and also to release water for other uses some of this improvement is included in the environment outlook baseline scenario projections,6
+for a discussion of policy design and reform see oecd agricultural policies in oecd countries a positive reform agenda and oecd a agricultural policy design a synthesis various proposals have been made in the context of current wto negotiations to correct the current imbalance of import and export rules to imports including the binding and elimination of export taxes and prohibition of export restrictions the purpose of the asean food security reserve as stated in the original agreement is to provide for a supply of rice in emergency situations when a member country having suffered a natural or maninduced calamity is unable to cope with such state or condition through either its national reserve stocks or normal international trade,2
+this higher poverty risk however is not necessarily matched with comparatively higher odds ratios than in other countries hence a child that is monetary poor in the uk does not necessarily have a higher chance of being deprived in other domains than a child living in germany france or the netherlands an overlaps analysis of monetary poverty and neighbourhood problems for example points towards high union poverty at per cent ie almost half of all children in the uk are either monetary poor experience neighbourhood problems or both but does not provide any evidence of increased odds for experiencing neighbourhood problems when monetary poor,1
+current membership includes seven ldcs the gstp recognizes the special needs of the participating ldcs including among other things the need to extend concrete preferential treatment measures and concessions in the past only a limited number of offers of nonreciprocal trade concessions were extended to ldcs under the gstp in at the eleventh session of unctad unctad xi held in sao paulo brazil gstp participants agreed to convene a third round of negotiations to improve preferential tariffs and expand trade ties among signatory developing countries in addition to the seven ldcs that participate in the gstp identified in italics burkina faso burundi haiti madagascar mauritania rwanda and uganda have applied for accession to the gstp,10
+it should be noted however that outputbased indicators on food waste are perhaps less susceptible to macroeconomic trends than output based indicators on other waste streams historical data on household expenditure on food shows that this has remained relatively stable over the past two decades of economic growth while expenditure on other consumption areas has increased significantly such indicators can be more representative of real waste prevention according to the definition,12
+about of rivers in the south in the north are classified as poor or bad quality figure groundwater quality shows significant regional differences for example in the regionsprovinces of trento bolzano liguria lazio and marche between and are classes to in abruzzo and umbria and respectively are class poor,6
+as for sweden norway and denmark they boast the narrowest gaps in working hours within couples below ten hours per week eastern european countries also tend to have below average withincouple gaps nor do mothers necessarily step up their paid work to offset reductions in their partners hours if the father does not work the mother still works only some hours per week on average which may in part be related to assortative mating that brings together partners with the same socioeconomic background as in university and college students data refer to total hours worked in all jobs except for chile where only hours worked in the main job are considered,5
+practitioner buyin through programmes that are user friendly time flexible interactive and respond to practitioner needs will maximise the impact of cpd programmes in a number of oecd countries incentives for cpd are in place in austria core mental health training for primary care practitioners is quite limited but some primary care physicians have undertaken additional psychotherapeutic medicine training at different intensities training results in the accreditation of psy psy and psy diplomas which also allow primary care physicians to deliver certain treatments in total some general practitioners in austria hold one of these diplomas,3
+since more than half of the world s population has been living in urban areas and the figure is estimated to exceed per cent by this is a hallmark of the transformation of humans economic base and social structure inasmuch as previously populations lived and worked primarily in rural areas by concentrating people investment and resources a process known as agglomeration cities heighten the possibilities for economic development innovation and social interaction more specifically cities also make it possible to lower unit costs so as to provide public services such as water and sanitation health care education electricity emergency services and public recreational areas polese satterthwaite along these lines cities also face challenges that threaten their efforts to achieve sustainability for example through improvement of access to and efficiency in the use of public services as well as reduction of their ecological footprint and financial fragility and the building of resilience against the adverse impact of natural hazards,11
+microdata on the other hand tend to indicate that owning a home makes people more likely to be employed than when renting thereby pointing at a positive effect at the individual level recent research highlights the role of negative externalities in explaining these contradicting findings isebaert et al given the severe contraction in the housing market the potential magnitude of this problem is significant,11
+according to the iucn invasive alien species constitute the second most severe threat to freshwater fish species william et al changes in the natural morphology of water bodies eg channelized rivers dams canals can also affect the ability of ecosystems to process and retain pollutants wagenschein and rode high nitrate levels in drinking water can lead to infant methaemoglobinaemia bluebaby syndrome gastric cancer goiter metabolic disorder birth malformations hypertension and livestock poisoning khandare,6
+data from the itu ict regulatory tracker show that in only per cent of countries had an open telecommunication sector enabling investment innovation and access compared with per cent of countries having progressed to such an enabling regulatory environment in chart this testifies to the improvement in the regulatory and policy context of many ict markets worldwide the two vertical axes are scaled proportionally based on the values so that a per cent increase in subscription penetration on the right axis takes the same range as a per cent decrease in prices on the left axis,9
+the major pressure factor is the disruption of the natural flow regime mainly due to the construction of kapchagai reservoir in together with the continuous increase of water demand and the accompanying diversion of water in kazakhstan and china resulting in a decrease of flow climate change may also further contribute to a changing hydrology hydrophilic species are being replaced by species characteristic for arid zones,6
+les taux dactivite des femmes sont non seulement inferieurs a ceux des hommes moinsde la moitie mais ils ont egalement diminue en age marital status presence of children socioreligious status area of residence level of education and relative affluence of households are some of the determinants of labour force participation of women and men in india there has never been a steady state for womens employment peak employment comes later in life so any possible gains in increased wages are shortlived,5
+they are highest in subsaharan africa where per cent of children million of primary and lower secondary school age were not proficient in reading and per cent million were not proficient in mathematics in central and southern asia was not faring significantly better there per cent of children million were not proficient in reading and per cent million lacked basic mathematical skills the next decade provides an important window of opportunity for policymakers to ensure that all children are proficient in basic literacy and numeracy,4
+unfortunately three asean countries cambodia lao pdr and myanmar are not explicitly modelled but are nevertheless included in a regional aggregate with other countries which precludes calculations of caloric statistics for each of these but allow an estimation of the pou number of undernourished and the depth of undernourishment by applying the regional result to the countries the evolution of the pou is then projected to using results from the oecdfao aglinkcosimo model see tallard liapis and pilgrim annex a for the region in total the number of undernourished individuals is projected to fall by almost million relative to,2
+such problems occur more frequently among children and adolescents from households experiencing monetary poverty for instance a timeuse survey in japan identified a number of specific problems among children and their families revealing that many families no longer eat lunch or dinner together and that some children go to school without having eaten breakfast extremely low levels of participation in physical activities were also observed as most japanese people use free time to watch television,1
+this is especially important in asia where rice a waterdependent crop often dominates cropproduction the past reliance on a few staple crops has to give way to agricultural diversification with sustainable intensification among fsf pulses are an excellent example of crops that exhibit the above four criteria the united nations declared as the international year of pulses under the banner nutritious seeds for a sustainable future,2
+on the other hand bangladesh continued tightening its monetary policy from and the policy rate was raised by basis points in fiscal year to restrain inflationary pressures consumer credit was tightened through administrative measures similarly policy rates were raised in sri lanka in february and april to curtail traderelated credit to reduce trade and current account deficits as well as to contain inflationary pressures however the policy rate was lowered by basis points in december as gdp growth was decelerating sharply,8
+tax policy has an influence on the level of employment in an economy as well as on other choices made by participants in the labour market for example labour taxation determines the difference between the total labour costs faced by employers and the real consumption wages received by employees thus affecting labour demand and labour supply decisions this may contribute to a reduction of the labour force by diminishing incentives to either work or to work in the formal sector furthermore tax policy can affect retirement decisions the number of hours worked decisions relating to employee training and career choice including whether to be an employee or selfemployed oecd,8
+however the progress achieved has been uneven and many people are still being left behind prom the millennium development goals which established a target of halving the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water to the general assembly s recognition of water and sanitation as a human right the united nations has laid the foundations this goal as well as other related goals and targets aims to address all issues related to the water cycle including access to adequate water and sanitation improving quality and efficiency of water delivery sustainable water management as well as strengthening international cooperation at the upcoming highlevel political forum on sustainable development we will learn of progress being made on sdg including at the national level,6
+indeed in the united states there is now a significant amount of research that suggests that it is poverty and inequality that causes low rates of marriage with the incentives of young single women to commit to marriage declining alongside the labour market prospects of men future marriage rates therefore appear likely to continue to decline further while becoming increasingly divergent by socioeconomic status studies across countries and over time find without exception large income losses the year after a marital split jenkins,1
+in canada the federal employment insurance programme provides weeks of paid parental leave while unpaid leave periods can be longer for example the province of quebec provides up to weeks of unpaid leave during which period eligible clients can claim benefits under the quebec parental insurance plan in the czech republic parental benefit can be received until a child is months old while the jobprotected period of leave stops at month in germany there is a family leave entitlement of up to three years but the paidleave period is limited an incomerelated parental allowance eltemgeld is paid for a period of months plus a twomonth bonus if the father takes at least two months leave,5
+better data and more analysis are an essential precondition for a more effective implementation of these policies les hommes sont trois fois plus susceptibles que les femmes de posseder une entreprise avec des employes les femmes possedent rarement de grandes entreprises et leurs gains moyens en tant que travailleurs independants sont jusqua inferieurs a ceux des hommes,5
+specifically the cost for a benefit of a day for all older people aged years or over ranges between per cent and per cent of gdp the cost being higher for poorer countries where represents a larger proportion of average income the risk of poverty among older persons has fallen while poverty rates among young adults and families with children have risen however because the initial oldage poverty rates were very high persons aged years or over remain the group most likely to be poor people aged to years in contrast are now no more likely to be poor than the population as a whole,1
+it should also invest in professional development for educators and digital learning resources addressed later in this chapter in order to reach all regions of the country thailand should continue to use television as a medium for providing educational content nevertheless they are necessary to support any initial investment in hardware,4
+the oecd area unemployment rate reached a postwar high of in march and is probably near its peak but is projected to decline only slowly total labour market slack exceeds conventional unemployment and a broader measure encompassing inactive persons who wish to work and involuntary parttime workers is more than twice as large the extent to which falling output translated into higher unemployment has differed dramatically across the oecd depending on whether employers emphasised labour shedding or work sharing,8
+the collapse of many shark populations in the north atlantic due to overfishing has led to increase in the number of some skates and rays species that were typical prey of sharks such as the great white or the hammerhead this has had significant consequences on fishing communities as the increased number of skates and rays have affected commercial fisheries for bay scallops and other shellfish myers at an international level the world bankfao rent drain study estimates that approximately usd billion is lost annually in global resource rent from fisheries as a result of poor governance world bankfao of course the figures should also be weighed against the costs of undertaking rebuilding programs and subsequent management of the stocks even if a stock is rebuilt fishing may not yield the same level of precollapse revenues as there may be a lag especially for a smaller fishery to reestablish itself and therefore regain access to markets,14
+since the world summit the united nations has prioritized full and productive employment and decent work for all in its deliberations in general the generation of decent jobs should not be treated as an addendum to macroeconomic stabilization programmes or microeconomic liberalization reforms employment policies should be central to a broad coherent and consistently countercyclical macroeconomic strategy for sustainable development including a universal approach to social protection,8
+as a result innovation policy is becoming an integral part of economic policy in a wider range of countries both advanced and emerging resulting in some convergence in the policy agenda for innovation across countries to be effective innovation policy and the related governance system need to be adapted to the specific challenges,9
+the moes is responsible for the development of education policies and strategic plans approved by the government and also coordinates municipal education departments in the implementation of the state education policy it coordinates the distribution of school funding from the state budget and the allocation of the eu structural funds the ministry is also responsible for quality assurance the accreditation of the general education curriculum and schoolleaving examinations outside of the ministry a key role is played by the national audit office of lithuania which regularly conducts financial audits of budget institutions in the field of education and reviews moes activities through planned performance audits,4
+it has been crucial in building one of the most stable democracies most skillsbased labour markets and establishing the highest levels of wellbeing in latin america education outcomes have stagnated in the last decade and together with widening inequality and slow growth this risks stalling the country s future inclusive growth this chapter provides an overview of how the education system in costa rica is organised and analyses the major trends in access quality and equity the final section examines the current governance and financing arrangements and how they can be harnessed to steer the system to higher levels of performance,4
+her educational attainment would be under years compared to her husband s average educational attainment of just under as the benchmark for functional literacy is set in a range between to years of education unesco has adopted the year benchmark in its surveys on this issue this means the average woman at this time would have limited literacy gray fifty years later the equivalent woman would have more than double the educational attainment of her s sister having spent on average almost years in school,5
+if poverty is defined in relation to income or material deprivation social exclusion is defined in relation to such social rights as the right to work the right to housing the right to health services or the right to education lister for sen social exclusion means denial of freedoms people may be unable to take advantage of an opportunity because of deliberate policies or social practices active exclusion or as a result of complex webs of social processes without intentions from anyone passive exclusion social exclusion assigns a central role to social relational and unequal power relationships stewart et al,1
+these included a study to measure the effects of the phaseout as well a study identifying the countrys most polluting vehicles in the usasia environmental partnership usaep jointly sponsored a workshop in hanoi with the ministry of transport and the world bank to discuss phasing out leaded fuel and learn from the experiences of other east asian countries that had already phased out leaded gasoline the workshop helped to resolve concerns about leaded gasoline and led to the creation of a new partnership of government industry and academic experts the transition was accomplished in july,12
+the nature reserve category means a strictly protected natural area serving the effective protection of ecosystems and natural processes where all economic activities are prohibited and access is restricted solely to scientists and rangers depending on the country in some cases lowimpact tourist visitation may be allowed the protective status of nature reserve is legally granted with no time limitation and its withdrawal theoretically possible is usually subject to complicated procedures in the event that the natural values have seriously deteriorated or vanished thus nature reserves have much higher legal protective status,15
+for sweden the lower age cutoff is instead of in particular looking at inequality before and after accounting for taxes and benefits does not allow separating the effects of policy initiatives on the one hand and changes in marketincome inequality eg because of changing employment patterns on the other this section attempts to shed more light on the role of specific policy changes outofwork benefits provide support to people who may otherwise have very low incomes or no income at all unemployment benefits but also other outofwork programmes notably disability benefits which now account for a larger share of social spending but are less important for younger and primeage workers,10
+the analysis also look at the relationship between unemployment and quality of care including casefatality rates after heart attack and stroke and patient safety events in hospital in addition a variety of health care utilisation indicators including hospital admissions and procedures doctor consultations and pharmaceutical consumption are examined all health indicators have been taken from oecd health statistics and have been transformed into their natural logs,3
+these policy pointers could help improve the recruitment and retention of teachers especially in disadvantaged schools although the financial costs could be considerable one of the challenges for immigrant students in teacher education programmes such as bridging programmes for people with foreign degrees in teaching sometimes referred to as ulv in swedish is that it is difficult to complete the course while holding a job offering sufficient financial support for student teachers could reduce the significant financial burdens that many studentteachers bear turley and nakai i ij,4
+although nrps may lack enforcement power defining such goals and tools should certainly bring in more coherence and help nrps achieve their complex goals a wide stream of this literature emphasises the key role of institutions in the efficiency of collective action ostrom underlines that the effects of the size of the protected area and the heterogeneity of appropriators on the outcomes of the protected area are unclear there is a need to evaluate nrps on these important elements to know how they could be improved natural regional parks and environmental zoning cont the stated goals of a natural park may be conflictual to specific stakeholders interests but they may also be contradictory or at least mitigated by other policies such as local uiban planning instruments or other environmental measures,11
+this territorial and administrative mismatch of responsibilities has a direct negative impact on road safety matters which often are not coordinated between the municipalities the city administration has over employees spread across municipal directorates and departments it is also responsible for all matters related to traffic management and safety on this network except for river bridges and the urban highway system boroughs are the lowest tier of local government in portugal,11
+this has constrained their ability to spend on basic social services including social protection progressive taxation and social protection measures not only reduce inequality but also lessen vulnerability by acting as automatic stabilizers therefore reform of the tax structure including raising efficiency in tax administration and widening of the tax base are of utmost urgency for most asiapacific countries especially when they have to find domestic drivers of growth in the face of diminished prospects for exports,10
+the culture of energy monitoring and submetering in energyintensive firms also lessened the incidence of split incentives with energy consumption closely monitored associated costs can be more easily assigned to the appropriate departments the swedish pulp and paper industry found lack of accountability for energy costs to be the least important barrier to energy efficiency largely because of technically competent staff and the use of submetering to allocate energy costs to departments thollander and ottosson like pulp and paper the foundry industry in sweden is energyintensive it is also more electricityintensive than other european foundries because of tight environmental controls that motivated a switch to electric furnaces enabled by the low electricity prices before the market was liberalized,7
+a study in tigray regional state from kolia tembien and abergele districts of community needs showed the emphasis given to conserving and developing the productivity of the land water and plant resources by the people living in a watershed a strategic integration of three dimensions of food security was taken into account availability access and utilization this is mainly done by using food for work and community labour mobilization,2
+seaweeds such as laver sea mustard and kelp account for around of total aquaculture production panel a major export destinations were japan peoples republic of china hereafter china thailand and the united states traditional markets such as japan and china weakened but this was more than compensated by increases to newer maikets such as the united states and the european union government financial transfers to general services dropped by panel c,14
+the dispersal inertia may blur the response mechanisms and indeed the understanding of causality an awareness of such reservations is beneficial for further work on biodiversity indicators ranging from single species indicators to complex and intricate indices for habitats ecosystem or even nations and regions indicators and indices have been defined and established in order to fulfil a huge range of tasks within environmental planning and management,15
+this approach allows the ministry to function primarily as a policy agency rather than engaging in service delivery or advocacy belgium s federal interdepartmental coordination group supports a wholeofgovernment approach by bringing together representatives from across ministries who also serve as gender focal points in their respective entities a wholeofgovernment approach is also in place in australia yet while this type of approach can certainly yield significant gains the potential for a diminished role for the central gender institution exists,5
+this data shows that nearly all of the worlds large urban areas have extensive suburbs of much lower density outside the central cores that are characterized by higher densities in most cases some postautomobile urban areas have virtually no urban cores at allxxithese findings are backed by a joint study by unhabitat new york university and the lincoln institute of land policy on a representative sample of cities across the globe which established that the average rate of the physical expansion of cities is about oneandahalf times that of their population growth by measuring the rate at which cities consume land compared to their rate of population growth city authorities and decision makers can project demand for public goods and services identify new areas of growth and proactively influence sustainable urban development,11
+long periods of unemployment may also be seen in a negative light by prospective employers moreover studies have shown that youth with long periods of initial unemployment continue to experience wage scarring throughout their careers as they are never able to catch up to their peers in terms of expected salaries for their skills and experience nelson and reiso gregg and tominey in most developing economies opportunities for youth are concentrated in the informal sector where poor job security low wages and limited chances for onthejob learning restrict the ability of young people to leverage such jobs to secure better more formal work,8
+furthermore the turnover rate in both hotels is lower than the industry average the employee meanwhile gains higher levels of skills and develops pride in their work these examples show how training can play a significant role in generating value for the guest in an industry where a relatively lowskill lowwage workforce is employed globally around of the tourism workforce is located in smes ilo c almost half of people employed in hotels and restaurants in oecd countries for which data is available work in enterprises employing fewer than people compared with in the economy as a whole with almost three quarters working in enterprises employing fewer than people compared with in the overall economy,8
+girls perform somewhat less well in mathematics than boys yet the gap between female and male school performance is smaller in mathematics than in reading findings from the programme for international student assessment pisa in relation to science have shown little or no difference in average science performance between girls and boys with girls outperforming boys in countries and boys scoring marginally higher than girls in countries oecd data on healthy life years refer to for ireland and norway,5
+most of the research focuses on disruption to educational achievement obedience and respect are important women in south africa describe the grief and mourning henderson noting its impact on their mental health bray which undermines their ability to parent young children to the standards to which they aspire bray brandt the impact of multiple family bereavements on mothers abilities to parent adolescents is not wellresearched and even less is known about the effects of multiple bereavements on men and fathering,5
+mongolia s economy rebounded despite budget cuts benefiting from nonmining construction the price hike for coal and stronger external demand for this commodity partly due to reductions in china s coal production while the democratic people s republic of korea does not release official economic statistics international sanctions are likely to be having a significantly negative impact on its economy notably growth in china is expected to ease steadily as financial stability gains higher policy priority,8
+the process design must include the dissemination of material to relevant policy and decisionmakers in order to address a wide range of audiences there is a diverse range of publications for each assessment publication types include policy briefs larger policy documents summaries of assessment reports and full technical reports the promotion of findings is carried out on a regular basis to ensure that the messages reach the concerned authorities inform regional water management and development agendas and are taken up in salient intergovernmental processes,6
+this exclusion can have adverse implications for the protection of women in these societies as well as impede longterm resolution of the conflicts during the s at least commonwealth countries were engaged in fullscale conflict including mozambique papua new guinea rwanda sierra leone and uganda with peace agreements reached in most by the early years of the twentyfirst century women played instrumental roles in many of the efforts to bring these conflicts to an end yet in a large number of countries women s substantial efforts were not recognised in formal negotiations and their perspectives and insights were not included in the final peace agreements or in postconflict reconciliation efforts,5
+the recycled uranium can be used in the lwrs while the produced plutonium can be used in the indiandesign fbrs the target is to increase nuclear power capacity to gw in most of these reactors will be located along the coast because of cooling water requirements kanwarpal based on these plans the iea projects a potential capacity of up to gw in in the blue map scenario india has an ongoing programme of building mw phwrs a reactor system that is competitive in terms of capital costs safety performance and unit energy cost,7
+big data modellers must therefore be especially careful when building links between the variables for their models understanding the importance of interpretation and taking responsibility for outcomes as the data scientist and mathematician cathy oneil writes big data processes codify the past they do not invent the future,9
+these results indicate that while poverty has not trended steeply upward in the various states that make up brazil it has been persistent these coefficients were for p and for pexl this means that a rise in mean per capita household income in brazil will translate into a reduction in the poverty headcount index and an drop in the extreme poverty headcount index while for kakwani and pernia this does not constitute propoor growth it does qualify as propoor growth when using the definitions advocated by ravallion and chen since growth has lowered poverty levels,1
+they need to continuously evaluate students performance using diverse assessment techniques and provide remedial support to struggling learners obec a they must be knowledgeable about and use information and communication technology ict to enhance learning and be inclusive of students with special needs and from different backgrounds they are expected to prepare students for active participation in the association of southeast asian nations asean community and the competitive global marketplace while also promoting thai values and culture teachers and school leaders are instrumental to achieving these overarching goals and they will have a good chance of success if thailand makes efforts to strengthen teacher preparation support continuing teacher development enable teachers to focus on the classroom enhance school leadership and more efficiently manage its school workforce,4
+before marriage a woman remains in the family book of her father or another male relative where guardianship is recorded after marriage she is transferred to the family book of her husband in the event of divorce children remain in the family book of their father a widow s children are placed in the family book of their male guardian normally a male relative of the deceased husband,5
+the evidence that is gathered tells schools how they can change their pedagogy if they want to make more of a difference for their maori students note that this tool is optional which means that no information is collected nationally and the number of schools using it is unknown they are also now embedded within the australian professional standards for teachers which specify what teachers should know and can do in order to teach aboriginal and torres strait islander students and to teach aboriginal and torres strait islander languages history and culture to all australian students,4
+in addition personal car ownership is expected to increase rapidly in many countries in the coming decades as ownership rates in emerging economies and developing countries start to approach levels in oecd countries a businessasusual scenario would see them encounter significant increases in import fuel costs and environmental impacts key solutions include public transit such as light rail and bus rapid transit and nonmotorised transport especially in regions that are unlikely to experience high car ownership levels improved vehicle fuel economy adoption of electric and plugin hybrid electric vehicles evpfievs and wider use of biofuels,7
+as described in section basic education courses formal vocational education and vocational training courses are available to all adults and these do not require referral from the pes countries with fewer than observations not included only those who report main activity as looking after family or home,8
+at the same time the ministry has contracted an evaluation of the program but this will be very challenging given the range of schools the variety of initiatives undertaken and the lack of documentation with plans afoot to initiate a second round of the program the question is how to use the experiences and results of this first round to improve the effectiveness and accountability of the next round consequently it is often problematic to obtain the representative samples of schools and students that are essential to high quality research,4
+as the coordinating agency wildlife conservation society wcs contracts local people and pays them for their labor as well as outcomes in terms of the number of nests protected starting with four villages in six years later this project had expanded to villages and protected more than nests the area receives especial attention from birdwatchers but hunting and degrading forests are threats to rare bird species under this communitybased ecotourism project villages sign contracts under which hunting would be banned and land use planning with the ngo and government supported,15
+both of these aspects have important beneficial consequences for the whole electrical system by lowering this maximal imbalance one reduces the additional residual capacity needed in the system to balance demand in france seasonal fleet management reduces the maximal residual demand by gw from to gw based on eurelectricvgb data ieanea in france the overnight investment cost of an additional capacity of gw can be estimated at usd billion if coal plants are built coal and at usd billion for gasfuelled units,7
+following sen s proposal anthony shorrocks modified the index adjusting the normalization condition in order to satisfy the transfer axiom and to provide continuity shorrocks these authors proposed an additively decomposable index based on sen s index but in the foster greer and thorbecke fgt indices poverty is aggregated using household shortfalls as weights relative deprivation instead of a rank order foster greer and thorbecke however it is important to note that the most common poverty index the poverty headcount index fails to satisfy the monotonicity and transfer axioms while the poverty gap index does not satisfy the transfer axiom sen these axioms are important because poverty is a matter of degree or intensity and not a simplified poornonpoor dichotomy meaning that a true measure of poverty must take account of distribution among the poor or the severity of poverty the crisis of has been extensively analysed for its effects on poverty and inequality larrea world bank,1
+up to several hours are achievable however electrical energy is notoriously difficult to store and currently still suffers from very high costs nevertheless a number of different technologies are available to provide storage in the grid electrical energy can be directly stored without conversion to another carrier in electrical double layer capacitors edlc or superconducting magnetic energy storage systems smes,7
+this complexity and ambiguity leads to delays in project development as actors cannot decide which one takes precedence or how to harmonise both classifications wilson it also creates serious administrative burden for cities officials who operationalise land use changes bolucs and lurcs following the formal procedures development projects have to wait for and comply with a series of land use plans at different scales and from different institutions see box,11
+for that aim analysis of future system operation is performed by system operators since system operation is stochastic in nature the assessment of power systems should be based on models and techniques that respond to this behaviour ie probabilistic models and techniques billinton and allan probabilistic assessments attempt to quantify the likelihood frequency duration and severity of system inadequacy or security breaches billinton and li,7
+as in the other regions the depletion of underground reserves and degradation of their quality due to anthropogenic impact are typical in order to better protect current and potential sources of drinking water in the country the status of area of national environmental importance has been given to eleven zones of fresh groundwater formation as a result of anthropogenic factors the groundwater quality continues to deteriorate in some regions of the country such as the republic of karakalpakstan,6
+in other schools teachers set educational objectives for their students and evaluate their performance largely by themselves in the sip network partner organisations provide for professional development as well as remedial classes and psychosocial support for children the sociedad de instruction primaria cont teaching is structured by the objectives formulated by the pedagogical department and financial incentives for teachers are sometimes tied to their achievement,4
+nevertheless even seemingly genderneutral policy decisions can have effects whether intentional or not on women s chances of becoming equal participants in society they may make it more difficult for them to find employment secure an education start a business meet the needs of their family or ensure their human rights the eu defines gia as a process to compare and assess according to genderrelevant criteria the current situation and trend with the expected development resulting from the introduction of the proposed policy european commission nd,5
+the role of transfers in inclusive growth strategies cont a value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of extreme inequality redistribution is measured by the difference between the gini coefficient before personal income taxes and transfers market incomes and the gini coefficient after taxes and transfers disposable incomes in per cent of the gini coefficient before taxes and transfers,8
+the fact that there are almost no health facilities in close proximity to most indigenous peoples living in northeastern kenya and remote parts of the coast province and rift valley means that they have to walk long distances even during an emergency which results in poor health outcomes minority rights international p it has been reported that most deliveries are conducted at home because of these challenges this report included only marginalized peoples and omitted other groups like the maasai of southern kenya,3
+in terms of planned objectives involving cognitive processing categories remembering and understanding were most common the results indicated that the potential of ict to facilitate higher order thinking skills was not being fully utilised by these teachers those tasks are presented in an interactive computer package that incorporates probes to monitor interest and emotions as they progress through the task and relate those to measures of learning at the conclusion of the task,4
+to avoid an increase in inequality efficiency gains should be exploited in implementing fiscal consolidation if this is not the case new ways to improve performance should be investigated including better management and greater regional flexibility in public sector wages effects of unemployment experiences on wages institute for the study of labour iza discussion paper no,10
+prices for corn wheat and rice more than doubled between and while prices declined in late food prices have since rebounded attaining new record highs in february figure iii despite conflicting evidence it would appear that recent price rises have also been accompanied by higher volatility which increases uncertainty thereby hindering investment in human and physical capital technology and innovation food and agriculture organization of the united nations a figure iii,2
+autres facteurs determinants ont trait a linfrastructure lacces au financement la legislation du travail et des programmes demploi rural at the same time greater labour force participation of women can be a source of inclusive growth and wellbeing assessing determinants of the labour force participation of women in india can offer important policy insights for raising growth and wellbeing the paper first describes key employment trends in india by gender then the potential determinants of female labour force participation are identified based on literature basic statistics and econometric techniques social and cultural factors are important in keeping women outside the labour force,5
+the table has in contrast to this real countryspecific heterogeneity mainly a didactic value the private mental health care sector psychologists or psychiatrists in private practice depending on the country is also open to individuals with milder disorders and subthreshold conditions however the majority of mentallyill patients in need having at least a mild mental disorder and often being partially isolated from social and working life do not find adequate help the primary care practice is the location where most people with mental health conditions turn up particularly for the first time,3
+bigger and more modem and efficient fishing vessels are faced with shrinking and highly variable fish stocks in the future combining enhanced productivity with the sustainability of the fishing will be a cmcial issue it will require combining the resources and approaches of the different territories and reaching agreements regarding the management of marine resources,14
+however there is increasing recognition that many important features of the development functioning and impact of education systems can only be assessed through an understanding of learning outcomes and their relationships to inputs and processes at the level of individuals and institutions these can be either children or young adults undergoing initial schooling and training or adults pursuing lifelong learning programmes outcome indicators examine the direct effect of the output of education systems such as the employment and earning benefits of pursuing higher education impact indicators analyse the longterm indirect effect of the outcomes such as knowledge and skills acquired contributions to economic growth and societal wellbeing and social cohesion and equity such policy levers relate to the resources invested in education including financial human such as teachers and other school staff or physical resources such as buildings and infrastructure,4
+the variety of delivery options and potential increase in the number of sector participants implied by distributed systems reinforces the need for enhanced regulatory oversight for instance it is essential that the quality and reliability of electricity installations is safeguarded not only for the benefit of electricity users but also for the reliability of the grid in this regard the sector regulator will need to put in place the necessary rules to govern product safety and system interoperability,7
+growth patterns since the previous survey in are not possible to determine as the sample size from that survey is too small compared with hospital connectivity there is a lower proportion of countries with all health centres connected additionally in countries without universal coverage the proportions tend to be lower than for hospitals,3
+however the introduction of g networks increased speeds nearly ten times from earlier technologies allowing much faster to the internet and made video streaming possible only eight years later in december the first lte network commonly referred to as g was launched in sweden and oslo with a tenfold increase in speeds over g networks by both g and lte networks had been deployed in most countries and more than of the worlds population had access to g networks and twothirds had access to lte networks mobile left and fixed right broadband subscriptions per inhabitants mobile broadband subscriptions per inhab,9
+the main hello work offices have established as of banks of human resources to introduce qualified personnel to medium and smallsized enterprises and to promote the employment of the elderly parttime job banks in convenient places such as train stations in major cities to offer comprehensive placement services to people seeking parttime employment and hello work information plazas which give direct access to jobsearch engines and enable jobseekers to search through a wide range of information jilpt b okutsu reports that women in japan find their first job after a period of childrearing most often through job advertisements closely followed by contact with hello work these centres salons and corners are targeted at mothers who are bringing up children and seeking employment or who wish to change jobs,8
+if we close the gaps we fulfil a moral obligation to uphold human rights and we will all reap the benefits of a more equal world it will be more just stable prosperous and sustainable one that we will want to leave to future generations among these are measures to realize reproductive rights and gender equality with a particular and urgent emphasis on reaching people ranked among the poorest per cent the furthest behind the agenda for sustainable development offers a foundation to guide progress as do other core international commitments such as the programme of action of the international conference on population and development which guides the work of unfpa,5
+more specifically membership of ethnic minorities that are discriminated against lower educational achievement lack of skills to participate in information and knowledgebased societies lack of integration in conventional institutions and social isolation are all correlated with higher levels of perceived exclusion thus the challenge for social policies is to reduce poverty while stressing social inclusion and belonging as noted by mdrquez while traditional policies aimed overcome given income threshold they have neglected the links that allow people to achieve stronger citizenship and a greater sense of belonging,1
+a major challenge ahead both for unido and the montreal protocol is the implementation of national or sectoral hydrochlorofluorocarbon phaseout management plans hpmps which approach the development of elimination plans holistically so firm goals and legally binding targets might more appropriately fall to national energy programmes but a wide variety of international actors can encourage those at the national level to set and meet such targets,7
+the bank also admits that most poor countries have failed to match their growth performance in the prereform period finally these reports acknowledge that rapid growth in china and india has been responsible for most poverty reduction in the world during the last generation and note in passing that these countries did not follow conventional policies while economic growth in the s avoids tackling this issue headon the cgd has invited representatives from both countries to contribute to its report second the reports recognize that the mainstream has tended to exaggerate the advantages of small governments cgd p,1
+improved opportunities in the rural sector thus contributed to ease the pressure to migrate to urban areas most of the employment was seasonal mainly to confront the vagaries of the monsoon as an ovenvhelming share of the cropped areas is rainfed and the actual number of days of employment remained at days in on a different ground some million new bank and post office accounts were opened to make payments to nrega workers an unprecedented move towards greater financial inclusion for the large numbers of marginalised workers in remote areas nrega is also supporting the use of smart cards and biometric signatures for wage payments,8
+training programmes seem to have little shortterm impact but yield better mediumterm results they are more effective when unemployment is high perhaps because of the participation of people with higher qualifications training programmes targeted at young people seem less effective than programmes opened to wider groups presumably because they include more people with labour market disadvantage,10
+the remaining aid flows which were not screened against the marker were mainly attributable to the united states reporting the other dac members combined a total of of their aid canada stands out as the exception in this regard with of its aid targeting gender equality as a principal objective,5
+undergraduates and graduates are a primary source of innovation in the organisations they join eg martin and trudeau it is therefore crucial to consider the significance of labour market processes for the technological and organisational dynamism of the galilee subregions and in the northern districts as a whole innovation generation also depends on local rd investment and the capabilities to valorise it to enhance new enterprise formation and job creation,4
+typical indicators for this sample biodiversity levels population levels habitat extent etc indicators presented in this table appear very broad with very few or even no clear links to the state of biodiversity while the indicators may be useful for sampling policies and streams of funds they appear rather unsuitable for sampling the actual effects of these policies and funds hence the effects on biodiversity may never or only in a longterm perspective be traced and links between specific impacts positive or negative on biodiversity appear problematic to establish,15
+water management is one of the few areas in which a large part of projects have a practical component most of these projects are noregrets options as well since the cost of floods has been increasing because of the accumulation of assets in highrisk areas in addition a study commissioned by the bmfluw and the entities responsible for water management in the lander bmlfuw has shown that for the period up to there is no need for immediate practical measures for climate change adaptation for example floods were projected to vary between and relative to scenarios with no climate change,13
+the leopard panthera pardus used to be widespread until the s but is now restricted in distribution and less numerous with only individuals reported in the turkmen population of the asiatic wild ass equus hemionus was estimated at in but at little more than in other important ungulate populations have reportedly also declined over the last years such as those of the urial ovis urial spp,15
+the oecd mexico steering group on school management and teacher policy combines international education policy expertise with mexican policy and implementation knowledge with the analytical and organisational support of the oecd secretariat staff the steering group provides advice and support on ways to adapt lessons from international experience to the mexican context and in the design and successful implementation of related policies its main tasks are to provide analysis advice support and liaison with relevant stakeholders in their areas of expertise,4
+however even after projects are prepared and approved disbursing funds and bringing projects to fruition can also be a challenge readiness funds and programmes may help strengthen the capacity of national and regional entities to receive and manage climate financing this also applies to policies and programmes dedicated to the prevention and management of specific climate risks and vulnerabilities such as increased rainfall variability extreme weather events and upsurges in plant pests and animal diseases,13
+former rites of passage and collective ceremonies brought young people into collective celebrations and problemsolving in ways that are now becoming scarce bray juma et al adolescent girls point out that even when they reach the age of being women they do not participate in decisionmaking or any form of leadership at community level because women are confined to affairs of the home thorpe one consequence is that adolescents are denied legitimate routes to community identities and to a sense of belonging,5
+vanuatu s economy is projected to grow further by in driven largely by construction and infrastructure development and the tourism sector as the united states economy gradually recovers and unemployment falls remittances to tonga are expected to improve this combined with construction and infrastructure projects along with the tourism sector could help tonga s economy to grow by in diversification of these economies will always remain a challenge,8
+a regional strategy platform should be developed in the galilee the joint resources of the higher education institutions should be mobilised for the preparation and implementation of regional strategies the capacity for regional engagement should be improved in the region among key agencies and higher education institutions through fora for communication where good practices can be fostered through targeted training programmes which focus on practical problem solving,4
+the report demonstrates the business case for using lng as a fuel in maritime transport for both lng tankers and increasingly since other ships currently there are over ships powered by lng this is a positive development in view of the significant environmental benefits of lng compared to heavy fuel oil and diesel both of which dominate todays market for international shipping bunkers,7
+as a result health outcomes remain inferior to those of the oecd and inequalities are significant by and large the reforms have been going in the right direction the reasons for the limited progress thus run deep and are difficult to capture especially in an environment where information systems are not geared toward that objective in part slow progress may be attributable to the magnitude of the task at hand in fact insufficient attention is being paid to measuring actual progress towards effective implementation,3
+in china input subsidies are direcdy linked to the land use itself abolishing these subsidies therefore leads to slightly reduced land use for agriculture in india there is hardly any effect on agricultural land use despite the magnitude of its fertiliser support as in india all agricultural land is in use,2
+intangible capital is the difference between the total wealth and natural produced capital thus natural changes for instance those brought about by climate change due to manmade activities are likely to hit the poor much harder than the rich although ultimately they will affect all table illustrates the link between poverty alleviation and wise management of natural resources and ecosystem services,12
+they suggest that socioeconomic development has a decisive effect in lowering fertility in the long rim but in the short run and for specific households the effect is not conclusive the study concludes that education especially of women reduces fertility though its effect may take years to appear improved health and lower mortality also contribute to lower fertility through both biological and behavioral channels the effect of female employment in contrast is uncertain and undependable,5
+the country has also made significant progress in expanding the coverage of its rural population with drinking water supply from improved sources as of january per cent of its rural population had access to centralized and local water supply systems in rural areasl per cent of the population had access to centralized and local sewerage systems as of january,6
+despite the increased outreach and low administrative costs locally hired managers tend to limit their work to more standardized functions and are noted not to contribute to the strategic side of corfo operations moreover there does not appeal to be consistency in the service intermediation model and clients have complained that agents offer what they know rather than what local business requires to become more efficient competitive or profitable using a variety of econometric methods to address selectivity bias in program participation including beforeandafter comparisons differenceindifference did techniques and did with common support propensity score matching they found significant net improvements in total factor productivity growth tfp ranging from to percent qualitative analysis of the survey of profo beneficiaries attributed many of these gains to reorganization of the production process implementation of joint marketing strategies introduction of quality control techniques and managerial training,8
+however major differences are observed from one country to another the multiple facets of poverty among children and adolescents deprivation in the areas of nutrition housing access to drinking water and sanitation education information and household income cause permanent adverse effects that mark them throughout the rest of their lives to a large extent these effects also lead to the intergenerational transmission of poverty and in some cases serve to deepen inequality,1
+the use of european union structural funds in slovenia for example illustrates how too much local control can lead to a focus on local amenities and needs to the neglect of wider regional growth objectives oecd c this can make it difficult for cities to budget and plan effectively to ensure public service delivery and maintenance and to invest in more strategic longterm priorities in antofagasta chile for example local projects are often designed with little certainty as to whether or not funding will be available making it difficult to manage funding flows and ultimately discouraging potential investors oecd g,11
+nevertheless based on blame the victim attitudes where considerable focus and attention was given to improving the behaviour of the human being road safety policies lacked the holistic approach needed to achieve further significant injury reduction a safe system does not view road deaths and injuries as the inevitable price to pay for a highlymotorised society by seeing any road death as an unacceptable system failure it counters the risk that transport planners may adopt measures of transport efficiency that tolerate fatalities that are affordably preventable,3
+while technological progress has eliminated many problems it has also added new and often unexpected ones griibler diamond emissions of greenhouse gases ghg arising from the combustion of fossil fuels are the main cause of anthropogenic global warming all energy technologies whether they are fossilbased or not consume resources use land and pollute air water and the atmosphere energy use has reached a scale at which planetary boundaries are being breached for a range of essential earthsystem processes including in terms of global warming and biodiversity loss which is likely to lead to catastrophic environmental change rockstrom et al,7
+if established as a right with no waiting lists and easy application procedures these types of schemes can also limit discretion in benefit allocation and clientelistic use in one way or another they all address the protection of women in old age while considering their role in the family however the basis for the entitlement and the family model they assume and promote differ among them most contributory social insurance systems offer survivor pensions but there is substantial crosscountry variation in the types and amounts of benefits they provide,5
+this package while covering a much smaller range of issues than the original doha agenda has given renewed impetus to negotiations on the remaining doha issues among them nonagricultural market access nama agriculture and services in addition ministers have instructed the tvade negotiations committee to prepare within the next months a clearly defined work programme on the remaining doha agenda issues other decisions notably on trade facilitation could impact significantly on trade in food and agricultural products this decision part of the original proposal put forward by the g group of countries attracted wide support from developed and developing countries outcome of the bali wto ministerial cont this issue proved to be one of the most intractable with countries across the full spectrum of development struggling to define modalities which would allow the policy space sought by some countries while ensuring that the preexisting provisions of annex of the uraa would not be diluted in a way that would render them totally ineffective or otherwise distort trade or impinge negatively on the food security of other countries,2
+the renewable energy industry is no different in some respects it may be more critical in the short term because renewable energy is competing essentially against a commodity electricity however when renewable energy competes against the price of established electricity generation coalfired and gas for example even with the premium offered by renewable energy obligation and feedin tariffs return on investment can be uncompetitive in the early stages of deployment,7
+curricular standards and guidelines offer direct means for governments to promote social and emotional skills systematically and coherently this section reviews countries approaches to raising social and emotional skills focusing on practices observed in national and subnational curricula in primary and lower secondary schools such a framework is typically linked to the national objectives of education and includes more detailed descriptions of skills to be targeted,4
+the system lacked the public technological institutes except in the area of agriculture which as providers of public goods can play a fundamental role in the dissemination of knowledge provision of technical services and technology transfer to enterprises and more specifically to small and mediumsized enterprises smes steering and coordination capacities of the centre of government or ministries in charge policy design and implementation involving autonomous agencies are limited autonomous agencies appropriations do not have to be approved by the legislative assembly but by the comptroller general and approval is from a legal rather than a policy standpoint in addition there is no effective mechanism to ensure that these agencies objectives are aligned with those of the central government,9
+bed density is also markedly low with beds per population in compared to beds per oecdwide again the lowest amongst oecd countries although per capita total spending is now broadly similar for individuals with and without social security at mxn per capita for those without social security in compared to for imss and for issste affiliates differences in entitlement persist involving some common and devastating illnesses heart attacks in those aged over strokes dialysis after renal failure multiple sclerosis and lung cancer are not for example covered by sp some differences in access are also apparent,3
+these norms translate into indian rupees rs us based on the exchange rate of us inr as per the reserve bank of india s website wwwrbiorgin on june for rural areas and rs per capita per month us for urban areas all in prices this converts to rs per month for rural areas us and rs per month for urban areas us as of can a value be placed on their service support to the urban middle and upper classes which enables that group to engage in economic activities that increase the wealth of the city they live in are the urban poor primarily entrepreneurial selfemployed or employed by others,1
+internal administrative barriers and a lack of incentives may impede students researchers professors and administrators to think and act entrepreneurially efforts to develop entrepreneurship skills support may not be fully effective because of a missing interface with the local economy s wider entrepreneurship support system there is therefore a need for the university leadership to create synergies between education research and entrepreneurship and to establish an incentive and rewards system that targets professors and researchers administrative personnel or universities as well as students,4
+first the peib constitutes an important first step but it does not sufficiently address the special needs or traditions of indigenous communities for example pedagogical methodologies do not adequately reflect indigenous cultures or traditions moreover pedagogical tools such as teacher guides and textbooks are designed for the general population and do not necessarily take into account the context or learning needs of indigenous students,4
+in cameroon the universal transfer policy in these conditions amounts to distributing about cfa francs in terms per year to each child aged to with a total budget equivalent to of beforecrisis gdp as for the targeted transfer programme it is also assumed that the transfer is given to the household head who ensures an equitable distribution among household members the poverty rates are only slightly higher in the universal transfer scenario if we consider children aged to a difference of to percentage points but is slightly lower in that scenario within the to year age group a difference of to percentage points,1
+humans have used forests for a wide range of resources up through the ages influencing forest structure and ecosystem functions the human transformation of nordic forests has been particularly strong in the lowlands as populations increased during the last years and in the interior and the north as modern industrial forestry developed from the end of the s since the s management of whole forest stands with clearcutting planting and intensive silviculture has been extensively applied and has been very successful in producing large amounts of harvestable timber while also increasing the growing stock substantially,15
+in the flemish community there are indications that there is some inequitable distribution of teachers across schools with the most experienced teachers typically employed in the least challenging schools according to talis data while of lower secondary teachers worked in schools with more than of students coming from disadvantaged home backgrounds this was the case for of beginning teachers ie teachers with years teaching experience or less in countries and economies found at the top of this figure with positive differences experienced teachers are more likely to be working in schools with high proportions of students from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds figure shows that for a majority of countries however the opposite is true,4
+the main irrigated crops include maize cotton cereals fodder crops and sugar beet irrigation continues to be developed and is considered by the government as a key element for productivity growth and competitiveness in agriculture the government s objective is to expand the irrigated area to million ha this objective is integrated in the regional development projects the biggest being the south eastern anatolia project,2
+an assessment is in preparation for the second national communication agriculture energy water management and air traffic are the most vulnerable to natural disaster and extreme weather conditions according to the world bank in the sectors dependent on weather conditions accounted for per cent of gdp economic impacts from extreme weather events are immense in the world bank estimated that serbia s annual average economic loss from natural disasters varies between and billion dinars and its data show that economic losses by fires in public forests in the period exceeded billion dinars,13
+whilst women live longer than men they are also ill more often girls are now doing better than boys in school but still remain underrepresented in the key fields of education that provide greater job opportunities similarly although women are increasingly present in the labour market they still earn less than men spend more hours in unpaid work and find it harder to reach the top of the career ladder or start their own business men are more often the uictims of homicide and assault but women are the primary target of intimate partner violence,5
+teachers began to classify pupils into three groups safe cases suitable for treatment and hopeless cases and subsequently focused primarily on the middle group seeing that this group had the most potential for improvement in this same case it was found that weaker pupils received less attention status and growth models refer to how outcomes are measured and they each create different objectives and incentives for schools status models measure the percent of students who achieve certain levels of proficiency and require schools to raise performance to meet the proficient level krieg neal and schanzenbach cited in figlio and loeb,4
+the chapter is finalized by a short discussion and conclusion of the main results the aim of the eu ecolabelling scheme is to encourage sustainable production and consumption of products by setting benchmarks for the good environmental performance of products and services based on the top performers on the market the eu ecolabelled products should be among the best performing products on the market and the environmental performance should be seen in a life cycle perspective the eu ecolabel is to be consistent all over the eu and eea countries and the target is that national schemes should be harmonized with the eu ecolabel the eu ecolabel has been approved by all member countries and is a result of a common policy,12
+the same argument goes for issues related to regulation of network pricing see table both connection costs and network pricing may pose higher barriers for clean energy than for conventional energy technologies as most renewable resources may not necessarily be located close to the grid network usagebased can favour fossil fuel generation as these can be located closer to the grid,7
+in some cases they need to be updated by the time they are approved national and local examining authorities assess the general plan only in terms of its compliance with the technical norms rather than with local needs once the urban design project is approved it can be used to supervise urban development,11
+groundwater levels have dropped from the s until m regionally m locally severe reduction m turalbackgroundgrchjnekvater quality anissue u ntl itwftheiedfdatavahabfotidspread but moderate n and pathogens pollution due to abstraction of groundwater exerts pressure local and moderate increased pumping lifts reduced borehole yields and baseflow as well as degradation of ecosystems widespread and severe naturally occurring as at pgl widespread but moderate n s at up to mgl and pesticides at up to pgl some of the aquifer area is cropland urbanindustrial area population density inhabitantskm,6
+the focus lies on diversity in the past and in the present and allows teachers to reflect and critically examine different fields of tension in the intercultural dimension of the teaching profession there is a strong emphasis on democracy values and norm creation and how these topics could be taught in increasingly heterogeneous classrooms sodertorn universityndissi research has found that multilingualism in teacher education is lacking carlson despite the fact that many national reports have pointed to the importance of teachers language knowledge as an integral part of core content teaching skolinspektionen ooi skolverket oi in swedish teacher education student teachers study subject content and corresponding theory amnes och amnesdidaktiska studier in addition to educational core requirements,4
+formative assessment is deep learning and needs to be constantly revisited as we learn how to develop efficacy around this very multifaceted set of strategies changing teachers language from praise to affirmation and feedback is an ongoing goal for many students in our system need support as their mindset changes from performance evaluation to assessment for and as learning,4
+the agenda also sets aims for the contribution and conduct of fisheries and aquaculture towards food security and nutrition and the sectors use of natural resources in a way that ensures sustainable development in economic social and environmental terms within the context of the fao code of conduct for responsible fisheries fao a major challenge to implementation of the agenda is the sustainability divide between developed and developing countries which has partially resulted from increased economic interdependencies coupled with limited management and governance capacity in developing countries to eliminate this disparity while making progress towards the target for restoration of overfished stocks set by the agenda the global community needs to support developing nations to achieve their full fisheries and aquaculture potential the total first sale value of fisheries and aquaculture production in was estimated at usd billion of which usd billion was from aquaculture production in per capita terms food fish consumption grew from kg in to kg in at an average rate of about percent per year preliminary estimates for and point to further growth to about and kg respectively,14
+enforcement and advertising when combined are significantly more effective than increasing enforcement alone driving should be facilitated for citizens as long as possible subject to their physical ability to drive safely in the absence of specific impairment licensing should not be limited by age,11
+as with sequential policies these measures often revolve around mothers and female workers but as detailed below have increasingly begun to make men and fathers eligible as well in latin america iloundp these are regulatory policies on homebased care services the onetoone hiring of mostly female personnel for work in familial settings is an alternative to provision in institutional settings and has different implications for the state s role in measures that defamilialize or commercialize care since paid domestic work is not usually included in policies for reconciling paid work and family responsibilities paternity leaves came later and were created to encourage men to use parental leave,5
+this helped reduce water consumption water leaks production costs and increase collection rate in yerevan armenia a metering programme reached more than of connections this has significantly driven down consumption which is now in line with western europe averages yet the problem of how to accurately meter water use in multifamily houses apartment blocks persists,6
+this sectorled approach to school improvement was of benefit not only to the recipient schools but also to home schools since the partnership relationships created an enhanced environment for reflection on school effectiveness however as baars et al in particular local and national leaders of education as consultant leaders needed very careful selection training and quality assurance as there is no guarantee that a good principal will make for a good consultant leader,4
+the expansion in consumption has been driven not only by increased production but also by other factors including reduced wastage in fish accounted for about percent of animal protein consumed by the global population moreover fish provided about billion people with almost percent of their average per capita intake of animal protein,14
+therefore multiple indicators besides moneymetric income and expenditure measures are needed to capture the scale and dimensions of poverty while monetary poverty might affect just a minority only a few might escape poverty in any form shifting the line up or down could make a dramatic difference with respect to the estimated incidence of monetary poverty,1
+the countrys capacity to collect taxes also needs to be improved in view of persistent revenue shortfalls in recent years for the purpose of development what matters is where and how the deficit is being spent is it for instance being spent for enhancing human physical or social capital that would improve productivity and hence economic growth if that is the case then public debt even though it rises in the short term would be sustainable,8
+numerous proposals have been made including more research produced in the classroom or starting from practice eg action research designbased research as well as making research on education more relevant and accessible for practice and so on cordingley hiebert gallimore and stigler igj oecd the discussion also extends to how to make educational evidence cumulative goldacre oj hargreaves i systemsschools required to use the australian professional standards for teachers in identifying highly skilled teachers to supervise professional experience and work with higher education providers to ensure rigorous iterative and agreed assessment of preservice teachers,4
+since the s the nordic countries have implemented a variety of different types of measures aimed at improving the gender balance in academia gender equality measures have been implemented within the education and research sectors in national research councils and at universities university colleges and independent research institutes these measures have focused on improving the gender balance in specific subject areas position categories and institutions or in academia and the research sector in general first statistics on education and research in the nordic region have been broken down by gender since the s and even earlier in some countries which has been crucial for developing adequate data on the gender equality measures in academia,5
+however to ensure that children can access ecec services is not enough positive results for children can only be achieved if the level of quality of these services is high otherwise children may even be harmed by low quality care and education for instance when world leaders in defined the global ambitions for the next years by adopting sustainable development goals sdgs at the united nations summit in new york they first considered education as a cornerstone of the sustainable development agenda,4
+it also recognizes the land rights of children and youth see also case study on namibia to a lesser extent women may also gain access through government or other social programmes for example via land reform or through access to markets this means that many types of laws will be relevant to the protection of womens land rights including marriage and family law which addresses issues of marital property inheritance and divorce as well as land law which may address issues of land reformand personal status lawand property law,5
+for example in uganda female farm owners reported higher manure use than males while the reverse was true in nigeria and ethiopia peterman et al there are numerous examples of farmers having converted from chemicalintensive farming to agroecology with resulting improvement in food security and sovereignty for both genders fao and pan watts and williamson de schutter this could partly result from increased household income but more importantly it derives from increased crop diversity which provides a wider range of food over a longer part of the year,2
+similarly adelaide s demand has diminished following the construction of a desalination plant with the capacity to supply gl per annum in total about of consumptive water in the mdb would meet current urban demand the volume of water required to meet domestic demand is very small and has not resulted in major tradeoffs between cities and agriculture,6
+in this case the differences in funding between male and femalefounded companies may simply reflect the gender gap in characteristics positively associated with startup success such as stem education thus the gender gap in the financing stage may actually arise from the education system the labour market or some deeper social institutions also called in the literature statistical discrimination rather than investor tastebased discrimination the objective is to identify if where and how policy action to level the playing field may be desirable and effective,5
+using surface water for drinking water supply requires long and expensive means of transmission to reach communities located in the centre of the country therefore aquifers with good quality and quantity are already heavily exploited eight per cent of total water abstracted was lost during transportation,6
+the government sets annual objectives in a statement of intent for its central education agencies and the ministry of education develops a national policy framework funding aims to support free schooling and while tertiary study involves cost to the student significant financial support is available moreover maori and pasifika students represent more than onethird of the student population and diversity of the student population is increasing while they face lower outcomes and may be less likely to complete their secondary education,4
+these external effects can in turn become limiting factors to the further development of the groundwater resource alley energy subsidies to agriculture have significantly lowered the costs of extracting groundwater in a number of oecd countries and india the stress from droughts and floods threatens their security even further flood storm and drought disasters have implications for health the environment and economic development,6
+the underlying rationale for the strategies during this period was to achieve cohesion with europe the strategies took account of the national context and recognised critical weaknesses of the innovation system however the institutional capacity to build up the evidence base for strategy development was weak at the time policies were developed topdown involving little stakeholder consultation,9
+another bill proyecto de ley sobre partidos politicos introduces quotas for women it provides that for internal party elections candidates must respect gender balance where no sex should be represented in more than it also proposes mandatory participation of women in party relevant directives in order to achieve gender parity,5
+while domestic wheat consumption in the mashreq countries is slightly lower it is still relatively high hovering around kgpersonyear on the other hand lowincome arab countries including somalia and sudan have lower consumption levels similar to those of other developing countries owing largely to supply constraints production and import and to a culture that is not as entrenched towards wheatbased food products however during these four decades two distinct time periods can be observed,2
+in the monthly grant amounts to r equivalent to approximately us this contrasts with the figure of million children who were de facto in receipt of the grant in assuming that all those who are eligible under the age of register for the child grant household poverty would fall to per cent even more strikingly poverty among children under falls from per cent to per cent and ultrapoverty from per cent to per cent,1
+further analysis of similar initiatives might help governments learn from the experience of other countries the private rental market also plays an increasingly important role in the provision of affordable housing this is likely to continue as housing support shifts from social rental housing to housing allowances policies to support housing affordability through the private rental market are therefore becoming more prominent,11
+only very few countries however link appraisal results to financial rewards andor sanctions in various states and territories in australia and france isced levels and school principals and deputy principals may receive a permanent salary increment as a reward for outstanding performance in france isced levels and the exceptional performance of school principals and deputy school principals may also be rewarded with a oneoff financial bonus in chile performance appraisal outstanding school leaders may receive a salary increment for a fixed period of time,4
+industrial processes will continue to produce waste heat and cold as will infrastructure much of it could be reused in buildings nearby according to the strategy the package includes goals and proposed measures for increasing renewable energy in heating and cooling sectors as well as proposals for improving energy efficiency in the heating and cooling,7
+although it is difficult to measure the difference in the health care system between rural and urban areas accounted for much of ruralurban disparities under the auspices of the new cooperative medical system ncms the government instituted a new system of riskpooling for china s vast rural population the ncms includes three features that distinguish it from the rural cooperative medical system joint responsibility for financing local responsibility for many aspects of programme design implementation and management and voluntary participation,10
+in this context there are at least two channels through which the contribution of the extractive industries to the implementation of the paris agreement and the achievement of the sdgs could be strengthened first is the reduction of emission intensity in mining operations by increasing their use of renewable energy and improving their energy efficiency second is strengthening the contribution of the mining industry to sustainable development energy typically represents to per cent of total mining operational costs zharan and bongaerts,13
+while schools should always give priority to individuals with required or acceptable qualifications they may exceptionally eg in a situation of teacher shortage appoint an individual with other qualifications eurydice while teachers are employed by the school boards they are paid by the flemish government and their employment conditions including pensions are defined within the public service framework flemish ministry of education and training there are three stages in the contractual status of teachers i temporary appointment of definite duration ii temporary appointment of continuous duration ie automatically renewed if the respective school is funded the associated teaching hours and iii permanent employment,4
+as the oecd project on school leadership suggested career development prospects as well as salary scales for school leaders that are separate from teachers salary scales and that reflect leadership structures and schoollevel factors may help attract high performing leaders to all schools pont et al using appraisal results to inform career advancement may help make appraisal for accountability more effective and meaningful it is however important to bear in mind that research on the effects of such systems that tie appraisal to career advancement is scarce this requires reliable indicators and clear appraisal aspects and criteria training for evaluators and due consideration for the context in which a school leader works depending on the country context this refers to concepts such as the school principal in australia canada and the united states or the headteacher in the united kingdom and ireland,4
+at the same time structural transformation is critical to economically sustainable growth and rising incomes together structural transformation and rising incomes provide the means of overcoming one of the key constraints to development of the electricity sector the inadequacy of demand rising household incomes increase domestic demand and structural transformation leads to expanding demand for productive uses,7
+the findings show that students in albania algeria canada denmark the dominican republic georgia indonesia jordan kosovo lebanon mexico moldova peru portugal qatar the russian federation hereafter russia sweden tunisia turkey the united arab emirates and the united states experience ebst more frequently all of these countries have an average on the index which is more than of a standard deviation higher than the oecd average in contrast austria beijingshanghaijiangsuguangdong china hereafter bsjg china finland japan korea netherlands spain and chinese taipei are among the countries with limited reliance on ebst in fact in countries ebst is more frequently experienced by students in disadvantaged schools ie schools in the bottom of the pisa index of economic social and cultural status escs compared with students in the top quarter of escs,4
+these goals established for the next years are rightly ambitious with full support of the commonwealth however this should not obscure the scale of the challenges ahead urgent actions are required to advance this development agenda sustainable development goal urges the international community to conserve and sustainably use the oceans seas and marine resources this points to a pressing need for the international community to address the issue of the conservation and the rebuilding of global fish stocks that have been so quickly depleted as a result of the industrialisation of the fisheries sector to date,14
+it operates regional branches which have some autonomy as for example in the tendering process for healthcare services since the list has been broadened to include highly specialised procedures which were previously financed directly from the general government budget most primary care independent of ownership status is still covered by public health insurance,3
+issues of market organisation are thus important in determining the relative competitiveness of different fuels they can also drive a wedge between the private and the social benefits and costs of different fuels abstracting for the moment from small amounts of emission during construction nuclearbased electricity production is carbonfree during operations,7
+while the federal government began to incorporate housing quality and liveability concerns in its policies and programmes prior to notably in terms of improved construction materials the elaboration of a certified development initiative desarrollos certificados formerly desarrolios urbanos integrates sustentables duis and incentives for green building housing policy objectives meanwhile remained quantitative and focused on furnishing individual houses with basic equipment eg piped water drainage as will be seen programmes like duis and now desarrollos certificados in many cases paid insufficient attention to housing location and access to urban services and infrastructure see box in a review of housing policies in latin america focusing on the experiences of argentina chile colombia and mexico rojas finds that housing policies throughout the region have lacked a placebased approach and have been poorly coordinated with other policy domains affecting urban development eg economic development transport etc,11
+constraints may be imposed by institutions in the public domain as a result of active discrimination unconscious bias or lack of knowledge institutions are bearers of genderspecific constraints when their principal actors reflect and reinforce consciously or unconsciously discriminatory norms and values which impose restrictions on womens choices there are many examples of institutionally imposed gender constraints,5
+rapidly growing asian economies are expected to account for the greatest share of additional consumption while saturated levels of per capita food consumption and declining population growth rates result in much slower consumption growth from regions like north america and europe substantial population growth in africa will drive significant increases in total consumption however per capita consumption growth in the region remains marginal consumption trends also tend toward processed and prepared foods widening the spread between farm gate and retail prices of food items expansion of the livestock sector alters the demand for crops resulting in a declining share of pure food crops in favour of crops like coarse grains and oilseeds which are also used to feed livestock,2
+to this end all national universities and other associated research institutions including those focusing on electronic engineering industrial engineering it medicine law and economics with an interest in the work of itu were invited to participate more specifically enacom is involved in sdgs and as it promotes and seeks to ensure healthy sustainable and secure lifestyles in all social domains including learning business science environment agriculture government etc among other benefits it enables the government to grant nanocredits and focus subsidies the emoney system managed by the banco central del ecuador bce is a payment method that allows citizens to make secure and reliable online transactions using cellphones without the need for internet access or a bank account,9
+while the hs can capture most renewables the ubiquitous nature of some goods and their component parts means that the dual use problem will remain over and above what could be sorted out by introducing greater specificity in the hs tariff codes as for ghgefficient goods or goods produced in a ghgefficient way there are simply no hs codes to match moreover climate or energy efficiency include fast evolving technologies hence the identification of such goods in a closed list is a moving target the inclusion of goods derived from ghgefficient process and production methods ppms is especially problematic as it may dramatically increase the scope for protectionist measures,7
+it will be negative if the change in the effect of households characteristics is such that for children with same characteristics and same position in the income distribution their income decreased regression coefficients then reflect the effect of characteristics on the conditional quantile but cannot be read as the unconditional effects in which case the interpretation is limited unless one estimates quantiles regressions for all quantiles it turns then that one needs to know the entire conditional distribution of the outcome y in each group g given x to compute the groupspecific quantiles,1
+the existing potential of lowcost demand response for large users running capital intensive factories or industrial facilities must be assessed and the pace of development of smart grids remains uncertain large balancing areas and geographic diversity of wind resources can help to optimise the balancing costs improving the design of electricity markets is another important lever to control these costs in several us markets and in australia subhourly energy markets are integrated and cooptimised with ancillary services markets,7
+yet remaining in school is often challenging for excluded children especially poor rural girls poorer families may choose to pay school fees only for boys or marry girls off at a young age so that they become someone else s responsibility many girls still leave school to perform household labour,5
+at sea most oil is used by the fishing fleet while on land oil is used to produce electricity and heat and for transport according to the national statistical authority of the faroe islands the major part of the oil is related to fisheries as the fishing fleet consumes of the oil while other vessels consume another while is related to other types of transport households public institutions retail and service businesses and industry together consume,7
+for example in the case of magnet academy partners are granted or according to the chosen route there are four routes consortium association magneton nofar with the balance born by industrial companies nonetheless the technion the proteomics centre the israeli institute for rd in food technology and russel berrie nanotechnology institute have received substantial support from moital the ministry of science and technology has also initiated the establishment of new knowledge centres some of in the galilee for example the migal galilee technology centre,4
+the decline of traditional utilities based on dispatchable generation assets can thus degrade the security of electricity supply of course countervailing measures such as capacity mechanisms or longterm support for dispatchable assets in particular if they are lowcarbon such as hydro or nuclear can internalise any newly arising external effects this holds in particular for baseload producers such as nuclear which rely on high load factors and predictable prices in order to recoup their high fixed costs,7
+from to more than billion people were lifted out of extreme poverty achieving sdg however will nonetheless not be easy over million people continue to battle extreme poverty living on less than per day the world population continues to grow poverty eradication efforts will demand we reach communities alienated within current development pathways because they lack productive capacities live in remote areas without access to services or face discrimination many people who escape income poverty may remain relatively poor in their local context or face deprivations in health education and shelter,1
+as for other catastrophic risks insurers must charge a premium that may be several times higher than the annual expected losses in order to meet their solvency constraints in addition some of the potential losses are not insurable or difficult to be covered by insurance to date insurers are reluctant in particular to provide coverage for loss of life or personal injury occurring between ten and thirty years after the nuclear accident occurred while only some would refuse full coverage for costs of measures of reinstatement for impaired environment or for cost of preventive measures beyond a certain level the state is the sole entity able to bear the accident risk and socialisation of such residual risk is the most efficient economic solution as seen in this chapter any estimate of the expected frequency and costs from a severe nuclear accident is extremely challenging and highly controversial the major difficulty would therefore be to provide a valid estimate of the risk from a nuclear accident and of the residual risk that is borne by the state,7
+local communities need to be involved not just nationally organised groups crashes occur on local roads and local discussion will help establish the most effective response in the end based on public feedback the less stringent approach was adopted on the grounds that maintaining community support for effective implementation was vital a focus on how to achieve the ultimate outcome of zero serious harm and then working backwards from the ultimate to the current will determine the next steps along the safe system path,11
+schools are also expected to promote good mental health for students and remain alert to mental health concerns nice public health recommendation nice for example offers guidelines on social and emotional wellbeing in primary education stating that schools and local authorities should make sure teachers and other staff are trained to identify when children at school show signs of anxiety or social and emotional problems they should be able to discuss the problems with parents and carers and develop a plan to deal with them involving specialists where needed the targeted mental health in schools tamhs initiative which ran between and was backed with gbp million of funding from the department for children schools and families the programme aimed to tackle emotional and mental health support delivery in schools for children aged to and was found to have had mixed results at the end of the threeyear programme,3
+april and may saw record rain over mm in the northern part of the country which caused disastrous floods in the catchment area of the vrbas and bosna rivers as well as in the area of semberija these extreme climate and weather episodes have caused substantial material and financial deficits as well as casualties in the same time series trends in annual temperatures on all analysed stations are statistically significant while the changes are more pronounced in the continental part of the country however increases in air temperature over the last years are even more pronounced the increase in temperature in addition to increases in ghg emissions is caused by a more pronounced effect of the urban heat island differences between the reference period and the period range from c in sarajevo to c in tuzla,13
+it is collected by water agencies within each hydrographic basin the charge builds on a characterisation of water resources as regards availability category and category resources are those situated respectively inside and outside water apportionment areas zres in french for zones de repartition des eaux which are zones characterised by a chronic water deficit the spatial distinction between category and category resources reflects the higher opportunity cost in zres where there is a serious imbalance between water demand and water availability,6
+the corporate tax rate is a graduated system from to and books are required this particular provision is criticised for two reasons i it creates a system where micro and small enterprises accept the practice of not keeping books and ii the progressively higher taxation rate for corporate enterprises is a disincentive for natural person enterprises to become incorporated the unintended effect of these rules may be to actually discourage the growth of micro and small enterprises by providing incentives for them to remain small as mentioned in chapter,8
+for this reason there are several documents that combine and constitute the national strategies and the most important elements are the white paper on forest policy lmd the forestry act lmd regulation on sustainable forestry lmd the annual national budget the forest policy instruments and the living forests now pefc norway processes however implementation using these elements and strategies in a formal way have probably discriminated social values connected to recreation and tourism however these statistics are about the general situation and development in norway and not specific for forest areas statistics norway collects data concerning several governmental indicators within the field of recreation and tourism,15
+this also entails giving difficult cases sufficient resources and conserving resources in cases where their use would be suboptimal furthermore changes in payment systems could have longterm consequences for technology use medical practices and costs over time mcclellan they have however not been effective in avoiding unnecessary referrals and offering definitive care between and the number of nondiagnostic referrals to outpatient specialist care increased by more than four times while the number of patients referred to inpatient care per physician increased by almost gaal et al,3
+conversely coal has played a relatively limited role in ldcs electricity generation mix although its weight may expand somewhat as recently planned investments in new coalbased plants come online as discussed in the next subsection however there is evidence of an acceleration of nonhydro renewable energy deployment in ldcs since and utilityscale plants currently under construction will increase their weight in the near future at the nd conference of the parties to the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc cop the climate vulnerable forum including ldcs pledged to achieve per cent renewable energy by thus half of the ldcs including island ldcs dependent on fossilfuel generation as well as others with a larger share of renewable energy consider a transition to a lowcarbon power sector a strategic longterm objective other ldcs such as lao people s democratic republic mozambique and uganda are also experimenting with the deployment of various renewablebased generation technologies,7
+there are likely to be additional linkages and policies that will support sustainable macroeconomic development and growth while also promoting gender equality first employment livelihood improvement should be our central macroeconomic indicator nayyar second financing for gender equality in em ployment and other domains can be selfsustaining because of the feedback effects from gender equality to economywide wellbeing,5
+various kinds of icts help firms in all sectors to manage their resources more efficiently access the information needed for better business decisionmaking reduce the costs of business transactions and enhance their ability to bring their products and services to customers consequently it is useful to consider ways to enhance business use of icts in the context of private sector development to promote icts within firms governments need to provide an enabling environment that is conducive to business use of icts,9
+in this same year more than half of special basic education schools were privatesubsidised while were public schools there were only three private nonsubsidised schools offering this modality of education ministry of education close to twothirds of students in special education basic schools attend privatesubsidised schools attend municipal schools and only attend private nonsubsidised schools ministry of education as shown in figure enrolment in special basic education increased significantly during the last decade particularly in the privatesubsidised sector where it went from students in to students in a increase compared to a increase in public schools ministry of education only correspond to students with visual or hearing impairments the proportion of students with autism is twice as large in privatesubsidised schools as in municipal schools,4
+but changes in the ecological and institutional landscapes in rajasthan marginalized the availability of grazing land which largely affected their pastoral lifestyle and forced them to sell animals and take up lowpaid labour in towns hence their knowledge is irrelevant and thus the changes in their livelihood led to the disappearance of valuable breeds and associated knowledge practical action for example farmers in semiarid parts of south tamil nadu use ploughs made of neem tree timber azadracta indica as one of the integrated methods to control cyperus a notorious weed in cropped fields currently ploughing is carried out using tractors and thus the traditional knowledge of using neem ploughs has become obsolete and its relevance is limited under the changing production practices the cultural value placed on crop diversity and local selection techniques is also declining in many areas and the skills that contributed to evolution of landraces are slowly disappearing as in the case of specific culture in the philippines mentioned earlier changing sociocultural practices make the knowledge irrelevant and reduce sharing and communication at the community level and into the next generation,2
+the trend toward stricter entitlement requirements has however mostly stopped in the s instead reforms have tended to make it somewhat easier for people with shorter employment records to qualify for ui finland france united kingdom in the united state entitlement conditions have remained unchanged,10
+while the guarantee of the loan was helpful in getting the private sectors initial involvement the indirect training and capacity building rendered the initiative sustainable the eagerness of nonparticipating local banks to participate in the next round of investments stands as a testimony that once trained and reassured about the expected energy savings of energy efficiency measures private financiers are keen to partake in energy efficiency investments government buyin was another key element in the success of the mechanism,7
+some aspects of this system were inherited from the predemocratic era however the postapartheid state has been very active in reforming and adding to this system there has been a rapid expansion in spending on social assistance over the last between and while spending on most budget items eg education and health have remained fairly constant in real terms consolidated expenditure on welfare and social assistance has increased from r billion per cent of gdp in to r billion per cent of gdp in national treasury and this is shown in figure below,10
+towards a framework for examining the interrelationship between health and the economy thesis department of economics university of the west indies st augustine trinidad and tobago port of spain trinidad available at unaids a a study of the pan caribbean partnership against hivaids pancap common goals shared responses unaids best practice collection december,3
+the policy relevance of the virtual water metaphor will be greater where scarcity values opportunity costs are substantial using the virtual water metaphor in this context has enhanced the discussion of the relationship between water resources and food security however the policy relevance of virtual water is limited in some situations and the policy recommendations that arise in discussions of virtual water often are not consistent with maximizing the value of limited resources,6
+the students scored around the oecd average in reading and science and above the oecd average in mathematics the student plans are meant to strengthen the foundation of the educational planning and organization support the current evaluation of the individual students and strengthen collaboration between home and school furthermore linguistic screening of children in kindergarten class is compulsory especially the goals for reading mathematics natural science and english were strengthened the goals were no longer recommendations but binding goals for the schools to follow,4
+in addition no incentives or specific rules exist to encourage companies responsible for pumping purifying and transporting water to consumers to produce relevant data on the quantity and quality of the transported water and the remaining water reserves at present such companies sometimes do not supply data when requested in order to avoid the subsequent additional restrictions that would occur on the basis of the information in the data vested interests the idea was mooted of setting up a separate independent monitoring team to collect such data but with insufficient funding it seems unlikely that independent monitoring programmes can be set up,6
+the parties did not agree in paris to forswear the use of some policy tools that are controversial among trading partners three types of tools in particular will be discussed here border carbon adjustment subsidies as green industrial policy and carbon standards and labelling applied to imports it results in a charge on imported goods commensurate with the charge that the producer would have had to bear had the product been produced under domestic climate regulations whether a carbon tax or a requirement to purchase offsets applied to exports it rebates any climaterelated charges imposed on goods that are destined for foreign markets where such charges are not imposed on their producers,13
+school autonomy in content hiring and salaries is also associated with higher student learning outcomes on average hanushek et al the decomposition results show that of the explained part of the achievement gap is driven by differences in the responsibility for curriculum and resources the first term on the right handside corresponds to the part of the differential in educational performance attributable to observed individual school and teacher characteristics that is how much students in the bottom quartile would score differently if they had the same individual and school characteristics as students in the top quartile escs the second term the return effect shows how much low escs students would hypothetically be better if they experience the same production process of schooling given their own characteristics for instance the provision of extracurricular activities in schools is also a driver of socioeconomic gaps in achievement having creative extracurricular activities in school appeals to be an important factor in switzerland turkey and the united states for instance,4
+the day ends with a reception and an awards ceremony the event gives students an opportunity to compete for awards exceeding usd for their business ideas cash plus inkind services a series of workshops help students prepare for the day of the event venture capital firms angel investment groups law firms consulting firms and industrial groups,8
+in contrast several of the countries that have made most progress in reducing extreme poverty nationwide are also those that have made this a priority in rural areas for example brazil chile and costa rica which have already met the first mdg target or are very close to doing so display progress rates in rural areas that are a similar or superior to those in urban zones this result suggests that prioritizing progress among the country s most backward groups can be a viable strategy when combined with pursuit of a general improvement in living standards see figure,1
+a future hsr corridor was considered an effective way to relieve the pressure on fastgrowing oslo and to make it possible to commute between oslo and gothenburg modem rail was also expected to help significantly reduce emissions compared to air road and tmck transport the project generated unprecedented momentum and enthusiasm it had a significant impact on the hsr debate especially in norway,11
+such progress has allowed colombia to become a regional leader in key activities its health technology assessment agency lnstituto de evaluacion tecnologica en salud is one of the most advanced in latin america for example the conflict has led to displacement and forced possession of land forced recruitment and kidnapping homicides injuries and sexual violence in total million are estimated to have been victims of the armed conflict between and mostly rural impoverished colombians,3
+they reduce global and national economic output strain national governments and health systems burden vulnerable households put human rights at risk and seriously undermine development progress undp b world bank lost productivity due to illness disability or death from ncds can impede macroeconomic growth and shift public budgets from other important health and development objectives who bloom et al in contrast deaths from communicable diseases during the same period fell by per cent from around million people in to million in while deaths from various forms of injuries rose by per cent from around million people in to million in gbd,3
+the new action plan for africa also includes the digitalisation of media and communications and the promotion of ecommerce ids the private sector is also engaged in this area for instance zte and huawei provide equipment and technical assistance to enhance egovernance programmes in rwanda indias total concessional development finance is estimated by the oecd to have reached usd billion in compared to usd billion in,9
+the doi moi aimed to transition from a centrallyplanned economy to a socialistoriented market economy encouraging private sector development and foreign investments the extent to which recent successes have been translated into improved wellbeing is questioned as well as the ways in which this rapid growth has affected social cohesion a cohesive society can be described as a society that strives for social integration and builds up the necessary social capital to create a common sense of belonging and one where prospects exist for upward social mobility persistent and deepening inequalities among certain groups of the population eg of ethnic minorities are poor accounting for nearly half of the total poor raise concerns on the prospects of achieving sustained and inclusive growth the coverage gaps in social protection eg of people in the middle class do not have social insurance and the weak redistributive effect of the current fiscal policies may expose many middleclass households to the risk of falling back into poverty last but not least innovation and technological progress are generating new skills needs which place education and training policies under tremendous pressure,10
+moreover on the west coast indigenous coal is more expensive than imported coal due to the cost of rail transport from the coal mines in the east it also has a vast underutilised solar potential other renewable potentials such as biomass wind and geothermal energy are rather restricted only of the global uranium resources are found in india,7
+if elasticity is high public antipoverty policies based on economic growth are more efficient if elasticity is low however poverty reduction strategies should include a combination of economic growth and some type of income redistribution ravallion and chen estimated incomepoverty and inequalitypoverty elasticities for countries,1
+the food law s purpose is to promote food safety animal health and animal welfare aquaculture is also governed by a number of regulations which set out rules regarding amongst others licence requirements fish health and fish welfare and technological standards for fish farms licences for of cod and halibut rearing mussel farming are free and can be applied for at all times while salmon and trout licences are issued in limited numbers against payment the licences are only issued when the government decides to do so,14
+for example in japan the selfemployed are covered by the national health insurance scheme the employed are covered by corporatebased insurance schemes and those aged or older are covered by a specific scheme for elderly but all groups have the same health coverage in france three separate health insurance funds exist for salaried workers agricultural workers and the selfemployed and a number of smaller health insurance funds cover specific professions such as people employed in the military forces or people employed by some stateowned companies such as the national society of french railways sncf these schemes automatically cover family members in another group of countries with mandatory health insurance people can choose their insurer czech republic germany israel the netherlands the slovak republic and switzerland,3
+here fossil fuel resource constraints may work alongside externality pricing to make renewables more costcompetitive yet resource availability competing land uses may also act as constraints for the deployment of renewables at scale the magnitude of decarbonization required in the future affords no such gradualism moreover a transition away from the energy infrastructures and institutions that have coevolved with fossil fuels over the last century carries its own costs and inertias unruh,7
+it is relevant for measuring the average longevity of the population as a whole and is collected using wellestablished standards life expectancy can be measured at birth and at various ages all life expectancies measure how long on average people could expect to live based on the agespecific death rates currently prevailing life expectancy at birth is however only an estimate of the expected life span of a given cohort as the actual agespecific death rates of any particular birth cohort cannot be known in advance measures of life expectancy at birth refer to people born today and are computed by the oecd as the unweighted average of life expectancy for men and women life expectancy indicators meet a number of criteria characterising ideal indicators table with the exception of the availability of disaggregated information across various population groups,3
+on the one hand some federal countries belgium canada the united states have almost entirely devoted water responsibilities to lower levels of government while in other federal states australia mexico the central government still plays a strong role strategic planning regulation etc on the other hand though some unitary states still retain significant water responsibilities at central government level with highly centralised water policy making chile israel japan korea most oecd unitary countries france greece the netherlands new zealand have de facto devoted responsibilities to lower levels of government in all cases the institutional mapping of water policy also relies on environmental territorial and hydrological considerations the plurality of mutually dependent actors across ministries and public agencies between levels of government and at subnational level raises significant multilevel governance challenges hence the need for diagnosing capacity and coordination challenges likely to hinder integrated water policy,6
+national financial restrictions have reduced allocations for nonteaching staff by particularly staff in early childhood education and care ecec school management especially in small schools has faced financial difficulties as salaries of pedagogical staff have increased while those of nonpedagogical staff have been reduced financial support for nursery schools has also been proposed to remove obstacles to their establishment,4
+the brazilian instituto de pesquisa economica aplicada institute of applied economic research ipea has noted that every real brl invested in the programme increases gdp by brl the million children and adolescents whose school attendance is monitored by the programme show lower rates of truancy and are performing at a level equal to the average student in the public school system despite their impoverished economic condition this will lead to a future for these children far different from the situation of exclusion suffered by their parents and grandparents,1
+see above box finding a new more efficient or less invasive way of administering a known drug is also a case of new use it is important to emphasize that a new use by definition results from the same chemical entity ie a known preexisting substance the new drug prescribed for the new use thus makes no change to the chemical structure of the existing product as would be the case of derivatives which are discussed later in this guide this is particularly true in countries where knowledge of traditional medicines exists and new indications might be found through targeted research,3
+further epeat criteria are only developed for a limited number of product categories and only electronic product which has also affected the choice of product groups the criteria in the four instruments for the four products have been reviewed and categorized according to the resource efficiency parameters developed by jrc but additional categories have also been added as the four voluntary instruments cover resource efficiency parameters adding to the jrc categories following this the voluntary resource efficiency criteria of the four product groups are reviewed and analysed,12
+they demonstrated the potential of some value chains to double yields and farmers incomes without expanding the farmed area or increasing greenhouse gas emissions green growth agroparks such as suiker unie in the netherlands have a strong focus on the environment and on valueadded food products the scope of these agroparks is to optimize the use of natural resources especially through more efficient and sustainable water use in food production processing and distribution,2
+kakwani and subbarao examined household survey data from countries in subsaharan africa against the respective national poverty lines the study confirmed that poverty rates are high in subsaharan africa for the whole population in general and for the older population in particular national poverty rates varied from per cent to per cent in the general population and between per cent and per cent among older persons table in of the countries studied the incidence of poverty was higher for the older population than for the population as a whole the exceptions were burundi madagascar mozambique and nigeria,1
+in women accounted for of msme owners in manufacturing as in india traditions and customs weigh on indonesian female entrepreneurs particularly in rural areas and among some ethnic groups the situation of women entrepreneurs seem to have progressed at a faster pace in china where female entrepreneurship boomed after the establishment of the new economic model in,5
+is this an experience of child food insecurity even if the child does not understand it as such or is the worry or hunger in that instance a consequence of household food insecurity in addition some child experiences that reflect food insecurity at some stages of childhood may reflect developmental appropriate responsibilities at other stages,2
+the current demographic decline makes these inherited inefficiencies even more visible the number of births dropped from in to in and this has led to a continuous decline of the schoolage population educational policy institute the number of students decreased by between and with the largest decrease in the secondary vocational sector but substantial decrease also occurred at the level of basic schools and general secondary schools nearly,4
+but the crucial work of implementing esd across everyday education practice is still ahead school plans are seen to be the instruments for implementing the wholeinstitution approach in school operations particularly in preprimary primary and secondary levels of education as defined by the ece esd working group on school plans esd school planning is a means to move beyond sustainability awarenessraising and to actively engage in a continuous cycle of planning implementing and reviewing approaches to sustainability as part of every school s operations unece ft the working group identified a number of core dimensions for such plans including school governance arrangements curriculum teaching and learning facilities and operations partnerships and cooperation particularly with the surrounding community and selfassessment,4
+fisheries inspectors receive uptodate information on pc and smartphones and target the control based on the resulting risk assessment denmark has also conducted trials for catch quota registration using cctv cameras to deter misreporting growth and development of the sector had been primarily limited by restrictions on nitrogen discharge levels,14
+dimensions and indicators for this study were selected as the result of a broad consultative process with key stakeholders convened by unicefarmenia see annex a for the full list of dimensions and indicators the sustainable development goals set by the post development agenda make a clear statement in goal by reduce at least by half the proportion of men women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions,1
+the migration literature has typically overlooked gender dynamics assuming that most women migrate only for family reunification reasons as wives mothers or daughters of male migrants zlotnik however the increasing magnitude of international migration in the recent decades led to a growing focus on women as independent migrants grieco and boyd cerrutti and massey erulkar et al looking at the noneconomic determinants of female migration previous studies differentiate three broad categories of factors individual factors including age marital status role and position in the family educational status and employment experience family factors including size structure status and societal factors including the community norms and cultural values that determine whether a woman can migrate or not and if she can how and with whom she can do it grieco and boyd few exceptions have looked at gender inequality as a driver of female migration with a particular focus on discrimination in the workplace,5
+notes poverty rates are based on countryspecific poverty lines and therefore not comparable from one country toanother poverty rates for france and the republic of moldova are calculated as percentage of population living in loneparent households that are below the poverty line while for the other countries the poverty rates are calculated as percentage of loneparent households that are belowthe poverty line poverty rates for canada are based on income after taxes lone mothers with children are more likely to be poor in other parts of the world as well table,1
+includes estimates based on partial dal preliminary figures figure vi shows the average percentage changes in the urban participation and employment rates in the first three quarters of the year compared to the same period of higher growth in the employment than in the participation rate points above the diagonal line implies a drop in the unemployment rate while a larger increase in the participation rate below the diagonal implies the opposite,8
+thus poverty measurement is fundamental for monitoring public policies and since these initiatives do not just provide monetary transfers but also educational health labour and social protection services the monetary indicators provide insufficient information for capturing the impact of policies for example it has been pointed out that procedures for adding information may result in information losses and that the choice of an aggregation mechanism for handling information in a system of indicators may be arbitrary maurizio however a system of indicators does not solve the problem of identification that is of selecting those that may be classified as poor and those that may not moreover a synthetic index facilitates the joint analysis of shortcomings allowing for a comprehensive system santos fosters communication by summing up a high number of dimensions and consequently facilitates decisionmaking maurizio santos,1
+in response the australian government established the teacher education ministerial advisory group temag in to make recommendations on how itp in australia could be improved to better prepare new teachers and provide the practical skills needed in the classroom in action now classroom ready teachers temags report to the minister for education and training included recommendations to improve itp in australia starting in the bachelor of education programme was guided by competency objectives for each teaching practice teacher education was constructed around modules and the university colleges professionshojskoler were granted more autonomy in setting programme structures and determining the content of modules for development of different teacher profiles,4
+this series of activities short term employment training and successful exit strategies leading to more permanent employment is designed to achieve the alleviation of poverty in june cabinet gave approval for proceeding with the development of a second phase of the expanded public works programme epwp which began in early extension of the programme aims to increase the number of fullyear equivalent job opportunities to over over the next five years,10
+nevertheless some important associations emerge for example child poverty rates are higher when both the average household size and the adolescent fertility rate are higher while the share of the population living in rural areas is negatively associated with relative child poverty having said that only changes in the adolescent fertility rate share a negative association with within country trends in child poverty rates which suggests that the decline in teenage pregnancies observed across the oecd in recent decades has contributed to reducing child poverty,1
+starting strong iii a quality toolbox for early childhood education and care ecec has identified five policy levers that can encourage quality in ecec having positive effects on early child development and learning the oecd secretariat would like to thank the national coordinators richard walley julie keenan ann armstrong and david scott for their work in providing information we would also like to thank all those who gave their time to respond to our many questions provide comments on preliminary drafts and validate the information for accuracy we would also like to thank consultants janice heejin kim and matias egeland who worked on sections of the preliminary drafts as part of the oecd team on early childhood education and care the online toolbox has additional information such as a country materials page where actual documents from oecd countries are presented including curricula regulatory frameworks and data systems information,4
+a recent reform has further enabled parents of children bom after june to make even more flexible use of the job protection provision with the employer s consent they can use months of the month employmentprotection period any time between the child s third and eighth birthday but beyond the provisions of parental leave elternzeit and family care leave pflegezeit and familienpflegezeit employees in germany are not legally entitled to resume fulltime work once their reduced working hours have been approved by their employer see chapter for an international comparison of legal provisions on average fulltime working mothers in germany put in nearly hours per week outstripped only by swiss and austrian mothers with about hours per week figure,5
+switzerland and the united states are included in the league table of relative child poverty figure b but could not be included in the league table of child deprivation figure a because relevant data are not available child deprivation data are drawn from the european union statistics on income and living conditions and are therefore only available for the eu countries plus iceland and norway what these different pictures mean the relationship between them and the controversies surrounding them is the subject of this report card,1
+see chapter of oecd b and also koske et al see oecd b and koske et al fournier and koske focus on the effects of structural policies on earnings dispersion by means of quantile regressions based on wages chapter of oecd b also focuses on the effects of structural policies on earnings dispersion by looking at various earnings deciles ratios d dl d dl and d d,10
+stronger emphasis needs to be placed on general competencies that will allow people to adjust to rapid changes in the labour market and have the capacity for lifelong learning due to rapidly changing skill requirements in working life lifelong learning skills upgrading and reskilling are becoming increasingly important for nontraditional learners who combine work and study andor family obligations flexible ways of provision need to be in place through workbased eleaming and distance education in addition attendance on the basis of nonformal and informal learning should be allowed,4
+through such mobilization organizations with little experience or prior knowledge could take a great leap forward into the world of formal intergovernmental negotiations with considerable success feminists learned formal negotiation methods and language and became creative in mixing effective advocacy with technical sophistication using insideroutsider methods and strategic and tactical lessons that they learned on the job equally it could creatively address new issues and learn from its own diversity despite an increasingly difficult policy environment in feet the need to challenge those policies provided grist to the mill of women s organizations during this period the ability to do so effectively was enabled by the welcoming environment that the un provided to civil society at a time when its own role was under attack,5
+while in the long run the new process is probably better there are clear short term costs that are largely bom at the local level france is still a centralised state and while it has greatly reduced the direct role of the national government in land use plans it remains very engaged relative to many other oecd countries because france has a unitary government all devolved powers can be altered and the frequent changes in the last few decades suggest the possibility of further change in the future second while france has largely strengthened local government the direct role of the state in daytoday administration through the prefet and the responsibility of mayors to the nation state remains,11
+indeed relative price changes currently favour green sources of energy physical stranding might also occur where events such as a drought or a flood make exploitation of a natural resource impossible or too costly should stranding affect cddcs development prospects article of the paris agreement allows those countries to be considered differently in line with the principles of equity and countries common but differentiated responsibilities,13
+the governing body of these groundwater councils is comprised of representatives from each sector agriculture domestic industrial and tourism it is supported by a technical taskforce and a consultative taskforce for the design of plans and projects the structure of the groundwater councils in guanajuato includes civil society users from each of the main sectoral activities technical experts and the financial technical legal and political support from the government,6
+singleyear and multiyear goals may require different accounting guidance and different information to track progress under the paris agreement prag hood and barata the use of singleyear goals increases the uncertainty associated with estimates of national and global cumulative emissions to date most parties have expressed their indcs as singleyear goals,13
+figure graphically illustrates such trends for a number of selected countries taking the seattle longitudinal study as a reference point desjardins and warnke conclude that crosssectional ageskill profiles for fluid intelligence measures tend to start from a higher level and decline more steeply than in longitudinal profiles for the same measure longitudinal studies are intuitively attractive because they allow controlling for unobserved withinperson characteristics that are timeinvariant,4
+this is particularly the case for smaller rural and regional health services the agreement stipulates that funding be provided on the basis of activity wherever practicable the states provide advice to the independent hospital pricing authority ihpa on how their hospital services and functions meet the block funding criteria on an annual basis for small rural and regional hospitals this advice can be provided once every six years or more frequently at the states discretion,3
+guidelines to develop and evaluate such models are discussed in the fairmode initiative led by the jrc to support use of modelling in the implementation of the eu directives what can be done in a city depends as said on the sources but also resources of the city possibilities also depend on whether there is willingness at the political level to not only reduce emission via technological improvements but also by decreasing activity rates or implementing structural and societal changes,11
+this is because the issues addressed are simply so important for nations and cities that the solutions cannot be left for international organizations to identify adoption and implementation is above all a local political process requiring local political agreement and engagement this is not an exercise in scientific discovery of a new disease or a new remedy,11
+even though water use and nutrient pollution are increasing at much faster pace outside the oecd area particularly in the briics diffuse sources of pollution seasonal or local water shortage and floods remain an issue in most oecd countries as is financing to replace ageing infrastructure and meet increasingly stringent environmental and health standards the problem will be greatest in nonoecd countries that as a group are expected to have much larger rates of population growth this is particularly so in large developing countries such as india where the rate of increase in incomes is also expected to exceed the oecd average,6
+the results make it possible to infer that the values of x are greater for women than for men to on average for argentina to for ecuador and uruguay and to for peru these ratios are constant throughout the period under study for argentina decline in the cases of ecuador and peru and climb in the cases of brazil and uruguay with an increase in the coefficient for women between and a period during which unemployment was also on the rise see figure this means that while the female labour supply is large in proportion to the size of the workingage population a substantial part of the nonparticipation rate is accounted for by selection factors indicating that there is a larger potential labour supply than in other countries,5
+the second aspect is the countervailing trends in precipitation the global circulation models used to generate climate projections are not well suited to produce results for mountainous countries such as austria because their coarse resolution means they cannot capture the influence of geographic features on local climates significant investment in the development of more detailed regional models to help fill this gap led to the reclipcentury project in,13
+in other large cities some informal separation and collection of materials for recycling occurs other informal recycling occurs at disposal sites where unauthorised groups scavenge for metals plastic paper and wood about private companies are dealing with recycling of a broad range of waste fractions but predominantly of scrap metal not all of them have an environmental permit from moefwa it is estimated that about large uncontrolled sites and numerous small sites are currently in operation in albania,12
+the three key dimensions are still access to sanitation quality housing and drinking water which even retained the same order of importance between and however as extreme poverty has declined these three dimensions have become even more prominent suggesting that greater strides have been made in education information and nutrition than in sanitation housing and drinking water these three dimensions contribute heavily to total child poverty too and their significance has increased as total poverty among children has decreased from in to in unlike in the case of extreme poverty education has increased in importance as a contributing factor to total poverty suggesting that little progress has actually been made in reducing education deprivation the fact that its relative contribution to extreme poverty has diminished indicates that more than proportional progress had been made in reducing the percentage of children with no access to schooling the fact that the same did not happen with total poverty means that progress in reducing the school dropout rate had been less significant than achievements in other areas its contribution to extreme poverty also increased in countries in the region,1
+from the information provided by the respondents on their principal activity in each month of the month observation period four mutuallyexclusive activity states are defined using in work in education in unemployment neet unemployed and inactive out of education neet inactive young people who combine education and work are treated as in education vocational training can unfortunately not be identified as separate from education an individual s chain of monthly activity states from the age of to is interpreted as her schooltowork trajectory the three panels are merged for the oecd countries to give the sample used for analysis,8
+the specialisation plan should address the concern amongst surgeons and policy makers in denmark that there were certain specialist services being delivered in potentially unsafe circumstances while it is too early to systematically evaluate the impact of these reforms it will be important for policy makers to use changes in the supply of hospital services to drive improvements in quality of care to help evaluate the success of the plan and monitor quality on an ongoing basis the dhma should seek that hospitals internally monitor data on the performance of individual clinicians alongside systemwide efforts already being undertaken to evaluate the performance of specialist hospitals,3
+they are mainly small water bodies with an area of less than km only lakes have a surface exceeding km winter discharges of water from the toktogul reservoir resulted in increasing the area of the aydar arnasay lakes system which is now the largest in uzbekistan with its area of km and its storage capacity of km this lake exceeds the water reserves of all other reservoirs in it was added to the list of the ramsar convention on wetlands of international importance especially as waterfowl habitat,6
+the local agencies of the cnamts provide reimbursements to patients for medical services audit patient claims and perform other administrative tasks however they are sometimes in charge of very large populations and territories and have mixed results auvigne etal beyond the convergence of the different administrative structures to best practices lowering the number of special regimes would reduce complexity thereby improving efficiency and coordination notably in revenue collection cour des comptes,3
+in section the modelling scenarios used to assess the potential impacts of current policy measures and possible gains from further agricultural liberalisation are set out the results from these on the global economy particular countries and for agricultural markets and prices are explored in sections and policy implications are then discussed in section,2
+while concessional financing and grants are needed to pilot and demonstrate the business case for green growth as well as replicate these business models to lower transaction costs these will only lead to scale up of approaches if they are defined with clear and timebound exit strategies development finance institutions specialised agencies set up to engage with the private sector for development have the skills and knowhow to effectively engage the private sector however in order for them to play a major role in climate action their efforts need to move beyond renewable energy to energy efficiency adaptation sustainable forestry and agriculture etc while these organisations and programmes are subject to strong environment and social safeguards systems it is important that private sector engagement goes beyond do no harm to do more good,13
+in south africa the government of gauteng province opened a centre for the treatment of substance abuse in soweto in may the centre offers free assistance to alcohol and drugdependent persons the region of central america and the caribbean continues to be used as a major transshipment area for consignments of drugs originating in south america and destined for north america and europe,3
+in addition their participation in schools is often interrupted as they tend to drop out and leave school early more frequently than their native peers and as the pisa studies have consistently shown there are also significant performance gaps between native and migrant students in most oecd countries with firstgeneration migrants lagging on average about school years behind their native counterparts oecd but the pisa studies also show that this situation is not inevitable for example in australia canada and new zealand there are virtually no performance differences between migrant students and their native peers,4
+the second section then offers six operating guidelines or benchmarks for developing an agenda for action at the individual country level and for measuring the pace of change and eventual success four broad strategic pathways are highlighted in figure and briefly summarized below women s and girls lives are improved when countries formulate and then fully implement a combination of laws and regulations policies and programmes that provide equal opportunities for all regardless of sex and promote gender going beyond legal equality to substantive gender equality there is a clear need for african governments to move beyond smallscale initiatives and silo approaches to gender equality and invest considerably in building national and local capacities to ensure that womens empowerment is addressed in a much more systematic manner,5
+these could include keeping the price of retail energy at lower levels that do not reflect cost for example through cross subsidies maintaining employment or preferring a certain generating fuel a single integrated utility does not require complex systems to dispatch multiple providers at the wholesale level or retail market platforms that allow for switching of customers between different retail providers or an elaborate access regime to ensure multiple parties can access monopoly network infrastructure on equal terms where fresh investment is required to meet demand a government can direct a utility to invest at a given time and this ensures that capacity will be adequate to meet reliability standards,7
+teachers may choose to align their teaching to the knowledge and skills assessed in the standardised test thus neglecting other curriculum areas that are not going to be assessed the problems with teaching to the test are twofold first by emphasising testtaking skills and concentrating on tested content scores will become inflated without reflecting an increase in student understanding of concepts hamilton and stecher hout and elliott,4
+with regard to the crop sector growing concerns on the sustainable use of arable land led the government to set goals for the diversification of crop production and to increase the use of water and moisture saving technologies the main incentive instrument was a per hectare subsidy differentiated by crop and the cultivation technology applied the programme also prioritised the development of the grain export infrastructure and supported investment in largescale grain storage and milling facilities,2
+finally it concludes with proposals to cultivate dialogue with citizens and make them active contributors to the urban planning process its major cities are also modernising as their institutions make the transition from a young postsoviet country to an established independent nation if urbanisation is to be effective it should ensure prosperity social cohesion and environmental protection but how to guarantee those benefits presents a major challenge existing institutions state budgets and administrative and cultural practices are not fully ready to transform urbanisation into one of kazakhstan s major assets given the traditional concentration of skills and resources in kazakhstan s central government the resources responsibilities and capacities available to local governments are limited the underlying issue is not whether kazakhstan has the right local government structure but rather how wellcoordinated the different levels of governments are and the equity and efficiency in the distribution of responsibilities decisionmaking powers and resources for urban development that each level of government is granted,11
+for the prut a unified monitoring programme and gis is also called for at the same time there arc also positive examples lithuania has been monitoring transboundary aquifers with poland for more than years and in groundwater monitoring was initiated based on bilateral agreement between the lithuanian geological survey and the kaliningrad agency of mineral resources discharges of nontreated or insufficiently treated wastewater municipal and industrial still remains a major widespread pressure factor this is particularly critical for industrial wastewaters with hazardous substances that arc not treated before being discharged into surface waters or are not prcircatcd before being discharged into the sewer systems,6
+as will be explained in the following chapters these changes entail major implications in terms of the care economy female labourforce participation and family dependency ratios according to projections made using data from the national transfer accounts project cuba has already been an aged economy for several years see table ii and box h within years after that another seven countries are expected to pass this threshold and within one generation aged economies will be the dominant economic form in latin america as well as in most of the world,5
+one author who demonstrates this is katherine lynch she concludes that the fact that western europe has not seen noticeable levels of missing women since the th century can be ascribed to family structures opportunities for paid labour and elements of christianity that had long been present this stands in sharp contrast to both the historical and the presentday experience of countries such as india and china another example is that of the western european marriage pattern which emerged in the late middle ages and was characterised by a shift from parental to individual consent to marriage decisions,5
+global child poverty and wellbeing measurement concepts policy and action the eu poverty target amsterdam aias gini discussion paper the state of the poor where are the poor where is extreme poverty harder to end and what is the current profile of the worlds poor the world bank economic premise poverty reduction and economic management network oct no child monetary and multidimensional poverty analysis in madagascar working paper x unicef office of research florence,1
+creative work can build bridges of social welfare and cohesion and this welfare can also extend across international borders linked by creativity in cultural tourism for example recognizing that agency is a key factor in worker engagement and creativity some companies have set aside time for workers to be creative,8
+it is a forwardlooking study based on the expected cost of commissioning these plants in for example despite significant declines in solar pv module costs in recent years prices for entire pv installations vary significantly among countries for similar system types though not a cost study per se the mtrmr tries to identify the most dynamic markets for solar pv deployment over the medium term and focuses cost evaluation efforts on these areas iea,7
+seizing this momentum to lock in development spirals based on sustainable sources of energy necessitates local national and global mobilization action is needed in particular to multiply projects make finance available and remove barriers which hinder such investments this highlights the prominent role that must be played by actors that are able to promote knowledgesharing and serve as clearing houses to link investors with investment opportunities,7
+one possible explanation for this is that as nations become richer people place higher value on health and want to spend a larger share of their income on improving their health fogel the income elasticity varies a lot in empirical results and whether health care is a luxury good or a necessity is still an unsettled issue results for the us and canadian provinces as well as nationallevel data for oecd countries confirm that estimates of the size of the income elasticity vary by level of analysis with international income elasticity generally larger than elasticities estimated in national or regional studies di matteo,3
+there is a need for other types of rationing in addition to the limited rationing by means of the price mechanism waiting times implicit prioritizing by service providers and governments explicit prioritizing are used as rationing mechanisms in the nordic countries luigi siciliani elaborates on the optimal balance between these instruments for rationing health care in his article,3
+on the other hand pension reforms are often not easy to make even reforms extending rights which are in principle politically rewarding may generate resistance when they touch the benefits received by others impose costsforfinancing reassign resources or alter previously established social norms policy makers need to be innovative and seize the right moment to put relevant issues in the agenda one key constraint in most reforms involving an expansion of coverage and benefits is financing which may restrict the options available or generate resistance when resources are redirected from other ends as in the case of renta dignidad in plurinational state of bolivia see muller to compensate for gender gaps many genderequitable policies require state subsidies which are likely to face greater restrictions in austerity contexts some reforms also require administrative capacityfor instance to administer contribution records or means tests that is not always present in lowerincome countries,5
+the nordic countries also provide substantially greater support for women to work including childcare provision enabling female employment gomick and jantti they report that those countries with the lowest levels of child poverty are usually those with low rates of joblessness and effective redistributive tax and transfer systems usually with high levels of spending rather than targeting meanwhile those countries with high levels of child poverty also tend to have high levels of poverty among working families and less effective tax and benefit systems,1
+the main participating companies were a coalfired power plant asntesvajrket a refinery statoil a pharmaceutical and industrial enzyme plant novo nordisk and novozymes a plasterboard factory gyproc a soil remediation company as bioteknisk jordrens and the municipality of kalundborg through the town s heating facility this also enabled statoil to stop flaring this gas for instance surplus heat from the power plant is used to heat about private homes and water for fish fanning and fly ash is supplied for cement production process sludge from fish fanning is supplied to nearby fanns as fertiliser,11
+aucune intervention isolee ne sera a meme de garantir que les patients se font delivrer les medicaments presents et qu ils les prennent correctement les mesures mises en lumiere doivent etre appliquees ensemble les mesures regulieres et les indicateurs de qualite et de performance sont en ce domaine a encourager pour des systemes de sante plus efficaces et plus efficients,3
+given the importance of water as an essential resource as well as a potential threat climate change impacts on freshwater will affect not only water and flood management per se but also a number of key policy domains eg energy agriculture infrastructure biodiversity and health despite the everexpanding scientific basis reliable information about the nature magnitude and timing of impacts at the scale needed for practical sitespecific adaptation is generally lacking adaptation decisions need to accommodate significant uncertainty,13
+local communities sometimes also cofinance nonformal programmes targeted subsidies should be put in place to reduce or eliminate the cost of adult education paid by individuals with low educational attainment levels while vocational and technical education systems equip individuals with skills that give them direct access to the labour market those skills can quickly become obsolete,4
+while cost structures for an ipo and ico may not be directly comparable due to differences in regulation real savings can be realised in the postipoico stage thinking of tasks such as dividend payments or shareholder voting requiring many intermediaries such as accountants lawyers and bankers switching from paperbased to digital ownership with the issuance of equity tokens permits full codedriven automation without intermediaries and at reduced cost of governance the investor therefore either receives return on investment as consequence of the value gain of equity or through dividends or receives future services that are offered by the investment project renewable power access to shared bikes etc this core concept is described in greater detail in section,9
+this situation exposes people to acute intestinal infectious diseases the water user association wua often closes the outlet of the wastewater collector resulting in wastewater discharge into the village areas conflicts arise not only between neighbouring villages but also between the village administration and the wua,6
+in addition to problems related to employment and certification teachers with migrant backgrounds have difficulties adapting to new teaching philosophies as well as professionally integrating into the school culture and teacher network niyubahwe mukamurera and jutras i j there are different sets of vulnerabilities that accompany direct and indirect displacement which might affect students sense of self social workers and psychologists who also have experience working with immigrant students can provide extra support to teachers who teach in diverse classrooms however there is no longer a requixement of having to paxticipate in an induction programme with a personal mentor in order to obtain a teacher certification therefore there are fewer mentorship courses offered for experienced teachers gerrevall ooi,4
+although the caribbean does not seem to have progressed in reducing inequality as latin america has nor have inequality levels increased there despite the greater impact of the financial crisis by way of example per capita consumption in jamaica fell by between and but the decline was similar across all income strata so inequality did not change this can be measured for the earnings of wage workers as that information is included in system of national accounts sna data this analysis shows that taking the latest year with information available around the total wage share ranges from in peru to in costa rica see table the evolution of this share up to indicates a decline in most of the countries the exceptions being the bolivarian republic ofvenezuela chile costa rica and paraguay costa rica is a case apart as it is the one country evidencing a steady upward trend in the wage share,10
+property tax is concentrated in the largest cities such as almaty shymkent and astana and as typical in emerging economies property tax is more important in metropolitan areas than in secondary cities kazakhstan may also adopt a system where akimats in urban areas can charge a land tax where land has a higher market value and rural akimats a property tax alternatively like brazil and south africa kazakhstan could explore moving to a capital value system where tax is levied on both land and improvements and away from rental systems and sitevalue systems mccluskey and franzsen,11
+these resources provide food security medicines materials for shelter a place for settlement goods for building economic wealth and collateral escap goods from the land and animals are also used as currency instead of money in parts of the pacific access to land is the key for social protection,1
+the gore planning divisions might play a key role to this effect and could be supported by their investment units established to evaluate if projects support the realisation of erd initiatives there are indications that regional portfolios increasingly integrate projects that involve two or more municipalities in the region however as long as municipalities have insufficient resources to finance the execution of their main devolved competences a need to use regional development resources for financing basic local investment and maintenance requirements can persist making it more difficult to finance the overall development priorities defined in the regional strategies the plan includes a diagnostic stage of the cities main challenges and a subsequent proposal for a portfolio of projects to be implemented with a longterm perspective this tool was created after the earthquake to improve the coordination and effectiveness of urban reconstruction efforts,11
+on march two environmental organisations submitted a petition for rulemaking to ban swordfish imports using the mmpa authority these regulations would establish conditions for evaluating a harvesting nation s regulatory program to reduce marine mammal incidental mortality and serious injury in the harvesting nation s fisheries that export fish and fish products to the united states under this proposed rule in order to export fish to the united states harvesting nations must apply for and receive a comparability finding for each export fishery identified by the assistant administrator for fisheries to receive a comparability finding the harvesting nation must provide reasonable proof that it has adopted and is implementing a regulatory program governing the incidental mortality and serious injury of marine mammals in the export fishery that is comparable in effectiveness to the us regulatory program,14
+special consideration of the crosssectoral nature and potential tradeoffs between climate policies and water quality will need to be managed as climate mitigation and adaptation policies are developed eg bioenergy crops can increase water demand and decrease water quality and food security afforestation of water catchments reduces soil erosion and local flood risk and improves water quality,6
+these standards are now widely used not only in south africa but also throughout the southern african region the inep provides incentives for a range of new technologies including planning tools to meet a variety of sitespecific conditions during the rollout of the programme if solar water heating had been used by the richer households and in the cities then the technology could have been extended to the poorer communities,7
+this means among other things driving less driving slower carpooling more often trading in gasguzzling vehicles for fuelefficient cars expanding public transportation and improving the energy efficiency of homes businesses and electrical appliances of all types creative financial inducements for the development and utilization of energy alternatives including inter alia green bonds and a capandtrade system for carbon emissions modern energy services are characterized by inequitability of access notably between the poor and the affluent as well as between rural and urban areas,7
+it was indicated to the oecd review team during interviews that the majority of teachers in romania receive high marks on their appraisals to be most effective appraisals should be conducted internally by school staff on a regular basis and focus on providing teachers with constructive feedback about their strengths and weaknesses and identifying professional development opportunities that will support their continuous improvement oecd b the lack of classroom observations and professional dialogue in the appraisal process means that appraisals are not grounded in evidence of teachers interactions with students and nor do they involve discussions to promote improvements to teaching practice,4
+this document mentions rd innovations productivity improvement strengthening the food safety infrastructure and the sustainable use of resources in agriculture in particular the more efficient use of water mod another key agricultural policy document the strategic plan of the ministry of food agriculture and livestock sets five strategic objectives i agricultural production and supply security ii food safety iii phytosanitary and animal health and welfare iv agricultural infrastructure and rural development and v institutional capacity building for each of these areas several strategic objectives are formulated together with performance indicators and financing targets mofal b the priorities are strongly shifted towards stimulating agricultural production through subsidies as evidenced by the dominance of the agricultural production and supply security component which includes price input and credit subsidies,2
+see annex ii for a list of reporting member states this suggests that at the end of the united nations decade of education for sustainable development which was the unece strategy s original implementation period a total of countries per cent of ece member states have engaged wholly or in part to advance esd since the strategy was adopted only five countries have never reported to either ece or unesco on their progress representing just per cent of ece member states,4
+kazakhstan also enacted a national gender equality strategy followed by specific action plans for implementation most recently at the un global leaders meeting on gender equality and women s empowerment kazakhstan made a pledge to uphold and implement fully the beijing platform of action with an accelerated and deeper commitment than heretofore in view of implementing the sustainable development goals more specifically goal on gender equality kazakhstan committed to adequately finance gender equality initiatives establish strong transparent and open accountability of governmental mechanisms and utilise highlevel comparable gender data in all aspects of gender equality un women,5
+but teachers who work in schools with higher proportions of students from socioeconomically disadvantaged homes or who work in rural areas are even more likely to have principals who report a number of shortages or inadequacies in human or material resources in the school upper secondary principals are years old on average principals report spending nearly half of their time on administrative tasks on average and onefifth of their time on curriculum and teachingrelated activities,4
+under apartheid entrepreneurship in the african population was deliberately suppressed and it will need fostering for some time to come some platforms like the uyf already exist to provide credit and services to young entrepreneurs together with rigorous evaluation of these activities the resources allocated to such programmes might be increased,8
+but the relationship between female labourforce participation and fertility can also be taken as a symptom of the structure of relations on the supply side but there is more diversity on the supply side as evidenced by different public commitments to care and the relationship between female labourforce participation and fertility see box in other words the persistence of women s traditional responsibilities for care in the family combined with few alternatives to providing such care means that the promise of less gender inequality in the labour market is limited by tradeoffs with social reproduction france s high fertility rates are a testament to family policies that draw the provision of care out of the family and into the public sphere making for a high road supply side salles et al both have less supportive family policies than germany but higher fertility and comparable work participation among women at issue here is whether and how social reproduction moves out of the family balbo et al,5
+the interactions between the grid and nuclear power plants will be discussed in greater detail in the following section because of their large turbo generators with substantial inertia nuclear power plants increase significantly the overall inertia of the electrical system thus providing some insurance against sudden disturbances an electrical system with higher inertia will experience a slower change in frequency for a given mismatch in the demand and supply of electricity with their high inertia large reactive power and dynamic stability nuclear power plants contribute significantly to grid stability for frequency voltage and angle,7
+women are generally as active as men in cash crop production often providing the bulk of labour on contracted farms there are however important gender differences in control over the commercial proceeds men are contracted while women supply unpaid family labour and in the scale of operations due to the constraints women face on increasing sales of their produce global employment trends supporting data sets employment by status and sex accessed july note data for the following countries are unavailable djibouti kiribati sao tome and principe south sudan sudan former timorleste tuvalu and vanuatu evidence from a number of studies points to similar dynamics in both traditional export sectors eg cocoa coffee and tea and nontraditional exports eg fruit horticulture and flowers,5
+it also offers vocational training for women in the handicrafts sector and provides technical skills upgrading to female workers in some sectors of these trainees it is expected that to will start their own business it is also developing training modules for women in gharbia based on the ilo s know about business kab course,5
+in the alternative ssp scenario maize is used less for animal feed and more for direct human consumption however owing to a less pronounced transition towards highprotein food in developing countries the demand for land to grow staple foods such as rice millet sorghum and cassava increases recent food price spikes have shown however that food security remains a serious concern around the world especially sensitive to food price volatility are countries in subsaharan africa south and southeast asia and the mena region where a substantial share of the population does not have secure access to food,2
+it is notable that of development finance for the energy sector is climaterelated and particularly that finance for mitigation is higher than the global average there seems to be room for projects that aim to increase the resilience of the energy sector to climate impacts through adaptation particularly for those especially vulnerable to climate change such as tajikistan and kyrgyzstan a larger share of climaterelated development finance in agriculture was committed to adaptation but the total of including both mitigation and adaptation is much lower than the global average for climaterelated development finance for the water sector the share of climaterelated finance in the total development finance in the eecca countries is the same as the global average ie however the level of committed finance to mitigation in the sector is much higher ie in eecca vs in the world reflecting the need to rehabilitate old inefficient infrastructure in this sector,13
+but this food along with food purchased locally or internationally can also be distributed to those in need in some cases this food may be given unconditionally as has happened in cases of bangladesh fiji india indonesia the philippines pakistan and sri lanka for these programmes one of the most important considerations is targeting since distributing food to large numbers of people can be prohibitively expensive this is commonly done through foodforwork programmes such as building roads on the assumption that only the poorest would be prepared to do this work for the type of food on offer,2
+the section also explores how responsibilities for assessment are distributed in different countries and how different levels of governance interact to form a coherent assessment system this includes the scope of assessment ie the areas of learning that are covered by the assessment as well as the key procedural features of student assessment across countries ie the mix of instruments used in specific student assessment systems the format of assessments and the use of ict in assessment it also reviews ways in which the design of assessments can enhance or threaten fairness and equity in education it includes issues such as the capacities students need to engage in and leam from their assessment the assessment competencies that teachers acquire in initial teacher education professional development and moderation arrangements and the expertise of the agencies involved in student assessment it describes standards of quality and reporting formats used in different contexts reviews the legal frameworks in place to regulate reporting of results and discusses the ways in which assessment results are used in different contexts to record information provide feedback to students and make decisions about their further educational trajectory,4
+innovation procurement means higher risk financial technological political and societal and there is currently a lack of skills and tools to manage that risk oecd finland is currently working on these areas improving skills for procurement at public agencies risksharing tools and practical support to public contracting authorities are provided through a number of initiatives including the tekes smart procurement services for strategic areas and cities the forerunner cities programme and the government central purchasing body,9
+however different absolute poverty lines are used in many countries for example the united states census bureau uses an absolute poverty threshold which stood at a year in for a single adult household by contrast relative measures utilise poverty lines that are set in relation to the average situation within a society,1
+concessional loans are available from ziraat bank and agricultural credit cooperatives ziraat bank for example disburses investment loans to individual producers and producer groups for organic agriculture application of good agricultural practices cattle farming aquaculture irrigation and mechanisation investment loans are also offered for acquisition of a broad range of existing agricultural businesses,2
+based on i rena s estimate the lifecycle cost over a year cooking period would be and for ics lpg stoves electric stoves and biogas digesters respectively from the socioenvironmental perspective irena ranks biogas digesters highest followed by lpg stoves electric stoves and ics figure presents a matrix of socioeconomic and environmental benefits from promoting different clean cooking fuel technologies,7
+all these job types are associated with increased risks of poverty both because they are insecure andor low paid poverty will therefore become an increasingly common transitory experience as income fluctuates more widely in these countries parttime work does not act as a stepping stone to fulltime employment and better jobs rather women move in and out of lowpaid jobs and inactivity,1
+the waste from fishfarms consists of uneaten feed faeces and respiratory products most marine and freshwater culture of fish takes place in net cages suspended in open waters with no or limited technological possibilities to take care of particulate or dissolved nutrients like carbon phosphorous and nitrogen within the aquatic environment these nutrients may cause eutrophication problems if released in too high concentrations into recipients with limited capacity,14
+as the surge in immigrants is not unique to sweden other countries offer examples on building teaching capacity particularly austria germany the netherlands and the united states in the total staffing needs amounted to full timepositions with teachers and educational staff by the national agency for education forecasts additional staff will be needed to accommodate swedish pre primary and secondary school students as well as students in municipal adult education markedly the number of applicants to teacher training programmes across sweden has increased more than since lofven and knutsson io retention can be a challenge especially in the first two years in the profession statistics sweden i however a new study shows that there has not been an increase over time in leaving the profession,4
+for example over the years both the united nations special rapporteur on violence against women and the united nations special rapporteur on the right to adequate housing have specifically addressed women s experiences of violence within the context of forced eviction this generic framework is equally applicable to women the committee specifically notes that national strategies to implement the right to food should give particular attention to the need to prevent discrimination in access to food or resources for food states parties must therefore immediately adopt the necessary measures to prevent diminish and eliminate the conditions and attitudes which cause or perpetuate substantive or de facto discrimination,5
+increasing mutual accountability this way could help to make progress towards reaching a political consensus on developed countries progress towards the usd billion commitment in these countries the ministry of finance tracks climate related expenditures across the budget and occasionally through dedicated climate funds eg pilot programme for climate resilience ppcr the country is working on enhancing its monitoring system in order to include information from the recipient institutions and on climate finance flows other than those reported as oda,13
+these also contain the means by which parties seek to achieve the targets presented in the ndcs including relevant policies frameworks initiatives and other political levers applied to achieve the goals within the stated timeframe any action taken that would lead to reduced emissions eg reducing fertilizer use or increased carbon reservoirs eg planting of trees would have to be identified and incorporated in the system for transparency of action ie the reporting and accounting setup defined in the pa cf in that sense the pa facilitates transparency on mitigation ambitions of domestic agricultural initiatives in all these mechanisms the basic concept is two or more parties cooperating on transfer of mitigation outcomes finance or technology,13
+furthermore there may be rural development funds that strictly speaking would not fall under climate financing but are climaterelevant in the sense that through the pursuit of other policy objectives they may influence climate change outcomes in areas such as resilience or levels of ghg emissions in this respect agricultural support policies need to be considered in the broader context of climate policy for example input subsidies may induce the inefficient use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides and increase the emission intensity of production the effective use of funds channelled this way requires adequate coordination with national policies and improved implementation capacities at the local level,13
+access to water is thus an initial condition for economic and social development for individuals and households as well as the places where these groups live and develop this progress is due to the implementation of policy frameworks guidelines and programmes to promote provision of water and sanitation services the region is doing well on this front compared to other regions and if the prevailing trends continue the continent will reach its target on sanitation by,6
+they were also assigned very significant functions in school management including participation in the design of schools development strategies appointment of key personnel and oversight of financial performance of schools however only in rare cases the boards oftrustees are involved in these important duties and typically their current activities consist only in providing assistance in the organisation of social and cultural events similarly to parents committees moreover until now they have been established in less than a half of all schools,4
+despite these gains mexicos female labour force participation rate remains among the lowest in the oecd the gender gap in workforce participation is high and mexican women generally have lowerquality jobs than their male counterparts the challenges common to the development process hit women particularly hard female workers are much more likely than male workers to hold informal jobs and many women live in poverty public opinion polls reveal that societys expectations and attitudes towards women are changing as younger mexicans take a more egalitarian view towards womens roles,5
+the average specific heat consumption of residential buildings in uzbekistan is about kwhm with new distributed energy efficiency and renewable options available a substantial rethink of heat and power supply systems is possible upgrading or replacing infrastructure to improve service quality across the eastern subregions of the region is a much larger task than provision of access to the remaining areas with poor access ensuring affordability and access to quality of service merit further exploration,7
+these efforts usually take place through women s affairs ministries which have limited connections with economic ministries although evidence is emerging that economic ministries are acknowledging that the needs of women entrepreneurs require special consideration in addition there is no evidence of any policies to support women in growthoriented enterprises growthoriented women entrepreneurs certainly exist in the region but they are few in number and largely invisible,5
+unlike trade in fossil fuel resources the same few countries are both exporting and importing most of the lowcarbon goods and technologies in the region this only requires good connectivity at the national and subregional levels for which investments in crossborder infrastructure will be required at the same time in order to achieve predictability and sustainability legally binding commitments and cooperation by all parties in energy trade will be required most of these agreements are bilateral in nature,7
+political or regulatory authorities thus need to put in place complementary incentives to strive for overall welfare maximisation this is why these economywide external effects are part of the full costs of electricity provision in other words even the most comprehensive category of external or social costs will be bounded,7
+boarding schools did not take into consideration indigenous cultures indigenous physiology or psychology education in russian and extended stays far away from family resulted in the gradual replacement of the mother tongue with russian created a generation gap had a negative effect on family cohesion and led to psychological deprivation withdrawal from family and social networks and the disruption of cultural transmission mechanisms resulted in the loss of the mother tongue traditional skills and indigenous healing practices,3
+pressure on aquifers will increase as farms try to offset missing precipitation with increased pumping and aquifer recharge rates will decrease there will be major consequences for the livestock sector if forages are depleted and cattle herds have to be reduced competition for scarce irrigation water for crops will require new water allocation schemes if the water supply is not to be exhausted in addition increased variability in rainfall will lead to increased variability in incomes which will make access to credit and insurance even more important if farms are to be viable over a longer time period,6
+prices of beef and sheep meat which are produced more on pasture and are hence less feed grain dependent increase from throughout the projection period ending above current levels beef prices follow a customary cycle that reflects herd management in important producer countries by contrast pork and poultry prices reflect the decline in feed prices in the near term,2
+annual expenditure per student is lower than oecd averages at all education levels particularly the tertiary level where poland spends usd per student against the oecd average of usd however expenditure per student at primary secondary and postsecondary nontertiary levels has been growing fast increasing by more than between and compared with an oecd average increase of this change was boosted by an overall fall in the number of students,4
+but some groups are still underrepresented such as small farmers and indigenous communities there is also scope to increase the participation of irrigation districts and units doing so would significantly contribute to the sustainability of catchments and the balance of aquifers however incentives to attend their meetings are weak since these are mainly consultative bodies whose decisions are not binding,6
+the incidence of child labour has also declined and became negligible despite these positive changes however significant gender differences still exist in several spheres of human activity including employment status in all threesurveyyearsnearly percent of men were employed while the share of employed women was less than half that,5
+as one female respondent said we can do things ourselves we are not dependent on men in the past saying the names of our husband and motherinlaw was social taboo but such restriction does not exist anymore however programmes in nepal by helvetas and the asian development bank adb showed how infrastructure programmes can reduce women s unpaid care work and challenge existing discriminatory gender norms this was done through women s representation considered a fourth r in the rs framework by the ilo in the programme design phase andor decisionmaking processes see box,5
+air water or soil pollution due to activities in human settlements causes continuous environmental change that can have damaging effects on agriculture water resources the energy sector and human health the capacity or the resilience of the environment to cope with the environmental impacts caused by human habitation can influence both the health of the human settlements and the natural environment with which it is associated the wellbeing and health risks associated with the environment and those posed by extreme events and disasters can be mitigated substantially by the prevailing conditions and characteristics of human settlements,6
+hydropower production is common in the upper part of the basin and cascades of dams form big reservoirs many small dams arc used for irrigation purposes and fishbreeding in turkey seven dams and one regulator are under operation on the ergenc river and its tributaries serving irrigation flood control and some drinking water supply purposes of drinking water of edime and kirldareli cities is supplied from two reservoirs suloglu and armagan there arc also small dams located on several tributaries used for irrigation,6
+they are the focus of increasing attention by road authorities because of their potential to improve management of the roads and improve safety in the united states nhtsa is considering a requirement for new vehicles to be equipped with v v capability in europe the transport directorate of the european commission has established the cits platform of experts to advise on deployment of cooperative its,11
+teachers administrators and students might report that there is no gender disparity at their school or university but this is because we rarely question these norms in our daily lives and it is only by seeing and acknowledging these norms that change can be brought about it is therefore useful to consider social differentiation in any planning model rather than focusing solely on gender differences becker although turkey mandates years of compulsory education this policy has not increased female participation in this region,5
+without better coordination it will be impossible to achieve a more coherent structure in a study of metropolitan governance of sydney australia that focuses on conflicts over landuse planning kubler explores the concepts of joint decision systems and negotiated agreements kubler these ideas are appropriate when actors engaged in a policy problem are unable to independently achieve their objectives and either unanimity or near unanimity is required for a successful solution he discusses four ways to get to such a solution,11
+results summarised in the table suggest that the extension of paid leave entitlements irrespective of payment rates has had rather a negative effect if any on the employment rate of women aged from to years as well as on the femaletomale employment ratio the results offer no support for earlier findings that suggested a positive effect of birth leave durations on female employment rates the increase in female labour force participation since the s chapter went handinhand with the development of workfamily life balance policies of which access to affordable childcare of good quality is an important element countries differ in the emphasis they put on underlying objectives on gender equity having children chapter and promoting child wellbeing and child development chapter but concerns on labour supply often play an important role when policy measures are taken as for example recently in mexico box,5
+uruguay has the lowest level of inequality in the region for a full classification of global inequality levels see world bank with respect to discrepancies in quality there are three main causes the stability of teachers in schools the type of relationship between teaching staff and central administration and the mechanism used to assign students to schools,4
+fourth in most countries men have more influence in political decisionmaking processes because they are overrepresented in public office this is therefore an arena where there is much to be gained in terms of gender equality this is so as to evaluate the gender differences independent of a country s level of development,5
+it could however be expected that such a trend might worsen further as fiscal consolidation measures start to show their impact the trend lines also highlight that changes in income inequality seem to be less directly related to the severity of the economic downturn break in time series austria and united kingdom france and cyprus bulgaria romania indeed iceland is the best performing country although one of the most affected and the one where anchored child poverty increased the most,1
+in the city completed a localcurrency bond transaction that was the first in the mexico water sector that did not use federal transfers as collateral and instead relied mostly on fees to cover the financing costs thanks to this bond funding the city funded a new water treatment plant and related water leakage reduction investments the independent trust which issued the bonds is supported mostly by tariff revenue with a municipal guarantee and privatesector guarantees provided by the international finance corporation and dexia,6
+in fact electricity provision led to a significant improvement in total study time for children in rural households coupled with an increase in the number of completed school years these encouraging results are real incentives to target household electrification as a means of attaining social equity which in the long run will lead to economic growth indeed considering only the productive enduses of electricity as useful for development is obscuring the actual proven development capacity of health services and education cabraal et al,7
+the work itself is often physically laborious ie clearing top soil and grading for road construction they are essentially jobs of last resort they provide temporary income relief for unemployed workers without an alternative livelihood and for the vulnerable in deep poverty as a result labour intensive jobs are selftargeting and workers opt out of labour intensive work when opportunities in the private sector arise an appropriate legal framework must exist and be effectively monitored to if employment guarantee schemes are being considered and designed local governments attitudes on their acceptance of the approach vary especially if local funds need to be utilised,8
+thus the generalizability of these studies may be limited the empirical analysis in this report has no way of directly examining this although hospital admissions for infectious diseases does rise when unemployment goes up though not significantly nevertheless alongside evidence of rising hiv in greece the importance of the public health agencies role in minimising the risk of harm from infectious diseases should be highlighted,3
+the most recent ones were conducted in and outdoor recreation possibilities in nature offered by hiking and study trails are still popular more than half of the respondents have visited different nature trails in the last months forests should offer economic benefits timber mushrooms berries and other forest products and also sociocultural benefits like recreation hiking possibilities and culturalhistorical sites,15
+the article shows that the agreement in many ways represents a significant shift in global climate politics by making domestically driven climate policy central to the treaty the paris agreement avoids some of the reasons for multilateral gridlock that permeated global climate policy for decades the biggest challenge for state and nonstate actors is to increase ambition in climate commitments the article concludes with recommendations on how to accelerate climate action,13
+there have been acrosstheboard rationalisations of expenditure in all sectors of the health system and permanent cuts to public sector workers salaries including those of health professionals since in efforts to reduce costs these pressures combined with the fact that private spending is already high figure and unlikely to be able to stretch further create tangible concerns over the adequacy of health system funding especially in the longer term in response the sector has seen a number of evidencebased measures aimed at securing savings and enhancing efficiency box however despite the huge reductions current spending on prescribed and overthecounter medicines makes up over a quarter of all health expenditure and is among the highest in the eu before the crisis high private capacity combined with weak sickness fund bargaining power poor payment procedures the lack of clinical protocolsguidelines and a failure to monitor doctors use of diagnostic tests created an incentive structure conducive to overconsumption and waste,3
+in the context of this nea project on the the security of energy supply and the contribution to nuclear energy a simplified version of the sd index as presented in chapter was considered the most meaningful representation of the security of energy supply situation in oecd member countries in order to identify the contribution that nuclear energy can make energy politics spring issue pp amsterdam elsevier pp plenum press new york united states,7
+if unable to satisfy their basic needs or to enjoy the freedom to function people will not be in a position to demand their rights and this will deepen and reproduce poverty the available information on the surveys of households make reference mainly to lack of resources or deprivation many of which may be interpreted simultaneously as proxies for infringements of rights constraints on meeting needs or obstacles to the achievement of functionings a direct measurement of these concepts would require information which often cannot be adequately obtained through surveys or which when they can be are generally not available for example the nutritional status of the population or actual food consumption santos and others this subset of indicators can be used to explore other deprivations that can help to identify the poor such as those relating to insufficient monetary resources and those that point to deficiencies in social participation or in linkages with institutions,1
+the russian federation for example partially decriminalised domestic abuse in even though the country s record on violence against women has been extensively criticised by civil society groups and intergovernmental organisations amnesty international un ochcr government actors must build specialised human resources capacity and coordinate effectively to prevent vaw when violence happens governments must also successfully protect victims support victims empowerment and reintegration in society and hold perpetrators accountable according to data from a survey conducted by the european union agency for fundamental rights fra a only of women euwide who report having been the victim of at least one serious incident of violence by a partner since the age of say that they contacted the police about the most serious such incident fra a indeed fear of reprisal accounts for of women not reporting violence on average in the european union fra a partners include persons with whom the respondents were or had been married living together without being married or involved in a relationship without living together,5
+france school principals in schools at isced level are also often appraised as teachers school principals in private schools are appraised by their employers in addition local inspection bodies irspecteur de veducation nationale ien assess the compliance of school principals in private schools with national education goals and programmes,4
+one strategy india can continue to pursue is to exploit its vast thorium resources along with developing the required fast breeder and heavy water reactor technologies this would facilitate selfsufficiency over the entire nuclear chain relying on imported uranium to fuel light water reactors lwr can be an alternative strategy for indias nuclear future which does not require the development of the more complex nuclear technology chain as needed for thorium the use of uranium would initially require imported reactors later to be replaced by indian designed reactors given the size of the indian market it is worthwhile to develop an indian equipment industry for solarpv and csp and for td equipment,7
+a joint report of the who and world organization of family doctors who and wonca stresses the importance of preservice andor inservice training of primary care workers on mental health as an essential prerequisite for mental health integration and reducing the treatment gap for mental health the inclusion of mental health training for such primary care level practitioners is common in many oecd countries oecd a and with the development of this new specialty japan has the valuable opportunity to effectively integrate mental health training for generalists from the beginning specifically provision for mildtomoderate disorders at the primary care level can be strengthened appropriate primary carespecific prescribing and treatment guidelines and appropriate specialist referral options have been shown to be effective treatment approaches for mildtomoderate disorders,3
+insights into the impact of new technologies on production processes within a given industry as well as into the trends of structural transformation across different stages of development are necessary to assess employment opportunities in general in his view automation may actually complement labour inputs and create new opportunities for employment thereby affecting income generation in various ways however automation has a limited costreducing effect as certain tasks can simply not be fully automated yet,9
+it is not the qualification per se that has an impact on child outcomes but the ability of better qualified staff members to create a highquality pedagogic environment key elements of high staff quality are the ways in which staff involve children stimulate interaction with and between children and use diverse scaffolding strategies this will influence staff behaviour encouraging more stable sensitive and stimulating interactions with children and thus lead to better child development,4
+the success of the reform will depend on the way it is implemented initial results suggest there is a chance that the reform may achieve at least some of its aims it has more than halved the number of new disability benefit claims most of those people no longer entitled to disability benefit are engaged in the new resource process however until today only a small minority of those people have found a job and of those who did most are in subsidised employment it is too early to tell whether a sufficiently large number of people will eventually be reintegrated into the labour market in a sustainable manner evaluation der fruherfassung und der integrationsmassnalunen in der invalidenversicherung rehabilitation before pension,8
+according to amazon executive brittan lad the last mile on average makes up nearly of transport costs and it is very hard to bring down drone transport may allow for last mile transport without the need for expensive investments in roads or rails balloons and satellites may facilitate internet connections in areas not served by fibre optic cables,9
+average growth in real taxable income in australia canada and the united states figure such comparisons have been used to argue that countries with higher levels of inequality of income are less healthy less democratic and less happy and have more crime more conflict and less intergenerational social mobility and equality of economic opportunity however these comparisons are primarily useful if we can depend on inequality remaining stable and if we are interested in answering a question like what type of society would one like to live in since this is an important question and since there have been important periods in which levels of income inequality did not change much most of the literature on income inequality has emphasized comparisons of the level of inequality,10
+also nuclear power plants are likely to be the largest generating units in the electrical system and thus increase the amount of spinning reserves needed to ensure grid stability their high load may also require upgrading the grid connection to at least kv and up to kv for a new european pressurised reactor epr finally the necessity of locating nuclear plants close to water sources for cooling purposes may require additional investments in the extension of the existing grid,7
+the framework now sets out an agreed national approach to the integration of financial education in the compulsory years of schooling from foundation to year and provides guidance on how the subject may be structured to support progressions of learning the ability to influence public policy and see linkages across government and education has been essential in developing the original framework in consultation was key to inform the national approach the mceetya working party who developed the framework included a highly specialised team of educational experts from all jurisdictions and education sectors who knew the national and jurisdictional educational landscape well had excellent stakeholder networks and formed productive and respectflil relationships,4
+research in india found that a combination of climaterelated stresses on sheep for example excessive heat and lower nutritional intake had severe impacts on the animals biological coping mechanisms sejian et al however projected drier conditions in the extensive rangelands of southern africa would increase water scarcity in botswana the costs of pumping water from boreholes increases percent by in the near east declining forage quality soil erosion and water scarcity will most likely be exacerbated in the semiarid rangelands turral burke and faures in europe global warming is likely to increase sheep tick activity and the risk of tickborne diseases in the autumn and winter months gray et al,13
+as a result habitat loss due to hypoxia is far greater than would be estimated by calculations based on species recruitment or survival tolerances because species vary in their oxygen requirements sensitive predators can lose access to prey crowding in more highly oxygenated refuges can result in densitydependent growth reductions eby and crowder or increased cannibalism aumann et al,14
+that any child should face diminished prospects of survival or decent health because of the circumstances of his or her birth is grossly unfair and a violation of that childs rights it is also costly in human economic social and political terms sustainable progress for todays children and future generations requires a focus on equity giving every child a fair chance,3
+people will no longer support open trade and free markets if they feel that they are losing out while a small group of winners is getting richer and richer large and persistent losses in lowincome groups following recessions underline the importance of welltargeted incomesupport policies government transfers both in cash and inkind have an important role to play in guaranteeing that lowincome households do not fall further back in the income distribution it may be necessary to review whether existing tax provisions are still optimal in light of equity considerations and current revenue requirements,10
+in malaysia the bulk of foreign direct investment has in essence been more of the passive type and with little effect on the regional innovation potential of the economy higher education sector is a crucial area not only because higher education institutions can increase the supply of skilled people but also because they can drive national and regional growth the corporatisation of public universities has been a first step to engage universities on the regional development path but more is needed to ensure that the current focus on the world class status will not undermine regional and local engagement of universities,4
+there are options for exchange of species between fishing years or the acquisition of quota from other quota holders every operator can also land up to in excess of their annual catch quota for pelagic species this excess catch must be registered and weighed separately and sold at an auction market the proceedings are then divided such that go to the operator but go to a special researchanddevelopment fund governed by the minister,14
+the adjoining areas and buildings could include commercial facilities for shopping areas hotels office complexes recreational facilities and restaurants interchange stations in hong kong china as well as tokyo and seoul provide thriving examples of commercial and economic activities at such intermodal transfer terminals developed through valuecapture greater jakarta has developed a transport master plan based on this concept,11
+a simple example captures this divergence in many rich european economies the poverty threshold is defined as per cent of average per capita income in india in the base year for current povertyline estimations the rural poverty threshold was per cent of average per capita income for that year a figure similar to that for the european economies,1
+published projections of the potential impact of the ppaca were for the year ebiner c et al it does not inform about how quickly the new equilibrium would be reached although some researchers have made a deduction about the dynamics the model is not intended to generate longterm projections of health expenditures and therefore is not comprehensive of the set of drivers of public health spending growth the model also does not include the impact of broader macroeconomic effects such as firm births and deaths changes in firm size and changes in worker s employment statuses either due to business cycles effects or to policy reforms,3
+the experiences of nanhai district set a good example for how local government can play a key role in effectively supervising and rectifying village rules that infringe womens landrelated rights and interests for those very few villages that refused to change their rules to grant marriedout women equal land rights judicial procedures were applied to enforce compliance the combination of administrative and judicial means proved to be very effective,5
+for example through the adoption of the act model for outreach and outpatient care and through assisted living facilities furthermore norway has establishment some user controlled inpatient beds whereby the user can informally admit themselves for a period in a time of crisis until they become stabilised a move that is seen as a significant step towards user empowerment and reduction in unnecessary inpatient stays however more children and young people were receiving care in than in with a increase in children and young people receiving care which can be very positively set against the to expected by the escalation plan pedersen although in recent years norway has seen an increase in alcohol consumption oecd b norwegian alcohol consumption remains low compared to most other oecd countries,3
+the following section reviews how the different education systems selected have approached these challenges these evaluations may or may not have consequences for teachers and institutions may or may not be undertaken by the same institutions responsible for developing the standards and may use different assessment tools peer assessment standardised tests classroom observation portfolios etc so too assessments to certify a specific level in the teaching cycle are common while programme accreditation or improving teaching quality are less frequent,4
+as chapter points out however this does not mean that other cosos should be excluded the european union needs to engage with as many organizations as possible to maximize its understanding of the conflict its context actors timing and coso actions that can impact on the conflict in terms of gender this means paying attention to all gender actors and issues including lgbt and masculinity issues as well as women s rights,5
+manufacturing value added as a percentage of gdp stood at per cent in africa excluding north africa and per cent in north africa in by comparison the figure was per cent in latin america and the caribbean and per cent for all the least developed countries per cent for asia and the pacific and per cent globally neither north africa nor the rest of africa made significant progress during the first half of the current decade manufacturing value added as a percentage of gdp increased only slightly from to per cent during the period for africa excluding north africa and from to per cent for north africa,9
+to what degree were changes in labour and product market policies and regulations responsible do changes in household structure matter finally what can governments do to address rising inequality these and other questions are addressed in detail in the present report which identifies key drivers and possible policy measures for tackling inequality trends among the workingage population from a political point of view protectionist sentiments have been fuelled by the observation that the benefits of productivity gains in the past two decades accrued mainly in some cases exclusively to highly skilled highly educated workers in oecd countries leaving people with lower skills straggling,10
+family physicians for example have no budgetary oversight over the nurses working under their supervision whilst strongly divergent views between government and professional groups are not unique to turkey consensus has had a notably minor role in steering refonn in turkey the turkish medical association remains opposed to the htp especially as payment arrangements place considerable pressure on doctors to deliver higher volumes of services although some elementary selfregulation of the medical profession is in place strong disagreements exist between the profession as represented by the turkish medical association turkish nurses association and turkish midwives association and the government on mutual roles and responsibilities while the ministry of health is taking some such steps to devolve responsibility for example by devolving the responsibility for delivering hospital services progress on shifting focus to its regulatory oversight and quality governance functions has been rather slow,3
+it would also be necessary to create a pattern of growth that may lead to the relaxation of structural constraints emerging from the availability of a limited basket of endowments for the poorest depending on country specific characteristics such policies may encompass changing the sectoral pattern of growth balancing its geographical distribution making use of appropriate technologies and undertaking similar measures these policies would be designed to change the nature and distribution of opportunities created by growth in a manner that die poorest would be able to take advantage of an increasingly larger share of opportunities,1
+today three sets of challenges waterrelated risks ageing infrastructures and trends in institutional reforms are calling this model into question the chapter reviews these challenges sequentially and outlines a framework for organising policy responses it proposes criteria cities can use to compare their water management policies and practices with those of other cities similarly the oecd b defines water security as the management of four water risks scarcity floods pollution and freshwater ecosystem resilience,6
+since the early s the netherlands has gradually shifted its approach to environmental policy formulation moving from commandandcontrol style planning the government is now playing a more handsoff role using incentives and innovation to change business and consumer behaviour further it recognises that the transition towards a circular economy is complicated and novel requiring a certain amount of trial and error to reach a robust policy moreover the identification of realistic objectives development of indicators and measurement of progress for resource efficiency is complex the choice of indicators to measure progress is still the subject of debate while policy makers generally agree on the need to reuse resources and produce more with less agreement on the extent of the desired change is more elusive,11
+rather they consider only the amounts of water used in production and consumption activities hence water footprints do not contain sufficient information to evaluate the net benefits generated through the use of water resources water footprints enable one to compare estimated water use per person or in aggregate across countries but they are inadequate for evaluating the incremental costs benefits or environmental impacts of water use,6
+it appeared that an informal grouping on sustainability was beginning to take place and this could be the first step to a more strategic group as appetite for a more senior group develops in order to do this the lda worked alongside innovas and dtz to define and develop a working definition of the low carbon economy and the number type and skills levels of low carbon jobs in the london labour market this innovas study draws from over sources it includes activities undertaken by companies across the whole environmental supply chain from rd through manufacturing into distribution retail installation and maintenance services,7
+reducing the regulatory burden and streamlining permits and other administrative procedures can be a relatively inexpensive way to promote the development of brownfield areas city governments with the support of oblast and central governments can promote the redevelopment of brow nfields in a number of ways beginning with a fasttrack type of streamlined and simplified permitting system for projects on brownfield land as a minimal intervention approach however it is necessary to manage the redevelopment of former industrial zones because concerns over environmental conditions may emerge an expedited and simplified review was implemented in germany due to concerns over urban sprawl in the s a number of initiatives were instituted to promote a higher intensity of land use including a simplified set of planning rules for infill development as part of the research for the reduction of land consumption and for sustainable land management refina initiative which began in the mid s,11
+in many oecd countries reimbursement policies especially for drugs are based on hta for instance in iceland and ireland hta is solely used to help determine pharmaceutical coverage the main lesson from the experiences of australia canada and the united kingdom is that hta has provided useful evidence to inform reimbursement policies as well as improved patients access to costeffective treatments lopert and elshaug clement et al,3
+in parallel engaging the private sector and enhancing publicprivate partnerships can create an enabling environment for private sector investment however some respondents reported challenges due to a lack of experience in coordinating with subnational governments and the private sector supporters are engaging with a wide range of stakeholders and this can foster knowledge exchange and learning on climate compatible development practices for example some are pursuing engagement through the networks of regional ngos in asia africa and latinamerica conducting country case studies on climate finance through national research centres and working with local governments on capacity building and tracking,13
+specifically women founders tend to be less well equipped in terms of education and professional background once controlling for the sector of startup activity in that sense part of the gender gap can hence be attributed to a gender gap in education and fields of interest and careers eg stem policy to close the funding gender gap would need to address upstream factors related to education and training,5
+since almost all korean households bear a heavy private education burden and the new administration sees incomedriven growth as one of the national growth strategies education policy makers are making a variety of efforts to reduce the private education burden they are trying to protect a certain level of disposable income by reducing the private education expenditures of households from unlike other oecd countries in korea the central government the ministry of education is responsible for financing education education experts and associated institutions are firmly against a shift from the current centralisation to the decentralisation of education financing in order to set up a stable funding plan fiscal decentralisation on education financing should be redesigned as in other oecd countries,4
+in more developed regions per cent of governments had adopted both legal measures and policies to prevent domestic violence compared to per cent with legal measures per cent with policies and per cent with both among governments in less developed regions this proportion was also relatively low in africa per cent and asia per cent four governments in africa and five governments in asia did not have any legal provisions or policies to prevent domestic violence table iii,5
+examples of risks faced by investments in clean energy infrastructure cont while ppps can be an interesting option for implementing clean energy projects see box on cape verde s cabeolica wind project their fiscal consequences must be carefully verified exante an affordability test which assesses the impact of a ppp project on public budgets can be computed by adjusting the psc for risks and cost of capital,7
+equally the appropriate portfolio of energy technologies depends on each country s own initial conditions including the technical and economic potential for electricity generation and its location relative to consumers as well as the existing distribution system however transmission and distribution td has often been neglected both in the policy discourse and financially hogarth and granoff despite recent progress the density of transmission lines remains extremely low by international standards and local grids remain poorly interconnected internationally and sometimes even nationally,7
+the projections for lcoe do not take the value of the electricity generation into account which is accounted for in the model optimisation below when considering the value of electricity generation in the power market prioritization between technologies can easily change particularly in longer term as the shares of renewable energy increases and cannibalising effects in the power market become more dominating it should be stressed that the technology projections are subject to considerable uncertainty,7
+efforts to change the school leadership profession should follow the good school leadership framework in tandem with the new system of teacher education and professional development the provision of training also needs to be more systematic and needs to depend less on the individual capacity of school leaders to access training opportunities universities and other higher education institutions are positioned at the nexus of knowledge creation education innovation and economic growth,4
+work to promote social cohesion must therefore address inequality rising inequality in some key large economies has excluded disadvantaged populations from the benefits of the growth process and increased top earners share of incomes both poor and middleclass populations are increasingly alienated from the richest in many societies,10
+because of environmental concerns and area restrictions the growth rates are projected below recent trends especially in indonesia the share of vegetable oil consumption used for biodiesel production is estimated to increase from during the base to in driven by binding mandates in many countries during the outlook period annual growth in protein meal consumption is projected at in oecd economies compared with in nonoecd economies,2
+it follows that the financial sustainability of water services in the region remains very weak and that no or very little resources is and will be available for maintenance and capital investment chapter provides additional information on the reforms associated with tariff policies for instance as regards tariff setting procedures tariff structures and affordability issues this clearly is not sufficient to cover operation and maintenance costs of water and sanitation services tariffs should be a key element of the financial sustainability of the water and sanitation sector as they provide stable and reliable revenues to the service provider as exposed to subsidies or even transfers from official development assistance,6
+the fao census data are for countries representing of the world s population and of the world s surface area lowder skoet and singh report data on countries representing of the total farm population and of agricultural land worldwide from the wider coverage there are at least million farms globally million of these are family farms,2
+it describes the progress made in the region in two key areas i food insecurity and hunger based on the prevalence of undernourishment pou indicator and level of severe food insecurity shown by the food insecurity experience scale fies and ii malnutrition based on sdg indicator on stunting and sdg indicator on wasting and overweight among children younger than five it also considers the state of micronutrient deficiency including anaemia and deficiencies in vitamin a zinc and iodine as well as possible undernutrition outcomes such as low birth weight all countries in the region have made considerable progress in reducing the incidence of food insecurity,2
+the agency for standardization and metrology accredits organizations that can issue iso certificates with two iso certification bodies having been accredited the national chamber of commerce and industry reported that three companies had been certified mns iso so far including a distillery and a food company the ministry of environment and tourism suggested about certificates had been issued in total,12
+these differences can also be extended to the degree to which international prices will be passed through to the local market in urban zones that are more integrated into the international economy passthrough is more likely and they will have a larger proportion of net foodconsuming households if food prices rise by more than other prices then expenditure by the poorest population groups will be subject to greater relative inflation in fact data show that the rise in food prices seriously erodes the purchasing power of the poorest households for example in rural areas of el salvador households in were buying of what they bought months earlier for the same money,1
+collected information is rarely reported back to providers and practitioners comparability across subsystems is another problem with the exception of seldom national indicators that are reported for the national development plan and the sectorial health plan each institution state health services issste imss has its own set of indicators this lack of comparability adds to the fragmentation that runs across the mexican health system more encouragingly work is underway to design and implement a national dashboard of quality and efficiency metrics consistent across all insurersproviders,3
+in more than companies were registered as subject to the packaging rales and over companies were registered as subject to the weee rales the fulfilment of obligations is controlled by the administration for inspection affairs of the federation of bosnia and herzegovina if an inspection reveals that a company has not reported properly on its obligations the levy has to be paid to the fund there is no possibility of retroactively signing a contract with operators to fulfil the unfulfilled obligations there are separate coordinating bodies to supervise the operation of both rales comprising representatives of the environmental protection fund ministry of environment and tourism administration for inspection affairs and operators,12
+fairness in resource allocation is not only important for equity in education it is also related to the performance of the education system as a whole in these systems there are smaller differences between higherperforming and lowerperforming schools in principals reports on teacher shortage the adequacy of educational resources and physical infrastructure and smaller differences in average mathematics learning time between schools with more advantaged and those with more disadvantaged students in these countries principals in disadvantaged schools tended to report that their schools had adequate educational resources as much as if not more than principals in advantaged schools reported scarce resources tend to be more concentrated in advantaged schools and disadvantaged schools tend to suffer from inadequacy or shortage of resources,4
+ensuring scope to adjust appraisal criteria to a school leader s experience in general as well as the length of time a leader has spent in a particular school may improve the appraisal process by paying due attention to the impact that can be expected of a particular school leader goldring et al as goldring et al box provides two examples for the process of developing professional standards in the federal systems of australia and the united states,4
+there are also different funds available for the secondary level which take into consideration postal code areas and neighbourhoods with low income households social welfare and nonwestern backgrounds as some schools discriminate against disadvantaged students because they feel that they are a financial burden gauri and vawda this funding eliminates the motivation for such inequitable practices through this policy disadvantaged students have become more attractive to schools oecd research shows that schools with a high proportion of weighted students have had an increase in resources such as the number of teachers per student assistant teachers and administrators ladd and fiske,4
+consideration of water quality in rbmps is therefore one cycle ahead of flooding clearly it would be more effective if both were considered together and in future so as to promote integrated water management the floods directive foresees close coordination with the wfd even where possible developing combined management plans as well as status water quality is highly dependent on row regime and the potential changes to water quality resulting from hydromorphological alterations are not always well understood,6
+this has helped to decouple emissions from gdp growth in many countries and led to growing investment in lowcarbon technologies a strong response with decisive and coordinated policies could strengthen the recovery with a more predictable policy environment boosting investment and research both will be needed to meet the challenge of climate change worries about the effect on the poor can be dealt with within such reforms,13
+difficulty in combining studies with work is selfreported to be a main reason behind this the general requirement for admission to the ulv programme is a passing grade in swedish as a second language level from the university of gothenburg will introduce a compulsory language placement test in order to better evaluate the students swedish language skills,4
+the savings were only statistically significant for patients in the improved group whose baseline hbalc level was percent or above measuring hbalc is a way of measuring blood glucose levels an important indicator for diabetics for nondiabetics a usual reading would be in the range percent for people with diabetes an hbalc level of percent is considered to be good control however this study did not take into account the cost of the intervention and therefore the overall costeffectiveness could not be assessed in a similar vein testa et al munroe et al,3
+a recent review of the data available on womens empowerment in subsaharan africa found that the demographic and health surveys used in most countries lack questions on adolescent girls further gaps pertaining to the civic and economic participation amongst all adolescents were economic empowerment knowledge of legal rights and recourse participation in decisionmaking and attitudes and social norms heckert and fabic those that exert the greatest impact on their wellbeing at least as understood in the worlds of science and policy are set out intable page,5
+the extreme poverty threshold for the target measured as income per person below the international poverty line is too low for the countries of the region so it is considered more appropriate to use the extreme poverty line based on the cost of a basic food basket target is to reduce at least by half the proportion of men women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions by although this target includes a multidimensional definition of poverty which goes beyond shortfalls in income it clearly defines a quantitative outcome and a time horizon that can be used to assess the prospects for reducing total monetary poverty and not just extreme poverty since the target does not specify from which point poverty should be halved the analysis takes as its base year which is when the goals were adopted worldwide for reference purposes of the countries analysed in this section the incidence of extreme poverty was below in of them in according to figures from the world bank see poverty lonlinel,1
+in the postconflict period there may also be pressure to return to traditional gender roles genderbased violence including sexual violence is often used as a war strategy and remains a key security threat in the postconflict context responding to these past violations of human rights ssr processes should support positive changes that might be occurring while seeking to address high levels of postconflict genderbased violence valasek,5
+these companies employed just under workers representing around of total employment the number of foreignowned businesses has grown by between and with associated employment increasing by over the same period in particular there is a higher share of firms operating in the primary sector and utilities vs in the wholesale and retail sector vs and in the education sector vs,8
+the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women requires state parties to take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in all matters relating to marriage and family relations art this includes ensuring the same right to enter into marriage with free and full consent and to freely choose a spouse the same rights and responsibilities during marriage and its dissolution and with respect to their children and the same personal rights as husband and wife such as the right to choose a family name a profession and an occupation rights related to access to property and sexual and reproductive health which will be examined separately in this chapter are also covered by this provision,5
+in addition it is highly likely that such production most of which was moved to emerging economies is carried out with lower energy efficiency and higher emission intensities thus the net result of the commendable united kingdom climate policy was quite possibly an overall increase in greenhouse gas emissions worldwide the opposite of the objective intended this example highlights the importance of global coordination and the need for reality checks of measures from a systems and global perspective one phenomenon to consider in this regard is the rebound effect the jevons paradox that is the increased energy use resulting from increased energy efficiency,7
+the strategy could incorporate important elements of legal regulatory and institutional reforms in a comprehensive and coherent manner in order to ensure that obstacles to equitable sustainable development are removed this strategy also may incorporate the participation of women in strategic areas and positions of power as well as facilitate support for gender impact analysis and the collection of genderdisaggregated data together with concerned ministries women s associations and organisations from across spain participated in the preparation of the strategic plan in order to incorporate their views in a collaborative policy making process,5
+following examples in austria language camps could be offered to children aged and above as the children of immigrant and refugee parents would benefit considerably from leisure centres access to all parents would be helpful making summer camps in all municipalities accessible to all students is important irrespective of their financial situation as the children of immigrant and refugee parents would benefit considerably from leisure centres access to all parents would be beneficial irrespective of the family s situation,4
+the sheer volume of women adding their voices to the conversation saying i hear you i understand you i believe you has enabled them to find courage providing women with a chance to unburden painful experiences and ultimately find relief serves as collective therapy that is free and open to all women everywhere can say me too to someone else whether that means it happened to me or simply i believe you,5
+there are some exceptions however such as the highest quintile in colombia and guatemala where the increase in transfers and other incomes easily outpaced labourincome growth or the widespread fall in income in uruguay in which all sources participated to the same extent for that reason it is best to use them in a complementary way see box this chapter uses four of the bestknown which are described in detail below it corresponds to the area between the lorenz curve and the equidistribution line,1
+it is only useful to talk about disciplinecentric and studentcentric pedagogies for the purpose of clarity about intentions teaching is therefore all about combinations how teachers organise their own time and that of their students has implications for the range of opportunities students have to develop competences and the depth and breadth of knowledge they acquire,4
+teachers with multidisciplinary backgrounds are meant to immerse students in a system of innovative thinking with specific goals for solving practical problems the courses may build on input from any part of stanford university including themes such as fostering democracy aiding individuals with threatening medical profiles or paving the way for the next great startups instead of only trying to solve readydefined problems students are meant to creatively identity what needs fixing and how to go about it with the help of direct observation and interviews after identifying a problem worth of working on students imagine possibilities through ideation and then select a solution for prototyping and testing,4
+it highlights in particular that the impact of the compression effect depends heavily on the time frame under consideration in the short run when the structure of electricity systems is fixed especially high variable cost producers such as gas will decrease market share as a result of lower average prices in the long run however when new investments must be considered reduced load factors mean that investors have a tendency to turn away from capitalintensive highfixed cost lowcarbon technologies such as nuclear eventually there will a tradeoff between lower load factors and higher carbon prices,7
+in line with the learning organisation emphasis on feedback loops ensuring the impact of professional development of leaders is also highlighted huber leadership is and should be a continuous process of learning macbeath and dempster the school leader as lead learner barth engages seriously in their own learning alone and with colleagues robertson in press is exposed to the best theories and practices on school leadership for learning and teaching to thrive hamzah et al,4
+the goal is to encourage the uptake of energyefficient technologies in buildings and increase the numbers and scope of refurbishment that would otherwise not take place therefore it is important that tax relief be targeted at new and innovative technologies with little market access and high upfront costs geller pp surveys of freeriders for various former us tax incentive programmes in the buildings sector have indicated possible rates between and the number of free riders clearly depends on the design of each programme and in order to address the issue the us federal government is now targeting incentives at only the most efficient measures and appliances with a market share below neuhoff et a,7
+female migration is a crucial serious sociocultural loss depriving individual families and georgian society as a whole of womens natural contributions for example in the th century in the dominican republic due to social stigma attached to women working outside of the household the husband preferred and encouraged women to seek employment in the us where it was deemed acceptable even in the dominican diaspora grassmuck and pessar in addition to preferences for gender equality this attraction of lower discriminatory social institutions in the destination country may also be explained by lower discrimination in its labour market reflected in greater working opportunities for women martin,5
+les negotiations se poursuivent en vue d obtenir de tous les pays des engagements contraignants de reduction de leurs emissions compte tenu de lamplcur des reductions necessaires il est vital que les etatsunis adoptent une politique globale de lutte contre le changement climatique qui soit efficace par rapport a son cout le gouvemement en place s efforce d agcncer ce dispositif dont les principaux elements sont la tarification generate des emissions de ges et le renforcement du soutien apporte au developpement et au deploiement des technologies qui font diminuer ces demieres there are other cobenefits of ghg mitigation policy such as for ecosystems and biodiversity but they are not examined here,13
+still globally in million children died before reaching their fifth birthday out of all child deaths worldwide per cent occurred in subsaharan africa and an additional per cent occurred in south asia most of these child deaths were caused by preventable diseases such as acute respiratory infections diarrhoea measles and malaria united nations children s fund,3
+direct subsidies for important projects such as building brt systems can also help it can voluntarily improve its vehicle fleet fuel economy more aggressively market its more efficient vehicles and provide better information to consumers renault for example has lobbied for a harmonisation in european vehicle c tax policies which currently vary considerably among the eu countries ultimately though voluntary fuel economy improvement programmes have been found to be inadequate national standards and tax policies appear necessary to successfully lower the fuel intensity of passenger cars,7
+finally an interest rate of is used in the calculations all scenarios consider the possibility to use batteries of electric vehicles as storages for the electricity system according to the vehicletogrid concept v g it is assumed for the future that available electric vehicles provide a total storage capacity of gwh and a total loading unloading power of gw to the electricity system,7
+it is only due to the weakened demand for electricity in the current lowgrowth environment of oecd economies and the considerable excess capacity constructed during more favourable periods in the past that more serious stresses have so far been avoided already today the technical and pecuniary system effects of variable renewables are putting considerable stress on the longterm adequacy of the electricity systems of oecd countries the increasing variability of the demand for dispatchable production the difference between variable renewable production and total demand increases risk and makes the financing of dispatchable capacity even more challenging see chapter and the study by ier stuttgart,7
+glaciers play also a major role in several parts of the world to smooth water flows in rivers across time for which irrigation is in some cases strongly dependent on fao climate change could also have implications in terms of the interactions betw een ground and surface water compartments as water stress on the latter could be transmitted to the former in the dry season one can also expect an indirect effect of climate change through an increasing demand for groundwater as surface water becomes scarce and droughts more frequent and severe groundw ater depletion may occur in some places and be aggravated in places where depletion already exists agricultural w ater withdrawal including irrigation already represents a substantial amount of groundwater withdrawals in some countries figure and a trend towards more frequent droughts may be an incentive to close the crop water requirement gap with groundwater resources data for greece refer to year,6
+altogether the proposed irrigation schemes comprise a new irrigated area of ha in the hermel and al qaa area of the basin in terms of water use average annual use for the period from to was around mcm agriculture is the largest water user consuming about mcm annually of total water use followed by domestic water use at and industry at figure,6
+the share of the latter in total agricultural land utilised increased from in on average to in the most drastic shift in the factors concerned livestock inventories which fell to marginal levels in the agricultural enterprises during the s leaving rural households the principal agricultural units that kept livestock if in households kept slightly less than onethird of the total livestock inventory this share rose to in,2
+when investments required are substantial access to external investment can be critical investors however may not have confidence in the project s potential may not be able to assess the entrepreneurs ability to manage the project and its risks or simply may not be aware of the existence of the project skilled individuals can help generate new knowledge and innovations are more able to recognise the value of knowledge created elsewhere absorb it and apply it to new commercial ends cohen and levinthal and can support firms in identifying business opportunities and help them adapt to changing environments,9
+with the exception of surveys conducted after specific water contamination incidents mostly in the us and a number of studies measuring households perception of water quality in canada there is a scarcity of studies on households valuation of improved tap water quality in oecd countries households can invest in purification systems households can also consume bottled water for their drinking needs since these are private substitutes for public investments assessing the factors that encourage the adoption of such private strategies is important for policy design,6
+the indicator should also be analysed together with indicators of dimension income and benefits from employment employed persons age employment is defined according to the resolution of the th icls in see glossary the number of jobs a person holds can best be captured through an lfs,8
+however because of their geographical location reliance on climatesensitive natural resources and development gaps in general developing countries and lowincome countries in particular are at the greatest risk of climate hazards left unattended climate hazards are likely to increase poverty worsen inequalities exacerbate food insecurity and cause health problems among other hardships which may reverse years of development progress in some countries these impacts are largely determined by deeprooted socioeconomic inequalities as a result they tend to be particularly detrimental to the most disadvantaged groups of society which are hence disproportionately exposed and vulnerable to climate hazards,13
+in addition the report explores the literature on direct teaching behaviours that may help foster student learning in more traditional teaching settings despite the promising evidence linking problembased learning and effective teaching in higher education to certain aspects ofskills for innovation more work is needed in this area there is strong potential for further research to provide additional important insights into the development of skills for innovation it forms part of the ceri innovation strategy for education and skills,4
+building on the substantial comparative and sectorial policy knowledge base available within the oecd the series will result in a biennial publication first volume in it will develop a comparative outlook on education policy by providing a analysis of individual countries educational context challenges and policies education policy profiles and of international trends and b comparative insight on policies and reforms on selected topics they are meant to draw attention to specific policies that are promising or showing positive results and may be relevant for other countries editorial support was provided by lynda hawe and susan copeland,4
+the agreement explicitly indicates that it applies to transboundary waters of the narva river basin including pskovskochudskoyepeipsi lake over time the competence of joint bodies has expanded to include fishing and fisheries water allocation irrigation power generation construction of water facilities and bridges and the protection against floods for example in the agreements concluded between or with participation of eecca states from the early s groundwaters are included in the competence of some joint commissions agreements in table and plenipotentiaries agreements in table,6
+recalling that ird was abandoned after a few years due to severe problems in coordinating government planning bureaus and of ultimately fixating on discrete projects without much integration calling for crossborder integration of planning faces great challenges this is especially so if it is seen as usurping sovereign power and vested interests of national governments varis rahaman and stucki the potential contribution of such frameworks is to promote the reality that water issues need broad crosscutting policies with integrating visions to assemble policies at the water and development interface,6
+it also discusses the use of other staff to support student learning as well as the use of data evaluation and assessment in schools to support improvements in student performance and attainment levels it highlights the positive changes denmark has implemented to strengthen initial teacher education and the availability of central funding for the competency development of inservice teachers it identifies a desire for and instances of collaborative work at all levels of the system as well as a growing focus on pedagogy and goaloriented teaching,4
+for instance the gender gap in employment captures the status of women s labour force participation relative to that of men s indicating the extent of gender equitable access to employment as a proportion of male employment female employment in the asian and pacific region has hovered at about to per cent since the early s which mirrors the global average notable variations between subregions exist with north and central asia having just above females employed for every males and south and southwest asia counting just above females employed for every males,5
+on the other hand selfemployment either declined or was stable in most countries the tasksbased approach for instance shows that the employment shares of routinetask jobs traditionally composed of middleskill workers have declined from to between and at the same time there has been a large increase in the employment share of abstract from to and to a lesser extent nonroutine manual jobs from to similarly the jobsbased approach which that takes into consideration a particular occupation within a particular industry finds evidence for job polarisation by showing a ushaped pattern of employment shifts across job deciles in more than half of the countries,1
+the iv procedure allows purification of the health variable from its correlation with the error term eit that is from its sources of endogeneity however finding a strong and valid instrument is often difficult at best for instance looking at the relationship between obesity and wages cawley used sibling s weight as an instrument for individual weight,3
+moreover from march onwards the minimum conservation reference size for sole increased by ministerial decree from to cm article of the flemish ministerial decree of march in addition measures related to the protection and restoration of marine biodiversity will receive key support in wallonia the focus is on continuing to develop smallscale artisanal aquaculture production,14
+this is especially the case if travel to destinations includes transfers and significant waiting times public transport also provides basic mobility to those who may not have access to cars and whose travel requirements are not suited to walking or cycling highfrequency rapid and good quality public transport supply may compete with cars in terms of convenience cost and overall user experience it does so while decreasing perpassenger landtake energy use and environmental impacts due to efficiencies derived from scale and electrification in the case of many rail trolley and electricpowered bus systems,11
+unlike in the other european union eastern partnership eap countries most government support in moldova in the energy sector is the result of reduced taxes and tax exemptions in only mostly due to reduced taxation the state budget failed to collect an estimated usd mln or of gdp in addition to tax exemptions and tax rate reductions the moldovan government supports consumers by making direct transfers to disadvantaged people and by keeping energy utility prices below costrecovery levels the government assumes the risk of covering losses of indebted energy companies,7
+as a result schools are not provided with clear information on the bases to distribute the resources between them the lack of transparency might be partly explained by the absence of a rationale for the algorithms used by each of the education councils and their likely historical basis as well as the possible lack of articulation between the algorithms independently developed by each education council in addition the extra staff allocated to individual schools depends on the subjective advice of inspectors and discretion on whether or not one specific school is eligible for a given educational programme eg community teachers programme,4
+building on the substantial comparative and sectorial policy knowledge base available within the oecd the series will result in a biannual publication first volume in it will develop a comparative outlook on education policy by providing a analysis of individual countries educational context challenges and policies education policy profiles and of international trends and b comparative insight on policies and reforms on selected topics they are meant to draw attention to specific policies that are promising or showing positive results and may be relevant for other countries,4
+other benefits from internet access would include communication by health professionals via email as well as the possibility of using electronic health records ehr if available once connected to the internet hospitals could consider offering telehealth services to isolated patients some countries show more growth than others with particularly strong growth in kenya nepal and viet nam,3
+to set up the plu and the carte communale municipalities must go through a public hearing and cooperative procedure with the central government when development does not conform to the plan it can legally be refused connection to infrastructure such as electricity and water grids comprehensive landuse planning in france and the netherlands cont,11
+section presents the recent literature on impacts and adaptation in iams and provides an overview of all recent iams based on this overview section reviews the development and state of the art of climate impact modelling in iams and section reviews the development and state of the art of adaptation modelling section discusses possible ways forward for climate impact and adaptation modelling in iams section concludes general reviews were conducted by hope and fiissel and mastrandrea,13
+the potential benefits of competencebased approaches are not always fully realised chapter looks at the identity of professional education and training and proposes new terminology for the sector it also argues for better data and a clear institutional base for provision chapter examines the quality of programmes and argues that measures in three areas workbased learning teacher preparation and career development and attention to basic skills would sustain and enhance quality chapter looks at qualifications and makes recommendations designed to make qualifications stronger to make full use of competencebased approaches and to strengthen assessment systems,4
+in particular it may be relevant to explore more in depth the nature of the products in the machinery sector to better understand the scope of their potential role in the libyan economic structure if there is macroeconomic instability and uncertainty private investment is significantly and negatively influenced because unpredictability hampers resource allocation decisions investment and grow th during periods of macroeconomic instability entrepreneurs will operate on shortterm investment horizons choosing activities with quick returns rather than projects with longerterm investment returns such as in manufacturing from gdp grew at an annual average rate of even with the slowdown in growth during the global downturn in and the oil sector favoured by a hike in global oil prices contributed significantly to this economic expansion fuelling revenues and growth,8
+another factor is school reform in the s which helped to significantly improve educational outcomes as reflected in the literacy and numeracy results of yearold students in the oecd programme for international student assessment pisa poland needs to move up the value ladder and become more specialised in more knowledgeintensive higher valueadded activities currently poland lags well behind many other oecd countries on the technology content of its exports figure and innovation outputs such as patents and top scientific research publications cannot yet compete with the top oecd economies figure,4
+these innovations serve new demands in cities for enhanced services and improved interaction making it possible to increase realtime insights on traffic and transportation for public authorities the harmonization of data which can be supported by uncefacts work on standardization of information exchanges and data flows interacting together with blockchain smart contracts to initiate action could serve for example most of the funds go towards supporting several activities linked to reducing air pollution including agriculture oil waste diesel transport household energy and local planning,11
+remittances are important means for funding domestic consumption and accounted for about of gdp increased government spending on infrastructure and public consumption contributed to gdp growth the poor performance of the hydrocarbon and mining sectors weighed on growth in addition agricultural output suffered a sharp contraction due to severe drought conditions in the latter part of the year,8
+for most analyses in this report this sorting is done separately for urban and rural households and compares the bottom quintile the poorest with the top quintile the richest this report mostly uses the former relative inequality is given as the ratio of the indicator value for the two groups but in both cases the same amount of investment or effort may be needed to increase the service coverage by percentage points,11
+this method can be applied to assess welfare changes when visual appreciation is affected these include damage costs avoided substitute costs methods and replacement cost methods and are based on estimating the values of ecosystem services using either the costs of avoiding damage due to a reduction in eg landscape amenity the cost of replacing environmental assets eg enhancing landscape qualities elsewhere orthe cost of providing substitute services eg another recreation site these methods of which only avoidance cost is listed in table are applicable for valuing the changes in welfare when recreational services and aesthetics are affected,15
+on forest cover fiji and samoa have actively conserved forest area but threats to forest resources remain pifs a on the other hand forest cover is generally declining in png and solomon islands linked to their extractive industries mining logging which exact a heavy toll on forests in nauru minedout phosphate lands cover almost per cent of the island with most of the island uninhabitable and barren pifs a,15
+around are stateowned and managed and the rest of them are jointly managed by the state and county authorities the state grants concessions or leases of its hunting grounds to legal and natural persons hunting associations at county level hunting grounds also known as common hunting grounds can only be leased,15
+they have allowed peru to exploit its comparative advantages in natural resourcebased sectors and traditional industries and reap the benefits of increased demand from both developed and emerging economies they have also begun to have positive albeit moderate effects on living standards and poverty reduction its economy remains relatively undiversified income disparities are high and informal jobs still account for a large share of total employment although labour productivity has increased since it still lags behind other latin american middleincome countries growth in total factor productivity tfp which reflects more efficient use of factor inputs including through innovation has played only a marginal role,9
+as he put it this is a question that seems to be forgotten in the quest to compare and measure and to justify what educators do he added where we can expect to lose the plot is when we move away from an understanding of those core values and what they are supposed to achieve in education and training to a process that bureaucratises indebtedness looking across its universities and more than schools south africa has become very good at giving the impression of achieving particular outcomes while having not achieved them at all,4
+it does not capture malnutrition due to low intake of micronutrients such as minerals and vitamins the largest percentage increases were in the middleincome countries where the value of agricultural production more than doubled for both lower middleincome countries from billion to billion and upper middleincome countries from billion to billion however this decline has been reversed since and the value reached billion in for the central asian area excluding the russian federation agricultural production grew at an annual rate of per cent during which was faster than the regional average of per cent and the fastest in the region as a whole for example the average cereal yield in the world was kg per hectare in and reached kg in which was times greater than previously,2
+stressing the important role of forests and wood in tackling climate change he mentioned the european forest week as an example and stepping stone in this respect the upcoming international year of biodiversity and the international year of forests provide communication opportunities to capitalize on,15
+hence although the broader structural causes of emigration appear to be genderneutral the role of gender inequality in social institutions is not in addition to standard determinants discriminatory social institutions influence female migration patterns this is critical in order to understand the role of social institutions in female decisionmaking,5
+to report on nets ero gathers evaluative findings as part of individual school reviews national evaluation topics provide lenses through which ero investigates key aspects of individual school performance while also gathering information that is synthesised into a national education evaluation report the collection of evidence for nets usually takes place over one or two school terms typically these reports use a case study approach to identify in more detail the nature of effective practice in schools,4
+it is built on the sd index presented in section the different indicators for this chapter have been developed by the nea on the basis of the most recent data available from a selection of international energy agency iea publications see references for details the most relevant approach should include all major technical economic and political aspects,7
+these actions can be considered to be transformative as they bring about gender change by renegotiating spaces in the unstable political context focusing on political nonconflictrelated issues is also a strategic choice for these organizations to break down ethnic identity barriers and promote bicommunal reconciliation initiatives their human rights articulations are strongly inclusive these cosos generally have either a nonsecuritizing holding impact or a desecuritizingpeacebuilding impact,5
+teachers play an important role in the lives of young people around the globe teachers are vital to student skills development student preparation for future employment and active participation in the community the government must make stronger efforts to support and develop the profession of teaching as well as to promote teaching as an attractive career path,4
+for instance at the g summit in hokkaido toyako in donors pledged to provide billion in oda to fight hunger group of and at the g summit in l aquila italy in billion over three years to address food insecurity in a sustainable manner group of a study evaluating such responses in emerging economies revealed the importance of providing targeted safety nets for the poor as emergency responses to food shortfalls while trade protection and building food inventories may enhance national food availability in the short run such measures may at the same time prove to be costly in terms of expenditure and contribute to keeping food prices high by restricting food supply in international markets jones and kwiecinski,2
+a dozen ldcs exceed the world average for population coverage of g mobile broadband networks twentysix ldcs have commercially launched glte networks and two exceed the world average for mobile lte population coverage lesotho and rwanda a growing number of ldcs have flexible mobile internet plans catering to hourly daily weekend and weekly use enhancing affordability for those who do not use the internet each day,9
+the proportion of renewable energy in jordan is consistent with the middle eastern average of less than usaid however some analysts project that by about of the region s electricity will be generated from renewable sources menon and were jordan to fully exploit its solar resources now it could become a global leader and exporter of renewable energy in the future currently renewable energy is estimated to contribute to growth to jordan s gdp and to create at least new jobs usaid because renewable energy projects are more labour intense than conventional energy sources there are reasons to expect a net increase in employment from renewable energy which could be significant at a time when jobs in the hydrocarbons sector are minimal oecd forthcoming b,7
+therefore not all absolute poverty lines necessarily refer to extreme poverty in practice many countries use multiple absolute poverty lines to identify the poor and the poorest extreme poverty line globalisation is connecting peoples and making them more aware of differences in standards of living while inequalities within and between countries are growing there are therefore major objections to merely updating any historical benchmark of poverty on the basis for example of the price index,1
+in addition a number of initiatives such as the teacher vocation scholarship are likely to stimulate the decision to engage in initial teacher preparation however initial teacher education raises some concerns first there is evidence indicating that initial teacher education is not attracting the best candidates from school education,4
+the successful experience with capital account management in a number of countries brazil chile colombia malaysia republic of korea and thailand to name a few shows that developing countries can and should shield themselves from these external shocks where inflows are concerned instruments can include minimum stay requirements unremunerated reserve requirements differential tax rates on returns to portfolio capital and taxes on new debt inflows for dealing with capital outflows instruments can include taxes on capital outflows and regulating the amounts of nonprofit capital which foreigners can send abroad,8
+as stated in the policy unit policy paper an ineffective nup has a weak connection between economic development policies and other urban policies resulting in a silo approach to governance united nations a countries can work to make direct and indirect linkages between nups and broader economic development policies and national development plans it is not surprising that many nups address this theme because it is widely recognised that cities are engines of national economic growth and because maximising the potential economic benefits of urbanisation is indeed the main argument and the first incentive for countries to proactively manage urbanisation through national policies,11
+the deterioration in the budget outcome reflects lower revenue collection as a result of declining commodity prices particularly for gold and copper combined with overspending mainly related to national elections it is planned that the budget will be increased by in nominal expenditure which will raise the size of the expected budget deficit to of gdp this significant economic stimulus is well timed to counter falling domestic demand as construction of the lng project begins to wind down,8
+this illustrates very clearly that the rebalancing between sectors may be very much more significant than the total aggregate employment effect these shifts in response to energy taxes could be used as a guide to the employment response to an equivalent increase in energy prices as a result of a move towards more sustainable energy technologies reprinted with permission from international association for energy economics publishers of the energy journal,7
+by comparison the average oecd country reduced the participation gap by only percentage points over the same period on the other hand the participation gap remained very high in the middle east and north africa india and indonesia in all those countries except indonesia women s labour market participation is about percentage points lower than male participation some minor improvement was recorded in turkey the gap remained stable but low in china south africa and the russian federation,5
+in any case continued targeting of mental health care and outreach to this group will be necessary in order to minimise longerterm health problems the national strategy for developed parental support is a positive initiative that aims to provide families with the support necessary to nurture mental health in children from a young age swedish minorities are also in need of additional attention in order to ensure that their mental health needs are met,3
+romania uses a combination of appraisal types but their developmental function is limited reducing support for teacher growth developing professional teacher standards would help to ensure that all teachers are appraised according to common criteria for effective teaching teachers development would be better supported if their regular appraisals carried reduced stakes for their career and pay and included more formative practices such as open discussion and feedback to ensure that only motivated candidates with the right attributes enter the teaching profession the appraisals to complete probation should enforce a minimum threshold for entry while providing new teachers with the support they need to grow professionally finally reviewing the system of linking appraisals to salary bonuses and creating differentiated career paths for teachers which fairly reward those taking on new roles and responsibilities will help to encourage teachers to develop their skills throughout their career teacher appraisal refers to how teachers are assessed and given feedback on their performance and competencies oecd c,4
+chapter the security of energy supply and the contribution of nuclear energy concepts and issues was written by dr jan horst keppler integrating material provided by the expert group and in particular by professor william d haeseleer chapter indicators and models for measuring security of energy supply risks was written by external contributors mr jaap jansen and mr adriaan van der welle of the energy research centre of the netherlands ecn integrating material provided by the expert group and in particular by dr henk weis and dr koji nagano chapter evolution of the security of energy supply in oecd countries was written by dr alexey lokhov chapter public attitudes towards nuclear energy and security of energy supply was written by ms lucie liversain based on material provided by the expert group and a group of students from the institut d etudes politiques iep paris coordinated by ms alena pukhova,7
+similarly enhancing national and subnational institutions and enabling environments can help improve the ability of countries and organisations to allocate and absorb climate finance in an effective manner further designing interventions and assessing results during the monitoring and evaluating me stage can help improve the effectiveness with which climate finance is allocated some organisations focus on institutional and processoriented issues such as delivery eg bird et al,13
+effective monitoring of staff is central to the continuous improvement of ecec services which indicates the importance of linking staff monitoring to professional development together with service quality it is the area most frequently monitored both to enhance the level of service quality and to inform policy making in addition staff performance is monitored to identify whether it needs any improvement parental surveys peer reviews and staff testing are less popular,4
+renewable energy sources averaged about of primary energy supply and of electricity generation in figure far above the oecd europe average and respectively hydropower has long been the major domestic source of electricity however hydropower generation is subject to large annual variations linked to rainfall levels which have caused major fluctuations in overall energy supply and carbon dioxide co emissions,7
+other relevant dimensions include the sex of the head of household ethnic origin poverty affects indigenous and afrodescendent people more and disability status which is also highly correlated with poverty among others several of these factors are reviewed in greater detail in section c of this chapter which analyses progress made towards meeting the first target of the millennium development goals mdgs x iff,1
+its exclusive economic zone covers km and inland waters cover km production is comprised of tonnes of marine capture fisheries tonnes of inland capture fisheries tonnes of cultured finfish and other aquatic animals and tonnes of cultured seaweed and algae the total gate value of fisheries products amounted to usd billion data from usd idr indonesia also has the worlds second highest number of fishers and aquaculture farmers data of as well as the worlds second highest number of powered and nonpowered fishing vessels,14
+as a historically disadvantaged group in new zealand marie fergusson and boden these special guidelines help new teachers in supporting maori students importantly the programme is built into the schedule of all new teachers the teams offer support to teachers and administration who work with migrant children in addition there is often a psychologist qualified to help children who have experienced trauma or difficulty in their lives scholten et al this support varies and can include advice for teachers individual case work with immigrant students and workshops to improve class climate importantly the mits interact with parents of immigrant students to integrate them into the school community felderpuig maier and teutsch and often serve as a language bridge between students parents and the school teachers administrators etc,4
+completion and results report the project partially achieved its objectives revision and implementation of general and vocational curricula public availability of student achievement results distribution of materials for teachers improvement of vocational teachers skills introduction of an online career information system training of school management teams on school development plans and grant distribution to schools in low enrolment areas under the basic law of national education of the ministry of national education mone is responsible for the education system and general directorates and their units are responsible for different aspects of education and policy compliance such as basic education secondary education vocational education special education and guidance and counseling provincial and district national education directorates across turkish provinces support the implementation of education policy the directorate for guidance and inspection serves as the inspection unit,4
+this would involve recognizing the value of care work in development plans and social policies and promoting research that examines the effect of policies and programmes on unpaid work men may become more willing to contribute to household and care work if it is more valued by society the state can also provide incentives such as paid parental leave and familyfriendly labour policies that encourage men to take on household work and spend time caring for their children and parents,5
+preparing young people to meet new contemporary challenges means to review and update the pedagogies teachers use however despite the increased reporting of teachers and schools that are innovating schools remain largely seen as very resistant places for innovation to address the importance and challenges of implementing new pedagogies this paper brings together leading experts to reflect on key areas of pedagogy in particular each chapter addresses a pedagogical dimension that together offers a conceptual framework for action,4
+gas booster and flare equipment must have been in use for at least months in different commercial landfill gas projects and have been shown to comply with the south african requirements for safety and environmental performance alongside opening the clean energy infrastructure market so as to increase competition governments often want to develop the soe s ability to compete in that market resolving this challenge often involves a mix of partially opening the market and keeping a share of it for the soe,7
+women who lose their jobs lose less household income than men figure lower earnings might explain this result as well as the buffer role played by their partner s income as men tend to earn higher wages on average than women job loss by the male partner implies on average a greater income loss for the household budget for instance in the netherlands where of women with dependent children work parttime only around of partnered women who lose their job also experience a significant loss of income of or more,5
+the acceptable levels of water risks are set based on environmental quality objectives eg water quality standards maximum and minimum river flow by explicitly considering the risk of undermining the resilience of freshwater systems a riskbased approach aims to develop water management practices that enhance such resilience marketbased instruments can play an important role in this policy mix as they can fundamentally alter the incentives facing water users provide explicit signals about the likelihood and potential cost of water risks and provide mechanisms for offsetting risks this can be considered in the context of water supply demand quantity and quality,6
+by contrast the inequality is expected to rise in capitalrich countries as the demand for and remuneration of capital which is unequally distributed will increase while the demand for and remuneration of labour will fall as predicted by hoss the trade liberalization of the h century raised domestic inequality in the rich new world and reduced it in the poor old world likewise bourguignon and morisson found that in small developing countries trade liberalization reduced the income of the richest per cent of the population and raised that of the bottom per cent similar conclusions are arrived at by wood in the case of the east asian exporters of labourintensive manufactured goods during the s and the s,10
+in morocco in the unemployment rate for women with a niveau superieur high level of education was above whereas that for a niveau moyen middle level was women without a diploma saw an unemployment rate of less than haut commissariat au plan enquete nationale sur i emploi in morocco the tea rate is for men and for women,5
+in part this is because measures of poverty rely on income or consumption data collected at the household level rather than at the individual level this makes it difficult to differentiate poverty rates within households and hence to understand gender differences in the incidence severity and impact of poverty using this measure the study found that women are more likely to live in poverty in out of countries with data,1
+a leds can provide valueadded to the myriad of existing climate change and development related strategies and reports that already exist by providing integrated economic development and climate change planning the paper outlines gaps that leds could fill the elements it could contain and how leds can be prepared to ensure that they are effective and efficient in delivering their intended goals to derive early lessons and insights on experiences challenges and approaches adopted in the preparation of national climate change strategies and leds this paper examines seven countries in detail guyana indonesia israel mexico nigeria thailand and the uk,13
+womens labour market participation is high and despite a highly gender segregated labour market women have broken down many walls within male jobs though men have not to a similar extent sought employment in female jobs instead these plans include specific initiatives towards the exact opposite increasing the recruitment of women to male jobs such as jobs within the police force the proportion of male students on the nursing education is between and for each year group gislason,5
+however the proportion is much higher in the highest income quintile than in the lowest this gap is greater than in sweden denmark and the eu as a whole figure regular smoking among yearold adolescents decreased even more rapidly from in to in but remains higher than in several eu countries this reflects the positive results of a fairly comprehensive tobacco control policy see section,3
+furthermore female founders may be more likely to have a desire to keep control of the company and continue to grow their business independently this argument seems plausible given that in general female and male entrepreneurs declare having different motivations than men to start a business figure the validation or rejection of this hypothesis bears important policy implications,5
+in the case of electricity for instance the challenge is to ensure that subsidies increase access at the lowest cost while ensuring that electric utilities remain viable and continue to invest each will need different approaches to meet the policy challenges identified above appendix a provides additional detail concerning these topics nonrenewable energy sources are not replenished when used and include fossil fuels coal natural gas oil and petroleum products and uranium,7
+for type iii cities young cities ageing slowly where the demographic change will have an impact further in the future indicators will be narrower in scope and their implementation may increase as demographic change progresses the who defines an agefriendly city as an inclusive and accessible community environment that optimises opportunities for health participation and security to ensure quality of life and dignity as people age to understand how agefriendly a city is and to compare it internationally indicators can help explore the effect of the relevant policies after they are implemented,11
+basic skills provide the base for fruitful learning as well as being directly applicable in the labour market such problems often unrecognised may increase the risk of dropout and reduce the prospect of further career development and lifelong learning vocational programmes need to give sufficient weight to these skills and students may often need to be assessed at the point of entry to vocational programmes so as to ensure a basic minimum of skills and identify those in need of targeted support this is a challenge that egypt shares with many other countries and international experience might help for example when trying to prevent people leaving education before completing compulsory education box,4
+however the extent to which the results have been used to minimise the cost of climate change mitigation is unclear for example the very generous support for renewable energy is not necessarily cheaper than energy efficiency policies the costeffectiveness of transport sector policies has not been evaluated although reductions in this sector are expected to produce almost half the total required,7
+in the event that the sector definitions used for the ndc are different to those used in the ghg inventory an explanation of any such discrepancies could be provided in the ndc submission to facilitate clarity transparency and understanding to facilitate the global stocktake it would be helpful for such countries to report their expected peaking emissions level in addition to the date more generally it would also be useful for all major emitters where feasible to estimate the rate at which emissions are expected to decline once their emissions have peaked this is because global average temperature rise depends on cumulative ghg emissions rather than the emissions level in any given year,13
+integrating pedestrian and cyclist needs is therefore a key part of providing equitable and sustainable transport the specific requirements of women who often need to juggle a nonpaid job at home and a paid job outside are also not fully understood by planners to drive change the voice of those left behind has to be made heard here nongovernmental organisations have an important role,11
+this is partly explained by their lower average gdp infrastructure and coastal zones will account for the bulk of global adaptation costs especially in east asia and the pacific south asia latin america and the caribbean ethiopia for instance might experience losses in the magnitude of of gdp by due to climate change primarily through extreme weather events that will damage the country s agricultural sector and infrastructure,13
+as for other eu member states the common fisheries policy cfp defines the overall framework for the management of fish resources for these countries one of the main elements of the cfp is that tacs allocated to member states for specific species and areas are based on the principle of relative stability this means that fishing opportunities are allocated among the member states in such a way as to ensure the relative stability of the fishing activities of each member state for each stock concerned,14
+the packages include recommendations concerning the underlying determinants and risk factors for example tobacco inappropriate use of alcohol physical inactivity and mental health that focus inter alia on inequity in health the recommendations in these packages is only consultative but the packages have been well received by the municipalities and the government has funded a new health prevention center which will provide the municipalities with advice and guidance on implementing the prevention packages municipalities and regions have established ad hoc projects to address risk factors in low socioeconomic groups the focus of the majority programmes on prevention is to some extent appropriate given the disease categories that contribute to inequity in mortality see above and given that smoking and obesity show socioeconomic gradients similar to those in mortality and morbidity mackenbach diderichsen et al,3
+flexitime arrangements are also good for greater female labour force participation as they make it possible to parent well while engaging in paid work firms with familyfriendly practices have been found to have better overall management practices ibid large organisations are more likely to offer fwtas than small or mediumsized organisations as it can be costlier for smaller business to rearrange tasks among workers,5
+this may be the result of different riskpreferences croson and gneezy or lower expectations of success evidence from the united states shows that fear of rejection is more likely to discourage women than men from applying for a loan even though women are no more likely to be rejected when they do apply cole and mehran despite the lack of direct evidence it is reasonable to expect that similar mechanisms might be at play in emerging economies and they may be exacerbated by stronger antiegalitarian social norms box and by the lack of effective social safety nets,5
+while finland has been able to contain spending on health care better than many other oecd countries increasing cost of medical technology rising patients expectations and a rapidly ageing population will strain resources this may require raising taxes or restricting the supply of public health services significantly unless productivity gains take place higher taxes may lower the growth potential of the economy by discouraging activity and shifting some production abroad,3
+the interlinked and interdependent nature of human rights and the call to leave no one behind require more holistic integrated and peoplecentred approaches to water resource management and environmental policymaking a challenge addressed through the concept of integrated water resources management iwrm when people are able to learn about and exercise their rights and are empowered to participate in the decisions that affect them they can help to ensure that those decisions respect their need for water security and a sustainable environment it can also help identify legal obligations and standards to guide potential actions and responses to ensure that the human rights to water and sanitation are fulfilled,6
+the most advanced of these is the us small business administration sba in cooperation with the sba office of advocacy which actually sets legal quotas for the proportion of federal government contracts to be awarded to small businesses good practice measures also exist in canada denmark korea the united kingdom romania and others a number of european good practices are noted in the smes access to public procurement section of the european commission document european charter for small enterprises good practice selection european commission,8
+a first dialogue event took place early january and brought together different ministries and public agencies with representatives of the private sector to discuss a first draft assessment based on the checklist and to identify possible ways forward more experience and institutionstrengthening measures are needed to expand ppp capacity so that it can make a real contribution to meeting the region s growing urban water service needs this is in light of its semiarid geography and socioeconomic characteristics including low income heavy reliance on agriculture and dispersed population in the rural areas in contrast to the generally high level of centralisation of other administrative functions water management is relatively decentralised and key functions are allocated to specialised organisations,6
+men and boys often feel emotionally distant from others and the emotions allowed for men to show publicly often have negative connotations for example anger engaging w ith men in transformative ways also has indirect benefits in terms of women s empowerment and participation because it is often men who oppose these changes one of the challenges in this respect is to shift discourses away from zerosum game understandings of increased gender equality towards highlighting the benefits this has for all persons however these are not the only areas of life where masculinities play a key role,5
+table c also suggests that gdp per capita shares a positive and significant association with the relative child poverty rate implying that child poverty is higher when gdp per capita is higher table c columns to however this association only appears once measures of social spending and the share of social spending targeted at the poorest households are included in the model specification with gdp per capita sharing no clear association with the child poverty rate if these measures are omitted this suggests that the association between gdp per capita and child poverty depends on the level of social expenditure per capita and the level of targeting present in social protection systems both the level of social expenditure per capita and the share of social spending directed at the poorest of households share negative associations with the relative child poverty rate table c columns to,1
+the stronger the profitled nature of the economyfor instance the more open to the global economy or the more neoliberal its macro policythe more pronounced these contradictions the result is that policies promoting gender equality may be anathema to growth or make it unstable somewhat counterintuitively if the promotion of gender equality via higher female labour participation actually lowers female wages because of higher labour supply growth and human capacities production may increase in this scenario higher wages for women lower growth because they cut into profits and capitalist investment by more than they raise human capacities investment,5
+the international energy agency for instance has compiled a number of golden rules for exploiting natural gas in a sustainable way such as treating water responsibly and surveying the geology of the drilling area iea figure illustrates the breakdown of the investment needs for instance the usd billion needed for renewable energy is a fraction of the usd to billion needed for the energy sector overall during the same period also while energy efficiency requires up to usd million in investments it could lead to important financial savings as well,7
+it focuses on data collection reporting and review and how the transparency of information on climate finance provided mobilised and received could be improved from current arrangements in order to meet the aims set out in the paris agreement this leads to significant data institutional and resource challenges in tracking inflows and outflows accurately and comprehensively it is therefore challenging to ensure that all climate finance is counted while double counting is avoided multiple systems exist at the country and organisational level to collect information on climate finance including in the unfccc context,13
+this development may indicate that the quota system helped to increase the share of people with disabilities employed in private companies although there has not been any clear impact related to the increase in the legal employment quota from to in for larger companies it has increased steadily since the beginning of the s whereas among mediumsized companies to employees it declined between and although it has risen again since then the decline motivated the introduction of specific policy measures to promote the employment of people with disabilities in smes in addition to variations by firm size there are large differences by sector,8
+this might be due to the fact that families moving to neighbourhoods that are drastically different than their original location have a lower probability of integrating successfully and remaining in that new location direct support generally consists of transfers from the central government to municipalities who own the social rental housing stock city governments therefore have a central role to play in realising the potential benefits of social rental housing for improving the wellbeing and opportunities of all residents national legal frameworks sometimes impose a minimum target of social housing on local authorities however the law also allows municipalities to pay a fine rather than comply with this rule revenues collected from these fines are redistributed to municipalities that have high proportions of social housing,11
+girls faith in their science abilities also seems to vary with the type of task they are asked to perform chapter in this report discusses evidence on women s underrepresentation in science technology engineering and mathematics stem subjects and careers and emphasises the importance of programmes aimed at challenging genderstereotypical attitudes and expectations and at building girl s selfconfidence in stem fields governments must also tackle discriminatory norms attitudes and practices through for example genderawareness training media programmes and the endorsement of girls education by community leaders,5
+results are still under revision the focus is on proposing a methodology that allows a follow up of promotion policies currently under design or development in this context there is information available from and the national survey on food quality enca conducted by the ministry of public health showed that seafood consumption is low compared to other meats eg red and white meat pork the consumption of seafood is around kg per capita in of the people surveyed people with the highest income record a higher consumption of seafood,14
+in particular climate change risk and vulnerability assessments are widely used to monitor if the identified risks change over time eg kenya morocco germany and the uk kenya s climate change action plan outlines a comprehensive list of potential and priority mitigation and adaptation needs republic of kenya b the complementary national performance and benefit measurement framework npbmf referred to as the mrv system tracks both mitigation and adaptation actions and the synergies between the two,13
+several countries including azerbaijan and tajikistan also need to address problems in the banking sector strengthening the subregion s financial sector will be important for supporting entrepreneurship economic diversification and infrastructure development for example in thailand the fiscal policy office upgraded its economic growth forecast for to per cent from per cent chaitrong,8
+they also show causality in both directions the feedback hypothesis for the two electricity variables tes and pes this indicates a stronger role for modern energy in ldcs in two respects not only does electricity supply allow economic growth but at the same time economic growth also creates demand which stimulates electricity supply second this latter relationship is found in ldcs but not in odcs table,7
+because an agreed composite indicator of access to affordable goodquality housing is not available the section looks at access affordability and quality separately section looks at access discussing the financial and legal arrangements under which households occupy their home known as housing tenure and how they relate to the socioeconomic characteristics of the occupants this section also discusses homelessness ie lack of regular access to housing section measures housing affordability and section housing quality relating them to housing tenure and other socioeconomic characteristics of the occupants,11
+in their comprehensive analysis of revenue management of scottish tourism attractions leask et al including stakeholders is therefore often perceived from governmental perspectives as an obstacle to efficient planning conflict resolution meditation and the building of a consensus about shared platforms should nevertheless be seen an integral component of sustainable tourism development and planning hall mccool in other words tourism should be considered in the context of other systems that interact with tourism ritchie and crouch,12
+renewable energy sources are developing quickly in the country and the bmr has considerable potential in the solar and wastetoenergy sectors the metropolis is highly exposed to floods given its topography location and sprawling urban development at the same time it is highly vulnerable to future flooding or other threats,11
+furthermore its labour market experience is different as its traditionally high female employment has fallen in recent years nevertheless in all three countries increasing female labour force participation is key to greater gender equality in the labour force as well as sustaining labour supply and economic growth see projections in chapter demographic change in china japan and korea cont,5
+school feeding programmes are critical to providing basic nutrition to children while encouraging school attendance the effective functioning of these schemes however requires attention to stopping leakages and the more effective targeting of vulnerable groups these include landless agricultural labourers small and marginal farmers people who have been internally displaced women in femaleheaded households and people with disabilities,2
+in most of the emerging world however severe gender gaps persist and improving women s educational attainments should remain a primary concern for policy makers moreover a vicious cycle of low productivity and limited access to capital may become selfreinforcing and foster poverty traps this can happen if the general credit constraints faced by female entrepreneurs stifle investment in their businesses causing productivity to remain low and further reducing their creditworthiness,5
+however no data are published about such industrial water uses about million m y is directly abstracted from rivers and streams ie not via reservoirs use of underground waters for irrigation is limited about per cent of the total these figures are not however based on actual monitoring of volumes abstracted for irrigation purposes due to erosion and alluvium their real water retention capacity has been reduced to approximately million m,6
+as emphasised in the folkeskole act danish students are to acquire not only subjectspecific knowledge but also crosscurricular learning goals such as imagination confidence collaboration and citizenship skills the common objectives provide a fairly broad curricular frame and the folkeskole reform again emphasises the importance of crosscurricular learning and the acquisition of competencies relying on a complex integration of knowledge skills attitudes and action according to houlberg et al although danish teachers use a wide range of student assessment methods in the classroom shewbridge et al,4
+yet as international experience shows the adoption of new and radically new technologies which may be developed by third parties eg pris or new technologybased firms can revolutionise existing industries and enable them move to new industrial applications and higher valueadded products certainly general purpose technologies such as biotechnology and clean technologies are of high relevance to finnish traditional industries as individual product cycles mature there is an increasing need for firms to break out into successor cycles,9
+quality and performance targets are defined in the hospital contract nearly of the total hospital budget is allocated to hospital according to their performance levels these indicators relate to access clinical performance and economic performance patient safety is one of the seven strategic priorities of the national strategy for quality in health in portugal which defines the development of following specific actions elaboration of guidelines in the field of patient safety namely in surgical and medication safety the creation of the national system of notification of incidents and adverse events and the coordination of the prevention and control of health care associated infections,3
+however ecological accounting to value the ocean s ecosystem services and natural assets at global level still requires much further research this chapter therefore restricts itself to estimating the value of the world s oceanbased industries until the opportunity arises to perform further work on valuing ocean ecosystems it begins with observations on current measurement issues before describing the oecd ocean economy database its sectoral composition and the sources and data used,14
+a total of ssa countries mention the need of specific technology transfer in order to enhance and ensure mitigation and adaptation actions iges this is done forthree reasons i the most recent conference of the parties cop to the unfccc was held in an african country ii agriculture particularly as concerns the relation between developing and developed countries was front and centre at the cop and iii ssa is expected to be disproportionately affected by climate change and faces tremendous challenges of poverty food insecurity and political instability as such this region is especially in need of initiatives to address the impacts of climate change,13
+this should encompass affording respect to patients involving them in prioritising and planning for health care systems and promoting their voice and choice through greater health literacy collecting patient experience measures is pivotal to delivering health services that are truly responsive to patients needs in a complementary manner health professionals role must be modernised to deliver greater patientcentred care,3
+thus targeted contracts ensure security of supply without jeopardizing the objective to achieve the economic benefits of wellfunctioning energy only markets in the longer run the advantages of such targeted contracts are their rapidity and simplicity and that they can be transitory in markets without locational signals but facing recurrent congestion or a voltage stability problem system operators usually force the operation of plants even when their cost is higher in general such actions are necessary with older plants that are less efficient,7
+carbon taxes that constitute de facto a tax on fossil fuels are of course of particular relevance in this context the long term requires the creation of the physical infrastructures and longterm trading relations that define the structure of a country s energy system a key point here is the technological and geographical diversification of energy imports in order to hedge against supply risks this includes the development of domestic energy resources such as renewables and nuclear energy,7
+by comparison in most nordic countries fathers have relatively short weekly working hours in these countries many mothers appear to reduce working hours once the household can afford it compared to women elsewhere in the oecd german women have made considerable progress in entering the labour market over the past decade and germany now has the highest female employment rate in the oecd after the nordics and switzerland chapter,5
+increasing food production to satisfy food requirements is likely to exacerbate pressure on natural resources such as land and water and will require sustainable productivity gains measured in terms of constant prices average united states dollars the food produced in the region increased in value from billion in to billion in an per cent increase the undernourishment indicator measures only food deprivation in terms of calories ingested,2
+therefore the relative use of local building materials and resources in the construction industry has a substantial effect in the way in which the construction industry can be harnessed to enable growth in the local economies of ldcs the development of local sustainable building materials and technologies may also boost the associated retail and consulting industries data on shares of oda that goes into the construction industry is one of those areas that need setting up of new systems to support data collection and requires establishing new partnerships at the national levels and local authorities levels,11
+governments from oecd member and member economies look to leed and work through it to generate innovative guidance on policies to support employment creation and economic development through locally based initiatives future living conditions will be determined by the course set now we have to decide today how we want to live tomorrow not only in economic terms but also with regard to environmental stewardship,9
+there is a range of options that could be considered to ensure more effective use of existing information by key actors in the education system simple options include ensuring that data is used effectively for transition management between schools and analysing data at the level of the regional offices of the ministry of education such improvements in reporting have the potential to improve the interconnections among schools and between schools and regional and national jurisdictions in education,4
+however it is not yet entirely clear how economically viable these technologies are and major issues of financial and regulatory responsibilities need to be resolved the use of new technologies in transport systems can provide secure and timely delivery of tangible assets to and from remote areas the average diesel truck costs an estimated times more than a drone per mile the ecommerce company amazon is leasing aircraft to handle its own deliveries and is offering minute delivery through drones under its prime air project,9
+second the very high returns of higher education for government suggest that a large amount of the returns to higher education may be taxed away in portugal oecd third stakeholders cited economic reasons that have dampened interest in pursuing higher education both during the crisis due to the costs of participation but also in the recovery period other countries have tuition for adult education programmes even for basic training which are waived for people demonstrating financial need typically those who are eligible for social benefits examples of these two approaches are included below,4
+it is therefore necessary to devise policies that will bring about changes in the production structure and its orientation so that demandled factors may open the way for a type of growth that is more solidly based on equity with equity being a policy goal in its own right rather than being seen as an addon this will require breaking down major labourmarket entry barriers so that social protection can be combined with labour and economic policies that will provide reliable ongoing funding for integrated service systems labour policy should focus on ensuring that the employment regime incorporates the needs associated with the family life cycle and that employment regulations designed to afford social protection are applied equally to men and women so that women will not be seen as expensive workers by potential employers and so that the hours that women work in the labour market are matched by a positive impact on aggregate demand productivity and growth,5
+the commission also evaluates the energy efficiency progress towards the target and propose additional measures if the union is noton track to reach the target this policy measure is estimated to achieve half of the energy savings required under the whole directive member states can achieve the required energy savings through an energy efficiency obligation scheme alternative measures or a combination of both approaches,7
+however ethiopia faces numerous challenges in delivering education services to its population one of which is ensuring an adequate size of its qualified teaching force the high rate of population growth in the country together with the high proportion of youth creates immense pressure on the education system the population of ethiopia almost quadrupled in the past years and is expected to grow to million by,4
+mothers of mistimed births are less likely to commence prenatal care early compared with those who had intended births the same pattern is apparent for unwanted births but the association is not significant older women between the ages of and are times more likely to comply with the recommended timing of the first prenatal care visit,5
+in the first case movements are analysed by taking two points in an individuals life while in the second movements between generations are examined parents and children the sociological tradition has stressed mobility in terms of social classes or occupational groups whereas economists usually analyse mobility in terms of income or education to analyse mobility both between generations and over the life cycle of individuals it would be desirable to have longitudinal information few panel data are available in the region and they are usually from rotating panels of household surveys that are observed for a small number of rounds or collected unsystematically examples of this type of information are the rotating panel surveys of argentina bolivarian republic ofvenezuela brazil chile mexico and peru amarante,10
+some steps have been made to this direction for example the best to industries programme at the computer sciences department of the tel hai academic college provides an example of systematic collaboration with the local hightech industry that improves students learning outcomes strengthens the links between higher education and industry and helps attract and build hightech industry to the northernmost part of the country this type of initiatives should be expanded to other higher education institutions and disciplines,4
+the applicability of the scoring rules see below has also been simplified and adapted from the european union and norway to the whole of the oecd the more or less objective inputs concern the shares of different supply and demand categories ie for supply oil gas coal nuclear res and other for demand industrial use residential use tertiary use and transport use and the values characterising efficiency adequacy and reliability in conversion and transport based on the secondary energy carriers electricity gas heat and transport fuels figure displays the conceptual framework of and the elements considered in the overall sd index model,7
+mines deciding to build a renewable energy plant usually seek debtfinancing to fund this infrastructure investment the terms of the financing would depend on the mining company s creditworthiness therefore in order to obtain advantageous terms and bring down the interest rates mines may choose to rely on their parent company s assets,7
+considering the urgency of implementing ee technologies as well as the projected weight of energy efficiency for a sustainable energy future the next case study questions whether any of these findings are applied in current international mechanisms the study focuses on the only unfccc recognised linked between the private sector and clean technology in emerging economies the clean development mechanism cdm the kyoto protocol in confirmed the financial obligations of developed countries in that regard,7
+on the other hand the current priority of achieving a high level of material recovery from waste is resulting in the need to collect data on waste in tons the practice shows that information on msw in tons allows better evaluation of the impact of current policies therefore the published information on msw in m is based on estimation and information in tons is a combination of direct weighing of msw and recalculation of m to tons using a factor of tm,12
+in italy the creation in of the national institute for the evaluation of the education system invalsi led to the development of national student assessments since similarly in ontario canada the creation of the education quality and accountability office in was associated with the development of standardised student assessment to provide accountability and a gauge of quality in ontario s publicly funded education system functions of evaluation and assessment agencies may include technical leadership eg in developing evaluation instruments guidelines education indicators implementation of evaluation and assessment procedures eg national student assessments the monitoring of the education system the introduction of innovations on the basis of research results the development of capacity for evaluation and assessment across the system knowledge management of results produced by evaluation and assessment activities and the promotion of an evaluation culture although educational evaluation within school systems is not a recent concern it has traditionally focussed mostly on the assessment of students,4
+they set up an intervention model in three stages primary intervention involves district and school wide reforms aimed at providing high quality instruction in a school climate that encourages regular attendance and other positive behaviour this they suggest can be done through equipping teachers to provide high quality instruction and ensuring a relevant curriculum that keeps students engaged they also suggest a culture of personalized and orderly learning environment and a strong connection with the family this corresponds to several of the preventive and preemptive measures we have seen targeting preprimary and primary school level,4
+over the period analysed the poverty gap diminished at high annual rates and faster than the poverty rate in eight countries uruguay peru chile and brazil ecuador paraguay colombia and the plurinational state of bolivia declines of between about and at the same time poverty severity diminished in these same countries at an annual equivalent rate of between and this was also the case in the dominican republic and el salvador although all three indicators fell by less than in the aforementioned countries,1
+in the arctic key issues include the improved coordination of fisheries under national and international jurisdiction the response of the fisheries sector to ecosystems shifts and improving precautionary and ecosystem approaches however what we will explore is the development of the regime in the antarctic and the somewhat unique policy instruments it has produced to deal with ecosystem and precautionary approaches this paper asks the question despite the different ecological and political differences can some of the innovative approaches in the antarctic be used in reforming arctic management,14
+if the evolution of the economy continued according to the reference scenario without any crisis this rate would have been expected to ring in at in in and and in this is the result of regions where the caloric poverty rate is above the national average but the monetary poverty rate is under the national average as is the case in the adamaoua east and north west regions this last region has a relatively low rate of caloric poverty even though it is among the five hardest hit regions in terms of monetary poverty among children with a monetary poverty rate of conversely the south region has a caloric poverty rate above the national average as opposed to the case for monetary poverty in that region,1
+on that basis the negative relationship between the number of firms and the size of the shadow economy is traced in quadrant where it can be seen that a reduction in the tariff from to to t causes the shadow economy to grow from so to s quadrant shows the line used to construct the positive relationship between manu and the tariff shown in quadrant this is where higher tariffs correspond to higher shares of value added by the manufacturing sector in gdp quadrant traces the line used to show the shadow economy on the x axis in quadrant where they axis represents the murder rate,8
+as care is not normally to be given without the individual s consent compulsory treatment may only be ordered for patients who object to care but are suffering from a serious psychiatric disturbance excluding developmental disability this care is only to be provided in instances where due to their psychiatric condition or personal circumstances an individual needs psychiatric treatment that will only be effective if the patient is admitted to an inpatient psychiatric care facility bolling et al involuntary outpatient treatment under special conditions may only begin after a period of involuntary inpatient treatment,3
+in terms of the hungriest per cent are found to be ultra hungry in bangladesh with per cent in rural areas and per cent in urban areas in lao pdr the share is per cent with per cent in rural areas and per cent in urban areas in timorleste the figure is per cent with per cent in rural areas and per cent in urban areas,1
+the cost of electricity can also be a major factor in many countries as high costs to power networks are transmitted to consumers raising the price they have to pay for internet access a national backbone network provide powerful links to connect different areas of the country the number of submarine cables have increased in recent years allowing faster and cheaper connectivity thus incentivising greater internet use still there are many countries and areas with low connectivity especially landlocked countries which are dependent on their neighbours for international connectivity,9
+first losses are a factor of the severity and frequency of hazards as well as a factor of the reduction in vulnerability some indicators could show a decrease in losses because an extreme weather event eg storm has not hit a country that particular year for instance a reduction in losses could also be due to the implementation of disaster risk reduction or adaptation policies or of a nearmiss namely an extreme weather event narrowly missing a country s vulnerability hotspots furthermore as the definition given in the sendai framework of disasters encompasses both manmade and natural events the first set of indicators relating to the outcomes of disaster risk reduction could only relate to climate change adaptation provided they are disaggregated by disaster type to focus on climaterelated natural disasters table a second set of indicators relating to the enabling environment for and the implementation of disaster risk reduction policies broadly support climate adaption objectives although they relate to more specifically to current vulnerability table,13
+likewise an estimate of a reasonable sustainable harvest level taking account of unrecorded removals would be necessary to monitor the sustainability of forest management in armenia further information on social aspects of sustainable forest management notably livelihoods of forest dependent people are necessary for reporting commitments under the united nations strategic plan for forests for more information about sources of data and methods of estimation visit the publications website as a result it is not possible to assess recent trends concerning the quantitative and qualitative status of georgias forests,15
+currently funding for the development of womenfocused bds services is either provided by the government generally through its own government agencies or donors the jnfw in jordan suggested that the government could adopt a national policy to ensure the sustainability of bds services the egyptian members of the wbf task force suggested that a mena women entrepreneurs fund could be established,5
+the nordic countries denmark finland and sweden have as well as the other eu countries submitted the nreaps in the renewable energy directive denmark has committed to a target of corresponding about ktoe of renewable energy by wood energy is planned to constitute about ktoe of the total amount equaling of the total target,7
+collaboration between the unfccc participating governments renewable energy developers and buyers and other private and public institutions could lead to an accelerated deployment by implementing monitoring and reporting services based on data stored on the blockchain realtime emissions reports would not need to be quasimanually validated by independent third parties in longrunning infrastructure construction projects legal uncertainties arise regarding the validity of contracts or the status of negotiations,9
+h ares abalde ij the small number of students and teachers in these schools shapes the ways in which schools can use the time of teachers and students and how these are grouped by grades and abilities mulcahy ii i parents may be concerned about their children learning together with children of different ages in the same classroom cornish ii j but research suggests that multigrade teaching is not necessarily less effective than in agespecific classes,4
+it is at this point that we need to discuss the whole question of slums or informal settlements particularly in the developing world images of slums were ubiquitous as the favelas of brazil and the huge unserviced settlements of nairobi caught the world s imagination but as an issue and a challenge to urban managers the problem was not by any means new so we can consider it a persistent issue in the classification of this chapter,11
+given the already indicated technological limits to fasttracking the sustainable energy transformation per capita caps on energy use and emissions may be needed to ease the challenge this limit would be similar to the figure for the present per capita primary energy use in china and that for the world average figure ii it should be noted however that the suggestion is for a limit on primary energy not final energy which is most relevant for the environmental impact,7
+table provides an overview of the objectives and activities allowed for each category about twothirds of the area under protection lies within sustainable use categories figure this results from several factors including the higher political and social acceptability of sustainable use areas as they impose fewer restrictions on land and resource use respect of traditional communities rights and civil society movements in defence of these rights and the government objective of stimulating sustainable timber logging in national forests verissimo et al the brazilian example of extractive reserves has contributed to shaping the international classification of protected areas table between and it accounted for more than of the world s new terrestrial area placed under protection jenkins and joppa,15
+to bolster their contribution aligning negotiation strategies with a view to promoting much needed global policy coherence should enable the achievement of the oceans and marine specific agenda objectives the international community has been urged to take actions to conserve and sustainably use the oceans seas and marine resources for sustainable development and we shall respond however the continuation of benefits from fisheries depends on their sustainability which is being challenged by factors such as overfishing iuu fishing destructive fishing practices and ecosystem degradation,14
+a medical waste legislative and strategic framework has been defined and several private ambulances now incinerate their waste but the public health sector has yet to introduce proper management of medical waste steps taken have significantly reduced environmental pollution from waste most development occurs in the area of greater baku and on the absheron peninsula where some per cent of the country s population live but the application of msw management to other regions is only envisaged in future projects,12
+concrete initiatives have included dedicated lanes for the bus rapid transit brt system and improvements in public transport accessibility for handicapped people since people first aspires to integrate pedestrians cyclists and motorised vehicles on seoul s roads the policy concept evolved to include a wider range of modes of transport with the aim to create more attractive alternatives to car use,11
+a group of teachers are assigned either to a control group no particular training or to a twoweek workshop of subjectmatter pedagogy phonology phonological awareness etc she then analyzes the performances of the students she put into evidence significant differences in their performances between both groups students taught by the teachers that had follow the workshop performed significantly better than the others,4
+this chapter thus explores the progress and status of women in politics and other ways in which women in leadership positions are helping to shape the national dialogue it reviews women in politics government trade unions and the private sector the chapter concludes by focusing on the role of women in peacebuilding a critical role in light of the devastating civil wars and conflicts that have long plagued the continent,5
+men and women incur the time cost also of accessing water and fuel supply or medical services of working or looking for work and so on as they perform their multiple roles balancing the burdens of work and household responsibilities can leave many especially women stressed overworked and disenfranchised analysis of tud can help support the attainment of many of the sdgs and enable governments to address them strategically and systematically,5
+in addition machine learning can support rd cost reductions of between and per cent and timetomarket improvements of up to per cent while automation rates of per cent are possible across functions mckinsey a data are often referred to as the new oil presenting substantial revenue opportunities for businesses within and beyond the ict sector most industries are investing in turning the massive amount of data flowing from lot sensors industrial meters connected devices smartphones wearables and any kind of webbased services into actionable insights,9
+teachers classroom practice upheld village traditions against modem values as planned in the curriculum for example through a change in the content of a school play discussed in cuban local competition for students and recourses between innovative and traditional schools may end up benefiting the latter fink see also mcculloch for example research on quasimarket forces in education suggests that many empowered consumers reveal preferences that are not necessarily supportive to innovation in terms of curricular and pedagogical approaches,4
+it called upon countries to develop inclusive responsive and resilient education systems to meet their needs unesco but the position of refugees who rely on host countries to extend international rights to education is not identical to those of people displaced within their home countries and whose governments bear specific responsibilities to fulfil their citizens rights these arrangements are being piloted among the countries where the comprehensive refugee response framework crrf is being rolled out selected additional important issues related to refugee education are addressed in the monitoring part of the report including early childhood care and education policy focus tertiary education policy focus displaced people with disabilities policy focus the role of technology policy focus and the effectiveness of humanitarian aid policy focus,4
+ministers of education and cultural affairs in the lander set out appraisal guidelines for assessing teachers teacher appraisals must cite the assessment criteria and use of assessment data collection focuses on input processes including pedagogical practices and results at the postprimary level inspections focus on whole school evaluations,4
+as in the water supply sector there are acute organizational problems in sewerage systems in rural areas which make for a coverage rate of only per cent of the cities and district centres only have sewerage systems and in villages there are virtually no sewerage systems there are issues with the huge amount of surface water entering the sewerage system however the necessary financial resources for rehabilitation expansion and construction of new systems in order to achieve the water and sanitation objectives and goals provided in the sectoral programmes are estimated to increase to more than us billion,6
+the explicit inclusion of climate action as one of the sdgs goal is likely to promote this alignment international financial flows will need to be complementary to domestic climate finance which remains the most important source of funds development cooperation providers can assist this process by supporting partner countries to improve revenue capture and by strengthening accountability and transparency in their own systems to avoid any risk of double counting and to increase confidence in climate finance reporting,13
+the centre routinely tracks hivaids numbers and prevalence rates in the region as part of the planning process most countries in the region have also established a separate body with responsibility for the coordination of multisectoral activities and the various microlevel responses on a national level this body is usually established under the ministry of health as in the case of jamaica but is sometimes established as part of the prime ministers office as in the bahamas barbados and trinidad and tobago we will deal with this later,3
+figure b shows the growth in average international internet bandwidth from to for a sample of countries in the average international bandwidth was a little less than mbitssec by this had increased to a little less than million mbitssec a more than fold increase today nearly half of the worlds population can access the internet and it is far faster and more pervasive than the dialup internet of the s,9
+the subdimension includes information regarding the share of employed persons working in the evening at night or on the weekend many studies indicate that there is a negative relationship between working outside usual working hours in particular at night but also during the weekend or in the evening and wellbeing the subdimension furthermore covers the use of a flexible work schedule,8
+in three chile peru and uruguay the effect of this factor was boosted by an improvement in distribution at least in the distribution area near the poverty line on the other hand the downward trend in poverty in argentina and the dominican republic was in part slowed not helped by changes in distribution in another group of five countries the distribution effect was the main determinant of falling poverty rates,1
+to complement zhumasultanov s estimates for the recent period table provides a corrected urbanisation rate that neutralises the effect of shymkent and almaty city s territorial expansions in and the main conclusion is that without this large reclassification of rural inhabitants to urban status the urbanisation rate would have grown at a much slower pace reaching an estimated at the beginning of while the official urbanisation rate was in and the new urban residents in shymkent and almaty city were subtracted from urban population,11
+net differentials are based on adjusted estimates of the underfive mortality rate where the adjustment consists of applying statistical controls for other factors potentially contributing to the gross differentials separately from household wealth in addition to household wealth variables such as age of mother at the birth of the child length of the mother s previous birth interval birth order and sex of the child were used as statistical controls the results suggest that household wealth may have substantial effects on child survival at the global level in general the probability of child survival tends to be higher at higher levels of household wealth,3
+this was not intended to be representative of society in general but that portion of society that might be considered as being more connected to the issue of marine litter and microplastics with a sample of just under respondents from over mostly european countries the marlisco survey found that the majority of respondents were concerned about marine litter and perceived the marine environment as being highly valuable to society there was a belief that the situation regarding marine litter was worsening and that most marine litter was derived from the sea b hartley unpublished data,14
+this equates to of gdp up from in and above the eu average of public financing made up of the expenditure the second highest proportion in the eu with the remainder mainly funded by outofpocket payments concentrated heavily on prescription drugs and dental care this suggests that the health care system is effective in treating lifethreatening conditions,3
+vocational college graduates rank programming first but the following skills in the ranking are similar to those of university graduates speaking negotiation persuasion and judgement and decision making this suggests that there is wide variation in the quality of research furthermore as regards patent citations china has a gap to fill with countries at the technology frontier kwon et al producing more patents can boost productivity only if they are used or effectively commercialised,4
+hence recommendations for improving the sustainability and efficiency of sis are considered together in section if these are indicators are arranged in a scatter plot for all countries in lac and the oecd peru lies above the regression line in both and this suggests that peru is relatively efficient at converting health expenditure into longer life expectancy,3
+this impact is grounded in industry players investments in technological improvements which enable innovative products and services in stark contrast with the promises of the fourth industrial revolution wef a review of the recent financial performance of the telecommunication sector shows that industry players operate in an increasingly mature and challenging environment characterized by stalling revenue growth and difficulties in balancing investments and profitability estimates have been made for countries that do not report revenue or capital expenditure information in order to complete regional aggregations mobile technology has been the engine fuelling access to internet services notably in developing economies where mobile tends to be the primary means for accessing the internet,9
+circassian walnut juglans regia occupies a mere ha in hilly forests mainly in western kopetdag and in the valleys of the sumbar and arvaz rivers they preserve an important stock of nutrition supply and represent high potential reserves for livestock breeding the general area of saxaul stands is ha which includes ha of young growths ha of middleaged stands ha of maturing stands and ha of mature and overmature stands the wood volume of growing stock reaches million m m of which are of middle age or mature,15
+the life cycles of deepsea animals often involve shifts in vertical distribution as they mature even more spectacular are the daily vertical migrations of many mesopelagic species in order to feed in shallower waters at night this vertical migration may increase physical mixing of the ocean water and contributes to a biological pump that drives the movement of carbon compounds and nutrients from the surface waters into the deep sea,14
+different pedagogies are based on different theories of learning and what is regarded as most important the full power of a pedagogy and of pedagogical innovation can only be evaluated in taking into account all the things the pedagogies are trying to achieve the way that people are taught affects how and what students leam particular pedagogical approaches have been developed and refined to promote a variety of different kinds of learning for example learning of explicit content learning of particular ways of doing things or the learning of values and habits,4
+information and communications technology along with smart grids and smart systems form the backbone of the new energy system also fossil plants are pressured by the rising cost of their c emissions nevertheless regions with high quality lowcost coal use carbon capture and storage ccs commercially competitive and available from,7
+often inheritance rights for widows do not reflect the principles of equal ownership of property acquired during marriage such provisions contravene the convention and should be abolished para this limits womans ability to control disposition ofthe property and the incomederived from it see also chap it has urged governments to abolish the concept of head of household in administrative practices and recognize joint or coownership of land as well as to amend national legislation to ensure joint or coownership see also chap,5
+men also contribute to social security longer than women in mexico among all selfemployed workers over age who are women have never paid social security contributions compared to of ownaccount workers who are men oecd estimates of enigh coverage is even worse for marginalised groups like domestic workers who are overwhelmingly female,5
+they could also provide some technical advice on specific informationmanagement issues school advisors should become part of a support network which could also incorporate education science or pedagogic university departments school leaders could seek assistance in solving problems from such a network this network could also be involved in developing school plans for teacher training school advisors should be recruited on the basis of their competence for handling this job and not on other criteria however objective and relevant for developing a teaching career they may be avoid onesizefitsall applications but implement changes in the context of other reforms,4
+if they have liberalised their electricity markets these countries will most often be at the stage of the single buyer model because this model mostly relies on power purchasing agreements supply and demand cannot be adjusted in real time a small market size makes it also difficult to spread the costs of maintenance across consumers potentially resulting in weaker infrastructure and higher losses in transmission by contrast a regional approach if supported by wellmaintained infrastructure can help achieve the scale necessary to develop a wholesale market which could reduce cost of generation and allow greater cost recovery foster and bricenogarmendia,7
+since then she has focused on creating african firms that support the growth of the continent which she sees as the next economic frontier she has used her knowledge of global market trends senices and products to bring innovation to the kenyan market and create companies that later transfer to new managers that can boost the growth and bring firms to the next level rionge is another exceptional woman making a difference in a maledominated sector and proving the longterm positive transformation that women in business can foster based on their individual talent and courage,5
+however the stimulus was smaller in size had a shorter timespan put less emphasis on credit and relied less on local government funding than that of as was the case with the postlehman brothers stimulus package the chinese package relied heavily on infrastructure spending a difference this time around was the greater focus of the new package on energysaving and innovation in addition to expansionary fiscal and monetary policies the approach has also entailed forms of regulatory forbearance to encourage bank lending although the new schedule is still fully consistent with the implementation of the capital adequacy reforms of the basel committee on banking supervision in july the government released the draft of its comprehensive strategy for the rebirth of japan a medium to longterm growth strategy that would be in effect through fiscal year,8
+without this approval the ministry does not include the school in the network a basic school with years can be established if the expected number of students is at least and a basic school with years if the number of students is not lower than in special cases for example if the closest basic school is difficult to reach a lower number of children can be accepted when the ministry evaluates the applications it takes into account local and regional needs the language of instruction the number of students and the financial and technical conditions of schools the ministry can also take the decision to close schools through a similar process but a proposal to close a school can also be made by regional state authorities and the inspectorate there are a number of inherited inefficiencies which have been reinforced by the public administration and public funding reforms creating too many and too small founder units and leading to a fragmentation of the system,4
+contributions for health are generally fixed at of gross income shared between employees and employers there is no competition between funds patients can also see noncontracted physicians but are reimbursed only for of what insurance would usually pay for contracted care payments for noncontracted care account for a large share of outofpocket spending,3
+for large nuclear units a line of generally kv connects the stepup transformers to the first power substation the second connection provides a supply to the npp via the station transformer if the main connection is not available the voltage of the second line varies between kv to kv depending on the short circuit power required when switching from normal to auxiliary,7
+the lastin firstout rule applies more systematically in some oecd countries such as sweden the united kingdom and the united states where workers with less seniority are the first to be made redundant however in sweden it is possible to conclude collective labour agreements with a different order of termination indeed during the trial period severance pay regulations do not apply,8
+that said they are a highly diverse group in responding to the opportunities and concerns presented by the paris outcomes each country will need to assess for itself what makes sense given its unique priorities and capacities no onesizefitsall recommendations are possible or appropriate a number of commonwealth countries are already manoeuvring to take advantage of the opportunities,13
+these regressive outcomes and the proliferation of rightwing dictatorships across the socalled third world were in sharp contrast with the achievements of the rich countries under the postwar keynesiansocial democratic consensus and the economic successes of the countries following the soviet and chinese models this study expressed a growing scepticism with the bank s earlier strategy of supporting big push growth projects while expecting market processes to reduce poverty and inequality spontaneously see mckinley pp redistribution with growth triggered a review of the world bank s emphasis on capitalintensive development and maximization of the investible surplus as these seem to lead to income and wealth concentration and unable to generate sufficient employment it was thought that the bank s new priorities should be towards promotion of labourintensive industries and provision of education and infrastructure for the poor especially in smallscale agriculture now deemed to be at least as productive as largescale production and through transfer of land and other assets to the poor,1
+energy policy energy policy elsevier the better business for clean energy project started in with the undpeuropean union partnership had an initial priority to demonstrate the potential of biomass over two years the project helped to install modern biomass heating systems in schools health facilities and community centres in rural areas and let over people benefit directly from the improved heating in the buildings,7
+vulnerable or informal employment is particularly high among women resulting in poor earnings and lowquality jobs in entrepreneurship the gender gap in the middle eastnorth africa region is the greatest in the world with around of adult women and of adult men working as entrepreneurs gem mena regional report women s economic participation provides them with resources that allow them to realise their personal aspirations and to support their families leading to increased wellbeing among women men and children,5
+social and emotional skills play a particularly important role in skills formation since they not only drive future development of social and emotional skills but also cognitive skills parental engagement and attachment have considerable impact on children s early social and emotional skill development schoolbased programmes can also play a role by promoting intensive interactions between teachers and children through mentoring,4
+the responsibility for opinions expressed in studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors and publication does not constitute an endorsement by unece or fao of the opinions expressed reference to names of fi ms and commercial products and processes whether or not these have been patented does not imply their endorsement by unece or fao and any failure to mention a particular fi m commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval for the preparation of this study the ecefao forestry and timber section relied on a wide range of experts in the caucasus and central asia and would like to thank them for their valuable contributions the study was undertaken to support the preparation of restoration pledges in the eight countries of the caucasus and central asia in the run up to the ministerial roundtable on forest landscape restoration and the bonn challenge in the caucasus and central asia that took place in june in astana kazakhstan,15
+the decrease of runoff is predicted for two major rivers of eastern georgia the iorigabirri and alazaniganyh with potential impact on irrigated agriculture and drinking water supply groundwater recharge is also influenced by reduced surface water flow the influence of reduced runoff as well as decreased quality of both surface water and groundwater in the kura basin is assessed as very negative in the western part of the country the impact of reduced groundwater recharge is predicted to be very negative,6
+a strong push is needed to ensure that this number increases by another billion people by to meet the mdg sanitation target in just under half per cent of the global population had improved sanitation coverage must extend to per cent to meet the target up from the current level of per cent,15
+an educated mother s greater influence in household negotiations may allow her to secure more resources for her children educated mothers are more likely to be in the labour force allowing them to pay some of the costs of schooling and are likely to be more aware of returns to schooling preschool participation yields benefits in academic achievement behaviour and education progression and attainment,5
+data from the china association of women entrepreneurs show that women entrepreneurs account for around of all entrepreneurs are more educated than men optimistic about their future and increasingly likely to seek business information from the internet and reach international markets a particular focus has been put on programmes to improve the financial inclusion of women entrepreneurs they include preferential interest rates and credit guarantee schemes,5
+in and in a sample of cities water tariffs increased above inflation in cities in two cities the increase was below inflation and in eight cities there was no increase conagua c water providers are increasingly including sewerage and wastewater treatment services in the tariffs ranging from to of the drinking water tariff,6
+gender equality in parliament also seems to be positively related to gdp per capita but only after the s an explanation for this might be sought in the fact that the parliamentary activity of women remains limited everywhere looking at the relation between our overall composite index and gdp again the relation between the two seems to get stronger after which is likely to be partly driven by the improvements in gender equality in terms of education and parliamentary activity,5
+however in order to definitively assess multilevel coordination for smart city implementation further followup is required it requires each city to develop its own locallytailored vision the national government has set aside usd billion for the smart cities mission which comes under the purview of the ministry of housing and urban affairs while many instances of national government support to smart city development involves prescribing areas where money should be allocated india s smart cities mission required every city that took part in the challenge to develop a vision thereby allowing cities to play to their strengths,11
+it is imperative that discussions concerning universal affordable access to the internet and to connecting devices remain front and centre even as attention is focused on new technologies such as artificial intelligence ai the internet of things robotics and blockchain spaces to foster and ideate innovations need to be matched with equal policy vigour particularly in enforcement,9
+the paper highlights some challenges and lessons learned such as the need for pse to target a wider range of environmental issues the importance of investing in integrated approaches to enable the development of pipelines and the need to align private sector approaches with national contexts the findings in this paper contribute to the discussion on how development cooperation providers can improve the effectiveness of pse approaches to promote green growth and climate action and may be a useful starting point to guide evidencebased policyrelevant research substantive contributions were made by till bajohr on the analysis of climaterelated development finance flows supporting private sector engagement the research was conducted under the auspices of the dac network on environment and development environet,13
+human rights officers conducting interviews should be aware of this and must ensure that followup questions focus on the womens experience gender advisers can play an essential role in preparing victims and witnesses to speak in public hearings and in sensitizing commissioners experts and human rights officers on how best to ask questions on gender issues consideration should be given to whether public hearings could expose victims to further stigmatization or violence,5
+data refer to average length of stay for curative acute care resulting in an underestimation source oecd health statistics compared to the hospital sector a significant deficit of information exists on the patterns of care and outcomes in primary care,3
+the education reform programme meets the same objectives and purpose as the preceding programme but benefits from an investment increase amounting to mex million which also results in a wider reach as the programme is active in a total of schools in gobiemo de morelos a student books cafeteria equipment as well as administrative and classroom furniture were some of the additional investments made towards improving school materials and infrastructure gobiemo de morelos a through the mexico connected project that aims to expand internet connection in the state of morelos broadband access between and mb megabites will be installed in educational institutions in two phases the first phase is planned to cover places and the second should cover places gobiemo de morelos a,4
+it is expected that if energy prices rise further the link with food prices will be stronger in terms of policy according to chavas and kim the removal of stabilisation policies and the reduced public stocks of food grains have created conditions favorable to greater price volatility this last point is particularly important with respect to china which has greatly reduced its stocks over the last years,2
+it covers final energy demand energy conversion and transport and primary energy supply hence in principle the entire energy system the difference in the ssdi and the sd index is that the ssdi was adapted to be able to work with the only available consistent data available for the past years ie the iea energy statistics the applicability of the scoring rules see below has also been simplified and adapted from the european union and norway to the whole of the oecd,7
+as a result sardine move southward however anchovies are more constrained and become more accessible to fisheries as they aggregate in dense coastal pockets of colder water during the el nino anchovies were so highly concentrated on the coast that tonnes were caught on one day lehodey et al,14
+water for essential uses eg drinking water water for national security purposes usually figures among the highest priority uses as would be expected water for the environment is rarely among the highest priorities in times of scarcity and often figures among the lowest there is clearly scope to broaden the application of abstraction charges,6
+it prohibits minors from working under conditions harmful to their lives health ethics safety and development and working with certain materials such as hazardous substances horse racing and training between november and may is prohibited for children however during summer children as young as years old are still able to participate in horse racing it requires that information about research and surveys conducted is made publicly available through the internet the resolution represents a step forward for strengthening surveillance and prevention but lacks detail on the exact environmental health indicators and frequency of submission of information,3
+there may also be amounts incorporated as part of outpatient care from prescribing physicians part of hc this would imply that the consumption of pharmaceuticals involves not only the cost of the products directly purchased but also the cost of the complementary distribution services some other partial classes such as pharmaceuticals under procurement generics and atc classes may also be of interest for national purposes,3
+workers associations and trade unions can be significant elements of civil society holding the state accountable for the rights and interests of people in poverty the example of the selfemployed women s association sewa in india shows how the specific employment conditions of women pieceworking in the formal and informal sector can be improved and their interests reflected through collective action and negotiation if marginalised however they may engage in political or violent activities that threaten these goals good practice note empowerment in fragile states and situations of fragility child labour both in household production and in the paid labour market is a frequent livelihood strategy for poor families particularly when coping with natural or economic shocks,1
+in rivers with sewage treatment the opposite occurs low ammonium and higher concentrations of nitrate mgl a general trend towards an increase in nutrient concentrations was observed after larger settlements measured phosphate concentrations up to mg in rivers are beyond good and evil and are once more a sign of lacking wastewater treatment,6
+the projection also assumes that robust growth of will be sustained in cambodia the lao people s democratic republic myanmar the philippines and viet nam where domestic demand is generally buoyant on the back of rapid real income and credit growth and foreign investment downside risks include negative trade and financial spillover effects from china slow progress on economic stimulus and reform measures and adverse weather conditions however this trajectory is subject to various factors such as global oil prices fuel subsidy reforms tax reforms and currency movements,8
+finally the ongoing challenges of a lack of human and financial resources as well as a lack of adequate data and research methodologies limit the capacity of governments to design policies that could serve to build an intercultural health system efforts that codify protect and advance the individual and collective rights of indigenous peoples particularly indigenous women will therefore also have positive health impacts furthermore there must be ongoing integration of the perspectives and needs of indigenous peoples into global health programmes plans projects and policies including initiatives to achieve the millennium development goals in order to design more effective health policies there must also be concerted efforts to create improved systems of data collection and research methodology including research into traditional medicine that incorporate the participation of indigenous communities and reflect cultural and social considerations relating to the health of those communities,3
+specific measures included gender audits of line ministries gender assessments awarenessraising and the establishment of a gender responsive budget committee the ministry of finance developed a budget tracking system to measure the gender responsiveness of public spending and donor aid as a result of these changes genderresponsive budget allocations in nepal increased steadily from per cent in to almost per cent in,5
+this was stated in the un declaration of human rights article and repeated in the un convention on the rights of the child article the report of the commonwealth commission on respect and understanding chaired by amartya sen has drawn further attention to this matter sen basic education is also widely accepted in the international literature and policy discourse as essential for development and poverty reduction see eg lee cohen et al,4
+the first is probabilistic risk modelling to estimate average annual loss and the second is based on potential climate scenarios the estimate is a weighted average of the expected loss from every disaster event given its probability of occurrence the average annual loss aal an aal calculation involves three components hazard modelling exposure and vulnerabilities and risk estimations it uses both historical experiences and modelled predictions to give a comprehensive picture of what can be expected policymakers can use this for drr financing budgets designing risk reduction schemes and carrying out costbenefit analysis for specific intervention proposals government of nepalministry of home affairs accessed may,13
+experience from other oecd countries has shown that when primary carelevel provision for mildtomoderate disorders is very effective when also backed up by good training both during medical training and as part of continuing medical education by support from specialist mental health care practitioners and support networks and by good referral options should a patient need to access a more specialised level of care for example a psychologist or specialist community mental health service or centre competency in treating and diagnosing mild and moderate disorders should be integrated into training for japans primary care speciality from the start it is recommended that japan considers the expansion of evidencebased treatments for mildtomoderate disorders in particular increasing availability of psychological therapies,3
+it is vital that governments resuscitate the important debate and largescale work on external effects in the energy sectors of the s and s measured against the scale of the externalities discussed the required funds for research are negligible at the same time such work needs to be managed tightly and focus on key issues with a view to contributing to better policy making in the context of the energy transitions under way disseminating and synthesising knowledge on some of the most salient features of the full costs of electricity provision is key to arriving through the progressive internalisation of social costs at better policies and more sustainable electricity mixes,7
+in all regions women spend at least twice as much time as men on unpaid domestic work in the less developed regions many young girls aged take on a large amount of household chores including caregiving cooking and cleaning and older girls do so to an even greater extent while boys also do household chores their participation rate is not as high as that of girls moreover girls generally work longer hours than boys whether they are engaged in housework only employment only or both long hours of work affect children s ability to participate fully in education,5
+there is a strong emphasis on experiential and blended forms of learning the setting for the facetoface parts of the programme is purposefully in nontraditional learning environments getting the right degree of challenge without overload is especially important for graduate students who are fully engaged with their work responsibilities and active family lives in addition to their formal studies the inclusion of community leaders from outside education as well as the expectation that participants connect across their settings helps to develop horizontal connectedness,4
+simple models of health system delivery could help improve maternal health outcomes in africa several countries have shown that this is achievable a health system that leverages local knowledge as is the case in eritrea and malawi regarding the complementarity of tbas networks and people is more likely to reach a very large segment of the poor in terms of maternal and neonatal services in africa,5
+in order to avoid such unintended consequences and to increase the potential of energy efficiency for reducing pressure on the environment large scale energy efficiency measures should be implemented together with other policies that can more generally internalise environmental externalities of economic activities such as removing or reducing fossil fuel subsidies introducing an effective price on carbon carbon trading scheme and the like on their own then energy efficiency measures must therefore be seen as at best a very imperfect substitute for demand reduction nevertheless they are an indispensable element of any serious green growth strategy since they can play a critical role in softening the impact of higher fuel prices resulting from a carbon tax or some other pricebased mechanism on production and consumption moreover programmes to help lowincome households improve energy efficiency can also help mitigate the distributional consequences of many demandreduction policies as these can sometimes hit the poorest hardest,7
+grant financing from developed countries whose historical emissions give rise to the need to reduce emissions in the future provides a means of internalizing these externalities in accordance with the polluter pays principle principle of the rio declaration on environment and development and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities establ ished in the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc the cost structure of renewable generation also lends itself particularly well to grant financing as the recurrent costs are limited to equipment operation and maintenance this can provide an important means of reconciling the tension between affordability and financial sustainability as discussed in chapter this would provide an additional billion of oda per year substantial further resources could be generated if developed countries honoured their commitments with respect to climate finance if donors provided per cent of their gni in total and allocated per cent of this to ldcs given their relative populations percapita oda to ldcs would be times that allocated to odcs this falls far short of reflecting the major differences in their development needs and domestic capacity to meet those needs,7
+one probability is slightly higher in the latter group older men are more likely to report good health than women of the same age many explanations have been put forward for these differences spizzichino and egidi first nonfatal chronic diseases are more common among women molarius and janson hoeymans and others,3
+it has an internal corporate responsibility to provide policy advice and an external representational function in the un system it also serves as secretariat of the gender strategy implementation committee set up after the launch of the ges which was chaired in the early years by the administrator and later by the associate administrator another indicated it was somewhat helpful and indicated it was very helpful only of respondents indicated the ges was not helpful at all in addition of respondents indicated that their office created its own gender equality strategy and action plan to guide its work,5
+county councils shall provide good quality health and medical care according to the needs of their residents and promote good health in the area in general the health and medical services act also contains the general provisions on the content and execution of mental health services psychiatric care shall be provided to patients in need of psychiatric andor medical treatment,3
+the surges in consumption in recent years as examined in chapter iv could easily be erased by a reversal of the business cycle threatening access to basic consumer staples for this broad swathe of the population the most evident of these features is that the poverty rate for children is considerably higher than for the rest of the population poverty rates among children aged and under are between and times greater than for the general population with the largest discrepancies seen in countries with lowest overall poverty rates with a number of exceptions in many countries poverty and age tend to be inversely correlated,10
+with their usd trillion in assets institutional investors including pension funds and insurance companies potentially have an important role to play in financing clean energy programmes given the current low interest rate environment and weak economic growth prospects in many oecd countries institutional investors are increasingly looking for real asset classes which can deliver steady preferably inflation adjusted income streams with low correlations to the returns of other investments clean energy projects can provide institutional investors with investments which potentially combine these soughtafter characteristics,7
+the other refuted the idea of a subsidy instead treating domestic work as essential to the reproduction of the labour force in societies of this type empirically this means for example that if young men and women start by being equally productive in both spheres of production gender discrimination in the labour market which reduces women s wages below their market productivity will mean that women take on a larger share of domestic work and men a larger share of remunerated work in the market gardiner thus surplus value is appropriated by the capitalists who pay male workers a wage that is less than the value of their labour the mechanism for this is the retention within the home of those aspects of reproduction and maintenance of the labour force that are not profitable either for capitalist production or for the state in the event that the latter were to take on responsibilities in this area,5
+it systematically counts the number of valuation studies for each relevant ecosystem service and concludes that the number of studies is limited in all the nordic countries in their case study encompassing valuation of the effects of pesticidefree buffer zones along field margins the authors found that respondents were willing to accept an increase in the price of bread of dkk per cent if the survival of partridge chickens increased by percent points based on their findings the authors of the report conclude that economic valuation studies of the effects of pesticide use can be performed based on current knowledge and existing methods the beneficiaries of the restoration measures were the residents of helsinki with foreseen benefits including both use and nonuse values,15
+the creation of cooperatives and producers organisations should rely on a bottomup approach and be actively supported by extension workers through appropriate trainings these groups can play a major role in linking farmers to markets providing them with necessary inputs and increasing their bargaining power greater public funding needs to be provided to rd the intensity of research in myanmar is low compared to other neighbouring countries partnerships and consortia between national and international research extension and farmers would enhance access to best practices and the utilisation of mature technologies and increase uptake by farmers,2
+nochebus routes cover kilometres and are available in of the delegaciones of mexico city the ort is a new regulators body that has been introduced by the new mobility law for the federal district but lias not yet been set up the latest survey for users showed that of users are residents of the state of mexico,11
+in the watershed there were many farms at that time that were causing serious water quality issues the farm organisations did not want to see the names of farmers appearing in media or government reports as examples of poor agricultural practices there is no appetite for what some see as secret payments and in all landowners receiving a grant were asked to check off a box allowing their names and projects to be used in public,6
+the phenomenon of regime shift and global synchrony in fish society were found in major small pelagic fish stocks over the world kawasaki igbp the two major factors combined ie fishing and climatic impact determine the trend of fish stock fluctuations in most cases it is difficult to separate out the impact of human activities from that of the climate,14
+the difference is however judged to be without importance in the overall picture for climate change reuse leads to saved emissions negative contribution rather than an unwanted contribution from the incineration process and for other impact categories the benefits are times higher with this assumption the benefits from nordic recycling are a few percent higher than for row,12
+a review of the literature reveals the lack of a single definition and the existence of widely varying approaches for deciding what paid jobs should be included in the care sector this study on latin america is based on the approach that defines paid care w ork as the provision of a service for dependent persons children the sick older persons persons with disabilities by applying these criteria to household surveys in latin america care w orkers were identified as those in the health education social services and household services sectors in the following occupations teachers and teaching assistants at the preschool education level special education teachers child carers professional and registered nurses and nurses aides both home and institutionbased other care and personal service workers companions and domestic w orkers but this average masks some differences in uruguay brazil and chile paid care work accounts for more than of all employment and respectively in a large share of paid care work is domestic work,1
+for example the mummy track gender stereotype around women as primary caretakers persists with women often having to take extended career breaks to respond to family duties additionally qualities associated with being a good leader are often correlated to traits thought to be inherent to men selfconfidence individualism or control which leads to the phenomenon of think leader think male such social beliefs impact the ability of women to progress in their careers as they face widespread stereotypes influencing wider societal viewpoints on womens capabilities and position in the labour force,5
+after the fukushima nuclear accident no impact was noticed on the measured values the nfa registers pesticides and agrochemicals and veterinary medicines the nfa has been responsible for controlling all types of foodfeedproducing establishments since according to the law on food safety and quality,3
+the largest differences in the composition of fuels are seen in the paper pulp and print and the nonferrous metals mostly aluminium in the nordic region industries in the former of the energy is from biofuels in the nordic countries compared to only in the eu in the latter almost all of the energy use is from electricity in the nordic countries whereas industries in the eu also use a significant share of fossil fuels as mentioned in chapter a higher carbon price will increase the opportunity cost of using biofuels which will increase the price of biofuels all else equal,7
+kickstarting collaborative initiatives around tangible projects on key public services can help rally forces at the initial stage and progressively lead to setting a bigger picture as success breeds further success and trust oecd a flagship projects or events can also serve as catalysts for social change and stakeholder engagement for example the capital of culture experience in marseille brought the society together in an unprecedented way in a context of extremely high institutional fragmentation this project laid a major foundation for the construction of the new metropolitan authority which became operational on january box,11
+the burden of unpaid work which is culturally assigned to women hinders their access to the labour market and generation of their own income and is worse in households with children under the age of five the households in the lowestincome deciles have the highest number of dependents who require a greater amount of time for care and have the greatest need of income eclac a moreover women in poor households are unable to acquire goods and services on the market that could save them time on domestic and care work,5
+organic farming pursues a way to encourage the powers of selfregulation and resistance which plants and animals possess naturally lindenthal et al organic agriculture promotes the use of local resources thus scope and opportunity is gaining momentum on traditional knowledge since it is holistic contextual and adaptive blaikie et al recent studies substantiate the view that indigenoustraditional knowledge and experiences of farmers were the base for sustainable and organic agriculture vogl et al currently millions of small farmers across the globe practise organic farming without this being certified as traditional farming or agroecological movements altieri and million ha were under certified organic farming during,2
+section a presents the analytical concepts that frame the connections that exist between social protection disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation strategies the differences between disasters and hazards are established to frame the debate and policy recommendations are put forward based on a scheme that is being used in the international literature section b then describes the situation of social protection in relation to disasters in latin america and the caribbean and the main social protection tools associated with the public response to such situations section c then describes three interesting cases in developing countries bangladesh ethiopia and mozambique which are highly and increasingly disasterprone although these countries have per capita gross domestic products gdp that are considerably lower than most of the regions countries they have been able to set up disasterrelated social protection systems with a mix of successes and errors,13
+on the one hand the diversity across and within emerging asian countries can pose challenges for national governments to implement smart city initiatives on the other hand such diversity is an opportunity for the development of innovative ideas precisely because cities at an earlier stage of development can learn from best practices and leapfrog the most difficult stages thereby avoiding the pitfalls and challenges that peer cities have already faced the sharing of best practices on smart city initiatives is especially valuable in light of the global megatrends of globalisation urbanisation ageing population climate change and digitalisation despite the fact that these megatrends impact emerging asian countries in different ways and that each country is at a different starting point in tackling their associated challenges they pose risks to all cities a range of subnational indicators are required in order to monitor how smart city initiatives impact the lives of citizens and to provide a benchmark for governments to develop even smarter cities topdown approaches that disregard or do not involve the subnational level run the risk of being exclusive and failing to meet the varied needs of all citizens,11
+in many cases the financial consequences of the dissolution of marriage weaken women s economic and social status also even if the mother has custody of the children the father maintains authority as guardian over the most important decisions also the financial consequences of a divorce are often detrimental to women,5
+private foundations can act as source or resources for example the haus der kleinen forscher little scientist s house association promotes nationwide early childhood education in the natural sciences and technology its goal is to promote interest in natural phenomena among yearolds the foundation develops workshops and teaching materials for educators hosts annual promotion days and provides comprehensive background information and experiments on the internet,4
+le faible nombre d inscrits dans les filieres courtes de l enseignement professionnel et dans certaines branches de l enseignement superieur comme les sciences et les etudes d ingenieur se traduit par un deficit de competences dans certains metiers d ou la necessite de rendre ces formations plus attrayantes dans l enseignement superieur les taux de reussite et les depenses par etudiant sont faibles par rapport aux moyennes internationales et les etudes durent trop longtemps de plus la modicite des droits de scolarite et l acces a des aides financieres genereuses conjugues au traitement preferentiel dont bneficiait jusqu h une date r cente le travail des etudiants ont pour effet de creer des faux etudiants tout en incitant ceux qui font vraiment des etudes a rester trop longtemps dans l enseignement superieur,4
+this is at least partly due to difficulty ensuing that the collected material is of sufficiently high quality and does not contain hazardous substances in addition a significant quantity of the plastic separately collected is not actually recycled almost half of the plastic waste collected in the eu is exported mainly to china and the end treatment for this plastic waste is largely unknown velis ca a comprehensive and detailed analysis of these let alone the analysis of the impacts of policy on these is beyond the scope of this project however much of this plastic being largely homogenous and clean is already widely utilised either directly by industry or by the existing plastics recycling market,12
+the categorisation of these stages in the recruitment process provides a clear framework for identification of concrete actions at each stage of the election cycle the rules and practices must ensure that women and men have equitable opportunity and support in the entire electoral process that is during the preelection election and postelection periods table summarises key state responsibilities in relation to elections and the gender dimensions of each,5
+this would represent a water use saving of about in total household indoor water consumption for instance in atlanta messages such as we need to start looking at the glass as half empty and don t wait until the tap runs dry are spread in a video public service announcement beside rebates for two types of waterefficient purchases the metropolitan water district of southern california also proposes a webpage wwwbewaterwisecom with water saving tips information on public education program designed to educate californians on the state s water challenges or technical information with visual support on the water reserve levels these impacts differ depending on the water source groundwater or surface water however if managed in a sustainable way groundwater extraction can continue to aid regional economic development in particular in many arid or semiarid parts of the world in italy for example the latter has taken place due to excessive abstraction massarutto,6
+cod has traditionally been the most valuable catch but has recently been replaced by european flounder due to poor cod stock status pelagic species herring and sprat constituted the most valuable fisheries in poland aims to become a european union leader in intensive aquaculture production hazardous substance pollution is decreasing but eutrophication remains a key concern,14
+as a result in the decade the use of freshwater in agriculture dropped by and the use of marginal water grew by total water consumption was reduced by whereas the general efficiency of the agricultural sector with regard to water use increased by knesset research and information center the administrative structure of the water sector has changed with powers concentrated in the hands of the water authority led by the water authority council the tariff system for all consumer types has improved since the economic considerations such as covering the cost for providers have been given greater importance and the tariff system is simpler and more equal and transparent than it used to be,6
+to build on that in the company developed their by initiative to highlight both the challenges faced by women and their economic potential through by the company addresses the most common barriers women face when trying to succeed in the marketplace this initiative offers women access to business skills training courses financial services and connections with peers or mentors along with the confidence that comes with building a successful business,5
+for many of the countries which did have such data the data became available only from onwards the superhighway is a continentwide meshed network of terrestrial optical fibre which is aimed at increasing the availability and affordability of broadband internet across asia and the pacific only the pacific subregion was missing data for most countries and territories in most of those economies while flights operate internationally and domestically they do not have their own airlines to report such information,9
+in a number of countries however there are no criminal penalties for sexual harassment see world bank for further details moreover while legislation on sexual harassment in employment is fairly common the majority of countries analysed do not have specific legislation on sexual harassment in education and should introduce it the main conclusion is that women continue to hold fewer and worse jobs than men despite significant improvements in labour force participation and educational attainment in recent decades,5
+those who speak a european language have higher literacy scores than the average immigrant while arabic and asian language speakers have lower scores similar results obtain when controlling for region of origin with europeans scoring higher than the others improvement in the literacy scores of migrants who have stayed over five years is higher than on average in countries participating in piaac,4
+computers in australian secondary schools are less often located in classrooms and more often in computer laboratories than in countries such as canada finland hong kong and norway australia is also a moderately high user of other ict resources such as smart boards but is relatively low in terms of providing email facilities for students and data logging technologies for use in science classes despite their confidence in being able to use ict fewer australian science and mathematics teachers than their peers in countries such as chinese taipei denmark estonia hong kong and israel participate in ictrelated professional development,4
+that is to say they are more costly than they need to be to achieve the stated objectives of policy fossilfuel consumption subsidies worldwide amounted to usd billion in iea in oecd countries budgetary support and tax expenditures benefitting the production or consumption of fossil fuels amounted to an estimated usd billion per annum in recent years according to a recent inventory by the oecd oecd b,7
+if we wholeheartedly invest in girls we will see stronger communities and families sustainable economies lower rates of maternal mortality and morbidity lower rates of hiv and aids less poverty more innovation reduced rates of joblessness and more equitable prosperity with support from the un foundation the task force aims to strengthen interagency collaboration at both the global and country levels facilitate the development of effective programmes to address the rights and needs of adolescent girls support the drive to achieve the mdgs and eliminate all forms of violence and discrimination against girls and young women the agencies committed to increasing support to governments and civil societies over the next five years to advance policies and programmes to empower the hardesttoreach adolescent girls united nations cbiwrens fund,5
+if this catching up occurs developing and leastdeveloped economies share in global trade is predicted to grow to per cent by from per cent in whereas if catching up does not occur this share is predicted to rise only to per cent the organization of global production is projected to change through a rising share of imported intermediate services in manufacturing these changes offer new opportunities and trade gains and governments may have a role to play in ensuring that firms can seize these opportunities they may also need to take measures to allow digital technologies to lower trade costs for instance by enabling faster and more reliable management of data across borders or by facilitating trade operations and customs cooperation,9
+all of this needs to be linked to a more open and consultative approach to the development of policy and to public services and their delivery oecd a a rising education investment is vital to meet the needs of a fastmodernising economy but as described in the earlier part of this chapter despite large spending increases costa rica has not seen significant improvements in school completion and student learning other indicators where one might expect to see the benefits of education investment are not encouraging productivity has barely increased the labour market is fragmented by duality and a large informal subsector skills shortages are apparent and inequality is growing oecd a,4
+while the project of the global reporting initiative and the consultative group on devebping sustainable development goal indicators aims to facilitate companies reporting on their contribution to the achievement of the goals in relevant aspects of their performance unctad work focuses on selecting a limited number of core quantitative indicators that would be universal and comparable these core indicators form the baseline metrics for reporting drawing on existing guidelines to foster the enhanced comparability of sustainability reporting across enterprises industries and geographies the objective of the guidance is to provide member states of the united natbns with a methodology for measuring the number of companies that publish sustainability reports a requirement of the goals monitoring framework the guidance provides a new context for the selection of core indicators as they can play an important role in assisting key stakeholders in building a consensus on the minimum requirements that should be met by a reporting entity to qualify the data provided as sustainability reporting,12
+the above discussion of risk assessment policy guidelines at codex has contributed to a more transparent process of risk assessment and a clearer definition of the roles of both risk assessors and managers which were hitherto ambiguous in addition in response to codex s demand for clarification the fao and who initiated a workshop on a consultative process for scientific advice in they produced the faowho framework for the provision of scientific advice on food safety and nutrition to codex and member countries faowho,2
+while other factors were also key to the successful adoption of the paris agreement without the secretarygenerals longterm strategy of raising climate change to the leader level broadening participation to include space at the table for the private sector finance community and civil society and raising public awareness on the issue of climate change an agreement would not have been possible ban kimoon and his team had been planning to cement the legacy of the paris outcome long before cop was held as the celebrations drew to a close they began to leverage the secretarygenerals personal relationships with world leaders to build a movement towards early entry into force of the agreement,13
+they are reported at the school level benchmarked against national and municipal averages and adjusted for student characteristics for school management and improvement there is wide scope for improvement in the use of lithuania s welldeveloped assessment resources including expanded use by school leaders and teachers for the purpose of improving school management and instructional practices and by authorities outside of schools who are responsible for external quality assurance lithuania has established effective universal participation in a criterionreferenced national assessment in grades and it should now conclude its use of the national survey of student achievement incorporating into its assessment sy stem those components of the national survey such as teacher and student questionnaires that provide information judged to be valuable by teachers school heads and other stakeholders,4
+this is the most common coordination mechanism used in the mena region thus most mena countries report the establishment of a coordination unit in the central gender institution bahrain egypt jordan kuwait lebanon morocco the palestinian authority tunisia and yemen in the mena region bahrain egypt lebanon morocco and the palestinian authority report establishing such units at the cog to promote a wholeofgovemment approach to gender equality,5
+the study was endorsed for publication by the oecdnea nuclear development committee ndc philippe lebreton france provided significant input to chapter the effects of nuclear power at the level of the electricity system the section on the load following capabilities of nuclear plants the flexibility potential of nuclear power plants in the short run is based on earlier work by dr alexey lokhov oecdnea nuclear development division for chapter on regulatory frameworks for the internalisation of system effects and the adequate remuneration of flexibility services a first draft was prepared by eduard blanquet i arago oecdnea nuclear development division,7
+this section discusses potential technical issues related to information on financial resources that shall or should be reported under the paris agreement based on existing experience and practice data on public provision of climate finance is therefore generally quite complete for these parties oecd annex ii parties currently report this information in their national communications and biennial reports see section particularly on financial resources provided to developing countries ie bilateral finance some countries not listed in annex ii including annex i parties such as poland and nonannex i parties such as korea also currently report this information in their brs and burs as well as information on their official development assistance for climate purposes to the oecd development assistance committee dac,13
+these are all steps in the right direction after decades in which phc was largely neglected cultural shifts in the medical as well as the political mindsets will take time longterm efforts are still required to move from a hospital and diseasebased approaches to health care toward personbased and communitybased approaches oecd b,3
+social policies should therefore reduce poverty and at the same time promote social inclusion and strengthen the sense of belonging these trends have also contributed to higher levels of vulnerability and exclusion among broad swathes of the latin american population including newly impoverished sectors of former middle classes that are living just above the threshold for satisfying their basic needs there are also extremely deprived groups that are not covered by social support networks whether family community or institutional based,1
+this option could lead to achieving the goal of a reduction in energy intensity by the largest impact in energy intensity reduction will stem from efficiency improvements in the industrial and residential sectors these products must be rapidly distributed on a large scale to achieve energy savings and reduce worldwide emissions,7
+a longstanding tradition of caroriented planning inherited from decades of soviet urban planning contributed to this trend the tradition remained even after latvia gained its independence in as a consequence the city has experienced a rapid increase in the level of motorisation which has been accelerating in recent years,11
+fortythree percent of yearolds have attained secondary education compared to the oecd average of and have attained tertiary education compared to the oecd average of turkey has made significant improvement in pisa assessments in mathematics from and science from but remains one of the lowest performers among oecd countries in reading mathematics and science and the proportion of yearolds who underperformed on the pisa reading assessment is above the oecd average figure the impact of students socioeconomic status on performance and the difference in academic performance between boys and girls are both higher than the oecd average see annex b about of yearolds and of yearolds the typical starting age are enrolled in preprimary education in turkey the majority of women with at least one child between and years old do not participate in the labour market are employed compared to the oecd average of to ensure higher upper secondary completion rates turkey has increased compulsory schooling from to years with a starting age of years,4
+policy predictability is important to enable investors to evaluate the risk of policy changes on potential investments a national agency of energy efficiency was established in may they also included energy requirements for new buildings kwhm year and energy efficiency assessment and renovation of stateowned buildings,7
+these circumstances push women to abandon employment after they marry and have children one survey carried out in three capital cities amman cairo and sana a estimated that married women in these urban areas were to per cent less likely to participate in the labour market than single women furthermore marriage was found to be a more decisive criterion for women s lack of participation in the labour force than was having children the same study also interviewed men to ascertain their perspectives on female participation in the workforce and found that over one third of the male respondents expressed their explicit objections to women seeking formal work it should be noted though that such findings vary greatly depending on the country and the methodology used,5
+from an economic viewpoint smrs have higher specific investment costs and consequently higher lcoe than larger nuclear units boarin however smrs have the advantages of shorter construction times much smaller upfront capital investments and greater financing flexibility thus the utilities have the opportunity to increase progressively the nuclear capacity and to postpone or suspend investments in response to changing market conditions together those characteristics results in smaller financial risk making such reactors potentially attractive to private investors and to countries initiating a nuclear programme,7
+this new paradigm must taiget the circumstances conditions norms values and structural forces that perpetuate adolescent pregnancies on the one hand and that isolate and marginalize pregnant girls on the other girls need both access to sexual and reproductive health services and information and to be unburdened from the economic and social pressures that too often translate into a pregnancy and the poverty poor health and unrealized human potential that come with it also builds skills raises girls status,5
+there is a huge amount of mobility around poverty lines statements such as of people are extremely poor can be due to many different combinations of chronic poverty escaping poverty and impoverishment although it is now possible to measure this mobility in a few countries better policy making requires that governments and other stakeholders have much better information about and causal analysis of these poverty dynamics box provides an idea of what the new poverty dynamics goal and targets could look like,1
+in particular postsoviet transition countries have limited knowledge of informal settlements because housing in the soviet era was considered as a universal right with the state providing housing and basic infrastructure freeofcharge and centrally with the commodification of access to housing and facilities in these countries residents have been experiencing degraded standards of living which also now represent a great challenge for policymakers this is why it is important to raise awareness and to develop a broad understanding of the phenomenon as well as to suggest possible solutions,11
+the second are women who are out of the purview of the definition of workers but are engaged in domestic work some of which provides economic gains to households attention to increased labour force participation captures only part of the changes in the two womens work roles outline above the dual role of women as a paid worker outside the family and an unpaid worker in the household contributes significantly in real terms to the productivity of a country,5
+they have been grouped according to the different policy options and their scope almost one in five yearold students across oecd countries does not reach a minimum level of skills to function in today s society and there are large performance differences between students of different socioeconomic backgrounds countries have adopted different policy options to respond to their equity challenges,4
+observations of increases in global average temperatures widespread melting of snow and ice and a rising global average sea level indicate that the climate is already warming ipcc a if greenhouse gas ghg emissions continue to grow this could result in a wide range of adverse impacts and potentially trigger largescale irreversible and catastrophic changes ipcc b that will exceed the adaptive capacity of natural and social systems the environmental social and economic costs of inaction are likely to be significant,13
+the rationale leading to the development of the midterm strategy as well as its targets and objectives are presented together with the progress achieved and the challenges and opportunities faced during the first phase of implementation in particular the role of the gfcm has been crucial in promoting common rules and strengthening regional cooperation in the mediterranean and the black sea however fisheries in the region still face serious challenges around percent of scientifically assessed stocks in the region are considered to be fished outside safe biological limits see chapter,14
+for example there has been a trend of increasing sea surface temperatures in korean waters which has accelerated in the last decades this recent warming trend is associated with a decline in coldwater species eg walleye pollock and an increase in warmwater species eg common squid and bluefin tuna it is also associated with changes in the distribution offish stocks such as chub mackerel in korean waters it discusses how an eaf can contribute to understanding the impact of climate changes on fisheries and the development of adaptation strategies it reviews the reported major impact of climate changes on fish and fisheries from an eaf perspective introduces the integrated fisheries risk analysis method for ecosystems iframe model as an eaf assessment approach and identifies the management objectives and attributes of an eaf,14
+disentangling these different factors is impossible in practice a deloitte report found that policy uncertainty was detrimental to investment in baseload electricity including combined cycle gas turbines and as a result ocgt was considered the lowest risk investment as it has lower capital costs deloitte calculated the cost of policy uncertainty in terms of suboptimality in investment characterised by a preference for ocgt rather than ocgt,7
+the first section reviews the main trends regarding child income poverty and it also it reports on changes in the standard of living of children from lowincome families from the precrisis period in to section the third section describes the material deprivations of the families where children live whether or not they are income poor several groups of children are identified according to whether or not they are deprived in one or several dimensions the analysis of material deprivation profiles of children enables identifying what policies are needed to complement financial assistance such as improving access to basic resources for nutrition clothing education housing and promoting access to leisure activities for all children the fourth section examines the situation in canada relative to other oecd countries with respect to indicators reflecting different dimensions of child wellbeing finally the last section describes the context of family support and suggests policy directions that can contribute to a national strategy to combat child poverty,1
+the ministry of health labour and welfare mhlw proposes a fee schedule which is subsequently negotiated by the central social insurance medical council comprising providers insurers patient representatives and other stakeholders formal revision of the fee schedule happens every other year applies to all providers and determines the revenue of over of clinics and hospitals this latter fact means that the fee schedule also serves as a major policy lever to steer the whole system towards desired goals,3
+indeed the choice of pursuing graduate studies can be linked to the willingness to work for many women there is also a huge gap between the east and the north regarding graduates women with a graduate degree are pp more likely to work in the east than in the north thus education matters in mitigating socio economic attitudes,5
+regulations permit fishing for anadromous salmonids in rivers and lakes with rod and handline during fishing seasons decided by the county governor there are different fishing seasons for different areas and rivers the policy is to fulfil this obligation within the existing fisheries management system,14
+these countries generally use energy less efficiently than developed countries china s energy conversion and utilization efficiency for instance is around lower than developed countries more broadly rapidlydeveloping countries like china and india are important in shaping world trends in energy development,7
+often indigenous peoples are included in broader categories such as vulnerable groups or the poor obscuring the particularities of their situation furthermore this recognition entails the structural reforms necessary to exercise selfdetermination which in the case of health corresponds to supporting the development of indigenous health systems while also ensuring full and effective participation in the health services offered by the state political will since the mere existence of policies aimed at improving the health of indigenous peoples is insufficient if they are not successfully implemented,3
+figure shows that korea s ratio of public education expenditure to gdp is higher than the oecd average of about of gdp historically education expenditures have been very stable at around of total government expenditure with limited variation due to strong government support for national growth this stability indicates korea s strong commitment to education most of the remaining government functions show a different trend which is inconsistent and volatile due to the change of social needs and of policy priorities along with economic and social development,4
+greater macroeconomic political and social instability is therefore a key implication of more inequality over time section concludes that if markets do not spontaneously autoequilibrate the political economy of increasing inequality will be crucial but the outcomes of those processes are very unclear data refer to the income share of the top of people income data are based on tax records and refer to the concept of taxable income,10
+income dislribulon and poverty in oecd countries paris in particular the theil index can be broken down into the sum of two factors intragroup inequality or the extent of dispersion of incomes within each group and intergroup inequality which is the dispersion of average income between groups intragroup inequality also corresponds to the sum of the theil indices for each group weighted by their share in the total income of that group,1
+however the number of poor people living in chennai compared with bengaluru is greater they constitute per cent of the city economy as compared with per cent in bengaluru the smaller number in chennai could be the result of underreporting a variable over which the researcher has no direct control based on discussions with the tamil nadu directorate of economics and statistics a possible explanation for this is that in chennai most of the manufacturing that contributes to the city s gdp is beyond the city corporation boundaries while in bengaluru the high contributors to the city s gdp the it industries are located very within the city boundaries this could be partly due to the fact that the government of tamil nadu is quite generous as far as worker salaries are concerned,1
+maintaining a contingent financing facility is administratively costly even if the facility never disburses in the longer term the need for increased certainty through financial instruments could be replaced by the establishment of an international mv protocol which would create firm expectations for enduse energy efficient technologies provided such a framework is backed up by relevant stakeholders it would allow the safe translation of uncertain technological potentials into certain investment streams of benefits,7
+the pursuit of efforts to achieve this shift offers new opportunities to address previously entrenched socioeconomic inequalities while building more sustainable economies prior to negotiations held at the twentyfirst session of the conference of the parties to the convention states submitted intended nationally determined contributions indcs which laid out plans for reducing greenhouse gas emissions ecofys climate analytics new climate institute and potsdam institute for climate impact research the next largest sector agriculture forestry and land use received just billion figure v,13
+the fact that the required degree for primaryschool teaching can be obtained at the secondary and postsecondary nontertiary level and that there is an oversupply of initial teacher education programmes raise concerns about its quality there are also indications of an oversupply of graduates which in corresponded to of the entire teaching workforce other concerns relate to the high level of specialisation of degrees which limits the flexibility of the teacher labour market the lack of specific assessments to identify teaching potential and assess motivation for the profession as the basis for entry and the limited autonomy of institutions of teacher education in designing their teacher education programmes as these are regulated at the central level eg specialisations curriculum structure of programmes the frequency of professional development is questionable as teachers are only eligible for externaltotheschool professional development activities once every five years,4
+higher participation in such programmes can help mitigate the adverse impacts of the crisis by increasing the employability particularly of lowskilled workers who are relatively weakly attached to the labour market moreover skill shortages may arise during the transformation of transition economies into more advanced economies rutkowski in such economies adult education programmes can be heavily employed to upgrade the skills of adults who have limited possibilities to access formal education institutions,4
+this chapter begins with an overview of thailand s reforms relating to the use of ict in education and then provides an analysis of the policy issues surrounding this area presenting recommendations for improvements to support ict use to enhance the quality and equity of the education system as a whole the goal of these strategies has been to use ict to create a smart thailand a society that is smart and information literate where knowledge benefits citizens and society as a whole ministry of ict a education has been a key pillar in these efforts,4
+the european commission publishes this annual benchmarking reports including information about the mandate of regulators in europe in some other world regions such information might be at hand less readily the indicator may to some extent denote a safeguard for guaranteeing the availability of sufficient network investments indirectly this may favourably affect the investment climate for nuclear,7
+the improved messaging has already shown better acceptance amongst target audiences gaining political and policy traction quickly deepening engagements with production sectors and improving visibility in the mainstream media maze et al thus building robust networks of partners is fundamental to effective biodiversity mainstreaming establishing trust takes time and a consistent approach but is worth the investment,15
+the suppliers of biomass fuels and specifically the small producers and vendors in the informal sector will generally have extremely low environmental management capacity they are unlikely to have knowledge of environmentally improved technologies nor the means to adopt these technologies suppliers of renewable energy equipment and energy efficiency services are typically underrepresented in developing countries and may lack access to the latest technologies and expertise and to business capital,7
+as a result korea now has the second highest number of hospital beds per population after japan oecd a this huge expansion in hospital capacity has been accompanied by a strong rise in hospital admissions as well as in the average length of stay in hospital this contrasts with the experience in other countries like italy and france where the number of hospital beds and hospitalisation rates have been reduced significantly even though progress has been achieved in recent years in reducing these potentially avoidable admissions further efforts are needed to fill the gaps in the management of these conditions outside hospital to avoid unnecessary and costly hospital use,3
+according to the latest household surveys available in chile el salvador and the plurinational state of bolivia out of older persons with health problems have not visited a health service due to access problems the proportion of the older population who did not seek treatment for financial reasons ranges from in chile and in el salvador to in the plurinational state of bolivia which has a clear effect on morbidity and disability profiles during old age similar results were obtained in the intra iii study in peru,3
+given the extent of gender segregation in labour markets generally and within industry in particular where women constitute only per cent of the global workforce there is a risk that efforts to green industry will not only bypass women but actually marginalize them sectors targeted for green employment expansion such as energy construction and basic industry are very maledominated and recent trends indicate that sectoral segregation is increasing rather than decreasing among green jobs that already exist women tend to have low representation andor occupy the lower valueadded rungs in developing economies women are highly concentrated on the low valueadded end of extant green jobs for instance as informal workers in waste collection and recycling strietskallina and others,5
+the same holds for the universities of maribor and primorska overall around of students come from the same region as their higher education institutions in the absence of differential tuition fees the driving factor behind the low interregional student mobility is the economic conditions of students and their parents the share of foreign students in slovenia of total enrolment and the proportion of slovenian students studying abroad of total enrolment in were among the lowest in both the oecd and eu imad,4
+achieving the goal will have positive multiplier effects for all other goals priority area of goal namely science technology and innovationdriven manufacturing industrialization and value addition covers issues of industrialization and innovation and priority area of goal is focused exclusively on infrastructure target which focuses on infrastructurerelated indicators has data on airtransport and railway infrastructures only,9
+new national performance measurements are being implemented to increase accountability and improve quality of care life expectancy at birth increased by years between and as in other eu countries a substantial gender gap remains with life expectancy for women about five years higher than for men,3
+larger public investment in infrastructure will provide greater incentives to increase private investment within a wider framework of sustainable natural resource management carefully crafted strategies for achieving food security will require national consensus and the political will to prioritize investments as well as greater government capacities to stimulate large productivity gains through sustainable finance development cooperation would have an important role in at least two areas a support for development of capacity especially within least developed countries to conduct policy assessments and b provision of additional resources for infrastructure development,2
+given the cross regional diversity in financing and health care provision information on regional health system performance is highly desirable and can permit benchmarking of performance across regions the decision of the federal authorities to identify and collect a set of commonly defined indicators relate to heath is a welcome development it can only be stressed that these data would be even more useful if they were defined and collected in line with international standards which would permit international as well as interregional benchmarking,3
+previous experience of refuge crisis shows that migrants can eventually become valuable contributors to the economic and social development of countries other german cities like munich diisseldorf stuttgart and freiburg have established welcome departments within their city halls to prepare for the arrival of refugees over the past two decades urban population growth and the effects of globalization have enhanced the complexities and manifestation of crime and violence in cities one study showed that to per cent of urban residents have been victims of crime in those developing or transitional countries where rapid urban population growth is at its highest,11
+to reduce the margin of error estimates ore presented os threeyear averages to reduce the impact of yeartoyear sampling variability estimates are presented as threeyear averages countrylevel results are presented only for stimates are based on official notional data ecuador ghana malawi republic of korea saint lucia seychelles and the united states of america or as provisional estimates based on fao voices of the hungry data collected through the gallup hose national statistical authorities nsas provided permission to publish them,2
+this type of issue was overcome in ceara because all water charges were formulated as tariffs paid to a public company company for water resources management of ceara cogerh that operates all water resources systems box this approach can inspire other solutions nationwide without requiring legal reforms however revenues are shared among several organisations including federal entities state governments and municipalities affected by reservoirs and those funds are generally not earmarked for the water sector,6
+the system of evaluation should provide links between evaluation for improvement and evaluation for career progression furthermore evaluation is the only consistent way of distinguishing among teachers in a fiscal situation that leaves little room for rewards it is very important to make sure that the most diligent and effective teachers are compensated fairly,4
+however at the micro level there has been considerable variation in the rollout and in the persistence of the older health insurance scheme which allows to draw some conclusions participation in insurance schemes does appear to improve selfreported health status according to one study gao and meng but other studies do not present such clearcut results reimbursement rates for catastrophic illness are low,3
+in this context the reviews recommendations regarding additional funding should mainly be seen as recommending a shift towards more effective impactoriented funding and should not necessarily be interpreted as a call for a general funding increase however this does not preclude increases in certain areas nor increases in spending for rd and innovation over time in line with the austrian federal government s rd intensity target currently over the long term if considered beneficial opportunities also exist to develop a number of virtuous circles in the system for example improving universities production of excellent research and their commercialisation capacities could help to grow the currently weak venture capital sector because venture capital activity typically follows growth in investable projects and also help attract and retain human capital the potential and excellence of austria s research community has been impeded among other factors by a lack of competitive funding of basic research relative to many leading innovators eg the netherlands sweden and switzerland,9
+furthermore a portion of environmental tax revenues can be used to cover monitoring collection and enforcement costs and another portion used to drive green transition gtz welfare systems are poorly developed and are often implemented through wideranging energy or food subsidies rather than targeted measures this means that energy price increases due to subsidy reform can have a very significant negative social impact and that such price increases may hit the poorest hard thus great care must be taken to protect vulnerable people and ensure that environmental taxes complement social development and reduced poverty rates,7
+failure to address these challenges will mean key areas of the sdgs will not be monitored from a gender equality perspective gender statistics include data collected analysed and presented by sex and other characteristics as well as data that are not disaggregated by sex but reflect the specific needs opportunities and contributions made by women and girls in society data on violence against women or on assistance of skilled birth attendant at delivery are examples of the latter,5
+consumer price inflation rose to for the first months of fiscal year as compared with in fiscal year food inflation has been higher than overall consumer price inflation food inflation was driven by higher cereal prices unlike in the previous year when the pressure came from higher protein food prices,8
+for example a country with an abundant supply of renewable energy for power should choose to focus on energy efficiency measures in the sectors or at the times where fossil fuel is most needed in many countries this will mean targeting road transport the decrease in power generation needed to achieve this target varied by country according to fuel mix france for example relies predominantly on nuclear energy for power generation and would therefore need to decrease total power generation compared with in the netherlands these policies tend to target unemployment and other impacts of recession recessionary responses are best applied within particular sectors and are most usefully targeted when addressing specific surplus capacity,7
+age could also be a contributing factor as mental illness among swedish youth has been seen to be on the increase younger people tend to be more likely to require psychiatric care see section and stockholm has a relatively young population this age element however is not necessarily applicable uppsala for example also has a young population but reports psychiatric care costs that are nonetheless in line with the national average national board of health and welfare,3
+in hungary the public education act expressly legislates the wholeschool approach tasking the ministers responsible for education and environment to develop the green kindergarten and the ecoschool programmes across the country based on this promotion it would appear that the number of green kindergartens has increased to per cent of all kindergartens and approximately schools are now part of the ecoschools programme per cent of all schools hungary informal report finland has included esd plans in its overall esd strategies and provides schools with models examples and practical support in drawing up sd plans its findings are consistent with comments provided by the member states through their nirs and informal national reports,4
+value is for ghana for honduras for south africa when i gave the ramadan majlis lecture in abu dhabi in august the crown prince and his cabinet expressed a deep commitment to improve the education system rapidly and profoundly the country is now on its way to raising the status of education,4
+big gender differences persist in mathematics and science women are less likely than men to be in managerial positions but the picture is diverse the female share of managers in latin america is higher than the oecd average while the opposite generally holds for other emerging economies they are argentina brazil chile china colombia costa rica egypt india indonesia morocco mexico peru the russian federation south africa tunisia and turkey oecd a,5
+depending on the penetration level and the scenario considered wind and solar technologies allows for a reduction of c emissions in the short term this reduction on carbon emissions however is not always confirmed in the long term introducing renewables into an electricity system whose baseload technology emits c such as coal will definitively reduce the c emissions from the electricity sector in both the short and the long term however this will not hold when the baseload technology displaced by renewables does not emit c as is the case for nuclear energy in this case instead the electricity produced by fossilfuelled technologies tends to increase and c emissions will be generally higher than in the reference scenario without renewables in other words nuclear energy is more efficient than variable renewable energy in limiting c emissions as it will not induce a shift towards carbonintensive peakload technologies,7
+table summarises the main ongoing projects involving the development of transport corridors in central asia in the initiative was officially launched at the belt and road forum for international cooperation in beijing and was incorporated into the chinese constitution codifying its position as a primary foreign policy goal of the president the stated aim of the project is the creation of new infrastructure and the revitalisation and expansion of trade and economic growth across asia and beyond,9
+whether these resources originate and flow along the same or parallel channels to development assistance their ultimate destination will be to support climate action in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication at the country level to maximise effectiveness climate and development action will need to be planned and implemented together resourced by a mix of climate and sustainable development finance to deliver benefits for both the planet and people financing for sustainable development will play a key role in helping developing countries transition to the low carbon climateresilient and sustainable pathways needed to achieve the sdgs,13
+the human capital index hci is the highest contributing subindex in all regions while the telecommunication infrastructure index til is the lowest this implies that the major impediments to the further growth of egovernment development worldwide are still the lack of infrastructure and the digital divide africa has the lowest hci and online service index osi but its osi at is relatively close to oceanias osi at while asias osi at is better than the americas at it still ranks behind the americas in terms of egdi due to asias lower hci and til rating according to a recent report by the economic commission for africa while there is an impressive growth in mobile broadband access across much of the continent there remains very limited access to fixed broadband,9
+hence at least initially they need technologies that are appropriate to their conditions in other words a substantial number of ldc firms and farms can learn and acquire technologies such as capital equipment organizational knowhow and types of inputs used from other developing countries rather than from advanced economies or can develop and use homegrown technologies they are generally more labourintensive as they are developed in countries that also have surplus labour they are also more geared towards meeting the basic needs of the large swathes of the population who cannot afford luxury goods and services,8
+for other commodities scts are below of commodity receipts and in some cases far below those levels for milk and sugar which in the past strongly depended on commodity specific support scts decreased to around of commodity receipts compared to in the mid s and in the late s as emphasised throughout this report the period since the late s has been marked by historically high agricultural prices the declining level of support in particular market price support as a result is not only the consequence of changes in the policy settings but also of rising world prices,2
+this effect has been observed in the past not only for renewable electricity technologies such as wind and solar pv but also in other fields such as information technologies thus we would expect cost projections for the various renewable technologies to have the usual hyperbolic shape with unit costs decreasing at a declining rate over time technical potential is defined as the total amount of energy final or primary that can be produced taking into account the primary resources the sociogeographical constraints and the technical losses in the conversion process technical potential is defined by natural and climatic factors land use and land cover limitations as well as technical limitations economic potential and limitations which are also considered in the study are not used here many recent studies on these issues exist but no two studies seem to be strictly comparable due to differences in the scope of renewable technologies considered the choice of the base year the factors incorporated in the calculation of costs and the related assumptions concerning interest rates and other economic factors influencing those costs the number of years for which projected data are available etc,7
+this reflects the importance of split incentives ie owneroccupiers are more likely to make such investments than tenants this is in line with theory and previous research results as well as the results obtained with respect to energy appliances however it is interesting that the effect is present even for relatively small investments related to water efficiency ie water restrictor taps,6
+emerging oceanbased industries and activities are characterised by the key role played by cuttingedge science and technology in their operations they include offshore wind tidal and wave energy offshore extraction of oil and gas in deepsea and other extreme locations seabed mining for metals and minerals marine aquaculture marine biotechnology ocean monitoring control and surveillance looking further to the future there are fledgling or as yet unborn industries which could potentially join this category examples are carbon capture and storage ccs and the management of ocean scale protected areas,14
+by investing more in the new technology very significant water savings can be achieved however these large gains are only economical if they are designed in when the plant is built the remaining uses for water include ashhandling and service and potable water together with a few residual uses focusing on water for cooling turn to figure taken from bhattacharya and bijon which outlines the cooling technologies available to those investing in electric power generation capacity in india today,6
+common objectives specify the knowledge and skills of students that teaching should lead to however while the common objectives provide descriptions of how objectives can be reached and while schools have to include learning and achievements targets in their curricula there is no tight curriculum at the national level this is intended to help school principals teachers parents students and school boards to better understand the objectives so they can be an active partner in the learning process and to assist schools and teachers to move towards a more goaloriented approach to teaching and learning houlberg et al,4
+the correlations between innovation and equity of learning opportunities are weak figure in particular across the whole distribution of innovation scores there are many education systems with poor equity in terms of learning opportunities this is in noticeable contrast to the reading performance equality measure described above however the three most equitable education systems in this regard hong kong korea and singapore are also above average in terms of overall innovation,4
+when fully implemented the cnuc could be an important source of information for evaluating effectiveness of protected areas prates and sousa most protected areas however do not systematically conduct such monitoring more than half the managers of amazonian extractive reserves and sustainable development reserves have reported that they lack the tools to monitor the results of social and environmental development activities it has monitored coral reefs in marine protected areas since,15
+the share of climaterelated oda has grown from of total bilateral oda in to in oecd b research carried out for this report drawing on data for bilateral oda commitments finds that it is very difficult to prove or disprove that the increasing volume of climaterelated aid is reducing the volumes of aid available for other activities see figure figure also includes oda for general environmental protection and energy in order to allow for a comparison with sectors that are generally linked with higher shares of climate oda,13
+performance categories should be redefined to provide a more detailed picture of student performance at the lower proficiency levels to track equity samplebased assessments should be large enough to monitor outcomes across different population groups and regions costa rica should consider applying the assessment to the school census so that individual schools can benchmark their performance against national standards and similar schools and the mep has better data to inform school policies and resource allocation these changes should be reflected in a framework or policy document that details the puipose the mep would benefit from stronger research analytical and statistical capacity to support strategic planning,4
+additionally the cost of evaluating these risks is too onerous for most financial asset buyers consequently there is a very small pool of private capital available to invest in this form of energy infrastructure asset such projects must generally be financed entirely with equity which is a challenge since the current venture capital and private equity markets are unsuited for highcapital project investing firelake capital this is defined as the risk that the system being installed does not work as specified for existing electric utilities this risk is mitigated by a hundred years of experience building power plants and by performance guarantees issued by engineering and construction firms,7
+for example the estimated total investment costs necessary to achieve the transport masterplan targets including road and public transport targets by for ha noi and ho chi minh city are about usd billion and usd billion respectively adb viet nam is not alone in facing a funding gap when it comes to infrastructure development according to the addis ababa action agenda the infrastructure funding gap in developing countries can be estimated to between usd and trillion united nations however considering the clear resource gap viet nam urgently needs to devise complementary funding strategies one of these mechanisms as highlighted above could be to price against negative externalities of car usage through congestion and parking charges and redirect this revenue into public transport infrastructure development,11
+hence a single inequality statistic may end up capturing a relatively unimportant average effect of inequality on growth and more complex indicators of the profile of income inequality should be used for example ratios of income percentiles on either side of the median or decile share ratios see also deininger and squire cross country correlations are clearly only suggestive of the possible link between inequality and mobility however due to the likely biases induced by observed and unobserved countrylevel confounding factors,10
+comprehensive care is provided including medical treatment psychiatric evaluation psychological and social assistance in western and central europe cannabis is the most commonly seized drug accounting for about per cent of all seizures cocaine ranks second overall accounting for more than double the number of reported seizures of amphetamines or heroin,3
+other providers include universities which provide courses to teachers seeking career advancement central government bodies like the institute of educational sciences ies and nongovernmental organisations ngos it is also key to further professionalising the teaching role and boosting the prestige and attractiveness of the profession only of teachers in romania reported feeling that their profession is valued by society in the talis survey oecd c,4
+stakeholders from all six neighbouring economies have joined the initiative focusing on market coupling and crossborder balancing at the regional level crossborder electricity markets based on the regional cooperation of system operators in terms of capacity calculation and making capacity available to markets will increase efficiency and benefit all consumers however managing congestion over the interconnectors w hile ensuring the reliability of transmission networks poses considerable challenges,7
+the mobility project initial vocational training has elements that encourage projects to prepare beneficiaries to start their own business in the past however smes have not been the direct recipients of much leonardo da vinci support transfer of innovation projects granted in the selection round are aimed at enhancing the lifelong learning process in smes and in manufacturing sectors they are addressed to highly qualified people on the labour market who need to improve their knowledge and skills,8
+mangos avocados and papaya are the most important in volume terms these fruit varieties are mainly absorbed by the domestic market and they contribute significantly to nutritional needs of rural and urban populations production of these fruits appears to have remained fairly stable over the past decade little change is expected in avocado production in the period to while papaya and mango will keep their upward trend in the next decade reaching respectively mt and mt about of mango production is exported while only very small amounts of the other fruits find their way to foreign markets it is estimated that about million people are directly or indirectly involved in this sector,2
+all countries should design and implement special programmes to address the nutritional needs of women of childbearing age especially those who are pregnant or breastfeeding and should give particular attention to the prevention and management of nutritional anaemia and iodinedeficiency disorders priority should be accorded to improving the nutritional and health status of young women through education and training as part of maternal health and safe motherhood programmes adolescent females and males should be provided with information education and counselling to help them delay early family formation premature sexual activity and first pregnancy,3
+a few pes schemes have been implemented eg in rupa lake for compensation upstream additional sources of sustainable income are being assessed from protected areas and promoting the culture of corporate environmental responsibility ecotourism pes and reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation redd are listed as potential mechanisms for financing the implementation of the nbsap in addition to donor support and funds allocated from government in response to the current lack of coordinated approaches to resource mobilisation and allocation the mainstreaming of biodiversity into national economic development plans box pg,15
+as shown by various studies the greater use of more efficient appliances did not result in a price increase for consumers as producers were able to adapt and benefit from increased sales learning effect programmes oriented toward motor energy efficiency appear to have produced significant and costeffective results when of sufficient size and having enough resources to attract participation iea however none of the programmes introduced were able to reverse or stop the increase in electricity consumption in the domestic appliance sector,7
+sustainable production techniques can achieve this while maintaining or enhancing the overall profitability of the sector for capacity building and implementation of best management practices in developing countries there is a role for funding from the gef the world bank and other funding and development agencies given the benefits for rural livelihoods pollution control reductions in environmentally harmful subsidies will reduce pollution and yield cost savings helping to offset the costs of environmental investments environmental taxes and charges tradable permit systems depositrefund systems noncompliance fees and liability payments also offer potential funding sources,15
+the agenda for sustainable development which was adopted by the united nations in september recognizes the immense potential of icts to accelerate human progress and specifically refers to the need to significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the internet united nations a this chapter presents the latest ict price data collected by itu and analyses the price and affordability of three key ict services mobilecellular fixedbroadband and mobilebroadband benchmarking countries and regions and highlighting key trends over time fixedbroadband services recorded the largest price drop of all ict services analysed in this chapter from to while fixedbroadband subscriptions per inhabitants doubled worldwide chart,9
+in the united states the new markets tax credit is a nonrefundable tax credit intended to encourage private capital investment in eligible impoverished lowincome communities marples invitations for public participation in policymaking seem to be more widespread than ever particularly in cities with traditional town hall meetings but also city governments increasing use of social media and crowdsourcing opportunities on topics ranging from climate change to urban planning such tools for bottomup engagement may contribute to the emergence of a new participation economy in cities especially to remedy some sort of democratic deficit in large cities where the distance between policy makers and citizens may erode trust in institutions,11
+new data sources most notably remotesensing satellite imagery are offering exciting opportunities to understand the urban footprint and how it is changing over time moreover big data sources such as cell phone signals can shed light on people s mobility in and around cities which could provide useful information for city planners governments need to develop policies and guidelines for the accessibility and use of such new data sources including safeguards for privacy and confidentiality traditional data collection systems on migration including censuses surveys and administrative records should be strengthened,11
+conversely when a built environment is dysfunctional for children it affects everyones quality of life looking at specific needs of children and their caretakers for every age helps to determine both generic and specific solutions for babies toddlers young children adolescents and youth the scales reflect the social ecological model that childrens development specialists use to build strategies to ensure childrens rights the access to appropriate urban services needs to be adjusted accordingly to a childs age needs and the daily patterns of its caretaker,11
+they can also be used to communicate both domestically and internationally national priorities and needs for finance and action if this is the case it would be useful to explore which elements of the indcs or ndcs of the eecca countries could be further improved and how landscape of climaterelated development finance at the regional level in and this chapter analyses the current state of play of climaterelated development finance that was committed to the eecca countries in and by bilateral and multilateral sources,13
+any costs for policy capacitybuilding in benchmarking and developing indicators to measure the effects of energyefficiency policies such as industrial plant energy auditing and monitoring reporting verification and evaluation also need to be factored in the unido industrial energyefficiency policy database developed for this report documents industrial energyefficiency policy mechanisms in developing economies see annex the international energy agency s iea energyefficiency database details some policies and measures introduced locally regionally and nationally in countries and the european union iea c,7
+due to this variation in past teaching experience some participants can have their home country certifications validated through the fast track programme while others will have to enrol in a bridging programme ulv see below for more details hajer and economou as classroom routines and traditions including individual versus group work and teacherstudent interactions can differ between countries it is important to educate future swedish teachers about studentcentred learning hajer and economou between february and people female male have participated or are participating in the programme promoted as a supplementary education for people with teaching certifications outside of sweden the aim is to retain as many migrant teachers in the teaching profession and allow them to start teaching as soon as possible,4
+in fact a wellrun system requires adequate primary secondary and tertiary reserves the different reserve levels refer to the different time frames at which operators need to inject or withdraw load into or from the system in order to balance electricity demand at all times in addition good control strategies are required for electricity this means constant frequency and voltage controls and for natural gas constant pressure and flowrate control while not very glamorous equally vital are well designed maintenance strategies encompassing preventive predictive and corrective interventions including the scheduling and coordination of planned outages while indeed the adequacy and competent management of power transport systems are essential for ensuring the security of power supplies they should in principle not be an issue for policy making remaining interruptions would then be due to bad luck incompetence or extreme weather events none of which is very responsive to policy changes,7
+better scientific information will also strengthen the basis for assessing the economic value of ecosystem services information about the value of biodiversity and ecosystem services nationally and globally should be better researched and communicated so as to strengthen political and public support for biodiversity and development policies the integration of biodiversity into the pnd and the adoption of a national policy for biodiversity and ecosystem services in are important steps in establishing a more effective framework the public budget for biodiversity has also been significantly increased in recent years,15
+synthesis of the content of the national policies proposing national accreditation standards for the programmes and compulsory training contd this is carried out on the one hand in the form of education by traditional software programmes and on the other hand by the use of digital learning environments elearning platforms and web software the project new secondaiy schools promotes pedagogical concepts of selfdirected learning,4
+however not all forms of renewable policy create the same system effects and economic distortions this section takes a look at the different existing regulatory frameworks for promoting renewable energies and their impact on the working and outcome of electricity markets despite the benefits of a more unified european support scheme that would mitigate market distortions in and across countries currently a host of national regulatory frameworks prevail see table and iea as certain technologies such as wind achieve higher levels of maturity certain support schemes such as feedin tariffs become less suitable there is also a link between overall market design and renewable support schemes,7
+these ministries and the activities they undertake need to be coordinated at the national level to minimise duplication and ensure coordinated action in reducing fossil fuel dependency increasing access to energy increasing clean energy and reducing ghg emissions while the revised ipesp and faesp recognise the need to strengthen coordination in the energy sector progress has been slow there is a need to raise the awareness of all stakeholders on the benefits of moving to a clean energy supply system based on energy conservation energy efficiency and renewable energy,7
+an important driver is the eu neighbourhood policy under which armenia azerbaijan and georgia signed agreements committing themselves to bring new environmental laws closer to eu legislation and to cooperate with neighbouring countries regarding transboundary water management it refers to among others development of water basin management plans introduced since and to an intersectoral advisory body in georgia water resources are managed according to principles of territorial administration regional units and river basinbased management is not applied a new water law as a basis for reforming the water resources management system is being drafted and will include principles of basin management,6
+toutefois les prix du ble ayant beneficie ces demieres annees d un soutien qui les hisse audessus des cours mondiaux les eleveurs sont confrontes a des couts d alimentation animale superieurs a ce qu ils devraient etre dans les economies emergentes comme le kazakhstan les ecarts entre prix interieurs et prix internationaux resultent non seulement de facteurs lies a la politique agricole mais aussi de lacunes dans les infrastructures materielles de deficits d information et d une faiblesse des institutions de marche ce constat vaut particulierement pour les marches des productions vegetales ou les deficits ou les excedents temporaires lies a des conditions meteorologiques defavorables provoquent des reactions tres marquees des prix interieurs auxquelles il n est remedie qu avec retard de plus certains produits sont peu integres aux marches car leurs principaux producteurs sont des menages ruraux pour ce qui est du lait et de la viande par exemple,2
+in mfa the term materials is often used in a broad sense so as to encompass all materialrelated flows arising at all stages of the material cycle it refers to both materials and products derived from natural resources that are used as inputs into human activities as well as residuals such as waste or pollutant emissions arising from their extraction and use and ecosystem inputs such as nutrients carbon dioxide and oxygen required for their extraction and use here the focus is on material resources that designate the usable materials or substances raw materials energy produced from natural resources,12
+for partnered men this figure is roughly twice as high countries where women s participation in the labour market is high or where the gender pay gap is limited tend to have more equal results shorter working careers and constrained career and earnings profiles relative to men help explain why on average women s pensions are of smaller value than men s figure shows that among pension recipients in the gender pension gap was less than only in estonia denmark and the slovak republic,5
+furthermore the negative impacts of climate change make it imperative for cddcs to adopt adaptation measures in both commodity and noncommodity sectors however many cddcs lack the technical and financial capacities to design and implement such measures although the paris agreement does not make an explicit reference to cddcs as a group it alludes to their special circumstance in article where it requires parties to take into consideration in the implementation of this agreement the concerns of parties with economies most affected by the impacts of response measures particularly developing country parties,13
+maintaining the current high share of coalfired power generation also in the future would cause drastic increases in indias c emissions the indian projections of the gdp level in are more than twice as high as the iea projections for the period the difference in projected growth rates increases to percentage points for cea and about for iea,7
+they can help students live and work in a world in which most people need to appreciate a range of ideas perspectives and values and to collaborate with people of different cultural origins a world in which people need to decide how to trust and collaborate across such differences often bridging space and time through technology and a world in which their lives will be affected by issues that transcend national boundaries effective communication and appropriate behaviour within diverse teams are also keys to success in many jobs and will remain so as technology continues to make it easier for people to connect across the globe employers increasingly seek to attract learners who adapt easily and are able to apply and transfer their skills and knowledge to new contexts work readiness in an interconnected world requires young people to understand the complex dynamics of globalisation and be open to people from different cultural backgrounds,4
+other vessel classes may receive capacityenhancing subsidies if targeted stocks are not overfished and are well managed by international standards and if a management plan for the subsidised fleet is presented to the wto secretariat demonstrating that subsidies will not contribute to overfishing finally the eu wants all wto members to notify the wto on any subsidies directly or indirectly supporting marine fishing activity like the eu the acp group calls for prohibition of subsidies to iuu fishing and fishing vesselsactivities affecting overfished stocks,14
+this decentralisation hindered patient mobility between regions because of complicated bureaucratic procedures and resulted in many cases of abuse and corruption due to an underdeveloped system of control european commission the national health fund nfz was created in through the merger of the sickness funds hungary ireland italy new zealand norway and the united kingdom tend to share similar characteristics oecd a,3
+tourism pressures must also be factored in particularly as this is a priority sector for investment in the country morocco s tourism strategy has set a target of million visitors per year with a projected corresponding increase in tourism infrastructure to upgrade capacity by new beds for the species identified as meeting these criteria key threats as listed and described on the iucn red list of threatened species are indicated in table for example in the case of moroccan amphibians the most pervasive threats have been found to be habitat loss related mainly to changing agricultural practices and groundwater extraction and degradation affecting per cent of threatened species and per cent of all species,15
+a critical scrutiny of the suitability effectiveness and efficiency of the resourcing model depends on the availability of systematic knowledge of how well danish schools work and for whom the basic question addressed in this chapter is whether there is enough knowledge available to guide policy at a school local and system level regarding the use of resources and the outcomes for different schools and student groups the chapterfirst describes how educational goals are set and how goal achievement is being measured and reported it then analyses how the use of resources in the pursuit of these educational goals is being governed managed and evaluated,4
+to promote teaching as a career in particular for topperforming students job quality matters at least as much as pay transforming the work organisation of schools involving teachers in school decision making enhancing their leadership responsibilities and promoting teaching as a demanding but fulfilling profession are promising policy levers,4
+identifying if adaptation is adequate would therefore conflate climate and nonclimate factors for example if a country s indc is to develop a strategy that integrates adaptation into broader sectoral plans a measure of effectiveness could be whether an integrated plan is established however adaptive capacity and resilience will only be affected if the plan is implemented further adaptation actions are often integrated into broader plans and it is difficult to assess the effectiveness of a multipronged action moreover many countries have yet to develop an me system for adaptation,13
+section c discusses why gender equality in employment is an essential aspect and measure of inclusive growth it then goes on to discuss analytical frameworks for evaluating gender in labour markets combining perspectives on the dynamics of gender stratification and intcrgroup inequality with analyses of how labour markets are structurally segmented into socalled good jobs and bad jobs it highlights that in the context of the growing scarcity of highquality work gender is one of the ways in which economic opportunity and security are rationed section d presents an empirical analysis focusing on the period since the early s when systematic genderdisaggregated data on employment by sector became available for developing countries it aigues that womens access to industrial sector jobs relative to that of men can proxy for their relative access to good jobs,5
+maternal mortality rates remain unacceptably high however at for each live births ten times higher than oecd average of around seven deaths per live births both maternal and infant mortality rates are higher in rural areas and in minority ethnic groups but they are nevertheless decreasing largely due to improvements in sanitation at the same time fertility rates have been falling,3
+thus in the high road supply regime higher output and female labour force participation are associated with a higher profit share but both women and men contribute time and money to social reproduction either directly or indirectly through taxes and charitable contributions how they split these responsibilities is correlated with whether the high or low road regime prevails,5
+furthermore until recently women s pensionable age was lower than that of men in many pension systems across the oecd pension reform means that pensionable ages in future are projected to be the same for men and women in all oecd countries except for chile poland israel and switzerland oecd pensions include public pensions private pensions survivor s benefits and disability benefits the gender gap in pensions is calculated for people aged and older only,5
+as such efforts to improve information on financial flows for climate change generally take place within broader efforts to improve domestic budget and expenditure processes and are connected to overarching development and other strategic priorities a reporting framework under the unfccc that is disconnected from national efforts to improve this information for national purposes may be counterproductive once in place international reporting of this information will need to account for the varying approaches to classifying climaterelevant activities that are used in different countries,13
+cooperation was originally mostly focused on hydrological data exchange the recent signature in of an agreement on the protection of the water quality of transboundary rivers marks a positive development and the expansion of the cooperation during the hydrological observation history natural fluctuation has also resulted in water scarce periods eg the s nevertheless the withdrawals importantly affect the level of lake balkhash,6
+this has been accompanied by a rise in mobile broadband coverage from less than ten per cent of the population in to over half in figure right the rollout of g services by the national operator econet telecom lesotho etl and south african based vodacom has also provided impetus for nationwide signal coverage which boosted usage mobile broadband penetration stood at in vodacom was the first operator to introduce mobile broadband services in the country based on hspa technology,9
+the third component presents the steps for the implementation of the strategy these include adopting national and regional policies to allow for a larger contribution of renewable sources in electricity generation exchanging expertise and good practices in the region strengthening international and regional cooperation through forums such as the electricity regulators forum and involving the domestic private sector in the development of renewable energy technologies the process is monitored by an experts committee for renewable energy and energy efficiency which operates under the umbrella of the arab ministerial council for electricity,7
+the law relates mainly to the protection and use of surface inland waters rather than the regulation of groundwater and coastal waters most of the provisions of the water law have a questionable legal validity and subsequent legislation has not been fully consistent with it unece according to the tax code charges for environmental pollution including water pollution charges introduced in were abolished the law on licences and permits radically reduced the number of activities that were classified as environmentally sensitive and in need of special environmental permit to be issued by the environmental authorities,6
+table illustrates the size of the underreporting bias by displaying the rates of hazardous drinkers before and after correction in oecd countries these estimates corroborate canadian findings showing that the proportion of adults drinking above grams of pure alcohol daily increases from to after correction in men and from to in women shield and rehm this permits to limit smearing data with other sources of bias,3
+a key breakthrough was the production of selective coatings which would absorb more sunlight driven by united states federal and state subsidies and expectations of high future energy prices the solar water heater industry boomed from the late s and a billion industry was created in the s there was rampant abuse of generous subsidies subsidy harvesting which resulted in poorly installed systems,7
+they have to continue to perform tasks such as cooking washing clothes and caring for children as well as spending more hours on farm work or other jobs in bosnia cambodia and guatemala the workload of women drastically increased in the aftermath of mass crimes many children lose their parents during mass crimes others are separated from their families during conflict and forced migration,5
+poverty and living standards of children since the early s the use of common baseline for countries makes it possible to consider convergence or divergence of living standards between countries the selection of the reference poverty baseline is necessarily arbitrary but following scruggs and allan i the poverty line prevailing in the united states in adjusted for price inflation was taken as a preoil shock benchmark to measure absolute progress in the living standards of lowincome families,1
+the documents were often prepared quickly without a thorough and robust analysis by all relevant government officials experts and other stakeholders within the country this rushed process often undermines the translation of objectives into specific and timebound targets the creation of realistic financing and implementation strategies for their achievement and the ability to design and implement investment projects that can bring actual results on the ground good capacity building requires the continuous involvement of government officials in the process of developing climaterelated national and financing strategies and related regulations,13
+the frequency and intensity of schoolbased professional development opportunities in kazakhstan seems to be significant schoolbased teacher professional development enables the improvement of teaching practices in view of meeting the school s needs teachers are aware of the learning goals pursued by their colleagues and potential areas for collaboration through joint work in methodological associations and such joint efforts can contribute to establishing professional learning communities in schools teachers must develop competencies to work as a group adding to the social asset of schools,4
+in southeast asia the asean power grid project as well as the adbbacked interconnection projects under the greater mekong subregion programme promotes electricity trade and is complementary to the asian energy highway the programme notably connects china to southeast asia in addition asean initiated the transasean gas pipeline to enhance natural gas trade intersubregional cooperation also exists particularly between south asia and central asia,7
+in july the swedish government also instructed the swedish secretariat for gender research at the university of gothenburg to further develop and disseminate methods and information on gender mainstreaming and develop a forum to exchange experiences it published reports such as the gender mainstreaming manual and the gender equality in public services report a book of ideas for managers and strategists and trained central government administrators on the implementation of gender mainstreaming the committee also elaborated a working model outlining steps to be followed for an effective gender mainstreaming process the national gender equality strategy identified five focus areas to be addressed during the government s term of office i representation equal access to positions of power and influence ii equal pay for equal work and work of equal value iii violence committed by men against women prostitution and trafficking of women for purposes of sexual exploitation tv men and gender equality and v sexualisation of the public sphere,5
+female students are especially attracted to bachelors level education in social work journalism teacher training and nursing as well as language literature and media poppel m and chemnitz kleist womens representation increased sharply in the parliamentary election from to out of members at this election arnat partiiat the womens party for the first and until now only time participated no candidates from the womens party were elected but the party succeeded in calling attention to different aspects of gender inequalities and not least to the lack of female candidates in the different parties poppel m,5
+fifty years of development cooperation practice have yielded lessons on effective aid summarised in the principles of ownership alignment harmonisation results and mutual accountability which are supported and referred to as best practice across the development cooperation community in the busan fourth highlevel forum on aid effectiveness climate finance was formally recognised as a core development finance issue with the common goal to support national climate change policy and planning as an integral part of developing countries overall national development plans and ensure that where appropriate these measures are financed delivered and monitored through developing countries systems in a transparent manner there are cobenefits and tradeoffs in financing sustainable development and climate change goals simultaneously,13
+the cfu data focus on dedicated multilateral climate funds which have been expressly set up to address climate change for climate finance directed towards the agricultural sector the crs include many but not all of the dedicated climate funds considered by the cfu the crs data also include the climaterelated portion of general development funds from multilateral institutions whereas the cfu data do not include any finance from general development funds see table,13
+there has also been considerable progress in providing access to preprimary education the net attendance rate for children aged reached in while it stood at for children aged however enrolment in early childhood education age and below is low and associated with ability to pay,4
+systems for monitoring the progress of disabled children are in place in schools where teachers were trained there are individual plans for each child and greater emphasis on showing their achievements the childrens individual work plans are incorporated into the annual kindergarten and primary development plan recently with funding from the fti over mobile schools in tents have been established sixtytwo per cent of new recruits to primary education are girls and from girls completion rates doubled,4
+in portugal almost one in four students were below proficiency level in mathematics in pisa and the proportion of top performers level or above remains below average oecd a they have remained stable in mathematics since and have slightly decreased in science since however a substantial widening of the gender gap has been witnessed in students mean reading performance a score point difference between boys and girls in grew to score points in as girls pulled even further ahead of boys oecd a,4
+whether this involves climate change and ghg emission levels or the governance of the high seas and area beyond national jurisdiction abnj the protection of marine biodiversity or international conventions on maritime safety the path to international agreement appears increasingly complex and painstaking this appears to be all the more so since as the global ocean commission goc recently concluded ocean governance is plagued by a patchwork of sectorally focused agencies and institutions hampered by weak compliance and lack of enforcement moreover as chapter highlights the situation is exacerbated by a lack of legal clarity about economic activities in the oceans beyond national jurisdiction as well as the potential of increased competition between states for access to resources in the seas these include for example mention of the ocean in the paris cop agreement the establishment of oceanrelated sustainable development goals in particular sdg and agreement of member states at the united nations to develop a legallybinding instrument to conserve and sustainably use marine biological diversity of areas beyond their national borders,14
+several obstacles resulting from market and government failures including fossilfuel subsidies the lack of supportive policies as well as outstanding barriers to international trade and investment still hamper investment in renewable energy a key challenge for governments to catalyse investment flows in clean energy is to design and implement clear and predictable domestic policy frameworks investment policy nondiscrimination of foreign versus domestic investors intellectual property rights contract enforcement the quality of investment policies directly influences the decisions of all investors be they small or large domestic or foreign transparency property protection and nondiscrimination are investment policy principles that underpin efforts to create a sound investment environment for all,7
+third because the power supplied is likely to be utilized for agricultural production access to renewable energy can if coupled with capacitybuilding and training trigger the progressive greening of agriculture and agroprocessing thereby creating new development and trade opportunities many such projects and programmes are being implemented in a good number of countries generally in collaboration with international development partners however the number and scope of such programmes will have to increase if the number of rural poor is to be significantly reduced to levels that allow the attainment of the mdgs by in this regard major development partners have recommended that energy services be explicitly addressed in planning for poverty reduction modi et al half of the people who currently rely primarily on traditional biomass for cooking should switch to alternative fuels such as lpg or electricity,7
+it lies at the centre of the central asian biodiversity hot spot with a high density of endemic species representing himalayan flora and fauna biotypes despite the country s small size of the world s landmass it has a good representation of all terrestrial taxonomic groups hosting nearly per cent of all known species on earth table this indicator is higher than expected for a country of this size in this subregion with aboveaverage species richness for central asia species richness of higher vascular plants and vertebrates is better known,15
+israel constitutes a case in point the socalled startup nation has a relatively small yet highly dynamic hightech sector which is the major driver of growth in the country while the rest of the economy consists of traditional industries and service sectors characterised by low productivity and low wages this dual economic structure has increased the levels of inequality and social unrest in the country lemarchand leek and tash highskilled workers in more productive firms progressively gain higher wages and benefit from regular onthejob training and from constant interaction with other highly skilled individuals ultimately increasing their innovation capacities in turn those working in less productive firms even with similar capacities see their wages stagnate or decline over time have fewer training opportunities and progressively have more difficulties move to highly productive jobs,9
+the other sector of tertiary education is called higher education and comprises isced level a first stage of tertiary education theoretical and level second stage of tertiary education table technical and further education tafe institutes are public providers of vocational education that are managed and mostly financed by the six states and two territories the scope of privately funded vocational education is uncertain because australia has limited robust data on it,4
+it is essential that implementation takes place before disasters strike since prevention is the key to success in terms of hard infrastructure targeted investment in the drainage system should be considered in floodprone neighbourhoods the city s drainage capacity culverts canals and conditioning lakes is insufficient and unlikely to withstand disasters involving more than millimetres of rainwater city of hai phong,11
+hence deflating by a food and clothing price index rather than the aggregate cpi provides a better indication of the welfare change for those workers that is inequality between unskilled wageearners and the much wealthier owners of capital human or physical within developing countries would decrease with full trade reform anderson valenzuela and van der mensbrugghe go a step further by explicitly assessing reform impacts on poverty even though the linkage model has only one single representative household per country they do so using the elasticities approach which involves taking the estimated impact on real household income and applying an estimated income to poverty elasticity to estimate the impacts on the poverty headcount index for each country,1
+jobs created as a result of trade expansion are at first concentrated in the export sector but in some cases particularly with respect to certain extractive sectors the export sector is only weakly linked to the rest of the mostly informal economy hampering any significant spillover effect changes in wages and employment are one key mechanism by which external trade translates into poverty reduction impacts changes in consumption prices often affect different groups of the poor differently,1
+unconfined aquifers generally occur at shallower depths and often feature a more direct hydraulic connection to surface water bodies but also often of smaller areal extent than confined aquifer systems that is more prone to contamination from land use activities deeper confined aquifers may be more expensive to exploit two properties are common to all aquifers first just like in the case of surface water gravity is the main force moving groundwater from continents to water courses and oceans,6
+to the extent that more women are involved in politics women s rights priorities needs and interests are less likely to be ignored or silenced historically women s involvement has been minimized even though they account for at least half of the populations in most countries for this very reason their level of involvement and engagement in public and political life is key more womens organizations sprung up in response to the greater participation of women in public life and despite the political polarization that emerged these groups managed to stay united to press for the preservation and advancement of womens rights,5
+in fact the designation of the university as an apex university is likely to draw the institution even further away from regional engagement they provide access for large numbers of the region s students and graduate students many of whom remain within the region for employment through student engagement in the region through internships volunteer activities and other ways the institutions have an impact on the region except for basic information on numbers of admissions enrolment and graduates no substantive information was available on the branch of uitm in penang the two polytechnics the four community colleges and private institutions in penang and on higher education institutions in the three other states perlis kedah and perak in the larger northern corridor economic region the findings and observations are therefore based on a limited perspective on higher education institution in the region,4
+these measures are believed to have helped reduce threats to the conservation of vaquitas and to have begun decreasing the total level of fishing in the area with conservation benefits for other marine species table gives a breakdown of the subsidies in the pace for the vaquita green certification has been established for products including coffee of all coffee producers in mexico are in the certified coffee market a higher percentage than in other countries taxes on timber and other natural resource extraction for example can help provide correct price signals induce more sustainable production and consumption patterns and mobilise revenue the initiative planned to target natural reserves in six regions including the northern deserts tropical caribbean beaches and eastern jungles,15
+furthermore if adaptation actions provide a competitive advantage there is a disincentive for companies to share that knowledge more widely these factors suggest that the degree of visible or publicised action may be a poor indicator of the extent of actual action the effects of climate change are longterm uncertain and contextspecific frameworks for decisionmaking under uncertainty have suggested that it can be rational to delay significant and irreversible investments ranger et al,13
+westhead and storey have conducted a series of studies of matched samples and have found little difference in performance and survival rate between science park and nonscience park firms westhead also looked at rd inputs and outputs and whilst science park firms tended to be a little more rd intensive than nonscience park firms again the differences were not significant link and scott,9
+turkey the european court recognized that the right to respect for family life and the prohibition of arbitrary interferences with families have limits in this case the applicant mrs nahide opuz and her mother had been threatened and assaulted on several occasions by ho her then husband the court found that the authorities failed to take protective measures against domestic violence provided for under the family protection act and did not issue an injunction to prevent ho from being in contact with the applicant and her mother,5
+the initiative outlined in the government programme emphasises a strengthening of competitive funding for basic research and increased funding for excellent junior scientists but also an overall expansion of competitive instruments to stimulate research excellence in universities and pris this initiative could substantially reinforce and complement measures austria has recently taken to promote research excellence in particular with regard to strengthening competitive funding of basic research increasing international visibility and sharpening the profile of austrian science at the international level an austrian excellence initiative should addresses this issue,9
+primary care includes a large range of curative as well as preventive and health promotion activities the distinction between phc and other outpatient services eg consultative and diagnostic is not clearcut this results in various terms being used for the same service oxford policy management,3
+a study of energyefficient motor systems in china noted that the purchasers of electric motors within a company are generally not the endusers yang often people without the knowledge information and incentives to minimize operating costs are responsible for procuring equipment and energy management staff might not have the time to check their decisions maintenance staff too might have incentives unrelated to running costs including energy consumption focusing instead on minimizing capital costs or repairing failed equipment efficiency experts suggested that the company also link its personnel policy promotions salaries to energy conservation,7
+we predict the share of services trade to grow from per cent to per cent by the trend is likely to continue with the advent of d printing technology our estimations foresee that in such case developing countries share in global trade could grow from per cent in to per cent by the most common provisions refer to egovernment cooperation and the moratorium on customs duties on electronic transmissions,9
+the government now wants to exploit domestic sources of natural gas most of which are located in the eastern part of the country at the risha gas field the government launched a competitive bidding process in for the concession to develop the risha field in addition the government plans to promote fuel switching to natural gas as a means of greenhouse gas mitigation moe according to the energy master strategy usd billion is needed between and to develop the natural gas sector the private sector is expected to provide the capital and development expertise for these projects licences have already been issued to private companies to develop the relevant networks and supply commercial and residential customers with electricity moe,7
+the city is also implementing pilot projects using solar batteries for public lighting and traffic lights city of hai phong based on assessments of the pilot projects these initiatives could be scaled up given that hai phong sends most domestic solid waste to landfill modem incinerators with emissions control technology could significantly reduce emissions pyper however the development of a mechanism of waste separation would be a prerequisite for effective operation,11
+how can they ensure that every student thrives regardless of his or her socioeconomic background the following sections review the challenges and propose policy recommendations for disadvantaged schools and their students success these programmes need to ensure that school leaders are prepared to focus on issues that are more characteristic of disadvantaged schools such as student behaviour motivation and engagement teaching and learning for disadvantaged andor low performing students improvement of the physical environment of the school and cultures of care and achievement day et al,4
+in countries with strong familial kinship structures it is possible that the presence of women is as a proxy for their husbands or male relatives if this is the case an increase in representation would not contribute to the transformative or redistributive dimensions of substantive equality there is also a risk particularly in relation to greater representation that women might be essentialized and assumed to be in a position to speak for or represent all women,5
+from evidence to action the story of cash transfers and impact evaluation in sub saharan africa oxford oxford university press child poverty and deprivation in malithe first national estimates innocenti working paper unicef office of research innocenti working paper unicef office of research,1
+summative assessment measures learning that has taken place with the purpose of presenting a summary of students achievements over a defined period in this case upper secondary education hence summative assessment reports on students learning achievements for judgement at a specific point in time it is often described as assessment of learning and contrasted with assessment for learning for a comprehensive literature review on summative assessment see nusche forthcoming,4
+natural background concentrations of some heavy metals and trace elements are elevated but the influence is assessed by the russian federation as local in three areas in the russian part of the basin groundwater pollution has been identified groundwater monitoring is carried out at nine points of observation in the russian part of the basin three times per month in the alluvial aquifer groundwater row is from azerbaijan and the russian federation to the samur river in the lower aquifer the flow direction is from azerbaijan to the russian federation both aquifers have strong links with surface water,6
+time poverty should therefore be understood as a lack of discretionary time once needs have been met or the time potentially available for people to do what they want and standards should be defined as the amount of time strictly necessary for people to perform the unavoidable activities of daily life paid and unpaid work personal care and others vickery argues that thresholds should be built taking into account household composition and habits of eating household management and purchase of goods given the lack of established standards burchardt used an operating definition based on the behaviour of a reference group taking minimum time spent on domestic work to be the average time spent on those tasks by households around the poverty line which do not receive state assistance and do not pay for domestic services on the market,1
+the number of visitors to protected areas has seen an average annual growth of more than doubling between and minam c currently projects to conserve more than million ha of primary forest are undertaken in four protected areas cordillera azul national park bahuaja sonene national park tambopata national reserve and alto mayo protection forest by verified emission reductions amounted to million tc preventing a deforestation of ha minam c,15
+policies should address the rebound effect by targeting consumer behaviour by educating energyusers about the benefits of reduced energy consumption and ensuring that sufficient information and options are available for consumers to reduce their energy consumption these can be supported by policies that create disincentives to increase use of the more efficient product such as setting carbon and energy prices maxwell et al the choice as to which policy mix is needed will depend on other policy goals on the national agenda similarly governments need to consider how best to design energy efficiency policies that maximise the full range of multiple benefits while keeping energy savings as the primary goal as benefits resulting from government policies it is important to be able to evaluate them and include their value in policy impact assessments and benefitcost analyses,7
+strengthening the capacity and effectiveness of the labour inspectorate continues to be crucial for the functioning of latvia s labour market one key challenge is enforcement of applicable labour regulations in small firms where very low levels of trade union activity mean that many workers may not benefit from any legal protection other than that provided by the inspectorate other reporting requirements were tightened as well and several recent initiatives aimed at addressing what is often described as the cultural problem of tax evasion,8
+the special climate change fund sccf and the global climate change alliance gcca focus on adaptation but in principle they support both adaptation and mitigation projects as does the indonesia climate change trust fund icctf the gcf became operational in and has since become the largest fund for climate finance figure shows amounts pledged to the various climate funds since their establishment,13
+instead there should be a greater focus on energy efficiency so as to reduce total energy consumption the cost of the fuel import bill and the capacity and cost of the additional investment in renewable energy required to displace the remaining fossil fuel consumption lowerrisk commercially viable and proven technologies and measures such as replacing refrigeration and cooling with newer and more efficient equipment and maximising solar pv should be preferred in addition governments should incorporate the sdgs and ndcs into planning and budget processes undertake green procurement and energy efficiency retrofits and install solar pv on government buildings using the private sector,7
+fish hatcheries have been set up by both countries albania has also taken some measures to limit illegal fishing the alteration of the reed zones has caused deterioration of habitats also threatening the spawning and wintering grounds of fish species three hydrological stations exist in the territory of the former yugoslav republic of macedonian while the hydrobiological institute monitors the lake s system for biological and chemical quality,6
+communications between the administrations of existing state reserves and municipalities take place in an ad hoc manner without formal arrangements according to this assessment priority areas for improvement of capacity are management monitoring and information systems international cooperation coordination between state agencies scientific and technical capacity and staff training capacity development needs at the subnational provincial level were particularly emphasized it was noted that the department of protection of flora and fauna has very few staff,15
+but a particular concern is that the proportion of adolescents who are overweight or obese has gone up quite rapidly and now equals the eu average the proportion of yearold boys in italy who are overweight or obese is particularly high this high and rising overweight and obesity rate among adolescents in italy is linked at least partly to low levels of physical activity figure at the national level the government exercises a stewardship role controls and distributes the taxfinanced health budget and defines the national benefits package known as the essential levels of care that must be guaranteed to all citizens and foreign residents regions are responsible for the organisation planning and delivery of health services through local health authorities,3
+all countries report using several institutions in the decisionmaking and collection process for genderdisaggregated statistics about half of the countries surveyed set up coordination mechanisms to improve capacity to gather genderdisaggregated data bahrain kuwait morocco the palestinian authority and tunisia and also tend to have welldeveloped coordination mechanisms for most gender initiatives nevertheless it is important to ensure that the vision and strategy of the central gender institution is aligned with the gender equality and mainstreaming strategy,5
+in most countries children remained more likely to be poor than the overall population only in denmark finland and estonia were child poverty rates appreciably lower than the total poverty rates by around ppt meanwhile in hungary luxembourg romania and spain child poverty rates were at least ppt higher than for the population as a whole child poverty also tends to exceed pensioner poverty in seven countries child poverty rates were at least loppt higher while in only three were they at least loppt lower than poverty rates for those aged and over,1
+hence there is a need to develop indicators of population mental health that also reflect mildtomoderate mental illness a number of factors are responsible for this lag including the complex nature of mental health problems high rates of comorbidity and lack of agreement on suitable measures stakeholder in particular clinicians patients and families involvement and the integration of quality and outcome measurement into key processes of care are integral to ensuring mental health is at the forefront of highquality services that are efficient and deliver value for money to understand mental health system performance at an international level better measures of the quality and outcomes of mental health care are needed,3
+this is directly related to the establishment of community access points which is part of the target the action line further calls for strengthening national broadband network infrastructure which is critical for rolling out highspeed internet access to rural areas it also advocates national estrategies to cater for disadvantaged and vulnerable groups who are often found in rural areas and refers to unused wireless capacity including satellite for providing access in remote areas the availability of relevant applications and content is addressed in action lines c ict applications and c cultural diversity and identity linguistic diversity and local content as well as c media which makes reference to the need to reduce regional imbalances in infrastructure and to use traditional media to bridge the knowledge divide and to facilitate the flow of cultural content particularly in rural areas,9
+food and agriculture organization rome the livestock and fish sectors provide only of calories and of protein intake cereals provide more than of both calorie and protein intake in both rural and urban india although survey data point to a declining contribution from cereals nsso those foods contributing to increased intake of calories are vegetable oils fruits and vegetables sugars appear to represent a proportionately large component of calorie intake pulses are an increasing source of proteins now accounting for almost of protein intake,2
+this review formed the basis for a six year quantitative and qualitative research study by louis et al this amounted to survey data from a total of teachers and school administrators interview data from teachers and administrators district level informants and state personnel and observational data from classrooms it included surveys completed by headteachers and a range of other stakeholders case studies of primary and secondary schools and a literature review the selfevaluation process aimed to increase student learning through the use of student assessment and clear learning goals and relied on the same tool in both schools,4
+when coordination and informal mechanisms to enforce contracts are unaffordable by the companies providing such credit high rates of loan nonrepayment have been witnessed as farmers engage in sideselling of the concerned commodities to other highbidding buyers at harvest instead of the company that has prefinanced the agricultural inputs delpeuch and vandeplas as a result the sustainability of the contacts is reduced related risk premiums rise and contract farming loses ground reliable warehouse receipts are important trading instruments allowing the transfer of ownership without physical delivery encouraging the use of warehouses for storage thus reducing postharvest losses which can be quite high at the smallholder level due to theft and spoilage and providing a means for promoting quality control and assuring grain quality,2
+however given the myriad of support programmes it may be difficult for smes and entrepreneurs to access integrated solutions to the challenges facing their enterprises ie they have to apply to a number of different programmes to integrate all of the servicesassistance they need to implement a project activity that might require employee training rd support and investment for example the business ownership rate is below the eu average and the sme landscape is overly dominated by microenterprises with weak skills and capacity net annual growth in the stock of smes is slow earlystage survival rates of new enterprises are very low relative to international standards and the valueadded innovation and investment contributions of smes are below the eu average as is their use of modern technologies there are also significant regional disparities in the density and performance of smes and levels of entrepreneurial activity,8
+although this separate benefit schedule was abolished in in payroll systems employees are still classified as either regularly insured or shorttime insured peoplesoft the employment insurance law of art employers and workers have had an incentive to make contributions on employment relationships likely to generate a benefit claim after only six months since the ratio of benefit received to contributions paid is particularly high in this case,8
+the authors estimate the value of the induced transfer to renewable energy producers based on the weighted average green tariff for production of electricity from renewable energy sources biogas solar wind energy using data provided in the anre annual reports according to anre tariff methodologies specify the formula and all components included in the formula including the sources where all the components can be found and it is clear to all regulated utilities what level of rate of return they can expect during the regulatory period in other words electricity reference prices were set to account for the cost of production transmission and distribution but no other costs such as allowances for building new capacity they were determined using reference prices for fossil fuels and annual average fuel efficiencies for power generation,7
+following the folkeskole reform and the introduction of a new arrangement for the utilisation of teachers working time teachers are expected to teach more hours as a result teachers experience less time for preparation and other tasks resources have overall been reprioritised from preparation and other tasks to teaching this requires an adjustment from teachers to prepare for their lessons and work in another way eg to a higher degree sharing teaching materials to fulfil other tasks required of them by their school leadership according to the folkeskole act the school principal is responsible for the school s quality of teaching as well as the overall administrative and pedagogical management of the school as a result the main responsibility for designing introducing and organising teacher appraisal procedures within the school lies with the school principal,4
+they also free up time that female entrepreneurs can devote to making their businesses more profitable more analysis is needed to better understand why women are less inclined to use external finance and whether they are discouraged by discriminatory treatment in the capital markets it is often argued that women have more trouble accessing credit than men indeed the evidence shows that relatively more male than female entrepreneurs make use of bank loans with or without collateral to start their enterprises figure although there are important differences in the demand for loans across countries,5
+the physical psychological and social impact on adolescents and young people can persist into adulthood and last a lifetime a review of research by barker et al one such initiative brazil s programme h resulted in positive changes in attitudes measured through a genderequitable men scale about topics such as prevention of hiv infection partner violence and sexual relationships pulerwitz et ah,5
+the socalled segment a consists of hospital services for which regulated prices are derived from a global hospital budget the segment b consists of hospital services where prices are freely negotiated with health insurers and typically comprise less complex services eg knee and hip replacements the share of segment b has increased from less than in to more than in and following the reform described below at the same time real prices in the segment b have declined reflecting the increased bargaining power of health insurers table,3
+finally progress made in areas of communications will be examined including trends in access to mobilecellular telephone subscriptions and fixed broadband subscriptions asia and the pacific has continued to see improvements in transport infrastructure and services against a backdrop of substantial growth in output trade and investment experienced by many countries in the region on the other hand the improvements have been quite uneven both across and within countries,9
+the reader is referred to table of revenue statistics oecd all governments raise revenue from a mix of taxes fees and a variety of nontax sources of income the oecd identities six categories of taxation i taxes on personal income ii social security contributions iii corporate income taxes iv consumption taxes v property taxes and vi other taxes,8
+then on the small island of puerto rico and in neighbouring sites on the storm path there was widescale destruction of homes and business premises extensive flooding from heavy rain and sea surges up to three metres above ground mudslides severe damage to roads and fallen trees inhibiting transport severe damage to harbours and marinas and crops destroyed around per cent of poles carrying utility services were blown down with power and communications blackout fatally affecting people dependent on medical care and other vital services for survival water supplies were cut for long periods in many places the subsequent slow reestablishment of basic services still left thousands of homes and businesses without power affecting million people nine months after the initial impact,13
+the biodiversity conservation index indicates that biodiversity in the north region is generally better preserved owing to the larger native vegetation cover and extension of protected areas and indigenous lands while many states in the southeast and south display lower index values mma the index however does not consider the actual status of ecosystems within protected areas chapter its immense forest resources extend almost million km and almost twothirds of its territory is covered with forest or other wooded land nearly all of brazil s forests are natural nonplanted forests while the rate of deforestation has significantly declined brazil is the country with the highest average annual reduction in total forest cover figure,15
+these segments have not been a prime public policy target at least in the past few decades thus analyses of the atrisk population are of interest not only because they provide a framework for comparing features of the poor population with the population at large but also because these groups should be targeted by more proactive government policies this section will present a discussion of some of the main features of the poor and nonpoor populations,1
+the rate of afforestation decreased considerably after the financial crisis but was still significantly higher than before the s most reforestation has taken place through state support for afforestation on farms and other privately owned land government of iceland unfccc current icelandic regulations aim for afforestation on at least of land below metres above sea level in various regional projects government of iceland unfccc the soil conservation service of iceland was founded for this purpose and a land restoration training programme under the auspices of the united nations university was launched in,15
+their struggles underline how persistent and pervasive discriminatory social norms stereotypes stigma and violence remain holding back women and girls everywhere from realizing their full potential militarism and violent conflicts the global financial and economic crises volatile food and energy prices food insecurity and climate change have intensified inequalities and vulnerability with specific impacts on women and girls dominant patterns of development have led to increasingly precarious livelihoods the richest per cent of the population now owns about per cent of the available assets while the bottom half owns per cent or less these inequalities among the triggers of the economic crisis have been further reinforced by the subsequent recession and austerity measures,5
+in this case the gender institution s leadership along with a sectorspecific approach to gender mainstreaming improved its capacity to influence intersectoral dialogue with line ministries and the national gender institution advocated successfully for legislation on domestic violence and gender discrimination including childcare for seasonal day workers and maternity leave for domestic employees oecd the beijing platform of action of indicates that responsibility for the advancement of women should be vested in the highest possible level of government if possible at the level of a cabinet minister so as to ensure sufficient authority to advance a governmentwide approach to gender equality if gender considerations are not integrated into the activities of all gender institutions gender equality efforts risk being marginalised,5
+some cities offer final certified exams for moocs which can be taken at universities in person helping retain and motivate students throughout the learning process broadband and icts can also promote cultural diversity and enhance the creativity of urban inhabitants which may help create a more pluralistic tolerant and respectful environment to live in such a benevolent environment is key in order to nurture citizens creativity and can catalyze innovation within the urban space,11
+most school issue progress reports three times a year schools choose whether they will give marks or indicate student achievement in another way eg descriptive many schools have adopted monitoring systems to record individual student progress in a systematic way and to better identity individual student needs and adapt teaching,4
+the involvement of womens organizations in the process can facilitate the achievement of gender equity targets furthermore gender targets for access and tenure security should be monitored and officials held accountable for meeting them this has helped raise awareness and acceptance among men and women of womens land rights although several rounds of training were necessary,5
+in addition women s economic independence increases their autonomy and ability to make decisions over critical areas of their lives and enhances their economic and social status the data also suggest however that these advances have not yet translated into closing the gender gap in employment or entrepreneurship a lack of genderdisaggregated data makes it difficult to provide a precise picture of women s and men s economic contributions,5
+as described in the country reports for japan and shanghaichina the teacher uses these differences in strategy to develop a class discussion that focuses on the underlying concepts involved in problemsolving and thereby promotes a deep understanding of the topic under discussion among both the quickest and the slowest students in the class nothing could so vividly demonstrate the point that instructional practice matters students are not whiling away their time when the teacher is dealing with a small group in the classroom,4
+the agreement provides for exchange of information and data between parties for preventing floods as well as an exchange of information concerning the installations subject to the agreement bulgaria reports that the agreement is not active for the time being and that discussions regarding its renewal and possible updating arc ongoing finally an agreement was signed between the ministry of environment and water of the republic of bulgaria and the ministry for the environment physical planning and public works of the hellenic republic in on cooperation in the field of environmental protection as a result a joint bulgariangreek working group on cooperation on water protection was established in may,6
+similarly to oecd countries where transitions from school to work can take time and include spells of unemployment and shortterm contracts oecd a latin america also has many young people who struggle to integrate into the labour market over the past years average educational attainment in latin america has increased see chapter the fact that youth are older when leaving school should have improved the transition to work and led to greater success once employed,8
+green streets have also enhanced pedestrian safety by shortening crossing distances and are sometimes considered to slow traffic neighbours consider them a real asset to the neighbourhood because they provide water quality and habitat benefits and increase property values as of july portland had a total of projects for over acres since nearly incentive projects have been accepted for an additional acres despite the recession and economic downturn,11
+this action plan aims to green urban areas green industry green the environment and transform hai phong into a green port city by taking advantage of the historical port city and setting up a modem competitive and ecofriendly green port system in the city also produced the green growth promotion plan to identify tangible projects to implement the action plan it is also indispensable for hai phong to formulate a mobility master plan to supplement the city master plan and guide the city to transitoriented development,11
+in addition the distribution network is not maintained about per cent of water supply infrastructure is not working and requires complete reconstruction more than per cent of water supply infrastructure is in need of maintenance due to its continuous operation for more than years yet it is not subject to maintenance because of the excessive costs implied,6
+impact assessment and project appraisal vol ecological management and restoration vol climate and conservation landscape and seascape science planning and action island press pp biodiversity conservation and sustainable management of living natural resources international finance corporation washington dc wwwifcorgwpswcmconnectb ff a a d b faa c a aps english q pdfmodajp eres a framework for incorporating uncertainty and time discounting when calculating offset ratios for impacted habitat restoration ecology vol sustainable development research advances nova publishers new york pp,15
+this is supplemented by a longstanding tradition of gps who act as gatekeepers to secondary care and play a strong role in maintaining population health in major administrative reforms merged counties and three municipalities with country functions into five regions whose main responsibility was to deliver hospital care and contract with physicians these reforms also rationalised the number of municipalities from to following these reforms municipalities have a financial stake in the funding of hospital services and are directly responsible for providing longterm elderly care rehabilitation supported or institutional housing for older people public health school health services child dental treatment and some aspects of prevention central government authorities provided guidance on the planning and location of certain hospital medical specialties and there have been efforts at both levels of government to rationalise the number of small hospitals,3
+the total operating revenues for the fishing fleet in the population were estimated to nok billion while the total operating expenses were estimated to nok billion compared to the total catch value of nok billion this indicates that the population of the yearly profitability survey catches nearly of the total catch value with a total operating profit of nok billion in at the same time the fuel and lubrication oil costs have decreased compared to,14
+according to these measures a person is considered poor if he or she lives in a household with a consumption or income level below a nationally established threshold national poverty lines are estimated in local currencies and reflect national standards these thresholds still allow for participation in the normal consumption and living standards of the country but measure poverty in relation to the national average income levels,1
+one solution can consist in creating networks to explore opportunities to enhance uptake of localised solutions through customisation in india the honey bee network helped license the groundnut digger a groundnutsorting machine developed by a farmer to an entrepreneur for the purpose of cleaning beaches such networks are particularly relevant to the discussion of policy options supporting inclusive innovation chapter as nationallevel support for smallscale projects is difficult to obtain while policy support for reaching scale can be substantial,9
+knowing that their wages will be imposed on nonmembers through statutory extension unions are less likely to moderate their claims and employers are more likely to agree to them the experience with the jobs strategy shed relatively little light on the effect of changing such arrangements since in most countries such institutional arrangements change little over time the labour market outcomes of countries that had already weakened or abandoned such procedures before the jobs strategy such as new zealand and australia were positive however and the concern with legal extensions was retained in the revised jobs strategy some though not all empirical studies have found that high labour taxes are associated with higher unemployment rates belot and van ours nickell and elmeskov et al,8
+data from table show that of all poor households receive the assistance of the dibao programme as do of nonpoor households after adding dibao to household income poverty rates do not decrease very much on the other hand the targeting efficiency of the dibao programme is very low which points to the conclusion that the effect of the dibao programme on reducing inequality has been limited,10
+china has taken world leadership in the development of renewable energy and india has significantly increased its installed capacity of renewable energy sources while asean possesses a largely untapped potential according to the iea c the unexploited potential for hydropower in southeast asia is particularly substantial for instance lao pdr alone has an estimated hydropower potential of gw while the current installed capacity stood at a mere gw in,7
+the paper concludes by discussing the conflicts and tradeoffs encountered in assessing effectiveness and a possible way forward in balancing multiple views and priorities par consequent les avis divergent sur ce que signifie un financement climatique efficace ainsi que sur la fa on dont cette efficacite peut etre evaluee ce rapport etudie comment differents milieux ou communautes considerent l efficacite du financement climatique ainsi que les politiques ou les prealables institutionnels qui la favorisent et les methodes actuellement utilisees pour assurer le suivi et revaluation de cette efficacite,13
+the principal driver of this regressive effect was a lack of regular gmi adjustments the same is true in the united states the beneficial effect of some of the bushera tax cuts on higherincome earners was mainly felt at incomes above the range shown in the graph the main message from the graph is one of highly progressive redistribution changes in the united states and flat or regressive changes in most european countries the only exception is france where lowearning families with children but unlike in the united states not those with zero earnings benefited substantially from an employmentfriendly reform of the gmi benefit which among other things incentivised lowincome families to combine work with benefit receipt by reducing benefit withdrawal rates,10
+given these figures it could be argued that latvia has had more fiscal space to devote to health system investment than other oecd economies the proportion of gdp to the public sector in latvia is much lower than the average of all european oecd countries excluding turkey at in oecd d and latvia spends of public expenditure in health a smaller share than any oecd countries figure at the other end of the spectrum the share is over in new zealand switzerland the netherlands and the united states,3
+stakeholder engagement through inclusive water governance is increasingly recognised as critical to secure support for reforms raise awareness about water risks and costs increase users willingness to pay and to handle conflicts striving for consensus through collaborative governance can pave the way for action provided safeguards to enable participation and equal representation of all stakeholders are provided for policy instruments to address point source and diffuse source pollution are different due to their different characteristics,6
+more than disabled south africans aged between and are still not in school or receiving training this analysis and other similar literature reviews and policy papers highlight a range of key factors that governments need to address if they are to implement article and build inclusive education systems in their countries it is interesting that despite his having adopted a critical stance to the efficacy of inclusive education mitchells findings are largely supportive and his recommendations are of general use from the international literature surveyed mainly drawn from australia canada new zealand uk and usa the conclusions outlined in box emerged the education of disabled students is a complex process with many interrelated elements most of which apply to education in general and some of which are specific to disabled students inclusive education goes far beyond the physical placement of disabled students in general classrooms it requires nothing less than the transformation of regular education by promoting positive school classroom cultures and structures together with evidencebased practices,4
+when teachers work together regularly collaboration becomes a tool for recording learning and sharing good practice this is in line with the development of professional learning communities for teachers which collaboratively analyse pedagogy and lesson content in order to continually refine practice much of the professional learning is embedded in daily activities such as team teaching curriculum building multidisciplinary teams of teachers working collaboratively to design an integrated multidisciplinary programme of study collaborative lesson planning and team meetings,4
+the schools now also have to provide written information about the pupil s results in relation to the national goals to make the pupils results clearer for the parents the focus is further development in subjects and included didactic perspectives and skills teachers can keep of their salary while furthering their education in a subject that they teach,4
+revising and implementing renewable energy law moving towards more dynamic electricity pricing dsm measures and preferential dispatching the central governments tight grip on pricing is a key challenge that could undermine its own efforts to enlarge the countrys transmission and flexible generation capacity measures undertaken are usually heavily administrative change is driven by targetsetting rather than market forces,7
+at the same time landuse and planning have important implications for housing policy on the one hand they have direct effects on spatial segregation on the other they can limit the responsiveness of housing supply to other housing programmes by increasing the amount of time and the number of bureaucratic steps needed to obtain building permits oecd furthermore when landuse and planning restrictions limit housing supply land and housing prices will capture the value of housing subsidies with perverse effects on wealth distribution moreover multiple levels of government are responsible for executing regulating and sometimes delivering these policies this high degree of complexity might lead to contrasting objectives and goals with loss of efficiency and potentially wider negative effects on the economy this paper identifies the main challenges faced by households in accessing goodquality affordable housing and analyses the housing policies put in place by oecd countries to understand the degree to which they share social policy objectives and pursue them through the implemented policy mix,11
+it will take sound policies a holistic approach and longterm commitment from all development actors to achieve women s economic empowerment it will never be a quick fix good practice in propoor growth is about addressing these goals as mutually supportive rather than as mutually exclusive for example women s economic rights can be strengthened by improving national administrative and legal frameworks relating to land inheritance and property rights,5
+in particular they need to give priority to those teachers who have a permanent nomination and take into account their seniority teachers apply directly to schools andor school boards and the hiring procedure typically involves interviews by the school board flemish ministry of education and tvaining this can occur with acceptable qualifications if the individual has a teaching degree for the relevant level of education but in a different field of study or with other qualifications when the individual has a degree other than a teaching degree andor some relevant professional experience,4
+however some countries that did not enjoy significant economic growth were also successful in reducing poverty this shows that economic growth by itself cannot explain poverty changes and that income inequality is of paramount importance as a poverty reduction factor after decomposing the poverty changes caused by economic growth and by shifts in inequality they concluded that it was the rich who profited most from economic growth as the average income of the wealthiest increased by more than the average income overall,1
+public concessional funds flowing from developed to developing countries to address climate change are estimated to be usd billion per year in of this funding for adaptation is estimated to be only a small fraction annual financial flows for adaptation are estimated to be on the order of usd to usd million per year oecd la corfeemorlot et al each member country had its own interpretation of this concept and would not likely agree on a common baseline against which to establish additionality the dac has an active role to play in helping to clarify key concepts and relevant terminology to facilitate a dialogue on this issue see for example enting and ilarmeling and further discussion in section,13
+patients can choose any gp but as there is no gatekeeping system they can also choose to visit any medical specialist directly there are low outpatient contacts per person in and weak primary care governance eg lack of state inspection supportive primary care policies there is also relative underdevelopment of the primary care workforce with low income levels relative to specialists more positively the primary care system has been judged to be relatively effective and efficient in regard to coordination and comprehensiveness of care ktingos et al kringosetal,3
+this lack of access to the digital world puts young people at a grave disadvantage i have been in numerous situations where the lack of internet access was a serious problem unless these gaps in access and skills are identified and closed rather than being an equalizer of opportunity connectivity may deepen inequity reinforcing intergenerational cycles of deprivation,9
+these plants are operated in a frequency sensitive mode which will result in active power output changes in response to a change in system frequency to recover the target frequency reserves regulated by balancing markets play their role as part of the solidarity principle within the whole interconnected area with many control areas combined and participate in the primary adjustment regardless of the area where the fault originated the union for the coordination of the transmission of electricity ucte recommends a primary control reserve margin of about of the total installed capacity in an electricity generation system and that primary reserves are distributed homogeneously over the synchronous area,7
+after excluding countries that had already achieved a low level of malnutrition the th percentile among all the rates of improvement was selected as an ambitious rate of improvement but also one that has proven to be feasible in a large number of countries this th percentile of the annual rate of improvement was then applied to the baseline prevalence globally to calculate a new target for two of the indicators low birthweight and anaemia in women of reproductive age the past rate of improvement has been too slow to achieve the wha target even by thus for these indicators the revised target is the same as the target since the level of ambition for should not be less than that agreed upon for,2
+however public policies alter income inequality even when no interpersonal transfer takes place for instance a progressive tax reduces inequality by itself even if the proceeds are not used to finance transfers while a lumpsum tax increases it one would generally expect a fairly close correspondence between benefit expenditures and tax revenues needed to finance them,10
+this chapter outlines this complex financial landscape and the potential for countries to take action to tap the potential synergies among growing new sources of environment finance and traditional sources of development finance transitioning to loivcarbon climateresilient and sustainable development pathways requires a holistic approach to finance and investment shifting public and private finance from brown to green investments scalingup green finance and integrating environmental considerations into all relevant investments and government activities the impact of these changes may fall indiscriminately across countries population groups and generations affecting in particular the poorest the most vulnerable and those who have limited control over and responsibility for possible solutions,13
+on the other hand the incubators operated by afem the ebwa and the jfbpw are incubating as many women s enterprises as of the mainstream business incubators combined this suggests that when women s enterprises are specifically targeted for incubation and the entrepreneurs are provided with preincubation preparation women s business incubators can be instrumental in producing a pipeline of viable jobcreating enterprises with potential for growth donors and international organisations have been vital in promoting the provision of bds and incubation services to women entrepreneurs in the developing mena economies donorsupported msme projects often set targets for the inclusion of women among beneficiaries such as the cidafunded eedp project through el mobadara in addition special bds projects targeting women are largely donorfunded such as the business development center in the bwfpalestine cherie blair foundation for women and the entreelles in regions project in morocco giz,5
+although several studies analyse child poverty dynamics in single countries eg ashworth et al yet a crossnational perspective provides reference points for national results it also helps explore the effects of varied policy environments or at the very least formulate relevant questions about policy effects see valletta the study analyses the extent of mobility along deciles of the income distribution investigates if income growth among children has been propoor and if income mobility may have offset income inequality among children,1
+meeting water governance challenges calls for a mix of wellintegrated policy measures this can be difficult to achieve in a context of fragmented responsibilities among various public actors as decisions are made at different territorial levels international national regional municipal basin etc greater policy coherence is called for both horizontally and vertically among different institutions,6
+in the united kingdom denmark and japan there is larger mobility at the bottom but there is some sticky ceiling at the top in the remaining countries except chile the situation stands at the average of the cardinal points mentioned above chile and israel stand out with a very specific pattern of high mobility at the top and at the bottom this is partly to be related to the income distribution in these countries with incomes highly concentrated at the very top,10
+while underreporting and misclassification may bias both the absolute level and the distribution of benefit recipiency the impact on the distribution of benefits is likely to be smaller this is akin to calculating the likelihood of benefit receipt for subgroups of unemployed persons with particular demographic and labour market characteristics relative to the average for the purposes of this section the distribution of benefit recipiency is shown according to gender age and migrant status as well as according to the work experience and work status before becoming unemployed and the length of time unemployed,10
+among other things it considers how responsibilities for school organisation and operation are distributed how school quality assurance and development are structured eg school selfevaluation externality in quality assurance how school leadership is organised distributed and prepared how resources in schools are organised to create environments conducive to effective teaching and learning eg organisation of learning outreach to parents and communities and how school facilities and materials are used to support such environments eg use of school facilities outside instruction hours in uruguay of yearolds sitting the pisa assessment were enrolled in lower secondary education and in upper secondary education almost all students who sat the pisa assessment followed a general programme oecd a tables iv and iv,4
+if urgent measures are not taken this will be a recurrent event for years to come green tides are not the cause but the unintentional consequence of coastal eutrophication with the presence of sufficient nutrients and solar energy these opportunistic species with a welladapted anatomy morphology and physiology will proliferate obviously it would be beneficial to reduce nutrient loading at the source but this may not be possible in the present context of economic development along the coastal zone of china,14
+in reality the proponents of these views have not only sought to undermine womens rights but have simultaneously adopted policies that erode the conditions that enable families and their members to thrive it is through families that people share resources such as housing and income look after those who are sick and frail and reproduce nurture and care for the next generation families can be places of love and affection and pivotal for each members sense of identity and belonging over their lifetimes around one in three women can expect to experience physical or sexual abuse at the hands of an intimate partner,5
+family members delay visiting a doctor or do not seek help at all mainly for financial reasons fortyfive per cent of the poorest quintile found it difficult or even impossible to pay for health care world bank a in kazakhstan the loss of purchasing power was already visible in slightly lower consumption in the first half of real consumption decreased by per cent compared to same period in,1
+theory and experience shows that individual quotas often lead to resource conservation as they eliminate the race to fish improve safety reduce gear conflicts and loss lead to greater economic stability and improve the quality of the fish landed having the quotas transferable further lowers operating costs improves resources rents and the investment climate reduces fleet capacity and increases profitability but there might be social objectives that call for limitation on the transferability of quotas,14
+the un law of the sea governs some aspects such as the mile zones around coasts and the right to exploit the continental shelf but in theory anyone can travel the rest of the world s seas and exploit their resources relatively unhindered governing a shared global resource like fish poses special problems conservation efforts by one group can be worthless if the only result is to allow another a bigger share of the catch,14
+yet in all three regions continued groundwater depletion also shows that endogenous water risks have not been satisfactorily addressed by farmers or companies in the above section the behaviour of companies and farmers was analysed separately to understand the type of incentives they may respond to facing a possible but generally known risk however the risk is not only uncertain but it may also be perceived differently by different fanners and companies depending on their level of infonnation and degree of risk aversion for instance fanners may believe that water risks are higher than companies do,6
+technical standards are not harmonised industry associations advocating clean energy are weak and there is consumer scepticism about the benefits of clean energy technologies there is also little information on the effectiveness of various incentives and tax mechanisms access to funding from multilateral banks or financial institutions is weak project sponsors lack experience in preparing loan and funding requests,7
+again programmes emphasizing onetoone and group education are likely to be most beneficial and might initially be based on geographically identified areas of high need simple lowcost interventions reorganising the way screening services are offered in primary care clinics have been shown to be effective in increasing uptake rates amongst disadvantaged localities at least in the short term roetzbeim et al the czech republic needs to look for quality improvements across the whole pathway of care for patients with cancer,3
+both analytical and numericallyderived methods are currently in use in implemented regulations to determine stream response to groundwater pumping where detailed numerical groundwater models are available these have been used to determine the impact of pumping on stream depletion elsewhere analytical and graphical methods based on solutions of the groundwater flow problem applied to the case of surface watergroundwater interaction are applied as shown in box,6
+the goal is to ease access to the sector and encourage new entrants at the same time funds from the european maritime and fisheries fund support a move towards sustainable production which takes into account environmental social and economic aspects world s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the fao yearbook fishery and aquaculture statistics both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of chinese production reported to the oecd,14
+this puts them at a disadvantage when they start school it also prevents their mothers from working and helping their families out of poverty the most effective measure that costa rica can take to halt rising inequality and give every child a fair chance to succeed in learning and life is to prioritise the expansion of quality ecec focusing on the most disadvantaged populations in the government established the national network for childcare and development red nacional de cuido y desarrollo infantil redcudi to improve coordination between different public and private providers the new policy framework to guide the development of services for children aged to represents the first attempt to provide a truly comprehensive rightsbased approach to ecec in costa rica,4
+if energy prices fall then the return on the investment falls as well a number of studies report strong linkages between the prices of energy and nonenergy commodities using a variety of methodologies baffes et al this could lead to investments in energyefficient storage systems machinery or management of land,7
+highvoltage power lines are a major source of mortality among birds particularly predatory birds killing more vultures than hunting or trapping activities night lighting has been shown to have significant impacts on populations of nightflying insects furthermore roads are a major source of mortality for various species including hedgehogs snakes and birds particularly during migration seasons in the preparation of national forest inventory was launched no inventory of other plants has ever been prepared in kyrgyzstan,15
+finally given the problems people with criminal records face in finding employment the authorities should consider removing barriers to expunging criminal records of those who have undergone treatment successfully tax policy in the age of automation harvard law policy review vol evidence on the role of urban governance from five oecd countries oecd regional development working papers no,8
+see iea b and iea a for a discussion as a result the ambitious targets by for lowcarbon energy in general and renewable energy on a large scale have considerable implications for competitive energy markets the optimal mix of conventional generation to support increased variable renewable generation and ensure security of electricity supply will be different from the most economic mix prior to the introduction of large amounts of variable energy resources,7
+this period coincides with the first implementation stages of the action plan for prevention and control of deforestation in amazonia legal or ppcdam chapter and of the amazon region protected areas arpa programme box excluding natural monuments wildlife refuge areas areas of relevant ecological interest fauna reserves and private natural heritage reserves which together accounts for of total officially protected area cadastro nacional de unidades de conservagao,15
+again it is important to note how thailand and myanmar define their primary forests as explained above myanmar has the greatest total remaining forest area but has also seen the greatest forest loss among the mekong countries most of the decrease has been in the other naturally regenerated forests with a much smaller portion of deforestation being reported in the remaining primary forests the total population in was million it increased by approximately percent during to with a percent increase in rural population and a percent increase in urban population,15
+the opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the authors all requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights oecdorg the paper outlines existing synergies between climate and development finance and proposes factors to improve coherence for sustainable development with a particular focus on the role of development cooperation providers in the post context the paper contributes to the discussion about how the international community can successfully deliver on the commitments to sustainable development and climate action made in an earlier version of the paper was drafted to foster the discussion on the role of development cooperation providers in relation to climate and sustainable development finance during the annual meeting of the environet on march,13
+in the intervening years first with a serious economic contraction in the s and then with lack of investment funds these countries have not invested very much in building new capacity as a result their power plant is both old and obsolete technologically by contrast china has been building new capacity rapaciously in the past years and even accelerated its capacity building using very high technologies in the s,7
+if the woman converts to islam her nonmuslim husband is not allowed to continue living with her unless he also converts to islam there is no mention of apostasy tunisia does not address this issue however the law states that both future spouses cannot be in one of the impediment cases foreseen by the law,5
+on the back of this initial success and demonstrated demand stargate is seeking investors fora new fund trapezia eis ii with a target of million yet less than per cent out of a total of billion of venture capital funding in the uk and europe is going to companies with a female chief executive recognising an incredible market opportunity in the underserved segment of women entrepreneurs gita patel a dynamic and experienced finance executive created the trapezia eis fund,5
+participation in education is one of the most effective means of overcoming socioeconomic barriers however access to education may be limited by a number of factors poverty rural settings and a lack of flexible delivery options freeing instruction from the constraints of time place and pace has the potential to provide new learning opportunities for many breaking down barriers to accessing education must be thought of as a process of widening participation in education rather than simply widening the audience,4
+studies on benefit takeup regularly find nontakeup rates in the order of or more indicating a significant combined deterrent effect of the various barriers since sa benefits are meant to alleviate poverty but are often not taken up it is useful to take a closer look at the fraction of poor people that these benefits reach to illustrate orders of magnitude figure combines administrative data on benefit recipients with surveybased totals of the number of incomepoor households the resulting proportions are pseudo coverage rates in the sense that they express the relative sizes of two groups that overlap only partially some nonpoor households may receive sa benefits,1
+however exports in were significantly less because of the extraordinarily cold winter with a recordhigh production of electricity that almost depleted the water reserves in the reservoir at the toktogul hydropower station the largest in the country the project started in in soviet times in a completely different context and was designed to meet the demand in electricity and irrigation water for the whole region with the emergence of new independent smaller republics in the plant capacity appeared oversized for single kyrgyzstan and construction has slowed due to financial problems,6
+the pattern is similar for nativeborn and foreignbom workers although the latter appear to benefit from considerably higher returns to tertiary education greater accra the region of the capital had an average monthly wage in the medium range while having the highest levels of education both for ghanaian and foreignbom individuals and years respectively northern brong ahafo and eastern regions demonstrate the highest rates of poverty cooke et al overall the pattern suggests that average educational attainment is positively linked with average real wages for foreignborn workers while the opposite is true for nativeborn workers source authors own work based on ghana statistical service mincertype regressions are undertaken to analyse what characteristics cause the discrepancies in real monthly wages between the foreign and nativeborn workers see table,8
+all requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rightsoecdorg the assessment focusses on the impact of trade facilitation measures in three areas on the amount of foreign valueadded embodied in final domestic demand on the amount of foreign valueadded embodied in the gross exports of a reference country and on the amount of domestic valueadded embodied in foreign final demand for agriculture and primary products low tech industries mediumlow tech industries and high and mediumhigh tech industries a small increase of in tfis performance could potentially generate increases in a country s valueadded imports in a range of between and while in the case of exports these increases could range between and,9
+fourth resourcing strategies need to be developed with the adequate assessment of the extra resources needed to educate a student with special needs one priority is the establishment of special schools at the secondary education level there is no reason to assume that students with special needs cannot aspire to reach secondary education this requires early intervention and coordinated strategies for equity to compress sociocultural differences in achievement requires structured programmes in early childhood care and education extending upwards into primary school ensuring that schools provide their students with adequate and timely support is essential to enable struggling students not only to stay at school but to get the most of their schooling years,4
+structural transformation requires an increase in both the quantity and the quality of energy supply in line with producers demand and needs to avoid it acting as a constraint on the development of new and existing productive activities the enabling role of energy in structural transformation requires a continuous and reliable supply of energy for productive uses this means in particular highquality and wellmaintained infrastructure for electricity generation transmission and distribution,7
+part of the reason for this is that we have not yet figured out reliable methods of accreditation so that it is difficult for learners to convert their mooc experience into qualifications that are relevant in the labour market holm keller former vice president of leuphana university in germany developed an interesting collaborative variant of a mooc for pisa called pisa u he asked potential learners most of them professional educators to subscribe to a course and then grouped them based on an algorithm so that members of the group shared common aspirations about their education goals but were as diverse as possible in virtually every other way those diverse groups then identified and worked on problems collaboratively with each individual supported by an online mentor and each group supported by an experienced tutor,4
+sustainable management of water and sanitation underpins wider efforts to end poverty advance sustainable development and sustain peace and stability the world is not on track to achieve the global sdg targets by at the current rate of progress national governments must decide how to incorporate sdg targets into national planning processes policies and strategies and set their own targets taking into account local circumstances data underpin good water governance,6
+in the netherlands charges apply to industrial and municipal discharges to state waters they are linked with pollution loads which are computed based on coefficients and converted into population equivalent pe these systems were initially set up to recover the administrative costs of licensing monitoring and enforcement but in recent years incentives for license holders to continuously reduce their discharges to water have become prominent in new south wales a loadbased licensing lbl scheme was introduced in to link license fees to pollutant emissions and to provide incentives to drive down pollution,6
+in addition the free choice reform with a free establishment right for providers has tended to concentrate physicians in urban areas the number of patients in sweden reporting they have had to seek hospital emergency care because a primary care physician was not available is considerably higher than in most other eu countries van den berg et al also afterhour accessibility to primary care is often limited and unnecessary hospital emergency department visits for minor problems is a common complaint among both patients and health care professionals commonwealth fund however the number of specialist nurses and other advance practice nurses remains low and the number of new nurses graduating with specialty training and an advanced degree has fallen since,3
+vice versa top inequality is measured as yny for n income data refer to cash income excluding imputed components such as home production and imputed rents this includes earnings broken down into those of the household head of the spouse and of other household members selfemployment income capital income rents dividends and interest the figures for public transfers and household taxes are also included which allow to distinguish market and disposable income measured after taxes and transfers,10
+the strategy for micro regions introduced in has improved ministerial coordination efforts to assist a selected number of rural regions characterised by high levels of marginalisation the strategy involves a mix of measures that combine social emergency relief improvement of the infrastructure of public and basic services such as health education electricity and water housing improvements and support to the competitiveness of local activities particular emphasis has been placed on the poorest municipalities of the country many of which have a high share of the indigenous population the programme for the development of priority zones programa para el desarrollo de zonas prioritarias has been the main initiative of the micro region strategy,1
+the government of india has made sure that productive processes are efficient or less energyintensive than standard ones this applies particularly to the agricultural sector which has been encouraged to use economically viable irrigation pump sets and other energyefficient farming equipment according to the integrated energy policy iep correct implementation of demandside management policies could save up to an estimated of electricity consumption the legal framework for this iep was provided by the indian energy conservation act the aim of which was to accelerate energy efficiency in india,7
+a cohort study in the united kingdom provides evidence for a causal link showing that a third of people who showed symptoms of arthritis had left work due to ill health oxford economics workers who report arthritis or back pain have mean lost productive times of hours per week in the united states stewart el al another us study showed arthritis to be associated with a hour work loss per day goetzel et al,3
+an equity financing gap which hinders the capacity of women to fund innovative ventures a networking gap generated by the low numbers of women entrepreneurs in innovationintensive industries and by the low visibility of successful innovative women several countries are taking concrete steps to promote women innovators and highgrowth entrepreneurs european commission recognising that economic growth relies on the continuous marketing and application of new ideas many of which women generate,5
+forest fire detection systems cover the entire country this initiative could help fill brazil s gap in economic valuation of biodiversity and build consensus on the benefits of maintaining functioning ecosystems this in turn would contribute to raising the political and social support that is needed to mainstream biodiversity effectively in the development agenda there has been a gradual shift from a strict fenceandprotect and enforcement approach to a sustainable development approach that identifies biodiversity priority regions and recognises the role of rural traditional and indigenous communities in maintaining the provision of ecosystem services,15
+on the other hand the abandonment of traditional mowing and grazing practices in the other nordic countries during the last century has resulted in severe losses of seminatural grasslands and their associated species today agriculture forestry infrastructure development invasive species overgrazing tourism and urbanization put pressure on all habitat types in the nordic countries hagen et al a changing climate with increasing risks for natural hazards like flooding and landslides may increase the extent of degraded land schiermeier,15
+the fullcost fees charged by private higher education institutions for similar programmes would range from usd to usd depending on their internationallocal components higher education analysts have voiced concern regarding the amount of government subsidy and the extent to which it is sustainable given that higher education costs will continue to rise universally rm access and equity in higher education malaysia,4
+it begins with an exploration of the origins of cities providing an understanding of the main focus of urban policies this is followed by an examination of urban planning challenges and possible ways to improve urban planning practice in the country the largest section of this chapter focuses on possible responses to urban development challenges,11
+the directive further requires that member states adopt waste management plans and waste prevention programmes the issue of plastic waste is spread over the legislation for instance the separate plastic waste collection target in the waste framework directive and the household waste collection target by when it comes to packaging which includes the largest plastic waste stream the eu packaging and packaging waste directive was the first directive that put forward quantified targets for certain substances in packaging as well as prescribing by what means packaging waste should be recycled or recovered the directive also includes qualitative objectives for the prevention of packaging waste and promoting of reuse this is also put forward in article and furthermore by allowing for the introduction of the extended producer responsibility epr on packaging in article and article of the packaging and packaging waste directive ec,12
+various initiatives for curating and guiding quality in producing oer and for assigning userelated metatags exist including an initiative in the united states to ensure alignment to the standards of the common core curriculum as stated by wiley it is not necessarily the open licence that guarantees the resource will be fit for purpose but how the original resources can further be adapted with the aim of improving learning wiley the dynamic characteristics of oer lead to questions regarding how the process can be made transparent and how quality can be maintained over time therefore openness should lead to continual improvement as oer are continuously being improved remixed repurposed and eventually republished there is no point in time when they reach their peak of maturity richter and veith,4
+the point of departure is based on what is considered to be of most importance in a nordic context such as aspects related to common natural resources common resource use common cultural and behaviour aspects and common governance aspects examples discussed have been tourism and recreation forestry including industrial to mountain forests fjallnara skog various agricultural activities reindeer husbandry aquaculture fishery marine areas and coastal zones urban areas and urban sprawl also marshlands fens and natural pastures of the fennoscandic type might be among those most important because they depend on the development trend in forestry and agriculture towards larger units and more intensive production and common natural resource use such as marine areas and land use activities that also affect crossborder habitats of species and ultimately ecosystem services effects of energy production and infrastructure and invasive alien species might be aspects to include here,15
+some of these efforts were undertaken through the national water commission conagua s technical council the council is an interministerial body in charge of approving and evaluating the commission s programmes projects budget and operations as well as coordinating water policies and defining common strategies across multiple ministries and agencies semarnat sedesol secretary of agriculture livestock rural development fisheries and food sagarpa treasury energy conafor and imta,6
+the creation of boards of trustees opens up avenues for improved transparency and reporting procedures at the school level but their roles are still unclear additional funds need to be spent wisely and go alongside improving the efficiency of public funds use investments should be prioritised to the early educational years as well as to equity and qualityenhancing aspects another priority should be the strengthening of the performance monitoring and accountability mechanisms in the education system also the budget envelope should be increased only slowly in parallel with the increase of the capacity of the system to absorb new programmes and new approaches,4
+they are also responsible for supervising the water boards and have a broader task in spatial planning the water boards which arc the oldest democratic institutions in the netherlands have as their core task the operational management of the water system the municipalities arc responsible for operational water management drinking water management is the responsibility of the ministry of health the most relevant ministries and agencies cooperate in guiding regional authorities in their work under the eu wfd eleven county municipalities are appointed as regional competent authorities under the directive,6
+accordingly the standard threshold was set in accordance with the traditional metrics of deprivation in rural areas while taking care to avoid distorting the degree of rights enforceability overly strict this means that each depriv as an indicator of poverty because it violates or infringes at least one right by ratifying the convention on the rights of the child states undertake to devote the maximum available resources to comply with all child rights which includes defraying healthcare and other costs that households find difficult to pay and to ensure that no discrimination exists,1
+a study of the city of toronto and its metropolitan area conducted in gives an idea of the costs that congestion can produce oecd b the average commuting time in toronto was one of the highest among metropolitan regions in the oecd with congestion imposing costs estimated at cad billion per year in particular it focuses on the development of efficient public transportation systems implementing pricing and other mechanisms for affecting vehicle ownership and use incorporating new technologies in managing transportation challenges adopting new modes of work and reforming land use and urban planning the development of bus and rail networks can therefore play an important role in reducing traffic congestion,11
+by this definition approximately million of the eus million people are currently living in jobless households but in a start was made towards monitoring child poverty after consultations a set of indicators specific to the lives of children was included as a special module in the round of the european union statistics on income and living conditions eusilc,1
+as such there is a need for a thorough qualitative comprehensive informantbased analysis with longterm policy implications that covers the arab countries from a regional perspective this study attempts to fill this gap both by shedding light on the structural and contextual conditions that allow for the occurrence of child marriage in the region in times of peace as well as in the context of humanitarian crises and by exploring the consequences of child marriage for girls in both conflict and postconflict settings the study attempts to distinguish between on the one hand structural determinants of child marriage that have long been present in many arab countries such as embedded gender imbalances and institutionalized inequalities and on the other hand contextual determinants of child marriage that result from situations of displacement conflict and instability compounded by extreme poverty the overall aim is to strengthen the capacities of arab policymakers and advocacy groups to prevent protect from and respond to child marriage as a form of gender based violence gbv and as a human rights violation,5
+this near universal access means that televised educational content has the greatest chance of reaching the most students in disadvantaged and rural areas as of december thailand had million mobile subscribers leesanguansuk it currently has the third highest mobile broadband penetration rate among association of southeast asian nations asean countries around million users and will become the second largest mobile broadband subscriber in southeast asia after singapore once the rollout of the highspeed fourth generation g network is complete thailand should continue its digital investments in both making sure it balances spending between expenditure on devices and internet access and expenditure on technical maintenance costs for schools,4
+the same is true of policies dealing with urban form and the built environment while national standards may be needed much depends on the nature of the existing buildings in a given place the materials available and the framework for zoning and land use oecd the funds for renewable energy companies that were available through the us stimulus bill of are set to end much has been made of the us federal government s loans to renewable energy firms that later went bankrupt defaulting on the loans however the us federal government has an important role in providing the conditions that would support longterm green private sector growth,7
+this requires government involvement in creating standards on the one hand they can ensure that the process of how personal consumer information is shared among companies is transparent on the other hand public bodies are well placed to ensure the delicate balance between security and the necessary openness of cyberspace cybersecurity is increasingly viewed as a public good that can only be generated through binding regulation while smes that can meet standards will benefit creating an additional requirement for participating in trade means firms that cannot comply will be left further behind microsoft developed and shared good practices in the secure development lifecycle the open web application security project a nonprofit organization develops voluntary security standards that are open and free to use in switzerland the reporting and analysis centre for information assurance melani a government agency provides support for the security of computer systems the internet and protection of critical national infrastructures,9
+the degree to which the questions of the survey were answered by the authorities differs and hence it was not possible to analyze every element selected for review for the group of or even capital cities united nations statistical division database yet some data like eg such necessary to examine the demand for motorized and nonmotorized transport were estimated based on modal spilt information available for many of the cities of the european union region,11
+for this purpose the stated capacity increase of wind and pv power plants is divided by the increase of the stated grid reinforcement costs or the difference of the stated grid costs no additional costs for information and communication technologies which are required for the implementation of smart grids are explicitly considered a striking feature is that the traditional daily weekly and seasonal patterns of the demand load are no longer reflected in the residual load which is dominated by the variability of renewable generation,7
+in general countries urban populations are defined as the residents whose main source of income is not from agriculture or forestry satterthwaite urban population projections often do not include high and lowvariant estimations which are typical of world population projections published by the united nations satterthwaite united nations department of economic and social affairs population division moreover the traditional urbanrural dichotomy has become increasingly inadequate for distinguishing between urban and rural settlements,11
+unfortunately the current use of linear regression to derive estimates does not allow rapid changes in coverage to be captured the increased availability of comparable data now allows for the exploration of more sophisticated modeling in preparation for a new post drinking water target it seems likely that jmp may envisage the adoption of more reliable data estimation methods for calculating water and sanitation targets and indicators as developed in a post development agenda,6
+none of this is possible without good teachers in order to achieve these goals teaching needs to be seen as a prestigious and selective profession prospective teachers need only demonstrate a secondaiy school diploma and a certain grade point average on average teacher training candidates obtain low scores on the psu university selection test santiago et al,4
+by motivating and supporting their students to learn and adapting their teaching methods to particular needs of immigrant and refugee students they can help improve academic and wellbeing outcomes of their students they need tools and guidance to help them adapt their teaching strategies to the needs of immigrant and refugee students in sweden schools have considerable decisionmaking autonomy in particular in pedagogy and curriculum implementation and resource management they are thus key actors in reducing the gap between immigrant and native students,4
+a system of public cofinancing for some environmental ngos activities was established in a recent poll found that only of the population was aware of the public consultation process on management plans under the water framework directive half of the people interviewed expressed an intention to participate european commission it would be useful to examine ways of developing a volunteer culture in luxembourg,6
+the sendai framework on disaster risk reduction sets out global targets and priorities for action to reduce disaster related risk including improving resilience and protecting the environment unisdr finally the paris agreement on climate change unfccc set a new course on international cooperation to address climate change the implications of these agreements go beyond development cooperation to shape policy making in all countries developed and developing sending signals to investors business local authorities and communities that a new environmentally sustainable way of doing business is emerging when implemented the international agreements will shape a new era of development cooperation building on the experience of the past decades and reorienting development to address the drivers of poverty from inequality and climate change to resource degradation conflict and overconsumption,13
+figure illustrates different patterns of urban areas the ongoing debate on the environmental benefits of compact urban areas partly originates from the fact that the notion of compactness covers various dimensions findings and conclusions may well vary with the studied urban structure indicator air pollutant and measure of pollution ie concentration or emission levels in addition to environmental improvements continuous urban areas may induce benefits such as energy savings lower costs of maintenance for energy and transport systems improvement of quality of life through local services and jobs and more efficient infrastructure investments oecd a in this respect a compact urban area given its proximate development is expected to produce lower emissions of transportrelated pollutants compared to a fragmented urban area eg urban area and urban area,11
+depicting a new foundational infrastructure layer for the currently implemented carbon certificate systems eg eu ets a far more flexible and deeply entrenched certification and trading service can be established across all markets quota rules and certificate circulation can be controlled by the rules defined in smart contracts which enforce certificaterelated transactions in an automated fashion on the other hand climatemitigating investments eg forests and wetlands could be sources of carbon credits which could be monetised by creating tracking and trading newly generated credits using blockchain technology,9
+the government is taking this challenge seriously and has introduced a number of key policies to raise the status and quality of teachers the most significant of these policies is the law on teachers and lecturers law no the law on teachers and lecturers requires all teachers to hold an academic bachelor s degree and to successfully achieve certification,4
+se ha dedicado una section especifica a las pensiones no contributivas su evolution en todo el mundoy su potencial para solucionar las deficiencias existentes en el acceso a la proteccion de las personas de edad avanzada de los diferentes grupos de ingresos y genero por ultimo se analizan algunos de los componentes mas relevantes incorporados a los sistemas de pensiones contributivas a fin de protegera las mujeres en el seno de la familia incluido el derecho de lasmujeresviudasydivorciadasa recibiruna pension y los creditos de cotizacion para las y los cuidadores dado que las mujeres cuentan con historiales contributivos mas limitados y que su esperanza de vida supera a la de los hombres las politicas que refuerzan los requisitos contributivos o hacen hincapie en el ahorro individual pueden dificultar la obtencion de prestaciones adecuadas por parte de las mujeres,5
+onesizefitsall often proved to be a straitjacket development and poverty reduction are pathdependent processes and the effectiveness of certain policies or marketinduced changes depends on previous events the optimal sequence has to be countryspecific and in an uncertain world a good deal of experimentation will be inevitable,1
+kazakhstan reacted quickly and introduced a public works programme together with retraining and internship activities see section above they protect the incomes of the poor and at the same invest in infrastructure building or social service provision they are especially appropriate in a situation of high unemployment,1
+established in these courses used to be offered by various institutions including schools training centres and polytechnics and enlisted more than participants in as of polytechnics are no longer authorised to offer these courses student numbers declined that year to,4
+furthermore universiti sains malaysia s school of distance learning was the first distance learning programme at the tertiary level in malaysia there is a lack of a regionwide coordinating structures and mechanisms to articulate a longterm vision and implement an integrated development strategy for all educational institutions as a consequence federal policy is vertically linked with each higher education institution with limited attention to horizontal relationships among institutions within a region,4
+in order to ensure that the institutional activity reflects not only national but also the state and regional needs and priorities to reduce duplication of efforts and to improve better planning and reporting direct state involvement in compact discussions would be desirable the victorian government will need to carefully balance the provision of regional education with the projected demand growth or reduction in order to focus tertiary education provision on local needs rather than maintaining existing university campuses or opening additional campuses as an intermediate step support should be provided for tertiary education learning and extension centres that draw on a range of providers,4
+chapter provides an overview of the most relevant frameworks to support business in providing accountability to their stakeholders the corporate register database collects the environmental sustainability and integrated reports most of the worlds largest organizations it has collected almost reports the majority of which almost reports come from europe figure shows how the content of these reports has moved gradually from an almost exclusive focus on environmental issues towards a more holistic approach involving the reporting of social and economic issues as well,12
+in it issued general recommendation no the committee offered a series of comments concerning genderbased violence and suggested that states parties take these into account in reviewing their laws and policies and reporting under the convention it affirms that violence against women violates impairs or nullifies women s human rights and their exercise of fundamental freedoms,5
+building on progress being made through technical advances fisheries management and the eaf the hope is to address the longstanding issue of food loss and undue damage to the ecosystems caused by bycatch and discards success will depend on combined efforts by governments civil society the private sector fishers and consumers in applying contextspecific solutions these policies aim to restore badly overfished and damaged marine and coastal resources in the respective countries a crucial element in this development has been capacity building of key stakeholders through the processes of the ecosystem approach to fisheries eaf,14
+altogether participants from partners have undertaken a course run by the academy formal education courses on offer to tourism are now more relevant than was the case in close continuous contact with the national tourism organisations and industry organisations have proved decisive in creating relevance ownership and popularity there has been a change of attitude towards greater recognition that continuing education is an investment that pays dividends in terms of both job satisfaction and the bottom line for the business,8
+several developing countries have iterated their concern regarding availability of climate finance to achieve the more ambitious goal this presents a significant challenges for both domestic as well as international investments and finance one approach to ensuring that investments are compatible with the goal of well below c is to develop and apply criteria for individual projects,13
+however as the penetration of variable renewables in the system grows they will need to become normal actors in the overall energy markets it opened the opportunity for renewable energy generators under the fit scheme to opt for selling electricity directly into the market this has been applied in particular for wind farms under the market premium model a wind farm sells its produced output to a third party at the market price rather than selling it to the grid operator at the regulated feedintariff,7
+overall costs of air pollution from carbonbased sources are orders of magnitude higher than those from noncarbonbased ones and the air pollution costs of coalbased electricity are much higher than those from other carbonbased fuels see table below from until s emissions from electricity generators under the us environmental protection agency s trading programmes have thus fallen by from approximately million tonnes to mt and nox emissions by from approximately mt to mt in the same time frame in comparison road transport accounts for deaths per year the electricity sector also accounts for of nh ammonia emissions and of s sulphur dioxide emissions,7
+their average size is relatively small panel d and the number of small hospitals is high despite their relatively lower efficiency and fewer innovative practices gobillon and milcent and according to oecd evidence the average costs of some surgical acts are higher than in other european countries koechlin et al as in many other oecd countries oecd c and in line with oecd recommendations oecd a diagnosisrelated group drg payment scheme was phased in during replacing the previous system of global grants and daily allowances it is complemented by volumebased payments such as fees for emergency services or the use of innovative treatments and addon payments such as investments for teaching research and innovation the maintenance of emergency units prevention and treating risky and lowincome patients,3
+car dominance is higher than in seoul figure currently the bus accounts for around of total commutes compared with only for the subway however as the suwon city government forecasts continued investments in railways mainly the metropolitan subway in the capital area will contribute to reshaping the traffic landscape of the city giving a strong impulse to the city s modal shift towards public transport suwon,11
+this action must begin now with the increasing intensity of climate change impacts building resilience will become ever more difficult delaying the transformation of the agricultural sectors will force poorer countries to fight poverty hunger and climate change at the same time wide adoption of practices such as the use of nitrogenefficient and heattolerant crop varieties zerotillage and integrated soil fertility management would boost productivity and farmers incomes and help lower food prices by one estimate the number of people at risk of undernourishment in developing countries in could be reduced by more than million through widespread use of nitrogenefficient crop varieties alone,2
+the benefits are significant for disadvantaged pupils eg blau and currie according to pisa nativeborn children of immigrants who attended preprimary school are a full year ahead of their peers who stayed at home in terms of reading skills recognising this the provision of costeffective and quality childhood education and care has been on the governments agenda in many oecd countries box these efforts can be continued only a few oecd countries notably new zealand norway and sweden have established such an integrated ecec system under one lead ministry which provides continuous development for preschool children the integration of care and education under the ministry of education influenced the style of curriculum that was developed,4
+hence any preferences given to preexisting abstractionpollution sources should usually be timelimited explicit consideration should therefore be given to the possibility that the regulatory approach could be partially replaced by marketbased instruments taxes or trading systems these taxes provide incentives for polluters and resource users to change their behaviour today they also provide longterm incentives to innovate for a more water secure future tomorrow although water taxes are not strongly supported by the public in all contexts there are various ways in which this support can be increased over time eg through measures to limit negative impacts on the competitiveness of certain sectors andor on income distribution,6
+according to the evidence presented in chapter in the state of morelos the schools located in the smaller cities that are at the periphery of metropolitan areas seem to concentrate poorer student performances and may require greater attention increasing the quality of the teaching and learning that children benefit from in basic education directly affects the rest of their scholastic journey despite the existence of scholarship programmes intended to incentivise attendance improving the transition from basic education to upper secondary education in the state of morelos is an uphill battle the relationship between schools educational resources and mathematics scores in pisa is significant evidence also shows that on average across oecd countries higherperforming students generally attend schools with better educational resources oecd a oecd a educational resources tend to refer to science laboratory equipment instructional materialscomputers andor qualified teachers in key areas whereas physical infrastructure tends to refer to school buildings heating and cooling systems and instructional space,4
+blockchainbased solutions modernise the technology tools available for renewable energy tracking trading and reporting systems while also disintermediating the process and reducing transaction and administrative costs in certificate of origin markets agricultural and natural land screening by combining remote sensing image processing and blockchain technology a verifiable screening of forests and agricultural land can be established the natural carbon sinks can be accounted for in near realtime and payments related to their growth or shrinking can be settled automatically and securely on a blockchainbased platform for example the platform can allow screening for the achievement of company or country level mitigation commitments cli b yet a crowdsourced data platform connected to suitable nano satellites may provide the data for a fraction of today s prices and maintain data integrity initiatives have already started to explore options of using remote sensing to provide earth observation data at low cost and high security stocker,9
+differing from other attempts to assess vulnerability to climate change our assessment only considers the expected impact of climate change on physical variables these variables are of course likely to have socioeconomic consequences but they are not socioeconomic variables the rationale behind such an index is twofold second this physical index does not involve an assessment of the expected impact of climate change on variables such as health and agriculture which unavoidably is highly uncertain and debatable the physical index can simply be seen as an intermediary step to assess the link between climate change and these economic variables,13
+thus clear and transparent competitionbased decisions in the area of merger between health insurers should be secured by being based on published merger assessment methodology the enhanced competition among health insurers has constrained prices of hospital services and outpatient prescription drugs moreover competition among hospitals has increased due to the entry of a substantial number of freestanding clinics zbcs nevertheless health care spending has increased because of a sharp rise in the volume of care including in mental health care box,3
+with the number of vessels and employment continuously falling during the last few years the structural adjustment process is considered to be ongoing the most difficult situation occurs in the cod fishery especially in the western part of the baltic sea although according to the latest stock assessments most of the stocks vital to the danish fishing industry show improvement the western baltic cod stock is still in poor condition,14
+a falling but persistent net ie unexplained wage gap of about in favour of men coupled with underrepresentation of women as managers and entrepreneurs further reduce the incentive for women to take full advantage of their high levels of human capital priority should be given to removing those barriers by increasing public spending on childcare and outofschoolhours care at the cantonal and municipal levels existing regulations regarding childcare provision should also be investigated to see whether a broader range of price and quality childcare options is feasible,5
+however responsibilities are often not well defined and incomplete therefore limiting local actions taking down a tree requires the approval of the national government for instance as a result of the lack of a clear national policy framework and welldefmed responsibilities lgus have taken some critical responsibilities in the management of urban utilities such as water supply without efficient legislative framework,11
+the nordic ecolabelling is organized in cooperation between the five nordic countries ie denmark norway sweden finland and iceland all five countries have a national ecolabelling secretariat responsible of each their area of products and services hence a considerable overlap with the gpp criteria and the ecolabelling criteria might be expected,12
+the state will be relying on higher education institutions heis to realise these objectives and will be seeking their increasing engagement both in relation to research and accelerated skills development within the region migration has been both internal and international internal migration from the country s other less developed regions has possibly been higher than that from other countries,4
+in the case of dublin the recently developed portions of the bus network perform better than shared mobility while the older nonurban portions of the network do not perform as well as shared mobility in helsinki replacing current bus feeder services with heavy public transport and replacing low frequency services with shared mobility both improve outcomes all scenarios modelled reduce costs and increase connectivity and access,11
+for some of the larger asean members indonesia and thailand the rate of undernourishment is projected to drop below the threshold that the fao uses to delineate foodinsecure countries fisheries sector production capture fisheries and aquaculture included will play a particularly important role in food security in the asean region over the medium term fish products already form an important part of the regional diet and represent an important source of income for many,2
+these reforms are likely to require longer leadin times before they have the desired effect but can have important implications on the longterm efficiency and productivity of the health care system while it is too early to assess the impact of this measure of hospitals can now report complete drg reimbuxsement data polyzos et al it has also effectively merged all existing individual health insurance schemes into the central eopyy the national organisation for the provision of health services with the intention to merge inherited assets into eopyy as well as streamline administrative and medical staff ec,3
+therefore they affect larger shares of population for instance in switzerland and the netherlands in countries where health coverage is mainly linked to occupation policies ensuring universal access to health coverage are all the more important in times of crisis countries have to make sure that people who lose their job do not lose health coverage at the same time,3
+this chapter highlights the need for effective policy mixes to address the multiple and sometimes cumulative pressures on marine biodiversity it provides a framework for designing and evaluating policy mixes the role of marine spatial planning and other instruments such as fish catch regulations and water pollution control measures are discussed as highlighted in chapter the pressures on marine biodiversity are multiple and stem from different actors public and private sectors and occur at different geographical scales table,14
+the most important justification for liberalizing trade in egs is the improvement in developing country environmental performance for three categories of egs the correlation between the relevant environmental performance index epi and trade is significant at the per cent level these products which are included in the categories of cleanup or remediation of soil and water renewable energy and heat and energy management account for about tariff lines this high correlation could therefore be interpreted to imply that goods in these categories probably are being put to some environmental end use as fdi increases so too does trade in goods related to air pollution control management of solid and hazardous waste and recycling systems cleanup or remediation renewable energy natural risk management and noise and vibration abatement equipment covered by the wto list this high correlation can be explained by the fact that most of these products have dual uses,7
+the level of energy subsidy for any economy is clearly inversely related to the consumption of coal and lignite used in electricity production given the potential welfare gains and improvement to competitiveness as well as the reduced strain on public finances that could be derived from removing these subsidies subsidy reform is a strong motivation for diversifying energy sources specifically towards renewables however it is undeniably a difficult policy choice which requires strong political support and the willingness to take a longterm view,7
+their contents are largely complementary while the primary legal and policy framework for water resources management is in place secondary legislation still needs to be developed for many aspects and practical implementation lags behind requiring stronger institutional cooperation as well as investments nevertheless setting ambitious national targets would be an important measure to drive progress in this area,6
+plastics are by far the most prevalent debris item recorded contributing an estimated to per cent of all marine debris some pieces are large they can be measured in metres and can cause problems such as entanglement however plastic microparticles up to millimetres in size and even smaller nanoparticles up to one millionth of a millimetre are of increasing concern,14
+this infrastructure has also been used to move food to needy communities during emergencies hlpe in ethiopia households with access to both the psnp as well as complementary packages of agricultural support were found more likely to be foodsecure to borrow for productive purposes to use improved agricultural technologies to operate their own nonfarm business activities to achieve higher grain production and to make greater use of fertiliser ifad et al however one evaluation in niger recorded lower body mass index bmi scores for public works participants than for nonparticipating adults in the same household webb cited in hlpe the wage levels set are vitally important for public works as the energy expended performing manual labour reduces the net nutritional impact of the food or cash wages,2
+the estimates came with two caveats a the figures given were preliminary partial estimates of mobilised private climate finance drawing on private cofinancing data associated with public finance interventions as bestavailable evidence at the time of the analysis and b direct cofinancing does not necessarily equate to mobilisation and does not capture the indirect mobilisation effect of capacity building budgetary support and domestic policies in the lead up to this an oecd dac survey in collected data on the amounts mobilised from the private sector through three development finance instruments guarantees syndicated loans and shares in common investment vehicles benn et al the survey focused on development finance generally rather than on climate finance in isolation but it found that over the course of three years to of the finance mobilised through use of these instruments from the private sector was climate related ie around usd billion,13
+international food policy research institute washington dc strategic grain reserves guidelines for their establishment management and operation fao agricultural services bulletin rome orgdocrepw ew e htmcontents price volatility in food and agricultural market policy responses background policy report for the g summit in paris in november rome,2
+for this reason a range of indicators are selected that capture gender inequality at different stages of the life cycle lastly the chapter focuses on the indicators that have been shown to matter for the overall development of the societies eg world bank for this reason not all key issues that affect women s wellbeing and are included in contemporary gender inequality indices could be covered it was not possible for instance to include measures such as income or access to highpaying jobs which are crucial factors for the economic standing of women kabeer what is lost in comparability with presentday indices however is made up for in the longterm perspective despite constraints in data availability there are theoretical and methodological criteria behind the choice of the gender equality variables employed,5
+it revealed that ofsted has little direct control over this aim except regarding statutory provisions for identifying and monitoring schools and regulatory control of childcare findings indicate that wellmanaged providers and those that cause concern are the most likely to benefit from inspections this study provides a more detailed look at the quality of early years settings in england united kingdom,4
+while most countries have no limits for mortality registration some countries impose a lower limit on gestational age andor weight threshold for a death to be counted as a death after live birth this limit is higher for the russian federation weeks than for other countries see oecd results appear to be in the form of confidence intervals lower death rates reached the more problematic groups to yearolds last,3
+education is mostly delivered by publicly funded institutions maintained by the jurisdictions while the federal government provides some funding towards postsecondary education and provides programmes that support skills development education on first nations reserves is delivered by first nations themselves with funding assistance from the federal government investment in educational institutions is slightly above the oecd average,4
+taken together these developments would lead to the emergence of more sustainable production and consumption patterns and thus could provide opportunities for developed and developing countries to achieve economic growth and sustainable development in line with the agenda for sustainable development increasing automation of production processes made possible by icts may cause the displacement of workers by machines and is likely to eliminate routine types of jobs and increase inequality a global net decrease in jobs could be especially challenging for developing countries where unlike developed economies millions of young people are entering the job market every year however developing countries are still lagging behind in terms of ict penetration buying them time to figure out how job loss may be compensated or combatted,9
+distributed energy production should also promote improvements to the grid increasing the interconnections with adjacent regions in the north including neighbouring regions in sweden and finland opening up new business opportunities in those areas affected by slow but constant depopulation and ageing box home to approximately people this seems to be the most proactive municipality in the region when it comes to using re to generate local employment taking advantage of new powers granted to local levels by central government for promoting re deployment see below the storfjord municipality has already developed a local plan for smallscale hydroelectric development steering projects into suitable sites which do not conflict with tourism or the environment they are also thinking about exporting energy to sweden and building a power transmission une and a railway to transport processed minerals from sweden in winter when the north baltic is frozen,7
+where value for money cannot be demonstrated consideration should be given to dropping programmes such as general health checks and redirecting this investment to other health care activities at the same time the low rates of uptake of interventions proven to reduce mortality such as cancer screening point to the need to widen access to professionals and the public and incentivise both to engage in preventive health care more actively the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law some elements of the preventive health care put in place for these conditions is excellent notably the quality control surrounding breast screening the early introduction of screening for colorectal cancer relative to other oecd countries and the surveillance carried out by the czech republic s longstanding cancer registry,3
+in line with the standard discourse employment in industry increased slightly for thaibom workers and considerably for foreignbom workers suggesting increasing industrialisation in thailand s economy and an important role for immigrant labour in this process due to the increased employment opportunities in manufacturing and in other sectors there has been increased female immigration from abroad as well as heightened ruralurban immigration by foreignborn women rather than foreignbom men in general foreignbom workers male and female tend to be present more in the urban areas of thailand with the magnitude increasing over time,8
+however cases of malaria with three cases of death were reported in cases were reported during the last five years after a peak reached in leishmaniasis incidence decreased air monitoring is carried out near major transport and industrial hotspots chapters and transport accounts for per cent of co per cent of nox per cent of so and per cent of vocs in urban areas,3
+this shift coincided with a rising conflict between the agroeconomic coalition represented mainly by the ministry of agriculture which wished to maintain the subsidised water prices for the agricultural sector and the economists coalition represented mainly by the ministry of finance which advocated for an economicbased scale of tariffs as well as a mechanism to regulate the demand and increase the sector s efficiency menachem and gilad this dispute caused years of stalemate between these power centers which left the pricing system for agricultural uses as low and subsidised as possible the main agreed principle was to relate the sector s freshwater price to the average production and supply costs including desalination throughout israel feinerman et al,6
+the effects are particularly salient for girls by their th birthday per cent of girls around the world are already mothers who while per cent are married by age unicef adolescent girls and young women are one of the groups most severely affected by hiv unaids and although gender gaps in access to primary education are closing girls continue to be disadvantaged unesco these outcomes call for a strong focus on adolescent wellbeing in policies and programmes and are supported by a growing body of literature that recognizes adolescence as a critical phase for achieving human potential patton et al,5
+they exclude international students trainees persons on exchange programmes seasonal or contract workers service providers installers and artists or sportsmen entering the country for particular events the application of such a concept considerably improves the international comparability of national statistics since coverage can otherwise vary by a factor of one to three for japan data refer to categories of entry that have a relatively long estimated duration of stay,8
+several recommendations of the nbsap have already been implemented including the adoption of the law on biodiversity protection in amendments to the law on protected areas in and the significant extension of the national environmental network of albania by the designation of new protected areas however the successful implementation of these action plans for conservation would also to a large extent depend on the availability of external funding support the db comprises two thematic sectors the sector of flora fauna and soil and the sector for protected areas and national parks the total number of staff of the db is seven comprising the director and three specialists in each sector,15
+main stakeholders institutions agencies organizations and persons affected by the park presence or who are developing activities within and nearby the park border are represented on the consultative council which holds biannual meetings optionally forest owners could also contract forest management from nfa romsilva it operates under the authority of moef and carries out forestryspecific public and commercial services implementing the national forest strategy in the field,15
+the urban population constituted per cent over the period from the beginning of to the beginning of the urban population had increased by per cent from to the greatest population increase was in the capital city minsk with people or per cent having been added in the last decade,11
+further efforts to strengthen policies targeting efficiency in lighting should therefore be pursued particularly for nonresidential buildings energy intensity adjusted for ppp has improved by per year from to mainly owing to structural changes in industry and the overall economy industrys share was and the residential services and primary sectors accounted for of the total,7
+the urban population has increased rapidly since metropolitan areas and large cities have grown in size and urban challenges have risen in number and complexity these changes demand adaptable planning instruments however the complex administrative procedures for approving or amending regulating plans and the number of documents required when submitting them result in lengthy and intricate administrative and political processes and raise several challenges in the case of the prc the documents to be presented and the number of steps for approval are the same regardless of whether the proposal is a new plan or an amendment to an existing plan approximately twothirds of chile s municipalities are either developing or amending their plans see table,11
+looking at the dimensions separately the good news is that gender equality has been achieved and for some countries surpassed in terms of life expectancy and that some progress has been made in closing the gender gap in marriage ages although structural differences remain between different regions in many developed countries parity has also been achieved in educational attainment however there is still much scope for progress in all the other dimensions,5
+in the urban core and surrounding districts a balance must be stmck between efficient land use through mixeduse development of housing public and commercial facilities and compact development that respects factors such as building winds a right to sunlight and residents health in peripheral areas better access to urban cores and lowdensity development can be achieved through publictransit system and pedestrianfriendly urban design ministry of land transport and maritime affairs ministry of land transport and maritime affairs gyeonggido korea,11
+tables and illustrate an alternative that would establish a target of reaching the oecd and eu averages in greece the evidence suggests that all too often the teacherselection process follows rules about qualifications and seniority that bear little relationship to the qualities needed to be an effective teacher broader selection processes typically including interviews preparation of lesson plans and demonstration of teaching skills would give greater weight to those characteristics that are more directly related to the quality of teaching and learning than the traditional emphases on qualifications and years of experience the accuracy of these recommendations has recently been improved though a new electronic data system,4
+there is also excessive reliance on standardized tests within the system to make decisions that affect people s lives formal education is compulsory for the first nine years of the education system while nonformal education is purely voluntary and informal learning is influenced by parents and culture however they may also work together in a powerful way university preparatory programmes are also needed for example among students whose high schools did not adequately support them as independent learners,4
+the two commissions grant each other observer status the concept of twinning suggested by the netherlands at the second world water forum in in the hague implies that river basin organizations located in different regions of the world have valuable experience to share and that the exchange of such experience could contribute to their institutional strengthening improvement of activities and increased efficiency ultimately such exchange is an instrument contributing to the implementation of iwrm,6
+due to this project however the medical services now respond when symptoms occur medical accessibility has improved and treatment is prescribed to patients when there are changes in their condition thereby contributing to their overall health improvement see figure based on the end of project survey per cent of the participants were satisfied with the service overall and per cent said the service helped improve their health quality care was provided and emergency response was possible with the parttime doctors responding from afar through the telemedicine devices and the monitoring of their patients the pilot project was expanded nationwide in late to nursing homes with more than beds hyun and yang the project investigated the effects of healthpromoting lifestyles of older persons on their health condition feelings of depression and quality of life,3
+for instance the african agricultural technology foundation established a partnership with cimmyt the international maize and wheat improvement center the kenya agricultural research institute basf and ngos to provide herbicide technology to kenyan farmers because climate is a critical factor in applying agricultural technology in the field nars play a very important role in this process the mechanism for distributing scientific knowledge and technology from the cgiar system and centers to farmers through nars has been successful,2
+based on a national methodology oblast akimats classified monotowns into high medium and low categories based on their economic potential box each monotown also prepared a comprehensive development plan hereafter cdp or compleksnie programmi razvitia in russian that details capital investments required to upgrade urban infrastructure roads municipal utility networks and housing and investment projects that could contribute to diversifying the town s economic structure most cdps have the same target indicators unemployment rate number of smes with a real business activity investments in fixed assets by companies rate of degraded municipal utility water sewage district heating and electricity distribution networks sometimes industrial output in volume or population numbers are also target indicators however of monotowns only two janatass and arkalik are classified as having low economic potential other monotowns have high or medium economic potential,11
+similar policies can be devised for such other primary activities as mining as was done for diamond processing in botswana such efforts are likely to be more successful if they are combined with the development of local production clusters based on natural resources and the development of engineering capabilities for domestic production ramos the garment industry for example is typically labourintensive whereas the industry that produces textiles yarns and accessories is increasingly capitalintensive with large economies of scale and scope this makes the development of backward linkages in textiles for the garments sector much more difficult in most ldcs adhikari and yamamoto,8
+however reviewing each in isolation hides the proportion of households lacking access to both improved sanitation and clean fuel as well as obscures the number of households that are deprived in additional areas in the lao peoples democratic republic for example per cent of all households lack access to two opportunities almost half lack access to three or four opportunities while one quarter are deprived in five or six overall in half of the countries at least five per cent of households are severely deprived lacking access to five or six opportunities levels of multiple deprivation are lower among households in north and central asian countries,1
+our reward practices recognize compensating our employees fairly and equitably for the skill set they possess and value contribution as a business imperative in addition sponsorship of country presidents and hr has been crucial in raising awareness and for each country to take action regarding investment required to address gaps a key indicator of this sponsorship was the inclusion of our pay equity vision in schneider electric s planet and society barometer clearly laying out our initial threeyear ambition,8
+the energy target for the period from january to december is set at twh lifetime cumulative savings since the start of the scheme twh of energy certificates have been issued with agriculture accounting for only of the energy certificates issued the scheme integrates three programmes the energy performance plan the modernisation plan for livestock buildings and the plant plan for the environment,7
+other initiatives for capacitybuilding and awareness development could include unit or country office training plans with focused gender sessions that encourage lively and open discussions and debates country offices should prepare gender plans that identify gaps and needs in technical support capacitybuilding joint action and advocacy and collective monitoring that facilitate stronger gender programming these plans should also help to identify areas where undp can draw on expertise and leverage the existing capacities of other united nations agencies active on gender issues at the country level this process should be supported monitored and reported upon annually by the respective regional bureaux to the gsic,5
+however because these are demographic variables that hardly vary over the short term their disaggregate analysis is omitted the survey year used differs from country to country the period refers to the survey nearest to that year the period to the survey available nearest to and and the period to surveys available between and in the countries that saw the greatest poverty reduction the workforce grew in tandem with higher labour income per employed person while in the other countries that was not the case a simple way to illustrate these differences is to compare the poverty rate of a group of persons with a given trait with others who do not share that trait,1
+the poorest creditable person of either sex would be ashamed to appear in public without them book chapter household income is taken to mean disposable household income ie after taxes and public transfers this is then equivalized to take into account the economies of scale available to different sizes of households using the square root of household size,1
+for governments these include integrating mitigation and adaptation policies in tourism planning considering tourism in national climate vulnerability assessments promoting collaboration between national and local governments and the private sector to communicate the benefits of adapting to a lowcarbon economy considering poverty reduction as a tourism development goal and combining redd actions with smallscale highvalue naturebased tourism in forest communities to provide alternative sources of income the oecd works closely with governments to help them to identify and implement leastcost policies to reduce ghg emissions in order to limit climate change as well as to integrate adaptation to climate change into all relevant sectors and policy areas oecd as oecd countries are the major international donors oecd has a critical role in tracking climate finance and in examining how public finance can be scaledup and best targeted to help leverage private financial flows,13
+the situation is very different between urban and rural areas of rajasthan urban areas have much higher proportions of female teachers although gender roles for women are very strongly defined here too in rural areas it is much more difficult to recruit female teachers with only small proportions of women with the requisite schooling able to go in for higher education and subsequent employment in schools,4
+against this backdrop can the broadly agreed lessons discussed above provide the ingredients for a consensus regarding the features that are desirable in countryspecific national development and poverty reduction strategies before considering this question however it is necessary to examine the new challenges that have emerged in the interim among these are population ageing migration and climate change which will compound the poverty challenge while also providing new opportunities it is the result of progress in human development which has meant a lowering of child mortality and improvements in health conditions resulting in a rise in life expectancy,1
+thus lower property taxes need to be paid on them which encourages low density development and horizontal expansion of cities brueckner and kim at the same time property taxes make housing floor space more expensive which makes households use less housing if the ratio of land relative to dwelling size remains constant this reduces land consumption and contributes to more compact patterns of development song and zenou,11
+while some energy intensive firms are exempted from the eeg surcharge it also raises the production costs of non energy intensive firms and may deteriorate their price competitiveness most studies assume the cost of res support will decrease significantly due to increasing productivity and technological learning effects in the res sector by contrast frondel et al,7
+in households with two parents mothers spend about twice as much time caring for children as fathers whether they work for pay or not parker and wang though most children live with both parents an increasing proportion live with lone mothers in per cent of children younger than lived in lone mother households up from per cent in,5
+respondents were asked about the most suitable ways to systematically measure the incidence nature and impact of patient harm in primary and ambulatory care responses for developed countries are presented in figure measurement as a foundation of improving safety is discussed further in chapter please choose three from the options provided,3
+looking ahead the healthcare authority nza expects shortages to develop as a result of demographic trends and an increasing share of parttime gps nza in this context the government rightly aims at expanding the capacity of medical schools and the number of hospital training positions as both are identified causes of supply restriction capaciteitsorgaan foreign doctors represent another potential source of doctors in this domain european candidates from the european economic area enjoy relatively easy access as their diplomas are recognised while noneuropean candidates are subject to a governmental standardised assessment of medical skills and a language test to facilitate entry for the latter group it could be considered to exempt holders of diplomas from top universities from the medicalskills components of the assessment however restricting the number of specialists is no longer a solution in a more marketoriented system as it would reinforce their bargaining position and hence their ability to influence prices upwards,3
+primary care is largely delivered through a network of some community clinics which include those with beds rather than having a dedicated workforce with specialist training in the functions described above however primary care in japan is typically delivered by a cadre of semigeneralistsemispecialists that is physicians who leave hospital practice after an unspecified amount of time to set up as generalists with no compulsory further training in the community likewise rather than having a distinct primary care estate primary care may be delivered in a department in a hospital and patients who come to clinics with beds or hospitals with primary care department can stay for inpatient care if needed,3
+at the round table there was a suggestion that the parent body of the international retail consortium cies responsible for the gfsi benchmarking of private food safety management schemes might take on such a task a participant with direct links to cies considered that while cies would probably be interested in being involved in such an exercise it was unlikely to want to lead it it was also noted that many retailers do not have specific expertise in the fisheries area,14
+however this has not been accompanied by an economic valuation of environmental services eg carbon sequestration air and water purification biodiversity and social benefits eg employment recreational opportunities cultural values associated with the protective functions doing so would allow the gearing of forest policies towards maximising the social economic and environmental services provided by forests including forestry manufacturing of wood paper products and furniture threatened species are endangered critically endangered and vulnerable species,15
+that is in any global carbon market it will be essential to verify that emissions are not newly created in order to profit by reducing them unfortunately the temptation to seek bogus allowances is a natural consequence of a global carbon price in a lowcost local economy in the simplest terms the fixed price of saving a ton of carbon in those countries is worth more hours of labour at a lower wage rate thus there will be a category of carbonsaving investments and technologies that are profitable only in developing countries where the tradeoff between carbon and other inputs is more favourable to emissions reductions the potential for leapfrogging beyond the current technology frontier has been much discussed but is difficult to achieve,7
+often these concern social assistance type payments that are phased out or withdrawn against other sources of income eg earnings or pension payments but not with basic pensions in china and the philippines oecd in eight of the asian countries with a noncontributory pension for which data are available beneficiaries receive less than usd ppp purchasing power parity a day and in out of countries this is less than usd ppp a day ilo a nevertheless these programmes can play a role in poverty reduction for example in thailand the oldage allowance bia yung cheep contributed to a decline in the poverty rate of elderly singleperson households from to and a fall in the poverty rate of all households from tto ilo a,1
+recent policy initiatives continue to emphasise the prime role of schools in their own evaluation and improvement processes the schools have the initiative school aan zet programme further emphasises the schools lead role in determining improvement strategies as some of the stakeholders interviewed by the oecd review team said the idea is that there is always a plan b in case a school s owm quality assurance mechanisms do not work in a satisfying way,4
+for example for a consultation on reducing co from road vehicles held in a total of contributions were received via the online questionnaire ec the consultation was conducted in english french and german if international consultations under the unfccc were conducted using a similar online platform care would need to be taken to ensure that documents are provided in the appropriate languages the scope of biennial update reports and ica for developing countries includes the ghg inventory mitigation actions and support neededreceived,13
+since then the population growth and agriculture demands are increasing the pressures on water resources and nontreated wastewater discharges threatening many aquatic ecosystems the population of morocco is estimated to grow by more than million by and the demand for food and water will increase accordingly this increasing exposure and sensitivity to water issues and limited adaptive capacity will worsen morocco s vulnerability regarding water a reinforced multilevel governance approach in terms of legislation institutions and community empowerment would ensure that sustainable planning and management of water resources and water services will be reached,6
+in this process they receive support from special needs schools at the end of primary education children who have obtained all goals from the curriculum take a certificate of primary education also in special needs education children may in certain cases obtain a certificate which has the same value as the one from mainstream education,4
+three inlets lido malamocco and chioggia to metres deep and to metres wide connect the lagoon and the northern adriatic sea average tidal excursion is between centimetres and centimetres including spring and neap tide conditions and water exchanges through the inlets demarcate three largescale circulation patterns north central and southern lagoon open waters and shallows including the natural creeks and dug channels,6
+if well conducted such a process could in fact be healing and empowering at a minimum information on violations eg extrajudicial killings enforced disappearances torture deprivation of liberty gbv etc this is key to determining the gender specificities of human rights violations as well as to giving an accurate account of the particular experience of women girls men and boys and to identifying potentially discriminatory practices or targeting eg based on ethnicity religion political affiliation sexual orientation disability etc,5
+for example apprenticeships can act as a means to improve the integration of refugees and other disadvantaged groups into local labour markets they involve a mix of theoretical classroombased learning and onthe job training typically leading to a formal certification which provides the individual with journeyperson status however apprenticeship systems and their governance frameworks are embedded in the specific national and regional education labour market and industrial relations systems of each oecd country,4
+full consideration must be given to women s right to inclusive access to the economy as well as agency in their personal lives when translating relevant constitutional articles into legal code similarly with regard to entrepreneurship there have not been any major reforms to the legal elements affecting the establishment management or development of businesses however these laws are generally considered gender neutral some provisions aimed at protecting women impose restrictions or additional costs on private employers,5
+by downscaling the model proposed by the province of potenza and with its support these municipalities are locally implementing a multistakeholder approach this is based on the active involvement of local institutions organizations and associations representing different professional and social categories to give them the opportunity to become driving forces reducing disaster risk these municipalities are engaged in clustering processes with key community actors across all sectors they are also looking at working with the concept of social categories experimenting with the use of concrete plansactions to transform different social groups into forces for developing and implementing safe and sustainable urban policies,11
+they have received increased political interest at eu level with the development of transnational programmes in macroregions as well as macroregional strategies thus far for two areas that share a common water basin two crossborder initiatives in the united states with canada and mexico resemble macroregions given their scale many such networks with various degrees of depth and stability exist first such configurations are more likely to focus on innovationdriven economic development opportunities than broader geostrategic or infrastructure considerations second with geographic proximity the economic exchanges and flows of people capital and knowledge may be more intense within such crossborder regions than in the other types,9
+official population data for large cities are unreliable and underestimate the real number of the urban population in large cities because many internal and external migrants live in big cities without being officially registered box this discrepancy between official demographic statistics on the one hand and social and demographic trends on the other could present issues for the effective provision of public services since budget transfers are based on official population numbers some large cities whose population has been underestimated may not receive enough funding for public services and to cope with the growing burden on urban infrastructure according to the law on migration internal migrants must register al their new place of residence,11
+the central government took over the financing of schools which no longer have independent budgets as well as certain responsibilities that were traditionally devoted to school directors such as hiring and firing teachers to manage these new responsibilities a new administrative layer the klebelsberg institute was created with a network of around local branches further increases of about per year are envisaged for the three coming years in exchange teachers low working time is to be increased,4
+according to a study from goldemberg renewable energies can create up to jobs per twh terawatt hour produced as compared with for conventional energies oil coal and natural gas oecd chapter china installed gw of large hydro in and now has more installed capacity than any other country microhydro is also a developed technology with total installed capacity worldwide at gw more than half of this in china india and the united states have agreed to cooperate in increasing india s nuclear power generation capacity as a key method to reduce greenhouse gas emissions riso,7
+beneficiaries received monthly unconditional cash transfers and livelihood support skills training and business grants geographic targeting was considered politically unacceptable so eligibility criteria included low income food insecurity taking care of orphans and being a female or childheaded household because the income data was unreliable this was replaced by a poverty scorecard using indicators,1
+the water agenda endeavours to put more attention on demand management and on exploiting potential efficiency gains for example to achieve the goal of balanced basins the water agenda projects that of the water gap will be closed by reductions in water demand and by supply increase the role of economic instruments on achieving demand reductions is unclear however as the reductions in water demand are expected to be achieved through investments in infrastructure in particular on waterefficient irrigation systems supported by subsidies and is linked neither to water pricing reforms nor to more efficient allocation of water resources,6
+as concluded by hovgaard the public sector of the faroe islands is important to the gender balance and to the career opportunities of faroese women according to hovgaard when faroese men working as long distance workers in the maritime sector choose to have their permanent address on the faroe islands this is often motivated by providing the opportunity for their wives to find local employment hovgaard states that long distance work as a profession and method of working is in rapid growth in the faroe islands and this method of working may potentially contribute to the future desire for maintaining a wellfunctioning local community on the faroe islands,5
+overall increases in the return to human capital assets like education and experience have increased inequality in the last years in a number of developing countries in east asia and latin america in some cases expansions in education can actually lead to increases in inequality in the context of increasing returns to schooling the increase in returns to education is more important than many other factors in accounting for the rise in inequality in a number of countries over the s and s bourguignon ferreira and lustig conversely a fall in the returns to tertiary education may also help explain falling inequality figure panel a shows how between and in brazil wages did not rise as much for the more educated as they would have done if returns to education had not fallen,10
+group discussions further allow for elaboration and understanding as students explain their ideas to others and negotiate the meaning of those ideas after presenting the central characteristics of pbl the focus is put on examining the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of pbl in developing skills for innovation finally some challenges for pbl research will be discussed,4
+moreover if and where additional land for biofuel production goes at the expense of naturally vegetated land this will affect the hydrological cycle additional water stress can result on irrigated land and this competition over water between food and fuel crops can affect agricultural production in droughtprone regions and potentially lead to yield reductions currently around of the earth s surface excluding greenland and antarctica is used for crops and livestock farming pbl rio projections indicate that agricultural land use is likely to increase even further in coming decades due to population and welfare growth,6
+during this time highly skilled workers have reaped disproportionately higher benefits from shifts in labour demand due to both greater financial and trade integration and technological progress top incomes have responded to the more global market for talent and a growing use of performancerelated pay benefitting top executives and finance professionals in particular policy changes that reduced marginal tax rates in many oecd countries in the s for example directly increased inequality by increasing the amount of disposable income available to the upper percentiles of the distribution at the same time reductions in marginal tax rates may also have indirectly encouraged behavioural increases in labour supply further increasing the earnings of highincome individuals oecd forthcoming,10
+at the end of primary education schools are required to report on the extent to which their students have reached expected core learning objectives while schools are free to use different instruments for this purpose of schools use cito s endofprimary test which provides information on the school type most suitable for each student in the next phase of education new laws that will be implemented from the school year make it mandatory for primary schools to administrate regular student monitoring systems as well as a final test at the end of year,4
+water use efficiency in agriculture is also being improved through replacing earthen irrigation channels with concrete linings to reduce losses and upgrading flood irrigation systems eg levelling of fields neutron probes for soil moisture measurement and scheduling of irrigation to plant needs groundwater use for irrigation above recharge rates in some regions is also undermining the economic viability of farming in affected areas however information on the trends in pollution from irrigated land is patchy this has been associated with both human alterations of the hydrological characteristics of watersheds and landuse policies that have encouraged urbanisation in areas at risk to flooding events and also increasingly the trend toward greater climatic variability leading to higher financial costs both through loss of production and damage to farm infrastructure and also costs for the wider economy in terms of damage to property and in some cases loss of life,6
+the enabling law for this in algeria is the law on prevention of major risks and disaster management in uruguay a special decree the national response to climate change and variability was passed in implemented by the ministry of housing spatial planning and the environment its purpose is to coordinate actions among all institutions relevant to achieving risk prevention in the whole territory,13
+the source of information is a questionnaire filled out by the school in the context of the sned sources of information include regular education statistics at the school level and a sned questionnaire the main source of information is a sned questionnaire for example in the metropolitan region of santiago for a total of groups the distribution was as follows groups for urban primary schools groups for rural primary schools groups for urban secondary schools group for rural secondary schools and group for special education,4
+this can result from the physical impossibility to divide the available water resources or because the water temperature for cooling water or salinity for agriculture is too high category takes precedence over all others it includes freshwater use for safety and the prevention of irreversible damage eg ensuring the stability of flood defence structures settling and subsidence of peat bogs and moorland nature dependent on soil conditions category includes drinking water supply and power supply category includes smallscale highquality uses such as temporary spraying of capitalintensive crops and process water,6
+since prehistoric times arctic residents have developed skills and knowledge that enable them to survive and thrive in harsh conditions it has been observed that northerners have a good grasp of matters important for their livelihoods and possess unique and diversified knowledge on how to ensure their wellbeing megatrends at the same time the ability of arctic societies to benefit from standardized codified knowledge and formal education has been rather limited,4
+tourism generates of gdp and has recently grown at a rate of a year a major challenge is to diversify the rural economy to replace the income and jobs in agriculture as the sector continues to decline and to make the most of the inherent comparative advantages linked to a large extent to the natural environment that attracts tourism while it is hard to adequately measure the process elements of an innovation system we can go some way to gauge its effectiveness by examining indicators of scientific and technological output and resources table presents data on select aspects of mexican science and technology infrastructure and compares them with brazil chile and argentina as well as china and south korea,8
+the reforms vary across countries as they are influenced by context traditions institutional settings and specific national and regional challenges these policies all aim to improve the quality of schools and instruction and have been grouped according to the different policy options and their scope a majority of yearolds across oecd countries find that their classrooms are conducive to learning but there are challenges across schools in some countries including lack of student motivation lack of relevant curriculum difficulties in attracting and retaining qualified staff lack of teacher collaboration and lack of professionalisation of school leadership,4
+the poverty gap defined as the difference between the median income of those below the poverty line and the value of the poverty line itself expressed relative to the poverty line has increased by almost percentage points table at the same time the low budget impact of the reform suggests that the tradeoff between fiscal savings and inequality was probably not very favourable in this case a person moving from rsi benefits to a minimum wage would increase monthly income by over,1
+even though the national socioeconomic survey casen indicated that poverty had declined by nearly percentage points between and in actual fact a total of out of people entered transient poverty at some time during that period pointing to high vulnerability among the population another qualitative finding was that most of those who were poor during all three panel waves chronic poverty were women and children under the age of in despite these findings the panel has been implemented in only four regions of chile so far,1
+salmon remains the second largest import category valued at usd billion in the major fresh and frozen commodities were salmon million pounds valued at usd million surimi million pounds valued at usd million and lobsters million pounds valued at usd million the united states recognizes that without sustainable fisheries there can be no longterm commercially viable trade in seafood therefore the concepts of conservation and sustainability are at the core of us trade policy additionally the united states takes the position that tariffs and quantitative restrictions on trade are for the most part ineffective substitutes for good management,14
+during the visit the oecd team was told that literacy and numeracy problems were common among those undertaking vet courses this means that some people may start their training despite literacy and numeracy problems and as they are not identified for targeted support they may not be able to complete their course some employers reported to the review team that certain apprentices are unable to complete the final more sophisticated and academic phases of their training because of their weak literacy or numeracy skills and it is very difficult to help apprentices at such a late stage,4
+they can be complemented by some relevant subsector and disease level performance information oecd b this section puts finnish health outcomes into international perspective before relating them to inputs such as health care spending or the number of health practitioners to derive efficiency indicators the difference in life expectancy between genders is one of the highest in the eu and within the oecd it is higher only in eastern european countries while life expectancy for women is among the top in the oecd it is below the eu average and all other nordic countries for men,3
+communities with a high density of households would be ideal candidates for minigrids while for places that have sparsely settled households standalone systems such as solar home systems would be appropriate figure presents a decisionmaking process for the selection of technology for access to electricity a biogas digester offers a range of benefits such as creating a better local environment with improved manure management as free bioslurry would replace the need for chemical fertilizers,7
+the lack of adequate infrastructure such as modal interchange platforms and integrated metropolitan mobility systems limits possibilities for substantial modal shifts restructuring vehicle taxation on the basis of c emissions and a tenyear vehicle scrapping programme have created strong incentives to use more fuelefficient vehicles however measures such as vehicle scrapping are expensive for the government and can encourage greater vehicle use potentially offsetting gains in technical efficiency overall rather limited efforts have been made on the demand side,7
+the city determines a ground lease for years as it was in the th century or years the system as it is now or eternally as of upon land redevelopment the city sets an annual ground lease set for given timeframe or determines a lumpsum paymentatonce as is the discounted sum of annual ground lease over the given timeframe with a possible discount after those or years the city sets a new ground lease according to the thenapplicable ground lease system rules in doing so it is able to capture the increase in land value and use it to further public investments that benefit residents,11
+both onsite and offsite offsets may be secured in this way and the regulator again requires a funding endowment to accompany the conservation servitude to guarantee the availability of funds for the management monitoring and auditing of the site in perpetuity purchasing or attaining rights to land that contains inkind habitat the proponent may demonstrate security of tenure by either purchasing land for conversion to an offset site or by securing certain landuse rights from a thirdparty offset provider where an offset is secured from a thirdparty provider the developer must demonstrate with a legally enforceable commitment that the site will become subject to a conservation servitude in the future,15
+it reduces the poverty rate by approximately onequarter in thailand and viet nam for example the unweighted average poverty headcount reduction for the three regions shown in annex table are remarkably similar to the populationweighted averages from the linkage model reported in annex table with a similar taxreplacement assumption the latter s per cent for asia excluding china and india and per cent for latin america are just slightly above the gtap model s per cent and per cent respectively like the global models the case studies focused on pricedistorting policies as of even though the database for their cge models and their household survey data typically date back a little earlier in the decade,1
+it introduced a nationwide harmonised electronic patient record the national patient data repository referred to as kanta it also includes mandatory electronic prescription and a health portal allowing citizens to review their own information these electronic patient records cover all the population since september,3
+a larger share of parttimers among women may mean that female eamings are distributed more unequally than men s at the same time there is little empirical evidence on changes in female earnings inequality over time since changes in annual eamings depend on both eamings and hours worked this section discusses differences and similarities in trends for both of these factors for men and women on average the gini coefficient where represents perfect equality and perfect inequality was two percentage points higher among women in the late s germany showed the largest gender difference with women s gini being almost points higher than men s followed by mexico and spain on the other hand in belgium the czech republic and the united states there was no sizeable difference in eamings inequality between men and women,5
+to pursue their studies many educated young women are choosing to delay marriage until after graduation even in the oilrich countries known for their conservative gender norms the rise in the share of young unmarried women is apparent the average age of women s marriage in qatar and united arab emirates is but in saudi arabia annex table a the general trend towards delayed marriage is also closely related to the economic crisis and the high levels of unemployment particularly unemployment among young men because men tend to bear the financial burden of marriage,5
+there is also a need for farm practices that can reduce economic losses and lead to better management of water flows and stocks on farmland taking into account the impact on any water entitlements that are established policies that are able to combine flood risk management with other objectives such as for nature conservation the protection of natural resources and agricultural production are likely to offer the best long term solutions even without the changes associated with climate change the frequency of flood events has increased along with the damages,6
+in general there are few attractive projects to fund examples include the sme association samenta smi development corp smidec small and medium industries association of penang that represents the interest of smes and disseminate information and provide training the latter have some collaboration with the universiti sains malaysia sme award and training but cooperation in rd remains limited these types of mechanisms do not seem to exist in malaysia,4
+those data and approach could not be used in the present analysis however due to the lack of yearly data on inequality for a large enough number of oecd economies figure displays a simple crosscountry correlation between the share of population enrolled in upper secondary left panel and tertiary education right panel and the gini coefficients of disposable income inequality the ratio of upper secondary enrolled is computed relative to the population aged for the ratio of tertiary enrolled,10
+a mixture of legal and illegal housing appeared on these new city territories within a few years in the city limits were expanded even further the total area of new municipal territories was equal to hectares in the city limits were again expanded by hectares which included settlements and a population of more than people president of kazakhstan these include such goals as to improve urban and industrial infrastructure expand entry routes to the city and develop mountain recreation and sport facilities for the asian olympic games in the national ilealatau natural park the local environmental ngos raised awareness about the construction of the new sport complex in the territory of the national park ngo green salvation,11
+indeed average wages tend to be higher lower in sectors with higher lower productivity second concerns the variation of employment shares across sectors the implication is that differential growth performance of sectors should have implications for the extent of new employment opportunities generated earnings inequality and thus poverty,1
+a full educational infrastructure or ecosystem must be available to support the improvement of teaching practices teachers need resources rubrics lesson plans examples new knowledge colleagues to talk to experts giving them feedback space for reflection support from their hierarchy opportunities to try these new teaching approaches with their students etc those professional development plans took many forms depending on the teaching standards beliefs of the teachers and support of school and systems leaders but most included three key elements training sessions individual followup with teachers and opportunities for peer learning see chapter,4
+therein a succinct summary of the relevance to sustainable infrastructure development and the underlying key challenges and benefits are introduced secondly the case studies contain descriptions of possible adoption scenarios and a viable way of implementing and using the technology each case study concludes with a proposition for a potential highlevel roadmap illustrating the initiation provisioning and operation of the described application,9
+they learn how to debate how to express their opinions and how to respect and value one another s contribution each group has its own circle a moment to listen to each other and to make collective reflections and decisions this provides a sense of community in helping each other to improve their relationships and attitudes towards the others circles are safe places where students and educators are equitable listeners and have equal responsibilities and rights,4
+a total of kzt billion usd million was spent on export transportation subsidies between end and applying to million tonnes of exported wheat the subsidy rate was set at kzt usd per tonne and covered million tonnes of wheat exports the subsidy was available for wheat transported after september to china or which transited through chinese or russian territory as in the cts remained the single operator of subsidised exports,2
+china is moving aggressively on advanced manufacturing and the digital economy with the support of government initiatives such as made in china and internet plus the country is also pursuing supplyside reforms to enhance the efficiency of resource allocation including tax reforms and interest rate liberalization under this innovative growth scenario total factor productivity would overtake capital formation to become the major driver of economic growth and the service sector would account for per cent of gdp by close to current levels in developed economies,8
+chapter analyses the impact of australia s dual sector universities on transition from vocational to higher education chapter highlights the collegeuniversity links in scotland and their impact on participation in higher education focusing on short cycle higher education chapter provides an overview of the emerging nonuniversity higher education system in italy which is closely aligned with regional development goals,4
+students and teachers do not learn and teach in a vacuum they learn and teach something there is no tradeoff to be made between learning knowledge and applying processes of learning metacognition and the like because both are fundamental however particular pedagogies may be more appropriate than others for particular types of knowledge and competence areas hence the report also explores questions about pedagogies for particular subjects or competence sets questions about what is worth learning and how best to teach it often lies at the heart of approaches termed innovative innovative approaches are inherently nested to content and may even be based on new content such as robotics dance design or computation,4
+but outside these two institutions there exists a less well understood world of colleges diplomas certificates and professional examinations the world of postsecondary vocational education and training many professional and technical jobs require no more than one or two years of career preparation beyond upper secondary level and in some countries as much as onequarter of the adult workforce have this type of qualification see figure nearly twothirds of overall employment growth in the european union eu is forecast to be in the technicians and associate professionals category the category most closely linked to this sector cedefop,4
+the paris agreement continues this bifurcation in some respects by not making reporting on financial technology transfer and capacitybuilding support received mandatory article indicates that developing countries should provide this information however the paris agreement does indicate that developed countries shall biennially communicate indicative quantitative and qualitative information on climate finance technology transfer and capacity building provided to developing country parties as well as on climate finance mobilised and that other countries are encouraged to do so this information on support needs is included in various documents that have been prepared inside the unfccc framework eg burs ncs napas tnas and indcs as well as outside eg strategic program for climate resilience spcr national climate funds,13
+the zmvm has no body like the mpo but a comparable taskforce could be set up given the emphasis on regional sustainable mobility the restored cometravi or the came could provide one framework for this while no formal public consultation process has been established a citizen observatory has been created by three nongovemmental organisations the initiative has synthesised public concerns about the project and generated a forum for discussions between experts in relevant domains including mobility and other members of civil society formal mechanisms for including this and other input from stakeholders and the general population in the transport plan are essential,11
+more than a fourth of households in guerrero chiapas and oaxaca do not have access to piped water against a national average of and between and of households do not have proper flooring against a national average of for example as emphasised below the lower level of infrastructure in southern states translates into lower health standards for many indicators nearly of mexicans reported to have more positive experiences and feelings such as enjoyment feeling wellrested or pride in accomplishment than negative ones such as pain worry sadness boredom,3
+first the section provides an overview of contextspecific priorities and challenges in terms of institutional arrangement at the regional scale then it discusses the need for a balance between topdown and bottomup approaches in the nup processes by reviewing some countryspecific examples in some instances responsibility is being delegated increasingly to subnational authorities such as metropolitan governments,11
+of adults with a psychotic disorder for example twothirds had spoken with their gp about a mental or emotional problem in the year preceding the most recent apms emergency departments are also used in the case of mental health emergencies for example people who have harmed themselves and need urgent physical healthcare and others who have immediate mental health needs people who have barriers to other healthcare such as homeless people and vulnerable migrants are more likely to go to ae departments,3
+at the end of december kariba reservoir was about per cent full compared with per cent a year earlier and hydropower generation was at a minimum power cuts now average hours a day affecting industries commerce and domestic customers if the dry spell continues it is likely to force a shutdown of hydropower plants business report south africa january this has led to public outcry and anger against the national utility necessitating a fuller investigation of the cause eiz,7
+part describes the methodologies employed in producing these estimates and explores methodological progress in tracking climate finance providing greater clarity on reporting approaches part iv concludes and reflects on open issues that may be helpful in informing efforts to further improve the transparency and comprehensiveness of climate finance measurement and reporting,13
+due to a need for the authorities to safeguard the needs of the society ie rural area development environmental integrity and market access issues a licence is required for the establishment and operation of each aquaculture site prior approval of the site environmental and area management issues are therefore of paramount importance from january the responsibility for coordinating the review process for such applications was transferred from the directorate of fisheries to the county council authorities several other sector authorities are involved in reviewing applications for compliance with the various guidelines and regulations such as pollution animal health and welfare harbour and fairways biodiversity and spatial planning,14
+by incorporating icts into the goals and targets of the mdgs the un captured the attention of both the public and private sectors which were encouraged to find new ways to work together the health internetwork access to research initiative hinari began by making the equivalent of a major medical school library in electronic form available for free or nearly free to health researchers and workers in low and lowmiddle income countries today the partnership now known as research life includes un agencies academia and publishing partners contributing essential knowledge resources on health agriculture environment science and technology in whos governing body the world health assembly recognized that ehealth was transforming health services and systems around the world and urged member states to plan for appropriate ehealth services in their countries,3
+also needed are productivity improvements along the commodity value chains in the agricultural sector which will eventually result in a reduction of food and income poverty in these countries second there is still room to improve donors support approach through some standalone projects with the increasing efforts that are made by the donors having a unified approach towards development support amongst these partners would enhance progress in agricultural and rural development in the ldcs this would also help to reduce duplication of projects wasteful spending and in some cases outright conflicts among donors and also between recipients at community levels,2
+given its tourismoriented economy the city has also set up a mobile app which informs both tourists and locals of what to do in phuket to illustrate this trend outdoor concentrations of fine particulate matter pmjs which is hazardous to health is commonly used as a proxy measure of pollution practically all urban residents in the region are exposed to ambient air pollution exceeding the who guidelines on the concentration of fine particulate ambient air pollution ie pm pgm only of urban residents in emerging asia live in areas with pollution concentrations at or below this level figure,11
+mozambique for example has included nine climate change questions in its household survey the questions examine if households have suffered food asset or income losses due to climate change what their sources of information are on disaster and weather risks approaches households have taken to minimise the impact from such shocks and sources of support when they have suffered from climate change mozambique started data collection in and the initial results are expected to be available in december ine na in such cases existing mechanisms may be used to ensure that the data are grounded in national development objectives and contribute to the overall statistical plan rather than respond to specific adaptation initiatives discrete projectlevel monitoring and evaluation can result in a concentration of domestic monitoring and evaluation capacity within nonstate institutions eg bilateral development agencies or other providers of support that make up the majority of climate change actors in many developing countries bird iied a,13
+they cover more than two thirds of the earth s surface and contain per cent of the planet s water oceans contribute to poverty eradication by providing opportunities for sustainable livelihoods and decent work over billion people depend on marine and coastal resources as a means of support in addition oceans play a crucial role in the achievement of global food security as well as human health and wellbeing,14
+countries that emphasise childcare and preschool institutions exhibit lower levels of inequality of opportunity suggesting the effectiveness of early intervention policies in reducing persistence of education outcomes across generations there is also a positive association between inequality of opportunities and income inequality as a consequence crosscountry regressions would suggest that redistributive policies can help to reduce inequalities of educational opportunities associated with socioeconomic background and hence persistence of education outcomes across generations,4
+unhealthy lifestyles also remain an important driver of crosscountry variation in cvd and diabetes outcomes nevertheless there remains considerable variation in smoking patterns across oecd countries and the potential is there to make even further gains in some countries more comprehensive policies and stricter enforcement can deliver better outcomes the percentage of people who are either overweight or obese has continued to climb over the last ten years,3
+in about of danish people aged years had attained tertiary education while the oecd average was about for those aged years had tertiary education oecd average figure this is a particular challenge when fulltime teachers and trainers have experience in industry dating from some years ago,4
+in some it is about building capacity in others it is about establishing the platforms for a range of stakeholders to build their own capacity and share practice and knowledge some are based on digital technology while others address particular groups of learners or have a specific content focus such as wellbeing or futures competence some only cover a relatively small network of schools while others have gone or will go systemwide with many between the extremes,4
+evidence from countries such as france and canada suggests that the share of female doctors tends to be greater in general medicine than in higher paying specialisations like surgery for data for the czech republic refer to and for denmark japan sweden and the united states to in such countries women aged over in were more likely to provide daily informal care than their male peers while in those countries with little social protection which spent less than of their gdp on public ltc women were more likely to be daily carers while cultural factors play an important role in determining gender roles strengthening ltc provisions would help redress the gender imbalance in informal care in many countries,5
+most of the poor are working adults and children household incomes are threatened by worsening labour markets with declining employment opportunities and decreasing real wages especially for workers in lowwage sectors many of those currently employed have just escaped poverty and are therefore highly susceptible to modest falls in income and economic activity pushing them back into poverty world bank b women are especially threatened in most countries labour market participation of women is lower and unemployment rates are higher,1
+however water utilities are largely dissatisfied with the prices set as they do not cover full service costs but rather a fraction of operating and maintenance costs prices are far from being economically viable and are indeed one of the main reasons for the poor state of the water supply infrastructure and especially that of wastewater management there is no areawide hydrological monitoring network and flood protection installations are not reliable and often not functional due to poor maintenance and war damage,6
+the average age of teachers is years in primary education and in secondary education some of primary teachers and of lower secondary teachers were years old or older in which are significantly higher than the oecd averages and respectively the cognitive skills of the teaching workforce are a significant determinant of international differences in student performance hanushek piopiunik and wiederhold,4
+if the capacity of national data centers is limited storage and cloud computing applications will be located abroad adding to the need and subsequent costs of international bandwidth as well as increasing dependency on external networks over which there is no control see alaerds et al this section reviews domain name developments among ldcs it explores the important benefit that can accrue for ldcs by bundling domain names with local web hosting to build up the national internet ecosystem develop skills and generate employment,9
+the combination of consistent policy and adequate financing can stimulate privatesector engagement additionally within each energy subsystem there are a number of focus areas that need to be addressed in order to provide sustainable energy for all deployment of cookstoves can be done with significantly less capacity building and longterm engagement of the private sector from a technological point of view but market strategies to create more sustainable markets are a key role in the area of philanthropy for the private sector in partnership with governments and ngos,7
+only one centralized heating system remains in dushanbe the old dushanbe chp plant and the eastern and western boiler facilities with total capacity of mw can cover only per cent of the overall need for heating in the city because of the lack of gas and furnace fuel the dushanbe chp plant runs on only per cent of its designed capacity and its equipment is obsolete and outmoded,7
+most developing countries rely at least partly on international development finance to fund climateresilience investments pervin et al in bangladesh of climaterelevant expenditure was financed by external grants or loans in the adaptation fund provides finance for the implementation of priority adaptation projects and funds using resources from a levy on clean development mechanism projects supplemented with other funding sources,13
+this recent trend coincided with the onset of the new millennium and commitments made by the donor community in particular to africa in addition in the total annual average aid commitments to agriculture amounted to us billion organization for economic cooperation and development which represented a positive step towards increasing financing for agriculture in developing countries still in the highlevel task force on the global food security crisis urged donor countries to double oda for food assistance other types of nutritional support and safety net programmes and to increase the proportion of oda to be invested in food security and agricultural development from the current to per cent within five years and beyond if needed so as to reverse the historic underinvestment in agriculture united nations,2
+poor learning environments can also result in negative early childhood outcomes see box in addition an unfavourable start can have a lasting impact later in life children who do not receive adequate educational attention and care early on have a higher risk of grade repetition incompletion of a school degree unemployment and earning low wages barnett heckman leseman,4
+access to safe public spaces greatly informs the perceived and real sentiment of urban safety which is itself a key prerequisite for protection against physical and sexual harassment these safety measures in return determine the level of accessibility and inclusivity in use of public spaces particularly for the vulnerable urban populations including women and children older persons and persons with disabilities indicator aims to measure the proportion of persons who have experienced physical or sexual harassment with various forms of disaggregation,11
+the committee notes with concern that some states parties the constitutions of which guarantee equal rights permit polygamous marriage in accordance with personal or customary law this violates the constitutional rights of women and breaches the provisions of article a of the convention husbands who wish to marry another wife need to prove that their financial means are sufficient to maintain several marital homes at once,5
+this figure was set to target the fund at mediumsized ee projects such as replacement of air conditioning chillers in a commercial facility or the installation of ee equipment at an industrial site the government overcame the first obstacle by organising a series of seminars to familiarise and train bankers on ee projects as well as renewables however in the words of a former minister in thailand it is not about the training of the banksifs just about whether you are able to find a champion personal conversations with the author march the total project costs for that period were close to usd million with only usd million coming from the fund loans which were all paid back and contributed to the next phases of the project,7
+the landmark paris agreement signed in april by member states attempts to mitigate climate change and accelerate and intensify actions and investments needed for a sustainable lowcarbon future central to the agreement is the need to strengthen the global response to keep global temperatures from rising no more than degrees celsius above preindustrial levels and to pursue further efforts to limit the rise to degrees celsius the paris agreement requires parties to identify their intended nationally determined contributions indcs,13
+however sustained penetration will depend on continued technological advances aimed at reducing high capital costs space requirements and maintenance needs irena kempener et al the availability of appropriate storage technologies and energyefficient appliances will also be important to support shss for productive uses and rural nonfarming activities while different offgrid devices provide different levels of energy access table many appliances for productive use particularly in higher value added stages of production require medium or high power and thus uppertier access,7
+recent oecd research however points to a number of key principles for enhancing the efficiency sustainability and inclusiveness of urban transport financing in general which could perhaps help inform the current policy reflection in korea table experience in oecd countries suggests that strengthening economic appraisal procedures and eligibility criteria for subsidies could improve the costefficiency of transport projects social inclusion can also be reinforced through landvalue capture mechanisms targeted subsidies for the neediest users and reasonable fare levels,11
+also a quarter of brazilians live in dwellings with no access to a sewage network or septic tank while of dwellings have no access to piped water or wells the perceived quality of public services in particular in light of brazil s high tax burden see chapter was one of the issues that prompted many brazilians to take to the streets in june which highlights the importance of improvements in this area beyond that for municipal services the size of a municipality may not necessarily coincide with the most efficient scale at which to provide a given service in which case there is scope to improve service efficiency by having several municipalities join hands for the delivery of services but this involves significant coordination challenges,10
+in addition to the changes in france portugal and ireland discussed above measures to reduce employer social contributions for all new hires were introduced or extended focusing on groups such as mid to longerterm unemployed hungary hirkey and peripheral regions finland in the united states firms making new hires from february to december of people who have been unemployed for at least two months will be exempted from payroll taxes public finance issues have forced the czech republic to terminate temporary reductions in nonwage labour costs targeted at lowwage workers takeup has been highest in belgium turkey italy germany and luxembourg accounting for over to almost of all employees with the exception of belgium few employees were participating in shorttime work schemes prior to the onset of the crisis participating in training is compulsory for workers on shorttime work in the czech republic hungary the netherlands and portugal while training is not compulsory it is publiclysubsidised for shorttime workers in finland belgium austria portugal poland germany hungary japan norway and switzerland,8
+this can also improve opportunities for women within firms such as more equal wages and greater women in management and help the recruitment of a diverse workforce this is especially important for lowincome workers who often struggle to find consistent and reliable childcare when their shifts change erratically field research in mexico confirms that employees are reluctant to leave the workplace while their manager is still onsite,5
+these centres constitute an extended network for the primary care system offering maternity services intermediate care beds to avoid hospital admission or expedite early discharge ambulatory surgery rehabilitation speciality clinics such as pain management and diagnostics such as xrays the cais also hold workshops in order to support typical local ebais by comparing and discuss their performance indicators offering telemedicine and homevisits and by keeping a focus on preventive care in one of the cais established a local commission on domestic violence and most of its home visits were for health promotion and preventive care,3
+this must be balanced with its own objectives of protecting the interests of its customers which implies keeping bills for consumers as low as possible monitoring and comparing the services the companies provide scrutinising the companies costs and investment and encouraging competition where this benefits consumers necessary actions including legal steps such as enforcement actions and fines can be taken in case of noncompliance the direct regulation of water companies in england and wales is complemented by two other regulators one responsible for environmental affairs and the other for drinking water quality to protect public health another example is portugal s national water and waste services regulation agency ersar created in,6
+the various institutions of the criminal justice system need to work together in a coordinated manner to respond to violence against women the criminal justice sector should also promote the involvement of all relevant government sectors as well as relevant sectors of civil society to ensure a comprehensive response to victims of violence for instance support agencies could work with police and prosecutors to ensure support to victims during statement taking and providing information on the progress of the case specialized approaches to violence against women may include establishing special police and prosecutorial units and special courts or dedicated justice system personnel and dedicated court time and adequately funding specialized training as well as multidisciplinary approaches such as oneshop centres which provide multisectoral case management for victims such as health welfare counselling and legal services in one location,5
+data of india relate fiscal years investments in quality transport infrastructure result in benefits to the communities directly affected they can directly generate employment opportunities related to construction operations and maintenance indirectly improve opportunities for individuals and firms improve the efficiency of existing forms of economic activity and generate various social and environmental benefits affected communities also benefit from spillovers such as lower input costs increased choice in input supplies expanded local trade and access to new markets for output white and raitzer,11
+studies on external costs focus instead on the potential ecological and noise effects of wind power mining and transportation result in emissions similar to those that have been described for coal and uranium mining most notably pm steel production as such emits some pm such as black carbon over and above the emissions resulting from electricity generation further hydropower capacity in oecd countries however is limited with the best resources already tapped and the emergence of significant environmental concerns like wind or nuclear electricity generation from hydropower does not involve any direct atmospheric emissions,7
+teachers need support to actively participate in this transformation and demand high standards from all students while taking into account the increasing diversity in their classrooms in most countries teachers undergo preservice training followed by a selection process with subsequent inservice training provided mostly through courses and workshops new evidence shows that the proportion of certified teachers and most forms of professional development have a weak impact on student performance thus many reforms aim to improve the quality of teacher training make selection procedures more demanding develop new forms of professional development and raise curricular standards,4
+thus the strategic combination of fossil fuels and cleanrenewable energies can forge a clear path for sustainable energy transition for the participating states of apta as well as central asian and south asian countries without sacrificing growth as apta is openended it is easy for any escap member to seek accession which would also facilitate the free flow of goods and technological knowhow for creating energy efficiency energy outlook for asia and the pacific available at wwwadborgsites defa u i tfi lespu b e nerg yo u tlook,7
+therefore the ten most important cities of the region which concentrate of the total population mainly rely on the overexploited aquifers to extract water resources rather superficial waters on average of total water consumption and more than of groundwater is devoted to agriculture creating related significant challenges for the sustainability of the agrifood industry water scarcity is even more exacerbated by the bilateral water transboundary agreement signed between mexico and the united states the state of chihuahua has been the main net contributor providing million m to the us without benefitting from the million m given by the us to other mexican states,6
+according to recipients intragovemmental coordination and agreement on roles and responsibilities is key to the effective allocation of domestic and external resources according to supporters clearly allocated roles among ministries enhance communication and transparency enabling donors to identify domestic priorities and to align financing behind these the results of the interviews revealed that national climate change strategies can provide an effective framework for the interministerial allocation of roles,13
+improved forecasting tools can help to improve forecasted unit commitment plans of variable renewable power plants by reducing uncertainty gate closure is usually situated between hours and hour ahead of realtime operation the prediction accuracy is improved by a factor of two when moving from a gate closure time of hours ahead to hours ahead luickx delarue and d haeseleer with the introduction of large amounts or variable renewable energies in power systems and improved forecasting tools available system operators and regulators should reconsider gate closure rules,7
+but it is not the only determinant and for this reason it is not axiomatic that falling household income must always mean rising levels of child deprivation the governments that are most successful in protecting children from poverty are likely to be those that strive to reduce the number of lowincome households and help to provide essential goods services and opportunities for children growing up in such households,1
+despite the success of china it still had more than million people living on less than us per day in per cent of whom were rural in india the number of extreme poor remains stubbornly close to million with per cent of that number rural inhabitants even with large subsidies to their farmers in the past it was just inequality at the local level that affected individuals utility but the information and communications technology revolution has increased awareness of income differences not only within local regions but also nationally and internationally at the national level there are concerns about ruralurban inequality as well as inequality within each of those broad geographic zones,1
+sharma also found many cases where an import surge occurred even while domestic prices continued to rise leading him to conclude that imports have been pulled in through prior shortfalls in domestic production rather than higher imports causing domestic production to fall thus the consequences of increased imports for food security need to be carefully evaluated before deciding on the appropriate response during this period many countries pursued trade and domestic policy responses intended to stabilise domestic markets and protect urban consumers abbott jones and kwiecinski,2
+this type of metric allows for overall progress in decarbonising the energy sector to be tracked over time however the larger the scale of assessment and the longer the time horizon for assessment the more difficult and uncertain it becomes to attribute an outcome or impact to a specific intervention when coupled with expost evaluation and later compared to the intended objectives of a project such information can form a useful evidence base for evaluating effectiveness unlike mitigation the ultimate impacts of specific interventions eg increased adaptive capacity and resilience are difficult to model exante or measure directly,13
+a more detailed view of their objectives use and references in the different countries is available in the country profiles in chapter coordinating water policies at horizontal and vertical levels cont coordination instruments across ministries between levels of government and across local actors are more or less binding more or less formal and more or less flexible most of them aim to create a framework for combining tools funds and organisations or establishing a multistakeholder platform for dialogue for integrated water policy at all levels,6
+immigrant women are more likely to go into occupations where other immigrant women work regardless of their nationality than into jobs beside coethnic men wright and ellis this genderbased convergence is also strongly related to value systems as ethnic female entrepreneurs perceive and approach business ownership differently than ethnic male entrepreneurs baycanlevent et al for example the study of baycanlevent et al,5
+as most individuals do not live alone their incomes are pooled wholly or in part to satisfy a household s needs household rather than individual income is therefore a natural starting point to analyse adequacy however even though poor living standards rarely affect some members of a household and not others it can be useful to home in from the household to the individual level atkinson et al,1
+in order to mobilise them medication adherence needs to be placed on the national policy agenda starting with adherence being routinely observed and continuing towards the development of adherence quality and performance indicators such indicators could help in improving health system efficiency through establishing and influencing the relationship between the spending on pharmaceuticals and the gains in health outcomes improving how patients take their medicines requires that health professionals are equipped with skills specific to delivering care in a personcentred instead of the diseasecentred model ie that the providers should seek and gain understating of patients individual needs perspectives and values convey to patients the information they need to participate in their care and build trust and understanding avoidable costs in us healthcare the billion opportunity from using medicines more responsibly,3
+all grain prices decline in real terms and they will fall below current levels at the end of the projection period figure because of the significant fall in coarse grain prices described above a shift in land to oilseeds is anticipated in which should contribute to further declines in the prices of oilseeds in the oil sector a strong demand for food and fuel will push the price to increase as of,2
+these required attributes are also on occasion expanded to include leadership motivation discipline selfconfidence self awareness networking entrepreneurship and capacity to embrace change these skills are regarded as generic or transferable since they are seen as having a broad application across a wide range of employment contexts and as transcending individual subjects and are argued to be the basis for a flexible and multiskilled workforce keep and payne using average years of schooling as an education measure implicitly assumes that a year of schooling delivers the same increase in knowledge and skills regardless of the education system for example a year of schooling in papua new guinea is assumed to create the same increase in productive human capital as a year of schooling in japan,4
+the plan will be adjusted based on careful monitoring of the drivers of risk to obviate the need for emergency measures wong and others box it may be noted that the newly revised estimates of the speed of melting of the west antarctic ice sheet highlighted above has implications for the options under the plan this stems from the fact that incremental policies designed to address immediate needs must be consistent with longerterm investments and initiatives aimed at facilitating the more substantial transformative changes required to address the underlying determinants of poverty marginalization and vulnerability to climate hazards,13
+the payments can be made ex post or ex ante and are directed towards activities expected to improve coordination notably establishment of a care plan collaborative care meetings or improvements in the management of a health care structure these types of payment can also be made to meet other health policy objectives additional payments for extended consultation hours to improve access to health care for example exist in a number of countries but are not discussed here further,3
+existing remote sensing and biodiversity databases should be used to derive harmonised biodiversity variables of all the countries when possible the use of modern monitoring techniques for enhancing implementation of the essential biodiversity variables ebv concept in ecosystem assessments eg for cbd and ipbes has been recently suggested skidmore etal vihervaara etal during the nordic introductory and scoping study a simple excel metadatabase with information on the main literature and sources identified for the nordic assessment forming annexes to this project plan has been constructed see annex,15
+given that the ministry of education sets in law learning objectives and competencies to be attained by students and that this is externally assessed there is no need also to regulate the input of textbooks in the learning process this should go alongside procedures for the ministry to accredit textbooks as valid options for schools to choose from where the market in the slovak republic for a potential textbook is too small to be financially viable teachers and students could be provided with downloadable online materials teachers should be encouraged to share selfcreated teaching materials especially if there are insufficient funds for the ministry of education to commission such materials from experts,4
+this includes direct and indirect transfer of funds and liabilities tax breaks price and market support measures as well as other regulations giving an advantage to fossil fuels using the pricegap approach the iea provides a global estimate of subsidies to fossil fuels at usd bln in a figure that is limited only to consumer subsidies and only to developing countries iea b p the iea also estimates worldwide subsidies for renewables at usd bln in the same year iea b p,7
+primary care nurses performed better diagnostic and prescribing functions with quick access to tools and health information resources to the point of care this innovative strategy is likely to be more successful in countries where the medical infrastructure is not well developed countries with comparatively welldeveloped medical infrastructure usually face more challenges and resistance to implementing and enforcing innovative policies due to different positions among specialinterest groups,3
+in around the income of the th ie richest centile of households was three times higher than the income of the th ie poorest centile of households in several eastern european and nordic countries figure but this ratio stood above for chile israel mexico and hirkey also crosscountry differences in the share of top income earners th centile in total income are very wide ranging from for sweden to for the united states box,10
+the latter sector is essential to many households livelihoods and acts as a safety net for the poorest rural dwellers the dynamic rural economy is composed of specialist firms run by entrepreneurs with relatively high skill levels these businesses tend to be small and mediumsized enterprises smes that are larger in scope and scale than traditional household or microenterprises world bank,8
+researchers in norway disagree with some of the interpretations made by the det on the afl programme and some researchers also disagree about the implementation strategy used by the det these mixed signals are challenging for schools the programme initiated by the directorate for education and training has to some extent succeeded in setting up an infrastructure for knowledge development in the teaching profession school leaders and teachers who have been involved in the project know some of the theoretical literature and research on assessment and are able to find new literature and build on theories that can give new insights in their daily work with students,4
+in relative terms ddc represented around of total french bilateral oda oecd decentralised development cooperation targeting water and sanitation sectors reached a total of usd million in this represented of french oda targeting the water sector and of total ddc reported by france in figure as reported by the treasury of the ministry of economy and finance the creditor reporting system only tracks aid extended by lrgs and does not include financial flows by french basin agencies it is worth noting that the french ministry of foreign affairs uses the same figures as pseau when reporting water ddc flows over the period pseau reported that lrgs of all sizes and basin agencies in france spent close to eur million on drinking water supply and sanitation services in developing countries of which eur million were mobilised thanks to the oudinsantini law,6
+nonetheless it the most isolated people and those belonging to most wealthy socioeconomic group also have a disproportionately high perceptions of exclusion thus objective situations of social isolation that have been mentioned in the literature as factors that diminish capacities to deal with the crisis among the poorest population groups and influence the reproduction of poverty would strengthen the effect of relative deprivation this is expressed in psychologically negative sentiments but,1
+we analyse trends share knowledge and promote exchange among transport decisionmakers and civil society the itfs annual summit is the world s largest gathering of transport ministers and the leading global platform for dialogue on transport policy this work is published under the responsibility of the secretarygeneral of the international transport forum the opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of international transport forum member countries,11
+a study in rural malawi found that parents have many concerns regarding a daughters schooling even before puberty grant lack of safety in schools the negative influence of classmates perceptions of sexual activity and loss of parental control shape parental predictions about how long daughters would remain in school and weakened parental motivation to encourage them to do so for example in south africa a survey of parent engagement in their childrens schooling found that the parents gender age living standard and marital status all had an influence with younger mothers participating most and fathers least mmotlane winnaar kivilu ethnographic research in south africa suggests other factors underlying parental detachment from educational institutions include low literacy levels teachers high status in the community and assumptions around the inherent quality of education,5
+this practice was seen as requiring knowledge integration decisionmaking working together with others and communicating with patients barrows barrows and tamblyn yet medical students lacked clinical reasoning problemsolving and critical thinking skills there was concern that medical schools put a too heavy emphasis on memorisation of potentially irrelevant or soontobeoutdated facts instead of skills necessary to practice medicine barrows savery,4
+thirdly high aquaculture production volumes contribute to the policy objective food security there is however an ongoing discussion about the fishmeal trap which questions the ethical acceptability of using fish from capture fisheries for the production of highvalue fish finally aquaculture product safety and hygiene is important to ensure consumer protection,14
+the advantage is that transporting water is less strenuous for the elderly and children and allows transportation of a larger quantity of water thereby reducing the number of trips needed these innovations have somewhat assisted those with basic drinking water needs but the lack of access to safely managed drinking water is still a persisting problem,6
+this has both increased the costcompetitiveness of offgrid technologies and broadened the range of technologies available to satisfy different energy needs table increasingly larger shss are also being used by community facilities such as schools and rural health centres in unelectrified rural areas bhatia and angelou however policies have also played a critical role particularly through awarenessraising qualityassurance programmes grants and soft loans and tariffs and tax reductions scott and miller africa progress panel while by no means transformational household ownership of basic energy systems can provide meaningful savings and welfare improvements,7
+in the professional realm fields of study that are more likely to be chosen by young women such as humanities and social sciences may not be as appealing to employers as the maledominated technical and scientific disciplines thus their skills are seldom the primary barrier to their participation in the economy at the same time that the youth population has expanded and become more educated domestic and foreign companies have expressed an increasing unwillingness to invest in the region the overall scarcity of jobs can exacerbate traditional barriers faced by women in the workplace,5
+to maintain the longterm resilience and biodiversity of the forest ecosystem the ecological benefits of forests are not adequately balanced against commercial and recreation interests to achieve conservation goals especially those related to clearcutting patterns and the age limit of harvested species still the formulation of these key documents for the forestry sector mainly involved institutional actors and professional forestry and academic communities and lacked active participation of the private sector local communities and civil society organizations also the consideration of crosssectoral aspects such as biodiversity conservation and climate change was insufficient and a monitoring system for the forestry development strategic plan s implementation is not yet defined the status of the forestry industry has been at the centre of political debate in recent years as it is considered rather underdeveloped given the vastness of the resources,15
+the programme s design emphasises interaction among various sectors and has helped build social capital and social networks that can be used to move other projects forward at the public sector and community levels yet crosssectorinterinstitutional interaction has been scarce clear and complementary roles for other sector institutions like the mtt the mop the ministry of education the ministry of social development and the regional governments should be established,11
+these grants finance quality certification processes product and process development and precompetitive rd the grants have a maximum amount of and should not exceed per cent of the total value of the project the remaining share must be invested by the beneficiary more than projects have received funding at a total of million through this programme,9
+however seizing these lowhanging fruit opportunities has exacerbated the urbanrural divide with respect to access to electricity in all developing regions electrification rates are significantly lower in rural areas in subsaharan africa for instance while per cent of people living in cities have access to electricity only per cent of those living in rural areas have similar access table one of the most commonly cited successful electrification programmes is that of china which has reached a rate of more than per cent in less than two decades,7
+johns hopkins university press p see also beijing and its followup available from wwwunorgwomenwatchdawbeijing accessed november and sally engle merry human rights and gender violence translating international law into local justice university of chicago press p in the earlier global and world conferences on women gender violence was not treated as a major issue country visits by the special rapporteur on violence against women have shown that domestic violence remains widespread and affects women of all social strata a,5
+this would require careful examination of existing infrastructure and the creation of completely new control strategies able to balance the load demand of their customers with the varying power provided by wind and solar sources in barbados blp has taken the first step towards higher penetration of renewables with the publication of its integrated resource plan in blp and more recently the publication of its wind and solar integration study emera national policymakers across the region have set domestic targets to promote renewable energy use at the regional level policymakers have jointly established net billing as the appropriate minimum standard for policy support across caricom,7
+the larger geographic scale at which metropolitan planning is conducted offers a useful lens for a comprehensive vision of the diverse policy streams at play in the functional territory throughout the oecd the focus of spatial planning is increasingly shifting from imposing restrictions towards promoting development at least in the official rhetoric in practice when metropolitan spatial plans do exist they may still be narrowly framed around physical infrastructure and remain disconnected from regional development plans andor economic development plans which sometimes command larger funding eg in the case of eu countries that receive structural funds,11
+this could be achieved through natural resource sustainability updating the regulatory framework to protect the sectors interests abroad the integration of productive chains the continued support for innovative projects throughout the country and encouraging regional development by promoting smallscale projects within the rural sector national production in recent years has remained constant with a slight upward trend mainly because of growth in aquaculture production major species include shrimp clams crab and tuna the main destinations of mexican fish products exports included the united states hong kong and spain exports included species such as shrimp tuna lobster octopus and sardine,14
+in some instances viet nam has implemented tariff reductions ahead of the committed timetable tariff cuts may also have been employed on occasion to reduce inflationary pressures in the domestic economy or to mitigate fluctuations in domestic energy prices however a number of tariff rate increases since seem primarily motivated by a willingness to afford higher protection to certain domestic sectors eg meat producers,2
+yet the job characteristics valued by women and men have repeatedly been shown to differ in particular higher levels of job satisfaction expressed by women may reflect job characteristics that are normally unmeasured by standard employment and earnings statistics on the other hand women are more likely than men to identify the flexibility of work schedule social relations at work and the significance of the task as the most important aspects of a job bender et al these differences in job preferences may result from womens desire to integrate work and family life garey,5
+collaboration is the watchwordfor developmental continuity and is explored here for a range of actors involved in child development including children themselves their parents ecec and primary school staff and community services the chapter draivs on a survey of oecd countries and partner countries to outline key trends across jurisdictions as well as similarities and differences it describes five main challenges highlighted by participating countries that are hindering developmental continuity along with a wealth of practical strategies for tackling them,4
+despite the importance of human capital in delivering quality competitive tourism services less attention has been paid to identifying new ways of organising and managing human resources within the sector to support innovation boost productivity and enhance competitiveness the hospitality sector accommodation and food service activities is used as a proxy for tourism in the absence of more detailed and comparable information on tourism related employment tourism is composed of many branches and also includes the activities of travel agencies and tour operators passenger transportation and cultural sport and recreational services,8
+the broader entitlements approach proposed by dreze and sen does not specify a particular cause of famine just a framework that identifies it as a w idespread failure of entitlements for a substantial part of the population the causes are diverse including droughts floods general inflationary pressure sharp recessionary loss of employment war and can occur even without a decline in food output or availability per head food production is not only a source of food supply but for large sections of the population it is also the main source of livelihood,2
+the fund has programmed around percent of its approved finance for agriculture food security and sustainable land management outcomes the main international multilateral forestry funds include the forest investment program the forest carbon partnership facility fcpf the global environment facility and the unredd programme the unredd programme approved an average of us million per year and the fcpfs readiness fund an average of us million per year between and,13
+this proportion is much lower among yearold girls than boys however physical activity among adults in denmark is higher than in most other eu countries with nearly of adults reporting doing at least moderate physical activity each week the exception is regular heavy drinking among adults which appears to be equally prevalent across different socioeconomic groups smoking rates among those with the lowest level of education are more than double the rates among the most educated,3
+the impacts of such assessments on students vary in cases where students are provided with effective support for their learning the results can be positive however if having a learning difficulty means students are withdrawn from regular classroom instruction and face lower expectations a less demanding curriculum and lowerquality teachers this can have a very negative impact on them this is particularly the case when linguistic differences or the effects of trauma such as witnessing violence are interpreted as lack of ability,4
+it recommends a distinct set of actions on the basis of four types of settlements agglomerations cities of secondaiy importance centres of oblasts small towns and monotow ns most of the proposed actions were intended to revise legislation and create better conditions for uiban development however they were not fully realised the rdp was extended by including sectorial programs and the main implementation focus was switched to construction of infrastructure rather than development of institutional conditions,11
+the welfare costs that this imposes on society are high and pressures from human activities are projected to grow though no single definition exists mpas are generally described as any defined area within or adjacent to the marine environment which has been reserved by legislation or other effective means so that its marine andor coastal biodiversity enjoys a higher level of protection than its surroundings in addition to protecting habitats and buffering against storms and erosion mpas can help ensure the provision of multiple other ecosystem services that are fundamental for human wellbeing including for fisheries tourism recreation and carbon storage,14
+see jh reichman the international legal status of undisclosed clinical trial data from private to public good however in order for a competitor to be able to market a generic copy of the drug the local dra must still make a judgment about the efficacy and safety of the generic product and this decision may require the authority to rely on the regulatory decisions made by a dra in a country where the originator has actually been granted regulatory approval again the originator company may argue that the generic producer free rides on the originator s efforts even though the domestic dra in these cases makes no direct use of the test data in question rather it uses the foreign decision that is based on such test data,3
+communities set the tariffs determine the budget and introduce changes in the water supply systems extension household connections in the short term it is expected that the government will further decentralise the rural water supply and sanitation sector there are already examples of water supply systems which a year after they have been rehabilitated are in very poor operating condition with standpipes broken well doors missing pumps out of order etc furthermore the remnants of welfare mentality and the desire to receive services for free are still strong national regulators can remove regulatory constraints by setting clear rules for water operators irrespective of ownership,6
+in most jurisdictions teachers reach the first level of accreditation from the relevant authority upon graduation from an approved initial teacher education programme currently each teacher registration authority has its own distinct set of standards for registrationaccreditation however from jurisdictions will be progressively introducing the australian professional standards for teachers the standards which will provide a national measure for teachers professional practice and knowledge advancement to frill registration or professional competence is achieved after a period of employed teaching practice and from an appraisal against the standards at proficient level in all states and territories after teachers have initially become registered within their jurisdiction they must renew their registration,4
+while the nhs wales planning framework seems a useful step towards clarifying planning expectations there still seems to be scope for the government to be more prescriptive about exactly what is expected in terms of financing and budget allocation performance and efficiency and quality achievement and improvement from health boards and the providers they oversee the welsh government is already beginning to explore some of these issues for the health system as a whole and for health boards in the consultation document green paper our health our health service welsh government a and with the integrated medium term plans more also needs to be done to support health boards as they try to deliver meaningful and more significant system change with a focus on good collaboration between the welsh government and the health boards building technical managerial and leadership capacity in health boards and sharing of experiences and expertise across health boards and systemwide other oecd countries also struggle with the balance between national standards and control and local freedom and innovation and some offer lessons that wales could learn from box,3
+in practice however credits accrue to women to a much greater extent than men given that women take on the larger share of caring work social pensions are particularly significant in countries where the coverage of contributory social insurance schemes is limited and the majority of the labour force is in informal employment because individuals with limited contributory records tend to be concentrated among lowincome groups noncontributory social pensions are essential for oldage poverty prevention older women have been at the forefront of these mobilizations,5
+total assets of kazagro equalled usd billion at the beginning of of which around were concentrated in only three companies fcc kaf and acc figure thus of total wheat purchases carried out by the fcc between and threequarters represented commercial purchases similarly in addition to preferential lending kaf and acc run credit schemes based on commercial terms these three companies are themselves large borrowers of commercial credit agrotechnical university had been in the past subordinated to ministry of agriculture but is now subordinated to the ministry of education and science most of these agencies represent diversified territorial networks,2
+mongolian forests harbour species of trees and shrubs the main forestforming species are larch larix sibirica the dominant tree species in mongolia pine pinus silvestris cedar spruce fir birch aspen poplar elm and willow mongolian fauna consists of mammal species fish species reptile species amphibian species over bird species over insect species and about species of molluscs as for mongolian fauna as many as animal species mammal bird fish and invertebrate are considered globally threatened species are categorized as critically endangered cr species as endangered en and species as vulnerable vu a further fauna species are categorized as nt as dd and as lc,15
+one example of such an initiative was the development grants awarded by the teacher development agency in the united kingdom which provided funding to trainers for development in the area of ict without specifying the exact content this had a positive impact on the development of new tools and resources for use in teaching and teacher education as it encouraged staff such as teacher trainers to become more active in researching the field at the policy level it is important that teachers and trainers are provided with incentives for development that are flexible and not too prescriptive the existence of strong ict national policies and strategies has been an important driver in some cases particularly when developed bottomup,4
+in per cent of deaths were of females and per cent of males about per cent of deaths occurred in urban populations while per cent were in rural populations around one third of deaths per cent are related to symptoms signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings that are not classified by specific origin,3
+typically some farmers adopt it quickly while others wait for extension or the results of their neighbours to convince them to do so they are crucial to facilitating the dissemination of new technologies and their learning and adoption by farmers they provide a link between the generation of innovations by national and international research institutions and their mastery and adoption by producers at the farm level they have been introduced on less than one third of the area planted with cereal grains in the developing world zepeda,2
+however barriers to accessing care mainly affect the lowest income group of people with low income reported unmet needs for medical care compared with only among the highest income group figure with financial barriers being the most important reason for such unmet medical care needs however there are large geographical differences in waiting times for these procedures with over a threefold difference between regions with the longest and shortest waiting times outofpocket payments which include direct payments costsharing for services outside the benefit package as well as informal payments account for of all health spending in hungary nearly twice as high as the eu average at figure,3
+some municipalities have also introduced postcode area policies and central application for registering students to a certain school on the basis of school needs and characteristics rather than giving full school choice to families ministerie van onderwijs cultuur en wctcnschap oi in two other dutch cities nijmegen and deventer the local government enforced integration as a criterion in the school choice process with the aim of having native students along with immigrant students ladd fiske and ruijs oj more specifically all primary schools in nijmegen have agreed on a central subscription system based on the distribution of students in different categories in order to reach a share of of disadvantaged students in each school,4
+it is also recommended for mpi to establish a knowledge sharing platform where provinces can share their ppgap experience eg methodology development processes with other provinces so that they can efficiently develop their pggaps with less external resources a central support team could be organised with the involvement of relevant ministries for example the ministry of construction for urban green growth which provides training as well as some handson support to develop pggaps the central support team together with the knowledge sharing platform can ensure effective knowledge exchange and capacity building at the provincial level,11
+a matching funds approach may also be considered which provides an incentive for domestic revenue rising in order to obtain additional oda as proposed by the united nations department of economic and social affairs it is also worth working towards international consensus on nontraditional forms of development finance such as a currency transaction tax regular allocations of imf special drawing rights sdrs and the use of idle sdrs undesa another nontraditional source of development finance is the channelling of a fraction of the resources of sovereign wealth funds to ldcs either directly or through regional development banks as proposed by unctad a simple calculation estimated that through the latter alternative if per cent of the assets from those funds were directed to the capital base of regional development banks this could mobilize an additional billion in their annual lending capacity unctad,8
+the analyses based on the other countries cases attempt to examine whether local governments tend to pay little attention to education expenditure and education performance or not the average government size of the other countries is approximately of gdp figure but korean education expenditure is relatively high compared with other welfarerelated expenditure and has been the most rapidly expanding spending item the average ratio of public education expenditure to gdp in oecd member countries and partner economies ranges between of gdp,4
+municipal water providers spend resources on water supply projects that rely upon the same water or build parallel pipelines all water supply projects must go through lengthy adversarial processes to receive permits in most drainages and even some basins municipal industrial environmental and agricultural needs are met depending on which user has preexisting rights or has the most financial and political resources one less than optimal result is that in a drought for example one town may have a full water supply and a neighbouring community little or nothing,6
+policy responses to reported abuses should focus on implementing existing laws and if necessary strengthening penalties for legal breaches by employers rather than restricting the market for temporary labour this is unobjectionable as an aspiration but is less clear as a policy as the term decent work can conceal difficult tradeoffs the goal of decent work should not be allowed to perpetuate or strengthen the current pattern of a core of wellpaid labour market insiders existing alongside a similar number of excluded and impoverished outsiders either jobless or pushed into the informal sector,8
+confronted with the continued and rapid emergence of new psychoactive substances countries in the region have placed additional substances under temporary listing andor extended the scope of drug control to defined groups of substances for instance the republic of korea announced the temporary control of new psychoactive substances synthetic cannabinoids phenethylamines and other miscellaneous substances for three years in december which brought the number of new psychoactive substances currently under temporary control to under that country s act on the control of narcotics the possession management trade assistance in the trade or the giving or receiving of materials that contain a temporary scheduled substance are prohibited,3
+key areas of ecosystem monitoring include mangroves and cloud forests there is also an early warning fire detection system the main objective is to provide information of national interest through coordination and widespread adoption of national and international standards in compliance with the snieg law,15
+this would result in a more diverse nutritious wellbalanced and safe food consumption pattern reflected through an increase in the desirable dietary plan pph score from in to in a national workshop on food and nutrition conducted in recommended that no more than half the required carbohydrate intake should come from rice with the remaining taken from tuber statistics show that the people of indonesia consume more rice than the required carbohydrate intake reaching in moa this has become an increasingly important priority with the gradual opening up of the domestic market to agricultural imports and the need to increase quality standards to compete in the global market the objective requires an efficient production system processing and quality control,2
+in other ljubljana with one option and riga with four options the capital city with more options achieves higher public transport demand therefore for a city where bus service is the only available option and the policy goal would be to increase the demand for public transport the introduction of a second mode may be worth a relevant consideration especially if peer cities offering more options do reach higher demand for public transport for the length it is interesting to note that the capitals with the density between to inhabitants per square kilometer reach similar results for both measurements figure,11
+accordingly education awareness and training offer a longterm solution for the sustainable development of a coastal and ocean economy the first part of the chapter will examine the past current and future coastal and marine research priorities at various scales and how research has been or is conducted in the region the second part of the chapter will explore the development of regional capacity for coastal and marine research and how existing research has been supported in the past,14
+more ambitious and radical approaches are needed to further reduce demand and mitigate competition across water users allocation of water across users including for ecosystems will be an important challenge the nutrient recycling and reduction scenario assesses the impact of measures to reuse nutrients in agriculture and reduce both domestic and agricultural discharges of nitrogen n and phosphorus p,6
+credible analysis of climate change issues can influence budget priorities if designed to feed into national policy planning documents drakenberg et al from an aid donors perspective financing for climate change programmes that also contributes to poverty reduction and development objectives can help avoid fragmenting funding sources oecd preparing leds could also be a first step towards indicating a sufficient level of capacity to effectively absorb and manage the financing through an understanding of institutional responsibilities table outlines the range of possible functions that a leds could fulfil for different stakeholders both domestic and international,13
+in other words the less experienced teacheis assume more of the teaching load thus the value of more experienced teachers is lost between and net contact time in hours per year decreased more sharply in greece al all levels than any oecd country and significantly more than in the eu and in oecd countries on average,4
+in addition central gender institutions may play a stronger role in working with ministries to define and coordinate their needs for genderdisaggregated data even when such data exist some governments still need encouragement to employ gender statistics in their planning and budgetary processes consequently national gender institutions must often engage in developing guidelines manuals and training materials to promote the development and collection of genderdisaggregated statistics as well as designing methodologies to encourage their application gendersensitive indicators provide a useful tool to communicate goals and objectives within an overall vision and strategy for gender equality they are used to assess progress in achieving gender equality by measuring changes in the status of women and men and may be used to measure a particular intervention towards achieving greater gender equality focusing on measuring what matters can help drive the achievement of results and monitor performance against the desired goals for gender equality,5
+indeed the world economic forum recently argued that some more advanced developing countries could leapfrog into industry and that its impact could be farreaching for possibly attaining within a generation inclusive and sustainable industrial development once again this clearly underscores the role of international organizations including unido to address these challenges unido is closely partnering with other development organizations including many of the los represented in this report partnerships are a fruitful way forward to make the best and most productive use of icts for isid and to ensure that everyone benefits equally from the opportunities brought about by eversophisticated advances in icts and their application in modern manufacturing,9
+within this process agricultural extension and industiy expansion need to play a larger role in supporting modernisation and product development harnessing new opportunities for creating nonfarm employment will require improvements in the overall conditions for investment a combination of institutional reform and investment in connective infrastructure are needed to create a businessfriendly environment to foster rural entrepreneurship and to attract foreign firms relocating from china furthermore the government needs to continue its commitments to health education and skills to ensure a healthy and capable rural woikfoice,9
+the pipeline attacks illustrate the danger of depending on external supplies of energy and raise the question of how jordan can ensure its energy independence while meeting its energy needs oil makes up of the portfolio followed by natural gas at while the share of renewable sources is negligible figure the arrival of thousands of syrian refugees continues to strain resource needs such as health care provision water resources have also come under pressure by the flood of refugees meo given regional turmoil and uncertainties in the outcome of the syrian unrest jordan may have to continue coping with an everincreasing population due to refugees or immigrants and thus increased stress in scarce resources moreover water resources are being rapidly depleted due to unsustainable usage patterns,7
+not only have water reservoirs pumps treatment facilities and distribution networks been affected by military conflicts and occupation by foreign forces but also have wastewater treatment facilities and irrigation networks been destroyed during military incursions operation and maintenance of water facilities is also limited during periods of insecurity and occupation which have affected the availability of fuel for pumping water eg in yemen the import of replacement parts eg in palestine or access of employees to operate water facilities eg in iraq in preparation some officials have already considered relocating the capital to the coast,6
+however funding from international cooperation is likely to gradually decline in the years to come the mma and icmbio envisage the shift of the arpa programme from donation based to government financed over years and has set up a transition fund for the purpose brazil would benefit from developing a comprehensive financial strategy for the snuc and for biodiversity policy more generally,15
+the food price crisis initiated a number of changes to governments agricultural trade policy stances national governments of some developing countries pursued a number of policies to stabilise domestic markets and to isolate their consumers from events in world markets oecd abbot oecd in the short term a number of governments imposed export restrictions and varied import duties in an attempt to insulate domestic consumers from rapidly rising international prices table,2
+even in big schools they are assisted by a deputy to deal with administrative matters but cannot assign them instructional leadership roles principals can pay surcharges to some teachers to take on different tasks eg reviewing teaching plans participating in a monthly committee but none of these entail real responsibility and authority for instructional leadership in the eyes of other teachers in practice teachers receive little feedback and support to improve their practice either from school leaders or other peers an increasing number of oecd countries have created such leadership positions to strengthen teacher professional development at the school level building on research that shows teachertoteacher feedback and support to be one of the most effective means of improving teaching standards see box,4
+along with the challenges of access to health technologies to address the burden of communicable disease low and middleincome countries are also increasingly grappling with the rising burdens of noncommunicable diseases yet newer patented treatments often carry price tags that are not affordable for the vast majority of patients in low and middleincome countries taking a closer look at the growing interest in niche markets and personalized medicine world medical and health policy vol,3
+source authors calculations based on povcalnet database haughton and khandker go as far as stating that legitimate comparisons of poverty rates between one country and another can only be made if the same absolute poverty line is used in both countries the statement that the same line should be used depends crucially on the validity and legitimacy of that poverty line in both countries which is likely to hold when both are lowincome countries because below a certain level of income poverty lines are quite close to the dollaraday line but not among two middleincome countries,1
+while the causes of this growth are hard to pinpoint long waiting times are reportedly an important issue as noted earlier growing demand of medical tourism services may also explain part of the increase this way the ccss offers health services either within its own premises or through the private sector where publicprivate partnerships ppp have been negotiated,3
+there are new education and training options some of them vocational which may not be well understood by students teachers and parents with young people staying in education in many countries longer than ever before they need access to better information about the consequences of their decisions from an early age and to build effective decisionmaking skills for their work choices research has shown how easy it is for young people especially from more disadvantaged backgrounds to get caught out as they seek to move into work after education,4
+taking food availability as an example risk comes from a shortfall in food supply due for instance to a significant crop failure government policies need to be able to manage in a coordinated way food supplies coming from production imports and stocks so that the whole set of trade and agricultural policies play a role in responding to availability risks as for access it is the role of the government to enhance households access to efficient risk management strategies whether through economic diversification or the use of community or market insurance or in the most extreme cases public safety nets that can be scaled up in the case of a crisis finally as for utilisation direct nutritional intervention may be needed,2
+the asean plan of action for energy cooperation apaeq served to advance cooperation towards energy security the subregion has made good progress on several of its goals six of the planned interconnections under die asean power grid and bilateral gas pipeline interconnections have been commissioned this work will continue under the apaec presented in october under the dieme of enhancing energy connectivity and market integration in asean to achieve energy security accessibility affordability and sustainability for all diis plan provides enhanced goals and targets for the subregion,7
+however a given level of inequality can only remain constant if income growth is balanced ie equal rates of income growth at all percentiles of the income distribution when income growth is unbalanced the level of inequality changes over time it is one thing to say australia is more unequal now than it was in and quite another thing to say australia is more unequal now than it was in and australians can expect it to get ever more unequal each year into the indefinite future this paper therefore asks what the implications of ever increasing inequality might be and whether this can possibly be a steady state,10
+this methodology allows to take into account the correlation between solar output and electricity demand the analysis is based on the load factors for wind for the period from to the data used in the model refer to a location in the south of france and have a minutes resolution more information can be found at the following address figure c shows a magnified section of the first hours periods of vi hour length of the load duration curve corresponding to the peak demand period the black line shows the annual duration load curve while the red line represents the residual load curve obtained by averaging the independently calculated samples generated by the monte carlo process finally the blue line shows the highest values of the residual curve ie the case with the lowest renewable production observed over the samples,7
+the global rate of decline in mtl in the three oceans is about trophic level per decade climate change may affect the seasonality of biological processes and alter marine food webs with unpredictable consequences for fish production for small pelagic fish stocks such as anchovy sardine pilchard and squid the effect of climate variability is decisive over that of fishing mortality,14
+food security is mentioned only once although protecting people in the rural sector is acknowledged for example the need to protect households against crop failure but these connections in formal documentation at least are implicit rather than explicit the focus is on social transfers communitybased insurance and school feeding programmes some operations do make transfers to food insecure people though the links to food security are not made explicitly in programming operations are at a different level for example tl improve the fiscal legal and institutional frameworks and coherent design of comprehensive social protection programmes,2
+men benefit because they have lost the negative attitude that they once had and can form more equitable relationship with women their willingness to do more housework and help raise the children is one form of progress i am a doctor and we have improved a lot in maternal health in our country it was also thought that we need to improve reproductive rights and so we made progress by broadening birth control regulations and legalizing emergency contraception commonly known as the morningafter pill and today chilean women have more control over their own bodies which is tremendously important,5
+in addition development cooperation providers efforts to improve the environmental performance of businesses increasingly involve working through intermediaries such banks business and professional associations and companies with extensive supply chains while this approach may be a necessary and effective way of reaching out to companies especially small and mediumsized enterprises it leads to significant difficulties in monitoring and verifying environmental impacts and outcomes the lack of consistent monitoring is compounded by issues related to attribution of impact and to the establishment of baselines for the analysis efforts to mobilise private investment and work through the private sector should be aligned with local contexts and priorities eg through ndcs and national adaptation plans naps,13
+all these elements have caused chronic shortages of land especially for the urban poor reducing the efficiency of the city several countries and cities are adopting and adapting this technique in order to accommodate a variety of legal frameworks and publicprivate relationships many others are improving the legal tools to assist with this process in many cities even longestablished public spaces such as parks and open areas are under threat from development the most common public space street surface areas are being reduced in newly urbanized areas of both developed and developing countries it is not only that the share of the public space is cut down but also the very notion of the public realm,11
+carework for the community enhances community wellbeing and improves social cohesion a recent study based on a sample of adults in countries concluded that daughters of working mothers who completed more years of schooling were more likely to be employed especially in a supervisory role and to earn a higher income in the united states where daughters of working mothers earned percent more than daughters of stayathome mothers some of these effects were stronger what would be needed to translate such choices into an equitable balance between men and women in roles responsibilities and outcomes for both paid and unpaid work,5
+other factors important for inclusion may be teaching in local languages or ensuring that schools are safe and have separate sanitary facilities for girls incentives to sustain girls education include conditional and unconditional cash transfers to poor families and school feeding programmes in bangladesh for example some evidence indicates that the growth of the garment industry is keeping significantly higher numbers of girls in school given employers requirements for basic literacy and numeracy,5
+but between and these rates slowed to per year for poverty and per year for indigence in ecuador poverty was down by percentage points from to and indigence by percentage points from to in brazil poverty fell by points from to and extreme poverty by points from to,1
+for the tertiary level the population used is the fiveyear age group starting from the official secondary school graduation age the pattern is observed in all the countries analysed and is much wider in emerging economies than in the average oecd country the gap is narrowest among the youngest neets to years old and widens with age a reflection of the fact that while the gender gap in school enrolment has disappeared in most countries gender differences in labour force participation persist,5
+it illustrates that the number of health facilities is greatest at the local level decreasing at the intermediate level and further at the national level technology by its nature is in a state of constant evolution therefore the measurement of one kind of ict used for a specific function in one year may not be relevant in another year the organisation for economic cooperation and development oecd proposes a practical way of dealing with this through its model survey approach,3
+establish a national longterm strategic vision that addresses infrastmcture service needs manage the integrity and cormption threats at all stages of the process from project conception to delivery establish clear criteria to guide the choice of delivery mode publicprivate partnerships vs direct public provision etc,11
+these results suggest that for some of these emerging pollutants n bs work better than grey solutions and in certain cases may be the only solution however industrial applications of nbs particularly constructed wetlands for industrial wastewater treatment are growing a review of applications in countries made clear that constructed wetlands have been used for many types of industrial effluents vymazal,6
+more specifically definitions and measures of food insecurity are beginning to move away from focusing on siloes of access availability and utilization and consider factors such as food sufficiency nutrient adequacy cultural acceptability safety and certainty and stability of foods coates accordingly using indices or scales has become a more common approach to capturing these different dimensions leading to a more comprehensive understanding of food insecurity in the global sdg indicators framework it has been agreed to use the food insecurity experience scale fies to estimate the prevalence of moderate and severe food insecurity,2
+this masks huge differences between the ldcs but reflects that some of them will have largely achieved the universality and affordability criteria by however the prospects for widespread use of the internet by are poor at current growth less than a quarter of the ldcs population will be online figure bottom right a key reason is that growth in the ability to use the internet will not match that of coverage and affordability,9
+the study argues capacity building programmes for women are good but it is also important that men get education about the importance of women in politics excluding men from these education programmes will never lead to complete change as male attitudes contribute to the problem giving voice to the voiceless moreover their husbands work on their behalf vissandjee et al,5
+indeed existing gaps in labour market outcomes of prime age and older workers continue to be influenced by education and career decisions that they made to years ago when societal norms and career expectations were different further policy action is needed immediately to ensure that girls and young women s gains translate into gender equality throughout the life cycle gender gaps often emerge around the time of parenthood when more traditional gender norms around work and life take hold in families even if socioeconomic outcomes have changed slowly on the ground countries have made good progress in some policy areas in the past halfdecade particularly in paternity and parental leave reducing the gender wage gap addressing violence against women and promoting women in leadership over half of oecd countries now offer paid paternity leave for at least a few days around childbirth and more and more are reserving a parental leave period that only fathers can use chapter,5
+this is why the first of the millennium development goals mdgs is to eradicate extremes of both poverty and hunger the world bank emphasises that poverty is a root cause of hunger these three factors are interlinked in such a way that each contributes to the presence and permanence of the others,2
+the european youth guarantee framework also goes in this direction see chapter a number of factors contribute to the efficiency of secondchance schemes which help youth return to education and potentially integrate into the mainstream education system european commission programmes using flexible structures that are not schools and appealing activities such as music or sports applying innovative curricula and pedagogic approaches and providing specialised support eg psychological and financial support counselling and career guidance have been most effective in this respect some countries eg european countries have introduced secondchance schemes chapter s but the impact of many of these programmes on youth skills and transitions into the labour market still need to be carefully evaluated,4
+given the scale of resources and the number of projects involved bicro has so far nurtured a small sector essentially hedging its bets on a few contenders each of which has an uncertain probability of successful employment creation and longterm sustainability this approach can be useful for capturing serendipitous and radical ideas and has a nonnegligible probability of a reasonably strong economic impact if pursued vigorously over a sufficiently long period however it cannot be the main basis of support for businesssector innovation as a whole,9
+this may be exacerbated by the smaller project scale of renewables which lead to disproportionately higher transaction costs and lower gross returns although the rates of returns may still be well within attractive market standards this is a complex area for investment and credit committees of banks to assess given that countries have differing support regimes varying processes and legal standing for other issues such as aw arding grid connections generation licenses and securing offtake arrangements financiers may impose additional costs on generally undercapitalized project developers with limited track records and have differing riskreturn expectations across the stages of the investment continuum from rd through to mergers and acquisitions which may make the various stages more or less attractive commercially,7
+retrieved from instituteruom ihiiresponsibleusemedicines pdf ascertaining barriers for compliance policies for safe effective and costeffective use of medicines in europe final report of the abc project pharmaceutical expenditure and policies past trends and future challenges in oecd health working papers vol medication adherence who cares mayo clin proc,3
+in addition students are more dependent upon their parents and their parents resources when they are younger in systems that track students early parents who are more socioeconomically advantaged may be in a better position to promote their childs abilities than disadvantaged parents in systems where these decisions are taken at a later age students play a larger role in deciding their own education pathways and teachers and parents have enough information to make more objective decisions while the median age of first formal selection is years in oecd countries oecd a in finland and spain students are not separated into different tracks until the end of lower secondary education however in a few countries such as austria and germany selection takes place very early when students are just years old among the various academic selection systems tracking is the most rigid because students are taught substantially different curricula,4
+in meetings with the review team students emphasised its importance suggesting that the role of upper secondary is to prepare for matura students allocate their time and attention to the subjects in which they will take matura examination families frequently invest in private tutoring to prepare students for matura examinations,4
+it can also promote synergies and knowledge sharing between teams working on different accounts chapter concludes the guide by reporting areas of existing and ideas for future research regarding the measurement of unpaid household service work simultaneous activities take place in parallel with each other such as looking after children while cooking a meal there are numerous solutions to recording the time spent in simultaneous activities,8
+many of these changes have been linked to higher incidences of poverty smaller households households headed by women and older people and immigrant families all face higher risks of poverty as family structures continue to change so too will the nature of poverty as families become more fluid individuals may face greater risks of falling into poverty at some point over the course of their lives,1
+while there is no disagreement on this general notion a look at the productivity literature and its various applications reveals there is no single purpose or indicator to measure productivity the focus is on maximising the output with a given set of inputs and a given technology or on minimising the inputs for a given output the focus is on minimising resource input costs,12
+it could be argued therefore that the qof indicators as they stand present gps with a perverse incentive to not increase screening or depression diagnoses as this would increase the followup and the severity assessments and screening required to meet the qof targets in there are two indicators for depression the percentage of adult patients with a new diagnosis of depression that have had a biopsychosocial assessment by the point of diagnosis dep and the percentage of patients with depression reviewed patients between days after initial diagnosis dep for a list of the indicators see bma payment by results pbr has been used since as a key provider payment mechanism in secondary care,3
+national funds are allocated to the regions on a per capita funding basis for schools costs such as salaries and learning materials regions and municipalities allocate these funds to schools and school leaders are responsible for their financial management schools can receive extra national funding for students with special needs on a perstudent basis and they can apply for grants for socioeconomically disadvantaged students or additional funding for extra materials or personnel,4
+this chapter examines the targeting and coverage of these benefits and their incentive effects and role in the labour market the chapter first considers the employment insurance el system focusing mainly on the cash benefits provided a distinctive characteristic is that contributions to the regular el system are not payable on earnings from some types of nonregular work in particular until any work expected to last for less than a year japan provides the clearest oecdcountry example of an unemployment insurance ui system that allows for the continuing existence of an uncovered sector and its detailed provisions merit careful study by any other country that is considering the introduction of a ui system that may at first cover only workers in relatively stable and longterm employment although japan s recent reforms aim to extend coverage to shortterm employment the chapter then examines the management of public assistance with a focus on the entitlement features and management practices that keep the benefit caseload particularly low,8
+this pattern is reinforced by time and mobility constraints arising from sociocultural genderbased norms that impose a double burden in terms of unpaid care work and productive activities it is also reinforced by gender segregation in the labour market which confines women largely to relatively lowincome activities and by intrahousehold decisionmaking dynamics that limit their control over household income and their influence on spending priorities such biases are especially evident in genderdisaggregated householdlevel data based on maleheaded and femaleheaded households,5
+in general in countries in the asian and pacific region had a dpt coverage of per cent or above with the exception of the lao people s democratic republic per cent timorleste per cent and papua new guinea per cent in some countries dpt coverage was lower in than it was in examples include india per cent to per cent indonesia per cent to per cent and the philippines per cent to per cent immunization for this disease is also used as a proxy indicator of a fully immunized child because it is usually given at the age of months by which time all other antigens have been provided,3
+southern med review time series analysis of the relationship between unemployment and mortality a survey of econometric critiques and replications of brenner s studies does the economy affect teenage substance use reichman n e business cycles hypertension and cardiovascular disease evidence from the icelandic economic collapse,3
+moreover some studies khera and nayak have shown that this programme brought significant benefits for women including improvement of their food security and ability to avoid hazardous work the sample covers married women aged between and years who live in rural areas and whose household participated in nrega programme in women of the sample live in households that participated in the programme and did not,5
+their results suggest that ols estimates of skills premia in terms of both wages and employment outcomes may well provide a lowerbound estimate of the true returns to skills but they report radically different pictures as regards the relative importance of the returns to problemsolving in technologyrich environments which will refer to in shorthand as ictliteracy skills lane and conlon on the other hand estimate larger returns to ictliteracy skills and the impact of schooling on these skills is less marked than it is for literacy and numeracy,4
+yemen is experiencing a politically and economically tumultuous period with both the public and private sectors having failed to address food water and energy insecurities facing the country the goal of this case study is to understand the processes that have led to water scarcity inyemen and specifically in its capital sanaa population vulnerability to water scarcity is being examined and identified and particular focus is placed on the urban poor and those living in informal settlements within the citys peripheries,6
+because of poor maintenance of drainage infrastructure waterlogging of agricultural land is a concern in the ukrainian section of the prut in bod nitrite and suspended solids were the most common defects compared to there was a slight improvement of the water quality of the prut river in the republic of moldova in four monitoring stations of the seven fell in class iii and three stations in class ii in all seven stations fell in class ii in romanian territory on the prut river there are monitoring stations,6
+even in the absence of such an adverse shock however the lindoe example represents an invitation to stakeholders in sydney to investigate whether it has any similar opportunity based on the presence in sydney of large technologybased enterprises internationally renowned universities a highly developed tafe system of skills training and strongly supportive policies by statelevel and local governments it has begun a work programme including a project to design and build what will be the world s largest and smartest nacelle test bench for wind turbines up to mw it has established the lindoe welding centre which aims to develop welding techniques that will reduce the cost of manufacturing the foundations and basic structures of wind turbines,7
+employers who hire as regular workers new school graduates who are unable to find a job despite active jobsearch can be paid a gi ant of jpy million per worker or half of this sum for large companies mhlw a the japanese dual system had about participants and a budget of jpy billion in fy oecd a see also annex a this is now one of the main forms of commissionedtype training accessed through the job card system see box,8
+it is crucial to report the reference period together with the figures as well as the international and national criteria for forced labour the data collected should be comprehensive and their compilation sufficiently detailed to facilitate international comparability based on the concepts and definitions provided in the ilo methodology concerning statistics of forced labour utilisation of the ilo methodology should help to facilitate the international comparability of forced labour statistics by minimizing differences across countries,8
+in kyrgyzstan to people have migrated to bishkek from the provinces in the past five years osh the country s second largest city has seen a similar influx resulting in informal substandard housing on the outskirts the housing units often lack basic necessities such as sanitation and running water ifc,11
+both careerbased and positionbased public employment traditions are found among highperforming systems furthermore this relationship is stronger across systems in which schoollevel achievement data are used for accountability practices eg are posted publicly or are tracked over time by an administrative authority this might suggest that when greater responsibility for teacher selection is devolved to schools systems are better able to adapt to new circumstances and to growing expectations and teachers are more committed to students learning provided that schools have the right incentives and are held accountable for their outcomes however the relationship could also reflect countries decision to reduce school autonomy if student performance is in decline or to grant greater autonomy to schools if performance is improving,4
+with differences among regions and countries these transformations include the stabilization of total capture fisheries production at million tonnes since mid s the rapid increase in global aquaculture production reaching about million tonnes in and outpacing all other foodproducing systems the globalization of the industry with substantial growth in world trade in fish and fisheries products particularly in value terms and the rising demand for fish and fishery products however many factors might affect the prospects for this sector these include land and water and associated conflicts feed seed supply and genetic resources environmental integrity and disease problems development and adoption of new and improved farming technologies market trade and food safety climate change investment capital impediments and problems that can originate from unguided and unmonitored aquaculture practices,14
+alternative ways to ensure appropriate supply of services include collaborations with ngos and community groups but implementation difficulties have been experienced in some cases there is no strategy fitting all cases and the decision depends on the types of vulnerable groups their presence among the poor the family and household structure in the country and very importantly the political economy of potential reforms in the country overall it is reasonable to believe that integrated programmes can effectively cover all the needy individuals while keeping administrative costs down,10
+the general skills functional literacy level is typically achieved at the primary education level specific skills are acquired during secondary education and advanced scientific and technical knowledge obtained through higher education however formal education is not a sole source of human capital in fact recent studies suggest that in the arctic human capital is less related to formal levels of schooling than it is in the south petrov petrov and cavin,4
+industry and waste are also of concern cases of maximum concentration values for nh organic substances and pb exceeding threshold values for drinking water have been recorded in certain wells in the area all are however of low importance nutrient pollution has been observed in some vulnerable zones,6
+a rule curve committee was appointed in to lower the water level of the reservoir during the monsoon period as near to the dead storage level as possible for flood control the project has fallen far behind schedule during construction this has resulted in more capital costs interest charges and delayed returns industry and the agricultural community are in conflict about water allocation strategies mean monthly storages are likely to decrease in future scenarios,6
+in the harsh conditions of the mountains natural ecosystems play an important role in ensuring an environment that can support life while biological communities do not vary greatly in the kyrgyz lowlands the mountains support deserts steppes coniferous and deciduous forests and alpine meadows which can all be found within a few kilometres of each other it is only such high levels of diversity that allow an environmental balance to be maintained effectively under the extreme mountain conditions,15
+these are mostly fulltime students for example in austrian vocational colleges or in korean junior colleges in other countries students are more often in their late s or early s in the united states community college provision is dominated by parttime adult students kuczera and field in austria germany and switzerland professional examinations led by industry serve adults with some years of relevant work experience musset et al,4
+in fact as itu has long been highlighting this can only be the case where an enabling environment with flexible and adaptive ict regulatory frameworks are in place to capitalize on the benefits of the digital revolution indeed itu organizes the annual global symposium for regulators gsr to debate new and emerging ict regulatory issues in ict realworld drivers and constraints cannot be neglected at the expense of the virtual world we need concerted efforts to harness the power of icts and the online world to enrich peoples lives,9
+it delivers business counselling training and microfinance to these women in order to help them start and manage micro and small enterprises as well as providing opportunities for them to participation in local and regional trade fairs its goal is to strengthen the role of businesswomen as leaders in the palestinian economy through advocacy networking and the provision of business services it serves its members and offers programmes and services to aspiring women entrepreneurs seeking to establish or grow their businesses,5
+their work consists in maintaining laboratories preparing experiments and assisting teachers in conducting laboratory classes a total of other professional categories are stipulated to support the daytoday operation of schools eg accountant psychologist nurse librarian clerk secretary repair man guard doorman see annex a the number of positions per category depends on the type level of education and number of consolidated classes of the school norms for teachers studentteacher ratios and sanitary conditions of schools mean that within schools most students are supposed to encounter comparable conditions,4
+tourism business owners have indicated that the burden of staff training and development is currently too great khowala the world travel and tourism council also maintains that tourism firms globally and across africa should invest significantly in employee training to address skills shortages in the tourism sector for instance only about per cent of african students are enrolled in technical vocational education and training courses compared with per cent of chinese students unctad d this could contribute to young talent being available to both large and smallscale tourism enterprises and promote greater youth entrepreneurship in tourism the section also discusses differential impacts of tourism on women and men to better understand the gender dimension of the sector,8
+there are some adaptation measures the introduction and dissemination for example of adaptation technologies such as those involving droughtresistant seeds and solarpowered cooling systems for the home that expand access to electricity by reducing dependency on electrical grids while also reducing emissions that align themselves well with business interests however in practice kickstarting such adaptation measures requires a boost from the public sector this being the case the focus of the first policy scenario for increasing adaptation financing should simply be more resources from the public sector,13
+then it moves on to provide a rationale for strengthening the participation of women within security and justice institutions and information on how to overcome common challenges to the increased participation of women including cultural norms and stereotypes lack of education discrimination sexual harassment and sexual violence the chapter concludes with practical recommendations for how to increase women s recruitment retention and advancement in postconflict security sector institutions in this context the transformation of security sector institutions is one of the key activities necessary in order to provide justice and security and prevent the resurgence of conflict,5
+in for example million people were displaced as a result of suddenonset climaterelated weather events compared to million internally displaced by conflict and violence there is however no global database on migratory movements related to natural disasters at best there are estimates that can be derived from displacement data relating to particular crises although the number of disasters has increased significantly over the last two decades see map showing the change in the number of natural disasters between and there has not been a major impact on international migratory flows as much displacement is shortlived and temporary and those who are displaced do not have the resources or networks to migrate abroad this is why it is often asserted that environmental change is likely to contribute to more internal rather than international migration for example environmental degradation may be the result of changes in average annual temperatures or rainfall levels but it may equally be the result of deforestation or poor land management or a combination of these factors,13
+as these models are based on projected unit cost per cost category their respective projected cost risk and pairwise projected covariances of cost categories among generating technologies these models can only be used for short to mediumterm forwardlooking analysis given their probabilistic nature they can be used for shortterm or at most mediumterm forwardlooking analysis only they use historical information in a semiheuristic way to generate probabilities and tolerance margins of power systems,7
+this is typically a semiformal value chain because prices are more attractive with a shorter value chain than those offered by processors the animals may be slaughtered by the farmer himself and sold to a meat trader who will then sell it to a grocer or a restaurant cattle traders also buy live animals and organise slaughter individual farms sell cattle to feedlots and meat processing plants and like household producers sell meat on the domestic market directly or through intermediaries,2
+reasons for sustained high levels of spending outofpocket are unclear part of the reason may be dissatisfaction with the quality or accessibility of services provided by institutions to which individuals are affiliated leading them to seek care from private health providers nearly three in ten mexicans die within a month of a heartattack and this rate is worsening compared to less than one in ten across the oecd on average where survival rates are generally improving,3
+first is the increased linkage between energy and commodity markets as agricultural production increasingly relies on energy inputs on the supply side and is increasingly used as feedstock for energy production commodity prices will tend to be increasingly linked with oil prices and the volatility of energy prices will be transmitted to them uncertain energy futures in the context of a recovering and expanding global economy and apparently fixed supplies of conventional fuel sources raises fears of food versus fuel in times of shortages,2
+groundwater accounts for of supplies desalination reverse osmosis for and surface water via cisterns a report on measures required was presented to the minister in and in consultation process was undertaken resulting in a national smart utility metering plan to be rolledout between and the project will cost an estimated eur million or eur per electricity and water meter,6
+moreover regional transfer systems can come with negative side effects if they are poorly designed for example transfer systems aimed at equalising revenues across regions can cause moral hazard leading to a distortion of subcentral tax structures and less efforts for increasing tax bases and enforcing tax collection oecd if incentives for tax revenue generation decrease less redistribution takes place which directly affects income inequality,10
+likewise young people without a strong skills foundation are more likely to drop out of school and face difficulties finding jobs while those who drop out and are jobless can hardly maintain and enhance their skills policies can influence the dynamics between skills education and employment and ensure that a larger share of youth follow the virtuous circle of skills which leads to graduation and employment and henceforth to better skills the oecd employment outlook shows that educational attainment and skills affect the probability of finding a job and its level of pay oecd b,4
+a study commissioned by the board estimated that the potato industry accounted for cad billion of economic activities representing of the islands gross domestic product opponents argued it would result in groundwater depletion as well as deter groundwater dependent springs rivers and ecosystems they also worried about increased pesticide runoff resulting in annual fish kills and groundwater nitrate contamination and erosion,6
+women farmers are central in producing food for their families and in sustaining the ecologies that enable this but must often do so under increasingly constrained conditions these perspectives distract attention from and thus support the continuation of unsustainable consumption and production patterns and inequities that are actually far more significant in producing environmental problems than are sheer numbers of people they are underpinned by alternative visions and values that emphasize not just profit and growth but the importance of sustainability gender equality inclusivity and social justice typically they involve different combinations of public private and civil society institutions and require strong state action,5
+they rarely enforce their posturing on women s inclusion when it comes to negotiations in reality for instance in her discussion of the taef agreement in lebanon kari karame chapter notes that even though the negotiation of the agreement was supported by the united nations and the united states only men were invited to the negotiation table as vanessa farr shows in chapter more than years later contrary to the clear directives given in scr to include women in all aspects of decisionmaking in a conflict zone palestinian women are routinely excluded from all highlevel negotiations on the israelpalestine question by palestinian males the state of israel and the international community,5
+honduras also saw a significant decrease in moderate or severe housing deprivation a point of note is that the housing deprivation level at the start of the new millennium was or more in all these countries and in most it exceeded see table ii they are followed by the plurinational state of bolivia and peru with and respectively the largest decreases were recorded in el salvador and nicaragua more than percentage points followed by mexico more than percentage points moderate deprivation in this area consists of access to a latrine or cesspit unconnected to the sewer system,1
+on balance they suggest that trade is likely to become increasingly important as a supplement to domestic production in ensuring adequate food availability and as a source of export earnings and income as will be seen in the following section the global harvest initiative s gap report compares the growth in projected demand in each region with the growth in projected supply based on a continuation of current growth rates in agricultural total factor productivity it concludes that on this businessasusual scenario of the growth in total demand can be met by maintaining the current tfp growth rate leaving a significant gap to be met by imports in south and southeast asia the proportion is and in the middle east and north africa it is,2
+the budget for evaluation activities also increased and was secured by law in real terms inep s annual budget more than quadrupled in a decade growing from usd million in to usd million in further pursuing these reforms is essential to ensure that all students acquire basic skills and effectively move on to upper secondary education the greatest challenge ahead is to improve teaching practices which is also the most promising lever of student learning developing a common understanding of good teaching should be the first step to formulate an ambitious policy for their professionalisation and address concerns over their poor preparation recruitment and support,4
+consequently more efforts are still required to ensure that a critical mass of women are elected into positions of authority and at all levels of decisionmaking in order to have effective and competent women holding positions of leadership the political space has to be opened up for more women to participate in politics hence it is crucial to deal with the systematic and endemic barriers that hinder the effective participation of women in politics,5
+it is anticipated that children in the lowest decile of the income distribution will have higher rates of deprivation than other children and that they live in the types of households that had already been more vulnerable before the crisis and have been hit hardest by the economic downturn these will include family structure single parent family household size migration status or parents employment low work intensity and education further the paper will assess the relative importance of these characteristics in determining relative disadvantage and consider whether these features are common across european countries additionally it compares the rates of child material deprivation for the most disadvantaged with that of the total child population it will also look at childspecific items in europe over four years to analyse the changes during the great recession specific to different dimensions of child material deprivation based on eusilc and eusilc childspecific material deprivation module this will illustrate how deprivation translates into childhood experience,1
+it is provided mainly in institutional settings with little emphasis on community or home care there is no properly integrated longterm care system coordinating between providers and this is reflected in fragmented service provision and disjointed governance normand the current work on a longterm care act aims to address these challenges see box,3
+governments play an important role in ensuring that the transition to lowcarbon economies is equitable sustainable and legitimate the persistence of neoliberal thinking and policies for example tends to constrain important aspects of public spending and market regulation these types of policy approaches are not conducive to bringing about a qualitative or transformative change toward more inclusive processes and equitable outcomes,13
+they were developed according to eu standards and are therefore mostly consistent with them the most important waterrelated outcomes of the midterm development strategy were the transformation of the water management institutions from public companies at the municipal level to water management agencies including local offices at the entity level implementation of the new water laws including sublaws and harmonization of guidance rulebooks and standards given that the previous strategy expired in and although preparation of a followup strategy is in progress there is a policy discontinuity in this important area,6
+it undertakes research on emerging or current issues in order to inform the strategic directions policies and programmes of unicef and its partners shape global debates on child rights and development and inform the global research and policy agenda for all children and particularly for the most vulnerable the views expressed are those of the authors many urban programmes are extensions or duplicates of rural programmes but urbansensitive social protection needs to reflect the distinct vulnerabilities of the urban poor,1
+productive land clean and abundant fresh water healthy oceans and a stable climate are arguably the foundation of all the other socioeconomic goals the rationale is simple we are not going to build a just and prosperous future for all of us on a degraded planet with an impoverished nature the most common threat to declining populations is loss andor degradation of natural habitat but unsustainable exploitation invasive species and pollution are also major threats,15
+second gtes generally do not follow established intervention rules for purchasing and releasing stocks and rarely commit to floor and ceiling prices poulton et al this lack of transparency and predictability is detrimental to the wellfunctioning of the scheme as it diminishes the confidence of consumers and private traders in buffer stocks jayne in addition they also hold stock for food security and famine relief,2
+from a public health perspective it seems more appropriate to have a government agency issue the compulsory licenses as this will save time and resources and involve experts who are familiar with public health issues such as for instance a body in the ministry of health or the competition authority in cases of anticompetitive behaviour for example a member could not just impose a compulsory license on essential medicines as such but would have to justify each license in the set for instance a member may provide in its legislation that the lack of affordable medicines on the domestic market justifies the grant of a compulsory license,3
+in this regard the study focus will be on crops within the abundance of neglected neglected and underutilized species nus based on available plant genetic resources at the national level excluding mainstream cash and staple crops such as rice maize and wheat croprelated nus have multiple benefits and offer potential to diversify both agricultural production and dietary consumption as well as strengthen natural environments in the future nus will play a pivotal role in addressing malnutrition,2
+nine education systems refer specifically to working time teaching time and time available at school while the remainder cite them in different combinations among those countries that regulate both total working time and obligatory availability at school the gap between the two in hours varies greatly teachers are thus on average expected to spend a higher proportion of their total working time teaching in the classroom and to be present for a greater amount of time at school,4
+finally conditional cash transfers are responsible for of the declining inequality although brazil spends less than of gdp on these this is a first indication of how effective conditional cash transfers are in the quest for more income equality an observation on which there seems to be broad consensus in the literature eg barros et al source ipea household data for suggest that almost half of the differences in labour incomes can be explained by education as measured by years of schooling even after controlling for other differences ferreira de souza indeed youth are staying in school longer than in the past and the starkest changes have occurred among people from the lower income strata figure panel a among the two lowest income quintiles enrolment rates of year olds have more than doubled to while for ages more than of children are in school pnad higher school attendance has also translated into higher educational attainments,10
+in addition to this remark it should also be pointed out that the amount of the transfer in relation to the average consumption of poor households is higher in rural areas than in urban areas regardless of whether or not the cost of living is taken into account the policy is therefore more effective at lowering the number of children living in monetary poverty in rural areas this finding suggests that instead of distributing the same nominal amount of transfer to every recipient it is important to find an optimal allocation of the national transfer budget indeed the disparity in the effects of the crisis and policy responses is also seen at the regional level figures and tables a and a in the other three regions the transfer is not enough to completely counteract the effects of the crisis on monetary poverty,1
+covers the prevention control and reduction of waterrelated diseases in europe requires member states to establish nationallocal targets for drinking water quality discharge quality water supply performance and wastewater treatment to reduce waterrelated disease outbreaks provided the basis for bilateral and multilateral conventions eg convention on the cooperation for the protection and sustainable use of the danube river,6
+to monitor the progress the molit will provide quarterly reviews on the performance indicators set by each regions and then the results will be reflected in the next year s implementation plan for example the concept of happy living zones has been derived from the need for regional perspectives to support selfsustaining development of rural areas although korea s public finances are fiscally sound it is a priority to pursue fiscal efficiency to prepare projected longterm fiscal challenges oecd i j,11
+this criticism seems appropriate again today given the number of new city projects which in many regions seem to emulate the modernist designs of le corbusier ie vertical cities of skyscrapers and urban highways rather lessons from several decades of policy practice and programme assistance should be reflected in the design of urban extensions and infill projects in existing cities and towns in this respect public authorities can learn from the experience of international development assistance and more positively carefully selected best practice,11
+an effective caucus relies on strong links with national women s groups csos and research institutes and universities the council continues the work of the postbeijing interagency council and the white house office for women s initiatives and outreach it aims to provide a coordinated federal response to the challenges confronted by women and girls and to ensure that all cabinet and cabinetlevel agencies consider how their policies and programs respond to women and girls needs and impact them,5
+for instance the growth rate was in saudi arabia in egypt and in iran ge this trend is projected to continue ostensibly presenting a challenge but in reality also offering an opportunity for jordan and its neighbours according to the electricity regulatory commission renewable energy amounts to mw of installed electricity capacity which is equivalent to of the total electricity generated in jordan erc,7
+many scp problems are of a global nature due to the increasingly global nature of production and consumption and product life cycles however the main institutions are generally set up for dealing with national or subnational issues the experience in crossagency collaboration especially horizontal collaboration is often quite limited in the case of incomplete scientific knowledge they have to rely on precaution to avoid undesired consequences which is not always easy to argue due to a lack of tradition in precautionary policy approaches the program is a regulatory approach administered by the japanese ministry of economy trade and industry meti and does not provide any economic incentives,12
+participative defence review processes that ensure the full participation of men and women from different segments of society have a more accurate understanding of the security situation and build national ownership and civilian trust these projects have been implemented by the national armed forces of countries such as benin ecuador madagascar mongolia paraguay and the ukraine the projects contain strong components of training and awarenessraising on a variety of issues such as hivaids prevention and maternal health this focus on reproductive health has been an entry point to address genderbased violence and gender equality issues,5
+for example in poland the mean family transfer is and the proportion who receives it is a targeting of this transfer to poor children would greatly increase the takeup rate among poor children as well as the amount per poor child to helping to raise these children out of poverty while having a minimal adverse impact on children above the poverty line as the proportion receiving the benefit was already low as was the amount similarly the proportion receiving family benefits is comparatively low in canada czech republic greece lithuania and especially mexico,1
+compliance with international regulations cont it has also signed the un charter and the universal declaration of human rights the beijing declaration and the convention on equal pay for male and female workers lebanon ratified the un convention on women s political rights in and in the unesco convention against discrimination in education the cedaw was ratified in,5
+the implementation of incentive structures through quality contracting and targeted reimbursement would further enhance performance in norway the health care system is semidecentralised with municipalities responsible for the primary health care sector and the central government responsible for the specialised health care sector nevertheless there are areas that can be strengthened given its recent health reforms,3
+targets and highlight the need to promote entrepreneurship and the improvement and formalization of smes and to bolster access to finance for this core engine of job creation other targets address the unique role that sustainable trade a and tourism play in fostering joboriented growth in developing countries these are echoed in calls for greater industrialization target and the promotion of smes in industry to support job creation sustainable tion and possess jobrelevant skills target s calls for full and productive employment and wage equality,8
+in a team at the virginia institute of marine science reported the creation of a portable biosensor that could detect marine pollutants including oil much more quickly and cheaply than current technologies spier et al if deployed near oil facilities such sensors could provide early warning of spills and leaks and track dispersal patterns in real time these tools have a range of applications they enable the detection of genetically modified organisms and aquaculture escapees validate the identity of species and alert environmentalists to the presence of invasive species,14
+it is also possible for a masters degree holder to take one year of pedagogical studies in the faculty of educatioi gain a formal teacher qualification teacher candidates are not only expected to become experts in pedagogical content knowledge but they required to write a researchbased dissertation as the final requirement for the masters degree uppergrade teachers major in an academic subject area of their choice primarygrade teachers major in educational sciences,4
+in canada they were four percentage points more likely to report such levels however this hides important differences by region in sweden differences between students of mixed heritage and native students were not significant but returning foreignbom students were percentage points more likely to report high levels of schoolworkrelated anxiety than native students however this figure should be inteipreted with caution since the sample of returning foreignborn students is quite small leading to uncertainty in estimates the gap between native and firstgeneration students in reporting poor achievement motivation was percentage points in sweden which is lower than in austria percentage points and the netherlands percentage points,4
+the energy intensity of water supplies depends on the structure of the water resource the water demand as well as the need to rebalance regional demand and supply by transporting water over long distances kapsarc surface water typically requires little energy to be extracted also groundwater generally needs barely any intensive treatment before making it usable in contrast extraction can be very energy intensive when deeper aquifers are used,6
+of those who entered the district were jews therefore in order to have an impact on improving the quality of human resources in the region the higher education institutions must reach the large and growing arab population that remains in the region while continuing to play a role in attracting and retaining the predominantly jewish population from the centre today higher education continues to be seen as means to attract young people from the centre to the periphery in the hope that they will settle and remain in the area following graduation however in reality educated young people who are unable to find jobs in the region are migrating to the centre goren,4
+it should also provide incentives for fathers to take leave specific legislation prohibiting discrimination in hiring and pay on the basis of gender should be introduced when absent discrimination against pregnant women must also be addressed access to the legal system should be made as simple as possible and the costs of legal action kept low to allow poorer workers to file complaints against abuses when discrimination is the result of persistent stereotypes and misperceptions affirmative action can play an important role by helping women to seize good job opportunities and prove their worth careful behavioural design can help overcome deepseated gender biases in hiring and management practices,5
+in the overall efficiency of global energy conversion from primary energy to services was about per cent cullen and allwood a in other words global primary energy demand could be reduced to only one ninth while the same energy services were provided if all energy conversion devices were operated at their theoretical maximum efficiency in more practical terms but still assuming an almost perfect world global primary energy demand could be reduced by per cent or to less than one fourth while the current level of energy services were provided mainly through a shift to passive systems cullen allwood and borgstein this is in line with the popularized overall factor and factor improvements von weizsacker lovins and lovins,7
+article of the undrip is illustrative of such an autonomy it states indigenous peoples have the right to their traditional medicines and maintain their health practices including the conservation of their vital medicinal plants animals and minerals the process has displaced them from their lands and alienated them from their natural resources,3
+this requires creating safe spaces and trust as well as longterm contextualised tailored approaches that take intersectional concerns into account rather than relying solely on easily replicable and transferable quick fixes this requires more longterm engagement and funding the latter in particular for staff salary costs while these are often not very high they can be very challenging to fundraise for given the preference of many donors for flinding activities rather than salaries and reluctance to allow overhead costs to be included it aimed at changing harmful gendered dynamics in the justice sector including harassment and inappropriate behaviour in the courtroom including against women judges reducing gender bias across the sector and improving the responses to domestic violence much of these intrinsically required changing notions around what is and what is not considered acceptable male behaviour and a key component of the training programme with judges clerics and prosecutors was shifting gender norms and attitudes,5
+these incentives include smaller class size shorter class teaching time a stipend in addition to the salary an opportunity to choose the next school of assignment and advantages for the promotion to administrative positions preferred as the final stage of the teaching career kang and hong however at the same time it can have unintended consequences widening the gap between students from different socioeconomic backgrounds particularly disadvantaged students may not have parental guidance and support to do homework a quiet place to study at home and time allocated to afterschool learning due to family and other responsibilities oecd a a schools can therefore work with parents to encourage their involvement with children at home and help parents to better support their children with school work,4
+satellite data including that generated by the us nasas gravity recovery and climate experiment grace have been able to provide overall monthly and yearly changes in groundwater stock in multiple regions it demonstrated for example the diminution of resources in california over time eg famiglietti et al smaller countries for which groundwater is a major source of freshwater and which have more homogeneous geological profiles of agricultural land and where data is collected and shared are able to properly track groundwater resources over time an example is denmarks national groundwater mapping and management program financed by private and public water consumers which uses new tools to track groundwater dwf,6
+in its simplest sense effectiveness of climate finance can be defined as the extent to which an intervention achieves its stated aims thus according to their varying aims or objectives each community may emphasise different aspects when assessing the effectiveness of their intervention a key pillar to this is the development community s paris declaration on aid effectiveness,13
+while they have been criticized from a human rights perspective this section deals only with the extent to which they comply with the rights and obligations related to the family included in human rights treaties even though many ccts aim at enhancing the economic inclusion of women when it comes to gender equality these programmes have been strongly criticized on several grounds for an analysis of the tensions between ccts and gender equality see un women a pp,5
+further the abu dhabi declaration adopted by the high level event on the blue economy in january stressed the contribution that an oceans economy can make towards the alleviation of hunger poverty eradication creation of sustainable livelihoods and mitigation of climate change oceans and marine ecosystems have also been discussed in the open working group set up by the un general assembly to prepare the sustainable development goals oceans matter for the environment they also matter for the economy and for humans,14
+through interviews views were elicited from selected international climate finance stakeholders representing climate finance recipient and provider countries as well as experts from international organisations and research institutions identified enabling conditions reveal common grounds and differences across stakeholder groups this offers a possible starting point for further dialogue aiming to advance the international climate and development finance agendas in a harmonised manner,13
+the analysis is by no means an attempt to provide a full picture of adaptation costs for the agricultural sector instead it aims to provide an estimate of the orders of magnitude of the potential expenditures that would be needed to support some adaptation measures the purpose is also to complement the cost estimates provided by the world bank in its economics of adaptation to climate change eacc study where the costs of adaptation in agriculture were calculated for developing countries nelson et al based on the same methodology this report presents the projected adaptation costs in agriculture for oecd countries,2
+some progress has been made on the addis agenda commitment to consider setting up innovation funds where appropriate more efforts in this area are encouraged at the subnational national regional and global levels official development assistance oda for research and development to african countries least developed countries ldcs and landlocked developing countries lldcs has increased modestly since the financial crisis,9
+many ldcs have weaker enabling environments and governance structures and limited formal banking functions or other capital markets and as a result it is more challenging to attract private climate investment in such environments the figures here exclude unallocated amounts ie where the recipient income group could not be specified eg bilateral finance provided to a regional fund source oecd dac statistical system estimates are based on usd commitments for see annex work conducted to date under the oecdled research collaborative on tracking private climate finance highlights that measuring private climate finance mobilisation is challenging due to the lack of comprehensive data on private finance methods to estimate the mobilisation impact and the range of actors and complexity of interactions associated with mobilising private climate finance jachnik caruso and srivastava the study estimated private climate finance mobilised by multilateral and bilateral finance to be usd in and usd billion in mobilised private financing was estimated and attributed on the basis of private cofinancing directly associated with public climate finance instruments at the project activity or fund level,13
+for example if they directly reward evidencebased preventative medicine and other actions designed to reduce future demands for health services they may serve to promote the costeffectiveness of the health system if on the other hand they offer no reward for timely intervention and mitigation of future illhealth the financial incentives may be dysfunctional and serve to exacerbate cost pressures for example by encouraging referral for unnecessary specialist diagnostic tests or indeed by discouraging necessary referrals and thereby increasing future healthcare costs in the same vein nonfinancial instruments most notably performance reporting requirements might reinforce or work against cost containment objectives depending upon their design the next section examines three fundamental functions of primary care that may contribute to this objective reducing or delaying the onset of disease reducing the use of specialist care once a clinical condition has been identified and reducing the intensity of use of specialist care once a need for such care has arisen,3
+furthermore it was conceived to allow for an examination of the tools in the fisheries manager s toolbox in terms of their suitability in the face of climate change as well as to develop an understanding of the economic social and environmental information that can underpin decisions on climate change adaptation the workshop findings included in the chair s summary are intended to inform governance considerations that are important to national and international efforts to manage and conserve aquatic resources while adapting to the effects of climate change as well as other pressures that influence fisheries resources whether they be natural or manmade specifically the oecds role and expertise regarding economic and policy analysis coupled with the cofi s analytical work regarding to fisheries economics management policy development and governance will assist in shedding light on the economic and institutional aspects of climate change,14
+in the united states a recent crisis in flint the fourthlargest city in the state of michigan revealed the dimensions of this problem flint is an industrial city with an official poverty rate of over a majority africanamerican population and a femaleheaded household rate of almost us census state of michigan residents especially mothers complained about poor water quality almost immediately following the switchover but the authorities repeatedly dismissed their concerns and issued strong denials that there was a problem,6
+schools developed a small resident training structure with focal teachers who were the first to be trained and became responsible for replicating and disseminating the training in the school still education colleges and university departments kept a role in monitoring and supervising the way the programme was carried out its focus on the school and classroom are most likely the key to its success,4
+institutional and demographic explanations of womens employment in oecd countries journal of marriage and the family no international journal of sociology and social policy no womens earnings and household inequality in oecd countries acta sociologica no has the potential for compensating poverty by womens employment growth been depleted,5
+the empirical approach can easily be repeated with data for later periods however while the size of groups is likely to change as the labour market recovers and cyclical unemployment is absorbed the more structural barriers are likely to persist while underlying policy and related constraints remain in place results point to ten clusters of individuals with low or weak labour market attachment and distinct combinations of employment barriers,8
+recently with assistance from the european bank for reconstruction and development ebrd the government of tajikistan has been implementing a nationwide programme for rehabilitating wss infrastructure at the same time it is studying whether regionalisation of water utilities could improve operational efficiency as a consequence of poor management in the years following the country s independence the quality of wss services has drastically deteriorated providing sufficient volume of quality water to individual consumers is still a challenge the participation of private entities in the wss sector in turkmenistan is marginal,6
+while this is not a comprehensive list see bours mcginn and pringle and none of the challenges are unique to climate change adaptation their combined scope and scale are each challenge is briefly explored below this is particularly the case when countries take an integrated approach to adaptation this means that adaptation considerations are integrated into all national planning and budgeting processes,13
+it describes major policy instruments based on an oecd country survey and case studies and draws upon the recent literature this chapter suggests six main policy strategies developing a longterm vision developing indicators to measure how effectively policies are working promoting health for all ages increasing older people s engagement in the labour market and in social activities providing affordable housing in accessible environments redesigning urban areas to increase attractiveness and wellbeing the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law,11
+similarly india has a national database for emergency management which is a gisbased repository of data at varying scales which uses core data hazardspecific data and dynamic data in spatial as well as temporal form this is based on an inventory of hazards and vulnerabilities taking into account the frequency and intensity of hazards including floods landslides earthquakes and tsunamis vulnerability is quantified using sociocultural economic physical and environmental parameters it also takes into account the regulatory and institutional capacities of local governments as well as the effectiveness of early warning systems vocational education system and mitigation and preparedness systems the irbi which is updated every two years categorizes districts as being at high medium or low risk see map below these data can then be used to derive a risk index at the provincial level,13
+the problem is worse among indigenous and afrodescendent children just complete this cycle eclac a this is because when access to primary education is widespread the investment needed to promote enrolment among disadvantaged groups the extremely poor inhabitants of rural areas indigenous and afrodescendent groups is substantial and should focus not only on increasing the supply of education but also on ensuring the conditions for effective access to these services this often involves action in multiple sectors,4
+independently of social preferences for one technology over another the current trend of superposing market outcomes with different layers of policy instruments to achieve certain outcomes poses serious questions concerning the transparency and ultimately the sustainability of electricity sectors in oecd countries currently dispatchable producers that are exposed to lower wholesale electricity prices and reduced load factors resulting from the influx of large amounts of vre are expected to provide the backup for variable renewables to cover demand when the latter are unavailable this service is costly but currently not remunerated,7
+more detailed information on the policy context and trends children s living standards is provided in annexes a and b of this document measuring and comparing child poverty or any other population group requires arbitrarily defining an income threshold below which all members of a household will be considered poor this level of income is meant to synthesize differences in purchasing power and standard of living between households and for this reason is used as a proxy to categorize household members as poor or not,1
+it can provide a better understanding of the biological and economic risks associated with variations in stock productivity and distribution it can analyse the economic and ecological linkages within fisheries that affect the degree of impacts and adaptation fao it can also result in improved information systems to integrate knowledge from different coastal sector and plan for strategic response daw et al,14
+these statistics should also be interpreted with caution as expenditure is also influenced by the extent to which these indicators cover private settings and private expenditure by the decision of some countries to consider some ecec programmes outside the scope of the isced classification or by the impossibility of providing reliable statistics to international organisations for example the absence of data on private expenditure and private institutions in brazil and switzerland is likely to understate the true level of expenditure and enrolment in early childhood education programmes isced and may affect the comparability of the data with other countries inferences on access to and quality of ecec should therefore be made with caution consequently early childhood educational development programmes isced are not reported in some oecd countries namely belgium french community the czech republic france ireland italy japan luxembourg the netherlands poland portugal the slovak republic and switzerland or data are missing in some countries such as the flemish community of belgium and the united states,4
+while the term is mostly interchangeable with green transport or sustainable transport the former tends to draw more attention to types of transport modes and the latter to the comprehensive impact of transport across environment economy and society an additional message that ecomobility conveys is the cultural aspect of transport it interprets roads not as an exclusive property of cars but as a recreational space,11
+recent experience in the electricity markets has shown that the introduction of vre even at modest penetration levels has had large impacts on the level and volatility of electricity prices and has jeopardised the economics of existing generators and incumbent utilities more specifically it is urgent that all technologies be exposed to the market price and bear the hill cost of connecting the plant to the td infrastructure if policies are sought to promote the development of lowcarbon technologies they should primarily focus on the establishment of an adequate and credible carbon price and could be possibly combined with other forms of technologically neutral incentives to lowcarbon technologies however such incentives must leave each generator exposed to the market price and thus link the remuneration with the value of the electricity provided to the system,7
+namely evs are designed to sit parked and therefore charge over long periods rather than drive for the great majority of their time which makes them less suited for high utilisation the available charging infrastructure moreover was not originally designed for shared use given their long charging times their locations outside of city centres inside garages and lacking access or amenities it is clear that ev charging infrastructure was designed for customers and commuters rather than for shared use purposes,11
+the present paper explores early marriage as a risk factor explaining early childbearing and mistimed pregnancies data collected from an adolescent survey of girls between the ages years are analysed in conjunction with indepth interviews n with adolescents living in three districts in southwestern bangladesh life histories of girls who experienced an early pregnancy were explored to elucidate how high modern contraceptive use and replacement level fertility in the region coincided with high levels of unintended pregnancy,5
+materials are often washed or blown away into the environment contaminating adjacent land and watercourses there are no licensed waste incineration facilities for the treatment of msw it is common to burn household and other waste in the open some wastes including used tyres and wood waste are burnt in lime kilns at sharra which is the main disposal site in tirana the old disposal area has been recultivated sharra phase i is developed as lined landfill and partially filled sharra phase ii which is financed by the italian government is lined and will soon be ready for operation,12
+even in well gauged rivers there are significant uncertainties over water these might include the sources and fates of pollutants in the basin the effect of land use changes on flood magnitudes and propagation downstream or the water requirements and tolerances to pollution of ecosystems here also the level of risk characterisation and evaluation should match the level of water risk,6
+it uses measures of social cash transfer payment rates covering social assistance child supplements and housing benefits all measured as the average payment rate as a percent of the average wage in all cases estimates are conditional on the pretransfer family poverty rate to account for all other possible timevarying determinants of family poverty overall there are relatively strong associations between changes in social cash transfer payment rates and the posttransfer family poverty rate,1
+an instrument such as the pact could be used to accompany such a gradual devolution of responsibility there are basins where charges have been applied at federal level but not yet at all state levels as in the case of the sao francisco doce and paranaiba river basins this may also create limitations in terms of the financial autonomy of the water agencies given the fewer resources available ana some delegated water agencies have to deal with both federal and state authorities and face difficulties in applying different set of rules inspections and more or less stringent regulation,6
+the term climate finance is distinct from the term climaterelevant finance outlined below however key outcomes and objectives can also include greenhouse mitigation and climate adaptation and capital flows to activities with such outcomes should also be counted as climate finance this includes on the mitigation side investment in renewable energy energy efficiency and sustainable forestry or agriculture,13
+la inversion en infraestructura fisica como por ejemplo el gasto en agua potable saneamiento y centros de salud puede reducir la carga de trabajo asistencial no remunerado de las mujeres estas dos formas de inversion tienen caracter de bienes de interes publico porque generan efectos secundarios positivos en la productividad economica la financiacion de la igualdad de genera en estos ambitos se considera mas bien una inversion que produce unflujode ingresos en el futuro debido a los efectos beneficiosos para el crecimiento y el desarrollo,5
+in mozambique for example the national approach to adaptation is situated within the national development strategy to ensure a climate resilient future as part of the development strategy each sector is responsible for identifying individual indicators and targets on adaptation iied b in order for a coordinating unit to be in a position to draw on this information it would ideally be connected to the national planning process from the outset and collaborate closely with key stakeholders to illustrate mozambique initiated work on its monitoring and evaluation framework in when the national strategy for climate change was introduced the framework will be developed on an incremental basis building on lessons learned,13
+part of the broader initiative is to reduce the impact of fisheries on the natural environment while not compromising the profitability and competitiveness of the sector onboard innovations such as sustainable fishing gear and facilities to aid processing and survival of bycatch are financed strong emphasis on technological solutions and knowledge transfer is seen as a solution to reviving the industry the initiatives include for example investments in research on fuel saving demersal gear and testing its environmental effects the objectives within this priority are laid down in the national strategic plan part of the remaining budget is intended to fill the knowledge gap related to marine litter and underwater noise an important issues pertaining to the marine environment,14
+classically polychaete worms predominate in the macrobenthos followed by crustaceans molluscs and echinoderms gray and elliott the benthic infauna be they depositfeeders from sediments or suspensionfeeders from the water column or those which are capable of both provide an important link to higher trophic levels like the demersal ichthyofauna however studies of benthic macroinfauna of tropical marine sediments are far fewer than their temperate counterparts alongi and as with the paucity of information on sediment characteristics of the region there are very few infaunal studies on shelf sediment habitats in the wio consequently literature on these fauna from the region are limited mackie and others,14
+the change took place during the s in the responsibility for compulsory and upper secondary school provision was transferred to the municipalities along with a less centralized system of targeted grants to schooling in a major grant reform transformed the system of targeted grants into a general grant system the latter reform implied a fundamental change of the organization of school funding in teacher wages which until then had been set through central negotiations implemented nationwide started to be set at the local level ahlin and mork,4
+since the tax base is common to property tax on developed land property tax on undeveloped land and the residence tax cadastral income during the past twenty past years the economic contribution has been reformed to encourage investment it also creates an incentive to attract new residents and businesses in order to expand the tax base,11
+central concerns for electricity security are fuel security and adequacy and security of energy systems iea e however its interpretation is heavily influenced by national contexts for example in terms of energy access the energy mix and dependence on energy imports for energyimporting countries developed as well as developing particular concerns are the resilience of energy systems to external supply shocks the balanceofpayments effects of changes in international energy prices and diversification of energy suppliers yergin,7
+created by the department of water and sanitation dws in the wlsg is not a formal decisionmaking forum but a platform aiming at sharing information fostering a common vision influencing policy and building consensus members include highlevel representatives from relevant government departments such as cooperative governance and traditional affairs environmental affairs agriculture energy human setdements mineral resources trade and industry as well as the planning commission the presidency and national treasury other members include water institutions such as catchment management agencies water boards and water users associations,6
+due to their proximity or historical ties such areas may show similarities in economic development and culture or perhaps share the need to overcome peripherality with respect to economic and political centres in their respective countries transnational approaches for such macroregions have been the subject of trade arrangements around the world they have also been considered in asian cooperation approaches,9
+they are a collection of services provided by state and nonstate actors including communities to individuals for overcoming poverty and vulnerability and includes transfers in cash or kind subsidies and welfare ilo a and aim to prevent poor and other vulnerable groups from falling into poverty or being caught in a poverty trap when affected by temporary shocks such as natural disasters or economic downturn social safety nets can take several forms targeted or untargeted conditional or unconditional cash or inkind allowances such as conditional cash transfers child allowances food stamps food rations or school feeding programmes adb b generally speaking the higher the social development the greater is social security and in turn the greater the social protection similarly stronger social security measures foster stronger social protection which in turn raises the level of social development and vice versa,1
+in the number of women contesting elections and running for office further increased dr fehmida mirza became the first female speaker of the national assembly in pakistan s democratic history and initiated the network to harness their collective ability and start a dialogue on women s rights and empowerment,5
+changes in consumer prices and the reduction in income from selfemployment in the nonagriculture sector are the major contributors in the increase of child poverty as for the consumer prices component nonfood items not shown are the main channel through which children are affected by the crisis the fall in wages affect child poverty relatively more in cameroon representing roughly a sixth of total child monetary poverty increase it is noteworthy that changes in the informal wage sector affected children relatively more than the formal sector with the exception of cameroon for,1
+for example according to ndhs in the infant mortality average in nepal for indigenous peoples was deaths per live births while the national average was viet nam appears to be doing better in terms of reducing the infant mortality rate but it has not been successful in reducing the disparity between its vulnerable ethnic minorities and the majority population given the highly variable information availability we have information on the indicators for only few countries in south asia for example nepal provides a glimpse of the situation in all three aspects of child mortality based on the further analysis of the national data for india mohindra and labonte have analysed the time trend information from the national family and health survey nfhs nfhs nfhs bennett and dahal did same for nepal using the data set generated from national demographic and health survey,3
+some of the specific issues and particular groups of women noted above namely indigenous women women affected by hiv and displaced women are also addressed in more detail in section h below many women are almost completely dependent on their relationship with a man be it a father husband uncle or son to access land making it difficult if not impossible for them to access use and control land in their own right it is especially important that laws policies and programmes related to land and other productive resources should be sensitive to these issues and ensure that women are able to access these resources regardless of their personal or marital status,5
+in mexico reporting practices are moving towards including primary care in their national registry while slovenia is working closely with danish experts to modernise and adapt their reporting system sweden is currently implementing medical record review in home care settings in combination with a global trigger tool following similar guidelines as to what has already been put in place for adverse event reporting in hospital settings and psychiatric care in other words where are the value and the best buys where the benefits outweigh the costs of implementation the costs of harm and the opportunity costs of other priorities,3
+although the plan does mention the importance of energy savings and energy management programmes most of its financing programmes target the renewable sector it remains to be seen whether these are indeed implemented they are only meant to stand as an intermediary vehicle until agreement is reached on the nature of the financial architecture the ee investment gap is still tremendous,7
+in this endeavour it has also worked towards building healthy families and improving women s health care the council is responsible for providing recommendations to the president on the effects of pending legislation and executive branch policy proposals for suggesting changes to federal programs or policies to address issues of special importance to women and girls for reviewing and recommending changes to policies that have a distinct impact on women in the federal workforce and for assisting in the development of legislative and policy proposals of special importance to women and girls the functions of the council are advisory only,5
+in addition to adjusting the targets for public transport vietnamese policy makers have two key considerations how to design effective public transport systems and what options they have available to pay for them however there are significant obstacles to urban transport system integration in any comprehensive form they range from rushed implementation that has produced conflict and confusion to inadequate technology for secure collection of fares and recognition of tickets to disparities in equipment and infrastructure maintenance between municipalities hidalgo and carrigan,11
+however these are economic costs for which provisions exist to be internalised through the funds that are constituted by electricity producers and that are passed on in customer prices and tariffs the problem for policy making is of course that such accidents receive an extraordinary amount of attention from the media and the general public the greatest number of fatalities is recorded in coal mining and hydroelectricity two technologies which do not generate widespread public concerns,7
+food insecurity and malnutrition within a country tends to occur in geographical clusters and the forces that lead to food insecurity can vary by type of geography consequently a placebased or territorial approach to food insecurity can potentially improve current food security and nutrition fsn policies in all types of countries this reflects two important realities the first is that it is in rural areas where food is mainly produced and to the extent that shortages in supply contribute to food insecurity they must be addressed through improvements in agricultural productivity,2
+of these two stand out the first is law n adopted in regarding discards which formalised a research programme to identify and characterise discards and also institutes a discard reduction plan in the field of fisheries they will make decisions on the availability of resources brp s and annual catch quotas,14
+this is not intended to shift responsibility from the entity causing an adverse impact to the enterprise with which it has a business relationship b enterprises are encouraged to in consultation with the oecd member countries and on the basis of the human rights issues revealed in the protect respect and remedy framework he provided recommendations on the main human rights elements the update should include in order to meet its goal of ensuring the continued role of the guidelines as a leading international instrument for the promotion of responsible business conduct,12
+around of jsc participants find a solution either employment or retraining within a period of seven months and this high number was sustained even during the crisis of counselling services are provided during the notice period preparing workers for their displacement when the planned dismissals are of particular importance to the local community additional funds are available,8
+it will stress in particular the role the negev can play in the research demonstration and testing of cleantech innovations in renewable energies and water and its highskilled and entrepreneurial labour force therefore the development of cleantech in the negev will draw on a range of national programmes the benefit of a cluster framework will be to coordinate these programmes and ensure that they are applied in a strategic way to the economic development challenge,7
+regional governments housing subsidies accounted for the major share of spending on access to basic services the projections of social protection spending in chapter of this study include scenarios whereby humanitarian relief is included in total social protection spending as well as a scenario where it is excluded spending by the federal government increased at the fastest rate among these four sources between and growing by per year on average,1
+with just under of its total staff under permanent contracts and a lack of specialised personnel its organisational capacity was constrained the world bank reports that reorganisation initiatives further debilitated the institution leading to the discontinuation of some of its most important functions this example confirms that highlevel leadership committed to gender equality goals with access to potential political allies can be crucial to the mechanism s effectiveness and longterm viability these areas however have been identified among the top barriers for promoting gender equality by oecd countries,5
+this is of particular concern in private groundwater wells located in agricultural regions with overlying permeable soils the us environmental protection agency requires that public water systems not exceed a nitrate concentration of mgl because nitrate above this level causes infant methaemoglobinaemia transformation products and metabolites of manmade chemicals that are produced from biological chemical and physical breakdown reactions technical paper of the intergovernmental panel on climate change ipcc secretariat geneva pp,6
+this is largely due to the relatively long timeframe eg and of adaptation planning and implementation and deep uncertainties faced by decision making on adaptationrelated measures oecd c some adaptation components of indcs have expressed that they will use existing systems to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of adaptation actions for instance zambia will use the existing monitoring and evaluation frameworks since the indc is a part of the national development and planning process for climate change issues which has already been put in place in the country,13
+reforms that increase the autonomy of the universities have been introduced or planned in all of the nordic countries among other things it is important that gender equality is integrated into the agreements entered into between the ministries and the institutions before introducing reforms or new research policy strategies or measures an analysis should be conducted of the ramifications of these for gender equality,5
+the two following practices are good illustrations of this process in the city of gothenburg sweden a detailed working plan was finalised in and adopted as the regular system with the goal to encourage more use of public transport and socalled flexlines and bicycles and to decrease the use of the expensive municipalitypaid special transport services sts and taxis the project succeeded in that many sts passengers switched to using buses and trams again from to the number of sts trips decreased by while the journeys with flexlines increased from to,11
+this would allow for information to be aggregated in order to provide an overview of aggregate financial support however as noted in table there are currently significant and sometimes stronglyheld differences between countries on some of these issues rendering the possibility of agreement unlikely a second way of improving transparency and consistency of information submitted to unfccc on support provided and mobilised would be if countries reported highly disaggregated data eg by recipient country type of flow this would allow for users to identify specific areas of interest eg climate finance for least developed countries and aggregate the raw data,13
+even in this seemingly simple case the distinction may not be clear if fertilizer use helps maintain and build soil fertility in the long run it may also be considered an investment similarly in public expenditures a distinction is generally made between investment and current expenditures but again this is not always clearcut not least because current expenditures are required to maintain the value of capital assets such as roads and other physical infrastructure from a farmers point of view the purchase of land may represent an important investment in his or her productive capacity from the perspective of society it simply involves a change in ownership of an asset rather than a net increase in capital stock as occurs for instance when land improvements are undertaken,2
+no deadline was set for assuring adequate wastewater treatment in urban areas smaller than people it was for earlier eu members as with wastewater connection rates drinking water supply coverage shows regional differences the bratislavsky and tmavsky regions in the west have the highest connection rates and respectively while in the trenjiansky and the presovsky regions of the population is connected faecal contamination nitrates and iron are the most frequent parameters exceeding the limits,6
+renewable energy development creates jobs primarily in sales finance operations and engineering the latter being also critical for design and implementation medium and lower skilled workers are needed for the installation and maintenance of renewable energy technologies the training of engineers is most effective if administered in connection with actors operating in the renewable energy sector such as at the energy resources center at the university of illinois at chicago schrock in regards to wind turbine manufacturing the existing efforts to inform and retool local manufacturers should also include skill upgrades of the manufacturing workforce as necessary for working for original equipment manufacturers of wind turbines to this effect the work done by the chicago manufacturing center jane addams resource corporation and the chicago manufacturing renaissance council is leading the way but could improve if complemented with a stronger workforce training component schrock at the development level projects can involve those trained in electrical and mechanical engineering and computer science,7
+data from european union household and timeuse surveys for instance have been used to estimate that the market value of womens unpaid work could range from one quarter to one third of a countrys gross domestic product in developing countries women spend on average th ree hours more per day than men on un paid work and i n developed countries two hours more see abstract and section of the publication available from available from hupyunstatsunorgunsdgendetdocsww at a glancepdf,5
+this total change is then decomposed in different components showing how variations in family and work characteristics have influenced the evolution of income percentiles household income is equivalised using the square root scale the term standard of living refers to the equivalised disposable income a positive negative sign shows a gain a loss in income associated with the characteristic between and,1
+it also confers on governments the primary responsibility for mapping out the roles of different actors establishing rules of engagement and ensuring their enforcement setting technical and safety standards and planning for human development consumer protection and protections against the abuse of market power may also be a consideration where micro or minigrid owners attain effective monopoly status locally a transition to more environmentally sustainable systems can lead to shortages of generation capacity as has been the case even in some european countries deloitte most regional generation projects are started by electricity utilities although there are exceptions such as the manantali dam completed in a joint initiative of mali senegal and mauritania to develop the agricultural and hydropower potential of the bating river which was initiated by their joint water organization organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve senegal,7
+the built environment also reveals itself as a threat when children and their caretakers cannot evaluate risks be prepared or be safe given the global trend in urbanization there is significant potential to engage with children in the decisions that affect their physical urban environment their interaction with urban resource systems and shape their behaviour the recognition of childhood as a crucial time for children to gain access to the urban setting and enjoy its advantages is key to define spatial solutions for all ages childresponsive urban settings resonate qualities that many scholars have described as conceptual standards for sustainable neighbourhoods and cities urban scales proximity walkability mixed use public space independent mobility and connectivity planning urban space at various scales areabased urban programmes enable better service delivery for children as well as a clean and safe built environment,11
+second national review of the application of environmental indicators enforcement of game management plans is the responsibility of the moafwe forest police department see section below since then more areas have been added to the system expanding it to a current total of ha per cent of the territory since the first epr in the system has grown by ha per cent of the territory through addition of new areas and expansion of existing areas,15
+renewable technology deployment offers many benefits beyond its contribution to climate change mitigation which need to be assessed and valued however the benefits may fall short in justifying the extra cost indeed as will be shown the energy options displaced by re technologies would have also provided at least in part similar benefits,7
+accordingly an overdraft facility represents the most usual means of accommodating such a requirement and this typically requires the use of personal guarantees rather than other forms of security that would take longer to verify and value it is unusual to seek equity funding for working capital except in the startup funding context discussed above first there appears to be a market failure to value intangibles properly especially in debt markets,8
+the ccxg formerly called the annex i expert group is a group of government delegates from oecd and other industrialised countries the aim of the group is to promote dialogue and enhance understanding on technical issues in the international climate change negotiations the views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the european union,13
+such data for brcko district are not available this is why it might be relevant to take into account the amount of collected packaging waste in addition to separately collected nonpackaging waste it might better reflect the rate and trend in separate waste collection the first rulebook on the management of packaging and packaging waste was issued in and became effective from,12
+the incumbent telecom operator sotelma was privatized in when a stake was sold to maroc telecom orange mali is owned by orange france managed through its subsidiary sonatel an operator in neighboring senegal orange has been aggressive in terms of expanding the network partly because it has direct access to submarine cable via senegal despite a duopoly and oranges high market share the mobile market has grown tremendously with ongoing promotions and steadily falling prices,9
+whether an individual receives sa is the result of an administrative decision about eligibility where by definition eligibility depends on the income of the claimant s family or household low income arises from low pay or especially unemployment also sa benefit levels in most countries would give sa recipients an income lower than or similar to the official poverty line so most sa recipients are also poor see section furthermore eligibility for sa also depends on household size and composition so there may also be a role played by demographic changes,1
+likewise bicycle use has been growing and many schemes for public bicycle sharing are emerging china japan india the philippines the republic of korea singapore and thailand are in various stages of rolling out or encouraging bicycle sharing these systems enabled by mobile phone technology rfid cards or other payment systems allow transit users to reduce the time of lastmile trips from the public transport station,11
+at the same time generous tax exemptions have supported firmlevel collective contracts that offer on average more extensive coverage with reimbursements recently capped at a high level bruantbisson and daude in addition collective employersponsored plans became mandatory for privatesector employees in enabling care coverage to be extended the separation of individual from collective contracts however limits risk pooling between employees and riskier households indeed the generalisation of collective plans for employees concentrates individual contracts on higherrisk households,3
+each vessel is regulated with individual vessel quotas ivqs set at a level where the vessel is guaranteed its quota or at a level which implies moderate competition between vessels guaranteed ivqs mainly regulate vessels holding a licence or an annual permit while quotas that involve competition mainly regulate smaller coastal vessels tables in the annex provide additional details,14
+although well recognised and widely disseminated there are no requirements or incentives for clinicians or patients to follow them in practice as discussed in chapter nor are there any monitoring mechanisms in place to indicate the extent to clinicians routinely measure and treat blood pressure levels blood sugar and cholesterol levels or other clinical parameters in patients at high risk of cardiovascular events nevertheless rates of cardiovascular mortality and rates of admission to hospital for diabetes remain some of the highest in the oecd,3
+latin america recorded the most significant improvements particularly in chile and costa rica where the participation gap has been narrowing by percentage point per year since the mid s large gender gaps in labour force participation persist in the middle east and north africa chapter india and indonesia the most remarkable improvements have been recorded in morocco egypt tunisia china turkey indonesia and india,5
+international covenant on economic social and cultural rights treaty series vol enhancing social protection and reducing vulnerability in a globalizing world ecn accessed from on october human development report new york oxford,1
+national responses to this shortage to entice students into science and technology studies after compulsory education will have particular benefits for climate change policies lifelong learning can also play an important role in providing older workers with the key foundation skills they may lack and contributing to improve environmental awareness and thereby the resource efficiency and consumer habits of the wider population apprenticeship training and other types of handson experience are seen as particularly valuable in increasing workers adaptability in changing labour markets with countries operating dual systems of vocational education and training such as austria and germany particularly wellpositioned,4
+on the other hand there is a tendency to attempt to deal with climate change as a standalone issue in both developed and developing countries this could potentially limit crosssectoral capacity development and coordination opportunities between environment energy agriculture and finance sectorsministries of a country this offers opportunities for ministries of environment to work more closely with central agencies like finance and planning or a prime minister s office for example,7
+nevertheless small businesses account for less than of banks lending portfolios compared to an average of to in some more developed countries government womens business organisations and banks are working together to create an environment that will nurture the development of womenled businesses the national bank of abu dhabi plays a leading role in this effort,5
+individual transferable quota came into effect from may the revised harvest strategy introduces detailed catch limits and triggers for key commercial species and for species identified through the ecological risk assessment framework the revised harvest strategy introduces detailed catch limits and triggers for key commercial species and for species identified through the ecological risk assessment framework for example northern prawn fishery vessels must now use turtle excluder devices and bycatch reduction devices,14
+all of the asean countries are currently operating fit systems with fixed tariffs although thailand first introduced a feedin premium through the adder programme in the country replaced it with a new feedin tariff scheme in watson farley williams as thailand differentiates electricity prices between offpeak and peak hours the fixed fit will reduce the price risk and potentially increase revenues for renewable energy re power plants that generate during offpeak hours,7
+this includes among others the expansion of preprimary education so that by all children from disadvantaged communities have access to high quality preprimary education preferably from the age of three and the expansion of full day s schooling especially for children from these communities in those municipalities where the school population is expected to decrease the eu funds can be used for example to create appropriate conditions for school transportation the oecd review team also recommends the use of eu funds to support networks of municipalities and selfgoverning regions to design and to implement education development plans that improve the efficiency of resource utilisation including moves towards a more rational design of provision the oecd review team recommends the creation of a specific action line in the programming period of the european social fund that would support the creation of a school network planning platform in one or two regions including a careful monitoring of the process,4
+with the existing regulatory framework power plant developers do not have incentives to consider electricity transmission costs in their investment decision and hence locate generators close to primary energy sources in this context plant location incentives would improve system planning and allow for a totalcost optimal site selection this could be obtained with geographical differentiated tariffs or competitive tenders for targeted geographical locations,7
+women are more likely than men to work parttime or have temporary contracts which is largely explained by their family care responsibilities while such work arrangements can help balance work and family life in the short and mediumterms parttime or temporary workers may have fewer career development opportunities face lower pay rates and higher rates of oldage poverty these work arrangements are also viewed as less compatible with executive leadership and management positions less than of women employed parttime are in top management jobs,5
+regions and municipalities are also responsible for the implementation of much of finland s national adaptation strategy and approximately a third of regionsmunicipalities had an adaptation strategy by luhtala some climate funds have specific windows for funding local adaptation actions for example the bangladesh climate change resilience fund bccrf includes a usd million window for a community climate change fund which is to provide grants for communitybased projects bccrf,13
+moving forward it is therefore essential that these noneconomic barriers are overcome for asean to meet its target on renewable energy development in contrast the indian government permitted renewable energy projects to receive up to funding from foreign investment as part of the th fiveyear plan in order to accommodate private sector investment in renewable energy the climate group b this issue could be dealt with by creating an independent body that is provided with the mandate to decide various aspects related to the fit system including tariff levels contract formulations and permit process yuliani in viet nam for instance article of the electricity law no,7
+part iii presents education policy country snapshots for the oecd member countries in addition education contributes to social cohesion better health and enhanced participation in civic and democratic aspects of society ensuring that education and training are of high quality and that education systems are equitable can contribute to growth and progress oecd a governments need to make sustained efforts to adapt and improve their education systems,4
+factors associated with this include the initial grandfathering of fishing rights which began in under the current quota system how resource rents are distributed between industry and the general public the actual owner of the resource and the effects of quota consolidation on small communities the tax is comprised of two parts a fee and a resourcerent tax and identifying an approach that ensures the resource rent tax fisheries pay reflects the real economic rents accrued by the industry is an ongoing current policy objective since the fishing fee has again been calculated and levied as a single fee this form of support has gradually been reduced over time falling to zero for the first time in when a special tax concession for fishermen ended,14
+the plan supports the sustainability of fisheries food safety and fishing communities the new integrated plan aims to increase policy effectiveness by harmonising previously fragmented plans support policies for the sector continue to provide low interest loans to small fishers to secure their businesses and vessel decommissioning to maintain fleet size at sustainable levels,14
+for this purpose oecd countries are increasingly using such tools as gender impact analysis and genderresponsive budgeting to implement gender mainstreaming and to evaluate the different effects of any policy legislation or practice on gender equality in fact while several countries employ some form of gender analysis the palestinian authority is the only country in the region that has established mechanisms for regular assessment of impacts of all draft laws and policies sufficient good quality data provide the basis for sound performance measurement monitoring and evaluation activities nevertheless the general practice of citizen engagement and public consultation remains limited and sporadic and often involves only certain stakeholders within or outside the government see oecd,5
+this new methodology offers an uptodate and more precise measure that allows for better comparability with the measures of other latin american countries its advantages include updating continually consumption habits and using a better measure of income extreme poverty also decreased dropping from to over the same period,1
+key factors contributing to the perception that ee investments are riskier than other investments include i the intangible nature of energy efficiency as its output cannot be directly measured ii the added complexity that energy efficiency sometimes brings to operations in buildings or factories and iii costs associated with additional details of preparation and implementation plus the scale of ee projects relative to other investments contrary to other investments energy efficiency cannot be directly measured in terms of incremental physical production rather it is measured as a savings or decrement against a baseline of consumption or expense,7
+for certain substances or in certain contexts it can assume a pathological pattern that needs to be addressed throughout the history of human civilization societies have displayed varying levels of tolerance and permissiveness towards and control over the use of psychoactive substances some of those substances such as tobacco and alcohol have been regulated more or less strictly in most societies,3
+this is particularly relevant for young people who do not finish school or do not go on to thirdlevel education as a postsecondary education is not always a requirement for employment in the sector attention also needs to be paid to those working in the sector these efforts can be supported by actions to streamline training opportunities and put in place structures and systems outlined previously proposed actions include the creation of a dedicated careers portal and a promotional campaign for the sector,8
+the imperative to reduce poverty and achieve the mdgs certainly provides a compelling enough policy argument in favour of energy investments however the political attractiveness and full development potential of these investments require the utilization of energy for incomegenerating activities this requires identifying and building upon pockets of opportunity,7
+the agreement provides a framework that combines cost containment with measures to support innovation european commission it is participating in the new beneluxa with the netherlands luxembourg and austria collaboration on joint hta horizon scanning information exchange and pricingreimbursement negotiation for new medicines,3
+delaying or neglecting to systematically integrate climate change into water management policies planning and practice can threaten water security and make its achievement more costly over time to address this gap the oecd secretariat undertook a survey of policies for water and climate change adaptation across all member countries and the european commission the results provide an overview of general trends and lessons learned sketching a broad picture adaptation in practice,13
+target e to be met by is a small indication of what is required to accomplish the goal and outcome of the sendai framework it is a stepping stone towards achieving this by again there are good examples of countries implementing this at national level but so far there has been insufficient time and information to determine whether these measures are affecting the outcomes of development planning in particular to prevent the creation of new risk the evidence gained from country practices is that it has not been undertaken by many countries so far chapter,11
+more flexibility in the system aims at better utilisation of national quotas the changes in the sector are demand driven following a growing interest in sustainable production techniques the effort aligns with the goal of good environmental status by following the definition from the marine strategy framework directive,14
+teachers typically enjoy helping children develop and making a contribution to society and have no reason to shy away from the challenges of teaching disadvantaged students but teachers are also more likely to want to work in disadvantaged schools if they feel they have support from principals can collaborate with colleagues and are provided with adequate resources to deal with the problems they face school leaders who support and empower teachers can not only attract more and betterqualified teachers to work in disadvantaged schools they also have a positive impact on the school climate more generally,4
+this chapter discusses the potential bias of existing estimates of income inequality in china and considers how inequality would be affected by the recent changes in labour market and social policies taking advantage of national data the authors calculate biased and unbiased inequality indices respectively and find that ignoring the data on migrant workers would lead to overestimating inequality in addition poverty trends and china s social assistance system are also discussed in addition to describing institutional changes in the chinese labour market the chapter also tests the impact of these changes on inequality and concludes that recent labour market changes are promoting income equality,10
+all of these factors play an ever increasing role in commodity price formation suggesting a continuation of volatile and uncertain agricultural commodity markets the most recent years have been characterised by significant price volatility and a sharp rise in the numbers of malnourished people coming years will also be characterised by continuing economic demographic market and environmental pressures that will bring both opportunities and challenges to farmers food businesses consumers and governments although the world now produces enough to feed its population the number of undernourished has increased since the mid s reaching more than one billion persons in in part as a result of recent price spikes and the global economic recession,2
+following passage of the energy act of in india some state governments decided to facilitate permitting for decentralised energy production under mw is procurement for new clean electricity generation part of a longterm grid infrastructure development strategy are the longterm clean energy objectives backed with capacity building strategies,7
+the pne portal allows sophisticated comparisons of quality of care indicators and is highly customizable making the selection of specific parameters possible for benchmarking the system is however only accessible to registered users through reserved credentials the results of the pne have been variously reported by the media in terms of comparison of hospital performance within and between the regions,3
+crustaceans continue to be the most important species landed in in terms of value followed by shellfish and molluscs and tuna the number of people employed in the fisheries sector decreased between and the offshore constitutional settlement ocs is the jurisdictional arrangement between the commonwealth and statesnorthem territory that sets out responsibilities for offshore activities such as fisheries mining shipping navigation and crimes at sea however commonwealth and the statesnorthem territory fisheries legislation allow alternative arrangements to be made for a fishery that override the existing jurisdictional lines set out by the ocs,14
+we would thus expect that the way they analyse the role played by nuclear energy in improving the security of electricity generation is directly or indirectly based on simple but also perhaps incomplete or biased indicators that need to be elucidated in order to understand the public attitude towards nuclear energy in ensuring security of supply they also seem to be fairly knowledgeable of the energy dependence rate of their country the eurobarometer highlights the fact that there are some false beliefs concerning the energy dependency of the european union the import ratio for the countries of the oecd pacific and europe remains higher than the other regions in terms of import dependency around by,7
+this is because of the need to address leakages and losses from water delivery systems on and offfarm and also that in most cases no contingency has been made for capital investment for system renewal given that typically publicly owned irrigation systems have only charged farmers for om costs and not capital renewal costs in addition there are the financial costs for controlling nonpoint pollution from agriculture and flood control costs such as onfarm drainage the transfer of financial control and investment management requires water user groups to seek privatepublic partnerships to raise capital and develop skills in long term asset management for renewal of irrigation infrastructure,6
+methods of collecting and calculating the data vary across and within countries and are also subject to errors of measurement sources of data for irrigation freshwater withdrawals include sample surveys of irrigators and are sometimes estimated using information on irrigated crop acreages along with specific crop waterconsumption coefficients or irrigationsystem application rates in other cases irrigation water withdrawal data may reflect water allocations which may differ substantially from actual withdrawals depending on annual climatic conditions,6
+at the end of the year the activity indicators of china were generally stronger than expected providing further evidence of an economic rebound in the last quarter on the demand side growth was supported by domestic consumption and capital formation partly reflecting the positive effects of policy easing cuts in interest rate and reserve requirements that had been put into place early in the year investment in real estate development grew in but at a rate lower than in the previous year,8
+the average net efficiency of gasfired power generation was a major part of the capacity gw has been added over the last two decades closely linked to the development of gas production and infrastructure platts gas plants are located close to the gas production areas on the east coast in andhra pradesh and gujarat and maharashtra on the west coast where the lng import terminals are located as well as in assam in the northeast almost one third of the indian gasfired capacity is located in gujarat early development of the gas infrastructure in this state favoured the uptake gas use in power generation especially for captive plants in industry,7
+in addition the cap on the number of students that any university may enrol will be lifted victoria and its tertiary education sector have also made considerable strides in widening access to education strengthening universityindustry collaboration and improving the overall relevance of educational provision at the same time however the current extent of locally or regionally relevant activities by victorian tertiary education institutions are in many cases not fully reflected in tertiary education policy or institutional setup there are gaps in important areas such as lifelong learning entrepreneurship education and support for small and mediumsizedenterprises,4
+and it focuses on priorities for tackling ethiopia s linked economic and climaterelated problems offering some compelling evidence that improves confidence to invest in greener growth paths a totally comprehensive approach has tended not to work from the experience of most countries earlier national sustainable development strategies since they were all things to all people and hence owned by few dalalclayton and bass the crge s green economy strategy has a clear focus on ghg emissions reduction mirroring global attention on the world s biggest environmental problem climate change mitigation,13
+in the same vein article of the paris agreement implies that developing countries particularly cddcs that are forced to strand their natural resources will need assistance in implementing the mitigation and adaptation measures required to address climate change however given that many parties to the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc submit information on their commitments through nationally determined contribution ndc documents by sector it is possible to identify the key commodity sectors of cddcs that will be impacted by climate change and the implementation of the paris agreement by june of the cddcs had communicated their first ndcs to the unfccc secretariat,13
+most recently the second european report on development argues that social protection plays an important role in reducing inequality even in the poorest countries of subsaharan africa bourguignon and morrison reconstruct historical income distributional data going back to using angus maddisons historical statistics they show that at the dawn of the industrial revolution the bulk of global inequality was due to differences among citizens within countries,10
+efforts to boost electricity generation in ldcs thus need to be complemented with upgrading of the td network moreover the importance of the latter will be further amplified by progress towards universal access and structural transformation and as increasing penetration of variable renewables increases the need for system balancing and flexibility of the supporting transmission infrastructure this gives rise to a risk that the poor quality of existing grids might constrain the viability of some technologies interfering with the choice of the most appropriate power generation mix as discussed in chapter per cent of people without access to electricity in ldcs live in rural areas where electrification rates are particularly low and this rural predominance is likely to persist figure,7
+in that case the outcome is similar to capacity markets discussed later in any case such option products require wellfunctioning energy markets in particular that electricity prices can be high enough during scarcity conditions this may be the case for products to solve network congestion counter trading products to rampup or rampdown capacity to follow demand and renewable output variations or products for voltage control during certain hours some countries such as spain are considering the creation of new shortterm flexible products markets using existing electronic market platforms as the tertiary reserves market,7
+the unfccc standing committee on finance scf provided in its biennial assessment and overview of climate finance unfccc scf an estimate of allclimaterelated financial flows from developed countries to developing countries concluding that on average between these ranged between usd to usd billion per year including usd billion through public institutions and between usd billion of private finance it is therefore unclear to what extent these estimates of broader climate finance flows can tell us about progress towards the usd billion goal separately the biennial assessment presented aggregates of predominately climatespecific public finance and core multilateral support including nonclimate finance to developing countries provided and reported to the unfccc by annex ii countries,13
+this accounts for little more than one in three of the young migrants between the ages of and that arrived in finland over the course of the large degree of school autonomy alongside the lack of data linking participation in preparatory classes with educational pathways render the drivers of poor outcomes among young migrants hard to evaluate further efforts should be made to monitor the integration support tools employed and the outcomes these achieve,4
+there is an overprovision of initial teacher training which has an uneven quality and professional development opportunities lack both structure and a schoolbased focus similarly school leaders and other education leaders are not wellprepared supported or recognised and their role lacks a focus on educational improvement they have undertaken an approved programme of teacher preparation or its equivalent elsewhere,4
+once in employment training and continued professional development should provide youth with a means to forge a career in the sector rather than simply working in it by accident or because of a lack of other opportunities the initiative also recognises that success depends on the sector s ability to empower and develop the skills and talents of young people box the paper identifies three barriers which prevent young people from entering or staying in the hospitality sector i lack information about the nature and extent of meaningful careers in the hospitality industry ii skills mismatch many youth are not suitably qualified for entrylevel or advanced opportunities and iii high turnover many talented young people do not pursue longterm careers in the industry,8
+the increase in the proportion of single parent families thus seems to be an important determinant of the growth in the proportion of children living in a household whose standard of living is below the mid s poverty line but who are not counted as poor on the basis of a floating poverty line due to the drop in median income that followed the great recession in a large number of countries this effect is stronger when considering the poverty rate with an anchored poverty line in and holds also when focusing on within country trends column which suggests that in many countries the relative stability or even the increase in mothers employment despite the great recession has been an important safeguard against the increase in child poverty while it has increased significantly in countries where maternal employment has declined e g spain estonia greece ireland or the slovak republic note that the effect is also robust no matter the chosen model specification see annex c table c and table c,1
+severance pay creates its own moral hazard problem by encouraging workers to quit their jobs to some extent although it does not reduce job search efforts this could lead to an increase in investments in the workers by that employer but it also reduces worker mobility which affects allocative efficiency in the labour market second the same increase in firing costs represents a considerable complication for smes when they have to pay multiple severances at the same time because it could generate liquidity and solvency risks lastly in several cases workers do not receive their severance pay owing to the difficulties mentioned above and because firms do not comply with the laws owing to the weakness of legal frameworks and inadequate law enforcement as in the case of unemployment insurance most of the benefits defined depend on the design of the mechanism,8
+because hypoxia can make deeper cooler waters unavailable in the summer or overlaps with nursery habitat the combined effects of temperature and oxygen can result in habitat compression or squeeze that affects both pelagic and demersal species coutant niklitschek and secor pearce and balcom the location and seasonal persistence of hypoxia appears to be particularly damaging to anadromous and catadromous species that require use of and transit through both saline and freshwater portions of systems to complete life cycles breitburg etal large stretches of river estuaries such as the mersey thames elbe and delaware have been described as devoid of fish prior to implementation of primary sewage treatment thiel etal,14
+another indication of the path of income inequality in south africa between and is given by the generalised entropy measures of inequality see annex iii table a the ge and ge measures across the country as a whole increased monotonically from to to and the same trend as with the gini coefficient is displayed when disaggregating by racial group there have been significant changes in the composition of racial inequality in that income inequality within racial groups has become increasingly more significant than inequality between racial groups,10
+their and other species biomass abundance is unknown studies of microbes and their roles in the deep pelagic ecosystems are only just beginning to reveal the great diversity of such organisms the nekton the organisms that swim independently through the ocean include many species offish crustaceans such as krill and cephalopods such as squids,14
+the green growth working group of the donor committee for enterprise development dced has brought together lessons learned in green growth and private sector development stocktaking of dced experiences dced for example small businesses that engaged in an asiawide program on sustainable production and consumption did so to improve their competitiveness and reduce costs eu switch asia network facility investors face several barriers when investing in green growth particularly in the context of infrastructure projects including the real and perceived risks of investing in developing countries lack of mediumterm to longterm finance and a lack of bankable projects,13
+women still earn substantially less than men and over the last years the gender based wagegap has only marginally decreased the wages of women who did not complete upper secondary education amounted to only of men s wages in compared to in oecd hence even though it is important to acknowledge the progress that has been made in the past decades substantial inequalities remain,5
+it begins with an overview of the historical evolution of science technology and innovation policy in the netherlands it then examines the main policy actors and governance arrangements with particular reference to the top sectors approach the chapter then reviews current policies under the light of the observations made in earlier chapters and outlines areas in need of dedicated policy attention,9
+table lists the number of vessels with annual permits and the type of permits they hold referred to as the coastal fleet as indicated in the tables a particular vessel may hold several different types of licences or annual permits regarding licences a vessel may or may not in the course of one or two years participate in all fisheries for which it is licenced,14
+within the rijkswaterstaat the institute for inland water management and waste water treatment riza played a significant role in the national supervision of industrial pollution conducting research and providing advice on waterpollution control the pswa was the country s first law on waterpollution control it defined institutional responsibilities for waterquality management and introduced two pollutioncontrol instruments discharge permits and wastewaterdischarge levies,6
+the training period also allowed teachers and workers to discuss issues related to workplace training for students and improve training plans and assessment methods participants improved their skills and self esteem and disseminated knowledge to other colleagues this exercise was evaluated by the economic information office in finland as one of the best ways of developing teachers professionalism,4
+when transferring responsibilities to local governments kazakhstan may wish to ensure that the functions are relevant to the communities action by city governments is particularly valuable where policies need to be tailored to local circumstances and responsive to local constituencies central and oblast levels of government are best positioned to act where economies of scale are possible where crossjurisdictional coordination is necessary and where standardised approaches are needed to avoid freeriding,11
+it also includes synthetic information on the existence of caps reductions and exemption for user charges coverage for pharmaceutical spending is typically lower due to oftenhigher costsharing and the possibility of selfconsumption basic health coverage schemes cover about half of spending in dental care in a handful of countries austria belgium czech republic luxembourg slovak republic and slovenia and threequarter in japan,3
+for example in the mediterranean the general fisheries commission for the mediterranean gfcm is promoting the concept of allocated zones for aquaculture azas sanchezjerez et al some initiatives in wider marine spatial planning processes integrate the spatial concerns of fisheries and aquaculture with those of other users of the marine space meaden et al in addition a sound legal and regulatory planning and development framework should be in place,14
+however approximately of current paddy land meets the wetpaddy land definition using an average agricultural household income of vnd million usd per month and assuming the household farms ha of wetpaddy land the payment represents almost of annual income a further objective of the programme was to create employment for million people and increase incomes of people in forest areas as a contribution to poverty alleviation hunger eradication and the development of rural mountainous areas a number of policy measures were implemented under this programme including loans to large soes involved in forestry and direct support to households to establish forest plantations,2
+fertility matters for societies because it can impede or accelerate progress towards greater prosperity equitable and sustainable development and wellbeing for all in european countries in the late nineteenth century and in englishspeaking countries on other continents changing economies presented new professional and job possibilities motivating couples to have fewer children so that they could seize these opportunities as more girls enrolled in school literacy increased,5
+these developments invite reflection about the role of education so often seen as primarily for the young the chapter ends with a look at how using different versions of the future can help us better prepare for the unknown the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of tire golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law,4
+other renewable resources have yet to hold measurable shares in the subregion although some countries are already implementing projects to develop wind solar modern biomass and geothermal energy georgia similarly stands out because of its high level of hydro use which contributed to the country s per cent share in total final energy consumption of which per cent was modern renewables the share of renewable energy in armenia was per cent with hydro being the main source of renewable energy,7
+see orkustofnun energy statistics in iceland primary energy refers to energy found in nature that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process eg coal lignite mineral oil natural gas uranium nuclear energy water hydropower solar radiation wind final energy is a form of energy available to the user following the conversion from primary energy,7
+it distinguishes between basic functions ie frequent low complexity treatments which do not require centralisation and special functions which are to be provided by a limited number of hospitals depending on their complexity this is in line with international evidence showing that efficiency thresholds tend to increase with the complexity of the treatment for emergency wards a population base of to is recommended implying a reduction from about currently to andersen and jensen,3
+however the burden of mental illhealth is challenging to measure especially across countries and efforts to measure the prevalence of mental disorders and the burden of mental disorders vary across oecd countries countries have not been successful at addressing unmet need partly because it is so difficult to identify and quantify a starting point to identifying unmet need is household surveys that use a variety of screening instruments to identify individuals at risk of or suffering from mental health problems these instruments are not standardised however and estimates of the prevalence of mental health problems can vary widely within the same population such surveys suggest that around of the workingage population have a severe mental disorder and a further have a common mental disorder oecd some but not all oecd countries report having a national survey to measure the prevalence of mental disorders table,3
+as in other eu countries there are large disparities in selfrated health by socioeconomic status of people in the highest income quintile population report being in good health compared with of the population in the lowest income quintile figure these include the living and working conditions of people the physical environment in which people live and a range of behavioural risk factors in fact more than of the overall burden of disease in the czech republic in measured in terms of oalys could be attributed to behavioural risk factors including dietary risks contributing smoking alcohol use and physical inactivity ihme,3
+in addition the directive obliges member countries to prepare action programmes for the designated nitrate vulnerable zones so that the objective of the directive can be realised as well as to conduct suitable monitoring programmes to determine the extent of nitrate pollution in waters from agricultural sources and to assess the effectiveness of the action programmes instead in conformity with the nitrates directive it informed the european commission in that it would prepare an action programme for its entire territory accordingly in the netherlands the nitrates directive action programme is applied throughout the country even so legislation distinguishes between soil fertility and types in the netherlands the most important main soiltype regions are sandy loess clay and peat,6
+in countries with a poor fisheries management record or capacity to implement sustainable and responsible fisheries globalisation may lead to increased fishing pressure thus endangering the resource managing sustainably and responsibly can in principle be done through biological management approaches including ecosystembased approaches to management that cap the total harvest concurrently however increased competition from external sources alternative wild fish or aquaculture may put price pressure on the harvesting element of the value chain depending on how access to the fishing sector is managed fishers income may subsequently come under pressure,14
+in response the city embarked on a resiliencebuilding project which integrates climate vulnerability assessments and micro planning and implementation it was designed implemented and monitored using a communityled bottomup approach which began with the identification of climate vulnerabilities some key lessons have been derived from that experience,13
+for this reason and in order to incorporate income measures at the same time the current study was based on household surveys which are available for all countries in the region and include satisfactory data for implementing both methodologies to make these estimates the indicators were adapted to the data available in household surveys not only did this meet the data availability criterion it also recognized the necessary sociocultural relevance of the exercise of rights especially to determine the thresholds for identifying when a child or adolescent was experiencing extreme child poverty or total child poverty the deprivation thresholds established in the global measurement based on the bristol indicators had been confined to the severest situations of child deprivation for latin america it was decided to follow the above criterion but to also define thresholds to identify situations of moderate deprivation as they too reflect needs that when unmet affect childrens wellbeing and development,1
+todays students will only be able to cope with the ongoing technological and digital revolution if education systems improve their quality leading to better student performance equitable outcomes and the acquisition of new skill sets and greater knowledge what matters most is what and how they teach and for how long how they motivate students and how they demand high standards from all students while taking their differences into account this requires continuously updating the knowledge that is being generated integrating digital technologies incorporating horizontal and socioemotional skills and promoting team work critical thinking and complex problemsolving,4
+to support the development of effective and state of the art policies on air quality a quick update of the who air quality guidelines is necessary the current version stems from and there is sufficient evidence that a tightening of the values would be justified it would be recommendableto invest in a thorough study of the actual effects of green in cities and how it can be used in the most efficient way a first step would be to inform regional and national authorities asthere appears to be a big difference in actual knowledge from the government side it is important to find communication strategies that will reach as many stakeholders as possible in order to guarantee reliable and harmonized information there is an important role for international organisations such as the eu unece who and unep,11
+it may refer to an absolute or to a relative standard an absolute poverty line usually reflects a minimum cost necessary to cover basic caloric and noncaloric needs without reference to social context or norms a relative poverty line is defined relative to the average or median income or consumption in a particular society,1
+however expanding economic activity population growth and rising living standards are increasing the need for energy food minerals and other resources amplifying environmental pressures in both rural and urban areas based on indicators from national and international sources the chapter reviews progress against national policy goals as well as international commitments and targets focusing on the period since to the extent possible it compares the state of the environment and key environmental trends with those of oecd member countries and the other emerging economies in the briics group brazil russia india indonesia china and south africa,15
+analysis shows that school attendance declines as the number of hours spent on household chores increases and declines more steeply for girls than for boys women continue to be underrepresented in national parliaments where on average only per cent of seats are occupied by women the share of women among ministers also averages per cent the highest positions are even more elusive only of elected heads of state in the world are women and only of heads of government,5
+of the countries for which data were available for are reducing energy intensity below those rates or are even increasing energy intensity indeed in countries energy intensity grew at an average cumulative rate of percent over the period there is considerable scope for raising industrial energy efficiency in these countries which stand to benefit from such efforts,7
+for example in jordan and the palestinian authority civil society partners are consulted on legislation and regulations in sectors identified as key priority areas by the country s main gender institution in jordan a list of requests is made on behalf of the country s gender institution and civil society organisations are consulted accordingly similarly in the palestinian authority the crosssectoral strategy identifies the specific sectors relevant to the promotion of gender equality for inclusion in the public consultation process with civil society partners and parties affected by the legislation,5
+median estimates of total system costs show a range of costs of usd per mwh for onshore wind usd per mwh for solar pv and about usd per mwh for offshore wind at a penetration level of at penetration level system costs increase significantly reaching about usd per mwh for onshore wind and about usd per mwh for solar pv and offshore wind in comparison system costs of dispatchable technologies such as coal gas nuclear or hydro are at least one order of magnitude lower,7
+it would be timely for governments to review the existing institutional structures in place and what they are intended to achieve and consider updating these to reflect evolving policy needs and priorities moreover once challenges or issues arise these need to be addressed it is also important to note however that these interministerial committees do not need to be biodiversityspecific,15
+nonetheless the planning of a city or region needs to engage with organisations above neighbourhood level for instance collection and disposal of solid waste and sewage in almaty astana and shymkent can lead to largescale environmental and social problems that require civil participation as well as state action special strategies for targeting groups that are hard to reach the disabled youth and the elderly would be implemented to ensure their participation in public events and forums,11
+its use in agriculture in australia is estimated to contribute aud billion annually to the economy deloitte access economics second it flows at a much slower pace than surface water oecd e third its quality is generally superior to that of surface water in particular with regards to bacterial contamination hence its importance for drinking water,6
+for example if everyones income falls by the same amount no one will appear to have become any poorer in relative terms it is adjusted for price inflation but not for changes in median incomes so that individuals may compare their material circumstances not only with those of the average person in the society in which they live but also with their own in a previous period matsaganis p moreover during economic crises the anchored poverty rate is more sensitive to the deteriorating living conditions of the poor social protection committee,1
+it begins by reviewing the constellation of urban planning and management documents at the municipal and regional levels and their impact on coherent urban development this is followed by an analysis of four policy areas with significant implications for national urban programming land use housing transport and the environment the general law contains the principles attributes responsibilities rights sanctions and other statutes governing the institutions individuals or professionals involved in urban planning urbanisation and construction,11
+in addition a student competency itself a result of a combination of knowledge skills values and attitudes that are adapted combined and applied in a specific context must also be perceived as an outcome traditionally a standardsbased curriculum is directed toward mastery of predetermined standards which generally include content standards and performance standards unescoibe performance standards specify what levels of learning are expected and assess the degree to which content standards have been met,4
+in parallel consecutive dry days cdd are projected to increase by between days exacerbating the hydrological stress coupled with a projected increase in cooling demand and associated electricity demand as a result of reduced precipitation a potential reduction in hydroelectric power plants is envisaged the shortening of the winter season is expected to reduce hydro potential even further despite the potential of hydroelectricity to alleviate energy security in the country there are unintended ecological and agricultural consequences of utilizing these resources additionally there are mw of installed capacity with the potential to double this figure to reach mw including river and nonriver sources,7
+at national levels greater commitment is required to provide timely data on food production consumption and stocks as well as capacity to assess current situations and outlook and its implications for food security where national capacity to provide information does not exist it should be created through support by international assistance this information needs to be widely and readily accessible to all market actors such systems would help temper uncertainty in organised markets that play a fundamental role in global price discovery while providing much earlier notice of potential market shocks,2
+students socioeconomic status explains of the variation in familiarity with mathematics within the country around of the students who have at least one tertiary educated parent reported that they know well or have often heard of the concept of linear equation on average across oecd countries only of students whose parents have only primary education as their highest level of attainment so reported similarly around of students with highly educated parents and only of students with loweducated parents reported that they know well or have frequently been exposed to the geometric concept of cosine,4
+the contribution of the distribution effect is rarely as great even when it is the predominant factor its contribution to the decline in poverty is usually under it did exceed in el salvador and mexico but both are countries where the total change in the poverty rate was veiy small see table,1
+agricultural producers in asean are expected to be able to rise to these challenges over the medium term with regional production growth rates projected to exceed world averages for many products including animalderived products oecdfao this will also increase the importance of asean for world supplies of agrofood commodities across individual countries however changes in the production of key commodities are more mixed this will require a continuation of past trends in total factor productivity growth trends underpinned by continued efforts at policy reform and additional investments by governments and producers,2
+figure shows the reduction in the forecast error for a german mw wind farm as the forecast horizon decreases geographical spread will depend on the distance between windmills and the size of the observed area comparing germany and ireland for instance ireland will have higher variations of wind output than germany as the irish land surface is smaller than germany s bach thus geographical spread is less important in ireland which implies a greater variability of wind output,7
+having their own bank account increases the autonomy of women within a household making access to finance easier may also facilitate startups or selfemployment among women infrastructure is another significant positive determinant of female labour force participation while labour market regulations lower female participation,5
+as a result nearterm technology and policy decisions are critically important for leveraging longterm change but the temporal dimensions of this technological differentiation in energy systems are extremely long in the mediumterm only modest nichemarket inroads of solar pv into the global energy system are expected only by have scenarios clustered either around relatively small solar pv markets ej assuming no or low c emission constraints and high investment costs or around relatively large solar pv markets ej under stringent c emission constraints and low investment costs,7
+under the direction of the ministry of health and the ministry of economy the aifa coordinates all activities related to pharmaceuticals and it operates autonomously and transparently pharmaceutical policies are set by the agency and are supposed to be applied uniformly across the country through negotiation with phannaceutical companies it determines the price of medicines reimbursed by the nhs the value and cost of medicine are also managed by the agency in order to ensure rapid access of innovative and efficient drugs,3
+selfreported subjective wellbeing can be further divided into life satisfaction surveys ranks of to of a person s satisfaction with life and emotional wellbeing indicators a person s emotional feelings at a point in time kahneman and deaton di telia etal studies based on selfreported life satisfaction avoid these problems but are subject to challenging data interpretation issues these studies which are getting increasing attention in the literature helliwell et al and tend to show that selfreported subjective wellbeing has a strong correlation with income but also that other factors such as health unemployment and divorce or quality of life indicators based on objective outcomes are important,3
+it guides the reader through what makes water governance improve in practice and how to foster peertopeer dialogue and bench learning across cities basins and countries facing similar types of water governance challenges the chapter provides lessons learnt at various levels local basin national as well as for policy frameworks institutions and policy instruments and could help with fiiture implementation of the oecd principles the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law,6
+while cities did not form a major monitoring element during the period of the mdgs their monitoring has taken a central place in post development agendas particularly the sdgs and the nua most of these indicators are being monitored globally for the first time except for indicator which was partly monitored under the mdgs mdg target d or the slum target many indicators require developing and defining new concepts piloting and refinement of their measurement methods establishment of the appropriate monitoring systems within countries and building new partnerships and capacities including providing technical advisory services to state members of the united nations,11
+consequently the pattern of water availability and intrinsic characteristics in each water basin is heterogeneous and very relevant to all water supplyside decisions for instance the sebou water basin holds per cent of surface water resources and groundwater and although it represents only per cent of the total area of morocco per cent of the country s population lives within it the northern loukkos tangier and mediterranean coastal and sebou basins cover nearly per cent of the area of the country and more than half of the surface water resources conversely the tensift bouregreg and other southern water basins exhibit water security insufficiencies,6
+altogether this resulted in a major expansion in the resources available to the education sector in spite of this chile remains among the oecd countries with the lowest expenditure per student see table th lowest in preprimary education rd lowest in primary education th lowest in lower secondary education and rd lowest in upper secondary education oecd a its levels of expenditure per student are however higher than those of other latin american countries such as brazil colombia and mexico see table data for brazil include public institutions only,4
+awarenessraising and education regarding human rights with security and justice personnel as well as the general public is also important harassment based on gender sex race sexual orientation age disability or other difference is unacceptable gender training should occur on multiple levels and should be mandatory for female and male security personnel of all levelsranks,5
+the oecd metropolitan governance survey has found that the share of residents who are satisfied with the public transport provision in their cities is percentage points higher if a transport authority exists figure it appears likely that this is at least partly due to the better integration of public transport in these cities for example a metropolitan transport authority could be autonomous exclusively in charge of transport issue or part of a metropolitan authority in charge of w ider policy issues at the metropolitan level,11
+data are presented for both claimed priorities cp ie inventions for which protection is sought in at least two countries and singulars ie inventions protected only in one country this distinction is useful because it indicates different market value of the inventions patented see oecd with respect to energy storage there was significant takeoff around with a sixfold increase in singulars since that point claimed priorities have tripled in the same period,7
+accordingly these precipitations generate average runoff modules varying between and skm in the highest parts of the kotel balkan rainfall reaches more than mm and the runoff module up to skm in the lower parts of the kamchia valley precipitation falls to mm per year and the runoff module drops to skm on the kamchia river and to skm on the great kamchia river,6
+the ministry of social security is responsible for social policy and oversees public institutions funding health care sickness leave and longterm care since which saw a significant increase per capita spending has consistently been the highest in the eu and was higher than the eu average in s see figure financing of health care insurance is based on a system of shared charges with of contributions paid by the state and the rest being shared between the insured population and employers as nearly half of luxembourgs workforce are crossborder employees one third of those insured with the cns actually live outside the country box adem igss,3
+the average expected years of schooling is now the same for men and women and since more women than men have been enrolling in tertiary general education this progress has led to a more symmetric distribution of educational levels across the resident population although the past still plays a role for instance proportionally more women than men have received no more than secondary education in the age bracket versus figure,5
+many of these regulations concern environmental regulations investors can live with strict emission limits or safety standards as long as they are stable and predictable a case in point are the regulations governing greenhouse gas emissions under the kyoto protocol or the european union emission trading scheme eu ets which have the potential to massively affect the relative competitiveness of different fuels,7
+tirpak et al recommend that given the contextual nature of adaptation adaptation financing should only be counted for projects that are directly linked to or emerge from climate vulnerability or impact assessments a recipient country adaptation planning document a climate risk screening or another study on climate risk this is significant given budget support may become a more prominent funding approach to deliver climaterelated oda as support continues to move towards programmatic forms one way to track any climatespecific elements of general budget support would be to request recipient governments to report their gbs spending expost and classify how the funds were used according to specific sectors and themes if such data could be provided gbs could be incorporated into any expost analysis on climate finance flows to recipient countries,13
+essentially this share of the population can be thought of as not enjoying the benefits of the postwar economic growth boom which over the period saw average real gdp growth exceed on an annualised basis according to statistics available from the us department of commerces bureau of economic analysis the same data also shows that personal consumption expenditure over this period increased roughly annually and durable goods consumption increased annually over the period so clearly some part of the population enjoyed benefits of the postwar economic expansion it is clear from the stability of relative poverty figures over this period however that this expansion did nothing to bring the poorest fifth of the population closer to the living standard enjoyed by the middle of the income distribution,1
+exclusion and relative poverty are also challenges for advanced economies and obstacles to growth opportunities for all economies oecd a many innovations remain small in scale and scope scaling up innovation requires initiatives that are built around financially sustainable business models andor participation by lowerincome and excluded groups thereby supporting their integration in the formal economy meeting this objective however is challenging,9
+women are underrepresented in forums that typically help shape and define the global trade regime however their inputs have the potential to fundamentally transform the way communities experience globalisation and in so doing better balance the distributional impact of international trade and improve inclusive access to resources in addition as at march,10
+regulated penalties exist for different degrees of deviation throughout the intraday market ree opens six consecutive clearing auctions that allow adjustments of power plants and optimisation of the system based on realtime information and updated forecasts this solution along with the introduction of a dedicated renewable energies integration management centre cecre a pioneering initiative to monitor and control renewable energy resources with the objective to integrate the maximum amount of production from variable renewable energy sources under secure conditions has allowed an efficient introduction of wind power in spain ree the tso has maintained constant the required balancing capacities despite the enormous penetration of wind power in spain and the fact that the iberian peninsula has limited interconnections with neighbouring countries,7
+however a judiciously prepared business plan requires expert tools and professional advice which may be inaccessible to many women entrepreneurs this is especially relevant as previous studies show that women entrepreneurs have a strong preference for banks as partners rather than dealing with them in a merely transactional relationship vital voices they tend to have more rigorous due diligence requirements for smes than banks in other regions,5
+measures to reduce fatalities and serious injuries among the elderly should also focus on creating conditions for safe walking cycling and using public transport korea should adopt a strategic approach to speed management including a comprehensive review of road functions and speed limits current urban speed limits in korea typically kmh are too high and compliance is poor this is to the detriment of safety particularly of vulnerable road users including elderly pedestrians,11
+in any case old trees are generally more valuable for biodiversity than young trees cf above although for grounddwelling fungi age may be less important than continuous presence of the associated tree species such information as well as data on stand age or development class will often be available from forest inventories thereby allowing a linkage to data on tree biomass and carbon stocks annex i lists different forest types of european conservation interest of which are represented in the eu members of the nordic countries and seven of these are listed as priority habitat types table,15
+the number of children age killed in traffic was reduced from in to in representing a improvement compared to the overall improvement of itf road safety annual report chapter on korea data provided by koroad this success followed a decision by the government to designate the improvement of children safety in traffic as one of the nation s top priorities this decision was supported by a range of effective safety measures,11
+to arrive at detailed insights about cooperation decisions an indepth analysis of the application cases was conducted by doing so the crucial decision criteria were investigated and highlighted the relative importance of decision criteria varies with the field of cooperation that is evaluated for example for smart metering different factors appear to be of importance whereas for network operation other factors come into play in addition stakeholders have their own focus regarding the importance of specific criteria eg for dsos exerting control on an ict network that is used for grid operation is of great importance,7
+their combined trend trajectory figure is highly influenced by catches in area the southeast pacific where el nino oceanographic conditions strongly influence the abundance of anchoveta the overall trends in the two areas are opposite in area catches have grown to a peak of million tonnes and in area they have progressively decreased from the overall maximum reached in although they have been recovering in the past three years in contrast total catch in area even if analysed excluding anchoveta has been decreasing dramatically since its peak in,14
+the benefit of povcal is that given the mean welfare measure and several points on the lorenz curve for any dataset povcal will estimate the parameters of the entire lorenz curve which in turn permits poverty simulations based on any poverty line the analyst chooses expressed as monthly per capita figures in international ppp dollars povcal is most widely known for allowing national poverty and distributional data to be made comparable at the international level through the use of international absolute poverty lines such as the dollaraday usd ppp and twodollaraday international standards however nothing prevents povcal from being used to evaluate and simulate poverty at other poverty lines including relative ones,1
+evidence from a previous pisa report suggests that lowperforming students appear to benefit the most when more resources are allocated to disadvantaged schools than advantaged schools but not at the expense of the highestperforming students in the education system oecd a it is therefore hardly surprising that governments have invested substantial resources on computers internet connections software and information and communications technology ict more generally but this investment has not always produced obvious gains in student learning,4
+for each of these seven dimensions they identified the thresholds of severe deprivation ie those circumstances that are likely to have serious adverse consequences for the health wellbeing and development of children gordon et al absolute child poverty was then measured as the condition of children suffering from two or more different types of severe deprivations they found that over a third of children in the developing world lived in absolute poverty and over half suffered from at least one form of severe deprivation using data from the demographic and health surveys their work became part of the unicef global study on child poverty and disparities using internationally recognized childrens rights to inform the construction of child deprivation dimensions and counting the number of children suffering from several deprivations to produce the deprivation headcount rate became known as the bristol method,1
+for instance in per cent of children in age group had not completed a secondary education and out of households did not have access to publichealth facilities household consumption data for india reveal that per cent of the population do not have an intake of calories per day using the international poverty lines employed by the asian development bank in the recent revised estimates of poverty based on ppps for headcount poverty is estimated to be in the range of per cent using a poverty line and at per cent using a line without a distinction between rural and urban himanshu p,1
+nevertheless these estimates provide an uptodate aggregate picture of climate finance in relation to the unfccc goal based on a transparent accounting framework we hope that this new information about the volume of mobilised climate finance will be helpful in the context of the international climate negotiations leading up to cop in paris at the end of part i outlines the accounting framework for measuring and aggregating climate finance estimates part ii describes progress towards the usd billion a year by goal looking both at estimates of public and private climate finance mobilised,13
+there exist several solutions for this problem some residential projects such as solar water heaters or improved cookstoves can be implemented in a repeated way in both rural and urban communities another market strategy is to use the more accessible urban market as an investment springboard to then reach rural areas,7
+it is influenced by demand from industry transport and households by national energy policies and by national and international energy prices the main renewable forms are hydro geothermal wind biomass waste and solar energy in some countries the decrease was due to the transfer of energyintensive industries to other countries such outsourcing may increase pressures on the global environment if less energy efficient techniques are involved,7
+the government debtgdp ratio declined in egypt and lebanon see table and public sector employment also declined especially in egypt while it is difficult to offer reliable statistics widely accepted estimates put the overall escwa unemployment rate in at per cent while youth unemployment stands at between and per cent these figures are approximately twice as high as the international average in conflict areas such as iraq and palestine unemployment rates in were and per cent respectively worse still in youth unemployment rates in jordan and egypt were and times higher than adult unemployment rates respectively,8
+in addition in kuwait and yemen gender committees are active in supervising compliance with relevant national and international standards and disseminating relevant information additionally in bahrain and kuwait gender committees also examine individual complaints in bahrain the committee supports the integration of women s needs in the government s work plan,5
+two thirds of health spending is publicly funded but the share of outofpocket spending has increased however a range of copayment exemptions ensures financial protection and the affordability of services for vulnerable groups portugal has among the lowest avoidable hospital admissions rates in the eu,3
+the same experiences are seen in copenhagen with f devarebanken as it mostly are food producers in the neighbourhood to the food banks that donate food it is quite clear that there are big amounts of food that is not covered by the food banks today and that either is collected by the charity organisations themselves or is a potential for increased amount of food being donated both f devarebanken in copenhagen and matsentralen in oslo have been able to establish a large network of local charity organisations not only in copenhagen and oslo but over larger geographical areas,2
+this paper investigates the effect of the economic crisis on child poverty and severe material deprivation across the enlarged eu iceland norway and switzerland evidence from previous recessions in industrialized countries suggests that children tend to suffer disproportionately however given the two to threeyear lag with which household income data become available it is only recently that statistics on the circumstances of children have started to emerge,1
+in the last decade many of the peace processes on the african continent between and had no women as lead mediators maximizing the benefits of womens engagement in conflict prevention and peacebuilding calls for moving from inclusion to partnership for social change women s absence from peace processes cannot be explained by their alleged lack of experience in conflict resolution or negotiations,5
+the government believes the sector has huge potential to help address major national problems including unemployment and underemployment among youth med however the investment in agriculture was less than percent of the state budget in from to the size of the labour force rose from to but the number of subsistence foodstuff producers fell from to sepfope and ilo a characteristic of subsistence farming is low productivity and risk adverse decisionmaking that is based on household needs more than maximizing output,8
+however this investment in empowering the grid will probably increase future electricity prices in norway for example government and industry together established the nonprofit organisation intpow in ministries of local government and regional development and agriculture contribute to the national re policy through innovation norway in the government s most important agency for innovation and the development of enterprise and industry it provides advice financing promotional competence building and networking services one area where in is active is in promoting bioenergy for heating,7
+the paris agreement and associated decision cp under the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc recognise this and reinforce the international framework for adaptation action by establishing a global goal of enhancing adaptive capacity strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability the paris agreement also states that parties shall as appropriate engage in adaptation planning processes and the implementation of adaptation actions decision cp paragraph stipulates that provision of information shall be done no less frequently than on a biennial basis although least developed countries ldcs as well as small island developing states sids may submit this information at their discretion,13
+in canada public services and procurement the central point for oversight of public procurement in the government of canada included genderbased analysis plus in its departmental plan with an aim to increase its gender analysis capacity in the area of procurement this includes all australian government agencies that are approaching the market above a threshold suppliers and their subcontractors overseasbased suppliers are not required to comply,5
+this paper examines the implications of this new international policy landscape for development cooperation providers and their partners and proposes factors to strengthen coherence between climate and development finance it builds on the reality that ending poverty and achieving sustainable development is not possible without stabilising the climate un a and that progress on one agenda cannot be achieved without progress on the other moreover enhancing policy coherence for sustainable development is one of the sdg targets and a key means of implementation for the sdgs,13
+as noted in the committee s earlier work on iuu fishing iuu fishing is generally an economic activity that will continue as long as it is profitable for fishing vessels to be engaged in such activities the information available on iuu fishing on the high seas suggests that it targets fish stocks of predominantly high commercial value with easy marketability as a result iuu fishing has received increasing attention from policy makers due to its negative economic social and environmental impact both directly on the resources and indirectly on the domestic fisheries economy it is therefore important that domestic fisheries policies ensure that fishing overcapacity is dealt with in an appropriate way through scrapping and through legislation that does not allow for fishing capacity to be exported and reflagged to countries that do not cooperate,14
+this is consistent with data on the identity of lute la litigants which shows that people from higher socioeconomic status tend to be make more frequent use of the litigation mechanism in health care bernal et al continuous improvement in the timeliness with which people obtain access to care and in the general quality of care provided would serve as a force to push the litigation trend down rural departments such as guainia vichada choco amazonas and san andres had for example infant mortality rates above per live bom in,3
+water management is an inherently risky business where although it is in the interest of most stakeholders to minimise the water risks it is not the responsibility of most stakeholders the framework is comprised of four main components described in the following section risks arise not only from physical phenomena but also from the social context societies vary in the ways in which they select which problems are identified as risks and which risks require attention and response,6
+case studies are based on the group work during the regional seminar on integrated approaches for sdg planning the case of sdg on water and sanitation november and followup research work of the escap team there is a need to develop the scientific technological and social innovations necessary to build this new resilient city and to manage our transition to a more liveable and sustainable future only recently however has research begun to develop an integrated analysis of urban services at the system level to increase the efficiency of the resource streams and improve the resiliency of the overall urban system,6
+furthermore the relationship is consistent across a number of major causes of mortality including cardiovascular disease respiratory disease and most strongly for motor vehicle traffic accidents the notable exception is suicide mortality which is shown to rise when unemployment goes up ruhm the studies consistently show that economic downturns are associated with a fall in mortality but the strength of the relationship differs between countries and over time,3
+examples abound in the agriculture and energy sectors typically farmers in several oecd and non member countries do not pay the full price of electricity used to pump groundwater reforming those harmful subsidies should also be part of the water financing agenda for instance it could free public financial resources which could then be used for water policies generate more revenues to invest in waterrelated services and infrastructures make water pollution more costly and create markets for waterefficient technologies and practices a set of principles can usefully guide policy decisions for example the polluter pays principle ppp is a basic element of all european environmental policies,6
+the first step for the city is to improve pollution monitoring systems by allocating the necessary resources in addition financial support for small and mediumsized enterprises smes to improve the emission treatment system should be considered urgently continuous investment to improve productivity and energy efficiency in the production system will create opportunities to make industiy more competitive and at the same time more environmentally friendly,11
+whereas many secondary cities were able to economically specialize in certain products and develop a comparative advantage at the national level over time they proved to be overly dependent on vertical specialization which characterized their economic organization economies of scale worked within a framework of vertical specialization but when these industries were challenged by lower labor costs in latin america and later in asia they were unable to compete deindustrialization first hit north america and europe and later latin america as jobs moved to china and other african and asian countries,11
+international agencies and external support regional and global are important components of this greening programme covering the equivalent of football grounds and generating mw in phase it works by concentrating heat from the sun using parabolic mirrors to generate heat in turbines from which electricity can then be generated in the country imported per cent of its energy needs at a cost to the state of dh billion billion a year with rapid growth in energy demand morocco needed to take a decisive step in a new direction financial times november,7
+this relationship should be developed and formalised in order to make it more effective and proactive at present there are limited mechanisms with which the state government can express its expectations in relation to higher education institutions the same is true of the local government in relation to higher education institutions,4
+the terms sex and gender became interchangeable even now gender is often used to mean women the conference highlighted the fact that women were disproportionately impacted by poverty womens poverty is directly related to the absence of economic opportunities autonomy lack of access to economic resources including credit land ownership and inheritance lack of access to education and support services and their minimal participation in the decisionmaking process report of the united nations conference on environment and development rio de janeiro june united nations publication sales no,5
+requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the copyright clearance center ccc at inocopyrightcom or the centre franqais d exploitation du droit de copie cfc at contactcfcopiescom reviews of higher education in regional and city development are the oecd s tool to mobilise higher education for economic social and cultural development of cities and regions they analyse how the higher education system impacts local and regional development and help improve this impact,4
+according to data less than a third of poor nigerian children between and years of age had entered primary school at the correct time though nearly all of the children from richer households had see figure the gap continues to widen at the start of each level of education as greater proportions of poor children drop out by the start of upper secondary education only per cent of poor children enter school compared to per cent of wealthier children,4
+meat tariffs are while those for dairy products are applied tariffs on a number of commodities were lowered during the prices spikes after the impacts of these bans are evident in the charts of box they indicate a calibrated trade policy designed to stabilise prices in domestic indian markets in addition to these some nontariff barriers also exist such as sanitary and phytosanitary measures which may affect india s trade,2
+a lack of general skills in particular literacy and numeracy can be an issue for employability in the longer term as it makes it more difficult to retrain to adapt to changing labour market needs delaying the tracking of students would contribute to tackle this lack of general skills tracking into general vocational secondary and vocational training schools the latter giving the most emphasis to practical skills and regrouping a quarter of students figure currently takes place at age as against in most oecd countries,4
+free lunch programmes or free textbooks for disadvantaged families are examples of these policies a mix of policies targeting low performance and socioeconomic disadvantage can be most effective in these cases since universal policies may be less effective in improving both equity and performance simultaneously as noted above pisa consistently finds that high performance and greater fairness in education opportunities and outcomes are not mutually exclusive,4
+moreover female migrant entrepreneurs can act as role models and potential employer for other migrant women indeed family migrants who due to immigration rules usually do not depend on benefits are often neglected by integration policies such as active labour market policy measures which are designed for and sometimes even restricted to benefit claimants underlying the neglect is the assumption that female family migrants are cared for by their sponsor who can provide them with all necessary support and that the women therefore have less or no need for professional counselling on integration services some countries even explicitly target less educated women with regional programmes to help them develop new skills and increase their participation in the labour market,5
+minimum standards of teacher education are ensured by the accreditation and approval of all teacher education programmes by the nztc all teacher education providers with programmes approved by the nztc must demonstrate how they enable students to reach the graduating teacher standards providers guarantee that students have met these standards and are fit to be a teacher when they graduate from the programme,4
+what role if any should rfmos andor fisheries management systems have in fisheries subsidies issues how to define subsistence smallscale and artisanal fishing and what subsidies disciplines should apply to these sectors how could an agreement on fisheries subsidies address the future development needs of developing and ldc members without undermining sustainability,14
+information comes in various forms oral testimony documents video material photographs personal observations and satellite images in particular human rights officers should map out the most relevant sources of information that would contribute to a gender analysis besides giving their own account of the events under investigation these actors might be willing to assist the investigation by providing relevant documentation reports and information gathered on the ground and serve as intermediaries to contact other victims witnesses or sources while many of these documents may have been gathered in the preparation phase additional documentation may surface or become known through interaction with different actors at the local level when gendersensitive questions are asked at the same time it is important not to make assumptions about a victims needs or condition based on stereotypical views for example it should not be assumed that all victims of sexual violence would find the process of recounting their experience traumatizing,5
+a forthcoming review of the capitation formula ought to consider the utility of introducing new variables that reflect determinants of health care need such as morbidity mortality and socioeconomic differences across the country the government can also extend efforts to steer where resources are directed in this manner future capital planning ought to be skewed towards locating services closer to those who need them most,3
+where school authorities have failed to acknowledge its existence it has often flourished and become institutionalised efforts are needed to empower girls and women and to sensitise men to the needs and rights of girls and women unesco when schools are located far away from home students cannot attend because of safety issues and economic reasons,5
+this concept is the most comprehensive as it also takes into account inkind transfers such as education and health care spending data issues are discussed in box and different income inequality measures are discussed in annex among the oecd countries earnings inequality for fulltime employees is highest in chile the united states and portugal while switzerland belgium and denmark are the most equal countries,10
+in arab countries the high rates of gender inequality coincide with a lack of economic opportunities among women figure the failure to protect them exposes an entire generation to damage thwarting their dreams and pushing them to rethink their future fleeing conflict does not mean young women are safe displacement still leaves them at great risk of genderbased violence including rape and forced marriage,5
+lower market rents and increased competition led to a greater demand for skilled labour and a more dispersed wage structure lower tax wedges also contributed to increased wage dispersion dwindling benefit replacement rates for lowwage workers but not for workers on the average wage also drove up wage dispersion lower replacement rates mean lower reservation wages furthermore less strict epl is associated with greater wage dispersion driven entirely by reforms to epl for temporary workers however the combined influence of these factors on overall earnings inequality and household income inequality is less straightforward promoting employment opportunities for underrepresented groups could increase market income for certain households and increase the overall resources available for redistribution,10
+first gvc participation helps explain only a small part of the variation in wage inequality across the sample implying that there are other more important determinants of wage inequality second the employment reallocation effects arising from enhanced participation in gvcs are not directly captured since the dependent variable is wage inequality nevertheless the results hold when using the more holistic oecd inequality measures which do account for incomes of the unemployed for example somewhat different evolutions can be perceived depending on whether the analysis uses measures of inequality derived from wiod the university of texas inequality project the world development indicators or the oecd inequality indicators they suggest that offshoring can give rise to a positive productivity shock which ultimately benefits the type of workers whose tasks have been offshored the intuition is that offshoring is tantamount to labouraugmenting technological change or in other words it acts like technical progress which increases the productivity of the labour whose task has been offshored,10
+the data set contains yearly observations dating from to depending on the country for some countries the data are completed by population census data altogether data on gender segregation by working status and on employment by status as share of total employment is available for countries,5
+high rates of economic growth and increasing incomes during the first decade of the s help to explain the reduction in labour force participation of the population aged and above see also chapter the same is suggested by the pattern of unemployment across age groups the ratio of the youth unemployment rate to the adult unemployment rate was close to two for both foreignbom and ghanaianborn workers in but had become far less favourable in for young ghanaianbom workers than for foreignbom workers and respectively table,8
+excessive wage bills pose a threat to the wider social fabric the survey also noted that rising public sector salaries made the largest contribution to inequality between and particularly salaries of qualified workers in public agencies outside central government such as the ccss oecd a as noted in section for example obesity rates are higher in costa rica than most oecd countries in most oecd health systems the central budgetary authority eg the ministry of finance sets expenditure ceilings for the health sector annually or over multiyear cycles,3
+this raises two issues for urban water governance i rescaling metropolitan governance may positively or negatively affect water governance frameworks and ii strategies for metropolitan governance reform may offer interesting models for application in the urban water sector evidence from selected oecd metropolitan areas is provided in table the largest functional area often referred to as the southeast region extends to the gyeongnam province and ulsan metropolitan city at million people it covers the four largest dutch cities amsterdam rotterdam the hague and utrecht a large number of mediumsized cities as well as small towns and villages,6
+they have a mixed tradeunion professional rules of conduct and scientific development role there are also specialtysubspecialty boards the association has cited concerns that recent reform efforts to achieve greater standardisation of healthcare practice may limit professional autonomy recently the ministry of health has established a professions council that has been given the authority to deal with curriculum and complaintsmalpractice issues,3
+the authors specifically stressed the importance of focusing more upon learning and less upon testing and claimed that the new assessment programme could be seen as a way of doing this giving norway a new start after the introduction of the national tests which they believed was part of an oldfashioned system in one article in fredrikstad blad august the journalists described two schools sending their teachers to dublin as part of the afl programme in order to study how irish students work with afl in an article in bedre skole three schools working on the better assessment project were presented and teachers students and school leaders were interviewed about their experiences the message was positive overall a yearold student was quoted as saying it is much easier to study for tests when we know what will be on the test and also know the criteria for each grade ruud p,4
+ocean thermal energy conversion otec exploits the temperature difference between cooler deep and warmer shallow or surface seawaters to run a heat engine wave power uses a variety of methods to convert the motion of ocean waves into electricity while lifecycle ghg emissions are low nuclear power poses serious challenges in terms of radioactive waste management risks of nuclear contamination and securityrelated concerns,7
+a considerable potential for increasing the nutritional status of people and the efficiency of the whole food chain lies in encouraging changes in diet and consumption patterns as well as designing pronutrition policies in other sectors such as health and education in addition reducing food losses is a costeffective means of increasing the availability of safe and nutritious food for all preventing food wastage would also reduce the challenge of how to increase production in a world with limited natural resources in particular the livestock sector which has grown rapidly to meet the increasing demand for meat is a prime contribution to water scarcity pollution land degradation and greenhouse gas emissions,2
+regulatory agencies are also required and they must be credible legitimate and efficient this must not be underestimated when it comes to contemplating private sector participation since it raises the issue of how such entities are going to be financed to avoid the economic and financial capture of the regulator by the granting authority or the operator they often lack the competence and information to monitor contractual arrangements investment plans etc the issue of accountability to and independence from the political power is also important to prevent decisions based on vested interests some mena countries lack basic water institutions others display fragmented institutional structures or overlapping decisionmaking structures which often exclude users demands and civil society moreover water is a matter of regional cooperation with many mena countries facing similar challenges and many sharing basins and rivers,6
+thus improving overall job creation is likely to reduce marginal employment among poor women it is consistently negative across education levels in rural regions but only begins to gain importance from primary education onwards in urban regions however the magnitude is higher with each additional educational level for urban regions while in rural areas the household head with a university degree decreases the probability of women s participation by pp compared to the illiterate household head the same factor decreases the probability by almost pp in urban areas,5
+the buyback programme aims to reduce water abstractions by around to achieve sustainable diversion targets set by the basin water resources plan the ana implements the national water resources management system and regulates water uses in federal water bodies state water agencies define rules and issue entitlements for state water bodies,6
+irrigation often is needed for of crop water requirements in these arid southwestern states assuming an average irrigation delivery of m of water per hectare these costs would be equivalent to usd per m in california and usd per m in arizona the national average cost of pumping groundwater as reported in the fris was almost usd per hectare gollehon and quinby,6
+some intermediaries have had to use bridging funding to enable projects to progress because of the delays in receiving the programme funding others such as state governments and municipalities have preferred not becoming intermediaries in some cases because of the delays involved and have sought to find other ways to provide direct support to companies albeit with less resources state governments for example have in some cases sought to be agile enough to try and work at the same speed as industry but feel the support of the national federal programme while potentially enlarging the pool of funds slows down their ability to respond to local business need,8
+median income is expressed in prices national currency notes no data for cyprus croatia slovak republic and turkey in in greece the median income for households with children was one third lower than it was in the decrease was also severe in iceland and latvia where in the median income was almost a fourth lower than in decreases in the range were also recorded in luxembourg lithuania the united kingdom ireland and spain,1
+if increased capex leads to reduce fuel costs and maybe other opex an agreement between the owner and charterer needs to be found for example production ranging from a few tonnes a day to millions of tonnes a year storage in atmospheric tanks or in pressurized tanks storage of less than m up to storage of several hundreds of thousands of m and transport by sea rail or road figure provides an overview of the complexity,7
+distributional considerations should only come into play to avoid extreme income inequality which should be reduced mainly through expenditures eg engel galetovic and raddatz although it was clear that the reduction of progressive taxation would increase inequality there was little popular opposition to it in the developed countries because the tax reforms similar to labour market reforms were widely believed to be the only way to restore growth and keep companies from relocating production abroad similarly in developing countries policies that provided extensive tax privileges to owners of capital in particular to tncs were considered socially acceptable or desirable because they promoted foreign capital inflows note data refer to the fiveyear average of the mean observation of general government revenue a includes capital revenues,10
+against this backdrop this report addresses an old question whether rising or high income inequality is an inevitable outcome or a necessary factor of economic development or whether it is possible and even desirable to reduce income inequality in order to achieve more inclusive growth as well as to overcome the present economic challenges and create the conditions necessary for a more sustainable and rapid development process in the long run in contemporary debates a distinction is often made between equality before the law or formal equality and equality in terms of income and wealth the latter form of equality is affected by ownership structures as well as by market processes social stratification and political systems which may deny tme equality of opportunities to a large segment of a society,10
+this analysis only includes nationallevel documents that target the main climate change impacts the composition of sectors will depend on specific country contexts some countries have published subnational adaptation strategies or plans concerning specific sectors or geographic regions which can contribute to preparations for climate change but have not been included in this analysis in addition to this it shows there is widespread discussion of adaptation options and of policies synergistic with adaptation countries cover adaptation options in their ncs,13
+similarly korea mexico portugal and the united states underperform in the treatment of infectious diseases in practice however except for the preliminary data on amenable mortality recently developed at the oecd comparable crosscountry data on outcomes by disease are seldom available measuring inputs and costs per disease also faces obstacles heijink and renaud as the lack of information on ambulatory care practices and pharmaceutical consumption makes it difficult to fully document a care episode deriving crosscountry efficiency estimates at the disease level except for a few specific illnesses is thus currently not possible,3
+real prices for most other agricultural commodities are also projected to attain levels significantly higher than in the past average prices for the tenyear period are projected to be higher than those in the period by to in real terms for cereals oilseeds and sugar by to for poultry meat and dairy products and by for beefveal figure only pigmeat prices are projected to remain slightly below their average relative to the base period which does not include the abovetrend prices of the mid s the projected increase of real prices in the coming tenyear period is even larger for some products reaching as much as figure,2
+traditional analysis of poverty focuses on monetary wellbeing and utilizes income or expenditure measures to assess the poverty status of the household that individuals live in however children generally do not participate in household spending and consumption decisions and their needs can differ from those of adult household members see de neubourg et al goal states by reduce at least by half the proportion of men women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions,1
+thanks to tube well irrigation crops in northwest india are less vulnerable to drought than other regions ensuring them the lowest interannual production variability kawashima however the actual pace of groundwater depletion threatens the sustainability of this system if punjab had no access to irrigation the maximum attainable yield for wheat would fall by half compared to the current local yield and by more than two thirds for rice bruinsma a collapse of the groundwater irrigation system would be all the more dramatic in northwest india since rainfed crops are particularly exposed to climate change in this region,6
+this knowledge should guide policies and regulations relating to employment in domestic services one of the main sectors providing paid employment to women in the region and to employment in public and private service sectors that currently address only a small percentage of the total demand for care in the society with a view to overcoming inequalities and ensuring decent protected and inclusive work there is a need for comprehensive and coordinated policies on shared responsibility and employment iloundp cecchini and rico moreover the overburden of unpaid work on women affects their economic autonomy by limiting their participation in the labour market this reduces their ability to generate their own income and restricts their access to social security which is strongly linked to formal employment in the region,5
+unlike crude oil and petroleum products gas is produced and exported mainly by ldcs in asia accounting for between one quarter and one half of the exports of myanmar timorleste and yemen their exports are mainly absorbed by east asian markets they generate more than per cent of the merchandise exports of a group of african ldcs that are not producers of crude oil namely benin djibouti niger rwanda and senegal one half of these exports are absorbed by other countries in their respective subregions and the other half goes outside the continent as new mines came into operation the country s exports leapt fivefold in with respect to the previous year and rose further thereafter,7
+while international human rights treaties refer to equality in other sectors the term equity is often used the committee on the elimination of discrimination against women has emphasized in its general recommendations and concluding observations on different countries eg in its general recommendation no the word equity has sometimes been understood as more accessible to a broader public and suggests a need for redistribution,5
+municipalities in this region had to develop specific collection schemes for historical towns which are practically inaccessible for standard collection vehicles for example kotor is using small trailers pulled by streetsweeping vehicles furthermore to ensure reliable collection in the tourism season collection companies are increasing staff numbers and the frequency of collection in summer,12
+mean annual precipitation is very significant around m total resources are estimated at billion m of which billion m are internal and only billion m are external excluding upstream sava river total renewable freshwater is considered to be m year per capita fao aquastat,6
+as they work in luxembourg they are automatically insured with the cns but understandably they seek care mostly in their country of residence this group represents the largest share of crossborder patients the second and much smaller group comprises luxembourg residents who seek specialised health services that are unavailable in luxembourg eg paediatric cancer care organ transplant,3
+as a result it is not possible to investigate the issue of gender gap in vc financing using these databases finally these datasets mainly focus on the us market and crosscountry evidence on the importance of the phenomenon cannot be assessed crunchbase a popular online platform connects venture capitalists with seed stage startups,5
+by the end of ldcs had commercially deployed glte networks though coverage is mainly limited to urban areas in most ldcs it is growing rapidly some such as rwanda and senegal have established targets with rwanda aiming for coverage by and senegal looking to have of the population covered by a number of ldcs including bhutan cambodia comoros malawi rwanda tanzania uganda and vanuatu have allocated the band for lte the model allows for fast deployment of broadband network and helps ldcs leverage the national backbone for extending access to the internet to underserved areas,9
+tunisia and morocco could register gdp gains of and per cent respectively figure equally oilproducing countries could benefit from the regional integration process as they would make profits from improved market access and from migrants that have a larger propensity to consume in hosting countries the impact is most significant in the nonoil producing countries that could experience a reduction in the unemployment rates of both unskilled and skilled labour by around basis points,8
+retrieved july from southafricainfo state electricity regulatory commission survey on basic status of no power villages and families in the whole country credit suissepower economic research institute jiang liping september beijing clean energy conference,7
+the views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the european union the agreement is to be adopted by and come into effect from an effective agreement would include quantitative mitigation commitments from all major emitters and result in concrete actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while catalysing longterm transformations to lowcarbon and climateresilient economies the aim of this paper is to explore what mitigation commitments put forward under the agreement might look like what guidance might be agreed regarding the type of commitments proposed and which rules of the game would need to be agreed before draft commitments for the post period are put forward,13
+the assumption that general inflation is a proxy for health price inflation ignores empirical evidence of health prices rising faster than overall inflation alternatives include using a health price index or adjusting a general price index for excess healthprice inflation as reported in the literature advances in computing and in detailed health data are opening up new possibilities for the generation of helpful decisionsupport tools,3
+using life expectancy a proxy health outcomes are much lower than expected in latvia given the level of gdp per capita figure chile poland and hungary have higher life expectancies for a similar per capita gdp and all these countries spend a larger share of gdp on health this suggests that increasing spending on health should be an option that latvia considers improving health system efficiency will also be critical the number of hospital beds has fallen from per population to approaching to the oecd average of figure the length of hospital stay is days on average for all causes shorter than the oecd average of oecd e,3
+the contentious question is whether such winlose policies should be allowed in the absence of actual intertemporal compensation or compensatory action where there is a risk of catastrophic consequences in the futurepresent that can t be mitigated or compensated for adequately it makes sense to adopt a more precautionary approach ecosystem services can be defined as the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems all three provide ecosystem services,9
+in australia the department responsible for regional development policy takes part in the water coordination group the central government primary coordination vehicle on water issues italy has set up a national strategic framework nsf within which the ministry for the environment land and sea has identified quality standards for water services in mexico conagua and other federal institutions provide strong support for the desarrollos urbanos integrates sustentables duis for the building of cities with basic services that do not damage the environment and quality of life in korea the government is building new cities with waterfronts and is restoring riversides by rehabilitating urban rivers into ecofriendly ones,6
+timeuse data should be taken into account to incorporate the gender perspective when designing povertyeradication programmes or when evaluating the benefits of such conditions and to promote shared responsibility between men and women and between the state the market and families eclac a and when coordinating these programmes with others and strengthening health and education policies so that they reach the poorest sectors and are not supported by conditional transfer programmes and the unpaid work of women the reasons vary and include the cost and organization of health services which complicate access to medical care especially for people in the lowestincome households ferran in order to produce estimates of the activities that directly affect the health of household members timeuse surveys must distinguish between care activities relating specifically to health care and other activities if this heavy burden is maintained over time it can influence the physical and mental health of the caregiver who will then also need care,5
+it identifies ten levels of learning achievement and includes three subframeworks covering i general and further education and training qualifications ii higher education qualifications and iii trades and occupations qualifications it is expected that these reforms should help to improve articulation and to support more effective career guidance and recognition of prior learning while also improving coordination across the different institutions and shareholders involved in the educational system however this approach has become a source of concerns for many countries which increasingly question its rigidity increasingly therefore countries are implementing smoother learning recognition approaches which enable job seekers to put a stronger emphasise on the actual work experience and training of job candidates rather than the formal learning routes followed and outcomes in this light box presents the two interesting experiences being pursued by the united sates and iceland,4
+these indicators can for instance be used to monitor trends in climate exposure and vulnerability realised impacts of climate events andor assess either adaptation processes or outcomes this in turn allows a country to improve on planning or implementing adaptation policies a country s learning priorities may depend on progress made in national adaptation planning,13
+this creates serious environmental and health risks given the inadequate wastewater and solid waste management system inadequate maintenance and the possibility of accidental releases of unmonitored toxic chemicals and waste from industrial and port areas require upgrading of the city s storm drainage systems other hard infrastructure elements include ecobased adaptation measures such as retention ponds creation of public open spaces or zoning restrictions in floodprone corridors early warning systems for floods business continuity plans bcps and disaster insurance and funds green infrastructure in particular includes adaptive solutions that allow making space for water a concept now widely adopted in floodprone countries like the netherlands,11
+this stabilization has in part been attributed to increased penetration of renewable energy and to improvements in energy efficiency both of which have experienced dramatic acceleration in recent years global demand for renewables has steadily increased as has energy consumption particularly in developing countries global installed capacity and production from all renewable energy technologies have likewise increased as most have seen significant cost reductions worldwide and have reached parity in some markets global energy intensity has consequently decreased at a compounded annual rate averaging about per cent between and and most world regions achieved improvements in aggregated energy intensity during this period,7
+in other words expected average om costs fell by from to and again by from to finally looking at the lcoe at a discount rate the lcoe for large solar pv decreased from usd per mwh to usd per mwh and then to usd per mwh ie it decreased by onethird from to then by threequarters to therefore the anticipated costs of large solar pv have plunged by more than from see neaiea to see neaiea,7
+in addition poor workers need to have the health education skills and resources to gain access to such expanded employment opportunities further macroeconomic structural and equity focused policies need to be well integrated to create a rapid expansion of poverty reducing employment since informal employment is the main source of poor workers employment in the ldcs an integrated policy response is needed such a response should take into account die diversity and heterogeneity of the informal economy,1
+because of the bay management area plan put in place to create a fallowing period and contain diseases only of the sites ie sites are active in any given year if each site was designed to have eight seaweed rafts ropes of kelps m long and supporting a biomass of kgm there would be rafts producing tonnes fresh weight fw of seaweeds with an average of nitrogen content in fw kelp tissues the harvesting of kelps would equate to the removal of tonnes of nitrogen from the ecosystem per year,14
+the concessionaire can now issue bonds backed by toll revenues or infrastructure charges in the case of rail as this securitisation can spread the risks that can now be much better assessed as the infrastructure is in operation and all the preconstruction and construction risks have been accounted for pension funds and insurance funds can be used to purchase these long terms bonds and the securitisation widens the access of ppps to capital markets despite the theoretical ideal match between a large source of capital and an asset class in need of investment the uptake of institutional investors has been slow,9
+one key law we passed during my term was one that established salary equality between men and women performing the exact same function today women from the three lowestincome quintiles of the population per cent are working women will be guaranteed with a pension starting when they turn whether they have worked outside of home or not and regardless of the type ofjobs they held clearly we have seen that the work we have done for women has benefitted society in general,5
+limited female participation in structures of governance where key policy decisions are made and resource allocations decided often has a negative impact on women s political economic and social opportunities at the time the beijing platform for action was adopted in women accounted for on average per cent of members of the lower or single houses of national parliaments this figure had increased to per cent by april table in all subregions of africa and in out of subregions in asia the average proportion of women in the lower or single houses of parliament doubled or more than doubled,5
+as a result average price of electricity sold covers only a portion of the average production costs the total underrecovery of costs which was estimated to be inr billion usd billion in mof b discourages private investment in the indian power sector mathy and guivarch since august four of the regional grids have been integrated the northern eastern western and north eastern grids the newne grid only the southern grid still operates independently covering the states of andhra pradesh karnataka kerala tamil nadu pondicherry and lakshadweep,7
+this change created greater synergy and interaction between training for ecec professionals and training for primary school teachers to better support children s development and learning and foster cooperation between teachers during children s transition from kindergarten to primary school teachers can study for a fifth year if they wish to obtain certification for both levels articulation pathways have been created between the vocation and education training sector and the higher education sector to support students through new training opportunities they are also considering whether other qualifications can be taken into account for the job of preprimary teacher this is still in a preparatory phase,4
+while the farmland law states that the central fab has the duty to provide guidance on shifting cultivation its rules discourage such cultivation and promote terrace farming to replace it however shifting cultivation can have positive agronomic and environmental impacts in a context where demographic pressure is relatively low while the vfv land law does include provisions recognising and respecting the existing land use of farmers even if it has not previously been formally recognised these provisions remain relatively vague and do not mention customary rights,2
+tariffs on products on the sensitive list will first reduced to by followed by subsequent reductions to the tariff band by for highly sensitive products tariffs have to be reduced to no more than by the indonesian government has included products on its sensitive and highly sensitive lists the highly sensitive list includes rice sugar soybeans and maize along with motor vehicles motorcycles ethyl alcohol and ceramics,2
+it is difficult to behold especially when it afflicts children however even the apparently well fed those who receive sufficient calories to fuel their daily activities can suffer the hidden hunger of micronutrient malnutrition deficiencies of such essentials as vitamin a iron or zinc from fruits vegetables fish or meat it has many short and longterm consequences including delayed mental development heightened risk of infectious diseases and susceptibility to chronic disease in adult life in lowincome countries child undernutrition is likely to be a consequence of poverty characterized as it is by low family status and income poor environment and housing and inadequate access to food safe water guidance and health care at least a quarter of urban children under were stunted indicating that they had been undernourished for some time income was a significant factor,3
+how do we tap local agrobiodiversity potential to meet nutritional requirements they include wild or semidomesticated varieties and nontimber forest species that are not typically traded as commodities padulosi etal among nus those that are nutrition dense climate resilient economically viable and locally available or adaptable offer the potential to address hunger and malnutrition from a food system perspective dietary and production diversity need to improve to address malnutrition,2
+due to the relentless efforts of womens rights advocates from across the globe the agendas commitment to gender equality is prominent comprehensive and crosscutting building on the commitments and norms contained in the beijing declaration and platform for action and the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women cedaw the agenda makes clear that development will only be sustainable if its benefits accrue equally to both women and men and womens rights will only become a reality if they are part of broader efforts to protect the planet and ensure that all people can live with respect and dignity what is needed to bridge the gaps between rhetoric and reality,5
+funding for us agency for international development usaid climate programmes increases by with significant new investments in mitigation and adaptation strategies that will build on usaid experience in this area developed countries also committed to a goal of mobilising usd billion globally from public and privatesector sources by for climate assistance subject to meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation in recipient developing countries private production and consumption decisions are made without taking into account the full costs of ghg emissions,13
+do national government transfers for social programmes take into account the share and diversity of an urban areas immigrant population how strong is the urban dimension of policies aimed at addressing population ageing eg attention to infrastructure needs and access to healthcare services for an ageing population given that urban policies affect multiple sectors and multiple levels of government both horizontal and vertical coordination is needed,11
+food and nutrition security is achieved when all people at all times have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life fao wfp and ifad the challenge of achieving zero hunger becomes more profound if contextualized at a global scale especially when considering climate change during previous decades crop production has focused on the cultivation of several starchy crops,2
+in addition to the fulfilment of fundamental rights for women and girls gender equality has recently been hailed as a breakthrough strategy for promoting inclusive development and reducing poverty understanding the nature and extent of the obstacles to gender equality is therefore critical to designing effective policies to promote equality between men and women and consequently to improving development outcomes higher levels of discriminatory institutions in origin countries hinder the likelihood of female migration reducing the migrant share in origin populations which consequently is too low to positively shift discriminatory norms towards greater gender equality,5
+as of at least countries around the world had laws in place regulating workplace sexual harassment including most oecd countries world bank in japan plans to expand guidelines on measures that management should take to curb sexual harassment in the workplace belgium denmark estonia greece israel korea lithuania portugal and the netherlands have all conducted or are in the process of conducting some form of awarenessraising or have distributed guidelines to workplaces,5
+for that reason alternative cases of the baseline and the blue map scenario in etp for india iea a have been developed for this paper assuming an average economic growth of per year between and and of thereafter up to indias electricity generation would be expected to reach twh in compared to twh in the standard baseline scenario this construction rate assumption follows the one for india used in a global high nuclear variant of the blue map scenario in etp iea a,7
+such information is critical for knowing whether the school system is delivering good performance and for providing feedback for improvement a comprehensive system of evaluation is a requirement not only for the development of improvement strategies al all levels teacher school administration but also for measuring the success in achieving the goals of reform and for establishing a regime of accountability evaluations and assessments are requirements for an equitable regime of accountability efficient management effective decentralisation and for devolution of autonomy to individual schools oecd a without such information it is difficult to monitor the performance of schools and students and measure the achievement of learning objectives,4
+expected average wage increase for taken into account by the tripartite council was around so that the minimum wage to average wage ratio would slightly decrease wages have proved highly flexible during the crisis to preserve employment public wages were significantly cut chapter including by decreasing or suspending payments agreed in collective agreements,8
+hence with the declining costs of renewables over the past few years their use as an alternative energy source offers significant costreduction potential as well as an opportunity to mitigate ghg emissions in this context some emission mitigation measures in particular those that improve energy efficiency have been shown to lower costs or even result in cost savings in south africa for example per cent of the ghg mitigation potential in the mining sector could be realized at negative marginal abatement costs so that these emission reductions would pay for themselves department of environmental affairs,13
+on the other hand knowledge about assessment eg diagnosis principles evaluation forms and procedures is mentioned in only one area and knowledge of instructional processes is also mostly limited to teaching strategies for diverse classrooms while there is no reference to any particular scientific discipline meeting the standards would require knowledge of certain areas of psychology eg child development educational sociology eg the impact of culture cultural identity and linguistic background on education and perhaps more broadly learning sciences eg research into how students learn descriptions in this area use active verbs such as plan set identify describe include referring to teacher actions rather than their knowledge,4
+it is found that these responses have strong implications including on the ability of different policy instmments to reduce farming risk and increase farmers wellbeing if there are risks that are somehow covered by government programs the incentives to use other strategies eg insurance or diversification are then reduced a good understanding of the net impact of government policies related to risk management in agriculture necessarily includes the analysis of interactions between different sources of risk and different farmer strategies and government programs,2
+as stated by achim steiner executive director of unep at the close of the rio summit green economy offers a key pathway towards a sustainable twentyfirst century the aim of the dialogue was to facilitate the emergence of the caribbean s unique development pathway and to inform international understanding and action on the green economy the panel seeks to promote dialogue and collaboration between the state and nonstate actors on matters of national development,6
+few are covered by social protection systems and they face the constant risk of slipping back into poverty much work needs to be done to raise productivity promote sustainable structural transformation and expand social protection systems for the poorest and most vulnerable workers and their families the most significant progress has been made in eastern asia where the proportion of people in vulnerable employment has dropped from per cent in to per cent in,1
+chungcheongnamdo and jejudo have benefitted from overall population growth in the years between and metropolitan areas defined as functional urban areas with million residents experienced the fastest population growth with an approximately increase on average over the period large metropolitan and mediumsized urban areas grew by and,11
+the most remarkable growth was in wind power solar photovoltaic power although from a small base and biodiesel transport fuels which only appeared in the mix in in compliance with the eu renewable electricity directive ec it established a target of of gross electricity consumption to be met by renewable energy including large hydropower by this target translated into sourcespecific targets for installed capacity which however can diminish investor flexibility and raise overall costs,7
+concluding observations jamaica sixth and seventh combined periodic report asshe points out owing to gender stereotypes related to family and work such as male breadwinners women as carersnurturers this generally means that women assume the bulk of the work to the detriment of their human rights enjoyment un general assembly para indeed she argues the unequal distribution of unpaid care work is highly reflective and determinative of power relations between women and men,5
+this may include the setting of specific targets and the development of different surveys to collect evidence on key features of the system and its performance it includes issues such as the choice of the evaluation agencies and the development of the skills to perform the evaluation of the education system the preparation by education systems to be the subject of an evaluation the development of competencies to effectively use the results of an evaluation for the improvement of education policies and the design of agencies to review system evaluation results with a view to inform policy development the objectives of system evaluation typically consist of feedback for improvement of policies accountability of policy makers and information about the performance of the education system and the impact of policies,4
+we decided to finally enforce this with the law on equal pay certification which requires organizations employing or more people to obtain annual certification of their equal pay system and its implementation a key aspect of our approach was to transfer responsibility for equal pay from employees to the employer and to establish a supportive institutional mechanism for gender pay equity at the organizational level as a heforshe champion i am proud to support the movement of new equal pay policies worldwide,8
+the global dimension is most obvious in the case of climate change but problems of food insecurity and deforestation have significant crossborder effects as well stemming for example from food price instability and greenhouse gas emissions through international trade and investment incomes and consumption in one country are linked to the ecological footprints left in the country of production multilateral environmental agreements trade and investment rules financing facilities and intellectual property rights regimes would all need to be aligned so as to facilitate the green technological transformation,2
+reduction of livestock numbers especially cattle and pigs has cut the use of manure in fertilisation however in some regions agriculture runoff pollution is a concern especially in western slovakia as there has been a rise in surpluses of nitrogen but not phosphorus as a result of a growing use of nitrogenous fertiliser since oecd the increase which accelerated in will translate into increased pollution of surface water and groundwater in some intensively farmed areas,6
+those factors include mother s age urbanrural residence and key characteristics of the child such as sex birth order length of previous birth interval therefore health policies that focus on reducing inequalities as proposed by the united nations children fund unicef seem more likely to yield large returns on the investments being made by countries averting more child and maternal deaths than policies focused on improving overall levels of health and mortality without attention to the role of inequalities while it is important to invest globally in maternal adolescent and child health every woman every child it is critical that these efforts target the most economically vulnerable children and their families,3
+in indian law enforcement agencies seized kg of ketamine a significant decrease from the kg seized in seizures indicate that ketamine trafficking may now be declining as a result of the authorities stringency that followed the recent amendments to the act most countries in south asia do not regularly carry out national drug surveys information on abuse and prevalence therefore needs to come from other sources cannabis is the most common drug of abuse in the region,3
+as a result a new legal framework and regulations for the management of protected areas could be developed but there are several problems associated with the red list and the red book the delisting and downlisting criteria and procedures are not defined and there is no stated objective to delist or downlist the species after inclusion in the red list no time frame is provided after which the list must be revised and updated,15
+all requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rightsoecdorg the author is grateful to harry de boer elise miller and akiyoshi yonezawa for country case studies that helped to inform this work collaborations alliances and mergers among higher education institutions may seek to enhance academic performance to achieve economic efficiencies or to better align the network and performance of institutions to public needs institutional collaboration occurs less frequently and successfully in the design and delivery of instruction than in other domains owing largely to the traditionally autonomous and solitary role of faculty in this area,4
+in the case of infrastructure it requires coordinated longterm planning that stretches across geographic political and cultural boundaries we know however that a hospital cannot function without a solid waste system and a waste system in turn cannot function without the acquired and applied knowledge institutions and underlying resources necessary to manage it yet when we talk about infrastructure this understanding beyond the immediate is still too often overlooked,9
+similarly it is reasonable to expect that in some cases even where a nup is given a high level of priority in national policy development resources are still lagging or uncoordinated this includes nationallevel investment in linkages between major urban settlements in the region waste management has been a particular priority as has been the development of durable and affordable housing similarly land management has been a target of resourcing in some cases nationallevel resourcing of urban infrastructure has been used as a wider economic stimulus this is in addition to considerable levels of urban housing infrastructure and transport development by subnational governments though not necessarily under the rubric of a nup,11
+given that policy suggestions in the domain of taxation are made to be initially revenueneutral the recommendations listed in table are those affecting public outlays that said while being neutral in the short term the most common recommendation in the area of taxation shifting the composition away from direct labour and capital and towards indirect consumption property and environment sources may improve budget positions in the long run insofar as it raises both overall efficiency and employment in contrast recommendations to encourage labour force participation and improve jobsearch incentives and effectiveness may have significant implications and these are covered in table,10
+to launch the programme in egypt the auc created the women s entrepreneurship and leadership programme which serves as a regional hub for teaching and research regarding women s leadership in the arab region since auc has graduated women entrepreneurs from the goldman sachs programme the underlying premise of the initiative is that expanding the entrepreneurial talent and managerial pool in developing and emerging economies especially among women can reduce inequality and ensure inclusive economic growth,5
+this also covers per cent of the global eezs and per cent of the world s coral reefs burke et al these figures contrast markedly with the small combined land mass of only half a million square kilometres the nine commonwealth pacific small states fiji kiribati nauru papua new guinea samoa solomon islands tonga tuvalu and vanuatu have the lion s share of land resources coastline area accessible to inshore fisheries and coral reefs but only per cent of the region s eez,14
+compared to the nordic countries the baltic countries show higher electricity prices in the long term the main explanation for this is a lower penetration of renewable energy and the strong connection to continental europe through the reinforced litpol interconnector which exhibit higher electricity prices renewable energy resources especially wind power and balancing options are better in the nordic countries compared to the baltic countries and continental europa therefore options for electricity import from the nordic countries to the baltic countries appear favourable in comparison to imports from continental europe,7
+it examines how competition for water resources is growing due to shifting demand climate change and changing societal preferences the chapter also discusses how these pressures increase the value of welldesigned allocation regimes that perform well across a range of conditions averages as well as extremes and can adapt to changing conditions at least cost they trace their roots to previous decades or even centuries and have usually evolved in a piecemeal fashion,6
+every employer is required to apply the measures needed to effectively protect the life safety and health of its workers for which it must provide suitable premises provide work equipment and adopt methods aimed at reducing and eliminating occupational hazards in the workplace specifies the just causes that allow the worker to terminate the employment relationship with entitlement to compensation for unfair dismissal the wage is unattachable up to the amount of the legal minimum wage also unattachable among other things is the full amount of the sums received by the worker in respect of retirement and pensions,8
+thus even though gender equity may have positive supplyside effects on the quality of the labour force over the long run in the short run gender equity may generate shocks that could push economies off their longrun growth paths further analysis of the duration of these departures from the longterm trend is called for berik rodgers and seguino as this trend unfolds feminization stimulates investment since wages are low and these workers have limited bargaining power a situation that generates pay gaps as investment strengthens it drives up the initially low equilibrium point,5
+for further details see box compared to poverty declined by percentage points while extreme poverty decreased by points these variations following those achieved in earlier years place the poverty and extreme poverty rates and percentage points below the figures which is significant progress,1
+the main addition to the unicef approach is active labour market interventions such as skillsbuilding and job matching however ilo considers both social protection and social security as largely interchangeable concepts ilo social security is a human right and it aims to reduce and prevent poverty vulnerability and social exclusion throughout the life cycle social protection floors constitute the most innovative contribution of the ilo approach they are nationally defined sets of basic social security guarantees in terms of both essential health care and basic income security for children adults and older persons that ensure as a minimum that over the life cycle all in need have access to goods and services defined as necessary at the national level ilo the framework also outlines urbanspecific vulnerabilities to be considered and identifies some key issues in urban areas such as targeting and transfer size,1
+they can also potentially reflect individual characteristics if the data used are differentiated accordingly eg by number of jobs available to people in a certain age range or income group for instance while transport planners tend to focus on the transport component of accessibility urban planning practice has often placed more emphasis on metrics reflecting land use factors practice has shown that breaking this silotype of thinking promotes a more holistic approach and could be achieved by using a combination of indicators and conducting coordinated analysis by relevant authorities,11
+in the g labor and employment ministers meeting recommendations to the g leaders noted that measures needed to ensure that employment recovers quickly employment and poverty alleviation must be prioritised as they lay the foundation for strong sustained and balanced growth that is beneficial to all early results have been very encouraging and lessons have been learned that can improve future programme design to maximise the development gains and cost efficiency of these efforts and lead to sustainable longterm growth,8
+for example the united states nuclear regulatory authority permits load changes only under direct control of the staff automatic load following or frequency regulation in response to a control signal from the grid operator is therefore not possible in american nuclear power plants in addition for economical considerations many utilities prefer to use nuclear power plants as pure baseload technologies leaving load following frequency control and other ancillary services to generating plants with higher marginal costs of operation,7
+at the same time beginning teachers should be given every opportunity to work in a stable and wellsupported school environment and the probation decision should be taken by a panel which is well trained and resourced for assessing new teachers first initial teacher education can be made more selective as no teacher shortage exists potentially useful initiatives include providing more information and counselling to prospective student teachers so that better informed enrolment decisions are made procedures that try to assess whether the individuals wanting to become teachers have the necessary motivation skills knowledge and personal qualities incentive schemes to recruit candidates with highlevel competencies and flexible programme structures that provide students with school experience early in the course and opportunities to move into other courses if their motivation towards teaching changes,4
+the electricity generation of these power plants induces costs due to reinforcements of the distribution grid mainly caused by an inadmissible increase of the supply voltage the additional transmission and distribution grid costs which depend on the installed capacities of wind and photovoltaic power plants are based on costs values derived by studies determining the required grid reinforcements due to increasing contributions of renewable energies to electricity supply ec dena a bdew the first section gives a more detailed description of the scenarios considered as well as of the cost assumptions,7
+this would enable each city to plan and invest in its urban environment based on its longterm vision and allow localities to have more control over private developers to ensure that projects contribute to a highquality urban environment there must be an explicit recognition of the importance of preservation on existing cultural heritage in viet nam when streets become recognised as public spaces in cities they can be both planned and designed in a way that increases the quality of life of urban residents and supports more environmentally sustainable and productive cities,11
+the introduction of market based economic instruments therefore represents a paradigmatic change of the social and productive base in practice the intention to include social sustainability in policy reforms is often sacrificed on the expense of economic and ecological objectives this might partly be caused by a limited understanding of the social complexity in the nordic fisheries sectors or because the fundamental relation between the social organisation and the property system have been disregarded inthe policy reforms subjected to the overarching economic imperative that has aggregate growth and efficiency as its aim we find that alternatives to largescale fisheries are still attractive to youngsters if the right policy design allow for the different business models to coexists further the largescale fisheries that are promoted by deregulated quota markets risk promoting a form of wagework that are only temporary attractive for youngsters or migrant laborers,14
+gender gaps in the labour market are small and continue to narrow figure illustrative calculations show that increases in female employment account for of total gdp per capita growth over the past years oecd the fulltime work gap is defined as the difference between men and women in the shares working fiilltime at least hours per week,8
+the key to expansion of the programme was the newly learned scope and methods for capturing efficiency gains the swedish industrial efficiency programme successfully introduced energy management schemes those undertaking a set of measures get a modest rebate on the energy tax the comparatively small financial signal has unleashed investments that would have been profitable but were not taken so far,7
+european countries achieve an average of percentage points of inequality reduction through direct taxes attadarkua and barnard taken together transfers and direct taxes reduce inequality by around which compares well by latin american standards but european countries manage to achieve a reduction of around one third through these instruments higgins and pereira given that brazil s level of taxes is not far away from european levels this comparison suggests that more could be done to raise the distributional effect of direct taxes in brazil,10
+one tends to believe that rural electrification is the outcome of the sole efforts of governments central local or regional andor of international development or funding agencies but the involvement of rural communities in the process particularly their participation in decisionmaking committees has added value to the planning process and given the communities a sense of ownership of the process because of their intrinsic characteristics rural community workers have invaluable knowledge of their regions consumption patterns have authority to educate consumers in how to use electricity can support the utilities in encouraging customers to connect and in training in the use of energy efficiency measures etc,7
+they are often focused on the adoption of a comprehensive wholeofgovernment approach since then sweden has consolidated its gender mainstreaming strategy which aims at achieving equal opportunities rights and responsibilities for women and men progressively into all policy areas the initial phase included collection analysis and dissemination of knowledge of and experience with gender mainstreaming training models for key groups within the government offices were developed and tested in and were intended to be incorporated into regular training courses given by the central government administration,5
+countries that could collectively benefit from highcost capitalintensive energy projects could also pool their financial resources to spread their risks while these areas have been highlighted in the revised ipesp and faesp there has been little apparent progress in implementation individually a larger country like fiji may be able to maintain a strong bargaining position but smaller countries need the support of others,7
+biotechnology in viet nam fcont as part of the process mard has established a feed and food safety committee consisting of experts and scientists representing different ministries including monre mard moh moit the vietnam academy of sciences and technology vass and ho chi minh city s biotechnology centre to review and evaluate applications on august the minister of agriculture and rural development signed the first four certificates for food and feed safety for four genetically modified maize traits one of which is glyphosate tolerant and the remaining three are insect resistant,2
+although belgium performs relatively well in terms of level of resistance for most bacteria under surveillance by the european centre for disease prevention and control ecdc the incidence rate of hospitalacquired antibioticresistant staphylococcus infections is relatively high vrijens et al amenable mortality rates in belgium are among the lowest in eu countries owing in part to low and decreasing mortality from cardiovascular diseases relatively high and increasing survival rates for people admitted to hospital for a heart attack or stroke and for people diagnosed with different types of cancer indicate that the health care system is effective in treating people with lifethreatening conditions,3
+this is a positive move to get away from the previous single stage career structure with no promotion opportunities within teaching the new competencybased career structure presents a range of advantages first it accomplishes the important function of recognising experience and advanced teaching skills with a formal position and additional compensation,4
+new water reservoirs are not developed so it is even more important to protect the existing reservoirs from pollution thirty per cent of the population is supplied from surface water sources among these the most important is the dniester river which supplies about per cent of the total amount of water abstracted the volume of water abstracted from surface water sources was about million m in the dniester and prut rivers mark the borders of the country with ukraine and romania surface water has to be transported to the centre of the country,6
+it is expected to fulfil the manpower demands of the economy provide equality of educational opportunity for all and promote national unity in the plural society of malaysia education in malaysia is overseen by two government ministries the ministry of education for matters up to the secondary level and the ministry of higher education for tertiary education the main legislation governing education is the education act of,4
+however it is still higher than some eu countries and there is a striking disparity in the rate for men and women figure in this respect it is noteworthy that there are no populationbased or systematic cancer screening programmes in greece so preventive screening uptake is low making timely treatment problematic in addition the current primary care system is not geared towards health promoting or prevention activities with great variations in doctors training and awareness of early detection methods on the positive side a new set of diagnostic tests many used for screening have recently been added to the list of reimbursable examinations,3
+wind resources have potential although not on a large scale with biogas and biofuel also having limited capability however there is potential for tidal resource although cyclones pose a serious problem in renewable energy accounted for approximately per cent of total electricity generation and this is expected to increase to per cent in on the completion of already confirmed and funded investments,7
+this rise in educational attainment has contributed to the large increase percentage points over the past years in the female employment rate to in germany the highest proportion of women in the paid workforce outside of the nordic countries and other oecd countries where women are frequently in parttime employment such as the netherlands this increase in labour force participation was associated with a decline in time spent on unpaid home and care work but in germany as elsewhere in the oecd women still bear the brunt of unpaid work and fathers spend a lot less time with children than mothers german parents are more likely than their fellow europeans to report worklife conflict and despite recent increases the total fertility rate tfr in was below the oecd average of chapter however since the mid s social policy reform has increased opportunities for parents to find a better workfamily balance,5
+furthermore the new world bank line is not based on the united states rate of inflation had it been taken into account the original would have become for with obvious implications for the corresponding estimates of numbers of persons in poverty and hence for the achievement of the millennium development goals poverty target by in addition the new round follows an inconsistent procedure with regard to correcting for ruralurban price differences applying it only to the cases of india and china and there too essentially using urban prices thereby introducing what himanshu calls an urban bias in either case the present world poverty estimates are flawed and an odd aspect of this is that the selective urbanrural adjustment now made reduces measured world poverty whereas in an earlier paper chen and ravallion had reported that world poverty at ppp increases by about percentage points when such a ruralurban distinction is made in undp topped this absurdity by suggesting that the us criterion of per day might be applied to the oecd countries,1
+the same trend was reported in australia canada chile japan korea and new zealand for the same period but other oecd countries achieved a reduction in air pollutionrelated deaths oecd information provided by the ministry of environment of the federal district sedema it included restricting the circulation of private cars on certain days depending on registration plate,11
+while some regions may receive more surface water flow future problems are likely to include water scarcity increased demand for water and water quality deterioration climate change may also alter the magnitude timing and distribution of storms that produce flood events arid and semiarid regions which cover nearly half of south africa are particularly sensitive to changes in precipitation and desertification which is already a problem in south africa could intensify,13
+the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities thus seems to be gradually releasing its grip in the climate regime most scientific evaluations state that if we intend to keep the temperature rise below two degrees above preindustrial levels global emissions should be at their highest in decreasing steadily thereafter with the legal treaty entering into force as late as in the most recent intergovernmental panel assessment on climate change both polar regions were deemed to be experiencing the ongoing impacts of climate change as they were in the ippc assessment the impacts on the arctic are however much more pronounced,13
+it should also be determined whether progress made would have been made without the negotiated target and hence whether public money could have been spent on more effective and ambitious programmes the costeffectiveness of such voluntary agreements needs to be thoroughly assessed and compared with other possible policy instruments to make sure that the instruments used are those that allow to achieve environmental objectives eg ghg emission reduction targets at the lowest cost all governmental institutions are required by law to develop green procurement policies define annual targets for the purchase of selected ecoproducts and annually report to moe,12
+moreover there is a poor record of civil society participation and partnership in the implementation of plans and strategies that exist to support cultural and heritage preservation for cities culture appears as an economic asset a social good and a productive and dynamic process that undergoes continuous change many cities around the world contain a historical core with various forms of cultural and natural heritage that have resisted forces of urbanization and modernization,11
+donor support through increased official development assistance oda is just one option to support a longerterm and more systematic approach to financing social protection and food security other options include considering reallocation improving efficiency and potential engagement with nonstate actors hagenzanker mccord the most compelling evidence regards the role that social protection plays in supporting people s access to food in particular resulting in the consumption of more andor higherquality food,2
+because the teachers produced this material on behalf of their employers and used their schools own resources all intellectual property rights to the material belonged to the regional educational authority the material they produced was combined with content purchased from publishers and media companies all materials were scrutinised by university experts before publication and then issued in digital format using creative commons licenses this project is still ongoing,4
+however it can also inadvertently increase vulnerability for example by concentrating assets in highrisk areas integrating climate into these choices can enhance resilience thereby supporting development in a changing climate as well as climateproofing existing development objectives this may require changes in the objectives themselves climateresilient development thus implies a continuous and integrated process of addressing risks from current climate and preparing for future changes sperling et al thus adaptation is understood as a process while climate resilience describes the outcome of adaptation and other often unrelated socioeconomic trends and policy choices,13
+developing countries argue that developed countries have fallen short of their promises on providing climate finance and want assurances of predicable financial flows from developed countries enb thus the paris agreement has not overcome the general lack of trust between developed and developing countries that has marked the climate negotiations since the start it is perhaps here that the us decision to withdraw from the paris agreement has its biggest effects since the dwindling climate finance contributions of the us will be difficult to compensate for by other countries in katowice countries such as germany and norway announced increases in climate finance and it was decided that discussions on a longterm finance goal would be discussed at the climate change conference in,13
+the breakdown for oecd and nonoecd countries is shown in table the cost curve does however include a measure for replacing coal by biomass in several processes in the chemical industry which is likely to capture much of what is needed for the current solution the cost may in fact be a good deal less since more of the biomass used in the pulp and paper industry will be waste but we use the mckinsey cost here as a conservative estimate this includes a blend of new build and retrofit costs,7
+thereafter we briefly discuss some of the possibilities and limits of international human rights in achieving concrete changes to women s lives and look at some of the strategic considerations that inform a politics around women s rights thus equality in marriage is referred to specifically in the iccpr article and cedaw article women s representation in political structures is also a regular concern of the hrc and the cedaw committee there is overlap between the cescr and the cedaw committee on some of the major social and economic rightssuch as health and education womens rights in relation to housing social security food and water are also increasingly gaining the attention of the committees and special mandate holders,5
+according to the plan all public programmes for information society development include the effective consideration of the principle of equal opportunities between women and men in their design and implementation the government promotes the full incorporation of women in the information society through the development of specific programmes especially in terms of access and training taking into account initiatives from groups w ith a high risk of exclusion and from rural areas promoting knowledge about gender equality in the information society the programme for gender equality in the information society is a plan avanza initiative which provides ngos with funding to carry out projects aimed at teaching women ict skills and increasing their employment opportunities the assessment interviews revealed that among those four targeted areas closing the gender divide has been the least successful although more that of the interviewees consider that plan avanza had positive impact on the gender divide among them nearly define the impact as considerable and nearly as limited,5
+salaries influence decisions to enrol in teacher education become a teacher after graduation as graduates career choices are associated with relative earnings in teaching and nonteaching occupations and their likely growth over time return to the teaching workforce after a career interruption andor remain a teacher in general the higher the salaries the fewer people choose to leave the profession other benefits such as regional allowances for teaching in remote areas family allowances reduced rates on public transport and tax allowances on the purchase of instructional materials may also form part of teachers total remuneration there are large differences in taxation and social benefit systems in oecd countries which should be borne in mind w hen comparing statutory salaries across countries,4
+where questions diverge considerably from the definition countries should be encouraged to align questionnaires cost sharing between governments and households can be efficient and equitable if there are no credit constraints but even if returns on a university degree make private expenditure worthwhile poorer students must still be able to afford it,4
+the edf measures what the service frequency would be if the service were available without having to walk this allows a comparison of routes according to service frequency routes with the highest service frequency score are assigned a weight of while all others have a weight of tfl a separate accessibility indicator al is initially calculated using this methodology for various modes including bus rail underground and tram,11
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law as labour market participation rates are generally high already and unemployment is low see chapter policies will have to focus on further building up the skills of the labour force to ensure that future generations of workers are equipped with the knowledge and skills they require to succeed all young people including those from less privileged backgrounds must receive the support they need to complete a quality education in the programme for international student assessment pisa japanese yearolds outperformed their peers in all other oecd countries in mathematics and science and were sixthplaced in reading figure,4
+those price changes exceeded by an order of magnitude the price changes that models such as aglink suggested would flow from oecd country reforms there was swift recognition that while strong prices offer long term benefits for farmers the short to medium term impacts on poor consumers are predominantly negative distortionary policies are inefficient as well as being inequitable in terms of their domestic effects oecd oecd and globally they prevent resources from being allocated in an efficient wayeven if concerns about the pattern of winners and losers have shifted compared to the period when prices were low,2
+between and there was no variation in the share of women employees in central government in oecd countries which xemained stable at about oecd oecd a the share of women in professional positions in the civil service of countries grew a little to in from the level of in countries oecd oecd a however women remain underrepresented in the middle and senior tiers of management,5
+this figure accounts for per cent of inbound mobile students worldwide the inbound mobility rates were and percent in the unesco subregions of central asia east asia and the pacific and south and west asia respectively in some countries have a relatively large share of graduates at isced level such as china per cent the lao peoples democratic republic per cent and viet nam per cent in other economies students are more likely to attain a tertiary degree at isced levels and such as macao china percent mongolia percent and the philippines per cent less than per cent in the region are graduates at isced level,4
+development requires an institutional architecture for integrated development planning that allows sids to manage their respective economic infrastructural and environmental assets and spaces within a culture of cooperation collaboration and partnership at local national regional and international levels the chapter is set out in four sections after the introduction the second section briefly explores the roots and branches of the partnership concept,13
+some researchers have incorrectly described virtual water as analogous to or consistent with the economic theory of comparative advantage the virtual water concept is applied most often when discussing or comparing watershort and waterabundant countries by focusing on the water resource endowment alone virtual water represents an application of absolute advantage rather than comparative advantage for this reason policy prescriptions that arise from virtual water discussions will not maximise the net benefits of engaging in international trade,6
+gender equity research grants of up to support research investigating or addressing gender equity with preference given to projects that advance waterloo s impact x x commitments or projects of demonstrated relevance to the university of waterloo our focus on outreach to local communities and within our campus community is engaging key stakeholders of all genders in being equity champions we are creating opportunities for education advocacy and activism for all on our campus while moving the needle on gender equity,5
+even where national laws have been harmonised with international and regional standards implementation and enforcement remain critical challenges it is also important to work with traditionalcustomary justice mechanisms to ensure that they uphold womens rights procedural barriers can include fees required to lodge complaints practice of discriminatory customary laws and physical inaccessibility,5
+several dac members are scaling up its support towards research and innovation however while part of these funding are aimed to strengthen the research capacity of developing countries a large share is directed towards research projects at universities and research institutions in donor countries in the united kingdom several universities have developed manuals for researchers of how they can apply for odaeligible funding,9
+the results in figure are restricted to countries having replied to both the and oecd questionnaires this qualitative evidence together with that reported in the and editions of the employment outlook does suggest a break with the historical pattern in which spending on active measures was essentially acyclic oecd a other components of the social safetynet can also provide income support for certain groups of the unemployed during an economic downturn,10
+the seven crops represent of the value of total crop production and the six livestock products of total livestock production the corresponding data on domestic external reference prices and transportation processing and handling margins have been collected and price gaps calculated for all products for the purpose of calculating the price gaps five products wheat rice maize barley and cotton are treated as exportable products over the whole period five commodities sunflower potatoes milk poultry meat and eggs are considered as the importable ones,2
+a comprehensive iwrm plan for the araksaras basin is under preparation according to the islamic republic of iran a wastewater treatment plant is required from new industrial facilities and the existing smallmedium industrial facilities are required to complete their wastewater treatment plants any direct discharges into groundwater bodies are not allowed,6
+this may imply that widespread engagement with science does not come from high academic proficiency alone nor can positive attitudes compensate for low proficiency if educators focus on one to the exclusion of the other then the influence of each is most likely undermined rather these results indicate that positive attitudes and strong knowledge and competence reinforce each other in sustaining lifelong engagement with science all citizens not just future scientists and engineers need to be willing and able to confront sciencerelated dilemmas,4
+finally this paper stresses the importance of these findings for the economy at large and supports the use of carefully designed chronic disease prevention strategies targeting people at higher risk of adverse labour market outcomes which may lead to substantial gains in economic production through a healthier and more productive workforce an assessment of the labour market outcomes of chronic diseases should rely primarily on analyses of longitudinal datasets based on statistical approaches that permit to gauge the causal impact of chronic diseases and their risk factors the findings presented in this paper also support the claim that policies for the prevention of chronic diseases and their risk factors have important social outcomes in addition to health benefits which should be accounted for in evaluations of the impacts of such policies,3
+the needs of those with more severe mental health problems are monitored through a national register of individuals with depression bipolar disorder and schizophrenia specialised care for people misusing alcohol and substances is available through the national institute for alcoholism and drug dependency there is also a national mental health committee with representation from citizens and serviceusers to monitor the accessibility and quality of mental health care services,3
+a second tracking stage occurs at age year gymnasium around of students in the relevant age group are enrolled in these tracks strakova et al students are selected into the different pathways by admission examinations and aptitude tests and those with the strongest academic performance usually opt for general tracks such as gymnasium and lyceum,4
+reduced tax rates for electricity and heat produced from res support to biofuels tax exemptions and quotas and financial incentives for heating installations and renovation of buildings have also contributed to res development in the act on the promotion of renewable energies in the heat sector increases the compulsory share of res in final energy consumption for heating and air conditioning in new buildings from in to by finally to limit competition coming from nuclear power and to internalize decommissioning costs of nuclear power plants a nuclear fuel tax was introduced in,7
+soil erosion releases fine particles of soil and nutrients into rivers and lakes after precipitation and floods the accumulation of soil in rivers and lakes reduces the capacity of water basins to store water in the khomyn tal area in the western part of the mongolian sands a large sandy desert land with brown soils was brought into cultivation though it is not suitable for cropping,15
+the plan includes marine mammal sanctuaries in which rules regulating nonfishing activities tourism and mining apply the ministry of fisheries monitors the effectiveness of these measures through data collection and will review the threat management plan in if necessary fishers are like all other members of society entitled to standard social security provisions all fish exports about of new zealand s commercial catch are regulated by the animal products act moreover because fish sold in the new zealand market is generally processed through exporting premises most fish for domestic consumption is also covered by the animal products act however exemptions allow some primary processors for the domestic market to operate under the food act by either complying with the food hygiene regulations or implementing a registered food safety programme fsp,14
+in a society where forests will also be harvested for various human needs the challenge is how protected areas and the various forest management measures shall be allocated in space and time to achieve an optimal balance between the policy goals of biodiversity conservation climate mitigation and economically and socially viable forestry table illustrates how various forest management measures may affect biodiversity conservation as well as maintenance of forest carbon stocks from a global perspective huston marland argue that forest harvesting for fossil fuel substitution and other purposes should be allocated to the most productive forest areas whereas more marginal forest areas should be conserved for maintaining carbon stocks as well as biodiversity,15
+meeting that commitment will require rapid transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources such as solar wind geothermal hydropower and ocean power energy consumption is currently highest in developed countries but the biggest consumers include large emerging economies prominently china and india rapid increases in energy use are projected in other developing countries if poverty reduction strategies are successful many of these countries are pursuing more sustainable energy supplies and enduses leach pearlmartinez oecd,7
+first the time pedestrians are given to cross the street has been calculated not with their real needs in mind especially for the elderly but considering the needs of moving cars second at many intersections turning on red has been allowed ie cars can turn into an intersecting street and go over a crosswalk when it is green for pedestrians both decisions can make crosswalks more dangerous for pedestrians especially those who walk more slowly or have vision problems green time for pedestrians remained the same but it was enough for the smaller distance,11
+the chapter places particular emphasis on areas of priority for the slovak republic such as the restructuring of the school network in light of demographic developments better integrating students with special needs improving the educational opportunities of the roma community and expanding the provision of preprimary education it also reviews capacity and cooperation at the local level for education provision synergies across education subsystems coordination for educational regional planning and the use of eu structural funds in education the chapter further highlights the importance of implementation aspects of education policy and the need to assess the impact of policy interventions the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law,4
+this may be related to low payment rates and or the zakat system covering only a part of the poor population in azerbaijan targeted social assistance was introduced in which the number of families receiving assistance tripling over the period to almost but with the slump in oil prices and oil revenue the number of families receiving support fell to just below in china the number of social assistance recipients in amount to about million million in urban areas and million in rural areas and payment schedules seem to affect financial incentives to work for recipients as in so many oecd countries oecd forthcoming,1
+given seasonal and interannual variability of demand and supply and the wish to maintain an environmental flow level high ratios imply a high risk that water supply will be inadequate agriculture was the largest user of water accounting for about of total global freshwater demand oecd c the largest global water demand after irrigated agriculture in was for electricity generation primarily for cooling of thermal steam cyclebased power generation this is despite increases in abstractions for public water supply and to a lesser extent irrigation,6
+the premise of the campaign is to pull evidencebased medicine out of scientific journals and into the public domain the overarching objective is to reduce unnecessary care and harm while at the same time reducing costs to the health care system encouraging continuous medical education cme and continuous professional development cpd and changing scope of practice for nurses for example are two ways to maximise the contribution of health professionals in delivering highquality care,3
+these include the un sustainable development goals sdgs and disaster risk reduction notably the sendai framework for disaster risk reduction a number of other goals also relate to climate change adaptation to various degrees including but not limited to goals food security health water and sanitation energy infrastructure cities oceans biodiversity forests and desertification global monitoring is a vital complement to ensure global coordination and support strategies to manage global public goods,13
+understanding and addressing the potential distributional impacts of biodiversity policies and reforms are important to ensure their political acceptability and success oecd a study of eastern cape in south africa for example showed that a change from livestock forming to ecotourism resulted in the doubling of the number of jobs per hectare and a fourfold increase in income per hectare oecd c finally information on existing biodiversity finance including needs and gaps is also required to help plan and implement effective mainstreaming policies discussed in section while a number of these have been undertaken they vary greatly in terms of their objectives scope and type an example of a highquality national biodiversity assessment nba is that of south africa dea and sanbi which is at the forefront of international practice in terms of methodology quality of data and level of analysis oecd c it presents the state of biodiversity across terrestrial freshwater estuarine and marine environments,15
+alternatively broadcast content may be simulcast in both a dttb and an ip network such as lte to allow reception in areas where either the broadcast or ip signal cannot be received adequately to date however such concepts are still under development such packets should be ignored by existing tv receivers,9
+the number of individuals included in the survey was in and in the questionnaire consists of six modules providing information on demography employment income education health and housing the multiyear dimension of the dataset enables production of a panel analysis evaluating the evolution of the main socioeconomic conditions of beneficiary households compared to nonparticipants beneficiary households have a lower income per capita and are more likely to come from rural areas where poverty is widespread,1
+the internal water footprint of a nation is the volume of water used from domestic water resources to produce the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of the country the external water footprint of a country is the volume of water used in other countries to produce goods and services imported and consumed by the inhabitants of the country the sum of the internal and external water footprints is the country s water footprint,6
+the surface pedestrian crossing model includes requirements and standards in terms of visibility drainage lighting pavement road signs traffic timing and other factors for instance for traffic crossings there is a requirement that the green crossing signal be open for sufficient time to allow the whole track to be crossed at a speed of ms to facilitate the crossing of the visually impaired the model requires traffic lights to be equipped with mechanisms that emit sounds and vibrate,11
+whilst the speciality of general practice or family medicine has yet to take root in japan efforts are underway to establish a more holistic and coordinated system of communitybased health care outpatient care is provided by both hospitals and community clinics with regard to the latter there are just under community clinics in japan,3
+in the future it might become possible to make such an analysis by using data to be made available through the history of labour relations project at the international institute for social history in the case of the scandinavian countries we complemented the murdock data with information on the year in which legislation was enacted to mandate equal inheritance the exception is namibia where universal male suffrage was granted in while it was extended to women only in following independence exploring the gender pay gap across the wage distribution industrial and labor relations review vol mother s education and the intergenerational transmission of human capital evidence from college openings the quarterly journal of economics vol,5
+these include pusat tenaga malaysia ptm a national energy research centre established in as a notforprofit company under the ministry of energy communications and multimedia mecm in the government created the energy commission ec to replace the department of electricity and gas supply as the primary regulator of electricity and gas supply besides its enforcement activities the commission is responsible also for other aspects of the energy sector including heat renewable energy and energy efficiency,7
+this allows georgia to export an additional mw of electricity to turkey the backbone of the transmission network is a kv line connecting georgia to the russian federation and azerbaijan and running through tbilisi and northwest georgia where the largest power plants enguri and vardnili hpps are located its share in total energy consumption is about per cent firewood is mainly consumed in rural areas for cooking and heating purposes for these purposes the average rural household consumes m of firewood annually,7
+gendersensitive indicators can enhance accountability and aid in prioritising gender equality and making the case that gender issues should be taken seriously finally they can enable better planning and actions by providing information for adjusting programmes and activities to increase their impact and by measuring gender mainstreaming within organisations women s empowerment therefore cannot be measured by a single indicator and requires both quantitative and qualitative indicators see box that can draw data from censuses labourforce surveys etc,5
+for instance in the late s it launched a new national insurance system providing free health coverage to households below the poverty line up to an annual limit the scheme is still being phased in and expanded to those above the poverty line states have also started various programmes the aim at extending health care coverage,3
+in december the ministry of fisheries launched a website containing information on the status of new zealand s fish stocks wwwfishgovtnzennzsofdefaulthtm the ministry is working with tangata whenua and stakeholders to develop management plans covering all of new zealand s different fisheries management units or fish stocks fisheries plans will describe how to get the best value from fisheries within environmental limits or standards set by the government so far the minister has approved the deemed value and qms introduction standards,14
+they are therefore difficult to deal with in any one way strengthening of developing country institutions related to fisheries management institutions is critical to taking up those options effectively if resources are in excess of domestic needs foreign fishing companies can be brought in through licensing fdi or as harvesting services,14
+for example the emergence of new players in global rd affects countries with a strong rd base in a different manner than it affects countries with more limited rd capabilities this section explores some of the key issues in setting a national agenda for innovation and how initial conditions in terms of economic performance and structural features affect this agenda innovation is considered important for growth and competitiveness but also in helping address social and global challenges,9
+energy efficiency resulting in reduced energy demand can assist with all of these in the iea publication saving electricity in a hurry the benefits of emergency energy efficiency measures to energy security are measured by the absolute electricity demand reduction that study indicated energy savings ranging from france to juneau alaska these savings helped countries avoid blackouts and other costly results of power shortfalls,7
+strategic suggestions were made by leading experts the details of which are presented in chapter conclusion way forward a detailed analysis of each countrys results is illustrated in part ii they have an important role to play in sustainable agriculture due to their agility and adaptability to lowinput systems climate resilience and high nutritional values several of these fsf are fruits cereals pulses roots and tubers and vegetables,2
+the oecd average of combined outright and mortgaged owneroccupants is of households chile mexico and eastern european oecd countries have the highest rates of homeownership in most countries homeowners are disproportionately middle and highincome households whereas renters tend to have lower incomes middle class households are not immune to high housing costs indeed nearly nine percent of mortgaged middleclass homeowners are overburdened by housing costs on average across the oecd overcrowding rates are generally higher among poor households and renters,11
+spaces for public debate and democratic decisionmaking must be created to define national priorities identify what is working well and where the gaps are agree on pathways for transformative change and determine the roles and responsibilities of different actors womens rights organizations were extremely effective in building coalitions and alliances across different interest groups to put gender equality at the centre ofthe new agenda such participatory processes and strategic alliances are also needed to ensure effective and genderresponsive implementation followup and review both chapters provide powerful evidence for the interlinkages between these gender equality targets and other parts of the agenda underlining the need to break down policy silos and move towards integrated strategies for implementation,5
+often as in the top runner programme these performance targets are accompanied by a nameandshame mechanism the names of underperforming companies are disclosed to the public this mechanism puts the brand image of companies at risk representing an incentive for ecoinnovation in japan that is probably more effective than the stringency of environmental regulations according to an oecd survey conducted in fewer than of facilities in japan felt that environmental policies were very stringent and more than t found them to be not particularly stringent johnstone et,12
+at the same time the percentage of womenowned and managed enterprises also increased oecd a in tunisia the share of men and women driven by necessity increased from roughly in to in gem country report they are more likely than men to cite worklife balance as their motivation for becoming an entrepreneur rather than growth or profits,5
+for example freshwater lakes have been predicted to increase in productivity across trophic levels as a consequence of the effect of warming on metabolism and production regier and meisner however the warming effect is often associated with other physical changes which can have countervailing effects such as thermal stratification resulting from lighter winds these may result in anoxic conditions or less intense upwelling andor seasonal mixing which may cause fish mortality or reduced primary productivity,14
+if the abstraction charge reflects the opportunity cost of water in regions where water is abundant ie the opportunity cost will be low the investment is likely to materialise and could be located anywhere including in water scarce regions generating a cost that is not covered by the charge if the abstraction charge reflects the opportunity cost of waterscarce regions water availability will be protected but water abundant regions will lose the opportunity of a new activity this measure would be an incentive for local authorities to disclose information on water use and water expenditures it would also be an incentive to revise water entitlements so that over time they reflect actual use thereby generating more flexibility to reallocate available water possibly to new comers in basins where water was overallocated but not overused,6
+in other words early upfront investments would have to be made to enable potential buydowns along the learning curves this means that large upfront investments would have to be made in currently developing countries indeed again assuming that they will have the lowest costs and highest mitigation potentials and largest opportunities for new markets investments in the energy sector in developing countries should dominate in the coming decades,7
+there is a need to place more focus on discrimination health and wellbeing of sami children and adolescents to understand how colonization and sami identity interact to influence health care access and utilization by sami peoples considering the history of assimilation stigmatization and discrimination it seems reasonable to assume that a sami heritage contested throughout a lifespan might have a significance impact on health and wellbeing in old age postcolonial theory provides a framework for understanding how indigenous peoples health is closely related to historical social political and economic factors and forces there seems to be a wide consensus regarding the significance of cultural competence in interactions between health care providers and indigenous patients,3
+this reduces the likelihood of taking advantage of these services due to higher costs and longer travel times difficult terrains distance from export markets and growth centres and other geographical and sociopolitical reasons may underlie a particular region s remote location the disruption of roads markets food crops and other institutions resulting from conflicts can have an immediate and longterm impact on poverty and hunger thus peace economic growth and the creation of an equitable society are important cornerstones of an effective poverty and hunger reduction strategy in most countries the location of a household is important in determining its likelihood of experiencing poverty and hunger,1
+in other words even if the coverage of benefits is good as it appears to be the case for instance for single parents see figure this leaves the question about their adequacy unanswered for the measured income of a young person her living arrangements are moreover arguably as important as the labour market situation for young people labour market entry is often associated with the move out of the parents home financial independence from the parents and possibly with family formation this is especially true in times of meagre entrylevel wages and a high incidence of parttime work among the young employed finally intrafamily transfers from parents or close relatives may be an important source of revenue especially for youth in education and for neets,8
+this represents a very large improvement for boys of whom had reported repeated drunkenness in based on selfreported data which tend to underestimate the true prevalence of obesity about one in six adults in portugal is now obese which is nearly one percentage point above the eu average consistent with the pattern in other eu countries the obesity level among those with the lowest level of education is more than twice as high as the level among the highest educated rates of physical inactivity for both adults and yearolds are among the highest in eu countries,3
+the targeting process considered two different steps first geographical targeting according to the incidence of child labour second household targeting via a proxy means test thanks to this detailed methodology the programme achieved a good targeting performance given that approximately per cent of benefits reached households in the poorest quintile fiszbein and schady the amount of the monthly cash transferred was different according to the recipients area of origin ranging from r in rural areas to r in urban areas for each child registered,1
+so while this study does provide an overview of how gender inequality has changed since the early th century it does have limitations table the geographic coverage is also a challenge since historical data on gender equality is scarce for countries outside of western europe and a handful of other large countries furthermore only an overview can be given for institutions related to gender equality in terms of inheritance and voting rights it is therefore not possible to capture many other aspects that matter for gender equality such as violence against women or freedom of movement as the oecd branisa et al,5
+the ipcc ar smith et at forests hold large carbon stores within their living biomass above and below ground in dead organic matter litterdead wood and in soil enhanced mitigation action could involve enhancing carbon stocks in new or existing forests changes to forest management and increased reforestation and afforestation this is followed by a review of the range of available forestrelated mitigation options,15
+but when sociologist donald flemandez applied a of median income poverty line to contemporary census data he found that the percentage of the population living below this level was again the idea that poverty should be defined in relative terms was not intended and orshansky drew the line at a fixed number of dollars but census bureau data for show that the orshansky line of for a family or for an individual corresponded to approximately of median us income at the time,1
+the government of bangladesh is aware that maintaining this commitment to the education sector is imperative for bangladesh to achieve its education for all efa goals and the millennium development goals mdgs bangladesh ministry of education when implemented the central government will be responsible for policies financing quality standards and monitoring and evaluation while administering schools and related services will be the responsibility of subnational organisations it was established in with members and by it comprised more than organisations campaign for public education the system caters to approximately students annually at the primary level at the secondary level and more than at the tertiary level there are government secondary schools in barbados most of which are coeducational,4
+equality of coefficients for men and women rejected at the level equality of coefficients for men and women rejected at the level the causes of intimate partner violence and sexual violence are best investigated through the use of longitudinal studies of victims these studies track people over time to document their experiences of such violence and how these experiences relate to other factors at various stages of their life unfortunately few such studies exist as the measurement of social and cultural conditions that could be thought of as risk factors ie the status of women gender norms pose serious challenges especially across countries and different cultures poverty and the associated stress are key contributors to intimate partner violence,5
+collaboration on innovation with any type of partner is important in manufacturing as well as in services notwithstanding some differences among countries industries such as chemicals pharmaceuticals and information and communication technology ict typically have higher levels of cooperation in all countries except the united kingdom manufacturing firms cooperate more on innovation than service firms oecd a p in the majority of countries collaboration with foreign partners is at least as important as domestic cooperation figure,9
+innovationoriented public procurement innovationrelated regulations and standards are principle instruments tax policies aimed at raising investment demand are also relevant with the exception of experiences in the united kingdom finland and the european union demandside innovation policies typically target specific sectors,9
+for example the temas technical management measures software simulates the short and longrun dynamic effects of fleet behaviour within the mse framework to operationalise multispecies and multifleet bioeconomic modelling ulrich et al a comprehensive example of how the approach can be applied empirically is that by dichmont et al the addition of a bioeconomic model is beneficial to this process since mse is often used as a tool to assess the consequences of alternative management choices and or fishery objectives which is precisely the strength of bioeconomic modelling when used as a simulation tool while bioeconomic models include an objective function they do not have to be optimized and used as a prescriptive tool,14
+the change for vocational school students minus the change for general or mixed vocationalgeneral school students could be attributed mainly to the introduction of lower secondary schools the point is without the reform yearold students in vocational schools would not have had the opportunity to study in general programmes however students in other tracks had this opportunity despite the reform students from general tracks can serve as a control group and the difference in a simulated score change for them and for the former vocational school students could be attributed to postponing vocational education by one year this method compares outcome change in the group of interest treatment group with similar change in the control group,4
+the global energy assessment forthcoming has estimated that the required share of zero carbon energy in would need to be about per cent in order for the target of staying below a c increase from preindustrial levels to be achieved with a probability of at least per cent only the most ambitious technologyoptimistic scenarios achieve such a high share as illustrated by a literature review of renewable energy scenarios hamrin hummel and canapa the most technologyoptimistic of the iea scenarios iea etp tech plus barely reaches this level the others include the eu world energy technology outlook wetoh scenario with c constraint and the greenpeace revolution scenario assumptions in these scenarios are heroic indeed requiring unprecedented technological progress international cooperation and transfers,7
+these rewards also benefitted education assistants with an average annual extra amount of usd of the total schools rewarded in are within the municipal sector in the privatesubsidised sector and are schools with delegated administration also of all the schools evaluated in the sned had been rewarded at least once in the eight applications of the sned since in the municipality of concepcion for example there is a technical team at the municipality level that maintains contact with teachers and visits schools to observe classrooms the municipality also conducts trial simce tests to obtain information about learning outcomes across schools and classrooms,4
+of those countries all report some requirements for gender budgeting at the central level of government figure several countries report establishing these requirements in regions egypt jordan and the palestinian authority egypt and the palestinian authority also report to have done so on a more local level in the palestinian authority these requirements are implemented at different levels and are expanding slowly to all sectors,5
+cohort effects indicate a decline in alcohol volume from the s to the s birth cohort groups and a steep increase in younger cohorts moreover cohorts born after were found to drink more often to intoxication than older cohorts likewise ageperiodcohort effects were studied on us and finnish data there is here as well some evidence for a positive cohort effect in the younger cohorts,3
+for example whereas precarious employment and underemployment rise throughout the decade unemployment and material deprivation both peak around while unemployment later falls even below its initial level material deprivation remains high applying a multidimensional poverty cutoff of k and an income poverty cutoff of of the median net household equivalent income implies poverty rates of,1
+figure iv provides estimates for aal for selected countries by type of disaster and sector this indicates that in large continental states including bangladesh china myanmar nepal and pakistan the main drivers of aal are floods it also shows that china nepal and pakistan are at greater risk of losses from earthquakes while bangladesh is more exposed to cyclonic winds,13
+the implementation of the different water projects is not necessarily coordinated across administrative bodies according to water availability in the river basins for example but rather work on a casebycase basis projects are improvised approved and financed without any water resource management strategy a significant obstacle to effective coordination in guatemala is the disconnection between topdown designed policies and their implementation the water specific cabinet gea is the line authority but many operational technical levels are neither managed nor assessed and therefore do not follow national policies but rather sublevel engineers technical recommendations,6
+iraq and turkey set up a joint technical committee jtc for regional waters to determine how they would allocate a reasonable amount of water to each country and exchange data in syria joined jtc creating a trilateral forum after meetings jtc came to a deadlock in over the question of whether the euphrates and tigris rivers constitute a single system or not box,6
+however this approach requires further testing and refinement before global standards can be established these services also include climate change mitigation such as carbon recycling by algae and carbon sequestration by mangroves or coral reefs regarding climate change work is in progress to transpose to aquatic resources the general methodologies developed for assessing carbon footprints in the agriculture and forestry sectors,14
+research outputs have various impacts and it may be difficult to identify them all in order to evaluate the contribution of a specific output et alone that of the research investment in many cases it is difficult to give a monetary value to impacts in order to make them comparable even if noneconomic impacts can be identified they may be difficult to value,9
+the oecd guidelines for good practice set forth a number of options that could be considered to support efforts to move toward the sustainable management of water quality in agriculture the greater use of economic instruments eg water quality trading pollution taxes to address nonpoint source pollution can improve the cost effectiveness of measures while water quality trading has the potential to lower the cost of achieving improved water quality in practice experience w ith such programmes remains fairly limited to date design features eg scale compliance requirements transaction costs have an important bearing on their overall performance in reaching environmental and efficiency objectives current efforts to advance sustainable agricultural practices including for example precision agriculture could be considerably scaledup and provide opportunities for green growth,6
+most of the country s agricultural policies in the next decade will be focusing on food security and how to invigorate agriculture to promote growth and employment in populous rural communities production increases were particularly pronounced for cereals especially for wheat and maize which rose sharply to record levels due to good growing conditions in the main producing countries driven by soybeans global oilseed production is setting a new record in,2
+this progress occurred despite the addition of some million people to india s population during that time frame indicating more rapid progress in reducing food insecurity however with about onequarter of the world s food insecure people within india improving its nutritional status remains a significant challenge undernourishment has a significant impact on child development which in turn influences adult productivity and economic growth,2
+consequently it is necessary to increase companies capacity to integrate srb in corporate strategy and core functions to develop srb initiatives and to spread innovations for how to address sdgs second the lack of government support greatly hinders the adaptation of srb as such there is also a strong need to enhance governments capacity so that state agencies can formulate appropriate and effective policies and guide companies to comply with national and international srb principles,12
+however these market failures imply that competition alone is not sufficient to guarantee cost control and that measures are also needed to improve the functioning of the market both on the supply and on the demand side this replaced a dual system where public insurance was mandatory for about twothirds of the population while the other third relied on voluntary private insurance in the new system all citizens have to pay a flat rate premium freely set by the insurer to their chosen health insurer and an incomerelated contribution to a riskequalisation fund which covers of total health expenditure,3
+any poverty line intended to represent a minimum acceptable standard of living in the industrialized world today implies higher standards of food clothing housing water supply sanitation health care education transport and entertainment than were available to even the wealthiest households of previous eras unless we wish to argue that the threshold should be set at the minimum income necessary for sheer physical survival then there can in fact be no such thing as an absolute poverty line if the decision is taken for example to draw an absolute poverty line at some fixed point and to update it only for inflation then this means that a relative poverty line is being anchored to an arbitrary point in time,1
+the outpatient model where specialists see a selection of cases preselected by the primary care physician is quite widely used in oecd countries in such instances mental health specialists visit primary health clinics to review with primary health clinic staff a small selection of cases sometimes including a clinical meeting with the patient the whole mental health network would usually meet together on a regular basis for coordination training or other purposes are primary care physicians required or incentivised to comply with treatment guidelines or practice protocols established,3
+for production this includes environmental degradation and habitat destruction overfishing illegal unreported and unregulated fishing iuu climate change transboundary issues with respect to natural resource utilisation poor governance invasion of nonnative species diseases and escapes accessibility and availability of sites and water resources as well as to technology and finance from the perspective of market access issues include those related to food safety and traceability the need to demonstrate that products are not derived from illegal and proscribed fishing operations and uncertainties around the international trade environment in the short to medium term,14
+as in western states most agricultural withdrawals are used for irrigation although of withdrawals are use for livestock and aquaculture in the north central and east groundwater is the source for almost twothirds of agricultural withdrawals in these regions nationwide surface water was the source for of agricultural withdrawals in while groundwater was the source for of withdrawals,6
+most basins have been subject to discussion and negotiations between riparian states and some most notably the jordan river basin have been overshadowed by sustained political conflict a wealth of literature exists on these disputed basins although not necessarily on all relevant aspects for example the literature on the jordan river basin and to a lesser extent on the euphrates and tigris river basins is dominated by a focus on political relations occupation and power asymmetry,6
+for example the high prevalence of early marriage is partly due to the slow progress made in taking action through national legislation among other means to end the practice the minimum legal age of marriage is set at the state level and ranges from to even where laws exist unregistered unions may be seen as a solution to get around the legal age of marriage oecd b,5
+international academics have variously extolled the country as having one of the world s most successful systems alterman as being a worldwide lead in the coordination of spatial and transportation systems hall as the most planned country among the european nations dutt and costa and as no less than a planners paradise burke fainstein has dubbed amsterdam a grounded utopian actual city that w hile not of course really utopia offers a picture of possibility at least in relation to the angloamerican city in sum there is strong consensus among many experts that there is much to leam from the netherlands oftstudied spatial planning system what some view as success such as the containment of open space in the green heart and buffer zones between agglomerations others view as problematic roodbolmekkes van der valk and altes,11
+given that married girls have a very high unmet need for contraception compared to other age groups targeting them within existing family planning and contraceptive efforts would go a long way in terms of realizing their rights achieving equity and better health outcomes and efficiency within systems this includes supporting advocacy efforts to lift legal and policy barriers impeding access to health services partnering with governments civil society and young people to develop and strengthen national programmes delivering quality adolescent sexual and reproductive health services and strengthening young people s leadership and voice in the process service providers should therefore increase the numbers and reach of skilled health workers to provide antenatal delivery and postpartum care to adolescent girls access to emergency obstetric care is especially important since it would help prevent maternal death and morbidity including obstetric fistulae,5
+one of the root problems is infrastructure already mentioned above but there are other causes that need to be addressed as well water tariffs are still highly subsidized hindering efficient water use water reuse is not promoted and the installation of water meters is proceeding at a very slow pace water user associations require further capacity and in some cases more responsibilities and joint work with the public sector,6
+the foreign ministry sets the overall strategic direction while implementation is the responsibility of the austrian development agency chapter funding is provided by federal ministries the lander and municipalities austria provided usd million of gross national income in total oda in slightly below the average for members of the oecd development assistance committee dac according to dac figures only usd million of austrian bilateral oda in usd million in was identified as having climate change adaptation as a principal objective with a further usd million of projects having adaptation as a significant objective usd million in,13
+although article of family law part requires women to stay in the accommodation provided by their husbands women have the right to apply this article if it is so stipulated in the marriage contract or if a substantial hindrance is proven before the judiciary this text is intended to address the husband s responsibility of providing accommodation rather than to hinder the wife s mobility information provided by the government of bahrain two types of custody exist in bahrain i custody that gives preference to the father related to financial issues and marriage stated in the law of custody on financial issues ii custody that gives preference to the mother which is related to maternal custody and breastfeeding stated in the family law article information provided by the government of bahrain physical abuse includes hitting slapping punching choking pushing burning and other types of contact that result in physical injury to the victim,5
+the combination of clear and straightforward international provisions together with longterm domestic legal frameworks that provide confidence that climate policies will be enforced would also enhance the strength of the signal sent to the private sector and other investors that governments remain fully committed to achieving longterm transitions to lowcarbon and climateresilient economies,13
+it assesses the current innovation strategy including priorities and budget and it reviews the existing policy mix for innovation comparing it with those of peer countries including the dominican republic and uruguay the chapter concludes by identifying some areas of improvement as an introduction to chapter which focuses on the evaluation of the implementation of innovation policy in panama,9
+it begins by outlining the complex structures of current national urban policy frameworks a distinctive element of viet nams approach to urban policy is a heavy emphasis on city classification and this too will be considered the chapter will then give attention to key urban policy areas urban transport housing land management and the quality of the urban environment as highlighted in chapter viet nam has made impressive economic and social achievements and powerful imperative towards immediate economic development carries obvious weight as a public policy goal,11
+the rapid urban expansion has increased the city s exposure to flooding as people are settling and building in floodprone areas tarigan et al the northern half of bandung encompassing territory in four of the bmas five local government units lgus has been the focus of intense and uncoordinated development pressure ibid the impact of these new population centres in undesirable geographical locations in the north may increase the risk of flooding in southern parts of the city,11
+most small business entrepreneurs are men but there is an increasing share of women among new entrepreneurs in sweden as in many other countries mostly highly educated women from both the public and private sectors have left their jobs to start micro firms in recent years abbasian and bildt according to the report of the swedish agency for economic and regional growth tillvaxtverket in around of the entrepreneurs in sweden were women and of the new businesses were started by women,5
+their impacts on nutrition may also vary according to the economic and nutritional context of the country agricultural policies that provide appropriate incentives and clear market signals that promote the sustainable intensification and diversification of production will improve nutrition more effectively on the other hand the common agricultural policy in european countries actually raises consumer prices of sugar and dairy products relative to prices of fruits and vegetables and thus may have a small positive impact on the overall healthiness of european diets capacci eta,2
+the costs of not taking the opportunity will undoubtedly be even higher children need to be supported and protected from avoidable falling behind at all stages of their development but the point of greatest leverage is the point at which the process begins in this sense the metric used the degree of bottomend inequality in child wellbeing is a measure of the progress being made towards a fairer society,1
+thus it is timely to explore possible elements of an adaptation communication that is conducive to enhancing the national and global benefits while maximising synergies with existing reporting practices eg national communications the table illustrates that there is a good match between the information that countries need to meet national aims on adaptation information that countries are asked or encouraged to report in their national communications and information that the paris agreement indicates may be included in adaptation communications this structure could thus alternatively be used for the adaptation chapter of a country s national communication to minimise reporting channels this information also coincides with information identified by the least developed country expert group as useful for countries in establishing a national adaptation plan,13
+the information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the government of the republic of cyprus andrade and ofa bueno contribution of education occupation and cognitively stimulating activities to the formation of cognitive reserve dementia and neuropsychologiavo no working paper roarm research centre for education and the labour market roa maastricht,4
+however the gap between women and men in economic participation and political empowerment remains wide only of the economic outcomes gap and only of the political outcomes gap have been closed world economic forum disparities remain in access to education employment and entrepreneurship as well as access to social and political opportunities this gap is also present in the public sector women are still underrepresented among public sector decisionmakers in the legislature the political executive the courts and senior levels of administration,5
+in light of this the application of a gender lens approach to public policy and decision making has grown as a practice across the oecd membership which provides a growing body of good practices that kazakhstan may draw upon over the past decade kazakhstan has made important progress in promoting women s empowerment in public life in with the strong leadership of many members of the parliament pushing for the promotion of gender equality in kazakhstan the parliament enacted two important laws the law on state guarantees of equal rights and equal opportunities for men and women hereinafter the law on equal rights and opportunities and the law on the prevention of domestic violence,5
+this makes it possible to avail oneself of all services with the utmost convenience without the need to move from one point to another by placing many interconnected services under one roof the huduma kenya programme has succeeded in improving overall compliance as a result citizens often lose faith in the governments ability to provide services of acceptable standards,9
+the netherlands report compulsory costsharing in health care insurance and in exceptional medical expenses act under social security rather than under private outofpocket resulting in an underestimation of the outofpocket share data refer to total health expenditure current health expenditure plus capital formation the ccss is financed through wage taxes and general taxation as well as specific taxes such as taxes on alcohol perfumes luxury goods and products produced abroad while the private sector is financed mainly through outofpocket payments but also through private insurance schemes,3
+goal on the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and seas and marine resources provides strong guidance for action by the international community interaction between instruments seeking the conservation of wild fish stocks and marine species on the one hand and the trade regime on the other will shape the way in which we harvest process and trade fish fish stocks conservation is an urgent concern that cannot continue unaddressed,14
+by the end of the pilot programme participants had a significantly higher likelihood to be employed than nonparticipants unfortunately participants were not assigned randomly however and it is therefore difficult to judge whether this positive result was driven by the programme or by the characteristics of programme participants first almps remain heavily focussed on the most employable workers eg the most motivated better skilled ones,8
+this is particularly true for investment in general skills that are useful in other jobs or companies such as skills in languages problemsolving and coding the returns on education greater productivity for firms andor higher wages for workers materialize only after investments are made reasons for this include concern that the borrower has limited skills that will stymie future earning power known as adverse selection the risk that the borrower may not take full advantage of skills programmes moral hazard and a lack of information about programme outcomes and the borrower s ability to reimburse dues,9
+the elasticity formula takes into consideration the current size of the sectors as captured by their incomes as it is based on forestry output accounting this may not give the full picture in view of the size of other sectors such as agriculture it is nonetheless a useful tool and it addresses an interesting question,15
+it details the important trade measures currently affecting imports and exports of agrofood products including price based instruments eg tariffs and other import duties and export taxes quantitative restrictions eg import quotas and export bans and regulatory requirements eg licensing and quarantine arrangements multilateral regional and bilateral trade relations are also discussed an important objective is to keep domestic retail prices of essential strategic commodities relatively stable in order to alleviate poverty and avoid antagonising the urban population for importcompeting products such as rice and soybeans this objective is usually sought through a combination of policy measures in particular low tariffs and quantitative restrictions on imports,2
+every year about a third of the net electricity produced in india goes unaccounted a large fraction of that is theft along with poor technical management of the power supply system although india has initiated programmes to improve the electricity situation the progress has been slow and limited to very few areas for example in delhi the use of advanced technology in power delivery and metering as well as commercial incentives to power distributors has brought down the losses in the lowvoltage electricity distribution from nearly to of the net supply in just five years central electricity authority,7
+this period was a critical one for global organizing as women learned to reach across the continents even though it was still the preinternet communications era and to understand their diversity as a source of both strength and creativity however continuing crises shaped policies even as feminists began making links and connections among issues such as macroeconomics ecology and sexual and reproductive health and rights srhr as a substitute for traditional population control policies the ability of the developmental state to respond to feminist demands at the national level was eroding as its institutions fragmented under the neoliberal onslaught,5
+withdrawal and covert forms of resistance may have been natural responses to lessons that they could not follow and in which they had no control but even these behaviours put students at risk of failing examinations and consequently dropping out or being lastingly labelled as failures students from poor households had few support mechanisms if they were doing badly and unlike middle class students could not take it for granted that they would pass their sscs one way or another,4
+in particular if there are factors affecting selection into different curricula that we cannot control for with the data at hand our estimates may still be affected by selection bias which could amplify the estimate gap in labour market outcomes associated to alternative curricula overall at the isced and level we find that vet performs about as well as academic education as far as earnings are concerned and a bit better in terms of employment outcomes finally our findings support the view that the presence of vocational tracks helps keeping students with limited academic attitudes in school,4
+mexico has virtually no students that can be considered highestperforming readers oecd countries average g countries average countries with similar gdp per capita average by contrast the corresponding figures for australia canada finland japan new zealand singapore or shanghaichina range from to see table in pisa results they can find information in such texts demonstrate detailed understanding and infer which information is relevant to the task,4
+the content and method of examinations regulated by the chamber are defined by local chambers following the national legal framework and broad guidelines of the national chamber association fazekas and field a chamberregulated examination can receive federal recognition if it exists in a few different states lander has been in place for at least five years and attracted at least candidates over a specific period of time hippachschneider et al the federal administration approves examination rules submitted by professional organisations and provides support in organising examinations it provides detailed guidance on how the exam should be conducted eg main parts of the exam their relative weight in the final score types of assessment who the examiners should be eg experts coming from outside the professional association and what level of competency the examinees should demonstrate,4
+according to amazon executive brittan lad the last mile on average makes up nearly of transport costs it is not yet entirely clear how economically viable these technologies are and major issues of financial and regulatory responsibilities need solutions the last mile is usually a speed bottleneck because the final link between the major hubs and end users such as smes is disproportionately expensive and technologically complex to solve and yet the most valuable for smes in remote areas the last mile problem can equally be a first mile issue when they function as suppliers to the hubs,9
+in many cases they are linked to or subordinate to conditional transfer programmes and they create connections between poor sectors of the population and the state the resources available on the market and the communities themselves the healthcare reform in uruguay the universal access and specific health guarantee plan auge in chile the pioneering single health system sus of brazil the targeted welfare health scheme seguro popular in mexico and the healthcare reform in colombia all come close to the model of social risk management or to a solidarity and citizenshipbased emphasis in the area of health care examples in the area of pensions and retirement benefits include the pensionsystem reform and solidaritybased pensions in chile universal noncontributory pensions in mexico city and their extension with certain variations to a number of states elsewhere in mexico the reform of the retirement benefits system in argentina the continuing benefit provision in brazil and other innovations which are being discussed or implemented in the region,10
+this is a somewhat logical finding as active practices could be thought of as more risky than directteaching methods it can be challenging to use ict in your teaching or have students work in groups if you are not confident that you have the skills needed in pedagogy content or classroom management the data indicate that when teachers direct student learning students are slightly more likely to be successful in solving the easiest mathematics problems in pisa,4
+governments need to devise institutional designs that ensure a sciencebased reality check of energy technology policies a wide range of policy instruments are available including economic instruments regulatory measures and cooperation table ii indepth analysis needs to be included in the process of designing policy packages while simplified prescriptions can be counterproductive however insights from past experience suggest broad guiding principles and performance targets which should guide the analysis griibler and others forthcoming wilson and griibler,7
+in a context where much of the population is sensitive to or supportive of islamistoriented political projects islamic feminist movements have emerged groups taking this approach concentrate on the radical transformation of islamic jurisprudence or otherwise use islamic arguments to challenge gender inequality box examples include movements that focus on challenging male guardianship laws or that use religious texts to challenge domestic violence,5
+at the other extreme minimum wages in nepal appear high relative to both gdp per capita and the poverty line indeed average wages are estimated to be around of the nominal minimum wage ilo c in a number of countries in latin america but also in indonesia harrison and scorse and elsewhere the wage distribution has a spike at the minimum wage a sizeable share of the workforce earns exactly the minimum wage,10
+while it is correct that aside from hydro the potential of which is low but of high quality and wind which provides lowquality power modern renewables continue to be significantly more expensive economic limits are ultimately a lesser constraint as they can be overcome with political will and special efforts in fact most energy technology debates completely disregard associated sociopolitical limits in pluralistic democracies the notinmybackyard nimby attitude is a powerful factor,7
+the uwi harp is also responsible for continuous updating of the universitys hivaids policy and for facilitating research on the impact and control of the epidemic in the region haiti is low income for example and guyana is lowermiddle income barbados belize dominica grenada st kitts and nevis st lucia and trinidad and tobago are all defined as uppermiddle income and yet vary greatly in their ability to invest national resources in public health table shows the public health expenditure as a percentage of gdp for selected caribbean countries,3
+in the supreme court established that drinking water services are not products that can be charged by the utilities but rights against service provision by government institutions and therefore utilities are not entitled to approve tariffs only state congresses can there is some flexibility though as the state of jalisco reported that the capacity to set tariffs had been taken away from congress and given to citizen boards overall there is not a single model on how tariffs are set but a heterogeneous situation across the territory,6
+mitsubishi heavy industries in japan successfully tested the use of this coal with an ash content of less than in gas turbines skm this impurity level should not cause major problems in the gas turbine initial estimates suggest that the fuel cost in australia would be rather high asd to asd per kwh compared to asd per kwh for regular hard coal cost may come down as the technology develops,7
+these results may reflect prospective teachers exposure to teaching as part of preservice education andor different levels of support provided to new teachers as part of inservice training but the data reflect only teachers feelings of preparedness it is much harder to find systematic evidence on the actual prevalence of pedagogies in classrooms the teacher has planned the lesson knows the content he or she needs to cover and delivers it to the students who are expected to master that content and apply it to their homework or a test this kind of teacherdirected instruction might also include things like lectures lesson summaries or questionandanswer periods that are driven by the teacher thus studentoriented teaching strategies are increasingly finding their way into classrooms of all subjects,4
+this study therefore investigates whether childrens material circumstances deteriorated during the great recession to a greater extent compared with the population as a whole it is expected that children suffered more in the countries that were hit by the crisis more severely however research on previous downturns in industrialized countries suggests that economic crises tend to affect children excessively,1
+at the community level fisheries activities provide essential income for certain parts of the population and are a driving force for regional economic development it also has a privileged location with the influence of important marine currents that provide a large biodiversity in marine brackish and fresh waters there is a particular focus on improving the competitiveness of the fisheries sector,14
+carbon prices will thus be an increasingly important tool to differentiate between lowcarbon and highcarbon dispatchable technologies by virtue of being connected to the same physical grid and delivering into the same market they exert impacts on each other as well as on the total load available to satisfy demand at any given time the interdependencies are heightened by the fact that only small amounts of costefficient electricity storage are available,7
+given that the health needs of populations are becoming more complex the occurrence and the consequences of harm can be expected to increase unless concrete action is taken available evidence estimates the direct costs of harm the additional tests treatments and health care in the primary and ambulatory setting to be around of total health expenditure although this likely underestimates the true extent harm in primary and ambulatory care often results in hospitalisations,3
+these trust funds are independent entities financed by a range of international and national sources as of april total commitments to endow mauritania s trust fund bacomab had reached eur million with funds sourced from the mauritanian government via the eu fpa as well as from a range of international donors guineabissau s more recent bioguinea foundation established in has received commitments of eur million including eur million from the guineabissau government building a shared understanding of the economic benefits that marine conservation can bring to the fisheries sector was vital this required lobbying consensus building and coordination by nongovernment organisations ngos acting as brokers both cases also highlight the importance of a secure legal and institutional basis for mpa management and financing to prevent wavering political support and changing priorities threatening the longterm stability of conservation financing,14
+the heat target deliver faster access to mental health services by delivering weeks referral to treatment for psychological therapies from december was approved by the scottish government in november and is currently being implemented in health boards the objective is to deliver ontime evidencebased psychological therapies to efficiently and effectively treat mental disorders for instance the psychological therapies matrix has been developed as a guide to help health boards to deliver efficient and effective psychological therapies in order to achieve this objective the matrix summarises the most uptodate advice on evidencebased interventions provides the necessary training for delivering safe and effective therapies and identifies the key gaps in mental health services the driver diagram has been developed to support the implementation of the target across the health board activities it is a method conceived to identify the parts of the mental health delivery system that need to be improved and then to make recommendations for specific changes,3
+in at least cities in the region including capitals exceeded the particulate matter pm limits recommended by who at least million people in latin america and the caribbean are said to be exposed to air pollution at levels that exceed whorecommended limits cifuentes and others the groups most vulnerable to the effects of air pollution are children the elderly people with certain preexisting health conditions and those in poverty in a period of around four years from to less than a third of the countries seven of were able to reduce the number of deaths from causes related to air pollution,1
+for instance in preprimary and primary education inspections provide input into the central decisions about the distribution of staff positions in schools and decide about the distribution of targeted programmes to individual schools also concerns about infrastructure needs can be passed on from schools through the inspection to the central level in addition inspections play an important role for the implementation of the decisions about the organisation and operation of schools taken at the central level,4
+funding followed the student providing a significant incentive for school systems to expand enrolment similarly states were required to share resources across municipalities so that all state and municipal schools could reach the per student spending threshold as a result of this investment brazil s math scores on the programme for international student assessment rose points between and the thirdlargest leap on record previous human development reports have shown that human poverty is multidimensional,1
+the dump serves one of the biggest informal sector communities with more than members and affects the life and health of an additional millbn people living within km of the site among the most impactful ewaste dumpsites is the agbogbbshie dump in accra ghana which receives around tonnes of ewaste annually and pollutes soil air and water and causes serious health impairments in the scavengers gaining their livelihood from sorting and recycling this indicates that bigger dumpsites can in general be associated with greater numbers of people living around them waste allas the wdms biggesl dumpsites report,12
+in general the most successful pwps have been implemented under favourable macroeconomic conditions their impact and costeffectiveness depends not only on the way they have been designed but also on the overall macroeconomic framework in which they are implemented training programmes for young workers generally have little positive impact on their employment prospects or posttraining earnings,8
+mass development of algae can occur in hot summer periods which causes elevated oxygen demand and affects water quality especially in reservoirs due to erosion during flood periods the level of turbidity of rivers becomes too high there is no public information available on water quality for human consumption and there has not been positive evolution regarding the monitoring of water for human consumption such as expansion to uncovered areas an increase in the number of measured parameters and increased frequency of measurement,6
+his conclusions seem to indicate a successstory the author reports that the fci has been successful at providing remunerative prices for wheat and rice and that the fci reduced price volatility of wheat and rice during the period the author also shows that consumer prices were more stable with than without the fci reserve policy first the study ignores the impact of trade policies on prices,2
+cotton is the only crop for which the sct was at a relatively high level in this reflects the significant rise in domestic prices during this period which resulted from a considerable fall in local supply cotton production fell every year in and in was almost at half the level although in production picked up the domestic market deficit was exacerbated by the hike of cotton prices on external markets in in the scts varied across the livestock group from for eggs to for sheep meat,2
+the results are therefore based on the simplifying assumption that these ceilings are the same proportion of standard housing benefits in and in new inequalities the changing distribution of income and wealth in the united kingdom cambridge university press cambridge pp inequality growth and poverty in an era of liberalization and globalization oxford university press oxford pp,10
+an optimal mix is probably an unreachable grail but a proper balance of environment protection economics and reliability of energy supply would help make sustainable choices these impacts are not limited to headline figures of gdp but include longranging effects and consequences on public budgets the labour market wider social indicators health environment and the competitiveness of the private sector models are needed to integrate all these effects as a way to internalise them and to provide an insight into tradeoffs and complementarities that exist between policy objectives in different domains,7
+what is lacking however is support both political and financial from the government as well as donors for such locally grounded initiatives as well as inclusion in broader peacemaking activities although uganda released the uganda action plan on un security council resolutions and and the goma declaration in december such support is not yet apparent even before releasing the nap uganda also had a quota system in place to ensure women s political participation through the reservation of a seat in every district for women candidates as of july women constitute per cent of the legislature ipu,5
+the team leadership and the relationship between the school leader and teachers can therefore be seen both as a strength and challenge for the implementation of programmes such as afl when teachers agree on new initiatives their teams and networks can be an efficient structure for implementation if teachers resist the programme the same spirit can be a major challenge for the school leader one school leader explained how the local municipality level had cut back on central positions and stakeholders with knowledge in the field had taken up new positions there were also reports of several job changes among central leaders during the implementation phase which was not easy for the participants interviewed one school leader reported that it was hard to know which person to call if problems occurred and as a result he felt that no one was available to help him,4
+huber s research on school leadership development indicated a number of characteristics evident in ciel this is a key expectation for ciel participants and is central to their individual inquiry initiatives second is the intense exploration of case studies from the oecdile inventory of innovative learning environments see oecd annex a as a way to prompt new thinking and action based on experiences in other parts of the world,4
+studies indicate that street children who use drugs were more likely to have been abused by their parents have a history of arrests and engage in sex work exposing them to sexually transmitted diseases drug abuse also affects children in conflict areas in some regions drugs are used as an instrument to engage and retain children and young people as child soldiers in civil wars armed conflicts and regional conflicts and in terrorist activities,3
+mozambique has for instance included nine climate change questions in its household survey in on topics including perceived climate impacts information sources on disaster and weather risks and approaches taken to adaptation and sources of support ine na countries also may separate the upfront resource implications of building the monitoring and evaluation system and agreeing on what to measure with the ongoing resource implications of routinely running the monitoring and evaluation processes bilateral development cooperation providers have supported several countries on building monitoring and evaluation systems by piloting local or national approaches,13
+these issues are being addressed by the government which is improving access to financial services for smaller enterprises and rural households and strengthening social safety nets but it will take time for the reforms to have an impact on household and corporate behaviour in japan productivity gains are difficult to achieve due to ageing and declining population size in the republic of korea relatively low productivity in nonmanufacturing sectors is a result of the favourable treatment given to the exportoriented manufacturing sector and this situation has yet to be adequately resolved,8
+some of these perspectives may be mutually compatible eg where adaptation and climate resilient benefits are closely aligned with national development and poverty reduction goals however in other instances there may be tradeoffs for example between maximising global public benefits eg ghg emission reductions versus interventions with both global and local public benefits the different perspectives and common ground shared by these communities are highlighted in figure below,13
+while there are an increasing number of recycling projects few countries have adopted systembased approaches or invested in the promotion of the circular economy waste reduction reuse and recycling further the methodology this is a tier iii indicator and data are issues although target focuses on sustainability reporting its methodology is still work in progress with a tier iii indicator whose methodology is yet to be agreed upon,12
+it took negotiators three more years to agree on the socalled paris rulebook at the th conference of the parties to the unfccc cop in katowice poland in december the rulebook contains guidelines that define how climate action is implemented including the need for transparency and reporting on progress on the implementation of the ndcs the rulebook also includes provisions for developed countries to report on the climate finance they provide countries are required to submit their first reports and national emission inventories by at the latest and biennially thereafter,13
+all these factors contribute to a relatively wide gender gap in working hours and eamings among german couples with children there need to be institutional changes in the provision of care for young and schoolaged children cultural changes and changes in the labour market if german women are to have the opportunity to increase their working hours andor participate in fulltime work it finds that german women are more likely to work parttime than women in most other oecd countries and that germany has large withincouple gaps in working hours and eamings,5
+this model does not simulate benefits and the study is therefore limited to the tax side only the figure below shows that pretax inequality which includes benefits has risen substantially the rise was particularly notable between and the gini coefficient has increased by some points or over the period as a whole,10
+train the investigators in the data collection tasks perform the statistical analyses of the data collected provide a publicaccess information base to engage all stakeholders including national policy makers and health systems planners in planning and decisionmaking processes about mental health care,3
+she comes from a long line of strong well educated women who have always played a prominent role in making decisions on the family farm so when she decided to investigate using icts to streamline the management of her own organic farm she had no hesitation in taking a step that might be viewed with misgivings by some of her neighbours gender and ict a good mix officials at the company that sold her the farm management software programme were themselves surprised to be approached by a woman especially one so adamant about the kind of icts she wanted to use and the benefits she expected to see,5
+international experience has shown the importance of primary care with a focus on prevention to enhance health outcomes a while containing costs the government plans to expand primary care in rural areas by establishing county level hospitals and local health care facilities eggleston in china as in other the briics and developing countries socialinsurance health care systems face the challenge of collecting social security contributions because of large labour market informality and other issues such as lack of information sharing among funds and scarce use of itc the government has launched different initiatives to tackle these problems including the integrated collection of contributions for five social insurance programmes and more advanced use of itc issa,3
+the study did not however look at system cost and the authors do not speculate on whether they believe that the interventions saved money overall the incremental cost per qualityadjusted life year gained was gdp between domiciliary care and stroke unit care leading the authors to conclude that cost perspectives are important when stroke services are evaluated and that the improved health outcomes in the stroke unit come at a higher cost currently in excess of the usual threshold for accepting new technologies in england this outcome is particularly likely to arise in systems where hospital and social care are delivered by separate agencies in england and wales the health services have the power to fine local governments a daily tariff for delays in discharge caused by local social care failures an alternative model was that local hospital and social care services were encouraged to work collaboratively by applying for special grants to improve community services,3
+data collection and analysis should not be considered an afterthought but rather a core function of governmental services the data gaps were found in both the formal and informal sectors problems of limited data are not unique to gender issues but represent a pervasive problem affecting all kinds of economic and social statistics many governments are now assessing their capabilities for monitoring the new sustainable development goals together with traditional economic and social statistics,5
+the more links a node has the more connected it is and the more likely it is to function as a hub lohmann albers koch pavlovich tourism destinations that adopt a position as an aviation hub or gateway and that are well serviced by air connections and accessible to a wide range of markets can play an important role in stimulating the development of local and regional economies box international cruise ships can cany thousands of passengers from port to port,8
+see rwanda utilities regulatory authority rura statistics and tariff information in telecom media and postal service as of the first quarter bangladesh has deployed the union information service centers uisc in all its unions the countrys lowest administrative division inaugurated in november and operated by a team of two entrepreneurs including at least one woman the uisc offers internet access training and other services such as mobile recharges,9
+as a mechanism to pool resources and capacity across municipalities within the metropolitan area metropolitan governance can help handle interdependencies across authorities and reduce fragmentation to manage water resources and water services more efficiently in a context rife with financial constraints this form of governance arrangement gains traction central governments have a role to play in incentivising cities to explore it more systematically among the range of options for coordinating crossscale water management where established they are seen as an institutional arrangement that can address several of the governance gaps identified above promoting transparency policy coherence and coordination continuity predictability and credibility of decisionmaking and accountability to users,6
+the targets range from indicative targets of increasing the largescale hydropower capacity in the case of myanmar and lao pdr to targets specifically aimed at boosting technologies that are only commercially viable with additional support while cambodia has no specific renewable energy target the country aims to supply mw of hydropower by under the power development plan asean centre for energy in the malaysian cabinet approved the target of increasing the installed capacity of biogas biomass smallscale hydropower and solar pv to mw in total by while the renewable energy act established that this target were to be achieved through the feedin tariff system malaysia also expects the installed capacity of largescale hydropower to increase further which is not reflected in figure,7
+some of the mdbs and climate funds eg the international development association of the world bank group and the global environment facility also provide grants and concessional finance to the eecca region for instance technical assistance contributes to filling knowledge gaps and raising countries awareness of climate risks and the importance of addressing them this leads to increasing the capacity of stakeholders to design and implement policies to tackle climate risks,13
+the existing climate funds have been criticised by some developing countries for their complex and differing procedures which make access to funds difficult in particular for countries with capacity constraints odi the paris agreement instructs the financial mechanism of the convention to simplify approval processes and enhance readiness support to improve access for developing countries in particular ldcs and sids article progress on reducing fragmentation of climate funds over time could also help to reduce the complexity of the climate finance landscape recognising however that dedicated climate funds only account for a small component of the overall climate finance flows in the short term while the gcf gets to scale continued support to the least developed countries fund the special climate change fund and the adaptation fund is one way of ensuring there is no gap between current provisions and a future streamlined financing landscape oecd g,13
+this already poses a challenge for those public health centres that wish to use their resources to get fulltime physicians onsite or deliver community services on their behalf consequently public health centres are usually only staffed by parttime physicians younger nurses and social workers which are a poor model for chronic diseases since there is widespread variation across municipalities in funding levels for public health centres this means that relying on them would lead to wide variations in the quality of care,3
+this is the first of seven planned gw mega wind farms in china the chinese government is pursuing wind energy development with the same vigour they showed for hydro their approach is increasingly known as three gorges on the land with reference to a massive scale of development comparable to that of the three gorges dam,7
+this is because such indicators usually form a core part of purchasing and provider payment systems so in cases where collection is not mandated implicit incentives encourage data reporting clinicians and patients play a crucial role in the development and uptake of measures and this should be reflected in clinician training and payment systems the quality and outcomes of mental health care will continue to lag behind other disease areas until adequate information systems are put in place to track pertinent indicators and purchasers and providers are given appropriate incentives to improve performance in this area,3
+it is argued that this has not been the only cause however as inequality has also been falling in countries that are semiindustrialized or heavily dependent on remittances they suggest that a situation could be occurring in which sectoral composition heavily influenced as it is by naturalresourcecentred economies is generating greater relative demand for lowskilled workers thereby narrowing the gap in returns on education rather than a sign of development being reconciled with equality this would be a warning that the combination of stagnating productivity and the regions specialization pattern are sending out signals that discourage educational progression and capability development while this evidence is not yet conclusive and the debate is still open it is necessary to consider this possible scenario and assess the potential implications of this interpretation of the regions recent decline in inequality,10
+this approach represents the product of collaborative work of many national and international experts working in different fields transport ecology engineering energy efficiency spatial planning etc it combines new and old sovietera microrayon solutions including territory of a smaller size ha vs ha housing with a reduced number of storeys s more compact development underground parking to provide more space for common areas job opportunities within walking distance in ecologically friendly industries energy efficient buildings and a choice of centralized or decentralized utility systems emphasis is given to the development of intimate spaces with good quality infrastructure and amenities,11
+in southeast asia moreover prices of staple crops of rice maize and cassava are projected to rise by more than average world prices due to the influence of maintaining current agricultural domestic support and restrictive trade policies particularly those related to rice which compound some of the price effects of climate change in addition as a consequence of these production and price effects if current policy settings are not reformed agricultural trade between asean and the rest of the world is also projected to be lower compared with a situation of no climate change finally these price effects and falls in trade volumes can have implications for the ability of individual countries to respond to shocks that can disrupt production and thus negatively influence food security,2
+often the bunkers need to be emptied with shovels hand labour and are not emptied for quite a long time generating a number of hygiene and healthrelated problems for example presence of rodents recycling facilities are very limited and composting is only done by some farmers for their own use,12
+social cohesion involves the inclusion of citizens and groups across the entire distribution of living standards all need to share understanding of responsibility towards and a sense of belonging to their society what then are the different social cohesion challenges facing each part of the income distribution first it considers disadvantaged groups in a different light in countries where growth has lifted large numbers of people out of extreme poverty as defined by common international standards many still remain disadvantaged by socially relevant standards such as relative poverty lines,10
+preliminary assessments for denmark also indicate an increase in forest carbon stocks during the last decades hence forests in fennoscandia contribute to approximately of the global forest carbon sink there are insufficient data to assess the contribution of old forests to the total carbon sink in fennoscandia,15
+however the annual health report indicates that since suicides have decreased in every age group except among yearolds where it has become somewhat more common reflecting the overall trend of increasing mental ill health amongst youth in sweden on the other hand suicide rates have declined the most among senior citizens especially among men and differences between the age groups have decreased differences between levels of education are more significant among men the number of men holding a lower secondary level degree is twice as high as those with a postsecondary education,3
+telecommunication networks are interconnected on a national regional and global basis and the quality of telecommunication services applied in one network or one country influences the endtoend quality of that service so the quality cannot be considered only at national or regional level but also needs to be considered globally a harmonized and common approach to regulating qos would enable greater quality prospects irrespective of the locations of the consumer and service provider it is intended to be used as a guiding tool for telecommunication national regulatory agencies nras or government ministries in charge of qos and qoe quality of experience parameters and measurements as defined by itut as well as enforcement mechanisms,9
+current status of corporate reporting legislation internationally cont under this scheme all uk quoted companies must report on their ghg emissions as part of their annual directors reports the requirement affects all uk incorporated companies listed on the main london stock exchange another european market or whose shares are dealing on the new york stock exchange or nasdaq,13
+to limit global warming to c means that emissions will need to peak as soon as possible followed by rapid reductions global carbon emissions need to fall by a staggering per cent by from levels and continue at a steep decline to achieve net zero emissions by parties to the agreement are expected to prepare communicate and maintain successive ndcs including targets policies and actions planned in response to climate change as of that same date parties countries plus the european union had communicated their first ndcs to the united nations framework convention on climate change secretariat and one party had communicated its second ndc,13
+article of the code of personal status according to which a wife shall respect the prerogatives of her husband and shall owe him obedience has been replaced by a provision which obliges each spouse to treat the other w ith consideration and cooperate in managing the family s affairs in fact spouses must treat each other with kindness live together and avoid causing harm to one another perform hisher part of the marital duties according to what is accustomed cooperate in the process of family household issues and in the children s education including their schooling travel and financial matters the husband as the head of the family is responsible for the financial support of his wife and children w ithin his financial means the wife also has to financially contribute to the family life if she has the financial means article such an obligation constitutes recognition of the economic role of women and brings a new order to her status w ithin the family,5
+rather they are secretariat information papers intended to inform member countries as well as the unfccc audience as oecd member countries korea mexico chile and israel are also members of the ccxg where this document refers to countries or governments it is also intended to include regional economic organisations if appropriate the authors would like to acknowledge the helpful comments from their oecdiea colleagues simon buckle juan casado asensio jan corfeemorlot takayoshi kato nicolina lamhauge sara moarif michael mullan lola vallejo as well as jake werksman ec the authors would like to thank the participants in the adaptation session of the march ccxg global forum for their insightful comments specifically emma balman marianne karlsen xolisa ngwadla emily park dawn pierrenathaniel linda siegele dina spoerri and marianne tegman,13
+at the national level the central government has standards targets and a programme master plan to increase energy efficiency in manufacturing at the city level the hai phong green growth strategy for industry in with the target for formulates a vision for modernising industry and encourages energyeffective production based on this plan the city will help the casting companies that use coal to transform their manufacturing process the city is already supporting firms in energy auditing and has provided consulting solutions to save energy,11
+the study found a correlation between the two forms of vulnerability but further work would be required to determine whether the results apply more widely in addition to this mapping the nas identifies a number of key research questions on social vulnerability that remain to be answered this requires a longterm planned approach in fulfilling this objective the nas applies the typology of sustainable development noting the importance of making austria s society economy and ecosystems more resilient to the effects of climate change,13
+finally the republic of korea undertook extensive pension reforms extended mandatory severancepay plans to firms with five or fewer workers increased childcare benefits and a lumpsum grant on birth and set up an electronic information system for collecting social security contributions they experienced growing intergenerational tensions as the payasyougo schemes relied on current pensions being supported by current workers who would then receive a lower pension due to the shortfall in contributions when they reached retirement age this experience suggests that it is critical to start early to implement and sustain reforms in order to avoid abrupt adjustments and massive buildups of debt,8
+shortterm consequences in terms of learning disability as well as longterm economic consequences can be expected since lower education levels lead to lower income opportunities in developing countries million children were estimated to be vitamin adeficient with a prevalence of more than per cent in down from approximately per cent in united nations system standing committee on nutrition women who suffer from undernourishment are more likely to give birth to underweight babies whose development will then be affected throughout their life,2
+share of population with access to electricity each indicator was normalized to the range using the minmax method to net out the effect of nonenergy commodities miningrelated data have been weighted by a coefficient reflecting the overall weight of energyrelated commodities in total minerals exports,7
+this would appear to be a weakness in the standards as currently agreed and scotland should consider whether patientreported measures including patient satisfaction and experience should be included several oecd health systems in the nordic countries and in canada for example are increasingly using patientreported measures in accountability and contracting frameworks oecd in an effort to make services more responsive to patient needs and preferences the inclusion of this target helps underline the need to see a wholesystem approach to targets and system performance relative to targets considering the inputs and drivers behind successfully or unsuccessfully met targets,3
+as part of the women in leadership programme mwa champions evidence and research to demonstrate the downsides of these norms as stated by mwa unconscious bias in the way that we see and evaluate women creates invisible barriers to women s leadership mwa related to the social norms described previously unconscious bias often manifests in the behaviour of senior leaders and decisionmakers whose negative attitudes may hinder the progression of women into senior roles,5
+in other contexts school principals carry responsibility for appraising their deputy school leaders eg various states and territories in australia including victoria various provinces and territories in canada chile performance appraisal and israel isced level and partially isced level on the one hand evaluators from local education authorities often bring indepth knowledge of the particular circumstances of a certain school and a school leader s work something particularly important considering the role of context for successful school leadership thanks to evaluators insights into local contexts scope for the local implementation of appraisal also constitutes an opportunity to create trust commitment and ownership as the professional organisation for school principals in new zealand pointed out the quality of school leader appraisal in new zealand differs greatly depending on the capacity of the responsible school board of trustees,4
+details regarding the survey method questions and respondents are provided in annex a as safe primary and ambulatory care is critically important in all countries strengthened through policies striving for universal access to health care this report considers where possible low to middleincome countries lmics and uppermiddle and highincome countries henceforth developed countries or simply hics in a sense less developed nations have the advantage of building the necessary structures and institutions into their health systems as these are built and established developed nations on the other hand have the difficult task of retrofitting safety into fully formed systems who et al while the findings and recommendations will be of interest to healthcare providers and organisations the principal audience of this report are policy makers looking to improve patient safety in primaryambulatory care in a context of constrained resources they are similar to the terminology in the previous report but are modified to the characteristics priorities and specific risks of the primary and ambulatoiy setting,3
+the aggregate rate hides large differences by gender while the male employment rate is among the highest in the oecd the female rate is only around average another factor increasing total employment is the high share of men who work after the age of see below nevertheless at in and with an annual low of and high of over the past decade the lfs unemployment rate in japan is still within the lowest third of rates in a ranking of oecd countries and has remained with few exceptions below the rate for die united states in the mid s the average number of unemployment benefit recipients to thousand people was slightly less than a quarter of lfs unemployment but in it rose rapidly to around million and by end remained significantly above its level in almost half of those currently unemployed had been out of work for over six months and onethird for over a year the share of parttime employment in total employment in is high by oecd standards with one in three women and one in ten men usually working less than hours per week in their main job,8
+in the past labour market institutions public policies and social norms reinforced traditional gender roles especially in west germany but social policy reforms over the last decade have increased opportunities for parents the new german family policy approach aims to provide parents and children with more time together by fostering a more equal partnership in the sharing of work and family life responsibilities partne rschaftl ichke it in line with international best practice the reform also led to an increase in the number of fathers taking leave,5
+employee resource groups are networks of employees that aim to foster diversity and inclusion in the workplace while also providing valuable advice to companies on issues related to human resources and organisational management in the united states many private sector companies have created such groups to foster great employeremployee dialogue while providing workers more opportunities to problem solve thinking innovatively and develop leadership skills this strategy also identifies a number of critical sectors for growth including digital and creative technologies life and health sciences financial and professional services as well as advanced manufacturing and engineering,8
+this trend is also seen although not as clearly in the nextrichest group whereas in the poorest group of countries the unemployment rales for the poor and the nonpoor are quite similar the percentage of people without proper access to drinking water is below in the lowpoverty countries hovers around in the countries with somewhat high and somewhat low poverty rates and stands at in those that have high poverty rates these differences are not necessarily as stark however when the comparison is limited to lowincome households,1
+rates of deaths involving opioids specifically heroin and synthetic opioids the latter probably driven primarily by illicit fentanyl have increased considerably across the united states available at available at wwwcdcgovnchshealth policymortalityhtm while heroin use has remained high among men the rate of increase of heroin use among women has been higher than among men between and the average rate of pastyear heroin use was per men and per women whereas between and the rate of pastyear heroin use increased to per men and per women as the progression to addiction to opioids may be accelerated among women the development of addiction among women following treatment with opioids for a legitimate medical condition iatrogenic addiction may explain the comparable levels of misuse of prescription opioids among the sexes in per cent of women compared with per cent of men had misused prescription opioids in the previous year,3
+the federal government is leading the policy changes and states are responding in different ways neither has santa catarina taken an active role in the mec s distance learning programme etec for eptnm significant differences in student participation in different types of courses are also observable between the practice in brazil as a whole and santa catarina reflecting the strong industrialagricultural basis of the state and the take up on productionrelated profiles,4
+given that they have not been addressed properly most problems remain poppe such flexibility allows for relatively uniform tariffs throughout the country so that customers in remote places do not have to pay disproportionately high bills because they are difficult to reach by the concessionaires or other service providers these discounted tariffs make cost recovery extremely difficult even with lpt subsidies particularly for utilities that in addition have low rates of rural electricity access esmap in these cases privately owned concessionaires often charge their wealthier urban consumers higher tariffs in order to crosssubsidise rural consumers,7
+corporate disclosure practices are increasingly supported or required by legislation or stock exchange regulations that make esg disclosure mandatory experience shows that for companies above a certain size and complexity esg disclosure can be an important tool for identifying business risks and opportunities baron indices such as the low carbon europe or the ftse good index series permit dedicated tracker funds to offer investment opportunities for investors interested in financial products with an emissions metric the majority of g countries now have some kind of corporate reporting scheme in place that requires disclosure of climate changerelated information box,13
+korea another east asian high performer in pisa relies on the teacher candidateselection process preservice teacher training and national evaluation process all of which serve to ensure that only the best and the brightest join the ranks of teachers oecd a similarly webb et al even when teacher quality is similar the available evidence suggests that autonomy has a positive impact when it is given in return for accountability,4
+future pfbrs are estimated to cost nearly inr kw or around usd kw kakodkar based on experience with the imported lwr types under construction or planned india may also decide to develop its own lwr type with the longerterm opportunity to export this technology to other countries indeed for the russian lwrs currently under construction most of the work has been undertaken by indian staff government incentives on a central and state level largely through capital subsidies tax incentives feedin tariffs and rpos has been pushing the deployment of renewable technologies in recent years,7
+together with the public health regulations effluent quality standards the goal is to achieve considerable environmental improvement of rivers within five to ten years drinking water is routinely checked for chemical including heavy metals physical and radiological quality pollution is not high with respect to international guidelines except in haifa bay and at some other locations,6
+it contains a range of contextual capacity and student outcome information including data such as student numbers attendance rates teaching and nonteaching staff numbers average school performance in national assessments and school financial information it contains a set of quality data that teachers schools parents and the wider community can use along with other information to help ensure that every child in every classroom receives a highquality education this is the first time that the broader australian community has had access to this data,4
+in bolivia plurinational state of following pension reform in mothers can also benefit from a contributory credit equivalent to one year of contributions per child up to a maximum of three years women can use this credit either to get better benefits from the solidarity pillar or to anticipate retirement ibid some countries that do not have contribution credits can achieve similar results with other gender equalityenhancing elements in pension design such as short vesting periods and progressive benefit formulas,5
+in the case of international research it is essential that data are comparable or are made comparable this leads to the conclusion that it is advisable to pursue harmonization of road safety data this starts with definitions to be used eg the day definition of a road death and also involves the harmonisation of methodologies for data collection eg when collecting data about safety performance indicators in every case of international comparisons comparability of data has to be ascertained,11
+brazil still imports considerable amounts of coal and to a lesser degree electricity the latter being obtained in particular from argentina epe costa et al this makes brazil the largest electricity market in south america iea c large hydroelectricity supplies of all electricity followed by thermoelectricity generation epe,7
+this part of the population can be considered as potentially poor in other words despite receiving transfers to avoid poverty they are still considered at risk one explanation may be that although those people are considered atriskofpoverty with regard to their current income they do not fulfil the conditions to receive social assistance for example because of their level of wealth or the low housing costsrent,1
+in adaptationfocused oda accounted for of total climaterelated oda and a further of climaterelated oda targeted joint mitigation and adaptation actions oecd b nevertheless recent estimates of international adaptation finance indicate that this represented only of total mobilised ie public and private climate finance in the context of the usd loobn goal with a further addressing both adaptation and mitigation goals oecd d as highlighted in section this overlaps to some extent with other information requests relating to adaptation under the unfccc in addition as highlighted in section there is an extremely large diversity in countries adaptation responses as outlined in their nc indc or other reports this includes variation in the scope timelines content clarity and specificity of adaptation plans and actions some indcs provide specific quantified adaptationrelated goals or targets with a few indcs indicating how progress towards these goals will be evaluated and specified timeframes,13
+income distribution will deviate from the distribution of earnings as there may be social programs or support initiatives for those who receive low pay for example there may be supplementary welfare payments or reduced taxation for lowpaid workers furthermore for an analysis of the income distribution also the household composition and the income of other household members have to be considered,8
+in general monitoring of groundwaters is less advanced in terms of quantity and especially in terms of quality for many countries particularly for noneu countries either quality or quantity monitoring has to be improved or still needs to be established some countries have jointly carried out a groundwater body characterization according to the requirements of the wfd eg austria and slovenia characterized the karstwasservorkommen karawankenkaravanke aquifer,6
+for example collective work between universiti sains malaysia the malaysian institute for accounts and the malaysian accountancy research and education foundation provides detailed reports on small and mediumsized enterprises smes which can be a reliable basis for designing and offering training programmes collaboration with universiti sumatara utara and prince songkla university thailand facilitates the exchange of expertise in regional development in the context of the indonesiamalaysiathailand growth triangle imtgt which aids the exchange of ideas experience and skills transfer there are also examples of collaboration in relation to training programmes,4
+it would be desirable to ensure both that groups such as the elderly have good access to gp services but also that they have equally good quality of care in primary care including diagnosis and referral current and future efforts to strengthen the quality of primary care in denmark see chapter should include considerations of possible impact on equity data showing a propoor inequities in gp utilisation suggest that the lack of financial barriers have a positive effect on equity in health utilisation and the high level of public financing of health care in denmark generally has the desired effect in promoting equitable access to health care for all,3
+gender identity is the internal sense of being a woman or man or some other category transgender gender equality is not a women s issue but should concern and fully engage men as well as women equality between women and men is seen both as a human rights issue and as a precondition for and indicator of sustainable peoplecentred development key phases of this process are summarized below,5
+the purpose of the study is to identify and explore existing resource efficiency parameters in the instruments and how these can be further unfolded further the purpose is to investigate if experiences from the ecolabels can be used when incorporating resource efficiency requirements into the ecodesign directive the environmentally best performing products can be awarded with ecolabels it is the intention that the ecolabels should represent the uppermost part of the products on the market in terms of environmental performance and stimulate the design marketing and diffusion of products with superior environmental performance,12
+commit to research development and innovation for longerterm energy balance and transitions the mix of baseload and flexible peakload capacity is a classic example to deal with variable load fuel switching storage see below physical exchange with other regions through crossborder interconnectors liquid energy markets parallel supply paths and sufficient redundancy through standby components are all part of this effort,7
+intimate partner violence affects women of all ages and ethnicities regardless of their socioeconomic status and educational level in all countries according to the latest available data from countries per cent of everpartnered women and girls to years old experienced physical andor sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner in the months prior to the survey on average the prevalence of fgm has declined by one quarter since around,5
+progress in this area is complex and takes longer to achieve since it requires redistribution of power to shift unequal norms relations and structures of discrimination and inequality the issue of sustainability of results thus comes to the forefront in addressing gender equality results gender analysis and monitoring the evolution of gender results including pushbacks and steps forward within a context is crucial to learning and refining programming for greater effectiveness,5
+the report matches patents granted between and to administrative databases of firms and workers housed at the us census bureau using inventor information in addition to the patent assignee firm name to improve on previous efforts linking patents to firms patenting is a relatively rare event among small firms but most us patenting firms are nevertheless small and patenting is not as rare an event for the youngest firms compared to the oldest firms patenting firms are more likely to create jobs in their first five to years after grant and less likely to destroy jobs longer term than those without,8
+this is of particular concern where groundwater provides a major share of drinking water supplies for both human and the farming sector chapter and oecd a water stress is based on the ratio of total water withdrawals across all uses in the economy including agriculture to total annual renewable freshwater availability for most oecd countries this ratio is low and below but some countries are experiencing medium water stress above where water supply and demand needs to be managed to resolve conflicts between competing uses oecd a,6
+in ghana and burkina faso the cash transfer roughly entirely offsets the effects of the crisis on school participation and child labour while cameroon has negligible effects as crisis impacts there were already negligible in this dimension as we put no limits on the number of beneficiary children living in the same poor household it follows that a cash transfer targeted to children is a progressive policy response as households with more children which are usually poorer benefit proportionately more only ghana may be in a position to rapidly implement a cash transfer programme to respond to the crisis as it may expand the existing livelihood empowerment against poverty leap programme,1
+this is of concern to developers as the process is increasingly considered as tedious and highly uncertain as such the process discourages project developers from applying for such investments furthermore ee projects that end up generating cers are mostly from the large industrial sector not in enduse energy efficiency a sector that remains largely untapped kyoto protocol article paragraph c for more information on this issue please refer to buchner b and p de tserdaes how to trigger energy efficiency the case for carbon finance the complexities of the cdm approval process only increases the complexity and uncertainty of ee financing and result in higher transaction costs for project developers,7
+these indicators include for example the ability to register people with schizophrenia bipolar disorder and other psychoses and a range of screenings bmi alcohol consumption blood glucose for patients with schizophrenia bipolar disorder and other psychoses there is also a qof indicator for the percentage of patients on the register who have a comprehensive care plan documented in the records agreed between individuals their family andor carers as appropriate bma for a full list of qof indicators see bma,3
+the second is related to the quality of urban development it is observed that some reclamation project sites are yet to be fully integrated into existing urban systems while strategic location of reclaimed land demonstrates potential isolated reclaimed areas with monotonous land use and poor public transport accessibility may significantly lose the attractiveness of the areas for investors,11
+upstream and downstream industries have strong links to the primary agricultural sector and understanding the implications of policies for farmers decisions and incomes requires broadening the view beyond policy transfers directly to the agricultural sector fertilisers represent a key input into crop production increasingly high energy prices and limits to mining resources have resulted in increased fertiliser costs for farmers and several emerging economies have identified fertilisers as an important angle to improve agricultural production and incomes,2
+it serves as an overarching framework for further more issuespecific guidance in various areas and contains a number of important provisions related to women s participation in public life and the necessary institutional tools and preconditions while mena countries have not yet adopted this recommendation its provisions may serve as useful guidance for focused action to close the remaining gaps in the region box ensuring that boys and girls have equal access to goodquality education equal rights and opportunities to successfully complete schooling and in making educational choices,5
+the womens budget group in the united kingdom has generated research and analysis tracking inequalities between women and men in the implementation of the united kingdoms austerity programme following the global economic crisis the broad aim of the initiative is to make decisionmaking processes on policies budgets taxes and debts more democratic participatory and responsive to the needs and demands of marginalized women and their communities budget planners in priority sectors as well as members of parliament are sensitized regarding the importance of genderresponsive resource allocation in addition tgsp mtandao organizes local and regional courses on gender budgeting and macroeconomic policy for policy makers practitioners and civil society activists,5
+the french ministry of education has set national targets that hold schools accountable for holding high numbers of students back and has implemented a reform that ensures individualised support two hours per week to those students who need it this has also created various opportunities for students who have been lagging behind their classmates to catch up in the last two years of primary school in an amendment to france s school reform law declared that grade repetition should only be considered for exceptional cases oecd a,4
+section climate change the state of policy today describes how a prudent response to climate change involves a twopronged approach ambitious mitigation policies to reduce further climate change as well as timely adaptation policies to limit damage by climate change impacts that are inevitable mitigation and adaptation policies are essential and they are complementary most countries have begun to respond through actions at the international national and local levels drawing on a mix of policy instruments that include carbon pricing other energyefficiency policies informationbased approaches and innovation,13
+the colleges centre for community responsibility encourages and strengthens these connections providing resources to support this work furthermore the college has developed innovative programme best to the industry in collaboration with industry to provide workbased learning opportunities for ict students one example is the programme on viticulture which supports the local wine industry the tel hai academic college stands out among the heis in galilee for its deliberate efforts to integrate regional engagement with its core mission the programme combines both academic and practical field experience to increase the opportunities for employment in response to needs of regional employers the college has proposed to develop a new school of management with departments of management and economics with support of the cherie blair foundation for women the college is sponsoring beginning in the academic year jewish and arab women from the western galilee region to study for an interdisciplinary bachelors degree in economics and business administration,4
+irregularities in the administration of such government help can deter many investors more generally known irregularities in the price governance of electricity or energy can discourage capital providers from investing in energy efficiency projects a sudden change in the price of electricity while the project is being implemented would affect its expected return on investments the financial risk is also characterised by a risk of default in the counterparty the price volatility of energy eg oil or electricity could be addressed through insurance mechanisms technical failures could be addressed through adequate contract exclusion,7
+estimates for suggest that poverty and indigence rates might increase by and percentage points respectively this would raise the number of poor persons in the region by almost nine million over half of which would be indigent during the mexican crisis per capita gdp dropped by at the regional level and by at least in argentina mexico and uruguay,1
+the question remains whether these savings are sufficient and could have been achieved at a lesser cost through a combination of policy instruments including economic ones the development of the smart water management in korea see chapter confirms that korean authorities are looking for alternative options to address water scarcity and flood risks and make the best use of available water and assets while minimising or postponing investment in additional infrastructure to augment supply economic instruments can play an important role and complement the technical fixes used so far in korean water management,6
+in addition to general programmes junior colleges also offer several types of special programmes eg advanced specialist or customised programmes but these represent less than of junior college enrolment but following a previous period of expansion the number of junior college students has been falling over the past ten years in particular in the fields of science and engineering kim woo ryu oh the number of junior colleges has also fallen from in to in mest almost of junior colleges are private out of and enrol about of over junior college students,4
+in the literature targeting and beneficiary selection are often collapsed into the former but the distinction is crucial to understand antipoverty programmes barrientos ethical perspectives have a stronger bearing on the issue of targeting while beneficiary selection rules are shaped by perceptions of their relative effectiveness alternatively one could consider a threshold such as a national poverty line which households need to meet in order to live with dignity,1
+table presents the distance of the toilets from the households the closest distance ranges from to feet while the greatest distance ranges from to feet the encouraging finding is that the majority of people per cent had access to toilets within the lowest range feet table shows the latrinesharing pattern in the selected slums where a minimum of and a maximum of households shared one latrine the table shows that less than half of the households per cent fell in the lowest range while the larger portion of the households per cent altogether shared latrines with households,3
+at its th meeting on may the forum had before it a draft ministerial declaration on the future international arrangement on forests we want ecn l submitted by the chair gabon on the basis of the informal consultations held by working group at the same meeting following the statement by the chair statements were made by the representatives of peru and the islamic republic of iran also at the same meeting statements were made by the secretary of the forum and a representative of the forum secretariat at its th meeting on may the forum had before it a revised draft ministerial declaration on the international arrangement on the forests we want beyond ecn,15
+the fact that the bulk of productivity enhancements achieved in ldcs have come from increased yields rather than from labour productivity points to the importance of technology embodied in higheryielding varieties or in superior species of cattle which can improve the wellbeing of farmers technology directly influences not only variety yields but also the adaptation of plant and animal varieties to local agroecological conditions the quality of inputs seeds fertilizers machinery the choice of cultivation and rearing techniques etc producers capacity to learn and adapt to new technologies and circumstances is partly determined by the quality of their human capital the importance of agricultural rd is highlighted by the fact that the modest recovery in productivity gains in subsaharan africa in the s has been attributed to increased spending on agricultural rd and extension services as well as improved price incentives fuglie and rada block,2
+this section has analysed landuse and transport policy a key lessonlearned indicates it is unlikely that m aking more land available to accommodate the increasing population and the increasing traffic will solve the transport and spatial challenges sustainable solutions will require diversified policy instruments particularly addressing landuse efficiency,11
+for coal with ccs it is important to investigate the suitability of different methods of capture oxyfuelling precombustion and postcombustion c capture for indian coal which suffers from high ash content therefore precombustion capture would require the adaptation of igcc technology to indian coal quality or instead the use of imported coal but would offer additional benefits such as higher efficiency however its use is starting from a very low level of installed capacity and a much more ambitious approach is needed for both pv and csp,7
+fisheries is a competitive sector in libya but it may not represent a strategic sector in the longer run as resources may be limited and the capacity to offer jobs in line with the qualifications and expectations of libyan nationals may be relatively weak potential in animal products factories salt lakes precious stones and minerals the sector needs to be privatised to be more competitive cement refineries have promising potential and cement factories are privatised by up to the steel industry has some potential to develop and gain in competitiveness,8
+this result is close to the global average of female news subjects in terms of web news alone the share of female news subjects was even lower with only five years before the share of female news subjects in print radio and television news was at if web news sites were included which is close to the swedish results and thus higher than in the rest of the nordic countries,5
+the school stresses both theory and practice and places a strong emphasis on the development of problemsolving skills groupwork skills and selfdirected learning skills also in the dutch radboud university nijmegen teaching is increasingly delivered in projectbased and contextual manner to enhance skills such as communication and cooperation oecd in france the students of the msc in management programme in em lyon business school are required to create a virtual business project as part of their studies,4
+resilience means that the risks have been considered and managed to achieve an acceptable level of performance given the available information and that capacities to withstand and recover from shocks are in place oecd a in the case of protective infrastructure such as flood defences this will be the assets protected by the defences for other infrastructure it will be the costs resulting from damage or disruption to the asset eg business interruption from loss of electricity supply considering climate impacts for individual assets such as a bridge or a railway line is necessary but not sufficient to ensure that the system functions reliably despite a changing climate,13
+public transportoriented mobility education for children and youth will be introduced into the school curriculum the general purpose is to raise children s awareness on the history of how automobiles have become a dominant mode of urban transport its negative impact as well as general road safety instructions suwon is also developing a set of ecomobility evaluation indicators in reference to the national and international examples such as koti s green growth evaluation indicator and the oecd green growth indicators,11
+while some surveys allow respondents to report both primary and secondary activities secondary activities are not consistently reported or analysed this is especially important when measuring women s time use as their time spent on paid and unpaid tasks often overlap research conducted by the institute of development studies ids in india nepal rwanda and tanzania found that women multitask over hours on average throughout the day combining child care with different household tasks such as cleaning and cooking and paid work chopra and zambelli,5
+ces enfants sont souvent confrontes a de multiples aspects de la privation materielle y compris de mauvaises conditions de logement et un manque de possibilites deducation ce qui appelle une strategic globale de lutte contre la pauvrete dans toutes ses dimensions changes in living standard of children in twoparent very low income families figure for instance the child poverty rate is lowest in denmark at around but almost in israel and turkey,1
+the targeted learners are young apprentices and students in the swiss vocational sector in schools mainly in the industrial and commercial fields it is supporting the spread of innovative practice and change across a selfelected bottomup community of practice of schools it has lead partner schools pathfinder schools and then a larger group of less active network schools across the country mainly england all supporting and learning from each other several are directly led and organised by the national ministry of education but in others the ministry has more of a support role or else the initiative is not happening at the national level or it is being led from elsewhere altogether such as by foundations,4
+women human rights defenders are subject to the same types of risks as other human rights defenders but as women they are also targeted for or exposed to genderspecific threats and genderspecific violence the reasons for this are multifaceted and complex and depend on the specific context in which the individual woman is working often the work of women human rights defenders is seen as challenging traditional notions of family and gender roles in society which can lead to hostility by the general population and the authorities they are therefore stigmatized and ostracized by community leaders faithbased groups families and communities that consider them to be threatening religion honour or culture through their work,5
+as the oecd competition committee highlights this intermittent generation therefore raises the challenge of how to maintain the balance of supply and demand when renewable supply varies oecd competition committee a more flexible allocation of power production can enhance the ability of the electric system to accommodate high shares of renewable energy this is an advantage of wholesale markets over power purchasing agreements which despite their convenience reduce the flexibility of the power park to adjust rapidly to sudden increases in renewable energy production many factors enter in the choice of which technology will be used to match supply with demand eg cost of production ability to ramp up or down the power supply etc,7
+the implementation of the eu renewable energy directive will provide an opportunity for regioas to become involved in a national re strategy it will be important to address both the social concerns around wind bioenergy plants and transmission lines by engaging fully with local and regional actors it lies between and north approximately km above the arctic circle,7
+adulthood stressors history of childhood adversity and risk of perpetration of intimate partner violence american journal of preventive medicine violencia intrafamiliar y transferencias monetarias condicionades transfers behavior change communication and intimate partner violence postprogram evidence from rural bangladesh,5
+the key objectives are to increase aquaculture output by increase ecological production to a minimum of of the total production increase export of aquaculture products by and increase export of aquaculture technology and fish feed by the national strategic plan for development of sustainable aquaculture develops these goals as part of an euwide initiative to promote aquaculture see eu chapter in denmark will conduct a review of support to fisheries and aquaculture activities for the remainder of the period and implement changes in the areas identified as needing adjustments,14
+offset programmes most commonly seek to deliver a neutral outcome on biodiversity from development projects or no net loss of biodiversity though some have adopted a more ambitious goal of delivering a positive outcome or net gain for biodiversity biodiversity offsets are typically only used to deliver compensation for the residual impacts on biodiversity after measures have first been taken to avoid minimise and then restore adverse impacts on biodiversity at the development site ie the mitigation hierarchy biodiversity offsets may be implemented using oneoff offsets biobanks or payments inlieu,15
+at either poverty line the african share of poverty is over percent in both years the coloured poverty share accounts for nearly all of the remaining poverty with percent of poverty or less being attributed to the other two groups in both periods rural poverty rates are substantially higher than urban poverty rates regardless of the poverty line chosen,10
+there can also be important economic externalities which result in use costs eg subsidence and salination as well as damages to nonuse values such as the lifesupport function of water figure cl in middle east and north africa mena countries the estimated economic cost foregone extractive uses of full groundwater depletion is in the range of to of gdp see below between and global economic losses were estimated at usd billion per year for floods and usd billion per year for droughts oecd damage from floods in the united states is now estimated to be usd billion each year brody et al,6
+increasing public spending on health to encourage participation of informal workers and their dependents will expand the coverage of health insurance as well as help relieve financial constrains in the longer term the paper is organized as follows in the next section we will provide an overview on the development of the vietnamese healthcare system with a discussion on its current state and the challenges in financing and the delivery of services,3
+there is much room for interpretation here for example as forestaction s khatri explains to me sal trees can grow at about to per cent a year but the government estimates to per cent growth and from that increment they say you can only harvest per cent that too the dfo reduces considerably,15
+microfinance institutions are valuable channels in this respect for small enterprises to access formal credit lines indeed in many ldcs and bangladesh in particular such institutions have served as effective instruments for including a large group of poor people in formal financial channels despite their benefits however these channels cannot be relied on as sources of credit mobilization for productive asset creation and the development of a dynamic enterprise sector,8
+however we will first introduce our products to domestic and regional markets before going global we aim to be among the smes that help foster intraafrica trade and contribute to ending waste of cashew nuts in the gambia in the near future for africas agricultural production to increase governments need to invest heavily in infrastructure with access to local markets and seaports given priority as a result we spend high amounts on transport and on costs related to strict border measures inadequate infrastructure also causes delays in our shipments with the quality of products deteriorating,9
+some member states have already created platforms to share best practices and information between all lng stakeholders it is found that harmonization of the latter is difficult to achieve due to the fact that each member state has transposed their own interpretation and implementation of the directive in their legislation for nonseveso lng establishments and activities euwide harmonization of the risk assessment approach seems feasible,7
+rural poverty and food insecurity are frequently the result of institutional failures including coordination failures land insecurity gender discrimination and marginalization of indigenous populations which prevent the development of more dynamic food production systems to a large extent low income and food insecurity among smallscale farm holders can be traced back to the lack of adequate access to land traditional land reform designed to improve access to land and provide support to different forms of association among farmers would help to effect economies of scale in production and most importantly in the marketing of food crops,2
+this strategy has allowed even newcomers to leapfrog years of wind technology development produce relatively advanced highcapacity machines and thus compete with the established and more experienced domestic enterprises such as goldwind and sinovel liu six years later goldwind entered the mw market by purchasing a licence from vensys energiesysteme a relatively small company based in saarbrucken for its mw turbine as a result goldwind has gone from licensee to market leader jensen other leading turbine makers such as sinovel and dongfang followed goldwind s lead acquiring licences from fuhrlander and repower respectively,7
+however while numerical results can differ the main trends and effects observed are common to all system and penetration levels in the short term the electricity system is locked in with the existing generation mix and infrastructure and cannot adapt quickly to the introduction of the new technology on the contrary in the long term both the infrastructure and generation capacity can evolve and adapt to the new market conditions resulting from the introduction of the new generation capacity thus system costs are different if assessed in a shortterm perspective with numerous dynamic processes or in a longterm equilibrium perspective,7
+key to this was a substantial budget allocation to settlement and job creation in farming areas thereby reducing dependence on forests as well as policies supporting broader economic growth and urbanization nevertheless there were some challenges in the early years such as the wishes of private forest owners being ignored at times and low initial survival rates of seedlings forests are now valued largely for their contribution to local and global public goods a systematic assessment estimated their public good value in at usd billion by contrast the direct economic benefits from forest products including timber nuts fruits and wild vegetables are usd billion per year,15
+the stewardship domain could not be assessed because of a lack of data for the selected indicators signalling where infonnation systems capabilities need to be improved to support monitoring and evaluation efforts this first hspa now serves as a baseline to gauge any improvements in domains of evaluation over time in particular obesity prevalence is the highest in the eu and represents a major public health challenge,3
+large variations exist within middleincome countries ranging from employed females per males in the islamic republic of iran to in kazakhstan and even in the lao peoples democratic republic in smaller proportions of the female populations are employed compared with the male populations in each subregion the difference is widest in south and southwest asia where in approximately of every females were employed compared with more than of every males,5
+there needs to be greater gender equality in both paid and unpaid work participation while workplace practices will have to become more efficient to meet the demand for formal and informal labour a nochange scenario the gap between male and female labour force participation rate remains at the levels observed in gender gaps reduced by the male participation rate remains constant at its level and the gap between male and female labour force participation rates is halved by convergence in participation rates the male participation rate remains constant at its level while the gender gap in labour force participation levels disappears by,5
+this report also underlines the difficulties to get accurate data on water use and nonwater costs at the river basin level to conduct such an assessment in this framework the environmental costs are approximated by looking at the costs of measures w hose primary aim is to protect the water environment costbased approach examples of ex ante assessment of economic costs associated with water use cont,6
+industry associations are beginning to emerge such as brea which provides a muchneeded industry voice to the many development issues of the energy sector and along with the local uwi campus helps to raise awareness among different government institutions industrial bodies and the general public this challenge stems from the general low level of energy awareness among caribbean populations many companies and institutions are under informed as to the potential for energy reduction and potential cost savings from first pursuing energy management and energy efficiency options and of the impact that distributed renewable energy can ultimately have on their lives the transition towards a clean sustainable energy sector offers a chance for nations to reclaim their energy systems through citizencooperative ownership of largescale renewable energy plants this model has been shown to create a more harmonious relationship between renewable energy operators and their surrounding neighbours,7
+other oecd countries also saw big rises including the united kingdom and australia as well as looking at the top of earners they argue we should also look at an even smaller segment the top of earners in and even the top of earners in as the nobel laureate paul krugman has noted data from the us congressional budget office shows that between and the aftertax income of americans in the middle of the income distribution rose by among the it was up,10
+the chapter suggests a number of policy recommendations to improve the governance of school resource use the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law the central level governs at a distance and sets central conditions and guidelines within which municipalities and schools exercise their autonomy,4
+mongolia s steppe and desert steppe zones especially the steppes of domod and areas of zamyn uud and sainshand belong to lands with a moderate degree of wind erosion soils of the mountain regions are not affected by wind erosion soil erosion due to wind has decreased on the west side of the great lakes depression along the khar us lake and in the buyant river basin,15
+according to the unece s third environmental performance review no conflicts between different water users in georgia are reported the menrp is not required to be informed about conflicts between water users and is not involved in negotiation meetings unece however this does not apply to some transboundary rivers and groundwater aquifers currently the organization for security and cooperation in europe osce and un economic commission for europe unece support georgia in facilitating cooperation with azerbaijan over protection and sustainable use of the water resources of the kura river basin the agreement seeks to resolve inter alia the issue of shared water from the kura river for agricultural use since a number of bilateral consultations between georgia and azerbaijan took place with the objective of developing a text for the future bilateral agreement on the shared water resources unece the conflicts between the use of water for hydropower the development of irrigation in the alazaniiori basin and the preservation of water flow for aquatic ecosystems are a source of increasing concern,6
+in its general recommendation no the committee against torture which monitors the convention against torture and other cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment also regularly addresses issues of violence against women and girls these include the african commission on human and peoples rights the interamerican commission on human rights and the interamerican court of human rights the council of europe and the european court of human rights,5
+they will wobble over boulders past buses on the opposite side surrendering to the rough track and unloading their passengers who will make steadier steps uphill the kilometres down to the nearest town of dolalghat takes two hours to reach the same amount of time as the kilometre journey from there to kathmandu there is no electricity here that is what tenzing norgay and edmund hillary would have seen in the early s on their ascent past chaubas to the peak of mount everest netra tells me over a plate of kheer sweet rice pudding seasoned with pepper netra is known here as thulo bhai or big younger brother a few years later the transition to community forestry began as the plantations were later handed over to local community forest user groups cfugs to nurture and use,15
+beyond school better worklife balances would allow more women to enrol in onthejob training and professional courses women could better pursue their individual and professional aspirations improved job satisfaction exerts a protective role on physical health and shields against mental disorder barnay,5
+climate sensitivity values above c such as c or more cannot be ruled out which would shift the estimated temperature increases for existing emission levels even higher meinshausen et al the concentration of c alone is projected to be around ppm in and ppm in figure the outlook baseline scenario suggests that these ghgconcentration levels would lead to an increase in global mean temperature at the middle of the century of c c and c c at the end of the century compared to preindustrial times,13
+consequently actual land use plans will be more constrained by regional metropolitan and common issues and be less about very local issues of any given commune that retains the ultimate responsibility for generating a plan that will become the actual law establishing allowable land uses with these current legislative changes the government is establishing a system that privileges regional and intermunicipal levels of governance over individual communes and prioritises the planning tools at those levels it is at this level that the private interests of the land owner are confronted with the public interest embodied in zoning restrictions and specific development ordinances,11
+agriculture plays a less sizeable role within the regional food economy than in the past of the value added in the agrofood sector is no longer dependant on agriculture increasing urbanisation and human mobility are influencing the evolution of food diets social habits and the profile of agricultural labour including in rural areas and the postharvest segments of the food value chains are expanding in line with socioeconomic change allen and heinrigs an analysis of how mens roles are evolving would be an equally critical and timely effort and would paint a comprehensive picture of how resilience and food and nutrition security can best be achieved,2
+this has led some authorities to seek detailed data from companies that may or may not be requested from other mobility service providers or car drivers on the same markets recent investigation of this data for new york city for example shows mixed results as far as the impact of ride services at an early stage of their deployment in that city see box for this reason some authorities are actively trialling partnerships with ridesourcing companies in order to both lower the cost of public transport provision and to improve mobility outcomes for those who cannot or choose not to drive cars,11
+in the blue map scenario these investment needs increase to usd trillion the addition of almost in the blue map scenario may initially appear huge comparing the investment needs for the power sector however with indias cumulative gross domestic product ppp based in prices of usd trillion between and the total investment needs related to power generation in the baseline and blue map scenario represent only a range of to of total cumulative gdp,7
+such tracking of inflows could also be used to report information to the unfccc given the variety of national systems and circumstances it will be difficult to report in a standardised manner but guidance could help countries determine what information is useful for other parties and stakeholders in the past nonmandatory reporting requirements have been vague and therefore less helpful to reporting parties ellis and moarif,13
+this category also includes carbon sequestrationrelated afforestation projects in the context of the kyoto protocol recreational services not exchanged via market transactions are not reported but are covered to some extent by indicator a number of countries reported difficulties in identifying and quantifying marketed services value most services are nonmarket services,15
+definiciones instrumentos de planificacion territorial ipt definitions of territorial planning instruments tpi minvu santiago chile uiwuiminvucl opensite aspx accessed september jriesplansdepreventiondesrisquesnaturelsppr accessed september world cities and urban form fragmented polycentric sustainable routledge abingdon uk,11
+obviously in such a world the number of undernourished people may remain high the results present possible futures but need to be interpreted carefully this is mainly driven by increased demand as the global population increases by billion within the next half century an evident price increase is observable for highprotein commodities such as beef and poultry by prices increase by and respectively these results are driven mainly by an increase in the global middle class and the corresponding demand for more meat and higherquality food,2
+a number of examples have suggested that new treatment modalities are costeffective these disorders usually have less severe and debilitating symptoms than other for example psychotic mental disorders and this chapter deliberately excludes more severe cases of mental disorders including the more severe cases of common disorders such as depression and anxiety severity of the disorder is determined by the number of and severity of symptoms the degree of functional impairment and the duration of symptoms mildtomoderate disorders impede the health daily functioning and quality of life of affected individuals and require appropriate diagnosis treatment and care,3
+two concluding sections then analyse the implications for the reconfiguration of care relationships within families and the reconfiguration of care diamonds and social reproduction these three dimensions are not mutually exclusive indeed their overlap is what makes care a complex phenomenon the complexity deepens when we consider that care work may be paid or unpaid be performed by women or men and can take place within the household or in institutions such as hospitals residential care homes nurseries daycare centres social and community work settings schools offices and hotels care has become a central concern of social policy because of its crucial relationship to production welfare regimes and social reproduction as well as its implications for gender equality razavi and hassim,5
+in the case of adaptation the plan calls for achievement of nine specific goals ranging from management of heat and improvement of cooling capacities to monitoring of air quality with the engagement of multiple stakeholders in this regard the plan also calls for the introduction of new ideas and anticipates that new knowledge derived from research on how to eliminate urban heat islands will lead to new initiatives the city uses satellite imagery to identify hotspots and targets for policy interventions and has also identified the link connecting heat respiratory illnesses and smog with regard to smog the climate action plan calls for lower emissions from power plants and the modes of transportation that cause it progress is continuously monitored against goals and the results of such monitoring will inform the possible changes to be made to goals targets and indicators,13
+the teaching workforce of lithuania although trained to a bachelor degree level displays numeracy skills lower than those of other tertiary graduates and lower than the average level of teachers in oecd member countries participating in the survey of adult skills figure competitive scores used in higher education admissions which are based upon matura examination scores show that the minimum score required for entry teacher education programmes is consistently much lower than that required for the most popular and selective field medicine table the principal provider of teacher training programmes the nation s pedagogical university has received a limited institutional approval from the nation s higher education quality assurance body and debates are underway about the way in which programmes and institutions can best perform initial teacher education,4
+it is all about the fact that the conceptions and the expectations of the two genders vary because of the interplay between gender and class according to svensson the often very traditional gender contracts the social ground rules in the peripheral areas do not cause problems for the young men for them there is no ambivalence most of them believe that without a doubt there is no future for them in soderhamn within any foreseeable time frame svensson own translation,5
+an established definition of gender budgeting refers to a genderbased assessment of budgets incorporating a gender perspective at all levels of the budgetary process and restructuring revenues and expenditures in order to promote gender equality council of europe the nature and quality of these approaches appear quite variable ranging from a pro forma statement of impacts on gender equality attached to all new policies coming before government to more structured and systematic gender impact assessments a few countries reported that gender equality is mainstreamed in the sense that the responsibility rests with line ministries to advance this agenda within their respective policy domains and consequently no particular role for the budget process is envisaged as necessary,5
+the chapter closes with a review of the impact of industrialnation imports for developing countries using the poverty intensity of imports indicator the implications for policy section looks at national and international measures to improve the situation for the poorest people in poor countries some believe that greater integration in world trade has been detrimental to the poor in developing countries while others contend that considerable reductions in global poverty have been made possible by greater participation by developing countries in world markets,1
+as noted earlier households may be classified as not experiencing deprivation of any sort or as exhibiting deprivation in terms of at least one of different indicators this translates into a reduction in relative terms from to of the urban population this means that in the space of just five years the percentage of the population that is not living in poverty jumped from to thanks to the country s recent progress in socioeconomic terms the percentage of households experiencing deprivation as measured by six or more indicators was so small as to be statistically insignificant and the results for deprivation as measured by or more indicators were nil,1
+counsellors prepare an education plan jointly with the pupils and their parents to ensure a smooth transition into upper secondary education and employment those aged are a special target group in case of school nonattendance counsellors have to get in touch with the youth s parents within five days after being notified by the school and youth must be able to begin an activity within days,4
+even so the interlinkages between climate change and hazards and multidimensional inequalities have yet to be fully explored the role of the underlying structural causes of inequalities is also poorly understood the objective of the present chapter is therefore to bridge these gaps which will in turn provide the foundation for a discussion centred on the policy challenges related to building resilience to climate hazards,13
+it introduced the ordinance on energy enduse efficiency and promotion of renewable energy source utilization by the endconsumers based on eu directive ec on the energy enduse efficiency and energy services envisaging the establishment of a legal framework for the development and application of the national energy efficiency policy in its present form the law translates the provisions of the directive ec into internal legislation it ensures cofinancing of the projects whose direct beneficiaries are the local public administration authorities relating to the following types of investment objectives rehabilitation and modernization of the district heating systems thermal rehabilitation of certain public buildings and modernization of interior and exterior public lighting,7
+there may be a difficult tradeoff between ensuring that the costs to firms investing in apprenticeships are not too high and ensuring suitable working conditions and quality of training for apprentices in many emerging economies specific work schemes and training programmes exist that can complement apprenticeship programmes they include on the job training programmes in hirkey the becate programme in mexico and the joven programmes in chile argentina and colombia which combine education job training and internships,8
+some of respondents mention oil as one of the mostused energy sources gas and nuclear energy followed by coal at their high degree of awareness of the energy mix can thus explain why respondents are focused on fuel price volatility in the case of oil for example which is the mostused energy source for a majority of europeans the signal transmitted by the price of the barrel can be considered as an indicator of consumers confidence in the security of energy supply of its country to explore the possibility of correlation between the security of energy supply concerns and public attitudes towards nuclear energy that have been developed in the first part of this chapter it is not sufficient to provide a snapshot into the state of public opinion on these issues,7
+resolution focuses on strengthening leadership expertise and other institutional capacities within the united nations and in member states to help put an end to conflictrelated sexual violence in response to resolution the secretarygeneral appointed a special representative on sexual violence in conflict resolution i also calls for the establishment of monitoring analysis and reporting arrangements specific to conflictrelated sexual violence resolution calls on all member states and united nations entities to do more to implement previous mandates and affirms the centrality of gender equality and womens political social and economic empowerment to prevent sexual violence in armed conflict and postconflict situations,5
+the interministerial committee on climate change imc climate manages coordination between federal ministries it is chaired by the bmlfuw and includes workinglevel representatives from various ministries representatives of the main interest groups and the lander are invited to its meetings on an adhoc basis,13
+yet across europe the withincouple gap in working hours the male partner s hours less the female partners hours in couples where the male partner works is generally sizable figure with german mothers so frequently working less than hours per week and fathers putting in long hours the withincouple hours gap in germany is amongst the widest at over hours per week together with austria and switzerland gaps are wide too in southern mediterranean countries because so many women are inactive,5
+furthermore the dirms supervise the activities of the regional operational sea search and rescue centres cross the marine fisheries and fish farming sector is now built around a national committee regional committees and departmental and interdepartmental committees the former local committees have been disbanded the first professional elections following the adoption of the lmap were held on january to elect the members of the departmental and regional committees,14
+these low levels also apply to the lowest income quintile where reported unmet need stood at compared to in the eu for example the minimum share of costs covered is for urgent interventions and intensive therapy for specialist surgery orthodontics and other aids and for pharmaceuticals on the positive list covered by the hiis children and students up to the age of as well as vulnerable groups are exempted from all copayments,3
+data refer to for estonia and finland to for france and to for mexico data refer to for australia to for the netherlands to for the united kingdom and to for germany for details on the definition of unpaid work and total work see miranda v cooking caring and volunteering unpaid work around the world oecd social employment and migration working papers no,5
+this would increase resource requirements for reporting but would allow parties and the international community to undertake a variety of assessments and analyses disaggregated reporting by parties and potentially also by other organisations on a consistent and comparable basis to the unfccc would facilitate transparency and could also help to fill current reporting gaps such as reporting on mobilised climate finance transparency of climate finance information would be further facilitated if it is communicated in the form of a searchable database or worksheet eg an excel spreadsheet as annex i countries do when communicating annual emissions inventory data rather than as tables within reports in pdf format as at present these could include encouraging voluntary reporting eg in annex i national communications and biennial reports of items that will become mandatory under the paiis agreement such as developed country reporting on mobilised climate finance,13
+in other countries the latter is often a key sticking point in reform particularly where there is rural depopulation and when local authorities own hospitals clalit as direct operator of primary care services shifted towards more clinicbased care more or less directly while the other funds used a combination of dialogue and financial incentives to persuade independent operators to move to clinicbased systems the economies of scale in clinicbased services have for instance facilitated roundtheclock accessibility and capacities for supporting patients with chronic diseases,3
+also the measures that promote continued employment with the same employer preventing olderworker unemployment should be strengthened moral hazard may also take the form of reduced intensity of job search and willingness to accept job offers recent japanese research has continued to report evidence of significant disincentive effects to job search during the benefit period,8
+while in the short run these effects on inequality are likely to be dominated by the direct inequalityreducing effect that stems from the income support for the unemployed see joumard et al however cutting back on benefits may help to reduce the income gap between immigrants and natives as the former appeal to suffer more from adverse employment effects causa and jean at the same time the impact of product market liberalisation on labour income inequality is uncertain while higher employment should reduce inequality ceteris paribus this may potentially be offset by a wider earnings dispersion,10
+inaction on climate change could lead to a continued rise in global temperatures by ranging from c to c above preindustrial levels ipcc a this would increase the severity and in some cases the frequency of extreme weather events with potentially catastrophic consequences for stable economic development human life and prosperity doing nothing could be costly equating to a permanent loss of over in average world consumption per capita oecd developing countries stand to be disproportionately affected by unabated climate change eroding development gains made to date ipcc a assessments suggest that a sizeable share of development assistance activities might be affected by climate risk with estimates ranging from to per country depending on the development cooperation portfolio in each country context when measured as a share of total official development assistance oda oecd,13
+the health of prisoners will therefore have an impact on the general population ultimately the elevated risk of tuberculosis in prisons is likely to affect the burden of tuberculosis on the general population in highincome countries it has been estimated that per cent in every cases of tuberculosis in the general population is attributable to exposure in prisons,3
+such surpluses could then be used to increase demand for ruralnonfarm goods and services increases in farmbased income are closely linked with increases in nonfarm income such as from vending petty trading and transport services nonfarm income is especially pronounced in broadbased smallholderled agricultural growth because as local labour is hired income is typically spent locally deichmann et al,8
+thus pk the identification method identifies person i as poor when the number of weighted deprivations is at least k since pk is dependent on both the within dimension cutoff liner and the acrossdimension cutoff line k pk is a dual cutoff method of identification the matrix is then censored goa which means that the deprivations of the nonpoor are excluded they are assigned a value of zero hqn where q is the number of poor people and n is the total population this value is then divided by the total number of poor individuals q,1
+instead of smallsized facilities investments would need to be directed into an environmentally friendly large scale mrf which has a higher capacity to process waste for a given number of barangays consolidating the mrfs produces value for money and helps introduce technological innovation and efficiency which is not viable on small scales though this could temporarily create job losses for some workers in this area these people can be shifted to other associated areas where opportunities would be created in material collection processing and manufacturing,11
+since in latin america the actions of the state are relatively less significant than those of other agents in the production and distribution of wellbeing it would be useful to broaden the array of instruments and partnerships incorporated into socialpolicy design the state must not only ensure that all members of society can enjoy active citizenship which requires the construction and consolidation of mechanisms for social promotion and protection it must also operate as a coordinating and regulatory body for all the actors that make it possible to generate or redistribute wellbeing the state can achieve this by guiding and fostering a supply of social services which is compatible with an uneven demand structure and unequal access and by creating redistribution mechanisms that guarantee a universal minimum level of wellbeing so as to ensure the full exercise of rights and capacitybuilding,10
+the objective of the act is furthermore to counteract direct and indirect discrimination on grounds of gender statistics greenland recently published a study on incomes in statistics greenland the overall difference roughly one third in mens favour not only reflects gender differences but also differences in education and position in the different hierarchies as well as the fact that men are overrepresented in age groups characterized by higher incomes,5
+previous ccxg work eg ellis caruso and ockenden has highlighted that this is because i aggregation and attribution of financial flows to developing countries requires information on outflows from various multilateral climate funds and development banks and ii reporting requirements do not require all the relevant information aggregation will also be difficult for information from other parties providing support some of whom may have their own tracking and reporting practices like for mitigation external sources of information and analysis beyond those provided by parties under the enhanced transparency framework of the paris agreement could inform the global stocktake,13
+in this way a more exact picture of the developments is formed and the search for explanations is more focused a past decrease in crashes is no guarantee that crashes will decrease in the future only if there is a better understanding of the reasons for the decrease will it be possible to formulate expectations about future developments there are indicators for unsafe traffic behaviour eg speeding driving while intoxicated the safety quality of vehicles eg ncap stars the safety of roads eg international road assessment program irap stars and the quality of the trauma system eg arrival times of ambulances analysts can consider to what extent the execution of policies has influenced the spis and to what extent a change in spi has led to a change in the number of casualties,11
+but on its own such training may be too narrow to meet the interests of students cornford and gunn kilpatrick hamilton and falk smits even if a firm has an interest in providing high quality training their interest may differ from those of students smits according to the classical economic argument in a perfect market firms have no incentives to provide transferable skills as employees might then move to another company and the company that provided the training will not benefit from it,4
+in cpi tracked usd billion in climate finance flows between nonoecd countries buchner et al in eight nonannex i countries provided development cooperation funding of more than usd million led by saudi arabia and the uae for most countries it is not clear what share of these resources is being used for climate purposes given their importance having more clarity on these flows would allow for a better overview of where and how support is being provided some developing countries are starting to report on financial support provided for development purposes more systematically via bilateral or multilateral flows for example in publiclyavailable government documents eg brazil mexico or through reporting to the oecd dac eg korea uae in the oecd estimated the development cooperation flows of the seven nondac and nonoecd developing countries that do report to the dac at usd billion,13
+the findings are summarized in figure the role of electricity in contributing to economic growth seems to be stronger than that of all other forms of energy as the finding of no causality is less frequent in the former case just per cent in one of the reviews and not at all in the other figure than in the latter figure a direction of causality from electricity to growth or reciprocal causality between them is backed by per cent to per cent of the studies the conservation hypothesis is supported in per cent to per cent,7
+estimations of equations confirm the indirect links between the level of genderbased discrimination in social institutions and income table shows a strong negative and significant relationship between the sigi and both total factor productivity labour force and human capital whatever the specification used annexes e f and g present the full regression results the sigi coefficients remain significantly negative while introducing additional control variables controlling for potential endogeneity and performing robustness checks,5
+in addressing this policy challenge oer can work against silos of knowledge plotkin regardless of whether these stem from differences between educational institutions countries or formal informal and nonformal learning settings in each case the sharing of resources made possible by oer is most valuable when the resources are released as full oer that allow not only reuse but also remixing and repurposing,4
+in colombia the subsidized compulsory health plan poss for older persons enables all those aged and over to undergo a complete medical examination and laboratory tests every five years to detect preventable diseases in good time although these packages are not the solution for the major diseases they are undoubtedly examples that can be replicated and extended to countries that still have a long way to go in upholding the universal right to health according to who it is therefore vital to reinforce health systems and establish priorities for developing health systems if such gaps are to be addressed diagnosis and treatment of medical and surgical emergencies max,3
+similarly pollution charges are explicitly included in the wastewater bill in the handers and brussels regions in belgium in canada denmark france germany hungary portugal and spain other taxes are levied in denmark france and spain different economic signals are sent to both consumers and producers vat and other taxes can affect final demand and the affordability of services but do not contribute to cost recovery this information is not comprehensive as tariff structures are often decided at local the level and are not consistent within a country other structures could be found in countries,6
+elements which are common to these three standards are identified as a common core the value of the common core is to assist program authors to exchange declarative applications internationally using these standards to allow the possibility of interaction between different interactive platforms a common instruction set see recommendation itur bt and a common application environment for digital interactive television services consisting of basic architecture of the environment structure of execution engine and the structure of a presentation engine see recommendation itur bt are additionally defined,9
+indeed allocating water risks between residential agricultural industrial and environmental uses raises a significant political economy question taking a broader view on interconnected and sometimes conflicting policy objectives such as tensions between food security and the willingness to secure domestic production and water productivity and the allocation of water to activities which add more value tradeoff choices can be improved this requires a coherent approach between water policies as described above and other sectoral environmental policies,6
+the integration and balance of these uses and users requires a watershed approach the city has the largest unfiltered water supply system in the world and its reservoir system extends nearly kilometres north of the city limits within the catskilldelaware and croton watersheds supplying water to the million residents of the city the city has a department of environmental protection which administers a comprehensive watershed programme including protective or proactive and corrective or reactive measures for example the city has invested more than usd million to buy upstate land around the reservoirs in order to improve source water quality and eliminate the need for building expensive water quality treatment plants,6
+this multiactor complexity means taking into account the different perceptions with respect to the problems interests and positions of the stakeholders which can be addressed by involving stakeholders across the water chain related sectors and levels of government in an iterative dialogue process the adoption of effective policy instruments could also help to remedy this challenge the water cycle generates important externalities in domains that are critical for development health agriculture landuse and spatial planning poverty alleviation and energy policy making in these areas tends to be done in silos further improvement therefore is often needed to ensure coherent holistic and integrated consultation participation and coordination of stakeholders,6
+the cescr has adopted the term substantive equality and has said that laws policies and practices of state parties may perpetuate inequality between men and women because they do not take account of existing economicsocial and cultural inequalities experienced by women cescr he notes that as long as we simply recognize the role of women in the care economy by accommodating their specific needs the existing division of roles within the household and associated gender stereotypes will remain in place and could even be reinforced this dimension is stressed by the hrc with surprising robustness in relation to underrepresentation of women in politicsand in the publicand private sectors where state parties are regularly urged to institute temporary special measures to address the problem article of cedaw requires state parties to makes it clear that temporary special measures aimed at accelerating de facto equality between women and men should not be considered discriminatory but they should be discontinued when the objectives of equality of opportunity and treatment have been achieved this contrasts with special measures such as those aimed at protecting maternity which should not be temporary article,5
+helping girls and boys to develop the habit of reading for pleasure pays dividends throughout students school years and far beyond yet many boys do not read for enjoyment and are poor readers some of these initiatives aim to improve reading skills by challenging and encouraging students to read more while others focus on raising awareness of the benefits of reading among parents and encouraging them to participate in reading activities with their children,4
+the vegetation density on planted areas is some trees per ha in the valleys of the kopetdag mountains for instance specially planted oaks can be found which are years old and more and there is also evidence that oriental plane mulberry walnut and other trees were planted it was in that planned and systematic work aimed at creating artificial humanmade plantations really began on a full scale these efforts involved planting trees in mountain areas in the desert and on irrigated land specially created within the confines of the territory owned by the state forestry authorities,15
+in the state of mexico the ministry of communications through the department in charge of roads always issues an opinion on the feasibility of incorporating road and pedestrian flows generated by developments in the existing road infrastructure a positive opinion is required for the state commission of urban development and housing which includes representatives of various ministries including the ministry of communications to issue a proof of viability this document is needed in turn for the ministry of urban and metropolitan development to grant construction authorisations,11
+climate risks can be unintentionally imported or exported across countries for instance through international business supply chains and trade dellink et al as an example the us drought contributed to an increase in the price of soya causing up to an estimated of uk pig farmers leaving the industry by the end of benton in ccc mindful of the transnational nature of flood risks across the lower mekong basin the mekong river commission promotes coordinated management between cambodia laos thailand and viet nam the commission is looking to harmonise climate change adaptation planning and implementation through the development of a climate strategy which would be integrated to the commission s monitoring and evaluation framework mekong river commission,13
+this defines the stability dimension of food security that is the focus of this report policies in place need to be capable of managing of potential risky scenarios that threaten food security due to various alternative causes whilst also being compatible with a policy environment that stimulates income growth and that reduces food insecurity across all scenarios including those where there is no particular shock therefore several indicators have been developed to measure different aspects of food insecurity oecd a most of which are based on estimates of the share of the population that is under a given threshold of a relevant variable such as calorie consumption food expenditure or anthropometric measures indicating child malnutrition according to sibrian the most appropriate variables to measure food insecurity include dietary energy consumption ie food consumption measured in energy units eg kcal to measure food deprivation expenditure or income available to meet dietary energy needs to estimate food poverty and weight or heightforage to quantify child undernutrition,2
+it requires an ability to forecast many ecological and social unknowns which at present is only emerging however the precautionary component tends to ensure that management decisions are hedged in ways that reduce the cost of a false prediction it requires a fishery management system that is sufficiently capable and responsive to address short and long term changes in a comprehensive manner,14
+the central bank is also looking to lower the reserve requirement ratio further in line with the reductions in march and june the capacity to meet the infrastructure plan while limiting associated fiscal risks remains a prominent nearterm challenge concrete policies for continuing to develop regions outside metro manila particularly in agriculturedependent areas box are crucial to spreading economic opportunities and managing population concentration and activities in the coming years,11
+motor vehicle speed management and speed control will play a central role in achieving a safe overall environment this gap in the regulation of the industry should be closed as quickly as possible mandatory driving ability tests for bus drivers are being discussed again these deliberations should be concluded as quickly as possible and regulation introduced research in transportation economics vol studie im auftrag der ma stadtentwicklung und stadtplanung endbericht municipality of vienna,11
+mental health concerns are also included in some of the work across other part of ministries beyond the mental health and welfare division for example in employment policy attention is paid to mental health concerns in areas such as supportive employment and return to work and in education this legal framework is one of the central government s two key tools to enact change in line with policy direction through this act which is discussed in detail in chapter the mhlw indicates the national policy direction and secures funding required,3
+such a leadership system appears to provide a supportive framework for professional accountability in which teachers feel more accountable to one another for their performance unlike the united states form of administrative accountability in which teachers are made accountable to the principal and others in supervisory positions this differs from the united states where for example a teacher can apply to train as a principal or school head and then apply for a position in a school in singapore young teachers are continuously assessed for their leadership potential and given opportunities to demonstrate and learn by for example serving on committees then being promoted to head of department at a relatively young age some are transferred to the ministry for a period,4
+indeed the novelty of the technologies considered and the probable fluctuations in renewable energy supply including dependence of generation on weather seasons and time of day have specific implications for managing project risk and accurately assessing market capacity table lists the different risks faced by clean energy infrastructure projects and table illustrates how different modes of allocating these risks can best be suited to various forms of ppp projects the level of risk will depend on the maturity of the technology and the track record of the technology provider,7
+gangwong is a top performer in safety and access to services compared to other selected oecd tl regions figure approximately of the region s households had a broadband connection moreover the region had about percentage points lower unemployment rate than the average of selected oecd tl regions,11
+population peaks in gdp growth is moderate and inequality declines steadily gdp shares of subsaharan africa and south asia rise significantly rapid population growth moderate economic growth and slow technological change in the energy sector high inequality leads to reduced trade flows leaving many parts of the world vulnerable and with low adaptive capacity rapid development of low carbon energy technologies in key ghg emitting regions leads to relatively large mitigative capacity but in other regions development is slow inequality high and adaptive capacity limited,13
+for instance male wages may contribute to growing overall inequality because they become more dispersed while the composition effect eg increased participation in parttimepartyear jobs may be the main channel through which women affect overall inequality to test this hypothesis this section applies an analysis that decomposes earnings inequality measured by the theil coefficient by subgroup between men and women from four different employment groups ie fulltime full year fulltime partyear parttime full year and parttime part year in australia canada and the united states the increase in wage dispersion within the groups was even large enough to outweigh a significant negative ie equalising effect of the betweengroup component in most countries increases were primarily driven by growing wage dispersion among fulltime fullyear ftfy workers both male and female except in the netherlands where this concerned only men,5
+in germany the national average skills level of adults yearolds is below the average for literacy among countries participating in the survey of adult skills and above the average for numeracy young adults yearolds have on average higher skills proficiency levels than yearolds in germany and their skills levels are at or above the average of their peers in other participating countries germany s unemployment rates are among the lowest across oecd countries of yearolds in compared to the oecd average of and germany is the only oecd country where unemployment rates fell between and in march unemployment was compared to the oecd average of young people are well integrated in the labour market and only of yearolds were not in education and not employed in compared to the oecd average of figure,4
+in fact oceans are essential in providing invaluable ecosystems and climate regulation as well as important cultural support to the millions of people who live near the sea today our oceans are threatened by a range of factors from many forms of pollution to climate change and unsustainable fishing practices all of which are results of human activity this is why the international community in approving the agenda and the sustainable development goals sdgs specifically established sdg charging us to conserve and sustainably use the oceans seas and marine resources for sustainable development this is essential for sustainability and there is a lot to be done,14
+this is likely to reflect selection effects because only of the claimants assigned to jobsearch assistance participated in it and participants will have been a subgroup with relatively low employability the authors however argue that the jobsearch assistance programme may have had a lockin effect similar to training programmes although jobsearch assistance programmes are often estimated to have a large positive impact especially relative to their low cost experimental implementations may divert scarce resources such as pes job vacancies away from the control group resulting in overstatement of the impact,8
+in advanced economies such systems are usually linked to unemployment benefits without a link to benefit collection which exists in only three countries in the sample it is difficult to ensure widespread participation in a particular government information system however they generally focus on the most easily placed unemployed and concentrate on metropolitan areas ignoring the other parts of the country angelurdinola et al in this sample in only one country are more than of the young registered young people with expectations of a lifetime job in the public sector will spend much time looking for such a job even if their chance of obtaining one is very small employers everywhere prefer candidates with experience over those without it,8
+developing a primary care nurse role or care coordinator role can not only help manage the increasing demands for health care but it is also an essential step to help reduce dependency on the hospital sector and increase care coordination and integration the introduction of new roles for nurses or other allied health professionals will require an enabling legislative and regulatory framew ork and often needs to overcome opposition from medical professionals care managers carry primary responsibility for ensuring the coordination of care for elderly individuals with complex needs and are a first point of contact for such patients and their families,3
+additionally training and awarenessraising with business leaders could also be useful in promoting a wider understanding and recognition of the importance of rbc educational institutions such as business schools can be important platforms adoption of the guidelines and the un guiding principles should be actively encouraged as promoting local capacity and adopting practices that permit the transfer and rapid diffusion of technologies and knowhow is encouraged under the guidelines,8
+the invocation of individual and inclusive rights is more likely to have a desecuritizing impact while the claim of exclusive rights for one group may result in further violation of human rights the individualcollective and inclusiveexclusive dimensions of rights formulation are very important to gender in peacetime as well as in war this definition points to an interdependency of the individualcollective levels as the claims of human rights of women hinge upon individual rights as well as on a collective identity in the context of war collective women s rights claims especially when invoked exclusively can have securitizing impacts by reifying gender identities and playing into ethnopolitical strategies,5
+the proposed revision of the federal law on epidemics offers an opportunity to better define clear lines of accountability and improve international linkages this would help switzerland respond more rapidly and effectively to future challenges with an incomplete picture of how health risks vary across the population it is difficult for governments and health providers to target policy,3
+around million mexico city residents live below the poverty line a high percentage of young women have no checkup during their pregnancy elderly people and disabled people cannot access health services because they are unable to go to the hospital or health centre as part of this programme the city sends physicians directly to the home of residents so that they can conduct checkups and deliver prescriptions,11
+to increase access of the poor to credit would require the implementation of a long list of arcane technical fixes to the system although promoting institutions that make microloans would constitute one step to date these institutions account for not even per cent of the credits provided by commercial banks in latin america as argued in united nations a expansion of microcredit schemes critically depends on development of broader networks of institutions including credit unions savings banks development banks and special lending windows of commercial banks,1
+health centres commonly have general practitioner gprun inpatient units largely for chronic and longterm care patients tertiary care is delivered in five university hospitals patients need a referral to access specialist care except for emergency cases emergency care is provided hours a day days a week by health centres and hospitals while changes are being implemented to concentrate a wide scope of emergency care in major hospitals,3
+as a result the fertility level in this region is lower than in other regions over a long period women who complete higher secondary school have the lowest fertility while those with no education have the highest fertility showing children per woman in and children per woman in specifically during the period reduction in fertility was found to be highest among women with no education births per women,5
+it first looks at the role of the overall investment climate in promoting agricultural investment the chapter concludes with a discussion of how to ensure that environmental costs and benefits are appropriately included in incentives to invest in agriculture in order to promote sustainability and socially beneficial outcomes less has been given to how important these factors are for investment in agriculture,2
+do rent controls and other aspects of tenancy law strike a balance between landlords and tenants interests national and local policies to decrease the level of spatial segregation have been developed in many countries the effectiveness and the unintended consequences of these programmes as well as their integration with social elements are important for social policy makers and should be further explored more data and knowledge are needed to estimate the affordable housing deficit and enable better policy planning,11
+this suggests that paying providers based on the number of activities being undertaken gives a strong incentive to hospitals to extend patient stays in addition the provision of longterm care in hospitals also increases the average length of stay jones as a result primary care providers have a financial incentive to become minihospitals that provide surgical procedures often when not appropriate or safe,3
+online communities blur the lines between consumers and producers making consumers part of the coproduction process youtube and facebook are filled with usergeneratedcontent new business projects now involve consumers in product design production and delivery opensource coding communities cooperate in creating algorithms for various businesses,9
+these are often not managed properly with inadequate maintenance of equipment and no specific water protection zones since small systems are not controlled regularly quality data are sparse where information is available it shows that these systems have frequently been affected by faecal contamination particularly in western and southern slovenia ie koper nova gorica and novo mesto,6
+while initially focusing on the crge s primary environmental aim of cutting back ghg emissions an effective green growth strategy will also need to make far better use of natural assets within ecological limits green growth is also about understanding developing investing in and earning more from ethiopia s soils water bodies forests and biodiversity and then accounting for changes in environmental stocks and flows green growth will also need to tackle the possible if unintended environmental and social problems and tradeoffs that might arise from a focus on ghg reduction,13
+this constitutes a real problem of inequitable access more deprived socioeconomic groups and more deprived states can expect to have access to much more limited services high outofpocket payments which make up a quite significant proportion of health spending risk being a significant financial burden for mexican citizens especially those least able to pay later codifications such as the general health law draw on this constitutional provision the ministry of health and assistance secretaria de salubridady asistencia ssa was formally established in by merging the ministry of public assistance and the public health department with a mandate to extend coverage to the poor and to set overall public health policy,3
+furthermore a higher share of students in chile compared to the oecd average did not reach the baseline level of proficiency that is required to engage with science according to pisa test measures chile was also one of the countries participating in pisa where the socioeconomic background of students most influenced performance socioeconomic status explained of the variance of chilean students science performance on pisa which was higher than the oecd average of,4
+these and other changes are required to the function of mard if it is going to serve a more marketbased agricultural sector certain functions such as international cooperation policy analysis sectoral monitoring and standard setting will need to be done at a much higher level while others such as undertaking commercial activities and certain licensing practices will need to be reduced moving forward the government will have to ensure a level playing field if it expects the private sector to participate fully in the development of the agricultural sector consequently many farmers are failing to obtain the benefits from acting collaboratively to secure better inputs and outputs,2
+the asti report notes that following a decade of slowing growth in the s spending on global agricultural research and development increased by per cent during the period from billion to billion in ppp dollars accelerated research and development spending by china and india accounted for close to half the global increase of billion during the period similartrends seem to be confirmed from most recent data from the asti database with a doubling of agricultural spending for viet nam between and and more than per cent growth between and for bangladesh and nepal,2
+scandinavian journal of economics pp the purpose of this indicator is to assess the prevalence of extra paid rights for care responsibilities in order to facilitate the reconciliation between care responsibilities and work care leave should be included regardless of whether the employer continues to pay the wage or salary whether parts of the wage or salary paid as a social benefit or whether the care leave is unpaid see recommended breakdowns,8
+however india s rural population remains large relative to the total population and as such this may mean less change in dietary composition than might be experienced in other countries in most countries the consumption profile of the rural population is quite different to that in urban areas in terms of diet diversification and less dynamic in terms of change toward more processed and diverse foods it is anticipated that agricultural land will continue to decline slowly over time however around mha may be left fallow each year,2
+the latter phenomenon has important implications as the process or the likelihood of reducing the discrepancies between ones aspirations and outcomes may itself be more relevant to wellbeing than the level of said discrepancies for instance the socalled paradox of contented female workers agassi describes a situation where because of different aspirations and in particular lower emphasis being placed on earnings in comparison to men although women in general are aware of the gender wage gap they do not report significantly greater dissatisfaction with their job and consequently their subjective wellbeing crosby lalive and stutzer davidson first we start by investigating the relationship at the macrolevel by focusing on crosscountry variation model,5
+further research which has demonstrated just how important stimuli and content are for children s intellectual development and for overcoming or preventing disabilities has laid a solid foundation for an insistence upon having qualified caregivers and ensuring that working conditions are such as to ensure highquality care genderbased occupational segregation is the most obvious sign of the inequality and undervaluation surrounding caregiving as a remunerated activity policies need to be developed to combat this form of segregation along with systems for ensuring that women seeking to enter other occupations are not discriminated against,5
+in this context even rape transcending its semantic meaning and using the body as a means to exert ritualistically the most traumatic and symbolic violence has taken a new and even more frightening role becoming a specific weapon of the most atrocious crimes including genocide a crime too often left unpunished these are to launch a new international protocol with international standards for documenting and investigating sexual violence in conflict areas to take practical steps to prevent the event of this atrocious crime to support the victims and the survivors and last but not least trying to produce a copernican revolution in the universe of war and violence changing once and for all the hideous attitude to apply sexual violence as a lethal arm,5
+safety refers to the degree of physical and emotional security in the school and to an orderly disciplinary climate goldstein young and boyd i gregory cornell and fan i wang and degol p j institutional reflects the organisational and structural features of the school environment associated with effective teaching and learning thapa etal school climate a review of the construct measurement and impact on student outcomes educational psychology review vol,4
+as fleet capacity adjustment programmes are implemented in oecd countries the need for access arrangements should diminish over time by the same token as developing countries capacity to fish and process fish domestically is augmented they may find it more appropriate and wealthcreating to fish process and trade fish themselves rather than selling access this is clearly a tradeoff that resource rich countries need to address in light of how best to use their fisheries resources,14
+according to charbit and romano i j the cpers fall under the category of empowerment contracts empowerment contracts are tools for transferring responsibilities to subnational governments while gradually building capacities for policy implementation it is also the intention of these types of contracts that subnational authorities acquire in the middlelong run the necessary capacities to develop their own strategies and coordinate with lower levels of government eg municipalities or private actors central governments can include incentives as conditions for signing the contracts such as partnering with private actors involving neighbour local governments or adopting specific regulations among others,11
+the fact that countries like china and india use more coal is not because they prefer it but because of their abundant supplies of coal and its relatively lower price compared with its more environmentally friendly substitutes thus while some countries or regional agreements eg north american free trade agreement may have a negative list on services or on investments in certain technologies which are restricted it is most unlikely that countries will broadly agree on a list of goods that need to be banned moreover arguably for the purpose of meeting a climate change mitigation objective any likely ban or restriction would tend to be on goods that emit high levels of gfigs this will face resistance from countries that object to the use of trade restrictions based on process and production methods ppms partly because it is difficult for customs officials to distinguish between high and low ghgemitting products,7
+in the short run while the current structure of the power generation mix remains in place all dispatchable technologies nuclear coal and gas will suffer due to lower average electricity prices and reduced load factors due to their relatively low variable costs however existing nuclear power plants will do relatively better than gas and coal plants which are already suffering substantially final outcomes will depend on the amount of variable renewables being introduced local circumstances and of course the level of carbon prices one needs to remember that while nuclear power has some system costs of its own it remains the only major dispatchable lowcarbon source of electricity that is not limited in supply,7
+this support then can be removed progressively as the novice leader s competences increase in the case of very challenging school environments support for school leaders may need to be sustained over time different forms of networks can support and contribute to the improvement of schools in challenging circumstances hadfield and jopling networking appears as a positive and nonpunitive way to achieve durable change in practices and therefore sustainable improvement and culture change it allows the dissemination of good practices across the systems through shared purpose and pooled resources and the consolidation of a professional identity morgan and hawkins the different words used to describe these groupings networks clusters partnerships reflect the variety and dynamism of collaboration but the main message is that schools facing exceptionally challenging circumstances can learn very directly from one another mcbeath et al,4
+often ictrelated inventions in this group lie at the crossroad between several other technological fields and their potential applications also bridge different industrial domains oecd a the speed at which in particular malware has evolved over the last to years suggests not only that digital innovation comes with higher risks but also that malware has become highly innovative see box innovation in malware has forced the it security industry and it security experts to keep pace thereby providing significant incentives for further digital innovation,9
+indian companies do not currently cover the entire pv value chain from silicon supply through ingot and waver production to cell and module manufacturing they focus on the more labourintensive and less technologyintensive part of cell and module production therefore indias pv industry depends largely on the import of silicon wavers as input for its pv cell production,7
+according to the enuironmental outlook baseline this will probably have to be achieved with less water mainly because of pressure from growing urbanisation industrialisation and possibly climate change the directive has a number of objectives the key ones are general protection of aquatic ecology specific protection of unique and valuable habitats protection of drinking water resources and protection of bathing water,6
+almost per cent of arthropods and nearly per cent of molluscs are thought to be endemic species conservation measures are restricted by establishment and management of protected areas and few rehabilitation centres eg the exsitu measure mostly associated with the protected areas see section the only exception is ovis ammon a national programme was developed and adopted for this species conservation in,15
+despite measures to encourage generic prescribing there is underuse of generics which has been attributed to the dawback tax requiring the repayment of a percentage of profits from manufacturers and distributors the pricesetting procedures and a lack of incentives the new national centre for human resources will have a remit to assess human resource needs coordinate training and guide career development legislation to set up the new centre and its responsibilities has yet to be published but the minister of health has publicly announced its establishment and commitment to assisting all romanian doctors who are currently practidng abroad and who wish to return to romania if certain conditions change induding remuneration levels,3
+however it also operates in eu waters notably under agreements with spain on trawling longline and seinenet fishing which involve about vessels or under border agreements in norwegian waters portugal s distantwater fleet operates under the reciprocal fishing arrangements agreed in but observes the fishing quotas for cod and redfish fixed by norway in the context of the european economic area thus in nine more vessels with a total tonnage of gt and total engine power of kw were withdrawn a of june and no,14
+other events that could disrupt delivery of imported surface water include a breach in the levees in the sacramentosan joaquin delta in northern california and extreme droughts extreme droughts would also limit the capture and reuse of local runoff and could impair the quality of imported water the usgs used a groundwater simulation model to generate response functions representing the basinwide hydraulic impacts of different scenarios of disruptions and utilisation of groundwater during emergencies these response functions were coupled with cost coefficients a discount rate and a probabilistic representation of the likely additional groundwater use to estimate the emergency benefits of groundwater management strategies,6
+because context is key in the process of policy design and implementation results may vary from one education system to another and a specific policy from one country might not have similar results in another across many countries greater decentralisation has devolved responsibilities to regional or local authorities and schools and ministries of education and their related institutions have taken on a guiding and support role this has affected policymaking dynamics and incentives for regional and local governments in these systems consistency capacity and leadership at the municipality level are crucial,4
+however the waste reception area is still under development as part of the sharra ii project under development are landfills in rreshen and bajram cuiri feasibility studies have been prepared for sites in kor a saranda and vlora these are cofinanced by international donors and the government of albania,12
+occupational health and safety controls that include the vehicle as part of the workplace and systems of controls for organisations that use the road network to transport people and goods are also important contributors criminal justice systems are designed to deter and punish behaviours that transgress society s norms and values as reflected in the laws to a considerable and conspicuous extent it is not intended to respond to less than perfect behavioural transgressions to which the majority if not all of citizenry are prone many of the behavioural shortcomings contributing to road trauma are of the less than perfect type of error and misjudgement wandering attention of human beings,11
+both aggregate national estimates and individuallevel survey data show that trends over time in overall alcohol consumption remained virtually stable over the past years however the same is not true for all population subgroups in particular higherrisk drinking behaviours were found to be on the increase in young adults especially women in several countries examined evidence from finland shows that the rise in drinking among adolescents can be explained with an increased alcohol availability and an increase in money available to young people for their leisure time activities including alcohol consumption eg finland as discussed by rahkonen and ahlstrom in addition alcohol products have become more affordable in many countries and this is notably true for younger consumers rabinovich et al,3
+investment in the highly mechanised sugarcane plantations is expected to increase during the outlook period leading to marginal yield improvements which nonetheless do not reach previous peaks similarly oilseed yields are not expected to improve substantially in the course of the next ten years in contrast productivity gains in cereals coarse grains wheat and rice increase substantially while cotton yields increase more moderately figure currently brazil is the second largest producer behind the united states but during the outlook period the difference is expected to narrow as soybean production in brazil will continue to expand,2
+concerns may also arise related to differences in the level of assistance provided by ub and sa and the extent to which households need to fall into poverty before becoming eligible for social assistance the generosity of sa is assessed separately for single persons with and without children from the figure it is clear that benefits are often quite low compared with commonlyused definitions of relative poverty especially when housingrelated benefits are not included typically the level of social assistance is lower for single individuals than for single parents,10
+christiansen lauridsen and bech elaborate on an important part of this question in this issue by asking ageing populations more care or just later care cremer pestieau and ponthiere take the issue further with their survey of the economics of longterm care for the elderly in particular the growing occurrence of obesity is a concern both because of its negative health effects and its potential effects on the demand for health care,3
+the main problems are organic matter concentration and microbiological levels due to untreated municipal loads nutrients are also a problem however annual average values vary from river to river and from year to year without a clear trend and without a causeeffect relationship from agriculture or urban pressures,6
+article establishes the application of convention to both indigenous men and women in addition to establishing in article the principle of equal treatment and opportunities for men and indigenous women in employment as well as protection against sexual harassment part iii hiring and conditions of employment art c of tribunal primero de sentencia penal narcoactividad y delitos contra el ambiente,5
+because individual teachers and schools are given a lot of freedom and resources to a larger extent follow needs teachers are also made responsible to reach this goal this responsibility is reinforced by peer pressure within schools the special teacher is tasked with early identification and intervention helped by a multiprofessional care group consisting of the principal the special teacher the school nurse the school psychologist a social worker and the class teacher,4
+the teacher census provides a range of high quality data but there is no information on teachers linguistic background the pasifika group within the ministry of education also noted that the basic information on students first languages and their level of proficiency in their first language was inadequate they acknowledged the need for enhanced research in the area of bilingual learning considering the importance of the language in education it is unfortunate that such important data are not gathered nationally,4
+under promar up until the end of eur million had been allocated to support total investment of around eur million in facilities for preparing and conserving fresh and chilled fish b of july approved the regulations for the regime to support investment for the development of new markets and promotional campaigns the projects associated with this regime are concerned with different ways of advertising and promoting fisheries and aquaculture products quality accreditation factfinding missions and regional national or crossborder trade missions and market studies,14
+mexico has also progressed towards an education and training system that is more relevant to the labour market despite this progress the country still faces major challenges to make headway on its path of educational improvement mexicos systemlevel policies should maintain their focus on improving the educational success of students from diverse backgrounds and delivering quality education across all types of schools including uppersecondary and vocational education and training institutions,4
+some will move for sheer survival others as part of a family strategy to maximize household incomes equally not all migration arising from environmental change effects will be long term natural disasters tend to generate temporary movements if the affected area is still habitable while slowonset processes may lead to longterm or permanent migration in making a case for migration capacitybuilding in response to future challenges arising from the effects of environmental change the need for policymakers to be able to justify their priorities is evident in this report,13
+an exception is the area of labour regulation where olney and davies and vadlamannati find that reductions of labour standards in one country can trigger similar changes in countries nearby consequently weakening privacy and personal data protection in one country to gain competitiveness in digital sectors may lead other countries to follow suit a mechanism behind the porter hypothesis could be selection effects whereby regulation shifts resources to the most innovative and productive firms by driving less productive firms out of the market qiu et al while empirical evidence in this area is inconclusive ambec et al,9
+this simple yet insightful approach consists of a fish population dynamics model as the biological component and a market model for catch as the economic component with a production model of fishing effort bringing the two together the response of the fish stock to human activities and the subsequent economic performance of the fishery can be examined through simulations with the bioeconomic model of the fishery,14
+programmes specifically designed to raise social and emotional skills in schools have shown positive results in the short term but there are rarely longterm rigorous evaluations the few available ones mainly aimed at disadvantaged children have shown longlasting effects on social and emotional skills development successful early childhood intervention programmes directly involve children and parents and tend to include parental training counselling sessions and mentoring,4
+labour market policy settings also appear to influence how strongly participation rates are reduced by recessions the estimation results indicate larger mediumrun declines in participation in countries where employment protection regulation is relatively strict or the generosity of unemployment benefits drops off sharply with the duration of unemployment for further details see oecd e,8
+at the local level the collection and reporting of attendance information can help ensure that all important actors notably the school administration and the municipal social services quickly become aware of attendance problems as they arise the regular reporting of attendance information to the responsible education authorities at the national level can moreover ensure that teachers schools and municipalities take nonattendance seriously it is managed and supervised by the australian curriculum assessment and reporting authority acara which is an independent public body this information is particularly important for youth belonging to disadvantaged groups the resulting transparency of outcomes helps parents make educational choices and creates a sound basis for schools and communities to improve their performances,4
+hence ecological distinctions among the zones are somewhat blurred across the transitions the abundance and biomass of organisms generally varies among these layers from a maximum near the surface decreasing through the lower layers but increasing somewhat near the seabed although abundances are low because there is such a huge volume even species that are rarely encountered may have very large total populations,14
+on the other hand ica unlike measurement reporting and verification mrv of developing countries own mitigation actions ensures continued differentiation among developed and developing country parties and thus does not put china on a par with developed countries in terms of responsibilities one strand in that debate holds that as china becomes a major power it needs to cooperate with other emerging countries such as brazil south africa and india this lens is particularly interesting to apply to climate diplomacy within the basic group china deepens its bonds with three countries that face similar development dilemmas while sill having the option of using basic as a forum to discuss differences amongst themselves by doing this the basic countries can check positions against each other and perhaps more easily pursue a joint front on issues on which they agree,13
+gender wage inequality may also improve the balance of payments reducing the need to rely on currency devaluation as a means to improving competitiveness resulting in a feminization of foreign exchange earnings samarasinghe seguino however that gender inequality may in some circumstances contribute to aggregate growth underscores one of the potential pitfalls of relying solely on economic efficiency arguments to promote gender equality early studies found a positive correlation between growth and a variety of measures of women s wellbeing and gender equality including those relating to education life expectancy the united nation s gender development index female labour force participation employment segregation and the gender wage gap,5
+in the mse was for the first time integrated with a socioeconomic component it was considered premature to use these results for scientific advice but it is generally agreed that in the future such analyses would provide indications on the socioeconomic impacts in addition to biological impacts of different management measures these outcomes form the scientific basis of recommendation gfcm on further emergency measures in for small pelagic stocks in the adriatic sea this recommendation includes among other measures a progressive annual percent catch reduction for cpcs with declared catches over tonnes in until and the establishment of a voluntary observation and inspection programme,14
+this tends to dilute responsibility for tariffmaking and does not contribute to wellbalanced relations between private operators and municipal regional or federal authorities to address the issue recently the decision was taken to transfer responsibility for tariff setting from local level to subjects of the federation except for big municipalities as of private operators delivered water supply and sanitation services to of residents of these countries which is considerably higher than the world average it is estimated that private operators serve about of the world population,6
+data for road density refers to since the mid s it has undertaken important institutional and regulatory reforms in the infrastructure sectors and in the mid s public investment in infrastructure was significantly increased through various federal and state programmes governments at the federal and state levels also introduced various tax and credit incentives to increase private investment in infrastructure box several projects implemented by the ministry of transport and the secretariat of sea ports are not specific to agriculture but have high potential to improve the capacity and the time involved in the handling and transport of agricultural commodities this includes projects such as intelligent logistic chain port without paper port hours and projects to improve port perimeter zones,2
+furthermore humaninduced forest fires are also common in the gms during the dry period typical reasons behind these fires are land clearing hunting swidden agriculture pest removal promoting grass growth for cattle grazing burning stubble honey collection and accidental burning among the indirect drivers population growth socioeconomic progress and weak governance are the main causes of forest loss,15
+more recently it was developed in a series of studies undertaken for unctad cottier a and cottier and baracolpinhao in the first instance members would have to do some scoping they may opt to implement the entire range of activities and sectors under the kyoto protocol including electricity generation transport and industrial processes or they may agree on a particular sector to be taken as an initial target eg electricity generation for instance renewable energy obligations for electricity imposed on grid operators and retailers constitute commitments under the general agreement on trade in services gats and may be specified in their schedules accordingly a potential overlap with certain aspects of gats negotiations on energy services is not without problems in particular with respect to the scheduling of commitments traditionally the industry has not distinguished between energyrelated goods and services in ofher words an energyneutral classification can always be made energybased in a schedule of commitments of a member,7
+however technological advances are not a guarantee of greater or of stable trade growth or economic integration in fact over the past two centuries it has been the ability to manage technologydriven structural changes that has largely determined whether global trade integration has progressed or regressed the internet of things lot artificial intelligence al d printing and blockchain have the potential to profoundly transform the way we trade who trades and what is traded,9
+the gap between the richest and poorest urban quintile is at least percentage points in half of the countries assessed and in onequarter of the countries it is points or higher this may be due in part to the fact that access to water and sanitation facilities helps determine a households value on the wealth index that we use see the annex for further discussion of this matter in half of the countries analysed children in the poorest quintile are at least twice as likely to die before their fifth birthday as their richest urban peers the relative disparity is even more pronounced for stunting where prevalence in the poorest urban quintile is at least twice as high as for peers in the richest quintile in approximately out of of the countries analysed and at least four times higher in out of countries for both stunting and underfive mortality relative inequality is higher in urban areas than in rural areas a pattern opposite to that of the other indicators,11
+an additional solidarity complement is also always awarded automatically to those receiving the social pension benefit one way to reduce the overlap and improve targeting would be to consider a cap on accumulated social benefits which would also improve the monitoring of total benefits received by households including those provided by local governments the authorities should examine the cumulative effect of these programmes and rationalise them as needed to strengthen the social safety net,1
+labour markets have proven robust even in the midst of the weak global environment and unemployment remains at low levels the jobless rate in japan stood at at the end of whereas it was in the republic of korea in each case lower than it had been in in both countries however there are concerns that the quality of new jobs being created is declining especially insofar as many new contracts are shortterm and in the service sector the urban unemployment rate in china was at in the second quarter of although the quality of labour market statistics is not fully comparable with those of other major countries,8
+this involves changes in content approaches structures and strategies with a common vision which covers all children within an appropriate age range schools should accommodate all children regardless of their physical intellectual social emotional linguistic or other impairments they should provide for disabled and gifted children street and working children children from remote or nomadic populations children from linguistic ethnic or cultural minorities and children from other marginalised areas or groups,4
+nuclear energy as a provider of dispatchable backup capacity has a lot to gain from electricity markets that allocate the costs and benefits of electricity production at the system level in a more precise manner in liberalised markets however their integration represents a challenge as they are not yet competitive against conventional sources of energy a broad array of quantity or pricebased support mechanisms iea have therefore been put in place in oecd countries to make renewable energies attractive for private investors by isolating the investment decisions regarding renewable energies from the conditions prevailing in electricity markets,7
+this means that there should be a high degree of certainty that the improvements in ecosystem management are attributable to the pes programme it also means that the services should not be lost to deteriorating ecosystems elsewhere as environmental pressures for example from logging activity move from an area protected via pes to an area which is not protected this situation known as leakage only has real significance to a pes programme if the area where ecosystem services deterioriate is important for the provision of the ecosystem services if a critical watershed is protected via payments for hydrological services and logging activity moves out of the critical watershed then the desired ecosystem services in that watershed are still secure,15
+this chapter builds on international evidence and the findings in this report to offer some final reflections and highlight some key principles that the chilean government should keep in mind as it implements and adapts education policies these final reflections build upon elements that are transversal across education levels in chile they refer mainly to i ensuring that the chilean government constantly puts student learning at the centre of education policies supporting key actors across the system in order to deliver education policies and aligning policies for coherence while also adapting them as needed to ensure that structures resources and processes effectively continue to converge towards a national vision of education,4
+in the past they were not often known for being very dynamic or innovative this chapter argues that such institutions need to fully embrace change and become cautious revolutionaries to remain relevant such a development would not necessarily benefit either smes or inclusiveness as weaker economic players are most likely to suffer from market failures and malfunctions that nonprofit service providers can address but private sector players are free to ignore,9
+that is to say that the gini does not allow one to capture whether the inequality is driven at the top or the bottom of the distribution which may be relevant for policy the more disperse the distribution the higher the sum of the differences from the mean therefore the higher the index more precisely the theil index is a weighted sum of the log ratios of each observation,10
+there is also more accountability and demand for results across the different levels of education systems to deliver good quality education from to expenditure per student in primary secondary and postsecondary nontertiary educational institutions increased by percentage points on average across oecd countries but between and investment in education fell in nearly onethird of oecd countries as a result of the economic crisis resulting in a decrease of expenditure per student in a few countries evidence on student performance shows that efficient investment and distribution of resources according to countries needs priorities and capacities is important at both system and institutional level oecd b oecd c oecd,4
+the gaps between males and females differ considerably by race the highest gap between males and females was for african american students with almost more females graduating the next largest gap was among alaska native students with almost more alaska native females graduating than males alaska native males had the lowest graduation rate of any ethnicgender group brian laurent personal communication rd november,4
+investments preferentially target earlystage companies and account for to of company shares to that end financial education courses should focus on increasing the target group s awareness of the existence and conditions of the forms of finance available to them and on strengthening their skills in making effective decisions in different financial contexts oecdeu oecdeu such measures can include training to build entrepreneurship skills coaching and mentoring schemes business development support eg counselling technology transfer assistance and support for building networks,9
+it is equally crucial to manage local communities expectations of the mining industry and its ability to deliver socioeconomic benefits beyond its core business participants in the tenth plenary meeting of the policy dialogue highlighted the need for a compelling business case as an important prerequisite for mining companies to promote the shared use of their renewable energy infrastructure oecd development centre for instance consideration is being given to transferring the wind farm at the diavik mine in the northwest territories canada after its closure to a nearby local community the diavik mine owned by rio tinto and dominion diamond corporation will also share the experience with local communities in developing and maintaining a wind farm in subarctic conditions canwea,7
+governments also need to take account of the perceptions of the most excluded members of their population regarding their sense of belonging in society since these groups would be most prone to feelings of disorientation and uncertainty generated by globalization processes which would compound the potential adverse psychosocial repercussions of opportunity structures that are traditionally highly asymmetric at the same time a widening of the gap between expectations and effective material achievement among the poorest members of society could threaten inclusion and cohesion policies owing to their potential effects in terms of frustration and destabilization of democracy nor have any regional quantitative studies analysed the perceptions and feelings of exclusion and gaps between aspirations and expectations of mobility prevailing among the poorest and most excluded sectors against a backdrop in which major inequities converge with changes in economic social and cultural structures in particular repercussions on the social structure of the transformations associated with globalization hopenhayn greater precariousness in the labour market and a weakening of the social protection system revealed the need to take a broader view of problems of deprivation,1
+more teachers are needed where more preparation time is given and class size remains constant see chapter for details on the index of adaptive teaching hirt comparing the teaching effectiveness of parttime and fulltime clinical nurse faculty nursing education perspectives vol orgl a,4
+information on future availability of funding is particularly important to provide certainty and to enable planning activities of developing countries the subsidiary body of the convention sbsta has been mandated to develop modalities on accounting of financial resources provided and mobilized by public interventions ongoing efforts by financial institutions on the tracking of climate finance will provide the basis however they may be affected by different perspectives of parties regarding for example questions of additionality of climate finance versus oda and the role of public versus private support,13
+at the low end the nordic countries denmark iceland norway and sweden and switzerland all have belowaverage inequality and belowaverage poverty most people receive cash transfers from the state and income taxes are strongly progressive in other words higher earners lose a bigger share of their income in tax several factors are at work the wage range is relatively wide with some people on very high wages and the state often provides less in the way of cash transfers china and india are the most famous examples but they re not alone in the s only developing economies saw their gdp per capita grow at more than double the rate of oecd countries in the s that number soared to nevertheless the impact of this shift has been profound,10
+a group of some fifteen very large grain holdings had also emerged by the mid s which account for a significant part of grain exports from kazakhstan but exact share is difficult to estimate three agroholdings kazexportastyk atamekenagro and alibi became public companies and issued bonds to finance their operations exact data on the sizes of agroholdings are not available however some estimates indicate that the biggest agroholding controls more than million hectares and at least agroholdings operate arable land of more than hectares each,2
+in the ugandan coffee sector for example women are typically engaged in tending coffee plants picking and drying coffee and men in planting pruning and marketing verhart and pybum in lao people s democratic republic women are more engaged in transplanting rice weeding harvesting postharvest operations and marketing and men in land preparation ploughing and fencing faosida b eggs milk and poultry in particular tend to be femaleintensive sectors while men often have a prominent role in managing cattle timeuse data indicate that activities such as petty trading and retailing tend to be carried out more by female than male household members while men have greater opportunities in other nonagricultural sectors such as construction and transport,5
+due to their lack of access to infrastructure a higher proportion of people suffer from undernourishment than their peers in coastal countries worst still if the neighbouring countries are also poor their landlockedness even becomes a poverty trap collier it helps to connect poor people to the growth process by improving their access to growth poles,1
+while the federal government provided the broad criteria and objectives for management commercial fishers were empowered to develop a system that would attain these objectives the implementation of itqs for all species including nondirected catch combined with a rigorous monitoring system provided a compelling incentive for harvesters to curtail their catch of species undergoing rebuilding however through the flexibility afforded by the tradability of quotas the integration programme also allowed harvesters to achieve economic efficiencies and thus maintain a high level of economic viability although catches have decreased dramatically under the rebuilding plan the landed value per vessel has decreased for some types of boats and gears while it has remained stable for others,14
+backman and ferrarini point out two mechanisms by which family transfers contribute to reduce child poverty a direct effect via the support incash provided to traditional oneearner families and the support to dualearner families which operates by enabling both parents to work and raise market income for instance they point out the low efficacy of social spending in reducing child poverty is in southern europe countries due to scarce social services and modest family benefits by contrast pensions are found to have a noticeable impact on child poverty in countries where family and kin continue to play an important role in providing welfare while other types of transfers are much more limited chzhen and bradshaw petmesidou et al,1
+india s national rural employment guarantee act nrega links a national level social security programme with local governments to successfully scale up employmentintensive infrastructure creation and maintenance as a mechanism for social protection and employment generation see also section of this report since negra s has benefited fortyfive million households who have contributed in excess of billion days of labour world bank national poverty alleviation programmes such as these have held a dualpurpose in labour intensive approaches for both temporary crisis relief and longterm poverty reduction,8
+under such circumstances higher labour standards and riskmitigation schemes could be both efficient inducing an economy towards a high productivity high wage equilibrium and equitable enabling vulnerable workers to better deal with labour market risks as a result employment has become increasingly precarious rodgers and rodgers standing parttime employment selfemployment fixedterm work temporary work and other nonstandard forms of employment have grown,8
+according to regulations the teaching plan of the resource centre must take into account the plans and conditions in associated smallclass schools and be approved by the consultative council of the centre this institutional arrangement fosters cooperation between schools and allows for proper accounting of the needs of all students school principals are responsible for the preparation of the annual school budget with the assistance of school deputies and the school accountant,4
+subsistence agriculture forms the backbone of the household economy more than half the employed population depends on agriculture as the source of livelihoods agriculture is the main occupation of percent of men and percent of women however it is mostly a subsistence activity according to the census fewer than percent of households focus mainly on sales of agricultural goods suggesting that the commercial agricultural sector is extremely small,8
+following the findings of this investigation a mental health care reform psykiatrireform was carried out in in sweden changes in legislation were accompanied by increased funding for the target group in both health and social care sectors tuori et al the main objective of the reform was to enable longterm psychiatric patients to live outside psychiatric institutions and nursing homes and to integrate these patients into the community,3
+whereby today some approaches exist their restricted interoperability leads to a fragmented landscape of systems thus hindering widespread adoption among customers and businesses blockchain technology can enhance the effectiveness of such solutions by providing the overarching standard to unique identification and recording transactions of eg carbon certificates their trading and even the origin of ghg emissions this transparent and immutable record makes it easier to monitor and incentivise or impose penalties on certain industrial practices building on existing carbon market models more efficient and highly integrated trading platforms could be established a detailed consideration of how these benefits can be leveraged is presented in section,9
+research shows that rape of young girls is normally of school children in the early morning when they are going to school and in the evening when they are going back home often through thick bushes and other unsafe pathways but when we talk to governments about this they hardly have the resources to provide sanitation and water to communities they dont see it as a priority we had a conference to talk about how we can support the sadc gender unit to mainstream gender in the sadc organ on polities defence and security,5
+they are the decree on quality living environments the environment decree the business environment and the construction environment decrees table each contains important details on the mechanics of how the act will be implemented in practice the discussion that follows is based on the environment and planning act only since the orders are not yet finalised,11
+however regulatory provisions should better target nature protection in forests through for example conversion permits or fees while improving economic efficiency eg by considering the opportunity cost of not converting forest to other uses in an estimated of polish forest habitat was under legal protection for nature conservation the share is expected to increase to with implementation of the natura network,15
+the company eurocopter approached conalep to include a specific module on helicopters first it could be improved by having more teaching in english thus increasing opportunities for placements in multinational companies second coordination of efforts between the secretaries of economy and education at state level to decide strategy and funding would also improve effectiveness in queretaro for example currently there is no collaboration on sets of skills needed between the secretaries of economy and education at state level,8
+the ilo skills for trade and economy diversification tool is being used to identify how skills can boost productivity and competitiveness in the sector the project focuses particularly on the skills needed for the success of small and medium sized tourism enterprises and is partnering with provincial government departments of tourism and labour employers workers and education and training institutions based on identified skills gaps and needs the project is preparing a skills strategy which recognises the need to upgrade skills in smes and improve marketing and planning business capabilities with capacity develop implications for relevant technical vocational education and training institutions and local government stakeholders,8
+these fish spawning grounds and migratory routes are not protected or managed sustainably and infrastructure development projects planned or existing hydropower plants pollution of rivers or the coastal zone and extraction of sand and gravel are ongoing these developments have damaging impacts on sturgeon populations two major types of logging can be distinguished for fuelwood and for construction timber many rural households cannot afford to purchase alternative energy resources such as liquified gas,15
+an enhanced understanding of what works and why can help to scale up certain types of interventions andor flows which is particularly relevant for pilot or innovative approaches sharing lessonslearned is important both within and across institutions it is unclear to what extent private suppliers of climate finance are prepared to publicly share their lessons learned these results frameworks can help stakeholders build up a knowledge base of what has worked and what not and can increase transparency and accountability,13
+furthermore a corresponding upper threshold is estimated to be around for the share of intermittent generation capacity in both a and perspective with uncertainty beyond this share costly additional preventive measures will have to be taken in order to guarantee power system stability while these objectives do not yet have the force of law they provide the basis for current discussions about the contours of the european electricity sector attaining the decarbonisation of the electricity sector with a majority of production stemming from intermittent renewables seems to pose very considerable technical and commercial challenges at the current state of technology as of dispatchable backup would frequently need to be mobilised in time frames of less than hours,7
+however connecting these factors with overall earnings inequality and household income inequality is not straightforward as regulatory and policy reforms may have counteracting effects on employment and wage inequality among workers when assessing the possible causes of increased inequality three main issues require particularly precise definition they are i inequality itself ii globalisation and iii reference populations,10
+it also enabled governments to circumvent coordination challenges through centralized planning and system design since the oil crisis it has also been widely recognized as a strategic resource energy security defined by the international energy agency iea as the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price is thus a major priority whose absence threatens serious economic and social impacts,7
+given the variety of technologies sectors and scales of technologytransfer interventions it would be difficult to have a single meaningful indicator that could be aggregated across multiple projects for instance the global environment facility s gef indicator for technologytransfer interventions is qualitative in nature focusing on capturing the type and maturity of technologies that are being transferred mitigationfocused interventions generally seek to reduce ghg emissions directly eg by improving fuel combustion efficiencies or indirectly andor in the longerterm eg by increasing awareness about lowghg technologies projects seeking to increase adaptive capacity and resilience can take a number of forms eg awareness and education programmes institutional reforms physical infrastructure projects and have results that accrue at local regional or global scales and over different time horizons,13
+capacity building has also been strengthened within the nursing workforce although the number of practising nurses per population is still slightly below the eu average numbers have increased by a third since looking at trends over time reveals impressive falls in amenable mortality over the past years this reflects the overall progress in providing better availability of and access to an increasing range of different services medicines and medical technologies examples of success include the remarkable improvements in survival for some treatable cancers such as breast and testicular cancer,3
+in an average of of yearolds were enrolled in either early childhood educational development programmes or preprimary education across eu countries compared to the oecd average of between and enrolment of yearolds in preprimary education rose from to and enrolment of yearolds rose from to on average among countries with data for both years in belgium denmark france germany italy luxembourg the netherlands spain and the united kingdom at least of yearolds are enrolled in preprimary education,4
+there are no charges for surface water abstraction and fees for ground water abstraction are low pollution charges were abolished in as already noted tariffs for water supply and sewerage for households are low and not costreflective and a large proportion of households have no water meters and pay a flat fee per person,6
+despite the importance of capturing multitasking to capture the intensity of how women s time is spent there is no international standard on how to measure simultaneous activities the oecd time use database aims to improve comparability between oecd countries see box based on this methodology the oecd has undertaken analysis on four additional countries to explore the impacts of unpaid care work in low and middleincome contexts south africa peru ethiopia and bangladesh see annex a,5
+in kazakhstan tl regions correspond to the regional level including astana and almaty city while tl regions are districts rayons and cities of regional significance cities of regional significance have districtlevel administrative status and prerogatives in addition to municipallevel tasks and prerogatives the four largest cities of kazakhstan almaty city shymkent astana and karaganda are divided into city districts that are subdivisions of the municipal administration,11
+as a result of the greater control over inflation achieved by the plano real however real wage rigidity was introduced and firms could no longer use wages but instead had to use employment reductions to make wage bill adjustments young inexperienced workers would have been the most likely to suffer from such redundancies as will be discussed below high turnover is one of the reasons why youth unemployment in brazil is so high youth are also more likely to work in the service sector which is characterised by higher turnover rates,8
+all the accompanying coefficients to these variables are different from zero as certified by the ftest results overall the models explanatory power rsquared is strong significant at the level estimation based on robust standard errors it further provides an understanding on how these changes will affect national ict policy and regulatory frameworks and identifies measures policy makers and regulators can take to be prepared to respond efficiently to the new challenges raised by the digital economy chapter three looks at ways to accommodate broadband spectrum expansion through new modes of sharing and innovations in licensing,9
+however a larger number of these countries do not have specific laws prohibiting discrimination in pay and hiring on the basis of gender and pregnancy wbl database indeed the only countries that have such legislation are chile costa rica egypt indonesia the russian federation and tunisia existing evidence from oecd countries shows that the public is often illinformed about workers rights oecd chapter,5
+established in haribon is regarded as a pioneer on environmental issues its programmes include nature conservation through community empowerment and research on environmental issues it is also an advocate of renewable energy practices and forest conservation in the philippines haribon foundation while other asean countries have recorded rising c emission in terms of metric tonnes per capita singapores level in though much higher than that of i ndonesias viet nams thailand s philippines and malaysias in has fallen from in to in international energy agency,7
+this basket valued also at local prices was calculated as yuan through use of this local poverty line the conclusion was reached that per cent of the households were in poverty the spread was enormous for every household that was classified as being poor using the official poverty line there were nearly households that would have been deemed poor using a poverty line based on local perceptions of basic needs valued at local prices for the reference year of research the incidence rate based on the local list turned out to be percent,1
+is indepth training on specific gender issues such as interviewing victims of sexual violence or recruiting women from minority groups being provided to necessary personnel do they include female stakeholders such as womens organisations if not how could they be engaged to support gender initiatives,5
+it is therefore important to determine what type of policy will be the most effective in reversing poverty as rapidly as possible the question then is should povertyreduction policies focus on raising mean income levels or on decreasing income inequality based on the results of this study an effort is made to identify the most influential factors in terms of poverty reduction,1
+the obligation to pay for municipallymanaged wastewater treatment is also perceived as an unnecessary additional burden for example the ep fee for the households which are not connected to their sewerage system is only of the water tariff which provides no financial incentive for them to connect to the piped sewerage system as a result cities have tended to postpone the costly and unpopular sewerage construction process which also comes with street closure very little progress has been made towards universal connection of individual houses to sewerage systems gggi b,11
+a widow will receive oneeighth of her deceased husband s assets or onefourth if he has no children for example it is not uncommon for the family to pressure female heirs into relinquishing their full inheritance rights in favour of male relatives many women do not know that they can refuse to cede their rights or can appeal to the courts,5
+group study as well as peer review and support among teachers have also been found to be useful in japan groups of teachers work together to plan execute and evaluate individual lessons and instructional strategies to achieve specific learning objectives they visit each other s classrooms to understand their colleagues teaching practice in finland teachers are given one afternoon each week for joint planning and curriculum development barber and mourshed,4
+in this way cities may more effectively deliver on nationallevel environmental and economic objectives whether or not they are identified as green growth than nationallevel policies ultimately the key metric here concerns not employment growth in the green sector but the aggregate employment impact of moving to a lowcarbon economy as an indicator this must be seen as secondbest but a feasible secondbest increasing the supply and demand of regionally produced green goods and services which we define as those that reduce negative environmental externalities the impact on natural resources and the pressure on ecosystem services,11
+such a move would allow for a more integrated national system for ownership and management of hospital estates the nhs could strengthen monitoring and evaluation of provider activities selectively contracting with betterperforming providers to drive quality improvement in the same vein the nhs could look to contract more often with independent providers on clear costquality criteria with expected outcomes specified in contracts selective purchasing could be applied also by the private voluntary health insurance schemes by focusing not only the cost but also the quality aspects of health care alongside these efforts public reporting of provider assessment should also be developed as such information could be used to promote user choice of provider such a plan should consider training needs based on expected retirement rates,3
+it was launched in and has become one of the largest programmes for payments of watershed services in the world stanton et al the design of psah has been improving over time to increase its costeffectiveness but there are concerns about its conservation impact see box trading or swapping irrigation water is common practice in mexico oecd water trading increased in the s partly due to the recognition by the national water law of the possibility of transferring water rights rubinospanta et al,6
+today virtually all secondary care hospitals and most hospital day care services are fully funded using drgs the expectation is that this will stimulate hospital productivity since increasing the number of episodes of care spreads fixed costs over a larger number of patients and encourage the development of day stay procedures in lieu of inpatient admissions this is intended to support highly specialised tertiary care irrespective of provider ownership but may also be distorting the distribution of resources,3
+thus it may be considered desirable to take into account the particular factors pertaining to some people or some groups by designing and implementing the necessary policies to facilitate better health outcomes in groups that are disadvantaged so as to reduce the disadvantage in this regard it is up to each society or nation to define what it considers as desirable with respect to the distribution of health and what people expect from their governments in terms of achieving those goals further examination of these issues is beyond the scope of this note simply put this note argues that large inequalities in health outcomes such as exist in many countries and across countries are generally undesirable,3
+of the australian governmentfunded indigenousspecific primary health care organisations that provided data in around onethird were located in very remote areas almost onequarter were in outer regional areas and were in inner regional areas a smaller proportion were in remote areas and major cities aihw a of australia s public acute hospitals only are in remote areas and in very remote areas where full hospital services are not viable,3
+this calls for more communication to tailor the purchase to the customers requirements making a onesizefitsall approach less useful b b platforms thus focus much more on providing straightforward useful information and more finelyhoned customer service the enterprises involved in these transactions tend to be larger in size such as online retailers selling medical equipment to hospitals in the former the platform acts as a facilitator for multiple retail companies each managing its own inventory while the platform itself owns none,9
+the legislation was consequently amended in to make a chemical method eurl lcmsms liquid chromatographymass spectrometry the new reference method with a phasing out of the biological methods over four years during this period a modified mouse bioassay is still permitted changes were introduced to the legislation dealing with treatment to kill viable parasites in fishery products for human consumption in order to update the requirements based on information provided by a recent opinion from the european food safety authority efsa on parasites in fishery products and experience gained from the application of the present legislation,14
+there has been a growing recognition of the importance of women s participation in politics the united arab emirates parliament became in the first arab country to appoint a woman as speaker of parliament and women have obtained positions in the top ranks of political parties in algeria and palestine women s dynamic participation in the protests that swept through the region beginning in late has also been widely noted as a testimony of womens willingness to join in civic and political engagements this activism may be a precursor to more women assuming political roles in the arab region in the future most recently women have been allowed to stand for municipal elections in oman since royal decree no,5
+this has major impacts for the provisioning of water sanitation and hygiene services in areas affected by disasters due to damaged water and sanitation infrastructure and water quality issues it is also a very significant challenge to provide adequate water and sanitation services to the areas that receive people who have been displaced from disasterstruck areas the magnitude of these displacements is extremely high in asia and the pacific with respectively million and million people internally displaced in the people s republic of china and india in due to floods and million people in the philippines due to typhoons the same year idmc in addition to hitting the poorest disasters can also cause the near poor those living on between us and us per day to fall into poverty as shown in figure unescap with over of urban residents living in lowlying coastal zones these cities and towns in asia and the pacific are particularly vulnerable to climate change and natural disasters disasters are also found to have impacts on gross domestic product gdp school enrolment rates and per capita expenditure on health unescap,6
+the sdg is a standalone goal to achieve gender equality and empower all women the other goals eg on health wellbeing education clean water industry and infrastructure aim to integrate gendersensitive indicators in their implementation and monitoring kazakhstan can strongly benefit from raising the awareness of its senior managers as well as all public servants on these levels of gender equality policy to generate understanding and buyin of all ministries in embedding gendersensitive indicators in their field of activities,5
+interestingly more educated women spend less time on household work and more on labour market work this confirms the findings of other studies on the effect of womens education in female labour force participation and suggests that education can lead to a change in womens attitudes towards their own role in the household and in the workplace at the same time die opportunity cost of not working in terms of foregone earnings is higher which provides an economic incentive to increase their time on labour market work the level of education does not significantly impact husbands time spent on housework but increased education decreases their time spent on market work,5
+digitalization is expected to lead to a significant increase in selfemployment the gig economy as firms will insource more services through peertopeer networks this will further weaken the capacity of trade unions and employers associations to guarantee common labour standards and employment conditions through collective bargaining agreements available from daron acemoglu pascual restrepo robots and jobs evidence from us labor markets nber working paper no world employment and social outlook trends,9
+equally existing national climate change strategies may not necessarily be integrated with development planning whether a leds is primarily a development strategy with a strong climate component or vice versa is likely to depend on the country s national circumstances and priorities countries should consider carefully how these planning tools fit together and build upon each other,13
+rights that are junior to an administration date set by the state engineer can be curtailed uses that are not prioritised can apply for a replacement plan for a maximum duration of two years water users are also allowed to submit joint replacement plans or to find voluntary shortage sharing agreements through negotiations romerowirth and kelly associations managing communal irrigation canals,6
+as a result the government relies on donor funds to finance investments over the period the government of moldova supported by donors and international finance instutitions ifis is estimated to have spent about usd mln on energy efficiency and renewable energy this is far from sufficient to cover urgent investment needs in energy infrastructure and clean energy such reforms require additional research and their social cost needs to be carefully assessed,7
+nevertheless although the new coal plant may be retrofitable with carbon capture and storage at a later date if this technology becomes proven and costeffective assuming an effective future pricing regime for carbon emissions there are significant technological and policy risks in going down this path policy makers can begin to address this dilemma by separating the potential risk of lockin to coal generation plant per se from the risk of lockin to unsustainable industrial structures in the wider economy the risk of creating stranded assets in the energy sector discussed in the next section may be dwarfed by the risk of creating stranded assets in the wider economy using cheap electricity to grow energyintensive industry at the expense of more valueadded economic activities may be unwise given the eventual need to internalise the cost of environmental impacts including carbon emissions and the costs of industrial restructuring this would imply in the future,7
+in sids with more diverse economies that are less dependent on tourism the proportion of foreign workers may not be so high as data from other sids are very limited the assumption is that most sids employ more foreign workers when mass tourism and the allinclusive market dominates the sector rather than other forms of tourism figure shows the number of people employed across all accommodation types in jamaica and,8
+stunting prevalence is high at around in papua new guinea while it is below in hong kong china singapore fiji and china figure left panel as for wasting if there is no severe food shortage the prevalence is usually below even in poor countries but it is much higher than this threshold in some countries such as india papua new guinea and bangladesh figure right panel on average the stunting and wasting prevalence across asian countries was and respectively in order to reduce under age mortality countries need to not only implement effective preventive and curative interventions for newborns children and their mothers during and after pregnancy see indicator infant and child health in chapter but also to promote optimal feeding practice see indicator infant and young child feeding in chapter,2
+in the kazak government launched a new initiative called the road map aimed at addressing rising unemployment raising the purchasing power of the population slowing down internal migration and improving core services gavrilovic et al the central focus of the programme was job creation through a combination of public works and vocational training the programme created jobs according to a report from the adb cited in gavrilovic et al,1
+the effect is larger still in italy where at a participation rate of only an unemployment ratio of translates into an unemployment rate of when comparing joblessness across countries or over time it should be considered that higher unemployment rates may reflect both a higher incidence of joblessness but also a lower participation rate at given levels of joblessness trajectories are constructed from the raw data as chains of activity states over the observation period with each sequence consisting of monthly activity states four types of activities are distinguished in work in education neet unemployed and neet inactive,8
+chile s prototypes of social innovation programme issues calls for innovative solutions to local challenges on an online open innovation platform candidates present their ideas on the platform where they interact with mentors and local communities in order to develop and improve their ideas final proposals are submitted for funding and the best solutions are selected,9
+the water convention fosters sustainable management of shared water resources through stable and predictable cooperation an important obligation for parties to achieve the convention s aims is to carry out indeed accurate assessments of the status of water resources and the nature and magnitude of water problems are essential for preparing proper policy actions at the local national and transboundary levels,6
+overall it is also characterised by high fragmentation and low coordination as well as slow planning and delivery performances relative to a dynamic economic and social context the elements included in this section combine considerations on the causes of inefficiencies and drivers for possible change and describe initiatives that the government has recently undertaken or is currently considering to address the challenges these two acts also regulate the process for applying for and issuing construction permits box below,11
+some however state whether the wells have pumps which enables application of the criterion of the necessary effort to obtain water per the international standard as in the case of water sources a usual practice in the evaluation of improved sanitation is consideration of the features of the surroundings for example in some rural settings households irrespective of their poverty status would not have access to a sewerage system or to mains water households in urban areas are deemed not to suffer deprivation if they have sanitation systems for removal of waste into a sewerage system or a well with a septic tank,1
+lastly the adjusted deprivation headcount mo is designed to capture both the incidence and the depth of deprivation and is calculated by multiplying the headcount with the average intensity moh a these indices are calculated following the alkire and foster methodology and are useful as summary statistics in this report the results of the addon consumption module are used and are analysed against nationallyset poverty lines measuring food and overall consumption poverty experienced by children in addition various analyses are made comparing the experience of child monetary poverty with multidimensional deprivation moreover the analysis can be complemented by further research as is done with the regressionbased analysis and simulation provided at the end of this report,1
+in this chapter we review the effectiveness of social protection interventions in reducing poverty raising food consumption and diversifying diets we review a broad range of social protection measures with the main focus on social assistance interventions targeted at poor households rather than other social protection measures the majority of these people are in eastern europe and central asia where social protection coverage is widespread far fewer people are protected in subsaharan africa where coverage is lower and less than percent of the population moves out of poverty each year as a result of social protection transfers,1
+pharmaceutical companies do not always seek patent protection in every country due to inter alia a perceived lack of market size therefore it is possible that in some countries despite the existence of a national patent law certain pharmaceutical substances remain offpatent and may be freely used made and imported in that country should the original inventor change hisher mind seek patent protection at a later point the application would be rejected for lack of novelty if the substance at issue has been made available to the public prior to the filing of the patent application,3
+all cowsheds must be covered in the winter rainy season so that rain does not wash the manure into the lake food and water for cattle are located away from streams in all watershed pastures bacteriological standards tightened in state that water is unfit for drinking if it contains more than three coliform microbes andor one faecal coliform per millilitres ml,6
+conflict may also prevent families from allowing girls to attend school since travelling to a distant school during periods of insecurity is viewed as more dangerous for girls than for boys hence in some indigenous communities the levels of illiteracy among girls remain high as do their dropout and failure rates there are still residential schools in parts of englishspeaking africa the long distance between village communities and secondary schools often render those schools inaccessible to students including indigenous students which is why many students drop out of school after completing the primary level,4
+the national development plan for rightly sees education as a key means to turn these negative trends around and put the country back on the path of strong inclusive growth these huge steps forward in expanding access need to be matched by an equally strong push to improve education outcomes learning achievement as measured by the oecd programme for international student assessment pisa is low with the result that too many young costa rican s leave school with inadequate preparation for work and further learning students from disadvantaged backgrounds and regions are the most likely to lack basic skills contributing to widening income disparities and labour market duality,4
+building on the substantial comparative and sectorial policy knowledge base available within the oecd the series will result in a biennial publication first volume in it will develop a comparative outlook on education policy by providing a analysis of individual countries educational context challenges and policies education policy profiles and of international trends and b comparative insight on policies and reforms on selected topics they are meant to draw attention to specific policies that are promising or showing positive results and may be relevant for other countries editorial support was provided by lynda hawe and susan copeland,4
+in nominal terms average fish prices are all expected to decline in the first part of the projection period before recovering in the last five years of the outlook period in average producer prices are projected to be slightly higher than during the base period as demand growth is expected to outpace supply however the average prices for traded products for human consumption fishmeal and fish oil are projected to be slightly lower in relative to the base period,14
+much of the investment is intended to contribute towards the use of renewable energy policies and measures within the region identify the need to create stronger power systems that take advantage of domestic energy resources while also increasing grid capacity and resiliency resources being tapped for generation are numerous though solar and wind power dominate recent developments in the sector because of broad availability of resources rapid deployment timelines low environmental impacts and increasingly affordable technology prices in urban areas rooftop systems have the advantage of locating generation supply at the demand centre for residential commercial or industrial consumers who are also suppliers those systems can offer the benefit of avoided costs of electricity and depending on local policy frameworks revenue from power sales to the grid as an example power market liberalization in japan along with its feedin tariff system has created a boom in smallscale solar power producers which include individuals and small businesses,7
+this challenge has been recognised by moes in its policy analysis and planning school characteristics such as location and school size are taken into account for the calculation of the student basket thus small schools in rural areas receive higher per pupil funding than their urban counterparts however socioeconomic disadvantage per se is not an element in the student basket methodology and the oecd school resources review for lithuania recommended assigning weights in the student basket methodology to socioeconomically disadvantaged students shewbridge et al,4
+across much of the circumpolar north indigenous peoples had common experiences within education systems based on western ways of teaching learning and knowledge and operating with the intent of assimilation now across the north and elsewhere such as new zealand and hawaii indigenous peoples are working to create indigenouscontrolled education systems based not on the western form of schooling imposed on them for the past century or longer but rather based on indigenous epistemologies and worldviews in some circumpolar regions these efforts are happening alongside the dominant western education system while in others the western systems are being replaced entirely,4
+assessing the relative costs and benefits of reform in education is also difficult because of the large number of intervening factors that can influence the nature size and distribution of any improvements the investment may be expensive over the long term while in the short term it is rarely possible to predict clear identifiable results from new policies especially given the time lags between implementation and effect teachers also tend to command greater public trust than politicians so any resistance to reform on their part is likely to be effective even when parents have a poor opinion of the education system they will generally view their childrens school and its teachers positively,4
+over the last fifty years diversification as an approach for buttressing dominicas production and services sector has been emphasised in some charitable funds were used for the education of the liberated slaves the goal being to afford them elementary education as well as training for native teachers honychurch the mico charity was nondenominational but did much work in catholic islands like dominica,4
+hence to include water use in this model data for these industries on water use has to be at hand until recently such figures have not been available and water has been excluded from the analyses on the interactions between the finnish economy and the environment performed by using this model eg koskela et al in the international scientific literature modelled data prone to errors and inconsistencies of an unknown level are almost exclusively used for the waterrelated inputoutput analyses eg steenolsen etal,6
+responsibility for secondary care has been transferred from counties to five regions with populations ranging from to million some responsibilities concerning health promotion prevention and rehabilitation are transferred from counties to municipalities which have to sign coordination agreements with regions to specify the division of tasks and information channels the national board of health has provided obligatory guidelines for hospital planning,3
+however the majority of private expenditure on preprimary education comes from households via parental fees however in austria the czech republic estonia germany iceland israel and japan more than of all private funding comes from other private entities eg private businesses and nonprofit organisations religious organisations charitable organisations and business and labour associations in these countries encouraging private foundations and community engagement to support ecec centres is increasingly seen as an important policy lever and a potential source of additional resources this type of funding can act as a connector between families and ecec services as well as other services for children a social network to support parents in reducing stress and making smart choices especially for disadvantaged families and an environment to promote social cohesion however some foundations may also contribute to the financing of ecec settings,4
+since it does not receive general budget funding infonavit does not require periodic appropriations from federal ministries or congress while subject to some oversight by the ministry of finance and public credit infonavit has considerable flexibility in setting its own priorities for the first years of its existence virtually the only source of funding for these operations was the funds in housing accounts thus historically it has had no obligation to pay competitive returns on housing accounts to obtain its funds or to maintain the confidence of those supplying funds for unlike depositors in a mortgage banks the holders of housing accounts have no right to withdraw their funds,11
+however care must be taken that school selfevaluation is not designed and interpreted as a mere routine bureaucratic obligation for that reason selfevaluation must be organised so that it is comparable between school units and so that it can be validated and supplemented by external evaluation this would facilitate using the selfevaluation results as a basis for establishing greater accountability for schools and their managers so that ultimately schools may be granted more autonomy and may assume greater management responsibilities,4
+in an advisory council for industrial policy the socalled wagner committee was asked to develop a new futureoriented industrial policy this independent committee was to have a large influence on transforming traditional industrial policy into innovation and marketoriented policy boekholt and den hertog,9
+due to the larger amount of field trial survey material in talis a rotated questionnaire design was implemented that required a sample size per country of teachers and principals from sampled schools for the isced level core and each international option each participant was required to run this field trial including administering all agreed upon language versions according to standardised procedures technical standards and corresponding quality control measures based on those implemented in talis were in place to ensure that the study implementation yields data comparable with the data,4
+this is comparable to the g and oecd average but is significantly higher than in france where the heaviest drinkers consume only about half of all alcohol oecd data for australia the united kingdom and the united states are for rather than despite a decrease in the suicide rate in which based on estimated data from the korean authorities continued in moving from per population in to in korean ministry of health suicide remains one of the major causes of death among teenagers in korea,3
+the partnership has emphasised the importance of country strategies for aligning climate finance with domestic resources and development objectives oecd h bringing the climate and development agendas together can also reduce competition for resources and minimise the risk of resources being taken from one agenda to meet another this this is an opportunity for countries to shape their own priorities to capture common themes to avoid inconsistencies and to maximise synergies between the sdgs then the extent to which this is possible will depend on leadership at the highest levels of government as well as the availability of human and financial capacity at the country level,13
+grundsatze und umsetzung in den kantonen bbt bern identifying alternatives that work is not an easy task in germany for instance a transition system to take care of low performing students at rsik of dropping out of education has developed into an intransparent jungle of unrelated measures that often do not even lead to transition the oecd policy review of germany has criticised this arrangement as costly and inefficient hoeckel and schwartz forthcoming,4
+the goal is to create at least direct jobs by mainly for women this example illustrates a nongrid solution to clean energy for the poor especially powerful because i it is a commercial and microfinancedriven initiative and ii it substitutes kerosene the usual lighting fuel held responsible for respiratory diseases with pv and biogasgenerated electricity a number of challenges abound one challenge is the perverse pressure of shareholdervaluedriven management approaches and unrealistic profit expectations caused by the financialization of nonfinancial entities,7
+in short ict infrastructure and connectivity should not be seen as isolated developmental challenges but should be integrated with human capacity development and the wider infrastructure landscape the second element of the system illustrated in figure v concerns enterprises and enterprise development as described in earlier chapters enterprises in developing countries vary enormously in scale character and economic impact they range from largescale production and service businesses tightly linked into global trading networks to the microenterprises of the poor,9
+while health care policy appears to be evolving rapidly to resolve a number of important issues discussed in this chapter longerterm success will depend on how easily a competitive model can be introduced into health care and insurance systems and sustained over time this text identified a number of key problems of health care provision at all levels of the system in an important shift in approach the concept set key goals to be reached by as well as intermediate timing of individual policy areas,3
+the jobless rate in spain in the last three months of rose to or million people the highest level since the mid s due to the country s prolonged recession and deep spending cuts youth unemployment surged to the unemployment rate in greece also increased in the final quarter of to more than the highest level in the european union with youth unemployment edging towards,10
+however voluntary measures eg payments to farmers to incentivise pollution reductions have generally had limited success shortle and horan and regulatory measures to control diffuse water pollution are typically poorly enforced parris there is evidence that voluntary participation may not reach the major polluters oecd and subsidybased programmes can have limited impact due to public budget constraints shortle and horan indeed voluntary codes of good practice have not proved able to remedy a problem that does not stem from a lack of information but from the absence of internalisation of pollution costs oecd,6
+they are neither monitored nor organised to voice their needs and concerns the informality of irrigation units also limits their application for government funding and complicates the oversight and monitoring role of conagua and other institutions the national water programme established a target to strengthen the organisational capacities of of the irrigation units formalising their legal status this rather low but already challenging target reveals the complexity of addressing the issue,6
+the third irrigation scenario is designed to test the effects of interaction between the irrigation efficiency and irrigation expansion scenarios in addition there are also international spillover effects world prices for maize and wheat are lower by and respectively compared to scenarios where the improved varieties are adopted only in the united states and by and respectively when adopted throughout the oecd figure for those regions that are currently battling water stress eg the mediterranean irrigation efficiency measures contribute to improved yields on the order of between and in irrigated areas growing mainly maize and vegetables,2
+fruits and vegetables in particular have clear advantages for chihuahua they are crops where labour can be effectively substituted for capital and they are crops where high efficiency drip irrigation systems can be applied successfully thus employment is expanded and a major environmental problem is reduced,6
+additional fuel costs also result from lower thermal conversion efficiencies at reduced power levels finally ramping load up and down adds to the wear and tear of equipment and implies higher operating costs items that are summarised under the term ramp costs variable renewables increase the fluctuations that have to be managed by the system and therefore make balancing more difficult,7
+as a result reliance on households as the basic unit of account remains integral to almost all published poverty statistics in determining whether a given level of household economic resources is sufficient to meet basic needs or allow participation in society the number of people in the household clearly needs to be taken into account the simplest approach to dealing with this is to consider household income or consumption per capita this is the method used in the world banks ppp day and ppp day poverty lines,1
+accordingly efficiency gains in supporting functions and administrative processes can be realised on treatylevel as well as for local government and companylevels by deploying track trace functionalities blockchain can uniquely identify and keep track of movements of physical or virtual goods the tracing of tangible objects is often achieved by using hardware eg nearfield communication nfc chips and intangible objects could be represented by certificates,9
+when collecting further data from cities the itf will propose collecting travel durations in addition to distances for a given user group it is now possible to compute the total number of fatalities in crashes involving this given user group in bogota paris city and inner london the total number of vulnerable road users killed in collisions with cars is four to seven times higher than the number of car occupants killed in traffic,11
+when instruction is narrowly focused on specific knowledge skills and question formats test results become an increasingly misleading measure of student achievement hout and elliott this problem is often exacerbated when teachers perceive tests as high stakes as a result of incentive systems it can also be caused inadvertently if tests are not updated frequently for example in sweden the year standardised test is used over successive years and teachers may inadvertently teach to the test in the second year leading to score inflation and reducing the validity of the results nusche forthcoming in denmark teaching to the test takes the form of increased focus on tested content areas and reduced focus on creative innovative and oral skills wandall cited in shewbridge et al,4
+some of the river basin authorities integrate intraregional stakeholders others function interregionally which increases the complexity and the risk for tension among the various stakeholders they have been established mainly for hydrological issues water scarcity quantity and quality aspects but are still rare for economic and financial information tariffs infrastructure financing etc source oecd water governance in oecd countries a multilevel approach oecd studies on water oecd publishing paris doi en while the strategic environmental evaluations eaes are intended to take into account the impact of prs and other regional plans on ecosystems in practice the eaes have not yet had much effect on mitigating the potential impact of urban expansion on biodiversity,11
+in fact of the ldcs for which data are available had employmenttopopulation ratios of above per cent during the period the following countries had both high employmenttopopulation ratios above per cent and a relatively high share of the population above per cent living below the perday poverty line burkina faso madagascar nepal rwanda and united republic of tanzania in asian ldcs and some island ldcs women s economic contribution may be constrained by social institutions and cultural norms,8
+as such closing gender gaps must be a central part of any strategy to create more sustainable and inclusive economies and societies in order to identify barriers to greater gender equality and build on its expertise in these areas the oecd launched its gender initiative to help governments promote gender equality in education employment and entrepreneurship the three es see box greater education participation from an early age onwards provides better economic opportunities for women by raising the overall level of human capital and labour productivity mobilising hitherto underutilised labour supply and ensuring higher female employment will widen the base of taxpayers and contributors to social protection systems which will come under increasing pressure due to population ageing,5
+for a complete and indepth analysis of inequalities in latin america and the caribbean more light must be shed on the distribution and use of time by men and women social inequality in the region is strongly determined by the production matrix and ownership structure as well as other structural determinants like the dominant gender system which in turn intersects with factors such as life cycle stages area of residence ethnicity and race eclac fthe analysis of inequality its dimensions and how they interconnect is fundamental to the design of public policies that would allow society to achieve sustainable development and the goals set forth in the agenda for sustainable development eclac c d a transformative approach that incorporates the entire development agenda is needed to make real progress towards reducing inequality this implies taking a number of steps that in addition to eliminating discrimination and violence increase the number of women with sufficient income of their own shatter the glass ceiling increase womens access to the labour market make personal and work life compatible for men and women and ensure that domestic care work is shared fairly among other measures,5
+much of this trade takes place within the region in the past the region s successful exporters of manufactured goods might have presumed that they essentially have litde to worry about when it comes to food however since there has been widening gap between unit values of manufactured goods and agricultural products,2
+examples are the czech republic germany greece finland ireland norway the slovak republic spain sweden and switzerland as well as nonoecd countries like morocco and hinisia to be effective this organisational framework requires strongly coordinated and coherent policy development and implementation in addition frameworks that combine gender equality with family andor children s affairs may risk confining women narrowly to their roles as mothers and caregivers to oversee gender equality issues others have independent commissions australia belgium israel luxembourg and new zealand andor human rights commissions australia ireland mexico and new zealand a number of countries use ombudsoffices to oversee the implementation of gender initiatives and to keep gender concerns on the policy agenda including the czech republic finland france germany greece mexico norway and sweden such violations include issues of equal pay for equal work or equal access to education oecd describes measures against labour market discrimination in greater detail,5
+strategies for women s economic empowerment have to be cognizant of differences in women s experiences needs and priorities there are strong developmental rationales for enhancing women s access to a range of economic and financial resources one set of rationales revolves around the implications of women s access to resources for the welfare of their children,5
+consequently renewables also will have to play an increasing role to balance the network during low load situations figure shows this issue with a modelled load duration curve corresponding to of renewables in an isolated balancing area during periods with low load or excess generation wind and solar will probably have to reduce their output to maintain network security as more wind and more solar power plants are coming on line granting them priority dispatch only constrained by security of supply reasons may become highly uneconomical,7
+finally there is a need to address discriminatory laws such as labour laws that limit the maximum amount of parttime work and family laws that limit decisionmaking power andor the land rights of female family members an example includes adequate parental and childrelated benefits such as parental leave that is fully funded by the government and for which a component must be used by male parents another example is taxation frameworks that encourage mothers to work by reducing the net tax liability such as taxing individual income rather than family income and taxdeductible childcare payments elborghwoytek and others,8
+in austrias styria state children above age not deemed ready for secondary school are not entitled to attend and after assessment are transferred to special courses some countries separate students with lower academic ability often those with immigrant backgrounds into less demanding tracks which compromises subsequent opportunities moroccan and turkish secondgeneration immigrant students in amsterdam were five time as likely as natives to enter lower secondary vocational tracks at age,4
+consultation procedures have been strengthened the epa the doehlg and the department of communications energy and natural resources docenr are the statutory environmental authorities that need to be consulted during assessment however as in many countries there is little evidence concerning the influence of sea on decisionmaking or on environmental quality and overall sustainability of plans scott in line with the directive irish sea focuses on environmental sustainability rather than on sustainable development and is not integrated in a wider sustainability appraisal as in the united kingdom it should assess all impacts of a proposal including environmental and unintentional ones and allow for stakeholder consultation some rias were produced between june and february and more than officials underwent training to do ria leading to a significant increase in quality,12
+they also have a direct impact on womens ability to access and control resources some of these countries including morocco the republic of korea and turkey began the period with extensive discriminatory provisions but have since advanced significantly towards more genderequal family laws however as of eight countries algeria bangladesh egypt the islamic republic of iran jordan malaysia pakistan and saudi arabia had maintained highly discriminatory laws that for example endorse mens authority over women in marriage give men greater rights over property and limit womens ability to file for divorce these countries span different regions but all apply a conservative interpretation of islamic family law minor reforms of the family law took place in but major changes were resisted,5
+limited financial resources and lack of supportive infrastructure are expected to hinder rapid adoption and deployment of electric vehicles in the commonwealth pacific small states as fiji is the major regional petroleum distribution hub in the pacific where fuel is bunkered before being transported on smaller ships to other countries a change of fuel standards in fiji would influence outcomes in downstream countries fiji currently uses euro standard fuel australia is on euro and but could reduce emissions by raising the standard to euro euro is likely to be cost prohibitive at this stage as it requires the use of diesel particulate filters,7
+the norwegian coast guard makes nearly atsea inspections every year compared with the norwegian fishing fleet of over vessels not to mention foreign vessels fishing in norwegian waters as is the case for most countries norwegian law allows norwegian vessels to fish only in areas which are subject to some national regulation or to a regional management scheme in which norway participates the success of all these efforts at conservation depends strongly on enforcement,14
+though amounts to the south and central asia region declined by usd billion far east asia increased by usd billion mainly due to major commitments to indonesia energy and the philippines transport and storage it should be noted however that allocations to asia fluctuate significantly from one year to the other in general this is caused by large biennial commitments from japan and the adb towards economic infrastructure,9
+publicprivate partnerships ppps could help meet the growing demand for quality seeds and could be supported by regulations governing the introduction of such seeds chemical nutrient application in myanmar is about of the south asia regional average and less than of that of viet nam low fertiliser use is due particularly to limited access to seasonal credit and the relatively high level of adulterated fertilisers on sale,2
+many health indicators have improved and costa rica today enjoys the second highest life expectancy among countries in the western hemisphere health care insurance reached of the population in very low levels of catastrophic health expenditure have been achieved although outofpocket payments as a share of total national health expenditure exceed the oecd average,3
+the median salaries of women remain lower than those of men which may also reflect the philosophy of the male breadwinner model there are also many important remaining gaps in domestic labour legislation including workers protection work areas and night work provisions in addition in most mena countries the employer has to cover the direct and indirect costs of maternity leave which may result in discriminatory attitudes for employing women,5
+in women s labour force participation rates remain below per cent in northern africa and western asia below per cent in southern asia and below per cent in the caribbean and central america the gap between participation rates of women and men has narrowed slightly in the last years but remains considerable the smallest gender gaps are in the early adult years and the widest in the prime working ages in the more developed economies the labour force especially the female labour force is employed predominantly in services,5
+data from france poland and switzerland are obtained from representative surveys of new enterprises they are tabulated by gender of the enterprise s sole founder rather than by the gender of the sole proprietor the dataset is produced by the oecd on the basis of data provided by bureau van dijk publishing,5
+however half of lifetime mental health problems excluding dementia begin to emerge by age and threequarters by the mid s making this a crucial age group for the early identification of problems and swift and effective intervention by suicide had fallen to the lowest rate in years and there had been a marked fall in suicide in young men the most recent national confidential inquiry into suicide and homicide july shows that the longterm downward trend in patient suicides continues,3
+moreover article paragraph of the convention adopts the impermissibility principle contained in the vienna convention on the law of treaties which states that a reservation incompatible with the object and purpose of a convention shall not be permitted it has consistently called upon states parties to withdraw them and ensure that their legal systems conform to the convention in general and to article in particular the committee has stressed that article among others is central to the object and purpose of the convention and that the reservations impact negatively on the enjoyment by women of their rights as such the reservations to article contradict the convention s core principles of equality between men and women and can undermine countries efforts to achieve gender equality,5
+at different points jobseekers may be required to expand their field of job search may be directly referred to job vacancies and may be referred to longerterm training or jobcreation measures and a subsidy may be offered to employers who hire them at the same time many individuals with specific identifiers of disadvantage such as lone parenthood find work without intensive assistance the pes needs to concentrate its scarce resources on jobseekers who have become longterm unemployed or ideally on those most at risk of becoming longterm unemployed many types of information can contribute to the assessment of this risk,8
+waste prevention efforts usually do not involve high costs and are often regulated by administrative and economic instruments from all the waste fractions food waste is of particular interest from methane perspectivegood practice to reduce food waste is being developed and shared at the eu level anaerobic digestion is also efficiently used for household organic waste treatment methane measurements and gas leak identification systems are important measures to reduce leakage from organic waste treatment and biogas production facilities,12
+as with the earlier industrialisation process other circumstances w ere also supportive of growth in the mobile telephone business the fragmented historical structure of finnish telecommunications meant there was local strength in network interconnection issues which are fundamental to mobile systems which initially functioned as access networks to the existing wired infrastructure the state was part of the nordic consortium that developed the secondgeneration nordic mobile telephone standard upon whose system architecture the thirdgeneration gsm system was built nokia was therefore well placed to ride the wave of expansion as the technological shift to the third generation transformed the mobile phone into a massmarket product,9
+part ii will investigate the impact of different risk management strategies and policies on farm welfare and behaviour as well as the interactions between farmer s strategies and government programme the risk environment analyzed in part i is used to calibrate a stochastic model of a representative risk averse farmer in the uk and australia confronting uncertain yield output price and cost and simulates farmer s response to risk and government policies the main focus of the stochastic simulation is to analyze the policy impact on the distribution of farm income farm welfare and farm risk management behaviour,2
+as a result it is not surprising that some shared vehicle drivers for instance report that the biggest obstacle to driving an ev in the network is a lack of rapid charging stations in areas of high mobility demand eg downtown centres or airport queues the need for timeconsuming charging often multiple times per day for example reduces drivers availability for offering rides and earning fares drivers report that range anxiety can lead them to decide to cancel trips,11
+a deeper understanding of the challenges confronting to yearolds is urgently needed and pregnancy prevention and support for very young adolescent mothers must be advanced to the top of the sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights agenda of governments development institutions and civil society it is with this group that the greatest need lies and that the obstacles have been thus far insurmountable but interventions at this critical stage of their development characterized by profound physical cognitive and social changes that occur in puberty are needed to ensure girls safe and healthy transition through adolescence into adulthood,5
+where this document refers to countries or governments it is also intended to include regional economic organisations if appropriate the authors would like to thank the following oecd and iea colleagues for their helpful comments on this paper simon buckle jane ellis takashi hattori christina hood takayoshi kato and raphael jachnik this enhanced transparency framework will play an important role in tracking progress towards the individual and collective goals agreed at cop and in understanding achievement of nationally determined contributions under the paris agreement this paper unpacks the transparencyrelated provisions within the paris agreement and decision cp relating to mitigation and support it also explores the relationship between the existing and future transparency framework information required to track progress towards nationally determined contributions for mitigation and fulfilling reporting provisions on finance provided mobilised and received,13
+the shares of threatened species are for mammals for birds and for vascular plants among the oecd countries poland ranks seventh best for mammals third best for birds and fourteenth best for vascular plants oecd these ecosystems require particular attention to preserve habitats of sensitive species in particular the national forest policy provides for i increasing forest resources ii improving their state and providing comprehensive protection and iii promoting multifunctional forest management according to criteria formulated by the helsinki process the national forest policy nfp sets key forest policy objectives some with quantitative targets and timetables,15
+there has been overfishing for more than ten years and current management measures appear to be insufficient to end overfishing in the short term recommendations are to reduce fishing by per cent compared to levels largely targets skipjack and to a lesser extent yellowfin but may catch multiple species larger vessels usually have their own freezing equipment and are based outside the pacific and smaller vessels which use ice are based in pacific ports,14
+when appropriately set water tariffs and abstraction charges can inform abstractors about the value of water and provide incentives to use water efficiently including in episodes of droughts they can also provide incentives to direct economic and urban developments in regions where water is more abundant avoiding creating additional liabilities as regards water security see box welldesigned water tariffs and abstraction charges can also stimulate innovation and private sector investments in watersaving technologies and practices or in water storage and allocate water where it creates more social environmental and economic value,6
+the most extensive areas under irrigated paddy are in indonesia followed by viet nam the philippines and thailand the largest area under upland paddy is also in indonesia and significant amounts of land are planted in floodprone areas in cambodia myanmar and viet nam while the per capita demand is expected to decrease in the future total demand for paddy in southeast asia is expected to increase to more than megatonnes per year by due to population growth mutert and fairhurst,2
+the way in which taxes are collected and expenditures are allocated the social contract will be a determining factor in sustaining inclusive growth and ensuring social cohesion although of total pit revenues are generated by those in the top of the income distribution the share of pit as a percentage of income is the highest among the poorest first the pit system is designed in such a way that a majority of people benefit from tax reliefs leaving only a few who actually pay taxes,10
+some schemes involved landrelated transactions the commune of saintivy france bought former farming land and converted it to woodland to protect the aquifer partly because landowners in france cannot impose crop choices on tenants barraque et al in other cases the schemes involved designing performance contracts in santa cruz county california the resource conservation district and the driscoll s strawberry company piloted a performancebased conservation initiative to monitor and improve groundwater quality and better manage quantity the plan includes targets new monitoring mechanisms and incentive payments for conservation to participating farmers levy and christiansmith,6
+if the cost per unit of landed fish goes up as the stock is depleted this provides some protection against a serious stock depletion resulting from a breakdown of sharing agreements and the sharing agreements themselves could be resilient against variations in fish migrations oceanographic conditions vary a great deal from year to year due to factors that are unlikely to be related to global warming and so do fish migrations,14
+second the combination of relatively high minimum wages taxes on labour and dismissal costs discourages employers from hiring inexperienced youth finally despite some recent initiatives labour market measures available at the public employment service for unemployed youth are not subject to the mutualobligations principle and their effectiveness is unknown the papandreou government is proposing to cut social security contributions for each new employee aged or younger hired by an sme provided the firm does not fire any worker to take advantage of the subsidies the subsidies would last four years and would amount to of social security contributions for the first year for the second year for the third year and for the fourth year the government also plans to introduce a year tax exemption for small businesses owned by young people in rural and semirural regions in addition an overhaul of workexperience programmes is envisaged so that the new programmes are sixmonth long focused on practical learning limited to the private sector offered only once per beneficiary and targeted on postsecondary graduates,8
+the two work together to minimize systemwide environmental and economic costs distributed renewable energy coupled with energy efficiency improvements reduces peak electricity demand while simultaneously minimizing transmission losses and bottlenecks essentially renewables and energy efficiency measures mutually support one another to enable energy applications that might not otherwise be technically or economically feasible rendering a result that is greater than the sum of its parts,7
+the result is declining production growth rates through the projection period compared to the past decade brazil will account for the greatest share of additional beef produced through the next decade sheep meat production is also projected to grow faster in the coming decade than the last driven by firm prices due to strong import demand from asia and the european union,2
+biodiversity also provides the poor with a form of costeffective and readily accessible insurance against risk particularly food security risks health risks and environmental hazards vira and kontoleon roe and mapendembe conversely the loss of biodiversity also imposes huge costs on the economies of developing countries damages due to crime related to natural resources and the environment in developing countries are estimated to be more than billion united states dollars usd a year world bank agriculture supports more than half of the world s population including billion people living on smallscale farming in developing countries,15
+people enterprises and destinations with the right skills mix can share in the potential economic benefits jobs which provide opportunities to gain experience upskill and move into higher level positions promote economic mobility and lead to better outcomes for people workforce development initiatives that specifically target existing workers often aim to promote employment sustainability and career progression for low paid workers which better meet industry needs froy and giguere high skilled workers have access to more jobs as well as better quality jobs while the opposite is true for both youth and low skilled workers across all three dimensions of job quality earnings labour market security and quality of working environment,8
+for example once fisheries have depleted the large typically higher value predatory fish at the top of the food web they have been seen to then progressively redirect effort towards smaller often less valuable species at lower trophic levels pauly et al this situation referred to as fishing down the food web can also be associated with increased fishing intensity to offset the lower value of the smaller species which can further negatively affect diversity and productivity see folke et al once these effects take place an ecosystem might lose its resilience and become more vulnerable folke et al once an ecosystem has shifted the process may be difficult to reverse scheffer and carpenter scheffer carpenter and de young,14
+such finance can come from domestic or international sources developed countries committed at the conference of the parties cop to the unfccc to mobilise usd billion per year by of climate finance for developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation action and transparency on implementation this commitment was reiterated in decision cp hereafter referred to as the paris decision which indicates that funding will continue at this level until by which time a new target figure will be set the transparency framework of the paris agreement covers only a subset of climate finance ie finance provided and mobilised by developed countries for developing countries climate finance provided and mobilised by other countries for developing countries as well as climate finance received by developing countries,13
+in the ethiopian government introduced a policy designed to shift the balance of subjects in all public universities away from the humanities and towards the sciences and technology on a basis the strategy is based on an assessment that graduates of medicine engineering and technology generally have better employment opportunities inside and outside the country than graduates in the social sciences and to some extent the natural sciences uneca this approach also includes more and better guidance to students to steer them towards employment in the private sector away from enrolment in traditional public sector entrance subjects in the arts humanities and social sciences,8
+programmes have yielded demonstrable results at the community level even in a short amount of time in addition girls who are pregnant are at risk of genderbased violence typically committed by male partners or others known to them in some places perpetrators can avoid punishment and family shame by marrying their victims preventive measures are also necessary,5
+one and a half decades later pisa results show that lithuania ranks among the countries with high school autonomy in the curriculum development table while moes sets general policy framework and standards school teachers and principals are largely responsible for the curriculum design and implementation they broadly regulate the implementation of education curricula in order to ensure consistency availability and quality of education across the country,4
+and in any studied case one should specifically decide to which extent the possible risks and opportunities are examined an example of a functional model for a hydropower plant is shown in figure the seasonal plan helps to determine how climate change could affect a power plant s typical seasonal practices and routines an example of seasonal plan for a biomassbased power plant is shown in figure,7
+moreover the electricity grid runs mostly northsouth with a few interconnections with adjacent norwegian regions northern sweden and northern finland finally troms county has significant resources for re production both actual and potential table for instance there is abundant wind along the seashore,7
+to do so there have to be technological advances in energy conservation in several key sectors namely construction industry transport and power generation emissionreducing measures include the import of advanced technologies and the wider use of alternative and renewable energy sources tax and subsidy policies can play in important part in promoting emission reduction,7
+the purpose of the rio markers was originally to track the mainstreaming of environmental considerations into development cooperation rather than providing a quantification of finance this regulation stipulates that where relevant or applicable under the unfccc member states shall endeavour to provide information on financial flows information on climate finance mobilised is available in the mdb s latest report mdbs,13
+investments in energy efficiency will reduce energy costs creating fiscal space for other governmental priorities opportunities for energy efficiency improvements in existing buildings are significant however there are a number of factors that discourage investment in energy efficiency including a lack of capital for the upfront costs a desire for very rapid payback periods and financial risk aversion,7
+this exercise contributes to its technical support to the trustees in the preparation of their annual report to the congress about the financial solvency of the medicare programme in addition cms prepares a report on the past financial trends and projected outlook for medicaid which provides an insight into the nature of medicaid cost trends and is a useful source of information for policy makers and budget analysts the cms projections do however represent the official health care projection of the us government these projections are intended in part to provide a broader context for the actuarial projections of medicare and medicaid,3
+however more information is needed to understand the status of the profession and to evaluate the impact of recent measures on the perception of school leadership as stipulated in the teacher s statute school principals main role is to oversee and lead the schools educational project which includes setting and monitoring school goals study programmes and implementation strategies organising and guiding the technicalpedagogical work and professional development of teachers and ensuring adequate reporting to parents about their children s progress the general education law emphasises school leaders responsibility for promoting the quality of their institution and for promoting the professional development of their teachers to achieve pedagogical goals,4
+the aim is to reach zero net emissions by the second half of the century with developed countries taking more ambitious actions the unfccc s financial mechanism and its green climate fund gcf will serve the agreement developingcountry parties are to receive support for strengthening technology development and transfer capacitybuilding all parties agreed to cooperate to enhance the ability of developingcountry parties to implement the agreement,13
+in sweden among native students of mixed heritage nonnative speakers were percentage points less likely to be academically resilient compared to nativespeakers the difference was at least percentage points in the european peerlearner countries in canada nativespeaking and nonnative speaking students with different immigrant backgrounds were equally likely to attain baseline academic proficiency,4
+although it has made progress on many fronts and has a high standing on international assessments there is a general appreciation that the system must strive for the next level although the nature of that level has not yet been specified one of the themes of this report is how evaluation and assessment broadly conceived can support the attainment of whatever educational goals are decided upon the core logic of criterionreferenced evaluation and assessment systems rests upon the alignment of goals for student learning specific content for learning pedagogical approaches and evaluation and assessment approaches oecd in the netherlands building such alignment is challenging given the lack of a national agreement on specific educational priorities and standards,4
+but as gross domestic product gdp rises the growth in domestic cement demand is expected to remain strong and to rise to between kgcap and kgcap in annual production could reach mt and mt by increasing production by between and times in compared to current levels they refer to the core process excluding options for heat page cascading and the process integration of material flows in individual plants on a site and for combined heat and power chp systems,7
+journal of mental health policy and economics vol jahrhunderts social exclusion of people with mental disorders balance and outlook of community psychiatry at the beginning of the st century fortschritte der neurologiepsychiatrie vol repper employment social inclusion and mental health journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing vol,3
+especially in tajikistan where the natural resource base is declining the agenda emphasizes its conservation for which conscientious reporting frameworks sdg can help monitor progress economic productivity sdg depends on fresh wateruse efficiency sdg which is enhanced by capacitybuilding support for water harvesting desalination recycling and wastewater treatments sdg a improving wateruse efficiency sdg also feeds back into reduced water pollution and sustainable wastewater management sdg,6
+the number of poor families in the city as provided by the tamil nadu slum clearance board is the city s poor population based on an assumption of members per family based on the survey is and accounts for per cent of the city s population this indicates that per cent of the city s population contributes to nearly per cent of the city s economy which is not a negligible amount,1
+the additional post of vicechairperson of the countrys upazila parishads was created exclusively for female candidates candidates are elected by direct vote even though the post is reserved for women the daily star however female vicechairs of upazila parishads throughout the country could not start their jobs following the elections as the government did not issue a circular regarding the newly created posts,5
+food insecurity can also be an issue in households not poor according to a monetary standard malnutrition may not only be an issue in rural areas but also affects households in urban areas food insecurity can have longterm effects especially on children chronically malnourished children lag behind in their physical development,1
+water use by households fell by mostly due to reform of water pricing in the share of overall consumption for drinking was higher than industry s share the respective shares in were and moe a flooding of larger rivers typically results from snow melting in around march and april or from heavy rain mostly in july and august floods on smaller rivers tend to be flash floods that are caused by heavy shortterm rainfall,6
+what can we learn from schools that partner with businesses educational services and cultural bodies in their community and excel at driving business and social innovation in their communities how can schools engage the local community and contribute to social responsibility these are some of the questions for the first session of the international summit on the teaching profession the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law,4
+a microsimulation model has been developed jointly by the oecd and the who to estimate the longterm populationlevel effects and costs of preventive interventions to tackle chronic diseases modelling across several countries found that health information and communication strategies that improve population awareness about the benefits of healthy eating and physical activity are costeffective and able to generate substantial health gains fiscal measures that increase the price of unhealthy food content or reduce the cost of healthy foods rich in fibre also emerged as costeffective,3
+the latter typically look at specifying operational aspects of service provision ontime performance availability of service location of stops and even detailed schedulebased frequency these are adapted to the type of services routebased bus and rail services provide but make little sense for platformbased ride services coverage of services average wait times and their distribution for both regular services and for accessible services for example all focus more on the outcomes that ride services can contribute to and may be more relevant for contracting with the providers of ride services currently most of the pilots looking at the delivery of ride services allocate risk to the public authority contracting the service,11
+the low rate of avoidable hospital admissions in countries like italy is associated with a primary care sector that generally performs well although even in italy the overall good performance hides significant variations across regions the southern regions have higher hospitalisation rates for chronic diseases than northern regions oecd data for italy are for rather than data for the united states are for rather titan data for japan are for rather than data for canada and australia are for rather than,3
+particularly in countries where poverty declined by most this has been the result of an increase in average income per employed person rather than a rise in the employment rate or household activity rate significant distributive improvements were observed in nine countries between and which has reduced the average level of inequality in the region although income remains highly concentrated these figures set an important precedent regarding the feasibility of improving the distribution of resources in latin america only in uruguay does the share of this group surpass in the other countries with a high share in the first quintile such as argentina bolivarian republic of venezuela and mexico it is between and see figure and table ia in the appendix,1
+water and wastewater fees were increased in rates for households were set at to in larger cities manatm for households and manat m for the remaining consumers and manatm for consumers who use water as a raw material reportedly in all companies and industries connected to the grid had meters while slightly over per cent of the households connected had meters in this way the rate of fee collection from consumers increased in larger cities from percent in to percent in,6
+this allows tourists to see the complex communities of flora and fauna found in the ecosystem and revenue earned from the boardwalk is used for community development projects such community initiatives provide an incentive to conserve resources as well as education for local people who live far away from mangrove forests other examples are found in kenya where women in gazi and wasini operate similar projects,15
+they also have high rates of illiteracy in of indigenous women were illiterate sep however these rates have been improving across cohorts by only of women aged to were illiterate inmujeres data provided to oecd mexico also underperforms in reading mexico s average score is points below the oecd average the percentage of low achievers among boys and girls in mexico is also twice as high as the average percentage in the oecd across subjects but the figures may mask even greater differences many disadvantaged yearolds leave school and are thus not captured by these statistics,5
+in the fishing villages of navagaon in maharashtra in india for instance all fish processing activities take place on community land whose unofficial ownership and management lies with the traditional villagelevel governance body or panchayat this land is divided among fishing families and passed down to the daughtersinlaw of the house these drying areas may be rented out to others for drying fish but they cannot be sold as the community owns the land women invest in the maintenance of these fishing grounds and contribute their own labour customary rights over this land are fiercely maintained by the fishing community peke a thus customary practices help to retain control over assets necessary for fish processing and prevent them from being diverted to other purposes,14
+with a few cows a household could meet its own consumption needs and help relatives and friends sale of surplus milk and calves was a source of cash for other essential purchases cows also provided organic fertiliser and fuel indeed with six or seven cows a family had no need for coal through the harsh winters van engelen,2
+social barriers include the lack of knowledge of their rights illiteracy lack of information and dependence on male relatives for assistance and resources philippines committee on the elimination of discrimination against women communication no according to the committee it was clear from the judgement that the assessment of the credibility of the complainants version of events was influenced by a number of stereotypes the complainant in this situation not having followed what was expected from a rational and ideal victim or what the judge considered to be the rational and ideal response of a woman in a rape situation in addition to ordering the state party to pay adequate compensation the committee ordered the state to ensure that all legal procedures in cases involving crimes of rape and other sexual offences are impartial and fair and not affected by prejudices or stereotypical gender notions,5
+while the difficulties of such an integrated approach are significant especially in view of capital constraints and often weak institutional capabilities the benefits of a sustainable energy transition are substantial johansson et al alongside this historical emphasis is an analysis of how technological change is represented in future scenarios both sources of evidence are used to draw implications for the ongoing development and diffusion of clean energy technologies,7
+independent variables include activities of daily living chronic diseases and interactions of adl categories and disease conditions ever having smoked residing in the northeast mortality obesity and physical health status measured by number of adls and admission to nursing home have considerable effects on expenditures further individuals who die during the year have substantially higher medical expenses than survivors,3
+values of merchandise exports and imports taken from unctadstat accessed december note energy exports and imports comprise oil hs gas hs coal hs and electricity hs values for total merchandise exports and imports of the islamic republic of iran in have been estimated by unctad,7
+although this has recently been described as a component of a new second safety net there is a risk when income support is available only on condition of participation in training of participation in training without appropriate selection and motivation with a view to promoting the transition from nonregular to regular employment in particular for young people the socalled job card system was set up in the job card itself is a document which records the education and training backgrounds and employment history of its holder updated after any further training,8
+more generally they keep prices artificially high and therefore depress average real wages for the economy as a whole by restricting output they tend to reduce employment levels in the affected sectors except when a protected environment allows overstaffing to be maintained and labour demand may be further reduced if wages in these sectors contain an element of productmarket rents combining pmr indicators with measures of labour market regulations boeri et al using timevarying indicators of pmr nicoletti and scarpetta find that product market reforms contribute to increasing nonagricultural employment rates,8
+however these documents lack a green growth perspective the first two documents focus on the process rather than the outcomes of urban development such as the procedures for developing urban masterplans and for obtaining development permits green growth is not clearly mentioned in the objectives and the only links to green growth are policy targets on green spaces number of trees and environmental impact assessments,11
+in the context of adaptation these local biodiversity and environmental impacts can be interlinked for example a forestry project that decreases soil erosion may increase the local water table in turn more sustainable access to groundwater for agriculture can help to increase food security a key component of adapting to a changing climate,13
+in the people s republic of china since more emphasis has been placed on changing traditional teaching models in indonesia the practice of lesson study aims to promote professional learning among teachers and help them to reflect on their teaching methods and align those methods with the needs of students in india for example the rote learning system using repetition as a technique for memorisation still prevails in many indian schools impeding the development of curricula focused on skills for innovation but encouraging examples of curriculum reform and organisational innovation have started to appear in india the apeejay school network for example promotes educational programmes for creativity and innovation with practices such as enquirybased projects designed to develop creativity and original thinking,4
+linear trends for the multiyear period indicate stagnation or a slight increase in the amount of rainfall on the entire territory of bosnia and herzegovina changes in the amount of rainfall are more pronounced by seasons than annually in the central part it is negative during spring and summer and most pronounced in the area of herzegovina up to per cent while during autumn increased rainfall was observed especially in the northwestern and central parts due to the increased intensity of rainfall and its greater variability as well as the increased share of heavy rains in the total amount of rainfall there is increased risk of flooding especially in the northeastern part of the country where the most disastrous floods in history were recorded during may,13
+however it has been the experience in many countries that acts of violence against women are not investigated thoroughly or documented precisely and that domestic violence continues to be regarded as a private matter and not a criminal offence while complaints of sexual violence continue to be treated with scepticism experience has shown that the establishment of such units may facilitate the development of expertise in this area and may result in an increase in the number of cases investigated and a better quality and more efficient process for the complainantsurvivor however in some countries experience indicates that establishment of such units may result in the marginalization of women s issues,5
+for example in a pioneering study group of indias planning commission set a monthly per capita consumption level of rupees rs in prices as the bare minimum levelofliving threshold this excluded expenditure on health and education since it assumed that such needs would be covered directly for all and for free by the state as enjoined upon it by indias constitution the states obligation has not been fulfilled but the assumption of its fulfilment has nevertheless survived in india the official poverty line does not cover education and health needs factoring these in on the basis of the actual expenditure pattern of the median household reveals that the poverty line would need to be raised by per cent for rural areas and by per cent for urban areas the rates of rural and urban poverty would increase from the official estimates of and per cent to the revised estimates of and per cent respectively ravi and dev pp,1
+similar issues can arise for employmentconditional inwork benefits although these transfers are generally more effective at accentuating the income difference between working and not working since the mid s support for lowwage workers has been expanded substantially in the united states earned income tax credit and the united kingdom family credit later working families tax credit now working credit especially for families with children both fc and wftc were only available to families with children as a result in the eitc reduced official child poverty in loneparent households by percentage points to while in the reduction was less than percentage point house committee on ways and means table h cited in haskins,10
+practices related to monitoring evaluation and appraisal eg supporting and observing teachers and observing students and classrooms furthermore constitute fundamental elements of pedagogical leadership focussing school leaders attention towards teaching and learning school leaders essential role in internal teacher appraisal processes should be reflected in the appraisal of school leaders eg through evaluating school leaders competencies to manage staff to authentically evaluate teaching and learning to understand observe and recognise good teaching and to give developmental feedback to teachers school leaders should equally be held directly accountable for and receive feedback on their ability to lead their school s selfevaluation processes for their school s collaboration during external evaluations and for the communication of external evaluation results to their school community,4
+given the significant amount of fossil fuels consumed in the transport sector and the lack of action in achieving solutions in this area this area needs greater focus if the pacific is to achieve the sdgs by and become an energy secure region by incentives such as concessional or guaranteed lease financing of efficient buses could be used any extra cost of a more energy efficient vehicle is likely to be repaid through fuel savings in the average life use of the vehicle,7
+similar tradeoffs can happen on the demand side since the aggregated demand is smoother than that of each individual market others things being equal the larger the market the more of such mutually beneficial trading possibilities will arise appropriate incentives for adequate investments in electricity grids and transmission capacity are thus important to contribute to ensure system adequacy as larger interconnection capacity improves system flexibility,7
+this requires a more flexible policy process capable of incorporating lessons derived from each step of the process for improved outcomes however as mentioned above there are deeper underlying reasons why vulnerable groups are disproportionately at risk from climate hazards which must not be left unexamined building greater resilience for longterm sustainable development requires addressing those underlying factors through transformative policies capable of closing the remaining development gaps which leave people exposed and vulnerable to shocks this will benefit from a more flexible participatory and integrated policy process,13
+donors have a great deal of experience in approaches that seek to involve and empower poor people including participatory planning participatory rural appraisal and community based management these approaches have been used in donor funded projects the development of poverty reduction strategies and the design and delivery of sector programmes most general budget support programmes involve associated donor support for the role of organised civil society in policy making and programme planning at national and local level in order to strengthen the voice of poor people and improve accountability to them,1
+another positive feature is the fact that fiveyear budgets provide enough flexibility for adjustments in annual education budgets however the budget documents do not typically provide clearly defined educational objectives actions goals and target results the budget requests submitted by anep to the mef are typically not presented with a vision of the school system as a whole and do not clearly establish priorities for public spending,4
+given the severity of the current economic downturn a temporary reduction in the contributory history required to qualify for unemployment insurance would help prevent some youth from disconnecting from the labour market alternatively the greek government could extend the allowance paid to longterm unemployed youth without work experience to include the shortterm unemployed and year olds if this were to occur it should be matched by stricter jobsearch requirements backed by the threat of moderate benefit sanctions in order to avoid benefit dependency,8
+this was clear when the united nations convened the united nations conference on sustainable development rio in rio de janeiro in june the outcome document the future we want makes references to the role of the private sector in promoting inclusive and sustainable development in various paragraphs we support national regulatory and policy frameworks that enable business and industry to advance sustainable development initiatives taking into account the importance of corporate social responsibility,12
+key recommendations cont this means ensuring a period of no less than weeks of maternity leave with a week postnatal compulsory leave after childbirth in addition salary and benefits should be ensured for a sum of no less than twothirds of the woman s previous earnings key recommendations cont,5
+initiatives by new zealand s ministry of women s affairs include investigating and addressing barriers for women within maledominated industries the ministry initiated women in trades networks run by tradeswomen for tradeswomen which aim to build support for women working in trades featuring case studies of highly successful women in maledominated jobs aims to promote further involvement of women in those professions,5
+under the recent reforms the majority of commissioning is from public providers principally nhs foundation trusts but commissioning authorities are allowed to buy services from any qualified provider including private and nongovernmental providers any qualified provider which was introduced starting from april gives patients the power to choose from a list of approved service providers nhs private and voluntary for care that would then be paid for by their commissioning authority for further details see department of health if department of health lg nhs there are special health authorities which provide a particular health service to the whole of england for example the nhs blood and transport authority and the national institute of clinical excellence nice these bodies are independent from the nhs governance system,3
+the link between primary health care and health outcomes for aboriginal and torres strait islander australians a report for the office for aboriginal and torres strait islander health department of health and ageing indigenous peoples poverty and human development in latin america new york ny palgrave mcmillan,3
+a broader rural development strategy is also required including infrastructural investments to better connect producers and smallholders to output markets including ruralurban linkages income poverty is a major factor preventing access to food therefore increasing the income level of poor households will help them obtain food that is adequate in quantity and quality thereby reducing the prevalence of undernourishment,2
+it then considers the role of poverty reduction strategies in extending and complementing the ethical principles implicit in the constitution it ends with an assessment of the strength of the current consensus on poverty and poverty reduction in our view this is because ethical perspectives describe and help us assess just institutions,1
+the drawbacks of this singlespecies management approach have led to calls for an ecosystem based approach to fishery management but for most fisheries this has yet to be operationalized in terms of setting the fishery reference points that dictate rebuilding requirements our current reliance on singlespecies population models and equilibrium reference points will become even more problematic as climate change alters the spatial ranges and productivity of fish stocks a forward looking approach that attempts to anticipate future changes in ecosystems is necessary but presents a difficult challenge for fishery scientists and may require changes in legislation that currently requires managers to adhere to reference points based on singlespecies maximum sustainable yield,14
+it focuses on the ts and on repayable finance essentially bank loans and private equity general barriers to domestic and international investment eg regulatory currency and corruption risks apply in the water sector but are not covered in this report these trends are not limited to large cities in new zealand small towns experience equal hardship due to population declines and ageing infrastructure leaving a reduced rate base local taxation affecting local governments ability to fund operate and maintain infrastructure,6
+finally it studies the emergence of new pedagogical models associated with elearning as well as their impact on the higher education paradigm the second section frames these developments in the latin american context and analyses their potential impact as well as the challenges and opportunities that these may represent for the regions higher education system towards a new paradigm for teaching and learning in higher education,4
+in addition according to the global mobility report mobility should be equitable in access efficient safe and climate responsive issues of publictransitrelated crimes are identified as key focus areas under this element which particularly constrain womens mobility and which in turn should be tackled transport efficiency applied in a macroeconomic perspective implies the optimization of resources energy technology space institutions and regulations to generate an efficient transport system or network for example it is projected that by annual global passenger traffic for all modes will exceed trillion passengerkilometres a per cent increase compared with estimates while an additional billion cars will be on the roads by double the total in indeed such exponential growth of transport will have significant socioeconomic impacts on the livelihoods for billions of urban dwellers and significantly affect the urban environment,11
+subsidies do not always provide the right incentive to conserve water other economic schemes acting on land encompassing trading or supporting conservation practices can be effective at a local scale if the abovelisted solutions are not implementable these may be supported via research and development information campaigns advisory services or extension or by altering other support programs in their direction,6
+urban sprawl pollution deficient delivery public services utilities housing gaps and weak intracity connectivity are all problems that derive from the lack of appropriate landuse planning and the implementation of regulation the most urgent need is for urban policy packages promoting efficient use of land for proper allocation of real estate development as well as the provision of efficient public transport ryser and franchini the misallocation of land resources is leading to a shortage of land for sustainable development of a city and its adjacent neighbourhoods the main locallevel actors responsible are direct representatives of the central government,11
+moreover developing countries in a position to do so are encouraged to also provide and communicate support to other developing countries finally every party is required to regularly provide a national inventory report of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of ghgs as well as the information necessary to track progress made in implementing and achieving its mitigation and adaptation targets the paris agreement does not contain explicit language for specific economic sectors or activities therefore its goals and obligations do not distinguish between commodity and noncommodity sectors however to comply with the transparency arrangements under the agreement and the unfccc parties must submit documentation and data that are generally organized by sector,13
+studies from germany japan and other oecd countries reported fewer influenza and respiratory disease deaths during times when unemployment was high as opposed to low suhrcke et al nevertheless a country s ability to respond to emerging risks is paramount to longterm health system goals the dramatic rise in the number of new hiv cases reported since in athens greece among injecting drug users provides an example of this,3
+the shigoto joho net job information net is a unique feature which was launched in august any jobseeker can access it via internet using a pc or a mobile phone to search for and view information on job openings registered at various private employment agencies and the pes using search keys such as place of work type of job and wages it recently was providing approximately job openings and was receiving about million hits a day about half of them from mobile phones connected to the internet arellano et al there are separate counters for those under years of age and above,8
+for example under the rural and isolated practice endorsed registered nurse scheme some jurisdictions in australia permit approved nurses to provide a limited range of medicines where there is little or no access to gps nurse practitioners paramedics or pharmacists queensland and victoria have both implemented this model for example in central australia much of the direct patient contact is provided by nurses and aboriginal health practitioners with doctors reviewing tests and examinations remotely,3
+one example of this is from sandefiord blad where parents in a primary school wrote a letter to the editor and complained about the assessment system that had been introduced in schools the municipality had interpreted the assessment for learning principles to involve assessment of students midyear using three categories in relation to expected attainment goals in the different subjects above average average or below average some of the teachers reacted strongly and wrote a letter to inform the municipality that they would not participate or use the tools from the municipality to categorise their pupils,4
+available monday through friday from to the pilot sought to increase ridership on the light rail system and decrease car use for accessing the rail station or driving to denver the programme is currently spring under evaluation having run its initially planned course bus service was costly in those areas and in august la vta shut down an underperforming bus line with an eye to replacing it with ridesourcing and taxis,11
+the opportunitydriven tea rate is in uruguay in chile and the plurinational state of bolivia in peru in ecuador in brazil and in colombia and argentina kelley and others women s entrepreneurship global entrepreneurship monitor gem the data by country indicate that the workforce share of women employers ranged from a low of between and in argentina the bolivarian republic of venezuela ecuador and uruguay to a high of in paraguay although these employers are a heterogeneous group operating firms of different sizes composition and origin the great majority of female entrepreneurs firms employ fewer than five workers ilo d as yet though very little is known about them,5
+understanding and taking account of family diversity and change is essential for policymakers who are concerned for the welfare of families and the women men and children within them in regions where cohabitation has become much more commonplace cohabiting partners still do not always have the same or similar rights as married couples when it comes to social protection inheritance custody and maintenance levelling up to this standard should be a priority for all countries as of may countries and territories have extended the right to marry or partnership recognition to samesex couples see table,5
+labelling has resulted in market transformation that can be attributed both to the increased interest of consumers in ee and to changes in the models made available by manufacturers as well as to other accompanying measures such as rebates and information campaigns it has been argued that australia s meps for electric motors have helped to protect its market from a flood of lower efficiency motor imports from asian suppliers iea however in countries that do not have meps such as european countries it would appear that the market share of premium efficiency motors has not risen above to per cent despite significant policy efforts such as the european motor challenge programme seeem,7
+all six see economies operate subsidy schemes to encourage the use of renewables feedintariffs fits oblige the public energy supplier to pay an agreed tariff for the electricity generated from renewable energy sources which provides the generator with a guaranteed revenue stream and so reduces the risk profile of projects the details of renewable subsidies vaiy by economy for example the technologies that are covered the tariff rate and the duration of the subsidy,7
+the same sort of historical arch is not present in other fields of external costs including climate change while this history of research and regulation makes local and regional air pollution one of the most recognisable types of external costs from electricity provision research continues in particular epidemiologists have begun looking at the various components of pm and pm as these components have been shown to have differential health damages and lifetimes in the atmosphere chronic effect deaths are between and of the total,7
+la mesure la plus urgente consiste a mettre en place une infrastructure dinformation integree permettant de deceler les dysfonctionnements tout en assurant la libre circulation des informations entre les prestataires les patients et les structures au niveau des cabinets medicaux la participation des patients a la mesure et a la notification des dysfonctionnements est essentielle la reussite des efforts permanents mis en ceuvre pour ameliorer la securite passe par une culture active de la securite axee sur l amelioration collective et le travail d equipe,3
+a study finds that the lowest unemployment rates amongst graduates in were in the fields of health and welfare engineering manufacturing and construction science mathematics and computing hegesco farcnik and domadenik find that graduates in health computing engineering manufacturing and construction fields have the highest likelihood of getting employed in the six months following their graduation the number of science and technology graduates per inhabitants aged is significantly lower in slovenia than the eu average compared to in and there are few signs of this gap closing imad arts humanities and social sciences graduates make up the majority of tertiary graduates although some incentives such as greater availability of scholarships and grants for students going into these fields have been introduced the impact has been limited so far considering that a greater share of engineering and science graduates is associated not only with a greater innovative and technology absorption capacity of the economy but also with human capital spillovers and economywide productivity gains boosting the number of graduates from these fields is a priority,4
+the national sustainable development strategy includes a further range of activities that seek to reduce environmental hazards and to improve health and wellbeing romania has some of the highest levels of antimicrobial resistance in the eu surveillance data show that in of klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections were resistant to carbapenems a major lastline class of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections this percentage is much higher than the eueea median and the third highest in the eueea ecdc b,3
+moreover the studies do not examine the relationship between openness and vulnerability to poverty this is because they generally overlook the possible impact of the opening process on households exposure to risk as well the role of trade openness as one of the possible channels of risk vulnerability to poverty fell in viet nam during the doi moi period together with an increased share of its stochastic risk determinant the share of the vulnerable population in the relatively more tradeexposed sectors fell more slowly than in nontraded sectors,1
+in practice however women are often unable to access justice due to the relatively high litigation and lawyers fees provision of legal aid services has to be improved and implemented for example while national laws do not restrict women s access to land or property ownership bank loans or credit adult women in mena countries do not have the legal capacity to break a marriage contract while the right of access to justice is guaranteed by the kuwaiti constitution marriage and the traditions of kuwaiti society have been cited as reasons for delays in equal access to justice for women compared with that for men article similar types of legal inequalities eg custody of children property division following divorce inheritance rights negatively influence women s overall ability to protect their rights by reducing their bargaining power within the family family relations and other legal inequalities mediate women s access to justice in ways that undermine their rights,5
+as a result of lower earnings in the middle of the income distribution the median income has fallen thus resulting in a lower poverty threshold and less poverty in relative terms individuals that used to be poor in may have ceased to be so in not due to an improvement in their incomes but simply because the poverty threshold declined together with median incomes seasonally adjusted harmonised unemployment rate,1
+in both dense and lowdense urban settings there is a growing lack of the human scale of the neighbourhood walkability in cities has decreased enormously due to caroriented transportation policies and street design the following highlight what urban planning sh in the first place step in such a scenario large private economic sectors an exclusive partner privileged to create and implement policies tend to influence urban planning,11
+mitigation adaptation and reduction of emissions from deforestation and degradation plus conservation redd initiatives across a variety of sectors are outlined by examining data available through the climate funds update cfu as the analysis of regional trends undertaken is affected by the lack of coherent data this paper focuses on selected regional experiences with the aim to shed light on relevant programmes across the region finally the paper provides recommendations for policymakers on how to effectively address identified challenges and mobilize additional resources for climate finance across asia and the pacific significant knowledge and data gaps that complicate understanding of the issue and hinder the ability to adequately address investments in climate changerelated activities exist,13
+this greatly increased the possibility of physical access to energy services for the entire tajikistan population and to balance electricity supply by moving voltage between areas in need it consists of a combined heat and power chp plant and several large district heating systems several other cities have district heating systems based on heatonly boiler plants,7
+better access to business and management education will enable economies to tap into the the exponential power of women as entrepreneurs and managers through partnerships between universities in europe and the us and business schools in emerging and developing economies the programme is active in more than economies the initiative seeks to have a lasting impact on the quality and capacity of business education in the economies where it is active the women selected for the programme enrol in customised certificate programmes lasting from five weeks to six months,5
+the norwegian expert commission on values of ecosystem services was appointed in october the inquiry found that this work may in itself provide an important basis for decisions furthermore measuring the value of ecosystem services in monetary terms can sometimes help make them visible and ensure that benefits of biodiversity and ecosystem services are effectively taken into account in decision making,15
+some statistics have been developed by the ilo to measure outcomes of labour inspectorate the same survey also show that punishment for such cases is perceived to be high in lithuania very high and high the highest in the baltic sea region some conferences were organised during the new social model process to which social partners where convened together with researchers and representatives from public institutions during which they could express their opinion and possibly influence the experts source european working conditions survey,8
+the adult literacy rate measures literacy among persons aged years or older and the youth literacy rate measures literacy among persons aged to years aggregate calculations for adult literacy rates uis collected from survival rate school registers school surveys or censuses national population censuses and household and labour force surveys data obtained may and june,4
+in the judiciary gender parity has been reached in professional judicial appointments with women accounting for of judges oecdwide yet women s representation while high in lower courts progressively falls in the higher courts as of nine oecd countries had introduced gender quotas for the boards of publicly listed andor stateowned enterprises other countries have taken an approach that is not legally binding involving voluntary targets corporate governance codes andor disclosure rules,5
+for instance algae blooms will increase with the rise in water temperature entered into force on july the emergency law requires the establishment of risk assessments and crisis management plans in case of storms and floods at least once every two years the first emergency risk assessment was compiled in,13
+cancer is a major health challenge and its burden is increasing in kazakhstan survival rates are a key indicator of effectiveness capturing the impact of both detection and treatment in kazakhstan s fiveyear relative survival rate in cervical cancer was less than well below the oecd average of of detected cases kazakhstans fiveyear relative survival rate in breast cancer was only in comparing very unfavourably with most oecd countries fiveyear relative survival rates of at least in oecd similarly in colorectal cancer the survival rate of puts kazakhstan behind even the most poorly performing oecd countries and well below the oecd average of,3
+the index is built to be internationally comparable see the pisa technical report oecd a students are considered socioeconomically advantaged if they are among the of students with the highest escs in their country or economy socioeconomically disadvantaged students are those among the of students with the lowest escs schools are defined as socioeconomically advantaged disadvantaged if the average escs of students in the school is statistically significantly above below that of the average school these patterns reflect in part the inherent advantages in resources that relatively high socioeconomic status provides,4
+social spending however did not decline as a proportion of the budget in most countries as the political pressure to sustain civil service jobs and wages which account for the bulk of social expenditures was considerable in addition user fees introduced to cover the costs of complementary inputs for example books and medicines were viewed as serving not only to reduce the fiscal burden but also to improve the efficiency and quality of social service delivery although the remnants of the old policy provided limited job guarantees for that proportion of generally urban workers employed in government services or large modern enterprises the policy adjustments left most of the rural and urban poor with hardly any form of social protection new targeted social programmes were therefore introduced to protect the poor from the unfavourable macroeconomic environment the new programmes included social emergency and social investment funds that received financial support from the multilateral banks,1
+meeting the environmental standards set by the eu and other trading blocs will be essential to smes seeking opportunities in export markets however in light of evidence that this network may not be focusing adequately on facilitation and diagnostic services to help startups and micro and small enterprises overcome their problems as opposed to primarily offering information the provision of services being offered to entrepreneurs and smes by the ksu and ksi networks should be examined to encourage the development of more highgrowth firms policy measures will have to be strengthened in the areas of seed and venture capital advice and counselling mentoring diagnostics services provision of valueadded information on technologies business models and business and market opportunities both domestic and global,8
+this is because lowcarbon options nuclear and carbon capture and storage ccs already exist in the electricity sector marginal impacts of rd on energy efficiency are decreasing and learning effects in renewable energies fade even with pricing of ghg emissions and without political uncertainty about the future path of carbon prices the development and diffusion of iowemission technologies would still be less than is socially optimal an important reason for this conclusion is that firms investing in rd are typically unable to appropriate all or most of the social returns they generate owing to the publicgood nature of knowledge much of the social return on rd investments will acciue as spillovers to competing firms downstream firms that purchase the innovating firm s products or to consumers griliches empirical evidence suggests that social rates of return to rd are substantially higher than private rates of return griliches and that consequently rd investment is below the socially optimal level,13
+first causal interpretations of the identified relationships may be invalid as the effect of timeinvariant city characteristics is not controlled for second the analysis cannot shed light on whether the identified relationships change over time even though changes in urban structure are relatively slow changes in air pollution and the relative contribution of different sources in total emissions eg road transport manufacturing electricity generation may be more rapidly evolving over time,11
+multidisciplinary settings are more efficient than traditional practices particularly for the more integrated maisons de sante where doctors see significantly more patients and perform more services multidisciplinary practice is motivated by improved working conditions for health professionals and the addon payments led to more effective organisation of care through greater collaboration and coordination between health professionals irdes a there has been a reduction in repeat examination and better patientcentered collaboration between doctors,3
+other key policy areas requiring heightened attention include integrating the mining sector s energy needs into longterm national policies ensuring the existence of adequate energy infrastructure reforming fossil fuel subsidies and providing support to bridging remaining risk gaps for continued technological advancement and innovation it is equally crucial that the need for lowemission energy transition is clearly recognised in mining companies business strategies that will guide their performance in the coming decades this will ensure they remain coherent with the changing international policy landscape and the global energy transition priorities as envisaged by the paris agreement and the agenda,7
+the average hbalc for primary care patients has not changed in recent years and improvements appear unlikely unless clinical practice is modified the proportion reaching the blood pressure goal of mm iig was in with a twofold variation between counties the proportion with blood pressure lower than mm hg was about the results point to undertreatment and the potential for improvement in all regions however there is scope for improvement as only of diabetic patients under age achieved the ldl cholesterol goal with county level variations of between on several indicators for stroke and acute myocardial infarction treatment in line with guidelines and outcomes have improved significantly,3
+spatial integration of youth constitutes a major challenge in africa where poor and lowincome youth are marginalized or excluded from employment opportunities and are often trapped within their neighbourhoods by virtue of ethnic class religious and other types of segregation for example the colloquial swahili adopted by tanzanian youth especially in dar es salaam should be drawn into the culture of the city rather than disparaged despite their critical role in african urban food security informal urban agriculturalists are mostly tolerated rather than supported in this respect the protection of valuable urban agricultural lands from encroachment is a linked challenge one which requires a response to the broader challenges of unplanned informal settlement growth,11
+there are strong arguments to strengthen the quality information infrastructure around hospitals and to develop new policy orientations to drive improvement in hospital outcome of care plan to specialise and more clearly differentiate the function of hospital beds is an essential step to ensure an appropriate use of hospital resources and improve both the outcomes and efficiency of care based on some oecd indicators related to fiveyear survival estimate for cancer japan appears to be performing well,3
+in addition to this programme the bee in collaboration with alliance to save energy and the ifc has developed guidelines to facilitate municipal ee projects by aggregating similar requests the scheme reduced associated transaction costs for investors while building the profile size of the projects the focus was on appropriate technologies for process improvement energy efficiency pollution abatement lowcost automation introduction of management information systems and above all creation of an pa e i improved working environment in a similar vein sidbi appointed the national productivity council to work on reducing heat losses from locally fabricated furnaces in more than aluminium brass and steel utensil manufacturing units in jagadhari haryana,7
+regarding digital skills itu distinguishes between basic skills intermediate skills and advanced skills figure many experts advise that basic digital skills should be included in the compulsory school curriculum science technology engineering and mathematics stem education in the compulsory school curriculum prepare students for the advanced digital skills they will acquire in tertiary education they also need a thorough understanding of the platform economy including the role of financial information in that environment,9
+the analysis will utilise a range of measures reflecting basic barriers on the one hand and assistance on the other to womens engagementas productive economic agents in commonwealth countries according to the world bank world bank a these restrictions encompass decisions affecting their movement in gettingajob for many women these decisions cannot be made without their husbands permission,5
+similarly aymara students score points less in reading points less in mathematics and points less in science than nonindigenous students see figure this difference holds for all income quintiles see table this is consistent with the urbanrural gap in mathematics results from simce figure,4
+in contrast between and foreign investments in developing countries stagnated and those in the oecd declined following the bursting of the dotcom bubble figure yet between and fdi to developing economies rose faster than the total following the introduction of legal changes allowing majority ownership by foreign investors liberalization of profit remittances and gradual elimination of clauses on minimum domestic content minimum export requirements exclusion of strategic sectors and indigenization of management unctad table this leads to the conclusion that fdi reduces income inequality in iowwage labourabundant countries by accelerating capital accumulation raising the demand for unskilled workers and offering higher wages than those prevailing in the informal or domestic formal sectors,10
+at the gubernatorial level only one of the states is governed by a woman when asked what do you believe is the principle problem facing mexican women today the oecd questionnaire on gender equality in mexican states results corroborate women s concerns registered in public surveys the women s institutes more highly prioritise issues of violence against women vaw perhaps due to their regular contact with victims and advocates efforts to publicise the issue all but two responding mexican states prioritised vaw as the most pressing issue in their state the other two states listed it as the second most pressing issue,5
+international evidence suggests that a population base of around is needed in finland this would mean moving from more than to about municipalities should the municipal reform fail to achieve a high level of mergers efficient management of health care by municipalities would be difficult,3
+the historical alternative of charcoal cannot be used in modern blast furnaces and even if it could be used in some form about gt of dry wood per year would be needed for pig iron smelting alone which requires plantations that are about two thirds the size of the forests of brazil similarly there are no plantbased substitutes for hydrocarbon feedstocks about giga cubic metres gm of natural gas per year used in making plastics and synthesizing ammonia for fertilizer production as a result any proposal to phase out fossil fuels requires targeted research into alternative industrial processes for example owing to its intermittency and need for backup capacity the potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions that can be achieved by wind power depends almost entirely upon the existing power system to which it is added,7
+these plans represent a voluntary initiative for reduction in energy use and development of res these plans include the evaluation of specific local problems and potential including developing a local cadastre of emissions development of local priority pathways in co reduction and a set of concrete measures and envisage active engagement of the public and other stakeholders these initiatives are seen to provide good examples for belaruss other cities it defines relations and processes in the development of engineering systems transport infrastructure systems site improvement recreational facilities and infrastructure for physically handicapped persons along with specific requirements for the formation of the living environment,11
+no cases have been identified since then but the source of the outbreak remains uncertain in cases of waterborne viral hepatitis a were reported in uvurkhangai aimag compared with an decrease in congenital syphilis cases was observed in indeed cases of congenital syphilis were registered in cases in of which were registered in ulaanbaatar this decrease in congenital syphilis cases was attributed to improved pregnancy monitoring,3
+the assumption can be made that car occupants will use their seatbelts of course encouragement and enforcement will be needed to achieve this in many cities in europe it is now the norm to have kmh speed limits on residential roads but it is still common to have the speed limit on urban arterials set to kmh serious and fatal accidents with pedestrians tend to occur precisely on those urban arterials yet these roads also have intersections where serious and fatal crashes are often concentrated,11
+they tended to report more often that teamwork improves their own efficiency that they prefer working as part of a team to working alone and that they think teams make better decisions than individuals schools that succeed in building on those attitudes by designing collaborative learning environments might be able to engage disadvantaged students in new ways for a start parents need to play their part,4
+it will also be important to learn from the specialisation of the various funds so that lessons learned and expertise gained informs any new model of international climate finance the governing instrument for the green climate fund sets out the fund s role in relation to complementarity and coherence stating that the board will develop methods to enhance complementarity between the activities of the fund and the activities of other relevant bilateral regional and global funding mechanisms and institutions to better mobilize the full range of financial and technical capacities decision cp it also emphasises coherence at the national level the fund will promote coherence in programming at the national level through appropriate mechanisms ibid climate finance will need to be delivered in line with national strategies and plans if it is to avoid competing with or distorting development priorities,13
+they foster the innovation capacity of individuals and firms located in peripheral regions as well as in disadvantaged neighbourhoods within large urban areas for example the encouraging rd in traditional industries programme in israel offers both financial support in the form of giants and nonfinancial support in the form of professional counselling services to firms in traditional sectors that decide to undertake an rd project this is to ensure that firms make the most of the funding provided and to guide them in the design of a more innovationfocused business strategy,9
+water charges collected cannot be easily used because of a rather cumbersome and lengthy bureaucracy in the tendering procedures of public agencies users who pay charges as a contribution to improve basin conditions do not always see the benefits of such charges in improving overall water outcomes in the basin which may generate a disincentive to pay water charges in the future or accept increases the approach adopted by ceara in which water is charged by a company not as a natural public resource but rather as a service provided to the user based on infrastructure management may be a way of circumventing the deadlock although very much tailored for ceara conditions and a little artificial under different circumstances box if there is a difference between the capacity needed to shoulder water responsibilities and the local authority s organisational technical procedural networking and infrastructure capacity consequences for the implementation of national water policies are unavoidable,6
+they also help individuals integrate into society trust and help others and participate in various activities finally with a strong skills foundation individuals are likely to transmit healthy behaviours to their children and help them when needed oecd a to employers education degrees and certificates signal the level of skills a prospective employee including a recent graduate will bring to a job,4
+sex discrimination in employment persists and is reflected in the increasing gender gaps in earnings hiring and promotion to the management level chi and li achieving more equal relations within the household is crucial to the attainment of gender equality since womens lives are often structured around their responsibilities as mothers and wives becker in particular developed a unitary household model which argued that men and women specialize in market work and household work respectively based on comparative advantage,5
+these two inner components direct budgetary transfers and government revenue that has been foregone as a result are also the subject of quantification of oecd s renowned inventory of support measures for fossil fuels oecd a in this case there is no direct transfer from government budgets and the cost of subsidies is pushed on to energysupplying companies though the latter can also be compensated by the government for the losses they incur this way this is by far the laigest category in the iea estimates of consumer subsidies granted as a result of selling energy at belowmarket rates however this category can also include crosssubsidies whereby one category of consumers for instance industry pays a premium on the price of energy which pays off the losses that suppliers incur by selling energy at below costrecovery rates to a different category of consumers for example households international organisations such as the iea and the imf have come up with certain regional and global benchmarks in particular for fossilfuel consumer taxes the oecd has also discussed these issues in its flagship publication taxing energy use oecd b,7
+the cccif coordinates the efforts of all state agencies previously mentioned in the fight against iuu fishing and is led by the royal thai navy it is chaired by the prime minister and involves relevant public officials private sector representatives and fisheries experts the committee is also responsible for formulating policies and control measures concerning fisheries both inside and outside of thai waters,14
+the purpose here is to capture certain key features amid all the programme detail the systemwide renovation in slovenia began from the understanding that past reforms had been excessively topdown so that there was insufficient ownership of them by the local actors who matter the need for new kinds of knowledge and new kinds of schools as learning communities amounted to a veritable culture change in particular in accepting the importance of being more collaborative and connected,4
+fuel imports accounted for per cent of gdp and per cent of merchandise imports in the transport sector and the electricity sector are the largest users of fossil fuels figure roads are being upgraded and port vila has a unique minibus service that serves as the main public transport system,7
+while the global compact for safe and regular migration positions international migration as a shared responsibility education is not prominent on the agenda united nations the role of teachers and the fight against school segregation deserve wider recognition the chapter highlights disadvantages faced by immigrants and reflects on policies and practices that can expand access to education,4
+it also has higher education requirements than renewable electricity generators which may relate positively to spillovers in terms of social cohesion and regional development from available evidence educational requirements as well as salaries appear to be higher in the npp construction and operating sectors although not as high as in the decommissioning and waste management sectors than in onshore wind and in both pv and concentrated solar power csp trends in rd funding have changed remarkably,7
+the lack of domestic supply leaves families especially children vulnerable to lifethreatening diseases dangerously low water consumption levels and very poor sanitation standards and hygiene practices in the home and at school it is estimated that to per cent of sanaa is connected to public sewage while the rest relies on individual solutions which negatively affects the underground water reservoir the combination of dwindling domestic water resources with poor access to sanitation is a catalyst for enteric illnesses that drive malnourishment rates upwards importantly water scarcity affects subpopulations of the city differently with the most vulnerable being refugees asylum seekers idps migrants and more broadly poor residents in informal settlements,6
+commercial institutional and cd waste may or may not be the responsibility of the municipality in practice in lowerincome countries where environmental legislation may be weaker these tend to fall under municipal responsibility they can either manage the waste themselves or contract a private sector waste management company or they may sometimes be offered to pay to optin to the city s municipal waste management service and generally are expected to pay a higher price for the service so as to not further burden the municipality that delivers the senice and instead to improve costrecovery by crosssubsidizing the service,12
+all municipalities in viet nam are classified as either urban municipalities wards and townships or rural municipalities communes by the end of municipalities wards and townships were classified as urban which accounts for of all municipalities the current definition examines each municipality and gives urban or rural status individually instead of looking at functional boundaries and connections among these municipalities as a result fuas are identified in viet nam which cover of the national territory and host million people of the population in out of the fuas are classified as metropolitan areas with a population of or more,11
+also required is a lurc meaning that documentary evidence of property must be provided which is often difficult as the majority of land transactions occur informally granting processes for bolucs and lurcs are also lengthy and involve costs for the cadastral survey mapping and registration in the form of taxes levies and fees that most people cannot afford and avoid by deferring regularisation wilson the complexity of land registration procedures can be illustrated by the multiplicity of agencies involved the land use right registration office the tax office the state treasury and the notary s office,11
+the bwf organises specialised training to encourage women to integrate in the business sector and to develop their abilities to run companies strengthens networking between palestinian businesswomen with their counterparts abroad represents and defend the interests of its members within the appropriate authorities and hosts seminars and workshops on various topics such as dealing with the regulatory and legal environment the bwf also cooperates with the global bidnetwork project in delivering the business plan competition for women entrepreneurs in emerging markets project in the palestinian authority its major role is providing training to palestinian women on how to do a business plan so they can compete,5
+they are directed by the prefect who has a key role at the local level in planning civil emergency and crisis management within the relevant administrative boundaries ie the district the river basin council s main responsibility is to organize and coordinate emergency plans and implement the measures defined they are responsible for drafting the water resources use inventory in quality and quantity and producing periodical update reports for the river basin councils,6
+among other tasks nfa romsilva is responsible for developing and implementing national forest policies ensuring the sustainable management of forest resources and conducting forest resource monitoring it also deals with nature protection preservation nature tourism and sustainable development issues subordinate to it are forest directorates one directorate in each county and the forest research and management institute,15
+there are no statistics on the number of days per year with wind speeds in excess of ms in the period however the report states that water resources is one of the sectors most affected by climate change and points out a need to monitor and observe changes in water resources due to the impact of climate change according to the report due to climate change in the future the country could face accelerated processes of land erosion mainly through increased land erosion changes in land use increased intensity of rainfall and prolonged diy periods,13
+the elasticity of health spending to gdp is price and health technology developments are an important determinant of health spending growth de la maisonneuve and oliveira martins show that for oecd countries they explain about of the public health care spending variation from the s to the late s and for the briics countries,3
+the danish agricultural agency runs the system and publishes annual guidelines for individual farms including the maximum total amount of nitrogen that can be used on the farm within a season farmers are responsible for completing their annual fertilisation account by the end of march each year furthermore under the fertiliser accounting system nitrogen standard quotas are calculated annually at the farm level these quotas depend on crop and soil type climatic conditions irrigation precipitation and the precrop the quotas are set at least below the estimated economic optimum for the various crops with the targeted regulation the farmers fertilization and cropping management will be restricted based on the sensitivity of the aquatic environment and local conditions,6
+while the instrument was initially designed for flood risk assessment it can be adapted to reflect risks of scarcity or the costs of supplying water in a water scarce region if they do not there is a risk that the supplier overspends in infrastructure development this is one of the major roles of the economic regulator in england and wales see box in the netherlands recent discussions on financing flood protection by the regional water boards indicate that expenditures should not be driven by the capacity to raise funds oecd b,6
+most important was the relaxation of restrictions on rice exports the export quota was increased from less than one million tonnes in to million by however the right to export was limited allocated to two central government established soes vinafood i also known as the northern food corporation and vinafood ii southern food corporation and a number of provincial soes kirk and nguyen internal barriers to trade in rice that had restricted the flow of rice from the south to the north were relaxed,2
+the indicator of the risk of increasing aridity and desertification relies on the same distinction between the exposure to a shock and the size of the shock the exposure can here be proxied by the actual share of dry land in the country or the actual average level of rainfall in the country the higher the share of dry land or the lower the rainfall level the higher is the risk of being affected,13
+this is a common feature of many resourcerich developing countries for instance while some natural resources might be more useful when converted into other forms of capital considering the cost this may entail in terms of additional greenhouse gas ghg emissions suggests that some natural capital may have to be stranded however stranding could have farreaching consequences for cddcs that are dependent on the stranded resource as they would lose an important source of revenue from no longer being able to exploit that resource,13
+energy efficiency in the public sector identifies where the energy efficiency potential lies in the public sector and how governments can capture it policy measures are described for public buildings transportation utilities ranging from public lighting to heat providers and other facilities the policies and instruments section covers crosscutting energy efficiency programmes procurement facilities construction and retrofitting operations and maintenance utility management and capacity development programmes it covers six municipal sectors passenger transport municipal buildings water and wastewater public lighting solid waste and power and heat in three modules an energy benchmarking module which compares key performance indicators kpis among peer cities a sector prioritization module which identifies sectors that offer the greatest potential with respect to energycost savings and an intervention selection module which functions like a playbook of triedandtested measures and helps select locally appropriate interventions,7
+data for the netherlands refer to differences for switzerland statistics are tabulated by gender of the enterprise s sole founder rather than by gender of the sole proprietor countries are arranged from left to right in ascending order of change in births of femaleowned enterprises policies to stimulate entrepreneurship among women should be based on thorough analysis of the factors that prevent or discourage them from going into business,5
+this is the case for lower secondary education programmes in norway for upper secondary programmes in finland and for both types of programmes in the united kingdom in canada lower and upper secondary school students generally repeat only courses that they have failed and not whole grades while primary students are typically not made to repeat grades it reaches in lower secondary general programmes this excludes adult learners and increases with higher levels of education grade repetition is relatively uncommon in lower secondary general programmes and is below in most countries,4
+of the eur million to be transferred to federal ministries only eur million were effectively applied to the water resources management system states and municipalities received eur million but the application of those financial resources representing over of the total financial compensation is not committed to the water sector overall only a small part of the revenues is invested in the implementation of the wrm system as most of the revenues are invested according to the respective governments general priorities the revenue generated by the water use charges must be invested in the river basin where it was collected according to the respective water resources plan,6
+this tendency as hirschman recognized is particularly acute in developing countries while individual projects associated with softer infrastructure are often smaller compared to harder projects such as in energy or transport the difficulties of excluding some users and their nonrival nature means they are likely to be provided at less than full cost to users therefore they have usually relied on significant and continuous public sector financing moreover while recognizing the potential longterm benefits of these types of infrastructure spending in terms of productivity innovation and employment creation it can be difficult to measure these benefits in the short term making them vulnerable to political expediencies and budgetary pressures,9
+table viiil shows the breakdown of types of disaster in the different subregions of latin america and the caribbean studies by blaikie and others and by cutter boruff and shirley clearly identify the vulnerability factors that contribute to the occurrence of disasters these include poverty urban expansion into areas unsuitable for building economic dependency on agricultural activities the scant existence of financial insurance policies covering disasters and growing environmental degradation the consequence of this is that developing countries are highly likely to suffer extreme weather events high temperatures and the disruption of ecological systems that are bound to generate new risks for life settlements publicservice infrastructure and production among other things lo vuolo p,13
+they can help to address misrepresentations of employment in the sector and encourage a broader more realistic view of the different types of roles a career in tourism offers policy and industry initiatives have focused on promoting and communicating the job opportunities offered by the sector to raise the profile and improve the image of tourism careers an important starting point is to make young people in secondlevel education along with their parents careers advisors and other influencers aware of the opportunities and show that there are good jobs in the sector,8
+by participating in international research groups or taking advantage of foreign technical assistance and technology transfer in specialized energyefficiency fields countries have tapped stateoftheart advances it signed agreements with the german and finnish governments and with siemens ag a major german power equipment manufacturer the german energy agency is advising its local counterpart on the design and implementation of innovative and promising approaches for energy efficiency while the finnish authorities provide expertise in technologies for cold climates,7
+women s rising levels of educational attainment and the associated nanowing of the gender gap in education are one of the main drivers of change with major implications for gender equality the formation andor dissolution of partnerships and childbearing decisions van bavel educational attainment paid off for men both in the labour market giving them access to higher salaries and the marriage market making them more attractive partners becker the traditional marriage pattern was also compatible with the gender imbalance in higher education in favour of men,5
+on the one hand the development external economies should be made a priority at a high level second greater levels of trust and mutuality ought to be cultivated among firms in clusters there is however room for improvement field studies indicated widespread discomfort with some of the requirements imposed by the ministry of the economy for sme fund support,8
+transmission losses probably differ among production technologies a main factor being grid versus offgrid technologies however we found that using the production mixes was the best proxy we could get for the consumption mixes those mixes are obtained from world bank data world development indicators,7
+particular examples are the countries that have decided to phase out the nuclear power in the past belgium italy and sweden ukraine the country that suffered the most from the chernobyl accident approved in a strategy to build new reactors to strengthen its energy independence neo it is therefore only illustrative,7
+the resultant slowdown is likely to affect the behaviour of the poverty line next year potentially prolonging the less favourable trend forecast for in this setting it will also be difficult for real wages to improve significantly and on average they are expected to remain unchanged accordingly average real household income from employment the main financial source for most of the population cou id fall in per capita terms this group consists predominantly of ownaccount workers and wage earners in precarious jobs which are usually more sensitive to the business cycle this would also make their incomes more vulnerable e caribbean eclac,1
+further according to the water resources group it appears that most countries have more than enough water to meet the majority of their population s needs without damaging the natural environment wrg however while these global measures are comforting aggregate measures which compare total water use relative to the total amount of water available at a global or even national scale hide underlying challenges such measures are therefore of little use for management or policy decision making,6
+in nearly half of all african countries had reportedly achieved gender parity in primary school enrolment uneca para many countries have made huge strides towards gender parity in primary school education by legislating free and equal access to primary education implementing policies such as free school uniforms and meals to encourage girls attendance and engaging in community initiatives around awarenessraising and mobilization as a result the gender gap in primary education has almost been closed in subsaharan africa figure,5
+some of the indicators compile information about several species and are included in the nni as indices the nni also includes indirect indicators that represent important resources for species such as dead wood that makes up an important habitat for several forest species during the intricate calculations the transparency of simple indicators has been lost and the final results yield no understanding of cause and effects,15
+in addition a representative of the state where the rbo is located as well as representatives of the municipalities within the boundaries of the rbo can participate with voice and vote a representative from users can also participate but without the right to vote or representatives of the river basin councils rbcs can take part on the consultative council according to the national water law article bis the rbcs are composed of a mix of representatives from the federal state and municipal government as well as users and civil organisations conflictos y riesgos para el diseno de las politicos publicas senado de la republica mexico df mexico la expericncia de los cotas based on a presentation during the ciesasird workshop transiciones en materia de tenencia de la tierra y cambio social march mexico city,6
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law health insurance coverage increased from in to in april nevertheless of the population still does not have any fonn of health insurance demonstrating that distance that remains before fully achieving uhc in peru,3
+steve macmillan seconded from origin energy australia is the main author of the first chapter the author wants to thank for their contributions the following staff from the iea dennis volk christina hood simon mueller alexander antonyuk grayson heffner justine garett andre aasrud cedric philibert and johannes truby only a few years ago there was confidence that liberalised electricity markets in iea member countries could also deliver sufficient and timely generation investments needed to ensure security of supply,7
+a law on concessions was promulgated in but the implementing subdecree was never approved and accompanying policy and institutional frameworks have not been sufficiently developed the government has recently made highlevel political commitments to adopt necessary reforms a central ppp unit and risk management unit are to be integrated into the ministry of economy and finance and a viability gap fund is being considered to subsidise or guarantee investment projects to make them bankable for the private sector aspects of cambodia s infrastructure challenges are also covered in other chapters,8
+notwithstanding the diminishing growth rate the total amount of fisheries production will remain higher than that of the individual beef pork or poultry outputs about of total fishery production or mt is estimated to be destined for direct human consumption developing countries are expected to account for about of the projected production growth and their share in total production will increase from in the base period to in,14
+there was an understanding amongst the journalists women and men that these questions were meant for the men around me on the last question then one of the female journalists brought the microphone to me and said miss mtintso in your new responsibility what are you going to do for women examples include copes eager new girl on the block lynda odendaal in the sunday independent ngalwa woman with her heals on the ground wendy luhabe in the sunday independent forde on campaign with superwoman helen zille in the saturday star warby and diehard had to eat her words former deputy president phumzile mlambongcuka in the sunday independent forde during the swearingin ceremony after the elections the then minister of defence now minister of public service and administration lindiwe sisulu was said to have added a touch of glamour to the proceedings smith,5
+okun argued that pursuing equality could reduce economic efficiency this suggests that more equal distribution of incomes could reduce incentives to work and invest this argument also points out that efforts to redistribute incomes through minimum wages taxation and other public policies can be costly,10
+even so there are no cases of an overall national physical shortage of water as the share of total water use in total availability of annual freshwater resources is low as a result competition for water between agriculture other users eg industrial urban and the environment especially in drier regions is becoming a growing concern in many countries this region in accounted for of us cropland of the us irrigated area,6
+to fully appreciate the role that governance can play in reducing poverty it is important to make a distinction between public policy on the one hand and governance on the other public policy is made and implemented within a governance framework the latter can facilitate the policy process but it may also hinder it,1
+the conference is located at the centre of government within the office of the chancellor and therefore serves an important role in carrying out the necessary crosssectoral policy coordination between different branches of the national government in france the newly created territorial conferences for public action will promote dialogue between regions and local authorities on thematic areas both austria and france have established regular conferences that provide such structure but at different scales and for different topics,11
+besides the agricultural region is expanding to the north and thus the arid steppe zone of eastern mongolia is pushing the forest steppe zones to the north as a result the size of the high mountain and forest steppe zone is decreasing and the size of the steppe and desert steppe zone is increasing several principal processes are likely to lead to a decline in agricultural productivity as a result of land degradation these include reduction in effective rooting depth loss of plant nutrients and soil organic carbon loss of plantavailable water loss of arable land area and damage to seedlings,15
+student performance started to fall already in the s but it seems likely that extensive reforms undertaken in the s added to the decline holmlund et al decentralisation from box devolved the responsibility for primary and secondary schools from the central government to municipalities poor organisation lack of expertise and unclear responsibilities are still major issues at the municipal level two decades after the reform snae and suboptimal allocation of resources means that weaker schools are not sufficiently supported,4
+where more adults move into work the risk of moving into poverty decreases in belgium while increasing in denmark iceland and luxembourg meanwhile remaining in a jobless household is associated with a higher risk of entering poverty in cyprus estonia and hungary and with a lower risk in belgium finally children in households that are no longer jobless by time t ie where at least one adult finds work are significantly more likely to enter poverty in estonia and hungary using a moving poverty line produces qualitatively similar findings estimates available from the authors on request,1
+efforts to improve the situation of women and girls in india cont for instance the indian national rural employment guarantee act nrega aims to promote women s participation in the workforce by setting explicit quotas for female participation in the scheme setting equal wages for men and women by allowing childcare facilities to be provided on worksites and by requiring provision of work close to participants homes oecd a the programme succeeded in granting women higher wages than in private rural employment holmes and jones but has been criticised for high costs and low efficiency niehaus and sukhtankar corruption liu and deininger and the lack of daycare facilities at or near the work sites bhatty men are more likely than women to have an account at a formal financial institution of men and of women aged and older in demirguckunt and klapper,5
+community care services would need to be easy to get to and allow individuals to live in communities where they have support systems friends family social services and health care services and opportunities to work socialise and pursue interests when existing psychiatric inpatient facilities are geographically isolated or difficult to reach a transformation of their function to emphasise outpatient care will not help secure high quality communitybased mental health care to make this happen the japanese government will have to take a strong stance in other oecd countries where many hospital beds and institutions were closed they were stateowned for example in the united states and the united kingdom while in japan hospitals are privately owned the japanese government will have the difficult task of reducing demand for inpatient care by improving community services and reducing the incentive for keeping beds open by cutting back on reimbursement for inpatient care without access to appropriate outofhours care hospital care is the default option after pm which can drive up unnecessary emergency admissions,3
+for instance the lack of genderspecific goals in most areas of developmental plans makes progress on gender equality difficult to gauge yet little attention is given to gender mainstreaming in the design and implementation of mainstream sectorial policies as well as in the development of sectorspecific guidelines and development of genderdisaggregated data please also refer to chapter it would be important to maintain a clear separation between the objectives of family and gender policies in the new concept of family and gender policy to ensure that the role of women is not confined to the family domain,5
+chalmers school of entrepreneurship cse wwwentrepreneurchalmersse is both an educational platform where entrepreneurship skills can be acquired and a preincubator to developed earlystage business ideas and to startup a company most students start a legal company during the projectyear core to this is a network that brings together innovative individuals universities and firms interested in developing and commercialising early stage hightech ideas with high market potential today cse practices an encubation process that is offering a masterlevel education combined with business incubation through an incubator organisation encubator operating in symbiosis with the education but owned by chalmersinvest when participating as an idea provider university researchers and other inventors get an opportunity to test their invention in a oneyear innovation project at cse,4
+section paints a comprehensive picture of recent trends in gender gaps spanning a wide range of labour market outcomes and discussing their key drivers section provides a comprehensive set of policy recommendations drawing on recent oecd work as well as on the efforts of other international organisations and on a large policy evaluation literature the most notable improvements have been an unprecedented increase in female labour force participation in some parts of the world and a rapidly shrinking gender education gap however progress has been extremely uneven both across and within countries and female workers continue to have worse jobs than men significant improvements have been recorded in latin america particularly in chile and costa rica where the gap fell by about percentage point per year over the period analysed,5
+attendance is almost universal at these two levels which contrasts with low attendance rates in preprimary education the size and location of schools are key distinctive features of the kazakh school network urban schools tend to suffer from a shortage of student places and operate in multiple shifts in contrast low density of population and a policy that favours universal access have resulted in a large number of smallclass schools about of all schools student learning outcomes as measured by pisa are considerably below the oecd average the difference in the mean performance in mathematics suggests that kazakh yearolds are on average two years behind their peers in oecd countries,4
+in the first four years of implementation the lez in london prevented the release of tonnes of particulate matter and increasingly stringent regulations have continued to yield significant additional reductions to particulate matter levels it operates in tandem with the congestion charge adding an additional fee based on the emissions rating of the vehicle in question this is the first emission control scheme in the uk to target individual vehicles and represents an important stepping stone towards an ultralow emission zone ulez the tcharge has resulted in a reduction in the number of noncompliant vehicles in the congestion charging zone,11
+for instance it is considered a major and growing issue in western galilee in israel and laguna region in mexico oecd questionnaire as a result of sustained groundwater pumping saturated thicknesses and well yields can be reduced significantly in some cases reductions in aquifer viability have been severe enough that there has been a gradual transition from irrigated back to dryland agriculture eg parts of western kansas in the united states in other areas such as north texas irrigation is still possible but it is clear that the current intensity in terms of irrigated area and application rates cannot be maintained in the future,6
+in recent years the role of governments has also been vindicated by the experience of latin america where government activism has proved very crucial not only in reducing external dependence and promoting aggregate growth but also in reducing poverty directly through various innovative social policies see for example cornia while there seems to be agreement about the importance of the role of capable developmental states it is not clear how such states can emerge in countries that lack them grindle shows that developing countries vary widely with regard to the capability of their states which range from very capable to failing,1
+beyond this general tendency climate change is likely to have impacts of a different nature on the water cycle in different regions of the world notably available climate projections indicate likely increases in mean precipitations at high latitudes as well as at midlatitude wet areas and decreases in summer precipitation in midlatitude and subtropical dry areas ipcc in regions with raindominated catchments enhanced flow seasonality was concluded by various studies implying higher peak flows and decreased low flows and extended dry periods ipcc a eea,6
+many governments are recognizing this and some have reformed their subsidies or are in the process of phasing them out in and with low oil prices around countries increased or removed government controls on prices of fossil fuels directly or partially removing subsidies in finland scrutinized subsidy measures according to their environmental and social impacts and costs,12
+children of austerity impact of the great recession on child poverty in rich countries oxford university press the geography of intergenerational i uk lhelping patents to parent reportpdf accessed on august orgphdlimprov html accessed on april orgfilecusersthevenon odownloads l pdf handbook of labor economics a paper nicolefortindecompositionmethodspdf accessed on april,1
+in particular the significant drop in the number of students enrolled in short vocational programmes causes shortages of certain occupations this number dropped by over from about students to about between and middle vocational programmes also saw large declines in enrolment from over students in to around students in,4
+a reanalysis of the same data using the ratio measure found that increases in gender equality in education were associated with higher levels of growth for rich and poor countries alike klasen labour is generally taken as a given factor of production like land and other natural resources rather than as a resource that has to be produced through human effort much of this care work is carried out by women often on an unpaid basis in developing countries where state or market provision of services and infrastructure and technologies that would reduce the burden of such work are largely missing women spend considerable time on childcare food preparation fuelwood and water collection and caring for older persons and the sick in addition to economic activities such as food production income generation cash crop cultivation livestock care and home gardening,5
+for the seps cents per unit xboxproducts while a reasonable range would stretch up to cents in the following part we shall try to describe specifically the homecare stateoftheart as depicted on relevant ipdocuments to further examine if similar conflicts might arise also in this specific emerging field of healthcare this should combine first common ictstandards and medicalmanagerial guidelines and second it should regulate fairly enough the essential patents involved in order to facilitate globally assistedliving and homecare,3
+by weighting interruptions on the basis of interrupted load or nonsupplied energy instead of customer numbers security indicators can more closely reflect the impact of interruptions one example of such an indicator is energy not supplied ens this indicator considers the amount of energy not supplied because of interruptions which is typically normalised by the number of connected customers in other words it provides a metric of system failure independent of the total size of consumption,7
+this broader wellbeing agenda does not abandon the objective to improve rural competitiveness rather it recognises that competitiveness is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for wellbeing a pooling of resources and capabilities across entities creates the ability to collectively accomplish what no individual actor can achieve independently this demands the collaboration and engagement of government at multiple levels and involvement of the private sector and third sector long term capacity building makes rural communities more engaged in processes of development and more resilient to shocks,11
+moreover entrepreneurship is a critical vehicle for the introduction of innovation during the past decade most oecd countries have started to promote entrepreneurship skills at all levels of education hytti and o gorman entrepreneurship education is a popular policy tool to develop entrepreneurial skills and encourage a more favourable culture and attitude towards innovation and the creation of new firms,4
+in the case of asylumseekers it is very difficult to track whether children some of whom end up detained have access to education box in the case of refugees while it is easier to report on school enrolment of refugees in camps enrolment data of registered refugees in urban areas are also frequently available few countries identify refugee status in school censuses explicitly turkey where of syrian refugees live outside camps unhcr c is an exception,4
+at almost growth of employment in the ocean basedindustries over the year timeframe is expected to outpace that of the global workforce around table presents a sectorbysector comparison of the results of the projections to for the annual average growth rates of value added and employment for the ocean economy the main drivers for these alternative scenarios were defined in an internal workshop with the project steering group in,14
+the level of rural connectivity varies greatly among countries in india the world bank found that expenditure on roads had the largest impact on rural poverty compared with other types of public expenditure another study which was conducted in the lao people s democratic republic indicated that having access to allseason roads reduced the incidence of rural poverty significantly this was supported by the finding that about per cent of the decline in rural poverty incidence during certain periods can be attributed to improved road access alone the results of the research confirmed that access to roads does reduce poverty with the level of the impact depending on the areas in which the road is located and the quality of road,9
+service delivery itself must meet human rights standards and barriers to use must be acknowledged as human rights violations family planning is especially important to women and their health and wellbeing and it is also of great interest and value to men the sexual and reproductive health field has an opportunity to encourage men s fuller engagement in family planning,5
+the number of women for every men in poorest households is used to assess womens greater risk of poverty in addition the proportion of femaleonly households among the poorest households assesses whether femaleonly households households with no male adults are overrepresented among the poorest per cent,5
+and although women s labour market participation is increasing among younger cohorts long vesting periods will continue to limit women s access to retirement benefits for some time if no adequate instruments exist to compensate for periods of time dedicated to unpaid work this was common in the structural pension reforms in latin america dion in argentina after contributory requirements to obtain a pension were increased to years coverage rates of the elderly population aged and over declined from to per cent for men and from to per cent for women between and rofman et al,5
+the applications differ according to the national context but may also be affected by the sector or technology concerned and by the specific objectives of innovation it first discusses the national agenda for innovation and then turns to a number of specific policy challenges namely the role of innovation for inclusive growth health innovation and the role of innovation in the green growth agenda particular attention is also paid to innovation in the public sector which is important to improve effectiveness and efficiency urithin the public sector but which can also help support innovation throughout the economy,9
+there are many answers to this question the incidence and pattern of rural poverty are highly sensitive to the measurement approach taken reestimating the incidence of poverty on the basis of two other specifications of the poverty line yielded different results second a notional basket of items that would correspond to the poverty threshold based on local perceptions was composed through participatory interactions with village folk,1
+countries that are clustered closer to the origin have large deficits in energy access while the countries that are close to the top right corner are performing relatively better in energy access hydropower contributed to per cent of th is growth followed by wind at per cent solid biofuels at per cent and solar both pv and thermal at per cent this was due to the rapid increase in tfec which grew by about one and a half times in compared with the level,7
+china is expected to overtake the united states as the world s largest oilconsuming country by whereas southeast asia will gradually transition from being a net exporter of oil into being a net importer furthermore india will play an increasingly dominant role in the international energy scene according to iea projections india is expected to overtake the united states as the world s secondbiggest coal consumer before and soon after to surpass china as the world s largest importer of coal china india indonesia and australia are expected collectively to account for over per cent of global coal output by the focus has changed significantly from the concerns of the s and s when it was largely the perspective of oecd oil importers about ensuring a stable supply of cheap oil under threats of embargoes and price manipulations by exporters later with lessons learned from the realm of health care the scope of energy security widened to include four criteria availability affordability accessibility and acceptability the world bank group refers to three pillars of energy security energy efficiency diversification of supply and minimization of price volatility,7
+to which extent does the choice of nuclear energy contribute to adequate investment in power generation capacity to which extent does the choice of nuclear energy improve the functioning of power systems and transmission infrastructures the previously mentioned joint ieanea study provides some general information on the lcoe per mwh for different technologies table shows that nuclear energy is a very attractive option at interest rates that are below or only slightly above real they thus indicate the discounted average unit cost of production,7
+for example pisa shows that in nearly all countries and economies students who had attended preprimary school tend to perform better at the age of than students who had not attended even after accounting for students socioeconomic status fifteenyearold students in were more likely than yearolds in to have attended at least one year of preprimary education but the rate of increase in preprimary enrolment is higher among advantaged students than disadvantaged students which means that the socioeconomic gap between students who had attended preprimary education and those who had not has widened over time,4
+these chronic illnesses represent a growing burden in all oecd countries and their increased prevalence has been attributed to a range of causes including the ageing of populations and lifestyle factors such as smoking physical inactivity and excessive alcohol intake data refer to for turkey and for australia japan and new zealand results for countries marked with a are not directly comparable with those for other countries due to differences in reporting scales which may lead to an upward bias in the reported estimates,3
+it would also be useful to consider how such programmes could be better geared to serve the needs and priorities of the region experimentation with experiential and problembased learning models in group setting could provide a solution that would bring benefits for a wider group of students furthermore there is a need to aggressively increase and improve entrepreneurship education,4
+resources have since been increased but teacher salaries remain lower also compared to other municipal employees headmasters were also left with more administrative tasks and less time for pedagogical leadership administrative complexity also increased due to the parallel school choice reforms and subsequent changes to school structure and content declining teacher skills and an increasing share of teaching staff without adequate qualifications followed,4
+the choice between the different assessment units is relevant for a number of partially competing policy objectives rosen has shown that an income tax cannot be progressive and also achieve both horizontal equity with respect to family income same tax burden for families with the same total income and marriage neutrality same tax burden regardless of marital status however as long as income taxes are progressive and ignoring employment gains and behavioural effects assessing taxes based on family incomes is superior in terms of reducing the inequality of income as measured in this study a table with summaries of social security contribution schedules and also of other benefits and taxes considered in this section is available in oecd a and through wwwoecdorgels sorialworfeincentiues,10
+in surveys on subjects such as sexual violence some level of underreporting is to be expected differences in results across countries may thus in part reflect social climates that are more or less conducive to women speaking openly about such experiences what is clear is that sexual violence is experienced by girls in ail countries and appears widespread,5
+this translates into donors and local policy makers identifying strategies and programmes that seek to level the playing field between men and women in fcas and that provide direct support for the empowerment of women in key areas of statebuilding however it is important that those pursuing gender equality goals recognise that gender is a fundamentally political issue requiring an indepth understanding of local political and institutional contexts and dynamics promoting gender equality calls for particular attention to the interests of women and girls within any social group because prevailing formal and informal institutions or rules of the game will otherwise tend to disadvantage them,5
+in consultation with concerned parties in the fao calling on both internal and external expertise the objective of the prioritysetting exercise was to identify nus grounded on sustainable agriculture that are be climatesmart nutritionsensitive economically viable and socially acceptable the selections should also be functional to contribute to closing production and nutrition gaps for zero hunger insitu collections of nus in different agroecological zones need to be carried out separately,2
+warming and drying coupled with productivity decline insect disturbance and associated tree mortality also favour greater fire disturbance settele et al models predict that the potential climatic space for most tree species will shift towards higher latitudes and altitudes at a faster rate than natural migration moist tropical forests have many species that are vulnerable to drought and fireinduced mortality,13
+policies that target inequality directly can similarly advance further poverty reduction at the same time the countries that have successfully decreased absolute poverty face new challenges of fostering social inclusion it then looks at the emerging need for converging countries to pay attention to relative deprivation in addition to absolute poverty,1
+decentralisation could help sngs assume control over the resources they administer and become more accountable to citizens this needs to be a flexible process that allows the centrallocal dynamics to evolve however a clear plan for its implementation should be designed with defined roles for the various management levels and linkages between them introducing coordination mechanisms among cities could facilitate joint investments and enhance metropolitan planning,11
+this higher prevalence of risk factors among disadvantaged groups contributes greatly to disparities in health status over municipalities local authorities are responsible for the provision of basic services such as education health and social care to their residents municipalities fund and organise often jointly the provision of primary care and form hospital districts to fund and provide hospital care,3
+the popularity of omega in particular is the source of a structural change in the ratio of these two prices since the resulting ratio is assumed to be maintained over the mediumterm except in the years where the el nino phenomenon occurs for individual fishery commodities price volatility could be more pronounced due to supply swings caused by changes in catch quotas disease outbreaks in the aquaculture sector for example as the one affecting shrimps production in mexico and thailand at present as well as fluctuations in feed costs this is about higher than in the base period but it represents a slower annual growth compared to the previous decade versus,14
+additionally the age difference between partners appears to influence bargaining power mabsout and van staveren this is because age confers authority especially in many cultures like china where elders are respected yue and ng there is also some evidence in the case of china that increases in age gaps tend to lower the likelihood that women will have a dominant role in household decisionmaking poston yang and farris,5
+with an average of children per teaching staff in ecec programmes belgium was ranked above the average in the oecd where the average childrentoteaching staff ratio is oecd in terms of total expenditure on ecec belgium spent an equivalent of usd per child in compared to the average of usd across the oecd oecd the european commission among others has drawn attention to the importance of focussing not just on the quantity of places but also on the quality and adequacy of ecec provision in responding to the needs of an increasingly diversified population as shown in figures and belgium is among the countries offering the lowest studenttoteacher ratio and class size at the lower secondary education across countries participating in the oecd programme for international student assessment pisa,4
+women s civil society organisations monitored government activities and also contributed to strengthening capacity building for women through the provision of gendersensitive training at all levels of government including for parliamentarians the judiciary and the media ogunsanya for the most part women went back into the private sphere once peace was declared levels of sexual and genderbased violence remain high in the aftermath of conflict with little punitive action taken women remain underrepresented in governance accounting for just of members of parliament and women s groups have been unsuccessful in instituting a per cent quota for parliamentarians,5
+then it recovered slowly and reached in and about in however in late the livestocktransmitted contagious peste des petits ruminants virus seriously affected the saiga population causing nearcatastrophic herd depletion by over per cent to some head which could now justify assigning the species cr status on a regional scale also however accurate data on the size of the saiga antelope population in is not yet available,15
+those who have been brought up in poor homes do not have access to financial resources and whose parents themselves have had little experience of working and limited networks find it increasingly difficult to enter or succeed in the labour market as few young people qualify for outofwork benefits government may have limited ability to coerce the young to move into work there is some suggestion that jobcreation policies such as the young persons guarantee in the united kingdom which has now been dismantled may ease transitions to work and governmentsupported schemes which provide transitional jobs for those identified as most at risk could play a greater role in future policies their incomes have been boosted as they both increasingly receive private pensions and income from employment although those in receipt of just a state pension have seen some decline in their relative income,1
+overall korean cities have been developed in a physically compact way without adequate consideration of urban amenities including walkability public transport socioeconomic networks and environmental sustainability the process of rapid urbanisation has tended to neglect the provision of green spaces in cities while prioritising economic growth furthermore a study of urban forms reveals different priorities across and within cities,11
+given that nordic development aid donors have a long track record in supporting ethiopia in the implementation of its green growth strategy they could either take ongoing development support activities as an entry point to enhance existing initiatives or provide targeted aid in an attempt to help ethiopia overcome individual barriers by contributing eg to lowcost loan schemes microfinance solutions specific grant schemes or further engaging in the issuance of risk guarantees and green bonds consequently energy efficiency needs to form a considerable part of georgias plans for pre and post climate change mitigation action this is articulated in the countrys indc which aims for a reduction of ghg emissions by compared to businessasusual,13
+thus while some countries have achieved inclusive process without significant differences between the groups studied in other cases the gaps have widened mapuche atacameno coya kawa guarani is only language spoken although the predominance of one or other of these factors varies significantly between countries distributive changes are recognized as a key element for empowering the effect of growth on poverty reduction moreover in this period income growth in poor households has mainly come from an increase in labour income per employed person unlike what happens when the longerterm variation is analysed,1
+this shows that for a relatively poor country with a large agricultural sector even if agricultural support as measured by the pse is low the burden on the economy can be relatively high this mostly reflects border protection for certain agricultural commodities as well as output price support for rice and sugar in particular given the importance of rice within the agricultural sector the mps value for rice drives the overall pse,2
+traditional communities have increasingly requested the establishment of this type of protected area which can provide a means of improving living conditions and getting access to public services and social benefits section in over new extractive reserve proposals were filed by traditional fishermen alone prates in of the amazon area was supposedly public land which facilitates the establishment of protected areas while only was covered by valid private property titles figure,15
+it also promotes a greater interaction between the budgetary plans and the programmes of various state agencies in order to ensure that interests converge towards common tourism development goals however morelos tourism policy is being implemented through the use of instruments that are common to all mexican states in their relationship with the federal government these include agreements with the tourism promotion council of mexico marketing and its counterpart at the state level but also agreements and reallocation of resources from the ministry of tourism of morelos with its national counterpart sectur spreading and promoting more effectively information on the strong tourism assets that exist in many areas of the state should be a central concern to morelos destination development policy employment in the tourism sector in morelos benefits people representing of the economically active population ministry for tourism a the state is host to approximately hotels which are ranked rd in a national ranking,11
+but we also believe that in equal societies inequality starts from the crib so that is why we have developed a childhood support programme with special emphasis on health and access to initial education and we multiply by times the number of nursery facilities free of charge for the most vulnerable families and children so that they can start having opportunities earlier on in their lives in the meanwhile in order for democracy to be fully achieved gender equality must come about in the public sphere particularly in politics gender quotas can help increase the number of women in public health for example first we must eliminate discriminatory laws and practices and then we can encourage participation at the highest possible level right away,5
+global b c ecommerce accounted for an estimated trillion in ibid given this rapid expansion it will not take long before this form of trading dominates global transactions ecommerce presents much development potential especially in mitigating some of the disadvantages arising out of smallness and remoteness but numerous policy implications and challenges need to be thoroughly analysed to ensure this form of trading does not go unregulated and out of control impacts with regard to traditional ways of conducting business revenue origin of products and services employment and intellectual property rights are among the areas that will require attention given the lack of a uniform and universally accepted approach it is difficult to precisely ascertain the amount of trade being conducted through ecommerce,9
+in addition the current expansion of the metropolitan area towards its outskirts the fastest growing lgus are carcar and danao city create increasing demand for public transport system in these areas similarly road widths are not being maintained across lgu boundaries which precludes good coordinated transportation and land use planning the same types of problems can be observed in other sectors such as water supply and sanitation see chapter,11
+these initiatives offer important advances that could be shared and further scaled up through regional cooperation this creates opportunities for using space technology remote sensing and geographical information systems for assessing and monitoring impending hazards initially developed in the united kingdom this model couples climate scenarios river basin hydrology and flood forecasting the resulting analysis is particularly useful for hydrologic forecasting and thus also for flood early warnings,13
+metropolitan spatial plans typically aim to provide a medium to longterm vision for development which is however not always aligned with the timeframe of other plans at municipal or national levels there is also a risk that such medium to longterm plans may be considered too long to imply anything meaningful or realistically feasible for shortterm political mandates however it eventually turned into gated communities called fraccionamientos whose development and public sendee provision mainly take place outside the control of public authorities and contribute to increasing socioeconomic inequalities within the metropolitan region,11
+specifically it addresses the rights to work and to just and favourable conditions of work articles and the realization of which is extensively explored in chapter of this report the covenant also includes the right to social security and an adequate standard of living articles and which are tackled in chapter in several of its articles the covenant makes specific references to womens rights including to equal pay article and paid maternity leave article the obligation to protect requires them to take measures that prevent third parties including individuals and the private sector from interfering with the enjoyment of rights,5
+however this may be explained by long average lengths of stay in japan particularly for some of the specific cvd such as stroke oecd b when this figure is compared to overall health expenditure from oecd health statistics it shows that costs per diabetic patient are around higher than health care costs for the general population this is consistent with more detailed studies which reveal that most medical costs incurred by patients with type diabetes are caused by their complications and comorbidities,3
+the financing will come from the federal budget the regional budgets the mill fund and the social security fund the economic crisis has not affected the level of financing of the project indicating the continuing high priority given to health and health care issues by the authorities in the level of financing of the project remains similar to level and the main components left unchanged but from the npph has given greater importance to prevention issues and the programmes have been restructured into four broad groups,3
+in some regions rates above established norms or for buildings without metering system are higher according to official data sanitation is the only municipal utility subsector since where the increase in user tariffs has matched inflation figure it is worth noting that nationwide tariffs on central district heating have been falling in real terms for almost years this partly reflects authorities concern with the social impact of insufficient heating in kazakhstan s harsh climate according to the oecd b rates for district heating in kazakhstan are lower than in central and eastern european countries table this is largely explained by low fuel price mainly low coal prices but also by insufficient or inexistent coverage of capital expenditures in heating tariffs as noted above,11
+means of implementation for sustainable forest management and forest law enforcement and governance at all levels enhanced cooperation and policy and programme coordination including the provision of further guidance to the collaborative partnership on forests adoption of the report of the forum on its eleventh session,15
+figure illustrates where the activities are located not surprisingly there are many projects in southeast asia which is particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events and africa and south america where many regions experience water scarcity a complete list is outlined in annex the categorisation is based on the oecd dac adaptation marker oecd the adaptation marker was introduced by the dac to help identify funding flows related to adaptation to climate change in the creditor reporting system oecd the adaptation marker also gives an indicative although not exhaustive list of activities that can be considered relevant for adaptation,13
+this example shows how womens customary rights over common lands allow them to retain exclusive use for fish processing the ssf guidelines recognize the importance of supporting such traditional practices while also calling on states and development partners para to support traditional associations of fishers and fishworkers all over the world poor men and women from fishing communities rely on common property resources including inland water bodies for fishing and food gathering,14
+two stocks were declared rebuilt in world s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the fao yearbook fishery and aquactilhire statistics both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of chinese production reported to the oecd fish stocks data were sourced from the th quarter update of the fssi and nonfssi stock status table,14
+the adoption of quotas in south africa was part of broader measures intended by the government to rectify injustices in the past by helping those who have historically been at a disadvantage including coloured mixedrace south africans and women according to a pwc report on women in mining a south africa firm leads the way in the number of female senior executives per cent in the top listed mining companies worldwide by comparison the senior executive percentages for the five companies immediately following the south african leader were between and per cent pwc proponents of wegeb claim that unlike provisions under mining charters which allow extractive industry companies to renew their licences when they did not meet gender quotas the new bill will mandate a per cent quota for women and stiff penalties for organizations that fail to comply beyond differences between mining and other industries,5
+in central government directly financed only of total health spending but made earmarked transfers for health spending amounting to a further of total spending the bulk of budgetary expenditure on health is made by county governments hence poor counties can only offer a low level of care to the local population the provincial government provides supplyside subsidies to hospitals,3
+it is important to maintain the quantity and quality of water in the aquifer that is the integrity resilience of the aquifer so that it has the ability to yield water now and in the future risks to aquifer integrity can arise if abstraction alters the aquifer s water quality eg through saline water intrusion risks to aquifer integrity can also occur through subsidence where the removal of water from the aquifer leads to its compaction the level of risk to groundwaterdependent ecosystems from abstraction depends on how much they rely on groundwater their sensitivity to changes in the quantity and quality of groundwater and their significance as ecosystems,6
+to correct these failures dedicated financial facilities and investment vehicles are increasingly being used as part of agroterritorial development to support farmers and agribusiness for example the beira agricultural growth corridor initiative in mozambique envisioned three types of financial facilities for companies and farmers in the corridor working capital to support agricultural production social venture capital to promote pioneer investments and longterm capital for agriculturesupporting infrastructure within the corridor as part of the corridors investment greenprint several agribusiness firms collaborated with the norwegian university of life sciences and the sokoine university of agriculture in the united republic of tanzania on a research project that examined the effects of best practices in sustainable farming,2
+small companies often lack the resources to establish an exportimport business while access to basic education is no longer a firstorder issue in most countries gender streaming in education and persistent gender stereotypes in school curricula are a concern gender disparities in the ownership and control of productive assets persist and appear to be less responsive to economic growth than investments in human capital however womens wages are much lower than men s and fewer women are entrepreneurs,5
+environmental economics is currently still far from properly evaluating the impacts on land use and ecological systems of electricity generation the important work on the health impacts of air pollution for instance still needs to be replicated in the area of land use direct landuse regulation most often through zoning laws at the local and regional levels are the most common and most widely used form of landuse policy however marketbased schemes such as mitigation banking have been used in some countries to try to ensure that there is no net loss of sensitive ecosystems like oldgrowth forests and wetlands,7
+farmers purchasing water in market transactions to finish an irrigation season or to ensure water supply for perennial crops might pay prices that exceed usd per m for a portion of their irrigation supply wichelns b it is equivalent to a water tariff a term commonly used in the domesticurban water sector when differential charges are set sometimes the term water charge is replaced by the term irrigation service fee as the term charge is disliked by some policy makers as it suggests water is taxed,6
+while social norms shape public understanding of the root causes of poverty and of potential remedies to reduce poverty social norms are themselves underpinned by deeper ethical perspectives which refer to the social arrangements and institutions in a just society taking account of the interests of persons from an impartial standpoint ethical perspectives are therefore deeper and more general than social norms by extension an understanding of ethical perspectives should help us better understand poverty reduction policies in fact social norms might well engage several ethical perspectives at once this is the case in the notion of ideology and political processes usually engage ethical perspectives in competition with each other and the direction of the arrows might be reversed where policies or political processes inform social norms,1
+officials of the largest cities astana almaty shymkent and turkestan and private actors may be invited to some meetings when important urbaninfrastructure projects are discussed for example almatys new tram line or the preparations for the astana world expo it could meet twice a year with the mne as chair the findings and recommendations that the council provides could be used to revise the regional development programme and other related programmes,11
+it also provides some training for school directors evaluations of the pec programme have expressed some reservations about its ability to promote autonomy or schoolcentred decisionmaking in the mexican context examples of these include safe school escuela segura always open to community schools escuela siempre abierta a la comunidad enciclomedia or the national reading programme programa nacional de lectura,4
+the proportion of fulltime fishers has changed little over ten years in there were people employed in the sector of which were fulltime the gross tonnage of the fleet fell by just to tonnes in there were vessels of metres or less in length in fewer than and the number of vessels over metres in length went down by to,14
+the eu is also a major destination for bosnia and herzegovina exports there are few log exports this is not due to any restriction ban on log exports but priority is given to the local industry for logs from public forests with an objective of establishing locally added value through processing exports of pellets show a remarkable trend growing to tons in and putting pressure on pulpwood and firewood including industry wastes,15
+economic planning and physical planning should be coordinated move from administratively constrained shortterm subsidising policies to cooperative multiactorbased longterm investment strategies this would make it possible to create mobile resilient and green environments for residential and economic activities while reducing the costs of development nowadays rural communities adjacent to large cities are excluded from the official procedure of planning and management of urban development cities are treated separately from the neighbouring rural and other urban areas regional and urban development instruments are not coherent,11
+india pakistan the philippines and viet nam have a low vehicle share per population ranging from five to further motorcycles constitute a maj or share of the vehicle population in cities in south asia and southeast asia india indonesia thailand and viet nam have very high numbers of motorcycles growth was between per cent in brunei darussalam china india and thailand while the growth was a low per cent in bangladesh japan malaysia and the philippines,11
+legal changes that allow the use of movable assets as collateral and of leasing and factoring creation of credit bureaux and fiscal incentives that encourage group lending and more timely bankruptcy procedures would all contribute to increasing the supply of conventional bank credits to the poor thereby creating an inclusive financial system first of all employment opportunities despite their expansion may not be sufficient to employ all those who are willing to work support for the unemployed therefore proves to be important,1
+policies that regulate private transportation or household energy consumption have little impact on international trade flows and would be implemented regardless of whether a territorial or consumption footprint system boundary was used for policy border carbon adjustments to improve the economic efficiency and environmental effectiveness of unilateral climate policies effectively change international trade flows and thus directly affect the international component of an environmental footprint even though a policy on domestic transportation and a border carbon adjustment may both reduce an environmental footprint we focus here only on the policy domain that is additional when switching from a territorial to footprint perspective that is policies that address imported flows from other countries the term carbon footprint is also often misused particularly in the media to refer to territorial carbon emissions,12
+for instance fiscal policies that are progressive and are able to strengthen accountability and transparency in collecting and using public resources may produce stronger effects on poverty and inequality all of these policies contributed significantly to reducing inequality unctad boonperm haughton and khandker the thailand village and urban revolving fund which provided about uss to every village and urban community in thailand as working capital for locally run rotating credit associations started with about us billion in,10
+in the programme started in primary schools by the school year all primary schools of the country participated in the numeracy programme and almost half of them participated in the literacy one they also train them in how to transfer knowledge to other teachers and how to support them members of the rlts then act as guides to their peers in their own schools observing and monitoring their work using fidelity tools gathering data providing formative feedback to teachers and helping them improve their practice through the use of innovative learning methods and techniques,4
+despite this progress an appropriate water quality integrated management strategy such as water safety plans including risk analysis which is already used in various eu countries as a tool to achieve safe water is lacking they also monitor the quality of bathing water and water in swimming pools monitoring of drinking water quality is conducted on a regular basis by both the institutes of public health and the operators of about water supply systems in urban areas,6
+faced with the possibility that their marriage could end in divorce women sought to obtain paid employment enabling them to be independent in the event of the breakdown of their marital union hassani and sjogren it enjoins states parties to ensure on a basis of equality between men and women the same rights and responsibilities as parents irrespective of their marital status in matters relating to their children d and the same rights and responsibilities with regard to guardianship wardship trusteeship and adoption of children or similar institutions where these concepts exist in national legislation f adding in both clauses that in all cases the interests of the children shall be paramount the husband is in general the legal guardian of his minor children during the marriage and in the event of its dissolution the mother may retain custody of her children until they reach a certain age but depending on the country she will have to defer to the father in all or most decisions under the guardianship principle,5
+each pisa cycle assesses three core domains reading mathematics and science one of which constitutes the major domain in a given cycle reading in and mathematics in and and science in and the major domain receives a larger portion of testing time and questionnaire items tend to focus on students engagement attitudes and dispositions towards the main subject domain since the assessment was delivered by computer testing material in pisa is typically organised around subject specific clusters designed to take around minutes to complete and each booklet contains four clusters of test items,4
+moreover a uk survey revealed that of farmers did not recall any guidance on how to comply with the nitrates directive national audit office although this could be associated with the fact that only of the agricultural land area is designated to comply with the directive chapter but there is evidence that farmers are willing to accept further education and advice on nutrient and pesticide management on their farms in the interests of protecting the environment and that overall awareness is increasing and leading to improved management practices to control pollution european commission perez building social capital in a water catchment so that that farmers and other stakeholders are better informed of the processes impacting on water quality can be beneficial morton and weng the impacts of diffuse source pollution can depend on the quantities of pollutants released how easily the pollutants are transported into water systems and how sensitive the water environment is to pollution environment agency,6
+all cigarettes and tobacco products must be sold in plain olive green packets without branding the packets carry graphic health warnings and the laws took effect as of december see figure for examples plain packaging aims to remove a key remaining means for industry to promote its products to current and potential consumers freeman et al the legislation withstood serious industry opposition and was upheld in the high court of australia,3
+this chapter describes the ecosystem services that several economic sectors obtain from the marine environment it examines the pressures on swedens marine environment and the status of marine ecosystems habitats and species the chapter describes swedens institutional and policy framework for the conservation and sustainable use of the marine environment finally it presents how the ecosystem approach is integrated into sweden s marine policy including through marine spatial planning and protected areas,14
+there are groups with a specific advocacy focus such as the international coalition to protect the polish countryside icppc which works to protect small traditional farms in poland and the rural development foundation which focuses on nonagricultural initiatives in villages such as improving it infrastructure there is also a large network of formers associations cooperatives and societies that represent their members interests the national union of farmers agricultural circles and farm organisations is among the largest of these groups with around million members poland has a long history of agricultural production cooperatives which help farmers pool their resources and collectively negotiate prices functions which are particularly useful for smaller scale agricultural producers there were approximately farmers cooperatives operating in howrever this number is declining and it bears noting that the market share of such cooperatives in poland is lower than that of many eu countries matyja,9
+for estratos studies by both the world bank and the government suggest that this classification system no longer aligns well with the distribution of income figure some of colombians are in strata and moreover because any house in a given area can be classified according to the mean for that neighbourhood inaccuracies are inherent as many households living in these poor average strata belong to the upper income quintiles,1
+a considerable number of fossil fuel power plants are located near large cities in emerging asia table in terms of total annual generation the coal plants near shanghai produce an estimated gwh per year while bangkok is highly exposed to gasfired generation plants near the city produce an estimated gwh the countries in the region with coalfired power generation ie all except brunei darussalam have established emissions standards for particulate matter nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides,11
+in ldcs a fixedbroadband plan with a minimum of gb of data per month still corresponds to over per cent of gni per capita the service is sold at over usd a month in uganda chad and the central african republic and remains very expensive and clearly unaffordable in some of the small island developing states in developed countries the minimum speeds of entrylevel fixedbroadband packages have increased considerably in recent years developing countries on the other hand are only gradually upgrading broadband infrastructure to offer higher speeds,9
+inevitably this failure to own up to the consequences of previous policy recommendations will impair the credibility of ig as well as dilute the differences between ig the pwc and the original wc in these cases the poor need not be listened to although the world bank does not currently claim the laurels in every case of success it is merely happy to welcome the relevant leaders in the cgd the bank continues to devolve responsibility for failure to the poor and transition countries apparently if some have succeeded those who haven t only have themselves to blame see for example besley and cord p unless the world bank accepts its share of responsibility for the economic underperformance of the poor middleincome and transition countries its claims to have finally nailed down the correct economic policies will ring hollow see cling and others p,1
+management buy in and leadership are also critical one of the key challenges is often the lack of sexdisaggregated data within portfolios and client bases however using proxy data can assist financiers to assess the opportunities internally exploring where if any prejudices lie and understanding the status of women in the existing portfolio from product and service use differences to repayment rates and portfolio shares and comparing this to the broader market status quo are first steps towards identifying opportunities the next step through consultation with managers and staff across the institution is to identify the target market and carry out an assessment of where this sits within the existing strategy set aside resources technical physical and human identify capacitybuilding requirements and set goals,5
+in a survey conducted by the who in suhrcke et al a discussion of patient satisfaction then follows providing insight into another dimension of quality the characteristics of good clinical cancer care are well established and if evidencebased clinical guidelines are followed an estimated onethird of cases could be cured with timely detection and appropriate treatment oecd as such the outcomes of cancer treatment can serve as a measure of health systems quality,3
+data from this case study indicate that half of the municipalities were struggling with implementation of afl despite all the work and effort to ensure success governance actors and school leaders require training and support in the acquisition of research knowledge to develop greater competency in this area and enable them to facilitate change they need knowledge about the content of the change process about what works and what are the theoretical assumptions underlying the new teaching paradigm,4
+the section concludes by presenting examples of specific policies aimed at changing initial socioeconomic and gender inequality specifically they enable individuals to alternate time spent at work with time spent on caregiving within the family duran transfer family care to services partly provided by the state or regulate the purchase of private care by families these types of state intervention are sequential defamilializing martinez franzoni orloff and regulatory respectively and often addressing workfamily tensions is not in fact their primary purpose this is the case with preschool childcare services for example,5
+rebecca kadaga first woman speaker of the ugandan parliament also agrees that there is a need to focus beyond increasing the number of women in government to increasing their effectiveness in political positions and their impact on decisionmaking at all levels the following are some strategies that have proved successful at increasing womens representation in decisionmaking across the commonwealth endorsement of political parties after studying the political processes in the selected countries the incremental rise of women in these countries can be directly attributed to the political parties especially the ruling party taking a firm decision to institutionalise mechanisms favourable to womens access into power and positions of authority in party and governance structures at all levels of decisionmaking,5
+for example about per cent of the bus fleets in needed major repairs or scrapping as a result of government actions the number of buses in operation for up to three years has increased accounting for per cent of the fleet in compared with per cent a decade ago furthermore modern automated control systems for municipal and regional public transport routes have also being installed including passenger counting payment control and fuel and lubricant usage control systems in three in every four journeys were made using public transport on average journeys per person per year,11
+one immediate course of action would be to develop collection systems since these systems are often viewed as the backbone of any successful ewaste management system in fact informal collection systems were found to be rather efficient in countries like india and china because the daily informal collectors were able to penetrate each community and collect ewaste from house to house the collectors were also able to earn reasonable pay this in turn promoted a high collection rate the box below depicts the results of this analysis,12
+as an intermediate step the victorian government should take steps to strengthen flexible multiprovider learning and extension centres when developing or rationalising the network of education providers care should be taken to ensure that the region continues to have access to lifelong learning services and businessrelated services adequate it infrastructure should be in place to ensure high speed low cost connectivity,4
+in mauritius for example which has had a universal social pension scheme since the basic retirement pension amounts to around per month equivalent to about five times the poverty line to the extent that women rely more heavily on noncontributory benefits than men the adequacy of these benefits is of major concern from a gender equality perspective combining contributory and noncontributory oldage pensions can be an effective way to advance towards national social protection floors,5
+development cooperation s support for market conditions can also take the form of encouraging good practices with standard contracts and verification of quality or providing the private sector with the confidence to invest in green growth by insuring the monetization of environmental results one example of the latter is idb s energy savings insurance model which provides compensation to firms if projected financial savings associated with specific energy efficiency technologies are not realized the country is one of the most affected by climate change the world risk report ranks it third most at risk worldwide and has been prone to more frequent and severe extreme weather events over the years,13
+the federal budget reform and the principle of outcome orientation are considered a great opportunity for gender budgeting and to promoting gender equality policies in austria it aims to employ existing funds in the equitable way in order to achieve effective equality of women and men within the national budget the key foundation for genderresponsive budget management in all public authorities lies in the austrian federal constitution federation laender and municipalities have to aim at the equal status of women and men in the budget management,5
+however all aspects of fisheries from harvesting to marketing to consumers should be considered in a comprehensive way for a successful transition process to responsible fisheries in this regard it would seem that more effort is needed on consulting a broader set of fishing industry stakeholders however whether the toolbox is capable of meeting its objectives see above in practice is an open question in this regard weaknesses of the toolbox are itemised below,14
+peer networks tenc the few latin american and middle eastern systerr scale the table indicates where among all teachers a given teacher would from only one best practice compared to those who benefit from five or ten as important table shows a teachers score on the teacher professionalism xpected to rank if heshe benefitted practices that the oecd identifies o fall among the bottom third of all profession and work environment,4
+within the broader context of that project the chronic disease prevention cdp microsimulation model has been developed the cdp epidemiological model is able to simulate the population dynamics of lifestyleoriented risk factors for selected chronic diseases neither the health impact of undertaking two interventions together nor the costs of their joint production are necessarily additive,3
+however national laws stipulate that rents can be raised in designated monument areas which then impedes upon the desire for mixed neighbourhoods some academics have declared the end of the planning doctrine alongside a diminished role for the dutch social welfare state in particular it has been argued that the green heart as a national policy concept was a cornerstone of the planning doctrine and that its demise thus marks the end of this approach faludi faludi and van der valk roodbolmekkes van der valk altes in support of this argument between and the population growth rate in the green heart was which was higher than the national average over that time at indicating that the area does indeed face development pressure needham,11
+in rural and remote areas that can only be served by solutions not connected to the main power grid network of the country ict can help to make a viable business case for energy providers two types of loss occur technical losses refer to power dissipation in components along electricity distribution infrastructure nontechnical losses refer to electricity theft eg the hook line customers failing to pay their bills and accounting errors world bank,7
+meanwhile countries need to continue to strengthen underdeveloped grid infrastructure to realize the full potential of distributed energy a comprehensive wellaligned and stable policy atmosphere is needed to create a favourable investment environment the regulatory indicators for sustainable energy scoring methodology set by the world banks energy sector management assistance program esmap indicates that many asiapacific countries are not in a strong position to effectively mobilize energy investments figure the uptake of renewable energy is hindered by inadequate grid systems required to transmit energy from supply to demand centres and to provide sufficiently broad balancing areas to handle the variability of generation from resources such as wind and solar,7
+whether caused by necessity or desire the increased flexibility of women is also evident in the increased proportion of women starting up their own businesses in of all new business owners were women in this increased to and in of new business owners were women rafnsdottir and styrkarsdottir across these differences julfusdottir et al,5
+one of the women aged who was from bishkek told a story in her interview about how she was harassed by kyrgyz males whom she did not know when she rode in an unregistered taxi with an uzbek driver in addition she told another story about her kyrgyz female coworker who was a waitress in a cafe her coworker had been chased by kyrgyz males because she was in a romantic relationship with an uzbek cook the woman reflected upon the influence that these episodes had on her choices she said that now she would not consider having any relationship with a nonkyrgyz male although she would like to out of fear of harassment by such groups as the patriots of kyrgyzstan the workplace is also likely to lead both female and male migrants to have mixed connections while leisure pursuits and accommodations are settings where females are more likely to become acquainted with new people from countries other than their country of origin,5
+this programme provides a practical approach to reduce electricity costs to users while delivering broad social and environmental benefits provision of courses on managing household budgets increases the consumers ability to pay for essential services such as electricity while communicating the benefits of electricity increases the use of electric devices eg lighting refrigeration mechanical power and thus ensures demand which improves investment conditions it can be mitigated by introducing penalty and reward systems esmap but smart metering may offer a more efficient approach,7
+in a relatively short timespan aquaculture has developed into a considerable industry for the production of food reaching more than million tonnes in with atlantic salmon as the most important species the sector is still relatively young and has the potential for further growth and development asche and bjprndal the important production nordic areas in terms of volume are the norwegian coast danish inland waters and the coast of the faroe islands aquaculture is now also developing in nutrient poor oligotrophic freshwater basins in the baltic sea and in land based recirculation systems ras in several nordic regions,14
+this dynamic monitoring system will be expanded to cities in china however expertise is lacking at the local level as well as a systematic approach to collecting data from enterprises the ilo in collaboration with the labour ministry and the adb has set up a tracking system which followed displaced workers over a period of six months the tracking system followed where they went how they searched for new jobs whether and where they found new work how much they earned etc,8
+in almost every oecd country courts and tribunals attempt to broker a compromise solution between the parties at the start of formal legal proceedings typically half to three quarters of cases lodged with courts and tribunals are resolved without recourse to a court decision venn however despite the widespread use of precourt conciliation in labour law cases there is little empirical evidence on its effectiveness,10
+secondary teachers on the other hand may have contracts ranging from to hours which exceptionally may reach up to hours per week a teacher can also complement his or her teaching position with other functions in the public sector as long as he or she does not exceed hours per week secondary teachers who additionally teach in a nonpublic school may exceed this maximum of teaching hours per week also in a given school year if the teacher is not able to have enough hours to complete a single teaching unit hours or hours he or she can work a few hours in a supporting function eg support teacher pedagogical counsellor teacher bibliographic counsellor teacher,4
+however the latter are often more easily obtained where economic data is used as a denominator for an indicator the resulting indicator can be described as a decoupling indicator an example is the generation of food waste per eur of household expenditure on food this would for example be quantities of food purchased by households measured by economic value or preferably by weight trends in inputtype indicators can provide some reasonable reflect the success of food waste prevention measures,12
+quality has not been sidelined as evidenced by a recently introduced performance management framework for primary care doctors a similar system for hospitals will soon follow patient groups report being well involved in policy making and several intersectoral memoranda of cooperation have been agreed including with industry on key public health issues medical education is also excellent with latvian medical schools having maintained their reputation as among the best in the exsoviet world,3
+this suggests that negative personal income shocks are likely to result in lower private health insurance coverage for instance in the united states most uninsured people attribute their lack of health coverage to the high cost of premiums oecd holahan and chen report that between and the number of us adults without health care coverage increased markedly because of rising poverty rates in addition to a drop in employersponsored plans the rise in adults without health coverage was concentrated among lowincome people as they could no longer afford to buy private health insurance,3
+in the last few years capital expenditure represents the greatest proportion of annual public expenditure in general programmes of upper secondary education fluctuating between and in the period the proportion of capital expenditure has grown considerably in technicalprofessional programmes from less than to more than and less son in primary education from about to about also as depicted in figure in capital expenditure as a proportion of total expenditure in public institutions was lower in uruguay in primary education in secondary education than in the average oecd country in primary education in secondary education for the same year capital investment in school education was more significant in argentina brazil and peru than in uruguay,4
+for example those related to bulk water supply or to wastewater treatment could be attributed to the water supply and sanitation subsector while expenditures to buy back water rights from farmers in stressed aquifers could be attributed to the irrigation subsector depending on how water expenditures are classified conagua will spend around mxn billion on water resources management see figure in in addition municipalities finance flood protection and conafor contributes to watershed management,6
+it seeks to build understanding of the challenges surrounding each of the four constraints that were the focus of the joint report as well as identifying ways to overcome them thereby maximizing the contribution of trade to poverty reduction the case studies included in this volume reinforce the need to move forward with the above agenda to maximize the gains from trade for the poor before summarizing each chapter this section reviews the recent literature on trade and poverty noting where chapters in this volume contribute to the literature this overview chapter concludes by discussing the main policy implications of the chapters and priorities for future work,1
+what are the innovative features of the paris agreement what is the outlook and prospects for effective climate change governance in the postparis era moreover the article outlines the nature strengths and limitations of the paris agreement and analyses the prospects for effective action on climate change,13
+more interdisciplinary work involving scientists economists and others is required in order to shed more light on this regionspecific question and hopefully better and more conclusive information on this will become available in the coming years other examples are the development of new technologies or business models or changing habits related to food consumption in addition to these fundamental drivers sudden and unforeseen events of natural or human origin may disrupt developments and it is important that these are also considered box,2
+any longterm analysis of science parks in the united kingdom reveals a number in older industrial cities that have been absorbed by neighbouring universities or converted into generic business and office space whilst some of the more successful ones have been located in local economies that were booming before the formation of the park surrey is a good example in the case of sweden lofsten and lindelof found that for new technologybased firms ntbfs those based in science parks had a higher rate of employment and sales growth than comparative ntbfs which were not located in parks there was however no clear relationship with firm profitability,9
+this section provides an overview of industrialisation and the driving forces of economic prosperity developing countries at a lowincome stage in particular can still rely on manufacturing as an engine of growth through the creation of employment opportunities in a more productive sector compared to agricultural activities the income generated by industrial activities is generally higher than that produced in the primary sector ie the process of industrialisation is expected to bring about an overall increase in income,9
+this includes restoration of natural ecosystems alongside rivers preservation of aquatic biodiversity pollution prevention eg enforcing the ban on effluent discharges to rivers water resource management eg restoration of flow paths enhancing the ability of rivers to serve as drainage channels for flood control eg cleanup of riverbeds and promotion of the use of rivers for leisure activities and tourism they are implemented on different levels from specific sections of rivers to entire drainage basins the rra serves as a catalyst for implementation of these plans particularly through funding the regional river administrations which group local authorities drainage authorities regional organisations and ngos as well as an rra representative,6
+amendments to fisheries management legislation in enable afma to enter into comanagement arrangements giving powers and functions to primary stakeholders in individual fisheries this new level of comanagement strengthens the collaborative approach between afma and its stakeholders and further builds the industry stewardship approach in managing the marine environment these arrangements result in simpler and more efficient administration of commonwealth fisheries and these benefits flow to industry this act also specifies that management should reduce the impact of fishing activities on nontarget species and the long term sustainability of the marine environment,14
+having more households with women in paid work especially fulltime work means less income inequality therefore policies that focus on increasing the earnings potential of lowerpaid women can reinforce the equalising effect of womens labour market integration it does not discuss the impact of women s nonmarket or unpaid work which has a nonnegligible impact on household s income inequality as discussed in folbre et al,5
+furthermore elements of the women s market intervention should be designed around the key barriers in order to temper their effect on financial access while bearing in mind the financial institution s strengths strategic direction and mandate in a global survey of the commonwealth countries covered incorporating responses from banks more than documents were required in over per cent of the countries cgap and world bank documentation requirements are usually a combination of proof of identity and proof of residential address banks in cameroon sierra leone uganda and zambia require at least four different forms of documentation including identity card and passport letter of recommendation wage slip and proof of address as a prerequisite to open a current account the first entry point into accessing formal banking services,5
+it also conducts research on the adaptation of small and medium farm machinery to local field conditions and disseminates technical knowhow on the use of farm machineries the doa plans training activities while the centre provides them in its budget was about usd million its research focuses on increasing crop productivity,2
+for example the stocktake will consider the overall effect of ndcs yet information on the expected impact of ndcs on future levels of ghg emissions is unlikely to be reported or available for many ndcs further a large number of indcs have been expressed in nonghg terms eg goals for renewable energy energy efficiency forest cover creation of institutions and estimating the expected impact of such goals on future ghg emissions is often challenging reporting by individual parties on support provided under the paris agreement is unlikely to provide such an overview even with voluntary reporting by a larger number of parties,13
+all countries should give priority to measures that improve the quality of life and health by ensuring a safe and sanitary living environment for all population groups through measures aimed at avoiding crowded housing conditions reducing air pollution ensuring access to clean water and sanitation improving waste management and increasing the safety of the workplace special attention should be given to the living conditions of the poor and disadvantaged in urban and niral areas the impact of environmental problems on health particularly that of vulnerable groups should be monitored by governments on a regular basis,3
+the first phase is to define and understand childrens experiences of food insecurity to be measured it involves gathering knowledge from key informants developing an interview guide selecting a sample and conducting focus groups andor interviews the second phase is to break down the food insecurity experiences into measurable components it involves summarizing the interviews classifying children by types and severity of experiences summarizing interviews across children by theme and identifying domains of food insecurity that discriminate children the third phase is to create questionnaire items to assess the domains of food insecurity experiences it involves developing or adapting items and answers and then review by local informants and experts,2
+the geographical distance between residential areas and job centres results in long commute times traffic congestion and damage to public health due to air pollution encouraging proximity and connectivity between jobs and homes would help reduce these negative externalities and improve economic competitiveness while improving the quality of life urban development needs to ensure that job centres have sufficient housing nearby under the city master plan,11
+metro vancouver also provides input to translink on its longterm transport strategies and tenyear transport investment plans along with input to the mayors council on proposed borrowing limit increases in tenyear transport investment plans translink has approximately employees and translink receives its revenue mainly through taxation mostly fuel and property taxes user fees and government transfers total consolidated revenues for are expected to be cad billion on a funded basis the rgs objectives are to coordinate action on housing transport infrastructure and economic development in recognition that collaboration at regional level will make individual municipal action more effective,11
+expenditures have increased steadily relative to gdp in line with other european countries over the past two decades and reached of gdp in figure panels a and b spending on inpatient curative and rehabilitative care and on medical goods notably pharmaceuticals are higher than the oecd average panels c and d the authorities have undertaken several measures to improve controls on health spending and its efficiency,3
+it is not possible to finance education for children facing the prospect of longterm displacement through shortterm and invariably underfunded emergency appeals rapid response has to be coupled with longterm financing a holistic approach that bridges the traditional divide between development expertise and humanitarian response is required by linking humanitarian and development efforts education programmes in emergency or postemergency contexts can provide children with the chance to bounce back and lead productive peaceful and fulfilling lives,4
+these tie social relief to a household to investment in its children s education in the form of educationconditioned cash transfers certainly the education so targeted is only basic however as one step in an attack on the lack of even basic education among the poor it has much to recommend itself even though further study is necessary on issues about the quality of education received and the necessary additional measures to make it part of an overall approach to attacking the problem of education in these countries poverty in the long run is to be tackled through education and development although an antipoverty programme may have more immediate priorities in the short term,1
+the crop selection criteria of women compared to men consist of multiple interests or concerns stability and productivity are the major concerns in landrace selection for men whereas women consider meal quality resource availability ease in processing and multiple uses of the crop men prefer early maturing landrace malliasamai while the women choose vellaperumsamaiperumsamai because of their meal quality women being responsible for cooking explain that they value vellaperumsamaiperumsamai because of its taste and consistency,2
+in this way biem achieves the critical mass needed to realise projects with wide ranging impact the annual budget of eur eur is financed by the european structural funds the ministry of economics of brandenburg and other projectrelated revenues eg fees for services each partner organisation runs additional projects and employs additional personnel according to projects or the overall management of an entrepreneurship institutecentre this new structure contributes to building stronger linkages between the universitys internal and external support services and to integrate entrepreneurship education and startup support services,8
+the period to corresponds to the period where major reductions in the cost of renewable technologies for electricity generation such as solar pv geothermal and wind are expected while not infeasible such an amount is clearly very high and not currendy in the range of discussion of what developed countries might be willing to commit without hard negotiations on the other hand it is highly plausible that not all countries would be able to reach the threshold we have used for our calculations by so that the subsidy that would need to be actually disbursed would be lower however many other issues would probably arise in the implementation process,7
+this is clearly important when resources are scare but it is also worth looking at how training can service employers operating at the lower end of the labour market this means providing greater opportunities for modular and parttime training which balances competing demands on individuals for work and family modular training involves selfcontained units that can be stacked against each other to complete a qualification parttime training involves mixing the use of evening training as well as the block release of apprenticeships for the offthejob training portion of their framework,8
+urban water supply schemes reach over in orissa and in punjab and karnataka private financial resources could account for of revenues with through direct expenses in groundwater extraction and via water user charges for surface irrigation the revenue from public budgets can vary significantly from year to year and from planned to actual,6
+the installation of community care services in many countries has led to a differentiated set of mental health services and various stepped rehabilitative services which should meet the different degrees and kinds of patients needs in the areas of housing activities and social relationships it is generally agreed that mental health reforms have produced better outcomes in countries where the reduction of inpatient capacities has been compensated by a substantial building up of specialised outpatient and rehabilitative services this holds also true for the united states glied and frank however the reforms have not yet reduced the institutionalisation of people with mental disorders although institutions per se are not ineffective communitybased care has obviously not led to the desired degree of social inclusion independent living or to paid employment,3
+etisalat first used femtocells in and is committed to deploying more g cells in public areas around the country to improve capacity in fact the rise in consumer data consumption may drive the need for further wifi investment mobile operators consider public wifi a necessary service although it risks cannibalizing their mobile data revenues,9
+in percent of the world s poor lived in lics in per cent of the world s poor approximately billion lived in middleincome countries mics while about per cent of the world s poor approximately million lived in the lics largely in subsaharan africa besides china and india the share of global poverty accounted for by other mics has risen from to per cent,1
+although public health care in principle offers free basic health care services to all most states health systems suffer from insufficient spending and shortfalls in management leaving many with insufficient care as a result most people turn to private health care providers which range dramatically in quality and of course charge for their services public health efforts over past decades have contributed to these improvements as most recently demonstrated through the recent eradication of polio after an ambitious immunisation campaign nevertheless life expectancy remains behind most large middle income countries and health outcomes are strongly influenced by socioeconomic factors gender education and geography balarajan et al,3
+when disaggregating the epr by origin and gender the differences between both female and male thaibom and foreignborn workers become negative both were higher for foreignbom workers in but not in figure for the lfpr and unr data for was not available foreignbom workers were overrepresented in the age groups and and underrepresented in all other age groups figure,8
+moldova has eliminated direct consumer subsidies and does not pursue a prosubsidy policy either in relation to consumption or production however a combination of the bottomup approach to subsidy identification and pricegap analysis has revealed several fossil fuel subsidy schemes in moldova the numbers given as the sum or the intermediate sums in the tables and those in the text may thus not always correspond to the arithmetical sum,7
+data centres evolved from mere data containers to become centralized hubs that managed and distributed data across a network to end devices datacentres expanded into cloud infrastructure this may give a couple of false impressions that technology is destiny and that everything digital is revolutionary,9
+in the netherlands inpatient services are also free of charge once the annual general deductible has been met when treated as a private patient in a public or a private hospital medicare covers a reduced proportion of costs and the remaining cost is often paid by private health insurance or otherwise out of pocket in public patients accounted for of hospital admissions and patients covered by private health insurance australian institute of health and welfare,3
+as already mentioned rwanda has the highest number of women parliamentary representatives worldwide women s representation has increased in other postconflict countries as well in kosovo women make up per cent of parliamentary and municipal assemblies per cent of seats in the elections held in afghanistan were reserved for women and in the same year women in iraq gained per cent of seats in parliament un facts and figures cited in binder et al scholars have theorised that having a critical mass of women represented politically per cent is widely recognised as the minimum necessary makes a difference in terms of implementing genderfriendly laws and policies dahlerup jaquette sainsbury,5
+there is also some experience in collective estimation of climate finance in the unfccc context in particular the oecd a developed the first estimate of mobilised climate finance which also entailed developing a methodology to ensure the avoidance of doublecounting as well as of attributing climate finance mobilised multilaterally to developed countries to accommodate different ways and types of providing finance these reporting formats could encourage parties to provide more contextual explanations reporting on climate finance provided to developing countries by other developing countries would help to increase recognition of this increasingly significant source of climate finance,13
+however evaluation policies and practices remain at an incipient stage especially when compared to those of most oecd countries and other emerging economies in latin america the most significant gap is the paucity of national data on student learning outcomes which makes it difficult to design effective policies to raise achievement and assess the impact of reforms in particular the new curriculum also important is the need to reinforce national capacity to use information from monitoring and evaluation for policymaking purposes,4
+green dotted lines confidence interval information is patchy on innovation spillovers or transfers between technologies sectors countries the pace of depreciation of knowledge generated by innovation investments is also not clearly understood a key lesson is that conclusions about the scale and even sometimes the direction of the economic impacts of policies that encourage the uptake of lowcarbon technologies and practices differ considerably across different models because of their diverse theoretical underpinnings assumptions and the corresponding modelling,7
+portugal is one of the few oecd countries in which electricity intensity electricity consumption per unit of gdp increased between and from the point of view of energy efficiency a higher share of diesel vehicles in the fleet means less energy is consumed for the same transport activity expressed in passengerkilometres or tonnekilometres from the point of view of pollutant emissions there are strong indications that a larger number of diesel vehicles could result in increased emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter,7
+while there is still a lack of unified vision on food storage regionally the theme of the arab agriculture day in celebrated on september was arabic strategic stocks of food to cope with the global food crisis individual countries have been active building their storage capacity especially for cereals with various levels of projections see table in an effort to reduce the high crop losses in egypt estimated at per cent and costing around million annually the government of egypt is planning for a project that aims to build new silos per year in an effort to increase substantially its strategic storage capacity available from grain chain eng ndf accessed march,2
+some of these families probably persist into deeper shelf water being joined by some of the upper slope taxa such as the squalidae thus depth too as a proxy for other physicochemical parameters such as temperature salinity etc the shelf communities are probably quite distinct from those on the slope as described generally by longhurst and pauly thus the association of demersal fish communities with particular substratum types has not been demonstrated in the wio other than in a general sense by bianchi and by fennessy in press in a south african study with limited scope,14
+as mentioned above the vienna programme of action also explicitly stressed the importance of eradicating any conflicts which may arise between the rights of women and the harmful effects of certain traditional or customary practices cultural prejudices and religious extremism stereotypes and cultural norms which dictate prescriptive roles for women in society also have a negative impact on womens enjoyment of their human rights for instance girls lack of access to education has sometimes been justified on the presumption that as mothers and wives they will not enter the workforce and thus do not require education she also points to womens lack of influence in decisionmaking processes which define the culture of any given community a,5
+this was slightly higher than the oecd average of hours for primary and hours for lower secondary education net teaching time amounted to hours per school year which was less than in many other oecd countries oecd average hours for primary and hours for lower secondary education see figure oecd a with the implementation of the folkeskole reform it is expected that teachers on average teach hours more during a school year a school year is usually weeks in denmark countries are ranked in descending order of the number of teaching hours per year in lower secondary education lower secondary teachers reported to spend on average hours per week teaching around the talis average of hours and hours on individual planning or preparation either at school or out of school slightly more than the talis average of hours see figure,4
+there is no reason why the level of education should be lower for teachers at preprimary primary and lower secondary education given similar professional demands in the context of changing demographics of the flemish student population and the current policy towards greater inclusion of students with special educational needs in mainstream schools it is of key importance that all teachers are adequately prepared to work in diverse classrooms and differentiate instruction effectively also observed was belgium s internationally low profile in the proportion of immigrant children in remedial language classes,4
+conversely electricity prices tend to be higher when vres are not producing since there is less electricity supply in the market all studies surveyed show that the market value of vre decreases significantly with penetration level and such decrease is more significant for solar pv than for wind power since solar pv generation is concentrated around few hours in the day results confirm that the difference with baseload price is low for the first mw of wind energy or solar pv installed ranging between eur and per mwh depending on individual countries characteristics,7
+in the student questionnaire students answered questions on whether or not they have a home computer to use for schoolwork educational software and a link to the internet how many computers they have at home whether they programme computers and how many hours on average they spend repeating and training on content from school lessons by working on a computer eg learning vocabulary with training software as part of the school questionnaire principals provided information on the availability of computers at their schools and on whether they feel that a lack of computers hindered instruction in their school a new question in pisa also asked school principals to report on the extent to which students are expected to access the internet to perform schoolrelated work on average across oecd countries only of yearold students lived in homes with no computer and of them lived in homes with three or more computers there is no single authority representing both iurkish and greek cypriot people on the island,4
+insights from the early childhood longitudinal study ecls in the united states suggest that primary teachers who have a degree specialised in elementary education boost students reading performance even compared to teachers who have more advanced degrees croninger et al the effect of teachers qualifications is still more pronounced when aggregated at the school level the higher the share of teachers holding advanced degrees in one school the higher the impact on students performance croninger et al firstly research finds that professional development is linked to higher quality skills among ecec staff regardless of their educational background burchinal et al research on professional development for primary school teachers yields similar results angrist and lavy bressoux kramarz and prost,4
+indicators of performance are mainly limited to grade repetition and student dropout and school supervisors do not systematically evaluate school quality see policy issue a school censusbased assessment would provide a stronger basis to identify where additional teachers should be allocated focus incentives to attract high quality teachers and target training to staff who face particularly challenging classrooms these are critical measures to raise student learning and tackle dropout see chapter,4
+those households above the poverty line will pay for their connection at prescribed connection charges and no government subsidy will be released for this purpose in the case of decentralised systems capital subsidies should not give rise to too many differences between the price that remote villages powered by ddg systems will pay for electricity and the price paid by villages connected to the grid but rural electricity tariffs are often lower than the average cost of electricity supply and state governments are responsible for making budgetary provisions for subsidised electricity supply,7
+this eu challenge to uk policy was reinforced in by the passing of the eu landfill directive ec with targets to reduce the quantity of biodegradable municipal waste landfilled with reference to that produced in to by by and by the first generalised response to the packaging directive was the landfill tax introduced in at gbp per tonne of active waste and gbp per tonne of inactive waste these rates were set to be equal to the estimated externalities of landfill but the rates were soon raised above,6
+this is not true if changes in fish migrations or productivity occur suddenly and on a major scale as certain threshold values of environmental variables are exceeded such changes may be difficult to predict and all the more so since they might occur even if the underlying change in ocean circulation and temperature is gradual ocean conditions might suddenly reach a point where certain fish stocks can no longer survive or radically change their migratory habits the only certainty on what to expect would be if similar things had occurred in the past andor if one had a strong understanding of the mechanisms and interactions underlying climate change and its impacts on oceans and ecosystems it is useful to distinguish between two main types of changes that could occur i changes in the productivity of the ocean in a given location and ii changes in fish migrations or the location of their habitats,14
+it is calculated using the number of deprivations that the multidimensionally deprived children encounter divided by the maximum number of dimensions considered showing the average number of deprivations the deprived children experience the child population per country is calculated multiplying the total population size in retrieved from the world bank databank oct with the percentage of children as a share of the total population of each country derived by authors calculations based on dhsmics data see annexes and in these countries represented of the total population of subsaharan africa and of the worlds population,1
+the ccss recently established quality monitoring programme in primary care see section with plans to develop a similar programme for hospitals not enough is known about the quality and outcomes of care in costa rica although some important initiatives are underway such as the primary care performance monitoring framework quality does not emerge as the dominant governing idea within costa rican health care quality is still thought of in limited terms typically waiting times meaning that important gaps in the health system s information infrastructure persist even though there is a national cancer observatory for example authorities were unable to produce data on the stage of cancer at diagnosis vital for understanding the effectiveness of screening and prevention programmes when asked,3
+the systematic collection and analysis of appraisal results may furthermore provide information at a systemlevel for the further development of policies to strengthen leadership in schools an increasing number of countries conducts appraisal to provide feedback and to inform professional development in many of these cases appraisal may lead to summative consequences for underperforming school leaders if a school leader fails to improve after an unsatisfactory rating and the introduction of an improvement plan for example the ways in which results are used may differ depending on a school leader s performance in the appraisal as well as the school level and school type,4
+there were and reductions in death rate for diabetes and and decreases for renal disease in addition to better health outcomes the study also demonstrates the costeffectiveness of strengthening primary health care zhao et al in some areas a low volume of patients makes a hospital or a specialist unviable these are also places that are not perceived by health practitioners as attractive to live,3
+in environmentallyrelated taxes accounted for of total tax revenue in india and in china but only in malaysia and in the philippines a new law in china that came into effect at the beginning of introduced new taxes on polluters it will likely affect these rates in future although its main purpose is not to raise revenue for example the building sector including space heating and cooling water heating lighting appliances and cooking equipment in residential commercial and industrial buildings accounts for of anthropogenic emissions of fine particulate matter of all nitrogen oxide emissions and of sulphur dioxide emissions globally iea reducing emissions from this sector requires replacing kerosene lighting with electricity and improving access to clean cooking facilities,11
+the mpi is the product of two easytounderstand and intuitive partial indices the headcount ratio h can be easily explained to journalists who are already familiar with this idea from monetary measures and the new partial index of intensity a the percentage of deprivations that poor people in that country face at the same time creates powerful properties yet also ties the poverty measure back to human lives and experiences,1
+nevertheless investments in improvements in energy efficiency will need to increase by a factor of to in order to achieve the target the unece region uses of global tpes north america has the main share globally followed by the countries of western and central europe with,7
+adding to these challenges the rural poor without access to electricity either spend relatively large amounts of their scarce financial resources on energy or a disproportionate amount of time collecting firewood the benefits that electricity access brings to households and communities are justified not only on social and economic grounds but also on grounds of equity objectives for over years the world bank and other organisations have studied the social benefits of electricity access and have noted that these benefits usually derive from the longer days that powered light bulbs offer to the household when electricity is used for powering home appliances household chores tend to become less tedious when it is used for lighting the relative brightness of the light bulb as opposed to candle light allows children to read or study in the later hours of the day bringing obvious education and leisure benefits barnes,7
+developed countries commit to economywide emission targets for while developing countries commit to mitigation actions in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation developed countries also commit to provide funding for developing countries to help with mitigation and adaptation as the accord was noted rather than agreed to there are no binding commitments nevertheless the accord makes clear the broad lines of a future agreement developed countries will commit to emission reduction targets and developing countries especially the larger more advanced ones must take ambitious mitigation actions commensurate with their capability,13
+this is similar to other countries data for lower secondary education is included in data for primary education preprimary and primary education include reimbursements from local authorities for previous years an alternative measure of the degree to which a country prioritises education is the share of gdp spent on education,4
+this circular relationship the energytransformation nexus is central to the development process it discusses the linkages between energy supply and sustainable and inclusive structural transformation following an examination of the patterns of energy supply and demand in least developed countries ldcs and their differences from other groups of countries in section b section c elaborates on the energytransformation nexus,7
+reforms to increase supply flexibility should be pursued all government funded schools should enjoy the same freedom in luring and wage setting to level the playing field across different school types to better gauge progress and inform policy makers schools and parents on educational outcomes additional performance measures should be developed and steps taken to lessen the reliance on grades in performance management,4
+many countries have adopted digital development strategies digital strategies are crosssectoral plans that address policy objectives related to the development of a digital economy and society common objectives include developing broadband infrastructure promoting digital firms both international and local the digital sector strengthening egovernment and encouraging businesses and smes to adopt digital technologies as well as promoting general ict skills and competencies the priorities in any countrys strategy generally depend on the level of digital adoption in that country with less digitalized economies focusing more on connectivity and promoting digital skills and adoption and more digitalized economies seeking to upgrade to highspeed internet and to promote user and data protection,9
+the core of the archimedes model is hundreds of equations that represent human physiology and the effects of diseases attached to these equations are hundreds more equations and algorithms that simulate the health care system including processes such as tests treatments admissions and physician behaviours together with population data the equations are integrated into a single largescale simulation model,3
+also since more than a hundred new diagnostic and treatment protocols have been developed with a focus on cardiovascular diseases types of cancers paediatrics and trauma care which are currently being piloted in selected hospitals although the rate for women is much lower than for men both rates are among the highest in the eu alcohol control policies introduced in including restrictions on advertising sales and increases on taxes resulted in partial and shortlived improvement alcohol policy is a focus area of the government and new legislation is coming into effect in january,3
+farmers and insurance companies have asymmetric information that can also increase the price of insurance farmers who take greater risks tend to demand more insurance adverse selections and farmers tend to be less proactive in managing their risks once they are insured moral hazard ad hoc disaster assistance and other support measures from the government also reduce insurance demand multiperil crop insurance provides indemnities after individual yield or production losses due to any peril in a list this is the most widely available type of insurance across countries and it is the one proposed for cattle and rice in the pilot projects in indonesia,2
+the basic allowance is available to those who are over years old to qualify for an incomerelated benefit the unemployed person must have been a member of a ul fund for at least months for both types of ul benefit the maximum entitlement period is days and days for parents with children,8
+it also includes maintenance and capital renovation of state and municipal institutions of the public health system and the purchase of medical equipment the federal general prosecutor s office has checked the tenders for buying equipment under the npph they revealed that the prices in tenders were unjustifiably high often by as much as for example during the last three years rub billion were spent on new tomographic scanners,3
+these options were formulated primarily for water services and with the perspective of introducing greater private sector participation into the sector the study considered different options for reforming the market including having up to three operators for the country as opposed to only one operator ie one for yerevan one for awsc as it currently exists and one or more for the existing regional companies as the most interesting although the consultants recommended two wscs as the most viable option the government indicated a strong preference for forming a single wsc these could be solutions for municipalities that might not be interested to join the regional operator,6
+if investment inefficiencies consumers and firms do not undertake privately profitable investments in energy efficiency are the only market failure the firstbest policy is to address the inefficiency directly for example by providing information to imperfectly informed consumers if there are both investment inefficiencies and energyuse externalities then taxes should be used in combination with some welfareimproving energy efficiency policy allcott and greenstone gillingham and palmer a clear predictable carbon price is likely to be an important driver of change,7
+water logics and hydrological boundaries cut across administrative frontiers and perimeters water governance and water resources management takes place at various spatial scales both in their ecological and political dimensions first the hydrological system with its different levels from small catchments to large river basins plays a prominent role from the individual water body to the global climate,6
+j zetter a distinction is usually made between slowonset processes and extreme environmental events or natural disasters distinguishing for example desertification from floods in this context there is growing recognition that migration is not always the only response to the effects of environmental change in the case of slowonset events for example adapting settlement and land use practices may mean that people can remain at home safely and productively,13
+in the slovak republic italy the russian federation and poland less than of lowskilled adults reported participation in any form of adult education the gap in participation rates between adults with low and high literacy proficiency is on average percentage points compared to respectively in the case of formal education this difference is percentage points compared to in relative terms however the difference in rates is even greater in the case of formal education where highly proficient adults are three times more likely to participate than adults with low proficiency,4
+in these countries then are not only are there more poor individuals but the poor are deprived in more dimensions in all the countries a higher percentage of the population was poor in rural than in urban areas the highest rural poverty levels were in nicaragua guatemala honduras and the plurinational state of bolivia,1
+the focus of this report is on instruments to promote gender balance in academia then an overview is presented of key policy measures and programmes initiated by government authorities to promote gender balance in research examples are also given of the actions taken by the nordic national research councils and the joint nordic institution nordforsk to address gender balance,5
+it is an overarching document broadly describing the content of kindergartens often in terms of suggestions and recommendations rather than prescriptions monitoring service quality based on laws and regulations can thus be challenging assessment of actual practice against the steering documents entails subjective interpretation and poor practice at the kindergarten level can rarely be considered a direct violation of the law,4
+trade restrictions played a pivotal role for this differential outcome while countries in developing asia managed to insulate themselves from the price hike through export restrictions and aggressive buying many countries in subsaharan africa experienced a sharp food price increase and had to bear the brunt of the price hike with a marked increase in undernourishment if these are insufficient tighter disciplines on export restrictions and demandaugmenting measures need to be envisaged in a second step over and above improving the trade disciplines he suggested promoting public investment in agriculture and food safety nets a wellfunctioning international trade system is all the more important in the context of increasing pressures on natural resources especially land and water and with the expectation of climate change affecting production potentials differently in different regions of the world dr van tongeren considered that the present external economic financial and fiscal environment was a good basis for further agricultural reforms,2
+middle and highincome countries on the other hand might place greater emphasis on workfamily conciliation policies including parental leave and child and elderly care services in both cases priorities for social protection should be determined through open dialogue involving all stakeholders and with the active participation of women starting in the government engaged in extensive civil society consultations in order to redesign its social protection framework,5
+while many not all actions to reduce emissions may be costly today their benefits will only accrue several decades from now if the discount rate is zero a benefit of usd billion in would justify an equivalent investment in emissions reductions today of usd billion however if the discount rate is per year today only an investment of usd million would be justifiable it would fall to usd million at an admittedly very high discount rate of,7
+in asia the largest financing needs are estimated to be in the energy sector followed by transport road density per square kilometre is a very rough indicator of the development of transport infrastructure and it must obviously be seen also in the context of terrain population density and other ecological considerations nevertheless figure points to truly shocking differences between europe and the developing regions while w ithin asia which shows slightly better levels there are large differences between east asia and most of the rest of the continent,9
+the strategic environmental evaluations eaes are a promising tool for assessing the environmental impact of landuse plans but could be broadened to evaluate the overall impact of urban growth on environmental performance and quality of life air pollution should be tackled through disincentives on car ownership which may mean redesigning municipal revenue streams that significantly depend on vehicle taxes minimising natural hazards notably flood risk calls for a more comprehensive approach to managing stormwater drainage and mitigating the expansion of impermeable surfaces in urban areas mechanisms to offset biodiversity losses should be integrated into the eaes,11
+the offdiagonal cases correspond to countries where the unemployment rate either responded particularly strongly to the output shock countries in boxes above the diagonal or particularly weakly countries in boxes below the diagonal additional aspects of shock heterogeneity are captured by the letters c x l and h which denote respectively unusually large concentrations of the decline in output in the construction and export sectors a relatively long duration of the recession or a sharp fall in housing prices even though the fall in gdp was not especially big in these countries a sharp increase in unemployment occurred especially in spain where the decline in employment was more than double that in gdp cf,8
+review of urban regional development studies trade liberalisation and poverty dynamics in vietnam journal of economic integration the gender pay gap in vietnam a quantile regression approach journal of asian economics quantifying vulnerability to poverty a proposed measure with application to indonesia world bank policy research department working paper no world bank washington dc,1
+this normally refers to equity of education outcomes one way to look at this is to compare student achievement in different schools in the education system for example in the pisa reading literacy scale performance variation between schools in finland was compared to the oecd average variation of oecd a,4
+moreover this is also reflected in the institutional structure of moefwa in which both land uses are among the competencies of one department the directorate of forests and pastures dfp therefore timber consumption by households has always been higher than by industry in albania in some wood processing plants processed about m of timber while simultaneously the documented level of fuelwood consumption was million m per year they result from the subsistence needs of the rural population and commonly understood traditional right to use the natural resources of the area to a large extent tolerated by the authorities despite the legally imposed sanctions and fines for such law infringements,15
+furthermore there are examples where adaptation efforts have linkages to mitigation approaches for instance antigua and barbuda where increasing desalination capacity will be achieved through use of renewable energy sources for each issue more detailed discussions and examples are provided in the annex about onethird of the adaptation components of indcs the adaptation components do not mention timeframes,13
+this is discussed in more detail below this has considerable budgetary implications as the increases in student numbers trigger additional state transfers to schools for this reason it is being applied progressively over a fiveyear period with earlier implementation in deprived areas in the first year the increase in compulsory education became operational in municipalities and countrywide implementation is scheduled for the school year full implementation is aimed for in the school year and will imply that at least for the first two grades the average class size will be at or below the norm in oecd countries since the school year a socioeconomic index has been used to determine some of the budget allocation for primary schools,4
+this measure allows for adjusting tariffs for cost declines in renewable energy installations as the technologies mature notably the unit costs of these technologies will decline as the cumulative capacity increases owing to economies of scale and innovations china and india have already experienced remarkable cost declines in recent years and reached very competitive cost structures for solar power and onshore wind,7
+however the strategy was never actively implemented the ministry of economy took action in to revise this strategy with the help of external assistance but the revised strategy was never approved it recognised that lithuania already possessed some of the prerequisites for developing its rd system such as pockets of highlevel research potential for industryrelevant applied research some hightechnology products and researchintensive services reaching european innovation practice for scienceindustiy collaboration increasing gross expenditure for rd gerd to and business expenditures for rd berd to and increasing hightech share of gross domestic product gdp to by in seven years were the ambitious yet in retrospective highly unrealistic objectives set in the strategy,9
+the state benefits from a central position in the country and is accessible by various modes of transportation as such it presents numerous opportunities for short duration one or twoday trips from mexico city whether organised by business organisations or families looking for recreational time in a greener environment while access to the region may not be a primary issue connectivity and accessibility within the region remains a major challenge,11
+similarly large digital divides persist within countries women the elderly and people with lower education or living in rural areas have disproportionately less access to icts if countries are to have the opportunity to leapfrog development stages then it is not only important for oda to continue to assist countries to overcome basic development challenges but also to support countries to improve productivity through better use of new technologies and to help build capacity and incentives for further innovation the paper seeks to complement analyses made by the united nations interagency task team on science technology and innovation in mapping existing sti initiatives mechanisms and programmes by for the first time analysing development finance data at activity level using the dac creditor reporting system crs it is intended to highlight the possibilities and challenges in using the crs as a source for tracking international government support to sti in an international development assistance context the analysis on technology is somewhat biased towards international support for ict development however efforts have been made to also include technology transfers in other sectors in particular relating to green technologies and renewable energy,9
+they are accountable to the federal authorities and on the whole more concerned with national development than with regional or local engagement as in many other countries higher education institutions in malaysia do not have an explicit regional mission which is left to the individual institutions initiative for researchintensive universities the principal driver is scientific excellence,4
+a number of countries including austria germany and switzerland have well developed apprenticeship systems this approach is being used in the united kingdom to support career advancement the higher apprenticeship in hospitality management has been developed to bridge the gap between supervisory skills gained in an apprentice s early career and the strategic management skills required to work at a more senior level,8
+measuring the trade share in terms of the quantity of exports thus avoiding problems due to varying prices over time and comparing the ratio among the selected commodities rice had the lowest share of production exported while whole milk powder had the highest liapis also shows that in most cases the export share of production has not changed dramatically over recent decades rice sugar whole milk powder and soybean oil have experienced rising export shares shares for maize and butter have declined and there is no discernible trend in the shares for wheat soybeans and beef the conventional view has been that developing countries are net agricultural exporters and developed countries are net agricultural importers,2
+most of them also implement an extensive project at a high academic level with personal instruction from members of the academic staff in addition to the scholarship the participating students also gain experience in the development of software systems or a product learning the theoretical aspects of the system alongside the practical tools and obtaining an understanding and level of knowledge that cannot be obtained from in class work the programme creates a reservoir of capable students who are eligible for employment at the hightech companies that exist in or relocating to the galilee,4
+there are no marked differences between the western balkan countries with respect to lifetime prevalence of drug abuse among school students aged years all estimates of lifetime illicit drug use falling between per cent and per cent which is times lower than the european average the drug most commonly used is cannabis between per cent and per cent of those surveyed reporting lifetime cannabis use a range considerably lower than the per cent european average the relatively high annual prevalence of cannabis abuse per cent among the general population in western and central europe has stabilized or in some cases decreased in particular in countries where cannabis consumption is longestablished,3
+the report identifies drivers key enablers gaps and barriers to the use of lng as fuel in maritime transport reducing the use of heavy hydrocarbons and increasing the use of lng in maritime transport could help reduce carbon dioxide emissions and other pollution arising from international trade this is a step in the right direction as we confront the challenges associated with climate change and air quality,7
+what had been an ad hoc development project quickly devolved into a scheme for companies in the west to cheaply dump dangerous garbage into illequipped and extraordinarily poor rural villages by sending unregulated shipping containers marked donations as a means to get around national regulations as a result of this unregulated dumping agbogbloshies soil and water have high concentrations of lead mercury thallium hydrogen cyanide and pvc thus it is often cheaper to ship outdated and damaged computers to developing countries under the donation label than to recycle the electronics properly however as the agbogbloshie case illustrates the development of an effective ewaste strategy cannot be complete without appreciating the policy and regulatory governance frameworks that exist at the global regional and local levels efforts must be made to ensure that the enforcement and compliance aspects of these policy and regulatory frameworks complement each other,12
+cited in coles forthcoming what is known about the impact of structured demand activities on resilient food systems development policy review cited in hlpe social protection for food security a report by the high level panel of experts on food security and nutrition of the committee on world food security rome,2
+without reliable public transport residents will continue to use their cars another crucial step would be to ensure sound financial mechanisms to help to invest in modernisation and expansion of the fleet and exploring new modes of transport in astana almaty and shymkent urban transport policies require an investment strategy involving different levels of government the private sector investment banks and private operators,11
+health systems of emerging economies face similar funding pressures while also striving to attain and maintain universal health coverage as a consequence in the oecd started expanding the activities of the joint network to nonoecd countries in partnership with the who the global fund cabri the asian and interamerican development banks idb adb and the world bank the main objective of these expanded activities is to support the development of good budgeting and public financial management practices in countries thereby helping achieve a sustainable universal health coverage uhc,3
+for example legal regulatory and policy frameworks have enabled contract farming in the greater mekong subregion corridor programme which covers cambodia china the lao peoples democratic republic myanmar thailand and viet nam a fund created for the southern agricultural growth corridor of tanzania includes a facility for largescale agribusiness companies that develop supply chains with smallholder farmers as well as a social venturecapital fund that supports youth agroenterprises agroparks can help to reverse or mitigate this trend in china industrial parks have helped smallscale park tenants to grow into mediumsized and large enterprises dinh et al,2
+the convergence of and coordination among services business models and disparate actors in todays rapidly evolving mobility landscape may lead to a situation where consumers no longer purchase and use vehicles or depend solely on providers of traditional public transport services to get around perhaps more telling is that out of of the worlds largest automobile manufacturers and four out of the top five have announced a new focus on mobility services rather than depending only or sometimes even principally on vehicle sales and maintenance in some cases manufacturers have stated that a shift to selling mobility services to consumers will gradually become their core strategic focus eg ford daimler psa other companies beyond the automotive industry have announced visions that centre on rolling out fleets of shared and perhaps automated vehicles that will obviate the need for car ownership in many cities eg lyft uber and waymo,11
+the centre located at the university hospital of dakar also provides a methadone maintenance programme drug dependence treatment services outreach programmes and programmes for the treatment of hiv infection and hepatitis infection for drug users cabo verde is piloting a onestop shop for drug abusers a centre offering multiple drug abuse treatment services in a vulnerable neighbourhood in the capital city of praia promoting the implementation of a communitybased treatment approach in kenya after an opioid substitution treatment facility known locally as a medically assisted therapy clinic was opened in nairobi in december a second facility was opened in malindi in february and two others were opened in mombasa in september,3
+from a social point of view stable variable costs and stable electricity prices as provided by nuclear energy would of course be an advantage for investment industrial consumers and households due to the peculiar price setting mechanism in the electricity market however only one technology gas the marginal fuel with the highest variable cost profits from an automatic hedge through the alignment of its variable cost and electricity prices in order to fully exploit its potential to contribute to adequate capacity and to the security of energy supply nuclear energy would thus benefit from stable pricing arrangements either through regulated prices or through longterms contracts,7
+these will help develop new indicators for comparing ageingrelated issues and the policy impact of best practices globally nonprofit organisations such as the american association of retired persons aarp in the united states have developed qualitative indicators for liveable ageing societies these were developed with such stakeholders as community residents representatives of particular groups and policy makers qualitative indicators on the other hand should be used not merely to compare results or rank communities but to collect critical information that cannot be expressed or evaluated quantitatively some case study cities apply indicators to understand their challenges better and to monitor the progress of their policies cologne monitors the expansion of highquality educational opportunities for older people as well as the demand for and supply of social housing,11
+in practically all the countries where poor households have recorded the most substantial increases in income or more of the increase in total income came from labour income and of this the greater part corresponded to wages and salaries the bolivarian republic ofvenezuela presented the greater increase in total real income of the order of of which almost percentage points came from the increase in salaries and wages and nearly points from the remunerations brazil colombia el salvador and peru are also examples of reductions in poverty that ncrease in income from employment this variable increased more sharply in mexico although the fall in labour income per employed person caused a contraction in per capita labour income,1
+it starts with a section on urban and regional development through which metropolitan governance mobility spatial planning and environmental policies are reviewed the next section examines rural policies focusing on the agricultural sector and nonfanning opportunities the chapter then reviews infrastructure policies designed to enhance accessibility and connectivity,11
+despite various problems faced by women in both india and bangladesh reservation of seats for women in local bodies increased womens visibility in public life and provided them with social legitimacy reservation of seats for women in local bodies has shown that women are increasingly playing an important role in social economic environmental dispute resolution legal and political areas these in turn have an impact on democracy and development which is the crux of this research study,5
+the impact assessment undertaken in the course of options appraisal highlighted the challenge of quantifying the costs and benefits of the reform options for several reasons it requires an understanding of the longterm future scenarios to take into account risks of future water scarcity it involves the representation of complex trading rules and environmental standards linked to continuously varying water resources it also involves the representation of short and longterm decision making on water management in the context of uncertainty,6
+but some of the success has been due to oneoff factors such as the dash for gas reductions in nonc greenhouse gases in the s and the recent recession rather than explicit climatechange policies the pace of decarbonisation of the power sector has been slow and the spread of renewable energy technologies limited implicit carbon prices vary across sectors and should be harmonized to increase the cost efficiency of policy the unevenness partly reflects the way in which policies have proliferated and overlap and a simplified structure would be desirable,13
+new plants are using high pressure boilers up to bar and their electricity surplus has grown considerably in a very competitive setting however about per cent of the mills still use bar boilers and other sugar plant equipment produces less surplus power actually such internal combustion motors which can work on an ottocycle may be of a smaller size than those of conventional trucks using diesel oil since the truck wheels are driven by very high torque electric motors the smaller internal combustion motors have lower torque requirements than the present diesel motors hybrids are particularly appropriate for shorthaul and stopandgo transportation and as battery technologies improve hybrid trucks will also be able to work as plugins using offpeak power generated at the sugar mill,7
+many of the services are watershed related the perhaps most important services the heidmork ecosystem provides are drinking water and recreational services the area is a key water supply area for the great reykjavik area harboring the gvendarbrunnar wells that supply drinking water to more than half of the icelandic population,6
+we address issues of language of instruction in schools in terms of efforts to retain heritage languages and to ensure that students acquire the national languages of commerce and higher education we also address indigenous education focusing on efforts to increase indigenous control over education and new ways to use and transmit that indigenous knowledge and ways of teaching and learning whether within or external to the formal school systems and finally we look at student achievement issues focusing especially on the gender gap between females and males and on the continuing underperformance of indigenous students across much of the north,4
+to a lesser extent overall disparity is growing between urban and rural areas notably in three of the country s six regions nordouest centreouest and sud this assumes that the government will maintain macroeconomic stability and tackle corruption growth will mainly be driven by strong performances in the industry and services sectors and also by public infrastructure investment and other investments in priority sectors,11
+for example hjarnkoll utilises mental health ambassadors to talk to the media and other audiences including workplace conferences seminars or meetings about their experiences of living productive lives despite their mental health conditions the programme provides support on how to reach out to media and employers in addition to address the lack of understanding that exists among employers regarding the employment of people with mental health issues the initiative gives practical advice on the support and management of individuals with mental health problems in the workplace,3
+these measures might encourage members of group b to move into the formal sector of the economy if this is the reason why members of this group are reporting very low earnings to the survey however it is debatable whether this is relevant to group b one third are selfemployed and so will not be affected by this and even for those who are employed its relevance is doubtful given that they report earnings of less than a third of the minimum wage prevailing during the reference period measures to reduce informal working have recently been introduced in estonia a national register of employees was introduced in which has been estimated to have increased formal employment by and tax revenues by million in its first few months,8
+the role of stabilisation policies including the use of stocks and trade policies is discussed in the study by abbott abbott in the oecd study agricultural policies for poverty reduction oecd b the world output of individual food commodities is much less variable than output in individual countries so greater trade integration holds considerable potential for stabilising food prices this stabilising role relies on the fact that commodity output shocks across countries are weakly correlated,2
+in fact the results of the two year euwide project point to unclear regulatory frameworks and a persistent lack of trust among industry actors as the two main barriers to cooperation this should not be misunderstood as a call for more regulation instead it is a call for better more balanced and overall more sensible regulatory frameworks on national and international levels the most important areas to address in crosssectoral regulatory collaboration are common market definitions common standards a balanced approach to data flows in smart energy networks and ensuring their cybersecurity,7
+yet commitments to promote the cohesion of families cannot be seen in isolation from two critical elements ofthesdgsthe realization of human rights of all and the achievement of gender equality and empowerment of all women and girls agenda preamble in fact under the sdgs states explicitly commit to ensuring universal access to family planning sdg and the promotion of shared responsibility within the family sdg the impact of diseases is felt particularly in african countries see eg mokomane and undg western and central africa,5
+in fact although chile and uruguay have similar poverty rates child poverty in chile is times greater than it is among the adult population while in uruguay it is times greater this would produce artificially high child poverty rates this line represents the cost of meeting the basic needs of one person measuring poverty this way assumes that the per capita cost of meeting an individuals basic needs is unaffected by the number of persons living in a household or by the household s demographic characteristics,1
+it can be seen that movements in consumer price inflation in many economies of the region substantially track movements of global food and fuel prices see figure global oil prices since the nadir of the global recession in have increased dramatically in a volatile manner driven by geopolitical instabilityrelated supply concerns in the middle east prices remain at over a barrel for brent crude,10
+however tests may add value to appraisal when used in combination with other instruments especially to inform professional development claudet the use of stakeholder surveys and questionnaires may serve to provide an additional perspective on a school leader s performance and to provide information on the level of stakeholder satisfaction depending on the purposes and uses of an appraisal system the results of surveys and questionnaires may be shared with the school leader evaluators andor the whole school community some states and territories in australia draw on information collected through parent surveys for the appraisal of school principals and on staff surveys when appraising deputy school principals,4
+put differently the industrialisation process and structural change pattern reveals an inverse ushaped curve for emission intensity this can be explained by the rise of energy and resourceintensive industries such as metals nonmetallic minerals and chemicals and chemical products in a middleincome stage and higher environmental productivity through emissionreducing technologies of hightech manufacturing industries this however requires knowledge and technology transfer and sufficiently simple tools for the actual implementation of such technologies in developing countries when countries diversify into energyintensive industries they can benefit from existing technologies and innovations to sidestep the environmental tradeoff pattern,9
+this may suggest for instance that the increase in unemployment benefit caseloads could be comparatively mild if generosity were increased spending on active labourmarket policies includes pes training employment incentives disabled direct job creation and startup incentives spending is per ilo unemployed and defined in of gdp per capita net replacement rates are for a primeage worker aged with a long and uninterrupted employment record and are averages over months four different stylised family types single and oneearner couples with and without children and two earnings levels and of average fulltime wage,8
+private insurance and compensation for lost employment or illness do not have a major effect on average household incomes furthermore such transfers tend to be concentrated in higherincome groups as are educational scholarships given that the requirements for obtaining them are difficult for lowincome students to satisfy in response to more or less progressive ways the ultimate aim was to increase the use of this information in public administration and social policy in the countries of the region,10
+the convention urges states parties to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services some studies show that children living in informal urban settlements are particularly vulnerable high urban child mortality rates tend to be seen in places where significant concentrations of extreme poverty combine with inadequate services as in slums throughout history urban life so concentrated with humanity has been a catalyst for trade ideas and opportunities making cities engines of economic growth,3
+wastetoenergy has recently garnered attention in a number of countries such as india indonesia and thailand as a means to increase supply offset reliance on other resources and reduce the growing burden of dealing with waste modern biomass was only surpassed by hydro in the mid s while other forms particularly solar and wind have been gaining traction recently figure large increases in hydropower underpin this trend though the shares of wind and solar are also increasing when examining national shares of renewables it can be noted that countries consuming higher shares of modern renewable energy tend to be hydrorich figure,7
+according to the unodc early warning advisory costa rica continued to report substances in the groups of phenethylamines piperazines and other substances in use of those substances may have serious health consequences as the effects of such substances on the human body are not fully understood or known in addition the trafficking of those substances creates additional challenges for the regulatory and enforcement authorities cannabis abuse patterns and trends in the region have remained fairly stable the prevalence of cocaine abuse in central america and the caribbean remains higher than the global average with an estimated average annual prevalence of per cent for both subregions as regards the use of opioids in central america unodc has estimated annual prevalence at per cent which is below the global average,3
+smallscale aquaculture did not usually develop infrastructure but the sector benefited from existing infrastructure these systems showed profitability although small and improvement in household cash flow the nha trang indicators are a useful step in this direction but further refinements are needed to make the system more adaptable to the intricacies of diverse smallscale aquaculture systems,14
+in particular it is protected against fuel price changes by the low proportion of fuel costs in the total lifetime costs of nuclear power generation doubling the carbon price for instance from usd per tonne of co to usd per tonne would increase the total average cost of coalproduced power by more than doubling its variable cost in the process this is not an unrealistic number,7
+in some countries family law conflates rape with adultery or premarital sex so that if a woman cannot prove rape she is liable to be tried for zina fornication in morocco and tunisia personal status codes have been amended to support more egalitarian gender relations and progressive amendments to laws and codes have been passed recently in algeria and bahrain numerical increases belie the complexities and conditions of womens entry into formal politics in some places the introduction of quotas has simply led to nepotism so that women relatives of sitting politicians are appointed,5
+recent studies have shown that all countries in south asia would derive huge economic benefits from transport connectivity improvements irrespective of their size the bulk of trade takes place through maritime corridors rather than inland corridors because of poorly developed road and rail connectivity requiring multiple transshipments and explaining the high cost of bilateral trade within the subregion a number of inland crossborder transport corridor development projects have already been proposed to remedy this situation india myanmar and thailand have been developing a trilateral highway the imt highway that links the key trade centres,9
+the spread of hivaids reverses that process as organisations experience disruption and declining income undercuts the earlier gains achieved through specialisation and the division of labour the potential fall in income for the individual arising from hivaidsrelated expenditure can result in a decrease in savings and a reorganisation of consumption patterns often it is the case that households are forced to redirect funds away from education general healthcare for uninfected family members and even from food into treatment and care for the people living with hivaids plwha,3
+mountainous areas will lace glacier retreat and reduced snow cover in southern europe the caucasus and central asia climate change is projected to lead to high temperatures droughts and water scarcity in central and eastern europe summer precipitation is projected to decrease causing higher water stress,6
+for example terres de liens a national association whose activity is directed towards the protection and the renewal of land devoted to farming in perurban districts these initiatives are connected to others in the area such as the recently launched policy by the conseil departemental to promote local food in school canteens and thus support local growers there are many potential benefits from improved urbanrural cooperation,11
+first of all they show that riskinduced vulnerability is relevant and significant even in absence of expost shocks second they demonstrate that the liberalization process needs to be accompanied by additional support to households engaged in those farm activities more exposed to international competition since trade openness can magnify risk this is because liberalization changes the riskiness of existing activities altering the weight of foreign relative to domestic shocks faced by the economy and as a consequence the households optimal economic activities this is especially true for the smallholder because of their poor ability to take advantage of the positive opportunities created by trade reforms their weak capabilities to insure themselves against adverse impacts and possibly the lack of information about the risks associated with the new activities induced by openness interventions to address these issues should primarily target tradeinduced vulnerable households,1
+however the level of violence varies greatly between and within countries the review referred to levels of violence perpetrated by intimate partners affecting according to the data women ranging from per cent in kiribati to per cent of women in canada it will also reviewdata available on girls aged to reporting forced sex before turning and the experiences of married or cohabiting girls dealing with emotional physical or sexual violence committed by an intimate partner during the last months,5
+together the partnering authorities managed a usd million us department of housing and urban development sustainable development regional planning grant towards planning initiatives building inclusive economic opportunities using the regional public transport network as well as supporting affordable housing development in the region projects submitted by the consortium include the development of metro north commuter rail in the bronx corridor in new york city to encourage investments in lower income communities along the rail lines and in the nassau hub transit area along the long island rail road system in stamford connecticut the consortium contemplated the construction of a new commuter rail station,11
+the effectiveness of changes will depend not only on the compliance of schools with new policies but on the way educational institutions respond to incentives and directives for improvement elmore the institutional responses can be influenced by different factors that are often related to the ability and quality of school leadership these schools exist in a myriad of contexts with a myriad of specific conditions language groups income groups community cohesion and mobility etc,4
+those who participate in paid care work for example paid domestic workers nurses educators and caregivers face more precarious working conditions with less or no access to social security and protection lower wages and a higher probability of falling into poverty than those who participate in other sectors of the economy eclac a and b nonetheless women remain unrecognized or unremunerated on a broader economic political and social level and this situation also has consequences for the wellbeing of households and the persistence of poverty eclac a women assume the personal cost of a social function that is crucial for guaranteeing the reproduction of societies and even the sustainability of public policies particularly social policies,5
+they are encouraged to go beyond the confines of the case study itself to contact the school directly and to examine other resources readily available on the web the bc school is now working as part of a small network of naturebased schools throughout the province to transform their settings another ciel participant a principal of aboriginal ancestry in a remote community is using the case study from vilna finland as a model for creating a school with high levels of selfregulation and appreciation for the natural world,4
+the no campaign argued that private participation in the water sector was necessary to drive efficiency and provide muchneeded investment by restricting the return on capital the referendum limits opportunities for water utilities public and private to raise capital for investment in capital markets the plans of a number of privately operated utilities to upgrade parts of italy s water network have been shelved some public utilities may be able to resort in the short term to taxation to repay loans but this option is not available to private operators including utilities jointly operated by the public and private sector,6
+table describes the dimensions reflecting the basic needs that must be met for children to develop the relevant indicators available in the aforementioned instruments and thresholds for identifying moderate and severe deprivation for example the universal nature of rights calls for each right or deprivation of that right and its levels to be assessed in the same way for all groups of children and adolescents this led to the construction of national thresholds without the usual differentiation between urban and rural areas and making no allowances for the fact that the deprivation or violation of a right might stem from the high investment costs involved in providing access to basic services in rural areas as rights should apply in all circumstances,1
+incentives to engage in professional development seem to be increasingly related to salary increases and career advancement rather than the genuine improvement of teaching practices in spite of this the frequency and intensity of schoolbased professional development opportunities in kazakhstan seems to be significant and school principals play a greater role in instructional leadership than on average in oecd countries in practice however the distribution is dictated by norms and the level of interaction and shared vision is questionable,4
+this requires efforts to push ahead with grassroots economic strategies to empower women on their own or in family units the introduction and support of microcredit programmes for women the promotion of labour land and property rights for women including through legal reform and the integration of women into the transformation and management of postwar security institutions we close with some recommendations for international state and local actors including the united nations regional organizations and bilateral donors but also national governments civil society organizations and national and international research communities women are portrayed in their full complexity not simply as helpless or innocent victims but as both victims and active agents of change the reflections from different parts of the world draw our attention to the differing dynamics of participation as they play out in various local national and international settings,5
+indeed in both developed and developing economies women have yet to attain equality with men on such measures as educational attainment wages political empowerment and economic participation ernst young p women also lag slightly behind men in health outcomes world economic forum each year the world economic forum wef produces the index which measures the relative gap between men and women across four key areas or subindices health education economy and politics and tracks their progress over time,5
+it extends itu regulation guidelines further by introducing more handson information regarding the qos and qoe big picture as well as outlining practical approaches in qos regulation for telecommunicationict services it puts forth the case that nras should have the appropriate skillset to carry out qos regulation and how continuous capacity building is key to adapting to market and regulatory changes the argument for cooperation between regulators is strong bringing substantive benefits through the sharing of good practice and mutual learning twenty years ago only one per cent of the global population had a mobile cellular subscription and per cent had a fixed telephone subscription,9
+a more decentralised solution is the regional single payer system supported by the national institute for health and welfare thl the main objectives and elements of these proposals are described briefly below a number of advantages are put forward the proposed system would remove the perverse costshifting incentives created by the parallel financing system which should improve efficiency and coordination of care,3
+there are also regional efforts to monitor air quality the asean specialised meteorological centre asmc for example was established in to enhance the capacities of meteorological services it is also responsible for monitoring and assessing land and forest fires and haze in the region as well as providing realtime air quality information from multiple stations in the region some countries in the region have national air quality standards covering at least some of the six main outdoor air pollutants fine pm and coarse pm particulate matter ozone nitrogen dioxide n and sulphur dioxide so table,11
+publiclyinsured patients with certain medical conditions and disabilities are exempted or pay reduced copayments in outpatient primary care outpatient specialist contacts clinical laboratory tests pharmaceuticals and eyeglasses andor contact lenses people benefitting from a disability pension are fully covered for treatment of illness and during pregnancy except for some designated medicines and homeopathic which are either not covered or at a lesser rate seniors are exempted from copayments for pharmaceuticals for these individuals the copayment per month is meanstested on household income and is limited to of the costs for a medical service,3
+these factors include resourcebased and geographic conditions the relative maturity of the sector capital cost and size of the investment projects lack of institutional track record and the role of government policies for example the countries with the best wind conditions in europe are france uk and ireland with denmark and germany being the largest wind power producers austria finland sweden and italy are among those with good conditions concerning hydro energy generation reiche and bechberger,7
+providing a managerial structure an authority and the means to implement and coordinate the national water law anabrazil has brought a general improvement of water resource management in brazil it is in charge of the multisectoral and sustainable use of water resources and promotes the iwrm principles it must also assure the environmental quality at the national level and develop coordination strategies among central regional and local levels,6
+at the same time the fact that young people not in education or employment are increasingly contributing to overall poverty in the countries with the lowest poverty rates raises the question of whether this indicator measures actual poverty or merely vulnerability to poverty the shaping of policy and institutional architectures and responsibilities must therefore differ accordingly although this edition of the social panorama considers only some of the basic aspects of this type of poverty measurement these suffice to illustrate the potentials and challenges presented by multidimensional measurements,1
+what counts is not so much the distinction between domestic and foreign sources but the absence of efficient market signals and the degree of politicisation distributional conflicts in the coal industry of the united kingdom are as detrimental to the security of energy supply as middle east turmoil energy security begins at home,7
+this compares with the estimated annual eur billion of legally conducted fishing there is currently no clear solution to iuu fishing in sight but it has reached such a scale that it is thought that it can lead to the uncontained depletion of fish stocks this does not bode well for the future given the precarious state of many of the world s fisheries,14
+in recent years it states individual businesses have also found that improving their environmental performance can result in a reduction in operating costs action to reduce ghg emissions is taken in line with overall government policy the most relevant policy for tourism being the law concerning the promotion of measures to cope with global warming government of japan the contribution of the tourism sector to total national emissions is considered minor but should not be underestimated due to its growth trends and the potential for reducing consumption through efficiency or technology supply conversion to renewable energy sources given the increasing risk of heat waves energy demand and water consumption are expected to increase,13
+organic matter from wastewater discharges results in a transboundary impact while the quality of groundwater had been reported as in general very good and often used for water supply without or with very little treatment in the former yugoslav republic of macedonia the occurrence of nitrogen pesticides heavy metals pathogens industrial organics and hydrocarbons in the gevgelijaaxiosvardar no the salinization observed is of natural origin,6
+grynberg and rochester conclude that this raises the key policy question of whether the current negotiations at the wto on enhanced fisheries subsidies disciplines constitutes a second best approach to fisheries management countries with preferential access that do not have an adequate domestic fleet represent a captive market for these companies a greater challenge relates to large developing countries especially china targeting fisheries in sves and other developing country eezs and in the high seas,14
+there was swift recognition that while strong prices offer long term benefits for farmers the short to medium term impacts on poor consumers are predominantly negative the current emphasis on the harm that high prices inflict on developing country consumers as opposed to the harm that low prices inflict on farmers with net sales has led to charges of inconsistency being levelled at international organisations in general eg swinnen although oecd was always careful to note that price changes in either direction create winners and losers distortionary policies are inefficient as well as being inequitable in terms of their domestic effects oecd oecd and globally they prevent resources from being allocated in an efficient way even if concerns about the pattern of winners and losers have shifted compared to the period when prices were low,2
+according to data from the ministry for children education and gender equality the number of pedagogues in the folkeskole increased from in to in danish ministry for children education and gender equality b private school teachers are organised in a separate union and do not a take part in the negotiations for teachers working in the folkeskole historically working conditions for teachers in the folkeskole have been determined in negotiations between the teacher union and lgdk,4
+obesity rates are almost twice as high among people with the lowest level of education these differences in the prevalence of behavioural risk factors contribute to health inequalities sixteen mostly autonomous regional insurance funds were established with the responsibility for contracting providers,3
+some countries and regions are still not on track to reach the goals and require intensified efforts to reduce poverty and child and maternal mortality rates and to improve access to drinking water and sanitation globally the target for income poverty target a and the target for safe drinking water target c are on track to be met while steady but insufficient progress has been made for other targets including universal primary education target a reducing child mortality target a and combating malaria and other global diseases target c furthermore there has been either stagnation or regress for some targets the proportion of people who suffer from hunger target l,1
+policymakers who value technological innovation may develop and strengthen national and multinational strategic rd programmes governments may focus on demand pull achieving improvements through efficiency standards and regulations technology push encouraging improvements through rd funding and technology transfer or most often a combination publicly funded research centres including training public research institutions focused on energy efficiency and jointly funded industrygovernment research,7
+for example culture can be used to increase political and economic power of vulnerable groups such as women youth and indigenous groups and operationalized to support and enable the achievement of sustainable development in cities second culture promotes economic development driving social and economic change and increasing development potential for transformative change third culture supports planning infrastructure and the making of public space by providing local knowledge about cities and its citizens and adding a sociocultural importance to planning and policy using culturally sensitive urban data,11
+another notable result is that longterm unemployment rose more sharply for mediumskilled workers percentage points than for both less and more educated workers annex figure a in oecd c shows that men accounted for the majority of the increase in the number of longterm unemployed persons in most oecd countries as did primeage and mediumskilled persons however some notable national exceptions emerge for example lowskilled workers accounted for more than half of the increase in longterm unemployment in iceland and spain and in italy the chart below shows that the postcrisis increase is unprecedented in recent decades,10
+since there have been no significant changes in the industrial sector water pollution from industrial production is probably significant but data about water pollution from industries are not available due to ongoing irrigation sector reform an increase in water demand for irrigation can be expected,6
+the building was designed to provide an environment adapted to teenage girls and their ways of learning and interaction the school was designed by michael banney who used a studentcentred approach to develop a sustainable design bell there are however many competing and contradictory discourses on how children struggle to define and redefine themselves as gendered beings,5
+the differences between the reference period and the period are higher than in the period ranging from c in sarajevo to c in bjelasnica positive deviations are evident for the spring and fall seasons as well as for the growing period in all meteorological stations on an annual basis the differences between these periods are positive in all meteorological stations there is an evident increase in temperatures,13
+the ability to align investment decisions with the global climate goal is ever more relevant in the context of increased ambition and the need to avoid carbon lockin investment decisions taken today in particular involving long life infrastructure present a significant risk to lock in high carbon pathways such risk is increasingly identified by the investment community as it translates into long term financial risks as high carbon assets may become obsolete in the face of increasingly ambitious climate action one approach to develop c investing criteria took the range of c scenarios as a basis to identify the relevance of different technologies and sectors for decarbonisation the results show that the energy sector along with energy efficiency in buildings industry and transport are of most relevance for the achievement of the c limit,13
+while regional and countrylevel frameworks can contribute to directing donor funds into the areas which need them most it is also important for governments and multilateral groups to support networking and collaboration between different groups in order to avoid duplication and foster complementarity and synergy between activities however there have been a number of promising collaborations on esd between ministries and mass media outlets in an innovative approach from samoa the climate change quiz competition involved colleges across the country and was televised live over a period of several nights this competition engaged students and teachers and helped to raise public awareness of environmental issues and information in guyana under the mangrove management programme the moe developed teaching materials as well as a complementary dvd of a programme entitled holding back the sea on their own these resources might be unremarkable but what is special is that the programme is aired regularly on guyana s learning channel,13
+for example only in of the countries in africa with available data burundi malawi sao tome and principe and zambia were the poverty rates for femaleheaded households higher compared to maleheaded households figure the largest difference of percentage points is observed in malawi where per cent of people living in femaleheaded households are poor compared to per cent of those living in maleheaded households in the other countries or areas with available data in the region maleheaded households had similar or higher poverty rates than femaleheaded households in burkina faso ghana niger and nigeria all in western africa the poverty rates for maleheaded households were higher than those for femaleheaded households by more than percentage points for example per cent of people living in femaleheaded households in nigeria were poor compared to per cent of people living in maleheaded households greater poverty rates for femaleheaded households by more than percentage points were observed in colombia the dominican republic jamaica and the bolivarian republic of venezuela,1
+technologies are also diffused much more rapidly across borders than in the past available from publication augfrontierissueslpdf the united nations interagency task team on science technology and innovation sti for the sustainable development goals sdgs has also begun exploring the impacts of exponential technological change automation technologies and artificial intelligence on the sdgs energy modern cook stoves offgrid electricity minigrids based on intermittent renewables with storage battery technology heat pumps desalination small and mediumsized nuclear reactors biofuel supply chains solar photovoltaic wind and microhydro technologies salinity gradient power technology watersaving cooling technology led lamps advanced metering,9
+it is predictive of severe physiological outcomes such as stunting but also of the more moderate nutritional deficiencies that precede those severe and sometimes irreversible outcomes child food insecurity focuses attention on food but also on other interconnected domains of childrens daily lives highlighting the role that food plays in childrens choices between school and paid work between their own wellbeing and their responsibilities to siblings and parents children experiencing food insecurity also means that they are under stress given the important role that food has in family wellbeing and functioning,2
+however the empirical results suggest that an equityincreasing use of educational resources may be obtained through policies that provide the relevant signals to schools and teachers for instance providing financial incentives to qualified teachers may prove to be an effective tool for targeting disadvantaged students or areas thirdly this work fills a gap in empirical research by providing crosscountry as opposed to countryspecific evidence on the importance of early intervention policy for attenuating intergenerational socioeconomic inequalities in educational opportunities it suggests that childcare and early intervention policies could be effective to reach this objective finally the crosscountry analysis attempts to uncover the role played by social and labourmarket policies in influencing equality of educational opportunities given the positive relationship between intergenerational and crosssectional income inequality,4
+consumers need to know how to put knowledge into practice this is particularly challenging as it could demand engagement with partners who may not yet be interested or capable to suggest solutions to the challenges of private or organisational consumption to act responsibly consumers and other critical stakeholders require competencies that enable them to understand various positions and perspectives figure critical factors that affect alternative directions of development be able to evaluate the results and undertake further steps on the basis of such assessment,12
+in kamali however the early warning system worked vulnerable people were alerted and brought to safety and no casualties were recorded filling these will require substantial additional investment particularly at the local level to cover the last mile though it could just as well be called the first mile given the importance of reaching the most vulnerable people who are usually at the forefront of any disaster national authorities had accurately forecast this typhoon and the accompanying sevenmetre high storm surge several days in advance nevertheless at least people were killed mostly by the storm surge subsequent research pointed to shortcomings at the last mile including gaps in risk awareness preparedness and communication,13
+men smoke relatively heavily and among older arab women obesity is a concern and at least according to a selfreporting survey both arab men and women do considerably less physical exercise compared with the rest of the population figure for example the oecd s report on the quality of health care draws attention to low uptake of cancer screening among arab and ultraorthodox jewish women oecd,3
+once the model solution is obtained one could return to the water consumption module to deduce the impact on rural and urban households in the case of commercial demand while these establishments generally obtain their water from a public utility the heterogeneity of operations makes estimation of demand difficult in this case by way of example kim and mccuen highlight the importance of gross store area length of display windows and drinking fountains in predicting commercial water use,6
+inclusion policies forbid discrimination based on disability and promote an educational approach to disability which focuses on the ability of education systems to meet the needs of young adults with disabilities they have encouraged secondary and tertiary education institutions to include disability issues in their policies they have also mobilised technical human and financial resources so that institutions can ensure accessibility and young adults with disabilities can have the same access and opportunities to succeed as their nondisabled peers,4
+this is a concern as the tourism industry is highly dynamic and responsive to changing trends and markets tourism is the sum or final product of many highly coordinated products and services which include transport accommodation and restaurants most of those products and services are not purchased at the destination even though they are all consumed there so there is a need for effective flows of information and highly coordinated action across a complex network that comprises producers suppliers purchasers and consumers to ensure that the unseen product or service meets expectations,12
+the declaration has been accompanied by a series of events including a promotion campaign for responsible behaviour an international conference on policy issues and specific actions such as cleaning of neighbourhoods by corporate volunteers many business organisations and associations have recently developed specific initiatives aimed at increasing public and business awareness of environmental matters among the most active in this area is the international chamber of commerceukraine which has recently put in place a green commission proposing a number of concrete measures to the government to encourage development of environmentallyfriendly energy resources and technologies box,7
+given the more integrated and comprehensive data infrastructure in hospitals safety in that setting is potentially seen as more inviting for researchers despite these difficulties a number of highly innovative studies have examined safety in primaiy and ambulatory care but the lack of consistent data and a range of methods used to measure harm have delivered very wideranging results systematic reviews suggest that safety lapses occur between and times in every primaryambulatory care consultations the hann most commonly stems from diagnostic errors and subsequent delays in treatment or therapy and adverse drug events ades,3
+excellent health care will be central to achieving this thus far japanese health care has performed well life expectancy is famously long at years compared to an oecd average of years whilst health spending is at usd ppp per capita per year slightly higher than usd on average a striking feature of the japanese health system is its openness and flexibility,3
+however moes has an essential role to play in supporting their work there have been important accomplishments in the development of the capabilities in the nation s education system however four challenges must be addressed if monitoring and quality assurance are to lead to performance improvements first efforts must focus on the use of assessment results by teachers and school leaders who are not fully exploiting the potential of assessments to improve classroom practice and school leadership,4
+this variation decreases comparability hinders aggregation and will in turn influence assessments of effectiveness the choice of a baseline is particularly difficult for adaptation interventions this is because uncertainty surrounding the future effects of climate change can result in the baseline shifting over time which further complicates assessing impacts see lamhauge et al,13
+metro vancouver provides regional services including three core utilities water liquid waste solid waste and coordinates regional planning by producing the regional growth strategy rgs there is a separate metropolitan public transport authority called translink which was created in and is responsible for setting and administrating fares for regional public transport services metro vancouver is responsible for formulating the rgs and regional air quality objectives that translink must consider when developing longterm transport strategies,11
+portugal for example promoted a study providing updated information on the phenomenon of the sexual and moral harassment in the workplace which aimed to support the efforts of public authorities employers employees and their representatives to prevent and combat harassment in the workplace torres et al others like the czech republic have embedded sexual harassment within larger national strategies on gender equality or genderbased violence training on what constitutes sexual harassment has been found to help workers particularly men identify what constitutes unacceptable sexual behaviours antecol,5
+nevertheless the use of indices as a form of multidimensional poverty measurement is heavily debated because aggregating various dimensions of poverty into one index involves a risk of losing valuable information on the multidimensionality of poverty as bourguignon and chakravarty have pointed out aggregating various attributes into a single index essentially implies reducing multidimensional poverty into a onedimensional concept they underline that a multidimensional approach to poverty ought to define poverty as a shortfall from a threshold on each dimension of an individuals wellbeing to focus on the multidimensionality of poverty they suggest establishing a poverty line for each dimension and to consider that a person is poor if heshe falls below at least one of these various lines bourguignon chakravarty,1
+the global landscape of climate finance part a global and sectoral aspects contribution of working group ii to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change cambridge university press cambridge united kingdom and new york ny usa pp tracking climate finance what and how,13
+the prosecution alleged that the fplc systematically enlisted and conscripted children in large numbers provided them with military training and later used them to participate actively in hostilities girls were also subjected to rape and sexual violence although these acts were not charged girls who were conscripted and enlisted were also used by the fplc commanders to carry out domestic work and to work as nurses london lse research online http eprintslseacukarchive,5
+the activities of these social enterprises cover a wide range of services for example a social enterprise for the elderly s health care offers medical services through medical cooperatives in areas of higher proportion of the elder residents not only providing medical services for the elderly the enterprise functions as a vehicle for collaboration between various local actors including local government volunteer organisation and private companies partly funded by the provincial support fund and subsidies from municipalities the social enterprises are operating with their own incomes from membership fees and medical service provision though the balanced development is not new in the korean policy agenda the focus has diversified from solely economic and industrial development which in fact enhanced the national income and living conditions across the country while widened the regional disparity to include securing quality of life nationwide,11
+another dimension is the contribution that agriculture and agricultural policies in rich countries can possibly make to improving global food security it does not affect the validity of the central oecd findings regarding wellperforming agricultural policies it does however highlight the importance of the results generated by oecd work on risk management as summarised above,2
+commercialisation and industrialisation cannot protect hundreds of different types of landraces i think no country in the world can protect that process countries face a difficult choice in envisioning their agricultural future do you want to be a subsistent highly diverse country full of biodiversity or do you want to be modem industrialised but still using useful genes,15
+some of these opportunities stem from their own classification as ldcs others from their human and natural resources or from the adaptation of capital technology and knowledge to the specific needs of the population this chapter focuses on the opportunities that information and communication technologies can bring to ldcs particularly mobile technologies and ict applications it also examines some of the global initiatives and financial aid that governments international organizations the industry and other agencies have put at the disposition of ldcs to support them in the adoption of icts for development all stimulate trade create jobs generate wealth and enhance social welfare,9
+trends in these variables between and are examined when comparable data is available and case studies examining the policy reforms adopted by countries that have improved in pisa are highlighted throughout the volume it provides the rationale for assessing problemsolving skills and describes performance within and across countries in addition the volume highlights the relative strengths and weaknesses of each school system and examines how they are related to individual student characteristics such as gender immigrant background and socioeconomic status,4
+this measure was motivated mainly to meet the need for peak capacity during periods of drought when the capacity of hydro would be reduced by and by the perceived failure of the energyonly market to deliver enough capacity however to handle a network constraint there may be a lack of competition to provide these as only a few power plants are typically located in the right place regulators should therefore keep in mind that targeted contracting can be subject to lobbying or gaming,7
+may include people in institutions indicators of housing affordability usually focus on the ratio between housing costs and household income ahuri one useful and common measure of housing affordability is the housing cost overburden which measures the proportion of households who spend more than a given share of household income on housing costs figure illustrates the proportion of households who spend more than of their income on housing costs based on household survey data,11
+secondchance programmes offer a flexible learning environment often with a residential component that is well adapted to early school leavers needs and designed to help them back into education probably the largest residential secondchance programme is the us job corps which has been operating since it targets disadvantaged youth up to age and includes academic tuition vocational training counselling social skills training job placements and also health care oecd e in australia a smallerscale secondchance programme is offered through the socalled youth foyers of which there are currently across the country oecd a,8
+while noting the challenges involved in calculating the amount of these transactions it provides a number of estimates culled from international organizations national authorities and the financial reports of some prominent technology firms these estimates show the remarkable effects that technological change is having on the magnitude of economic transactions both within and across national borders in the next section the report looks more closely at the trade impact of these digital technologies,9
+why be concerned with integrating gender what are the operational advantages the emphasis throughout is on active engagement and initiative rather than passive observation megan bastick and kristin valasek geneva dcaf uninstraw osceodihr involving womens organisations also increases the participation of women in security decisionmaking processes and ensures that their specific security needs are being heard parliaments equal opportunity commissions ombudspersons ministries of womens affairs public complaints commissions police review boards and the like have a variety of ways to ensure the integration of gender issues,5
+hydrothermal plants have disturbed or destroyed some natural hydrothermal regions like geysers or hot springs kristmannsdottir and armannsson land impacts from drilling operations can largely be mitigated once generation has begun however in more sophisticated settings waste water can also be utilised for home heating or industrial uses kristmannsdottir and armannsson,7
+by their projects amounted to twh of which twh has been completed so they are below their target large investment in climate change mitigation technologies allows enova to support several re sectors since the parliament s climate agreement public spending on climate change mitigation has increased substantially,7
+despite the crisis people continued to borrow money to buy houses but only highincome groups are now able to afford them given the high interest rates on mortgages of in this has prevented many citizens from entering the real estate market as a consequence a growing percentage of home seekers from middle and lowincome groups have registered for social housing,11
+in sweden gender analysis revealed that youth centres were used by boys and by girls this led to remodelling activities and use of buildings boman although there is general agreement that gender mainstreaming efforts are most successful when they form part of an integrated approach to gender equality this is frequently not the case many countries responding to the oecd survey acknowledged lack of coordination as one of the key challenges in gender mainstreaming see figure,5
+rehabilitation of existing sewerage systems and wastewater treatment facilities and the creation of new systems and facilities in areas deprived of central sewerage systems are inadequately financed within the framework of projects financed by international investors in cities regional centres and villages kmk is working on the construction and rehabilitation of water and sewerage systems valued at more than us million investment has increased substantially in it amounted to million somoni us million in it was times higher at million somoni us million,6
+where this is the case the earlier finding of a declining redistributive capacity of taxbenefit policies appears to hold especially for those aged under the next section takes a closer look at recent policy reforms with an impact on this age group in particular age brackets relate to household head,10
+this may be a sensible approach to building on current practices to save resources for developing indcs nevertheless given that parties now recognise that adaptation is a key component of the longterm global response to climate change paris agreement art all parties would also be encouraged to consider establishing longterm adaptation actions to enhance adaptive capacity strengthen resilience and reduce vulnerability evaluation of the progress is also important to regularly revisit and improve the effectiveness of such measures,13
+in the s mounting evidence of hunger and malnutrition in the united states led to increased funding for human nutrition research by the federal government since human nutrition research has been coordinated by the interagency committee on human nutrition research ichnr the ichnr is cochaired by the usda and the dhhs and includes representatives from eight other federal departments and agencies as well as the white house office of science and technology policy the ichrn has been instrumental in strengthening procedures for the monitoring of the nutritional status of the us population and improving the dietary guidelines for americans,2
+most teachers report having gained a better understanding of what creativity and critical thinking skills entail in a school context and are now more consistent in their efforts to foster them at the same time many teachers felt vulnerable when gaining a greater awareness of the changes required in their regular practice including in their relationship with students having an explicit definition and clearer understanding of creativity and critical thinking and a few specific pedagogical ideas about how to foster them teachers intuitive beliefs ended up being challenged including their confidence in being well prepared to teach those skills,4
+of course children learn subjectmatter content and acquire a wide range of skills while they are learning to read but after grade there is a tacit assumption that children can read fluently and comprehend curricular materials in subject domains such as health social studies and science the curriculum changes students are expected to learn the languages of subject domains and use that language to think critically solve problems and create new knowledge,4
+students may prefer to enrol in the same courses as their peers and some students will opt for easier courses to improve their grades or chance of passing however where enrolment options do not lead to ongoing education pathways or meaningful qualifications they can result in dead ends for students tracked into these options these negative impacts are stronger the earlier tracking occurs,4
+indeed it captures whether the global economic recession brought a trend reversal in the performance of child indicators with respect to the previous pattern in the countries under review then country indices were averaged out by exposure group for each year we have indexed the graphs to in order to focus on changes before and after the base year so the figures show relativeproportional changes rather than levels for negative indicators such as child poverty the higher the index the worse the setback in annex we report the trend lines disaggregated by country group categories,1
+in contrast the dominant marketliberal rationality sees human and natural resources as production factors to achieve economic growth as the main pathway toward welfare as noted above such an approach has been associated with adverse social and environmental impacts does the agenda hold the potential for a profound transformation toward a more progressive and rightsbased ecosocial approach that would shift the normative hierarchy for decision making as discussed in chapter many lower and middle income countries object to the c goal especially lowlying small island states that stress the significant risks and impacts they already face at lower levels of global warming,13
+for example in the slovak republic and spain patients need to pay certain innovative pharmaceuticals which are provided free in the other countries in canada patients are required to pay for the pharmaceuticals used for treating diseasesconditions other than cancer for cancer patients below age those used outside of hospitals in denmark and sweden and those used in the private sector in portugal in denmark and sweden there are also maximum payment limits in the former for chronically ill patients with permanent or high use of pharmaceuticals beyond which pharmaceuticals are provided for free,3
+figure ii shows clearly that most of the countries of the region are not just below the diagonal with inequality indices low er in than in they are well below it the gini coefficient fell by at least per year in of countries the countries with the most significant decreases were argentina the bolivarian republic of venezuela nicaragua and the plurinational state of bolivia all of which saw their gini coefficient fall by more than a year even though the inequality indicators for the dominican republic and costa rica did not improve they did not go up appreciably either see figure ii,10
+the adverse trends of forest decline and degradation would immediately result in increased government expenditures on risk management protective and emergency measures reforestation has to be perceived in the long term as due to climate and soil conditions in mountain regions the success of such activities would require at least several decades of effort and investment this is particularly so in the case of the nature preserves which are traditionally designated for years only which status is not always prolonged in a timely manner for the subsequent period,15
+in multicultural societies governments may want to create a skilled and knowledgeable workforce and prioritise shared values for building a sense of community meanwhile some people may be concerned with transmitting specific languages and customs to children while respecting specific beliefs on child rearing in the context of new zealand some of these considerations are given more specific weight and shape by the relationship between the crown and maori defined by the treaty of waitangi and the unique status of maori as tangata whenua indigenous curricula can contribute to balancing different expectations of early childhood development in the curriculum and ensure that expectations and needs of different stakeholders are met bennett sirajblatchford and woodhead vandenbroeck a focused curriculum with clear goals helps ensure that ece staff cover critical learning or development areas,4
+investments in an endusers system of water distribution networks and sewerage reached only eur billion with many investments being postponed the water and wastewater sector was expected to benefit from a further eur billion in investment during the period average european funding of water and wastewater investment in was with this share expected to decrease to calling for greater selffinancing of the programme ghk,6
+from both a research and policy perspective it is vital to be able to accurately measure epl in order to determine its labour market impacts identify best practices and assess reform progress the oecd has published estimates of the strictness of employment protection in member countries since the early s grubb and wells oecd venn this chapter presents the latest estimates for oecd and selected emerging economies including all g countries they are the result of a comprehensive effort to update the indicators based on a more accurate collection methodology and taking due account not only of legislation but also of national or branchlevel collective agreements and case law where relevant,10
+in all those countries except indonesia womens labour market participation is about percentage points below that of men the gap remained low in china south africa and the russian federation while highlyeducated women have on average percentage points lower participation rates than men the gap is points among lesseducated men and women indeed high levels of education translated into narrow gaps in labour participation even in countries where overall female participation is low,5
+in un tabulated data almost thought that the prospects of women academics will improve within the next years and a large majority thought that policies that are good for women are also good for promoting excellence within higher education as a whole however the rights of men and minorities also need to be considered is the legislation beginning to operate in a way that makes the men feel disadvantaged,5
+in cases page where re would be driven by the c price alone and re incentives were to persist the additional support only creates windfall profits it depends on the cost of the promoted re sources and on the amount of c they avoid and on the cost of avoiding same quantities through other measures that would have been mobilised had renewables not been promoted electricity generation from renewables is particularly challenging it requires an assessment of the c content of the kwh they displace which depends on the merit order ie the last production capacity required to fulfil the demand at every moment,7
+the regulations governing this support regime were approved by order no these initiatives encourage informed consumers to choose fisheries products that have been through a certification process and have been granted ecolabels portugal has already fulfilled all the formalities required to gain certification of the sardine fisheries as a sustainable resource the first of the iberian fisheries to do so which will be granted in these initiatives help ensure that a greater part of the valued added goes to the producers,14
+in most countries a sizable minority of people affirms that education is more important for a boy than for a girl panel d the share has decreased in a number of countries most notably peru and morocco while it has increased in others eg india and south africa while international comparisons may suffer from subjectivity in the interpretation of survey questions the antiegalitarian views captured by wvs display strong negative correlations with female employment rates and with the gender pay gap across oecd countries fortin,5
+nearly of mexicos working women hold informal jobs with little social protection and low pay mexicos adolescent pregnancy rate remains five times as high as the oecd average and the share of young women not in employment education or training is nearly four times the rate for young men across all age groups mexican mothers are less likely to be employed than mothers in most oecd countries,5
+however as the need for more comprehensive data on food waste generation increases it is expected that governments will invest in collection of more reliable data in a longer term perspective trends in food waste generation by households will be influenced by changes in diets and household income trends in food waste generation by the food production industry in nordic countries would be affected by increased import of finished food products or economic downturns,12
+used longitudinally the honos scales should be able to measure patient outcomes over time in the department of health found that trusts were using honos in their services with having implemented the use of honos across the whole service most recent reports suggest that of mental health minimum data set records include honos reporting the health and social care information centre the honos tool has also formed the basis of the mental health cluster tool which is to be the assessment mechanism for payment by results pbr in mental health see section,3
+there is substantial heterogeneity among the eusilc countries in the rates of child poverty entry and exit scandinavian countries tend to combine lower exit and entry rates while southern and eastern european countries tend to have higher rates of both poverty exit and entry householdlevel income events ie relative growth in employee earnings are found to be the most important predictors of transitions in and out of poverty followed by employment events ie changes in the number of adult workers while the relatively rare demographic events have little bearing on child poverty transitions in the eusilc,1
+the overarching purpose of the risk characterisation process is to produce the best possible estimate of the broader economic social and environmental implications of the risk this is one of the most challenging and controversial tasks in the risk management process klinke and renn indeed water security touches upon the issue of allocating water risks between residential agricultural industrial and environmental uses a significant political economy question as each will define essential or adequate in different wayss for instance much of the current policy debate in australia s murraydarling basin is about reallocating water from irrigation to sustaining the ecosystems the reallocation of water among users can be seen in effect as a reallocation of water risks in this example the shift in allocation increases the risk of shortage to irrigators in an effort to decrease the risk to the resilience of freshwater systems,6
+it requires reforms in a range of policy areas from education training and employment to taxation economic development and innovation this work which engaged a wide range of stakeholders from the public private and nonprofit sector concluded in it identified skills challenges in four areas developing activating and using skills and strengthening the skills system figure,4
+the portion of sales revenue that comes to the cthrc supports the ongoing maintenance administration and updating of emerit programmes changes to retail pricing the split in revenue share with our partners and a streamlined administration of the programme has positioned the programme to be selfsustainable in the medium term and further strategies including increasing the reach of the programme are constantly being evaluated these figures remain fairly consistent from yeartoyear but record increases when the programme is utilised as part of a broader education or employment initiative the programme has evolved to a point where it has a rich inventory of training and certification products but its distribution sales reach and industry impact are relatively static the seasonality transient dynamic and sheer size of the sector have kept the cumulative industry penetration rate around however recent industry consultations indicated that those who use emerit consider it an excellent resource and nonusers based on perceptions of the programme see the value it brings to the sector,8
+as of some hospital services are subject to a straightforward discount thus strongly discouraging provision beyond the spending caps in principle this negotiation process adds a useful marketbased element to the healthcare system however this is somewhat compromised by the limited number of market players on both sides especially since clalit s vertical integration means it does not really participate in this process,3
+altogether in cases of measles were reported in all aimags globally measles is still one of the leading causes of death for children less than years of age despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine that prevents this deadly disease in addition studies have shown that measles virus infection often results in pneumonia or diarrhoea which contributes to the total number of children who die of causes related to measles,3
+but once it is analysed through the prism of security of energy supply public attitudes are more encouraging having shown that nuclear can make a positive contribution to the security of energy supply the object of this chapter was to identify the issues and indicators of how consumers assess their own views of security of supply however in the case of import dependency for example opinions are sometimes more difficult to perceive if only one indicator is used even if it is simple such as the import ratio,7
+migration policies should seek to minimize the potential negative impacts of migration on countries of origin including loss of human capital and separation of families and to maximize the potential benefits by reducing the transfer costs of remittances promoting the recognition of skills and credentials ensuring the portability of earned benefits and supporting the engagement of diaspora groups and communities in their countries of origin the development of standardized definitions and categories for the delimitation of cities and urban agglomerations is needed to facilitate the effective review and evaluation of progress in achieving the sustainable development goals and targets related to sustainable urbanization where necessary standardized concepts and definitions should be developed on topics such as internal and international migration shortterm mobility and circular and return migration concerted efforts are required to accelerate the development of methodologies to measure migrationrelated indicators of sustainable development and to generate data on key development targets that are disaggregated by migratory status,11
+see koch for detailed results of time dependent variations and trends in the carborne recreational use of the four selected forest areas also detailed description of the methodology and discussion of counting errors are given in the measurement scheme was expanded to include social indicators related to the recreational use of the danish forests,15
+belgium and italy have quotas for listed companies to achieve women on boards this could be one factor driving the increase sweden on the other hand has a voluntary rule in their corporate governance code an equal distribution among the sexes shall be the goal women occupied an average of of seats in lower or single houses of parliament in in and in while women s representation in lower or single houses of legislature has grown in some oecd countries such as the united kingdom mexico portugal and spain it has undergone setbacks in countries like finland greece and denmark ipu,5
+this may notably reflect supplierinduced volume growth in the segment b as suggested by the differences between treatments provided by salaried and selfemployed specialists upcoding classifying patients into higher priced diagnostic codes and excessive billing in about five per cent of cases hasaart douven et al since hospital productivity has increased by partly thanks to a improvement in labour productivity of nursing personnel blank et al further scope for efficiency improvements comes from the fact that general hospitals are often operating on an inefficiently large scale reflecting a lack of specialisation and a tight network of large hospitals that ensures most people have access to an emergency unit within less than minutes blank et al,3
+low economic participation of women is attributed to interrelated socioeconomic cultural individual structural and institutional factors women are overrepresented in the public sector which is perceived as more accommodating than the private sector particularly for married women while the share of women in agriculture varies across countries evidence points to an increasing feminization of agriculture in the region,5
+this includes emissions trading through voluntary and compliance market credits for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation redd and water and pollution trading schemes for example environmental pollution quotas for nitrate phosphorus andor salt discharges can be traded by low polluters to high polluters for whom the buying of permits is cheaper than installing antipollution technology despite initial difficulties projects like the clean development mechanism cdm where carbon credits can be generated through afforestation and sold in existing markets indicate a possible way forward on this the world bank biocarbon fund will purchase emission reductions of tc eq while the prototype carbon fund purchased million tc eq under a separate agreement in in addition to the world bank and moldsilva the republic of moldovas forestry agency local councils represent the participating rural communities,15
+this led to a serious energy problem leading kyrgyzstan to switch the mode of toktogul reservoir from irrigation to power generation the new mode required less release of water in the summer when downstream irrigation demand is high and more release of water in the winter when downstream irrigation demand is low three agreements specifically on the use of the narynsyr darya cascade of reservoirs for energy and water were signed between kazakhstan kyrgyzstan and uzbekistan in and cawater a the collection rate however is also very low,6
+sustainability in world capture fisheries can provide two major benefits to society namely food and income security from both direct harvesting and indirect for example processing industries associated with fishing activities through both wild capture fisheries and aquaculture fish offer a major source of protein to much of the world s population and can impart substantial economic returns either in the short term or in the long term if managed in a sustainable manner the scientific evidence today however indicates failures in the sustainable use and management of fisheries resources with researchers predicting a per cent removal of predatory fish myers and worm and warning that shortfalls in the supply of fish could have devastating consequences for human populations what we see today are many fisheries suffering from too many boats fishing too few fish pauly et al,14
+deforestation is known to cause severe floods riverbasin flooding flash floods mudslides and landslides hammill brown and crawford and leads to an increased number of disasters and extensive damage their vulnerability is linked not only to deforestation but also to other manifestations of climate change their close relationship with their natural environment makes them particularly sensitive to the effects of climate change baird in the worst cases their way of life and even their existence is being threatened by climate change,13
+in other words which are the best buys where the costs of implementation clearly outweigh the costs of harm and the resources are best invested in this way as opposed to other priorities while an integrated ehr may seem an expensive undertaking in reality such infrastructure serves several purposes including safety this includes physicians as well as community nurses pharmacists and allied health providers,3
+it has been highly successful in seamlessly aligning its legal policy and planning documents to build the gender perspective into all government action implementation has not been effective however although line ministries do in practice commit to implementing proigualdad they fail to conduct solid gender analyses as part of the policy cycle there is currently no systematic requirement to include gender analysis in the design and development of new policies budgets or laws or as part of regulatory impact assessments without a clear governmental mandate gender impact assessments will remain the exception rather than the rule the manual contains the most tried and tested measures in the crosscutting application of gender mainstreaming,5
+in the four focus countries under rizhc the government played a pivotal role in organizing and facilitating the preparation of the country study on nus at the national level coordinated by the national focal point of the zero hunger challenge including the nomination of a competent national institution and expertise to undertake and finalize the country study on nus nominated international experts were grouped by discipline to offer technical assistance to support the country on prioritization through interdisciplinary reviews from an agricultural production and ecological perspective the fao special ambassador in the international year of pulses icarda international crops research institute for the semiarid tropics icrisat bioversity international bl the university of western australia uwa and the chinese academy of tropical agricultural sciencestropical crops genetic resources institute catastcgri joined as partners to support the international review on agricultural traits and climateresilience of nus from a socioeconomic perspective the international centre for integrated mountain development icimod crops for the future cff and the international tropical fruits network tfnet served as partners to support the international review,2
+in a majority of countries today there are no legal barriers to prevent women from getting a job or pursuing a trade or profession in the same way as men from owning and inheriting land and housing in their own name from receiving a pension or from having access to a wide range of services including education and health care rather they are wired into the ways in which economic social and political structures work to achieve substantive equality so that women can enjoy their rights in practice it is not enough to do away with direct discrimination,5
+in other words while per cent of children move out of poverty in norway each year only per cent do so in portugal for instance iceland and the uk combine some of the highest exit rates ie one of the lowest rates of remaining in poverty with some of the highest poverty entry rates in the comparison suggesting a large degree of mobility in and out of poverty between any two waves over the period persistent poverty is defined by eurostat as remaining in poverty with household income below of contemporary median income in the current year and at least two out of three preceding years,1
+early childhood education and care institutions are financed by local authorities through subsidies received from the central government parents pay a contribution for operating costs with a discount for a siblings and the local council must grant financial aid to eligible parents public schools are funded by municipalities and it is up to each municipality to determine the funding and level of service provided to schools,4
+based on harmonised year old students achievement data collected at the individual level the empirical analysis shows that while nordic european countries exhibit relatively low levels of inequality continental europe is characterised by high levels of inequality in particular of schooling segregation along socioeconomic lines while anglosaxon countries occupy a somewhat intermediate position despite the difficulty of properly identifying causal relationship crosscountry regression analysis provides insights on the potential for policies to explain observed differences in equity in education policies allowing increasing social mix are associated with lower school socioeconomic segregation without affecting overall performance,4
+in kg of opium were seized in bangladesh but no seizures were reported in trafficking of codeinebased cough syrups such as phensedyl from india to bangladesh continued to be reported although bangladesh banned codeinebased cough syrups its medical use is allowed in india in bottles of codeinebased preparations were seized in bangladesh a decrease from the bottles seized in,3
+there is not the space to consider all of these multiple perspectives therefore the focus of this chapter is on summarising the approaches and findings of what are arguably the three dominant and distinctive schools of thought on the topic these are firstly human capital theory and a more recent variation on this theory that argues major changes in the labour market of developed economies notably the rising demand for higher skills and qualifications is a response to skill biased technical change secondly comparative international studies find that the acquisition of highlevel intermediate skills by a large proportion of a workforce depends on a set of interlocking institutional arrangements governing not just training but also industrial relations industry policy education and welfare,4
+there is a certain limit of the linear heat generating rate below which power variations are safe for the pci because the deviation between clad creep and pellet swelling remains within the permitted frame and thus the fuel and cladding can adapt to the new power level iaea a according to the last survey made by iaea only a limited number of pcirelated failures have been observed recently in pwr fuel while pci is still the second cause of cladding failures for bwr fuel iaea a an additional mitigation method currently under development is the adoption of advanced fuel with a reduced release rate of fission products with burnup,7
+however the gap in labour participation between poor and nonpoor women changed little between the start and the end of the first decade of the s because socioeconomic and gender inequalities are closely linked reducing any type of inequality necessitates tackling the workfamily balance through public policy also not all policies can promote socioeconomic and gender equality simultaneously,5
+water supply and sewerage in major cities such as dushanbe khujand nurek and rogun and in faizabad district are organized under the auspices of die corresponding local authorities however they are advised and supported on technical questions by kmk in early barki tojik was withdrawn from the ministry of energy and water resources as part of the efforts to separate policy development functions from operational activities chapter it also issues permits for special water use which cover both water abstraction and wastewater discharge chapter upon coordination with various authorities,6
+consider the example of monetary policy women remain underrepresented in leadership and decisionmaking positions of central banks in they held governor or equivalent positions in just a handful of countries more importantly the democratic accountability of central banks is extremely limited economic information on government priorities as reflected in budget processes is often not available or is presented in a form that is not useful for evaluating policy choices and macroeconomic decisionmaking bodies rarely invite meaningful participation by civil society including womens rights organizations,5
+renewable energy capacity per source megawatt quantitative indicators achieving this objective can be a challenge in a region where energy infrastructure particularly electricity transmission and distribution networks is sparse eg in rural areas or degraded due to among others underinvestment consumers and businesses in the see economies sometimes go without electricity due to issues with both quality of supply and affordability,7
+introductory questions should be easy and pleasant to answer spark the respondents interest in participating and begin to open communication between the interviewer and the respondent these principles are particularly important for surveys on violence against women since they contain topics that can cause embarrassment shame and fear and which respondents would often prefer to keep private the sequence of questions is therefore critical in terms of preparing respondents for the questions to come and ensuring that respondents are oriented towards thinking about and disclosing their experiences,5
+referring to today s shortcomings of the trading market policy makers need to update the cornerstones of such a system markets that include the definition of caps and allocation of allowances streamlining of processes requirements and penalty schemes are key factors to name a few hence nodes need to be set up and operated which requires a minimal digital infrastructure with stable electricity supply database technology and broadband internet an intuitive user interface is needed for the platform so companies can easily trade their emissions certificates without the need to fully understand the underlying technology,9
+as shown in figure iv despite the fact that most countries display a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth each person spends an average of years in poor health lost health expectancy lhe lost health expectancy is the difference between life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at birth and is expressed as a number of years in this case healthadjusted life expectancy hale at birth corresponds to and life expectancy to,3
+a recent norfund evaluation notes that increased investments in project development and improved coordination with norwegian mfa norad and the embassies have contributed to successful projects and upscaling opportunities norad adaptation investments typically aim for saving on future costs of climate change and this is not in line with thetypical investors revenue creation objectives it is therefore more difficult for investors to understand the business case compared with eg mitigation investments where investments in new emission reducing technologies can be seen and demonstrated to have considerable return on investment potential,13
+on average an almost point difference in literacy proficiency separates adults of highly educated parents from those whose parents have the lowest levels of education on average the likelihood of being a low performer is about percentage points lower for adults with at least one tertiaryeducated parent compared with adults whose parents have an upper secondary education adults whose literacy is rated at level and below predominantly have poorly educated parents on average more than half of adults below the baseline in literacy proficiency had parents who had not completed an uppersecondary education,4
+they usually do not pose an issue for the sustainable management of the resource however there are some notable exceptions see for example new zealand most regimes define domestic and human needs as the highest priority use industrial users are the most frequently monitored with agriculture and domestic users monitored in of cases monetary fines are the most common type summary of main findings of the survey of water resources allocation cont,6
+with the new act this loophole was closed in addition new species were added to the system examples are eastern sweden and finland where fishing privileges have been controlled by local landlords or delegated by the king to certain cities in denmark the eel yard right gave farmers with property adjacent to the coast the exclusive right to set fish traps as far as a pole could reach the bottoma right that could be leased onto others,14
+instead of treating the water in a large storage facility before delivery it deployed an sr approach that complied with arizona state regulations this approach accomplished more than one goal i it avoided the costs of centralised treatment plants ii it stored water underground for future use in it replenished groundwater already pumped and iy it addressed water managementrelated objectives thus the sr approach allowed utilising cap water first by storing it underground mostly in large shallow spreading basins where it mixes with groundwater in the aquifer and then by recovering it for distribution,6
+annapurna also runs daycare centres for the children of domestic servants and other selfemployed women in the slums today such creches are functioning in pune and in mumbai research has shown that women s income has gone up as a result of placing their children in a safe environment while they work,5
+to this end a group of nine international financial institutions ifis have been working towards a harmonised approach for accounting for ghg impacts of their project portfolios world bank for example the carbon footprint tool of the agence franaise de developpement s afd can be used to conduct an exante evaluation of the ghg impacts of proposed projects in a variety of sectors measured in units of c eqafd this enables afd to track the climate impacts of afd s investments at the portfoliolevel it also allows potential climate impacts to be considered when making decisions on project design and ultimately funding for all projects and not just climate projects for specific institution level guidelines see eg ifc eib gef b ebrd opic these broader indicators include mw of renewable energy capacity installed lifetime or annual gwh of energy saved as well as hectares of deforestation and afforestation eg se all uk idb cif a c gef lb afdb nd,13
+nor does her employment allow her to fulfil herself in that it is meant only to help raise the family s standard of living the stress of balancing family life with paid employment may dissuade them from looking for a job and encourage them to stay at home it may also lead them to withdraw from professional life the trend is reinforced when a wife has to ask her husband for permission to wrork outside the home,5
+using an appraisal process for career advancement in to new roles such as the one outlined above would be a fairer and more equitable way to give teachers incentives to build competencies in many different areas associated with effective teaching teachers in romania reported to the oecd review team that the merit grade salary bonus is currently needed to supplement their low salaries policy makers should also consider instituting a general increase in teachers salaries particularly for new teachers so that top candidates are attracted to the profession the work to revise and evaluate the assessment process should involve stakeholders including the teachers unions and teachers and all changes should be clearly communicated to the education sector to increase the likelihood that the process will be accepted as valid and reliable,4
+note that in column c the statistical significance of the estimated coefficient of a o thus a increase in per capita income results in a decrease of in the percentage of poor individuals an increase of in the inequality index leads to growth of in poverty levels it is worth remarking that the estimated elasticity values agree with the theoretical elasticity introduced in section iii,1
+based on empirical studies the experiences of several african and asian countries with stock schemes over the last years are assessed a number of the stockholding policies reviewed did not aim primarily or exclusively at symmetric price stabilisation ie avoiding both too high and too low prices but pursued other objectives as well such as providing grains in cases of emergencies distributing food aid providing food assistance and managing international trade in some cases providing price support to farmers was an implicit mandate of the schemes,2
+in view of these changes it is useful to investigate whether the division of the labour market into formal and informal sectors gives rise to distinctive motherhood penalties this is done by examining formal and informalsector wages for mothers and nonmothers in argentina between and a period that spans the main liberalization policies set in motion in the early s pastor and wise our hypothesis is that the answers to all the above questions are affirmative because of the ways in which segmented labour markets differentially protect mothers working in the formal and informal sectors,5
+over the seven years the fertiliser subsidy averaged almost idr billion usd million per annum because of this the programme was phased out over the s by both gradually increasing mrps and removing fertilisers from the scheme as a result the budgetary cost of fertiliser subsidies reduced to an average of idr billion usd million during averaging of budgetary expenditure supporting agriculture production figure,2
+for example leds can provide information to better assess global climate change impacts and actions and how mitigation actions are expected to impact emission trajectories another important purpose of a leds could be to highlight gaps and identify priority actions for funding to the international community the rio summit under agenda for example introduced the concept of national sustainable development strategies nsds and suggested that all countries should develop one these strategies aim to build upon and harmonise the various sectoral economic social and environmental policies and plans that are operating in the country,13
+in most advanced economies primary and secondary education is usually available free of charge but early childhood education is subsidised to different degrees in different countries the same is true of tertiary or college education which may mean that parents in some countries must try to put aside significant sums even when their children are still young,1
+a similar structure is proposed for multidimensional poverty with national measures providing the basic tool for national policymaking and a restricted yet comparable multidimensional measure providing insights and lessons learned across national boundaries some measurement considerations are similar to monetary poverty in particular recommendations of chapter also pertain to multidimensional poverty,1
+her farm radio is not just about addressing womens needs but also about promoting gender equality in radio initiatives for agriculture and health affecting the quality of life of both women and men radio still remains a powerful ict for smallscale farmers one that does not require access to electricity or the internet and has strong potential to include the voices and knowledge needs of women farmers the initiative consists of various projects that engage women in audience research to ensure that the radio programmes meet their specific needs focus on interventions with specific benefits for women mother and children share female voices and perspectives in each show engage female broadcasters and guests include episodes that explore gender relations and mens role in the family air programmes at times when women are able to tune in and establish womenonly community listening groups her farm radio has also distributed mp radios to enhance access to radio for women,5
+that contrasts with many global contexts where the situation was more like that in tonga eg ratha et al the reserve bank of tonga believed in that private remittances were unlikely ever to recover to the high level they had reached in highlighting the vulnerability of the country s economy to fluctuations in the global economy there was no obvious reason why they should recover in samoa at least by early remittances had returned to normal precrisis levels and perhaps exceeded them as some overseas samoans compensated for the previous difficult period,10
+substantial progress was made over the decade in reducing mortality rates for people admitted to hospital for heart attack through improvements in treatments and care processes figure data from the concord programme show that the fiveyear net survival rate for cervical cancer in polish women was over one of the lowest among the eu countries this is in spite of comparatively high cervical cancer screening rates in women aged oecdeu the fiveyear suivival rate for men and women diagnosed with colorectal cancer is also among the lowest in the eu as is poland s colorectal cancer screening rate,3
+apparently diverse countries fit the same group the rules in iceland sweden and iurkey for instance all provide for ample user choice even if in practice there are geographical and other constraints note that the united states did not participate in the survey in addition to the features mentioned above in most countries of this group the provision of health care is highly decentralised the finnish health care system in oecd perspective cont,3
+in particular the objectives set by law are to i assess student learning ii work on pedagogical innovations needed to improve student learning iii exchange pedagogical experiences iv design teaching strategies for students v set criteria for improvement plans and vi receive technical assistance from the technicalpedagogical advisory services of the ministry of education asesores tecnicopedagogicos atp or independent advisory services asesorias tecnicas educativas ate the channel however has reached very few schools in total schools in latin america com this programme was introduced in as a strategy to expand the connections enlaces programme to rural areas and included the provision of computers to multigrade classrooms as well as teacher training,4
+the curriculum is flexible enough to cope with differences at the local level and in individual schools at the school level course studies can be complemented through collaboration with regional and local institutions enterprises and civic associations the new buildings are designed and built followed by principles of sustainability and energy efficiency standards,4
+the commendable efforts by rfmos that have undertaken independent performance reviews should be expanded and augmented through regular transparent reviews by the united nations general assembly to bring rfmo implementation in line with international commitments previous assembly reviews of the implementation of fisheries management goals such as on the driftnet fishing moratorium and on impact assessments for bottom fisheries have resulted in positive reforms that would not likely have occurred without its oversight general assembly reviews of rfmo performance can be expected to improve its effectiveness and should generate the political will necessary to take critical action to restore fish stocks to sustainable levels,14
+the new teacher standards see recommendation should guide the revision of the definitivat exam to ensure that it assesses the competencies teachers need in the classroom romania might also consider adding more practiceoriented openended questions to the exam so that it is a better measure of teachers competencies in the future romania could reduce the weight of the exam in favour of a more authentic measure of teacher competencies such as a performancebased inspection of new teachers in the classroom,4
+the findings of this year s world drug report make clear that the international community needs to step up its responses to cope with these challenges the opioid crisis in north america is rightly getting attention and the international community has taken action in march the commission on narcotic drugs scheduled six analogues of fentanyl including carfentanil which are contributing to the deadly toll this builds on the decision by the commission at its sixtieth session in to place two precursor chemicals used in the manufacture of fentanyl and an analogue under international control,3
+nominal prices for fishmeal and fish oil continue trending upwards over the outlook period with respective growth rates of pa this slowdown is driven by the combined effect of growth rates falling in both capture fisheries and aquaculture the annual rate of growth in world capture production is anticipated to be negative over the projected time period at pa,14
+this last issue is particularly important when curriculum material or education tasks have little relevance or meaning to groups within the student population including indigenous students young compared to other students in their own countries all three groups of low performers undertake less homework each week and this indicator is particularly pronounced among low performers in australia figure,4
+the total benefits from river rehabilitation for rivers were calculated to be billion shekels usd billion the benefits varied greatly by river from million shekel for the southern jordan to billion shekel for the yarkon as a result rehabilitation plans have been initiated and implemented by the national river administration the yarkon and kishon authorities in cooperation with drainage authorities in a sense water governance enables water stakeholders to enlarge the space of viable solutions that may result in the adoption of less costly solutions from a societywide perspective than would otherwise be the case,6
+yield risk is equal to or more important than the price risk for farmers although the significance of the negative correlation between price and yield in stabilizing income is analyzed in the following section any stabilization policy should take into consideration the degree of priceyield correlations moreover the correlation of risk across farms is also an important dimension of risk at the farm level and affects the insurability of risks,2
+it is calculated on the basis of the number of persons who during the specified short reference period were simultaneously a without work b currently available for work but c not actively seeking work as a percentage of the youth labour force in standard labour accounting the discouraged are not considered part of the labour force often discouraged youth are poor and disconnected from labour markets,8
+this could be conducted as action research where teachers themselves participate in trying out and evaluating different approaches the ministry should also explore with embassies of sending countries the possibility of adapting literacy and language programmes that have been developed for use in those countries to the learning needs of young people as well as adults now living in denmark this section is concerned with those immigrant parents who for example do not speak danish who may not have been through the danish education system or who have low levels of education who live in immigrant neighbourhoods who are from less advantaged socioeconomic backgrounds may be unemployed and who do not understand how the danish education system works,4
+the debate over iwrm and the need for a nexus approach are thus often linked together granting water a more prominent role in debates with other sectors hoff is explicit in placing water directly at the centre of the nexus this being the case water is established as the entry point for transboundary nexus assessments,6
+for example reducing overexploitation of aquifers requires consensus across sectors and water users domestic agriculture industry tourism or accompanying measures to manage tradeoffs without consensus progress cannot be achieved agriculture is the biggest consumer of water and the largest beneficiary of subsidies concessions and exemptions in mexico s water sector,6
+one exception is in myanmar where responsibilities for both types of hazards rest in the department for meteorology and hydrology thus opening up opportunities for developing a truly integrated warning system in the future other examples are indonesia and malaysia it is based on research from countries and outlines ways of integrating the procedures for multiple hazards improving operations and achieving synergies by combining systems the manual is expected to be rolled out in by the tc the ptc and their member states,13
+timber is also traded illegally across borders in the gms table shows the perceived level of public sector corruption among gms countries and their relative ranks among countries considered for based on the perceived level of public sector corruption in table forest cover should have declined in all gms countries,15
+the south african government supports the principle that basic services should be available and affordable to all for this reason to ensure that the poor benefit directly from electrification they are allocated a amps connection free of charge furthermore there is a kwh free monthly allocation implemented by the municipalities insofar as this is possible for the municipalities,7
+before the participation was voluntary and vessels could join the segment for three years and exit it afterwards the danish agrifish agency provides daily updates to a series of risk lists that identify critical vessels the vessels are given a score between and depending on the ability to comply with the rules on a number of selected issues,14
+the introduction of the ehealth system is expected to increase the quality of health care as well as system efficiency for instance health care providers can issue eprescriptions so that patients can purchase their medications at any pharmacy in the country this will also enable providers to monitor medication safety when multiple drugs are prescribed for patients likewise coordination across providers is expected to improve by avoiding for example duplicated diagnostic tests and informing gps when their patient is discharged from hospital,3
+table on page in bhutan s nbsap maps out potential synergies between national biodiversity targets and the objectives of the five biodiversityrelated mea s other than the cbd thereby providing a common ground for enhancing coordination communication and cooperation between nfps as a result promoting synergies among biodiversityrelated conventions has been identified as a key task the different nfps of the biodiversityrelated conventions such as the ramsar convention cites and whc were invited to meetings throughout the process in order to collect their responses to the nbsap,15
+part of the explanation lies in the fact that we are looking at the selected wage sample in the full sample differences in wage dispersion across age groups are indeed more pronounced as shown in figure this is particularly true in canada the united kingdom italy japan spain and the united states,10
+in a security of energy supply perspective nuclear energy seems thus wellpositioned to reduce import dependency and to stabilise cost as well as to contribute to the diversification of electricity generation technologies in a manner that overall improves the security of energy supply the following chapter will explore the extent to which the preceding considerations can be quantified in the context of appropriate security of supply indicators london united kingdom wwwbpcomliveassetsbpintemetglobalbpglobalbpukenglish,7
+many women may nonetheless switch to parttime work or reduce their hours once they resume work if they want to spend time with their children or face childcare constraints it is therefore probable that women s average working hours will fall below men s even after the introduction or extension of childbirthrelated leave leave policies can also have longerterm consequences for the total employment rates of women because normative attitudes to female employment change accordingly,5
+ecommerce enables women to run their businesses while managing household obligations and to reach a much vaster market than they could offline thus digital platforms help women to work and build companies in cultures where they are expected to stay at home and where they lack mens professional networks and resources world bank for example a survey of pacific island exporters showed that firms that are active online have a greater concentration of female executives under years of age dicaprio and suominen,9
+beyond the conventional dikebuilding measures the management plans should pay due attention to improving the ecomorphological structure of riverbeds and the restoration of natural water retention areas here again the costs are borne by the communes which may however receive government subsidies amounting to or for intercommunal works in particular new urban development must be prohibited in flood zones unless the retention volume lost can be offset and unless they do not increase risks downstream and upstream,6
+according to diw estimates the consumer price should increase only by in and by with the complete phase out of nuclear power diw the main uncertainty comes from the cost of the investment needed to ensure a secure energy supply which is difficult to assess the government plans to accelerate the expansion of res and to foster energy efficiency gains,7
+teachers have the ability to influence each of these layers and so designing pedagogy becomes a more complex but potentially more rewarding task this is vitally important so that we can evaluate and appraise pedagogies from an authentic position rather than trying to pretend that all pedagogies aim at the same goals the above account also established that both disciplinecentric and studentcentric pedagogies are fundamental to achieving the purposes of education the study of how expertise develops and of cognitive load highlights that explicit teaching of knowledge and skills is a vital part of education,4
+to make the most of cities growth potential it is important to facilitate transport links among metropolitan areas and between metros and smaller urban centres governments may set targets for cities to fulfil different roles eg innovation cities enterprise cities ecotowns or increases linkages between metropolitan areas and smaller cities in a greater region eg proposals for the seine valley axis between paris and le havre are cities incentives aligned with the need to reduce the reliance on automobile transport,11
+it is suggested that these initiatives should have dynamic allocation criteria and flexible components to deal with the new risks arising from the disasters the adaptive social protection proposal combines preexisting protection tools and climate change adaptation approaches in addition to generating strategies for reducing disaster risk associated with environmental changes common objectives are thus synthesized such as reducing disaster vulnerability promoting the incorporation of a longterm vision in government definitions of social and disaster protection and formulating differentiated policy recommendations to prepare settlements for potential catastrophes and avoid situations of further harm world bank,13
+a minimumcost solution is identified for the set of projects as a whole as opposed to each project individually all projects are taken into account by the federal electricity commission which then undertakes technical studies to evaluate lowestcost solutions for connection plans and costs are shared with the developers who in turn shoulder these costs equally among themselves and then have to confirm commitment by making a upfront payment transmission costs of extension are then included in the official budget at which point developers submit of the payment finally the budget is officially published and bidding for construction is done following which developers have to submit of the shared costs,7
+the congestion charge increasingly applied in various metropolitan areas has been shown to reduce congestion considerably ranging from a reduction in milan over in london and singapore and in stockholm januaryjuly beevers and carslaw olszewski milan municipality johansson et al not only did it create a cordon for vehicles entering the central city or the central business district as is the case in london stockholm milan and several other cities but it has also implemented congestion charges on expressways that are not in the central city which toronto might also consider at present there are of these gantries form a cordon around the central business district others are located on selected expressway segments and five on radial arterial roads,11
+these include the rising age of marriage greater social and legal recognition of a diversity of partnership forms declines in birth rates as women are better able to choose whether and when to have children and how many and womens increased economic autonomy these transformations are both causes and consequences of largescale demographic changes dramatic shifts in women and girls access to education and employment ideational and normative changes and legal reform often driven and inspired by womens activism concerted efforts to roll back the achievements of many decades of work for gender equality by those who deny women the right to make their own decisions have recently been cloaked in the rhetoric of family values,5
+to make real improvements to teaching and learning romania will need to ensure that professional learning opportunities address teachers actual development needs and that schools have the capacity to implement collaborative learning activities which are embedded into teachers jobs as such romania lacks a standard ongoing process in which teachers identify their learning needs based on observations of and discussions about their teaching practice a professional learning plan as a part of a regular appraisal process would support this these plans are annual and include teachers professional growth objectives proposed actions and timelines oecd c,4
+their disappearance may be traced to the drainage and pollution of israel s water bodies only of the endangered plant species are among israel s protected plant species of the protected plant species are endemic native plants and of them are species whose habitat is highly threatened moep b as part of its legal obligation under the cbd israel prepared its national biodiversity strategy and action plan or more simply national biodiversity strategy or nbs the nbs was developed during the past decade and completed in frankenberg moep a,15
+the management and tradeoff across various interests justifies public intervention the quality of water has strong impacts on public health which justify the involvement of the ministry of health to define and set the quality standards for drinking water and wastewater treatment the way wastewater is treated can also impact the environment and if ignored or badly managed generate pollution and negatively impact other productive activities farming fishing and tourism,6
+in some other countries although the poverty rate is lower the share of ultra poor is higher this demonstrates the importance of examining various characteristics in determining the number of the poorest in bangladesh for example it is per cent relative to per cent in lao pdr and per cent in timorleste,1
+it is necessary to go beyond aggregate numbers or indices since they are unable to reflect the diversity and linkages of the actors and activities that constitute the innovation process today rd data provide information about some of the inputs to innovation but have little information on the outputs they tend to be more useful for measuring technologybased activities which are influenced by industrial stmcture and only cover one element of the broader concept of innovation,9
+these charges are differentiated per crop and by region for the gravity irrigation charges are the highest for the marmara region on average for all crops namely usd per hectare in terms of the type of crop water charge for greenhouses is the highest with usd per hectare for the whole of turkey,2
+food security is therefore fundamental to their wellbeing to date the main source of food insecurity in ldcs has come from variations in domestic production consequent upon climatic shocks however many ldcs are already net importers of food and as their populations urbanise in coastal cities a growing proportion of their populations will become dependent upon imported food rather than domestic production,2
+this chapter discusses the context main issues and policies adopted across oecd countries to steer education systems they comprise governance and funding policies and approaches that ensure effective and efficient delivery of education systems reforms vary across countries as they are influenced by context traditions institutional settings and specific and regional challenges,4
+to address the multiple barriers ebrd partnered with the kozloduy international decommissioning special fund financed by donors predominantly the eu which provided a grant for the substantial technical assistance component and incentive fees to participating banks and endborrowers the latter are paid upon project completion and represent between ee and re of the subloan amount the project has been very successful in that more than smallscale ee and re projects have been financed for a total project cost of mln with electricity equivalent savings of gwh and emissions reductions of tco pa by end some residential projects have been financed to refurbish flats,7
+astana and almaty city are now allowed to issue bonds to cover budget deficits to reduce the level of dependence on transfers from higher levels of government certain taxes could be allocated to the local level moreover more efficient and clearer property taxation in rural and urban areas is essential,11
+an incident of great significance in the history of japanese mental health care was the knife attack of the then us ambassador to japan edwin reischauer by an individual with schizophrenia in this attack led to significant public alarm and contributed to further stigma towards mental illness fuelled by a mass media campaign on top of high existing levels of stigma directed towards mental disorders this incident also contributed to the revision of the mental hygiene law discussed previously in the mental health law was amended again with a particular focus on care in the community including the authorisation of the building of group homes in the community for individuals with mental disorders tatara and okamoto the community health care law introduced in and further supported the establishment of a communitybased mental health system,3
+in ies and ies fertilization indeed played an important role in finland in enhancing timber production by increasing forest growth especially in upland area kukkola and nojd nitrogen addition to forests may also affect the pool of soil organic carbon as enhanced growth in foliage and leaf area result in increased litterfall hyvonen et al johnsson and curtis showed that fertilization indeed increase soil carbon storage,15
+the necessary adjustments in legislation were passed on october currently heroin can now be prescribed to a selected group of patients who meet the required indication the study found that clients receiving both methadone and heroin compared to clients who just received methadone had higher health benefits and created less costs for law enforcement and lower damage to victims,3
+these also p encourage the assessment and management of climate risk in relevant sectors however there is still a long way to go before the right instruments and institutions are in place to explicitly incorporate climate change risk into policies and projects increase privatesector engagement in adaptation actions and integrate climate change adaptation into development cooperation ambitious mitigation action substantially lowers the risk of catastrophic climate change the cost of reaching the c goal would slow global gdp growth from to per year or by percentagepoints on average costing roughly of global gdp in this cost should be compared with the potential cost of inaction which could be as high as of average world consumption per capita according to some estimates stem delayed or only moderate action up to such as implementing the copenhagencancun pledges only or waiting for better technologies to come on stream would increase the pace and scale of efforts needed after,13
+it may be caused by unavailability of food insufficient purchasing power inappropriate distribution or inadequate use of food at the household level food insecurity poor conditions of health and sanitation and inappropriate care and feeding practices are the major causes of poor nutritional status food insecurity may be chronic seasonal or transitory,2
+this difference however varies significantly by socioeconomic group while of pie students from low socioeconomic status are diagnosed with a permanent special need only of pie students from high socioeconomic status are diagnosed with such a need see figure there are also differences by school provider municipal schools are more likely to enrol students with permanent disabilities than privatesubsidised schools,4
+in particular better utilising economic instruments eg pollution charges taxes or water quality trading can create incentives to reduce pollution and increase the cost effectiveness of and innovation in pollution control strategies recommendations include i providing overarching national policy guidance and minimum standards ii creating the institutional framework setting the distribution of responsibilities across levels of government iii stakeholder engagement on approaches to manage perceived and actual risks and a commitment to reach solutions in partnership iu signalling policy changes and highlighting options for implementation and v stimulating the diffusion of innovative technical and policy approaches that minimise the cost of water quality management including seed funding space for experimentation and making pollution costly lastly monitoring enforcement and evaluation of policy implementation ongoing stakeholder engagement and reassessment of the risks are necessary in order to adapt to future changes in climate economic growth population dynamics and advances in science and technology,6
+the government supported it by sponsoring student fees training and awareness workshops took place around the country to inform educators and the community about the importance of inclusive education at the end of that year the first six trainees graduated from the faculty of education majoring in special needs education most are coping well and succeed in accommodating the various needs of children in the community,4
+it is important to overcome those barriers families and communities have to be involved as well as systematic actions at district and national levels to improve adolescents access to skilled care services however countries are at different stages of health system development and access to facility care,3
+energy savings amounted to between and percent which translated into a total annual savings of nearly million kwh as well as a ton reduction in co emissions the project has altered the governments backing scaledup renovations with the funding of european union structural funds how danish communal heat planning empowers municipalities and benefits individual consumers,7
+this makes the severity of the congestion challenge greater than it would otherwise be particularly around the bridges prices for public transport are generally low in russia which is partly linked to the tradition of highly subsidised public transport in soviet times but also due to competition introduced in the market over the past decades privatisation of transport services has led to great fragmentation of the market however,11
+since norway s ministry of finance has issued guidelines to all ministries for a gendersensitive analysis of their respective budgets johan this initiative involved tracking government support to organisations active in this policy area and then determining the budgetary allocations to this sector such an analysis helped to identify gaps between the policy goals and the budgets needed to meet these goals this initiative also involved estimating the costs of violence against women to the state society and individuals,5
+this unequivocally states that it is a form of genderbased discrimination that seriously inhibits womens ability to enjoy rights and freedoms on a basis of equality with men these decisions have implications for the capacity of women to exercise their rights in both the public and private spheres increasing womens agency in intrahousehold decisionmaking is an important goal in itself and also has positive impacts on womens own wellbeing as well as that of other household members especially children,5
+it also sponsors a business plan competition for women entrepreneurs the women in business challenge that generates women s interest in developing new business ideas and receiving training and coaching on how to do a business plan however significant gender distinctions existed in the depth of the needs identified and how to effectively deliver business development services time mobility and sociocultural constraints on women shape the focus content and logistics that are fundamental to successful bds provision for women box,5
+carbon labelling and poor country exports world bank prem notes special series on the economics of climate change world bank washington dc centre for european policy studies brussels belgium a guide for the concerned guidance on the elaboration and implementation of border carbon adjustment entwined policy brief no report on company feedback from the french national environmental labelling pilot summary of the report drawn up by ernst young the moral duty to eat african strawberries at christmas oxford energy and environment comment october oxford institute for energy studies oxford lowcarbon and environmental goods and services,13
+further detoils on the survey methodology con be found in arvis el ol a decade ago a study of the impacts of low transport accessibility was carried out in the united kingdom social exclusion unit national and local initiatives were developed to deal with these issues including increased funding for rural and urban bus services integration of routes and new ticketing systems as well as a transport schemes to support access to work unece in rural areas investment forexpanding upgrading the transport network is scarce whereas at the same time expanding rural transport networks might have significant environmental impacts in urban areas the lack of space constrains expansion of andor structural changes in the transport network moreover the environmental and health impacts of an expanding urban transport network may be very significant,11
+the majority of agricultural households in asia grow rice and there is a correlation between the human intake of rice and the areas that produce rice in lao pdr for example percent of the daily food supply consists of cereals agriculture has concentrated on a few staple crops which in turn make up the bulk of peoples diets,2
+spain now presents gender impact reports to the parliament to accompany its general state budgets the legal framework for these reports was initiated in with a law on actions to introduce gender impact assessment in all government regulations in the spanish government approved a methodological guide for the elaboration of this report which includes a gender impact guide nordic countries too have provided substantial leadership on grb,5
+it aims to provide those who live or work with young people who have been exposed to chronic adversity with knowledge and insight on how to care for these children and adolescents in nonclinical settings bath in appxoximately schools across the country have participated in the training course and further courses are planned for the municipality had received many refugees from syria in the period and the school staff felt that they did not have the right tools to best care for this group of students,4
+all electronic medicine prescriptions have been logged into a central registry prescription information system since which is now compulsoiy a pilot study in cities looks at the extent to which pis data can be used to audit physician prescribing and giving them feedback on their prescribing patterns visavis peers it covers five acute and five chronic disease and the pilot is being evaluated in conjunction with who for example on the volumes of antibiotics prescribed several financial incentive schemes exist the quality premium worth gbp m is directed to clinical commissioning groups and the better care fund worth gbp bn is directed to clinical commissioning groups and local authorities in hospital care the commissioning for quality and innovation cquin fund is worth gbp bn,3
+international agencies supporting education projects comprise organisations with varied experience and priorities ranging from technical assistance for the development of government strategies and policies for reform to programmes of academic exchange many started operating during the early and mid s including some international governmental organisations eg european commission adb world bank unesco unicef individual country governmental organisations and other ngos eg soros foundation the law determines the objectives and principles of education the administrative structure and the system of public and private schools it also ratifies the administrative and financial decentralisation of education institutions the legal framework on education also encompasses specific provisions of other legislative acts edicts of the president decrees of the government orders of minister of education and science and resolutions of boards of the ministry of education and science,4
+the human rights committee recently confirmed that states parties should provide safe legal and effective access to abortion under certain circumstances and has called on states to end the criminalization of providers and women who seek abortion see box as chapter shows having an income of their own puts women on a more equal footing with men in their intimate relationships strengthens their bargaining position within families and enables them to exit partnerships if they need to putting economic resources in women s hands is also associated with lower rates of poverty and greater investments in childrens health and education,5
+in addition whereas labour market opportunities in rural areas are likely to remain dominated by food and agriculture a highly waterdependent sector employment opportunities in urban and periurban areas may evolve rapidly as the result of current technological changes and the digitalization of the economy or industry however in terms of both the number of people affected and especially the number of people killed the impacts of floods droughts and conflicts are grossly outweighed by the number of those affected or killed by inadequate drinking water and sanitation services figure however there are no data available estimating what proportion of these people were affected nor what the resulting overall economic damage would equate to this steady rise has principally been led by surging demand in developing countries and emerging economies although per capita water use in the majority of these countries remains far below water use in developed countries they are merely catching up,6
+as the number of older people with complex chronic medical needs increases so does the demand for integration of care and personalized medical treatment will grow whether there will be a provider response to such demand is likely to depend on the reform of provider payment mechanisms particularly for secondary care at present these usually reward discrete episodes of care in the future payment mechanisms are increasingly likely to reward bundles of care or indeed a whole year of care for people with complex needs,3
+the apidt advocated an increase of industrial rd supported by greater public resources via matching grants and soft loans to reorient part of the activities of existing research laboratories and institutes toward industryoriented and marketdriven research epu the plan aimed to promote cluster approaches where small and mediumsized enterprises smes could build upon their relationships with the mnes they supply to enhance their capability called clusterbased industrial development strategy the multimedia super corridor msc can be seen as a key initiative in that regard worldclass infrastructure is made available on a specific territory to attract the ee leaders the foundation acts as a broker identifying both the needs and the relevant experts and assists the commercial arrangement,9
+alternative or additional income generating opportunities are therefore needed to support the millions of poor families who can no longer rely solely on the land for their livelihoods first it has resulted in production falling short of the growing demand with smaller stocks of food surpluses available around the world second the decline in infrastructure investment has contributed to high production and distribution costs that in turn have kept food prices high and exacerbated the lack of access to food especially in subsaharan africa the cost of transportation and distribution will be critical in shaping strategies and policies for agriculture reversing these trends will require a shift in focus what should developing countries invest into in order that agricultural innovation results,2
+this question needs to be answered if technological change is to be beneficial for smes which create employment for many of the worlds poorest and most vulnerable households in addition automation has opened the door to new ways of interacting with clients whether in delivering goods and services or providing customer service from firms that own and control their resources to those that manage and orchestrate them technological change has revolutionized production connectivity and distribution,9
+they would also like to acknowledge the participants in the ferdi international conference on international labour mobility and inequality across nations clermontferrand january and to the expert meeting on harnessing knowledge on the migration of highly skilled women coorganised by the international organization for migration and the oecd development centre geneva april the push and pull factors influencing this significant share of migration have typically been explained as a byproduct of male migration female migrants have been assumed to migrate mainly for reasons of family reunification as dependents of male migrants as wives daughters or mothers over the years the body of knowledge on the migration of women seeking better employment opportunities has increased including research on topics such the role of gender discrimination in the workplace,5
+with an increasingly knowledgedriven global economy and competition in the speed of innovation governments particularly in developed economies with the infrastructure and institutions in place should prioritize the development and full use of a population s available set of skills young girls are rarely encouraged to pursue maths and science which are more likely to be presented as fields of study for boys it is important that mathematics and science are taught in contexts that are interesting to boys and girls and a positive attitude towards a subject is also related to positive teacherstudent relations oecd a,5
+unpaid care and domestic work is also being measured as part of the official labour force survey primary school fees were abolished again and farm input subsidies reintroduced in part due to public pressure supported by the campaign gender budgeting initiatives elsewhere in africa have drawn heavily on the tanzanian experience as a model,5
+a positive negative sign shows a gain a loss in income associated with the characteristic between and only statistically significant changes are reported an important difference between these countries also concerns the way in which the incomes of very lowincome families have evolved over this period compared to the trends experienced by families with slightly higher incomes,1
+indeed most individuals need to accommodate both in their daily lives however there continue to be pronounced imbalances between men and women in how this balance is struck and in the degree of freedom available to make choices in this respect these lead to markedly different opportunities and outcomes for human devel opment,5
+this implies that the two are interrelated and may serve as complements to one another this implies that economic expansion raises energy consumption but the process could possibly produce inefficiencies and a reduction of demand for goods and services including energy this hypothesis considers energy consumption to be a small component of gdp expansion and thus to have little or no effect on growth their findings are summarized in figure,7
+these measures are to be discussed with relevant member states having a direct management interest in the areas before being submitted to the eu commission as joint recommendations in accordance with the new basic regulation under the common fisheries policy in the trials all catches of cod were counted against the quota and monitored by cctv the experience from the trials will assist denmark in implementing the landing obligation under the refoimed common fisheries policy and should result in a more sustainable fishery while simplify existing regulations the strategic plan will contain a target for the increase in the production of fish and shellfish and for the increase in the export of feed feed ingredients and technology for the aquaculture sector,14
+as a result for employers nonregular employment is generally cheaper than permanent employment in addition to providing enhanced employment flexibility in a survey covering young people aged found that over of nonregular workers wished to become regular workers another survey covering people of all ages reported that only onefifth wished to become regular workers but the share of persons working in nonregular jobs because of slim chance of obtaining regular employment was considerably higher than in reaching for parttime workers for contract employees and for temporary agency workers indeed there is a lack of movement between the regular and nonregular segments of the labour force trapping large numbers of employees in lowpaying shortterm jobs with limited coverage by the social safetynet and limited opportunities to enhance their human capital,8
+in response the directorgeneral presented a report reform of who s work in health emergency management who health emergencies programme the highlevel panel submitted a report protecting humanity from future health crises a to the secretarygeneral these include among others a a review the neglected dimension of global security a framework to counter infectious disease crises by the national academy of medicine nam b a joint initiative by harvard university and the london school of hygiene and tropical medicine moon and others c a review by an independent panel set up by the bill and melinda gates foundation and d a review by msf,3
+for younger children toddlers and infants specialised and practical training seems to be more strongly associated with pedagogic quality and cognitive and social outcomes early childhood educators come across increasingly complex social environments and encounter a multiplicity of family backgrounds and experiences these factors create imperatives to adopt new pedagogies and organisational practices to accommodate this pluralism elliott,4
+all components of supply will have to expand especially harvest residues but the projections seem sustainable for all countries in europe total wood supply would have to increase by nearly in twenty years assuming no significant increase in imports from other regions it considers that the colossal forest potential of the country is essentially underutilised however developing a culture of innovation is a complex challenge going far beyond the boundaries of the forest sector however the challenges described in the study are exceptionally complex and long term and will require a high level of sophisticated crosssectoral policy making to find the necessary balanced and sustainable solutions net annual increment carbon stock and net ecosystem production are all expected to increase despite increased losses from fires wind pests and diseases,15
+benin for example created a vocational skill certificate national diploma attesting to the attainment of skilled worker level through a reformed traditional apprenticeship and the occupational skill certificate certificate attesting to the completion of an apprenticeship to recognise the skills acquired through informal apprenticeships it has also put in place a consultative mechanism involving the national federation of craftworkers local craft workers groups and the relevant ministry to steer the process aeo in many african countries responsibilities for tvsd are scattered across a large range of ministries and agencies and are not integrated with the overall education system,8
+furthermore there are additional reasons why donors may prefer not to use country systems such as the ability to account for taxpayer funds and the need to track climaterelated results oecd la as transaction costs reduce the total amount of climate finance devoted to climate activities reducing them can increase the effectiveness of climate finance the performanceexistence of specific national institutions can also affect whether a country meets the safeguards introduced by selected climate funds to limit potential negative impacts eg social of climate interventions or to ensure that specific standards eg fiduciary standards have been met however there are several related challenges at both the national and international level,13
+superficially very different from the first three groups of productbased economic instruments epr schemes typically take the form of legislation imposing various obligations on producers including rules requiring them to recover and recycle endoflife products producers either individually or collectively may comply with these obligations by setting up arrangements to encourage a high rate of product return and recycling,12
+moreover the mdgs make clear that the global partnership is essential to securing progress towards poverty eradication as such the mdgs have been a powerful tool for galvanizing public opinion around a central ideal the importance of such consensus and awareness should not be underestimated considering that democratic governance of a fully integrated world requires shared commitments to global priorities not only among governments but also among the public at large the aid allocated by the member countries of the development assistance committee dac of the organization for economic cooperation and development oecd to basic social services increased from billion to billion in but then dropped to billion in in view of fiscal adjustment in these countries the proportion of aid allocation to basic social services also showed a steady increase from per cent in to per cent in but decreased to per cent in,1
+it is particularly crucial for national governments to empower local governments by providing adequate financial resources legal and fiscal autonomy and by supporting local skill development given their important role in the nup processes with clearer information on common implementation gaps and the policy instruments that are available to address them policy makers could better predict these gaps and undertake capacity building activities as table illustrates many of the sdgs have an evident urban dimension and cannot be achieved without being addressed in urban areas making nups an important implementation and monitoring instrument as an overarching process the national urban policy will be able to anchor and influence many dimensions of sustainable development such as air pollution control and regulation united nations a,11
+recoverable coal reserves are thus about bt some threequarters of the proven reserve is at a depth of less than m and of the total resources is at a depth of less than m mills together the states of jharkand chhatisgarh and orissa account for of indian coal resources figure only of the coal resource is of coking quality the remainder is high ash steam coal mills,7
+after further disparities have emerged between large metropolitan areas where unemployment rates have continued to decline and other parts of the country these dynamics create special problems for crafting appropriate policy responses as quite different labour market conditions can coexist across relatively short distances similar differences hold for unemployment ranging from just in hawaii to in alaska at the metropolitan area level the rates vary from in ames iowa to almost in el centro in california where the statew ide rate is close to the national average at,8
+recent studies of high growth startups in the united states find that only of them are founded by women brush etal looking more specifically at startup funding several studies have shown that women are extremely underrepresented among venturebacked entrepreneurs in the united states gompers and wang i find that just of us venturebacked founders were women from h estimate the number to be using data from,5
+parttime work prevalent in jobs mostly occupied by women and linked to family obligations and care may also play a role in horizontal segregation data for the netherlands is in fulltime equivalent data for switzerland on secretarial positions also include technical positions despite some important variation between oecd countries from less than in switzerland to in the united states us equal employment opportunity commission to nearly in poland women consistently occupy less than half of public service decisionmaking positions on average accounting only for of senior managers across oecd countries thus on average in oecd countries of middle managers are women although there are important crosscountry variations with some countries estonia slovenia portugal and poland not only achieving gender parity but also having a majority of women in this occupational category,5
+note that there are significantly fewer csp installations in the united states than pv installations this difference limits the robustness of conclusions and in particular there are very few projects using certain csp technologies on average based on evidence from the united states tower systems have the greatest csp land use requirements on both a capacity and energy basis towers use per cent more direct land than troughs on a capacity mw basis and use per cent more on a generation basis,7
+the main challenges for reporting information in this area are mostly familiar unresolved issues regarding the availability and clarity of information requested and reported work is being undertaken by the oecd development assistance committee dac to improve the information available on public finance provided information on climate finance from countries that do not report to the dac is currently more limited,13
+this analysis seeks to confirm on the basis of the largest possible number of countries and observations whether subjective wellbeing in latin america is higher than would be expected on the basis of gdp per capita it also examines the relationship between subjective wellbeing and indicators for the position and responsibilities of men and women in different stages of the life cycle age civil status and number of children controlling for household monetary income and comparing the findings with other regions of the world one of the most influential studies was conducted by easterlin who observed that countries with the largest increments in gdp had stable levels of subjective wellbeing over time these findings were corroborated by other research,1
+the second stressed the importance of government support measures for innovation and technologybased business they were the source of several followup programmes and initiatives such as the establishment of business innovation and technology centres viewed as interface institutions between universitiespublic research and industry with supporting institutions to assist companies through their startup and expansion phases however while they were seriously considered at the time the centres never materialised,9
+however from onwards unemployment has decreased for men but not for women by the last quarter of across the oecd the unemployment rate was around for both men and women ilo oecd b although the gap between men s and women s employment rate narrows considerably with higher educational attainment on average the employment rate for tertiaryeducated women is still percentage points lower than that of men figure the difference in employment rates between tertiaryeducated men and women is particularly marked in chile the czech republic japan korea mexico and hirkey where it is as high as percentage points,5
+health care and education excluding preprimary education are by far the most important components in most countries the imputed value of health care is higher than that of education exceptions are canada denmark ireland mexico norway and poland where education forms the largest category the services for early childhood education and childcare increase household income on average by but by more than in denmark finland hungaiy and sweden longterm elderly care services raise incomes by and are highest in the four nordic countries and the netherlands in three countries social housing increases household income by more than namely in the czech republic in ireland and in the united kingdom compared to an average of,10
+in general the highest biomass and litter production of boreal forests are in norway spruce dominated stands where also soil carbon stock are highest the most fundamental effect however comes with the removal of biomass from the forest this directly reduces the carbon stocks represented by the tree biomass and its wider effects on the global climate will depend on how this harvested biomass is used,15
+the above provisions are stricter than the respective community legislation there is also a system of limited entry for sea bass and gilthead sea bream in order to control their reproduction no new licenses have been issued since august a limited entry of new licenses is in place for some mediterranean species such as common sea bream sharpsnout sea bream white sea bream red porgy and common dentex,14
+following adoption of the relevant legislation five new river basin district administrations arhs were created in as the main bodies responsible for water resources planning and the development of river basin management plans pbhs these plans yet to be finalised will replace the river basin plans of and are expected to provide a better instrument for managing and protecting surface and groundwater resources important linkages are expected to be made with plans for the management of coastal areas however they have not been applied because of difficulties with the registration of water users,6
+the premise is that the aid effectiveness principles of country ownership alignment harmonisation results and mutual accountability can drive effective climate finance on the expectation that effective outcomes can be enabled through effective national and international processes some developing countries have however indicated that climate finance has ignored the aid effectiveness principles ma or remains donordriven eg nelson norringtondavies others cite poor access lack of readiness and the inability to track climaterelated results through country systems as barriers to applying the aid effectiveness principles to climate finance in practice zou and ockenden,13
+mexico s agrarian law granted women the same land rights as men and consequently they were granted a voice and vote in domestic decisionmaking bodies available from wwwfaoorg genderlandrightsreporten accessed july in zambia the draft national land administration and management policy seeks to implement at least per cent landownership for women,5
+there have been dramatic changes and losses in fundamental species such as phytoplankton and krill changes in the growing season and population distributions of commercial species are already changing in some ocean regions driving dependent extractive industries to adapt ocean chemistry is also changing and at a rate faster than at any other time over the past million years as the seas absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere lower ph levels ocean acidification are expected to retard rates of shell formation and growth,14
+these circumstances have arisen despite a generally positive consumer attitude to seafood the australian government remains committed to the development of a national system of mpas and to achieving a substantial part of that network by more than of australia s marine jurisdiction is already within mpas,14
+the ratio of poor children to poor adults increased in all of the countries of the region except el salvador where it remained constant with the greatest increases in brazil panama and uruguay efforts should be made to guarantee the rights of the child and to facilitate children s access to basic goods and services that households cannot afford to acquire on their own for each indicator thresholds were defined for severe and moderate needs the results indicate that almost half of all children in the region are poor with at least one of the basic needs being unmet either moderately or extremely,1
+by when most major countries will have middle aged or elderly workforces india s will still be young around of the indian population in was years or younger and around was between and years table the informal economy also accounted for nearly half of the employment for those between and,8
+hie present report gives an overview of progress and some of the remaining challenges under each of the three pillars afghanistan bangladesh indonesia and the philippines extended electricity service to between five and nine million people countries of the region arc working to bring electricity to their growing populations in order to support social development and economic growth in recent years countries have established clear policy targets that arc increasingly backed by supportive programmes and economic measures during the period afghanistan bhutan cambodia the lao people s democratic republic the marshall islands and nepal reported some of the region s most rapid progress in raising their electrification rates,7
+different technologies have different costs as well as different emission coefficients under the assumption of a fixed level of output different technologies are then associated with percentage reductions in emissions thus one obtains step functions which fall towards the right as emissions reductions are plotted from to zero,7
+moreover we demonstrate that aside from the ease of comparison with oecd country experiences using a poverty line set at a proportion of the median has additional appeal to national debates on poverty measurement section iv compares the proposal with alternative approaches for comparative or global poverty analysis section v contrasts the evolution of relative poverty in brazil china and the united states to show the relevance of relative poverty measures across levels of development,1
+engineering services are particularly relevant to climate change technology oecd c of particular concern is the recent prevalence of localcontent requirements lcrs in the wind and solar energy sectors oecd c some countries have also designed lcrs as eligibility criteria for direct financial transfers such as subsidised loans and loan guarantees from government agencies and national development banks such as in brazil,7
+nonetheless given the timeframes involved in constructing nuclear power plants there is no planning yet and the difficulties in setting up largescale hydroelectric plants in mexico nearly all of the investment needed to reach this level will come from nonconventional renewable energy sources this provides the opportunity to consume electricity generated with renewable sources for which a higher price is normally paid worldwide there are over million customers with these systems of whom million are in germany,7
+examples are long acceleration lanes on motorways and large stopping sight distances at intersections increased letterheight and retroreflectivity of street name signs etc for intersections with traffic lights errors in giving way and any resulting crashes can be prevented by a regulation that does not allow traffic that can collide to have green light simultaneously roundabouts have the required qualities for older drivers eg left turns are eliminated fewer decisions have to be made because of oneway traffic and yieldatenter lower speeds allow for more time to decide and act staplin et al they reduce crash numbers and as a result of lower speeds crash severity,11
+better coordination between care providers is seen as desirable because it can improve patient care and outcomes andor because better coordination can help to generate efficiency gains and overall cost savings this review shows how payment is used to encourage greater coordination and integration of care across different levels of care in france and in germany they were made available to three different types of multidisciplinary primary care facilities maisons de sante multiprofessional medical home poles de sante multiprofessional medical facilities and centres de sante traditional health centre aiming to enhance the organisation of care and providing new services to patients and give a financial incentive for collaborative working structures centres de sante have been in operation for decades and mainly serve underprivileged urban areas,3
+for accidents at crossroads two types of accidents stand out collisions between motorised vehicles directly on the crossroad of total accident costs and accidents involving pedestrians and motorised vehicles in the vicinity of crossroads accidents involving collisions between cars and jaywalkers who cross the road on straight segments without pedestrian crossings account for the highest cost among pedestrian accidents accidents involving pedestrians and motorised vehicles also create high costs at pedestrian crossings,11
+finally it is important to continue building regionallevel capacity in planning ensuring that the links between erd and prot are clearly understood and implemented for example prot have not yet substituted regional plans for urban development prdu as mentioned only regions have operative prdu and have a prdu in the pipeline,11
+as can be seen in figure young women enter the labour market at lower rates than males from ages to however women s participation undergoes a drop that is not seen in male participation rates one possible explanation for this trend is that women tend to withdraw from the labour market upon getting married and having children without reentering the workforce afterward,5
+for example orange and maroc telecom have been active in extending crossborder connectivity to their subsidiaries across africa these independent companies provide wholesale open access to their networks and since they typically do not have retail operations have little incentive to charge significantly above cost prices phase collaborated with ecowas as part of the intelcom ii initiative,9
+while israel and singapore did not quantify the finance provided korea reported providing usd million of climate finance in separately in the crs database korea has reported providing usd million and the united arab emirates uae usd million in climaterelevant oda in several developing countries have also provided or pledged multilateral support via contributions to the gcf and the gef,13
+school leaders are asked lo be more open to and lo cooperate with local community organisations such as sport clubs cultural centres and other associations for example schools can cooperate with local sports clubs to teach english or maths through physical exercise in the government allocated funding to schools for the academic year to experiment with outdoor education and demonstrate how it could work in the danish government developed a booklet on the grey zone of language that can be used by volunteers working in homework cafes a welldeveloped system of places often libraries where students can go after school to receive help on their homework,4
+in ethiopia the deforestation rate between and was per year square kilometres the trend changed in kenya in and in ethiopia in when larger afforestation efforts began figure and the kenyan reforestation programme started way back in with the development ofthe kenya forest master plan luukkanen it proposed urgent studies on new patterns of forestry administration which would put an end to deforestation and improve forest management in kenya,15
+measuring child food insecurity requires accurate reliable and complete information from children themselves children have the most complete knowledge about their own lives and experiences and child selfreport is widely seen as the gold standard for assessing childrens internal experiences such as quality of life exposure to domestic violence and pain although children are the only accurate reporters of their food insecurity it is important to note that what they are reporting child food insecurity may be substantively different to adult and household food insecurity adult food insecurity has been shown to have four core domains compromises in the quantity and quality of food and psychological and social strains related to food hardships,2
+measures can be implemented to support female candidates such as training technical and financial support and to encourage female parliamentarians to participate in defence and security committees initiatives that build the capacity and legitimacy of womens or gender caucuses within parliament can help to link debates on gender and security issues womens organisations can be useful partners for security system institutions and oversight bodies see,5
+national report of ethiopia to rio grasslands of the world fao rome climate change and the ethiopian economy a computable general equilibrium analysis discussion paper series efd dp environment for development economic reforms and soil degradation in the ethiopian highlands a micro cge model with transaction costs department of economics and social sciences world economic outlook imf washington dc,13
+the opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the organisation or of the governments of its member countries climate change adaptation is a newly emerging policy area that has recently moved into the implementation phase this chapter outlines the challenges posed to austria by current and future climatic conditions,13
+voluntary health insurance has a small but rapidly increasing role in funding health for a long time there has been a substantial shift of resources and activities from inpatient to outpatient or ambulatory care although strengthening primary care remains a challenge swedish life expectancy is years longer than the eu average and is the fifth highest across the eu,3
+governments should regard family planning in the same way they view and prioritize other humancapital investments in education labourforce participation and political participation this is one more way of improving the bargaining position of women in society in fact family planning programmes and declines in fertility have their maximum impact in societies that are making complementary investments in increasing female schooling expanding labour market opportunities and experiencing economic changes that fundamentally change the costbenefit tradeoff of high fertility,5
+this contrasts with other models that do not explicitly include technological change administration and infrastructure costs that may be needed to meet projected health care demand are not included similarly the model does not consider the impact of national income or healthcare budgets on demand for healthcare services,3
+some countries such as afghanistan per cent the lao peoples democratic republic per cent australia per cent viet nam per cent and kazakhstan per cent arc approaching the target this is partly a result of quotas and reserved seats for women in parliament women s representation in the pacific lags significantly behind both other asian and pacific subregions and the world average,5
+this is evidenced in the women business and the law report world bank which finds that of the economies surveyed had at least one law impeding womens economic opportunities in economies with legal differentiations survey respondents at fi rms owned or managed by women report paying more bribes this suggests that a lack of legal parity creates additional business costs for women this inequality begins with inheritance rights according to the report s data in out of countries sons and daughters do not have equal rights to inherit assets from their parents of those countries are in the mena region,5
+despite enshrining the principles of nondiscrimination and equality between men and women in constitutions and labour legislation gender inequalities in the broader legislative framework and in practice continue to affect women s effective access to employment and career development furthermore some sectors where women account for the majority of the workforce are not regulated or protected by labour law provisions but challenges remain in ensuring that women enjoy equal opportunity to participate in and influence decision making in parliaments governments and local councils,5
+as part of school staff learning support staff can have an important role in improving teaching effectiveness by supporting teachers and providing children with additional support the perspective of the paper is twofold to analyse learning support staff as a resource in itself and to analyse how learning support staff affect teachers use of time and impact on student achievement the paper describes countries current approaches to the use of learning support staff including the way their role and responsibilities are defined,4
+nor does it automatically lead to womens empowerment or protect them from economic dependence to guarantee womens right to an adequate standard of living employment policies aimed at the generation and regulation of decent work have to be accompanied by social protection and social services that provide income security and enable people to live their lives in dignity the spf proposes a nationally defined set of minimum guarantees including basic income security for children workingage adults older people and people with disabilities as well as basic social services for all this initiative holds significant promise for women who are overrepresented among those excluded from existing social protection schemes on the one hand informal networks rely heavily on womens unpaid care and domestic work on the other hand womens own needs for support are rarely adequately acknowledged and addressed due to prevailing social norms and gender power relations examples abound of gender gaps in access to staterun social protection schemes and genderbiased delivery of social services,5
+for example they can be aimed at building international connections to facilitate exporting or connecting with potential clients or suppliers while facetoface interactions are always the most effective the creation of online entrepreneurial networks can be an effective complementary initiative oecdeu to support smes in finding and recruiting highly skilled human capital able to manage and implement inhouse innovation processes the h sme innovation associate programme implemented in eu member states and other horizon associated countries provides grants to smes to cover the costs of employing a foreign postdoctoral researcher for up to one year including salary and travel expenses,9
+such policy strategies involve changes to how the roles of purchaser provider and oversight are currently organised how the purchasing of goods and services and provider reimbursement occur and how the health system information infrastructure is set up some of these policy alternatives are identified in the light of international experiences in the oecd and elsewhere and their feasibility assessed specifically in the colombian context section presents issues around qualify of health care provision whilst section deals with heightened concerns in colombia about the health system s financial sustainability,3
+additionally the recent strategy educate for a new citizenship educar para una nueva ciudadania aims to ensure that key competences eg sustainable development digitalisation global and local citizenship are transversally addressed across all subjects of the curriculum however it is also highly ambitious in the context of costa rica s school system the full curriculum can only be applied in schools which are open for a full day teachers have received little training to change their teaching style or leam how to assess competences so far and limited teaching and learning resources have been provided to help them in these tasks see chapter,4
+the important aspect is that the mode cannot be perceived as inferior compared to car since in that case the downward move would not be achieved or it would be negligible only a research about australian european and north american cities on congestion relief from high quality public transport suggests that it is valued at an average of aus per marginal public transportvehicle km of travel if both travel time and vehicle operating costs are considered the relief can span however from to with higher values for urban areas or rather urban traffic corridors with greater degrees of traffic congestion furthermore the combined benefits of rail and bus transport significantly exceed total public transport subsidies overall if these passengers were not transported by public transportation systems they would have contributed an additional delay of almost million hours or about a per cent increase in the total delay,11
+this percentage was similar to that recorded in and means that at least million workers were informal in as the slowdown in regional economic growth has persisted and some economies have actually shrunk it is highly likely that informal employment has spread further in the latter have few workers little capital and a small scale of operations which makes it difficult for them to achieve an adequate level of productivity and sufficient production volumes,8
+the more promising co reduction potentials range from about but the mitigation benefit could well change significantly if luc and iluc scenarios relevant for an actual feedstock cultivation scheme are applied any climate mitigation benefit for a pathway may be fully offset eg if land of high carbon stock is converted for feedstock cultivation swafea as is for instance seen in the partner study where rapeseed oil hefa has a reduction without luc effects but a increase for the considered luc scenario for other types of feedstock the luc impacts can be even more pronounced as demonstrated in the partner study where a considered scenario for palm oil not listed in table resulted in ghg emissions more than seven times higher than conventional jet fuel,13
+the conventional view is insufficient and potentially misleading because it decontextualizes poverty and obscures its origins and mechanisms of reproduction over time and across countries and regions in minimally complex market economies exclusion from local or international markets is normally not the cause but rather a consequence of poverty in these economies poverty tends to be created by the manner in which specific social groups are integrated into the dominant mode of social and economic reproduction it is their modalities of economic and social integration that impose upon the poor highly exploitative labour regimes including badly paid wage labour precarious commodity production insecure selfemployment and potentially degrading forms of labour such as child labour in turn these labour regimes are associated with low productivity low incomes and precarious living standards,8
+all necessary functions around patient safety such as development standard setting monitoring and control and support for safety improvements in practice are in place in denmark formally however all israeli hospitals are expected to collect information on infections and report this to the ministry of health the ministiy is responsible for analysing data to then develop prevention or improvement plans this information is provided to the public in yearly summaty reports without disclosing hospital identity,3
+this sum it was stressed was only for subsistence and allowed nothing for the cheering luxuries which gladden life published in rowntrees poverty line he was the first to use the phrase claimed to be the first attempt to fix a poverty line on scientific lines surveying living conditions among working class families in the city of york he proposed a minimum income level to ensure adequate nutrition and other essentials rowntree proceeded to divide those judged poor about into two groups the first group he defined as living in primary poverty because they simply did not have enough income to meet their basic needs those in secondary poverty on the other hand were failing to meet their needs not because their incomes were too low but because they spent money on nonessential items beer and tobacco being judged particularly nonessential,1
+the landing obligation means that catches must be processed in land the catches that are not landed locally on greenland are most often the most profitable seen from a company perspective the itq system which has created significant wealth and concentration of ownership has also been met with some public critique and has been subject to a resource rent taxation since its introduction,14
+first concerns about the physical decline of aquifer systems include changes in both groundwater quantity and groundwater quality available including salinity as well as the potential for irreversible land subsidence eg konikow second interactions between groundwater and surface water systems have also been a major driver for changes in groundwater policy for example concerns over stream depletion have led to the introduction of regulations on groundwater use in a number of transboundary river basins in the united states including the pecos river between texas and new mexico arkansas river kansas and colorado and the republican river kansas nebraska and colorado as well as in other countries such as the guadalquivir basin in spain the adverse effects of stream depletion on instream habitat and endangered species have also led to regulatory action for instance in multiple us states,6
+strategic innovation investment will be taken forward centrally including support for nationally significant research demonstration and testing centres many low carbon infrastructure projects will cross local enterprise partnership boundaries for example grid infrastructure ports infrastructure for renewable energy manufacture and deployment and carbon capture and storage where this is the case particularly where there are large infrastructure issues these will be best taken forward nationally,7
+data collected by the international transport forum itf through the safer city streets network show pedestrians alone making up of all road fatalities in lisbon santacreu b for each barrier a solution is indicated with descriptions of necessary actions and respective cost estimate this has enabled accurate cost estimates and integration of necessary actions in several public works that were not accessibility related it provides predictions based on population density census over generators of pedestrian traffic public facilities public transport stations etc,11
+for these reasons governments should refrain from overzoning and constraining the density of urban development while still providing welllocated industrial land and space for streets government intervention is also needed to foster social mixing and to reduce barriers between communities including provision of affordable housing in a range of urban locations weak transport connections between industries and workers harm industrial productivity and job seekers,11
+the new government programme confirms the need to make better use of innovation in the context of grand societal and ecological challenges and to improve subsequent framework conditions for investing in relevant research an important instrument in this regard is the austrian climate and energy fund klien the klien was among other things designed to increase rd in sustainable energy technologies,9
+in addition informal recyclers who search the landfills in order to collect recyclable waste jeopardize their own health animals that graze on the landfills also absorb pollutants which are then passed to humans through their milk or meat all waste exports and imports are controlled in compliance with the basel convention system notification contract consent of the state to import,12
+comparing approaches to measure multidimensional child poverty innocenti working paper unicef office of research innocenti defining and measuring poverty and inequality post journal of international development using nonmonetary deprivation indicators to analyze poverty and social exclusion lessons from europe,1
+the city can experiment with new technologies at the new landfill site planned at gia minh solid waste treatment complex in thuy nguyen district which is kilometres away from the centre and a part of the project on rain and wastewater drainage and solid waste management such efforts can directly improve the economic competitiveness of smes communitybased action has played a key role in reducing the city s domestic waste by setting up targets and various pilot projects that empowered identifiable groups in waste collection and sorting for recycling for example in cebu small and mediumscale businesses have identified waste treatment and recycling as a business and located a market for their end products,11
+myanmars new telecommunication law opened the sector to competition in bangladesh spectrum for g was auctioned both nations have experienced operators with the resources to undertake the necessary investments amounting to billions of us dollars figure norways telenor operating in over a dozen countries in the world is active in both countries,9
+the ethiopian experience shows that it is possible to implement a largescale programme that builds assets even when infrastructure and resources are limited berhane etal the average value of livestock holdings for igvgd and rmp participants increased by and percent respectively compared with the control group on the other hand there was no statistically significant increase in the case of fsvgd and ffa participants households that received training in and undertook incomegenerating activities did particularly well,1
+however figure also shows dramatic differences in united states income growth rates in the s and since evidently there can be quite long periods of unbalanced growth in the s bottom end incomes grew much more strongly than those at the top end and american income inequality lessened dramatically but the last thirty years have been dominated by the opposite dynamic real income is expressed at us dollars tax units are families see source for details,10
+those options include energy efficiency and new approaches to existing sources as well as the utilization of new energy sources this is followed by a discussion of the links among energy growth and development and what is implied by ensuring income and energy convergence while meeting the climate challenge the following section considers the big investment push onto a lowemissions growth path finally some elements of an integrated strategy combining energy security energy access expanded capacity and research and development are proposed,7
+the sc consists of experts from diverse areas resources ecology statistics etc it is planned to carry out the operation of the plan by having four zones east sea west sea south sea and jeju island and making a committee for each sea zone the head office will be housed in miffaf and the federal fishery resource management committees ffrmc attempts to supervise commercial species and migratory species and the local fishery resource management committees lfrmc supervises the coastal sedentary species,14
+there is a risk that education becomes our next steel industry and schools a relic of the past but to transform schooling at scale we need not just a radical alternative vision of what is possible but also smart strategies that help make change in education happen should they pursue what is most technically feasible,4
+the main ones are located in the states of sao paulo minas gerais rio de janeiro and rio grande do sul to improve the rural extension support especially to those fanners still not linked to the ater system the federal government created a national agency for technical assistance and rural extension anater in its role is more oriented to the supply of inputs and technical assistance to the farmers but agricultural research in the private sector is also growing seeds equipment machines feed agrochemicals etc,2
+remarkably the share of spending on repair of buildings has declined from a tiny to an even tinier and a similar trend can be observed with the share of spending on equipment which fell from to this calculation is the ratio of total central budget by total number of students financed by state resources the figures on statefinanced students are given in figure according to verbal information shared with the review team by the planning and financing unit of sapte percapita financing varies according to the area of study and fluctuates from kgs to kgs,4
+this section discusses sustainable conservation based on the ecosystem approach as a new paradigm for risk management in fisheries a significant positive correlation was observed between the aleutian low pressure index alpi and carrying capacity at the species level residual carrying capacity was significantly positively correlated with body size and negatively related to age at maturity in chum salmon o keta as an example of a densitydependent effect kaeriyama on the other hand the biomass of wild chum salmon populations in the s decreased to per cent of s levels despite a significant increase in hatchery populations figure,14
+compared with absolute poverty rates relative poverty rates vary far less across the russian federation from at maximum to at minimum denisova in tatarstan and samara had slightly aboveaverage levels of relative poverty and respectively while this was just below in moscow by contrast the absolute and relative poverty rates in tatarstan as measured by the nobus survey are relatively close,1
+however there is more that the country can do to strengthen teacher professional development in schools other research confirms that teacher professional development is most effective when it is collaborative and embedded in classroom practice cole notably a stronger teacher evaluation system could inform career progression and differentiation in costa rica and the allocation of teacher allowances,4
+but trends in poverty by age have been changing the oecd reported that people who have seen the biggest income gains over the last two decades are those around retirement age while young people aged and children have seen their relative income decline as a consequence the rate of pensioner poverty has fallen with very large declines in some countries and is now below the oecd population average for older pensioners those aged over the risk of poverty also remains relatively high at times the population average with single older women being particularly at risk,1
+in couples with a female partner aged to years old and at least one child womens earnings in germany account for just below onequarter of household incomes on averages similar patterns can be found in austria and switzerland eusilc and figure panel b by contrast in france sweden and denmark female partners contribute over to household income on average chapter couples with both partners not working are excluded,5
+in inner cities there are limits to the improvements that can be made in the context of streets that are frequently narrow and the constrained efforts to do so often involve expropriations evictions and demolitions that are socially and financially costly moreover even insofar as the goal of allowing more cars in parts of a city is realised through these efforts the problems of congestion may only be shifted to other parts of the city rather than being resolved in any viable sense finally reliance on the expansion of the road network also raises concerns regarding the ability of the government of viet nam to provide necessary road maintenance in the future,11
+l instauration de droits de scolarite universels parallelement a des prets remboursables en fonction des ressources pourrait apporter une solution ces problemes ce document de travail se rapporte a vetude economique de locde de la slovenie wwwoecdorgecoetudesslovenie the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law however the system faces important challenges,4
+however the implementation of enquirybased science teaching is fraught with challenges for instance minimally guided discovery projectbased learning and enquiry learning are sometimes lumped under the same heading even though the level of teacher involvement might differ from one practice to another this results in the application of blanket criticism of strategies that in practice are very different from one another hmelosilver duncan and chinn,4
+the result of these landuse changes is that significant quantities of c stored in the soil are released certification systems also emerge to promote sustainability of both first and secondgeneration biofuels a key advantage of secondgeneration biofuels is that energy yields are much higher particularly outside the tropical regions,7
+the desertec concept aims to develop gw of renewable energy mainly solar with gw to be exported to europe despite the political and economic challenges surrounding regional energy integration feasibility studies towards this goal are worthwhile a study by the league of arab states in cooperation with the arab fund for economic and social development in included three scenarios for interconnecting electricity and natural gas this study can form the basis for further exploration of such integration,7
+hence federal revenues from irrigation districts were smaller then the costs of operating and maintaining the central valley project the united states congress passed the reclamation reform act of which required the price of irrigation water in all new contracts to fully cover operation and maintenance costs gao in addition a statutory requirement empowered the secretary of interior to adjust water prices if the rates were considered too low to allow full recovery of the appropriate share of the project s capital repayment obligation by,6
+section investigates strategies to promote quality vocational training including apprenticeships while section focuses on the support to atrisk students for a more detailed description and assessment of the latvian education system see oecd e the national ministry of education and science moes has a supervisory duty and through the subordinated national centre for education sets national educational standards and determines curricula and examination procedures it provides the regulatory framework for the provision of vocational education and employs the heads of vet establishments it also maintains the register of occupational standards and studies the skill demands of the labour market,4
+the percentage of adults per household has in fact risen by an average of some three percentage points in the countries and periods analysed this increase which is equivalent to a decline in the demographic dependency rate translates into a rise in per capita household income that has indeed been instrumental in bringing down poverty this change in family structures has been fairly homogeneous across all income groups however which explains why it has done so little to reduce the gap between the highest and lowest quintiles,1
+this means that information currently communicated by countries to the unfccc does not represent a complete picture of climate finance mobilised or received existing reviews only encompass climate finance provided by annex ii countries thus information on climate finance provided by other developed countries is not reviewed and neither is information on climate finance mobilised information on climate finance whether provided mobilised or received is not currently included in the scope of multilateral assessment or facilitative sharing of views though finance provided and mobilised will be included multilateral consideration under the paris agreement recent reviews of the second biennial reports brs from annex i countries indicate that almost half of the annex ii br s reviewed provided complete information on climate support this is a significant improvement from br where information from only four of these countries was assessed as complete,13
+its aim is to shift generation of energy from conventional fuels such as oil and coal to renewable fuels a proportion of the revenues under the initiative is earmarked for sustainable energy projects in developing countries it is currently implementing the project on climateneutral energy supply for rural areas in india and a cdm project for local electrificationreplacement of fuel generators in villages and small towns in burkina faso development and deployment of renewables constitute the lion s share of registered cdm projects per cent as at july it includes a sizeable number of registered and validated projects involving fuel switching and the deployment of rets some of which concern rural communities,7
+the project has shown improved test results for hypertension diabetes hyperlipidaemia and liver function abnormalities the service includes programmes that encourage older persons participation in health promotion activities or reach out to those who are living alone to reduce healthrelated anxieties and prevent their isolation or neglect the introduction of a maternity health checkup through video conferencing which enabled die sharing of data between midwives in tono city and physicians in other locations made it possible for pregnant women to receive perinatal services in that model was adapted for use in the health management of older persons in tono city where diere were few medical facilities,3
+however military conscription develops vocational skills in engineering and trades for the jewish population legislative changes which occurred in and made eligibility for unemployment benefits stricter particularly during vocational training the result was a reduction in the scope of training for the unemployed less participation in vocational training and shorter length of coursers oecd a policy maintains clear distinction between the university and college sectors for example the state funding formulae differ for both sectors student fees are regulated uniform and fairly modest the first universities were established in the s and the last was set up in the s,4
+clarity factors are expected to facilitate meaningful encoding eg structured outlines of the subject matter connection to prior knowledge eg through concrete examples or practical applications and storage in longterm memory in the course of information processing clarity in teaching refers to lowinference behaviours such as uses concrete examples stresses most important points and repeats difficult ideas murray found that of the total of observed classroom teaching behaviours correlated significantly with student ratings of overall teaching effectiveness,4
+chapter then focuses on the national urban policy frameworks supporting urban development at the local and regional levels chapter focuses on viet nam s endeavour to foster green growth in urban areas chapter evaluates viet nam s urban governance architecture and institutions they are subdivided into districtlevel administrative units and further into municipalities,11
+these periods coincide with distinct phases in the population policy and family planning programmes in the islamic republic of iran see abbasishavazi mcdonald and hosseinichavoshi there was no active family planning programme before and fertility was high during this period the onset of fertility decline began in and was followed by the introduction of the family planning programme in,3
+the vast majority of field engineers who sell install and maintain shs in bangladesh have received a diploma in engineering from the bangladesh technical education board these engineers many of whom are women also train less educated women on how to construct and repair component parts of solar pv systems which creates a positive effect cascading down to less educated workers to aid in this effort the government set up the financial institution idcol infrastructure development company limited in with financing from the world bank to ensure quality standards these organizations are required to sell components approved by a technical standards committee including experts from government the rural electrical agency and the technical university,7
+some authors have described a third issue involving the offfarm impacts of irrigation and drainage in areas with saline high water tables or seleniferous soils many governments restrict the prices farmers receive for their crops or maintain overvalued exchange rates that artificially reduce the prices of imports while increasing the prices of exports farmers receiving subsidized irrigation water in those cases might argue that they pay for the water indirectly as such interventions reduce farmlevel revenues,6
+the prevalence of smoking is more than twice as high among those with the lowest level of education more dramatically the level of obesity among the population with the lowest level of education is nearly three times higher than those with the highest level of education on top of this cns is also responsible for the financing of longterm care insurance the ministry of social security and the ministry of health are jointly responsible for health system governance the ministry of health develops health policy and legislation organises the delivery of care authorises large hospital investments and directly cofinances public health programmes,3
+this is a to month learning system that brings together clinicians managers and other individuals within a service to seek improvement in a focused area an issue for improvement is identified key individuals with the capacity or accountability to bring about change are brought together objectives and metrics are agreed the plandostudyact pdsa cycle of change is started and repeated as new learning or opportunities emerge some examples of improvements include the reliable implementation of care processes that prevent intensive care unit acquired infections initiatives to prevent ventilator acquired pneumonia and central venous catheter related infections have been widely implemented with evidence of improvements in clinical outcomes across scotland,3
+parents also prefer schools with populations ethnically and socioeconomically similar to their own family crozier and al in sweden access to tertiary education depends on the schoolleaving certificate from upper secondary school or a municipal adult education progr amme grades thus play an important role students can also qualify for admission to a higher education institution by taking the swedish scholastic aptitude test hogskoleprovet which measures different knowledge and skills,4
+in about of the variance in mathematics score to pisa test was explained by the socioeconomic background of students in korea on average across the oecd about of the variance in pisa mathematics score is explained by socioeconomic background reaching more than in countries such as france and germany as in most other oecd countries the variation in pisa mathematics score is higher within schools than between schools,4
+a fall in earnings is more common in estonia where more than of persistent temporary workers experienced a fall in earnings as shown by moving to a lower quintile a related concern is whether this wage differential has a longlasting impact on wages over the career or whether temporary workers can catch up with their counterparts who started permanent jobs earlier spells of lowpaid jobs may lead to depreciation in human capital which may compromise the possibility to find betterpaid jobs and thus generate persistence in lowpaid employment on the other hand nonemployment may lead to a larger loss of human capital and often has a scarring effect on subsequent employment getting any job even a lowpaid less stable job or one involving limited hours is therefore often put forward as a way to improve future employment and wage prospects,1
+the project was implemented over the course of years using a community forestry approach both to generate income and to stabilize slopes that had become exposed as a result of environmental degradation and were consequently at risk of landslides the assessment of the project was conducted in close consultation with communities and the results encompassed a greater diversification of livelihoods and improved watersheds together with a decrease in the risks from landslides this highlights the importance of management of ecosystems and livelihoods as the basis for an integrated strategy for climate change adaptation and development renaud sudmeierrieux and estrella eds,13
+as noted limited accountability mechanisms combined w ith a lack of awareness within the public service have been identified as main barriers to advancing gender equality initiatives and mainstreaming by more than of the countries responding to the survey strengthening implementation and accountability mechanisms supported by a wholeofgovemment approach could significantly advance the implementation of gender equality and mainstreaming initiatives to support the full empowerment of women for countries competitiveness and growth a recent global synthesis report on national gender institutions concludes that legal reforms appear to be a major area of achievement for these mechanisms,5
+access to public goods remains highly unequal even within urban areas often putting the social fabric at risk african cities are facing an unprecedented combination of developmental challenges together with rising environmental risks such as unsafe sanitation climate change and air pollution are urbanisation trends sustainable in your country,11
+the forest soils have generally been a source with a constant rate of emissions and the enormous removal by forest biomass practically determine the size and trend of the forest sink in finland between and there were dips in early ies and late s linked to poor economic growth and thus lower demand for forest products by industry overall the removal of co between and has been governed by the annual increment and the drain of growing stock due to effective and sustainable forest management practices in past decades the annual increment of growing stock in finland has increased steadily,15
+first and foremost the depleted state of many fisheries means that rebuilding these stocks can lead to higher future harvests the value to the consumer of fisheries products will also continue to increase as new products and new markets emerge notably through innovation processors and other valuechain participants will find new uses for what is currently wasted fishers will continue to reduce their costs improve their efficiency and productivity and earn a greater return from their efforts,14
+indeed women typically tend to run smaller businesses and employ less workers while they are as likely as men to offer an innovative product or service oecdeu i in the norwegian case a study illustrates the funnel for female entrepreneurs almost as many women as men are willing to become entrepreneur however far less women than men actually open a business furthermore among companies that have survived after five years only have female entrepreneurs and this proportion is down to for companies with more than annual revenue growth grunfeld et al,5
+in particular variability and volatility of revenues for peak power plants the load factor risk and peak prices may remain a concern in this respect iea countries face different situations most states have already developed or improved energy markets and will continue to do so while some regions face urgent generation adequacy constraints the united kingdom and japan for instance most of other countries have enough excesscapacity as a result of sluggish demand growth in the latter case reforming electricity market design is not seen as a pressing concern,7
+in such cases the international community should ideally provide the finance technology transfer and technical support needed for pursuing further decarbonization of ldc power sectors similarly environmental sustainability considerations call for an adequate assessment of the options for the safe disposal or recycling of generation apparatus containing potentially hazardous materials notably solar panels or in the case of largescale hydroelectricity projects of their potential social and environmental impact on riverbased ecosystems and related communities while the costs of storage technologies have declined rapidly over the last few years and may make battery storage a feasible option in due course this is not yet the case in all ldcs at least not at minigrid or utility scale,7
+registered employment has risen more strongly than in previous years in brazil chile and peru in the specific case of brazil employment of this type has increased for the first time after three consecutive years of declines totalling in nicaragua where the number of people paying into the nicaraguan social security institute expanded strongly over a long period the conflict that arose in precisely because of a proposed social security reform led to a sharp contraction,8
+it gives member states considerable flexibility in terms of which elements are included within the sea process provided that the process achieves the overall objective of assessing and where necessary addressing environmental considerations again the use of seas in austria does not specifically require consideration of climate change adaptation other than indirectly through the requirement to assess the likely evolution of the environment in the absence of the programme or plan being assessed however the absence of a requirement to assess adaptation does not preclude this step if it appears to be relevant the test applied whenever federal regulations were proposed or revised covered both climate change adaptation and mitigation introduced in as part of the implementation of the climate change strategy it was supported by a range of capacitybuilding activities coordinated by the bmlfuw the test started with an initial screening process to determine if climate change was likely to be relevant if so this was followed by an assessment process and then the consideration of options to address any negative impact,13
+likewise the equalising effect of benefits could be determined by comparing gini values for netoftax incomes on one hand and netoftax incomes plus benefits disposable income on the other the reason is that benefits and taxes interact with each other in different ways across countries as a result the sequence used for the gini comparisons of the different taxbenefit elements matters and can make a significant difference for the results the sequence is obviously not an issue when calculating redistribution for the taxbenefit system as a whole,10
+for example they may obstruct fish migration and affect populations for example carbon dioxide co emissions in austria measured in kilograms per usd of gross domestic product gdp purchasing power parity ppp adjusted were kg per ppp usd of gdp in in albania bosnia and herzegovina the former yugoslav republic of macedonia montenegro and serbia the respective c emissions were and kg per ppp usd of gdp world bank nd there is considerable scope to increase both the security of supply and the sustainability of the energy sector by diversifying fuel sources however installed capacity of these technologies is practically nonexistent at present see table renewables are promoted through a range of policy initiatives including rules for grid connection of renewable generation obligations for the purchase of renewable power specified in secondary legislation such as grid codes and rule books and subsidies to generation from renewables,7
+in addition being one of the instruments of the water resources policy the fundamentals concepts and guidelines to be followed should be consistent with those that guided the formulation of the water resources management systems both at the national and state levels especially in terms of decentralisation and participation should the national plan or the state plan be understood as a sum of the river basin plans conceptually the answer is no from this perspective on the top of the tendency for accommodation and transfer of responsibilities and resistances in the implementation of charges for water use there will be a conceptual inconsistency leading to the substitution of an effective decentralisation by a deconcentration of tasks,6
+a network of competent actors the case managers are mobilised to support the student in different tasks leading up to a full postcompulsory qualification support is designed to be tailormade and empowering and can include support in choosing a pathway or finding an apprenticeship place upon finishing compulsory education in getting back to education after dropout as well as a range of additional support measures for young people with more general educational and social problems duration of case management is variable and depends on individual needs they had to develop a concrete project proposal by which was approved by the federal government bundesamt fur berufsbildung und technologie bbt who funds the initiative,4
+it means seeing students language capacities as part of their personal social and cultural identity and welcoming it as a tool for learning and understanding holmen this will help children bridge the gap between their home and school and ensure that their cultural and language background is valued as much as that of the majority brind et al this can be a way to validate and signal proficiency in another language and to devise best suited support strategies in language learning for each individual child moreover to acknowledge that a student knows a language other than danish is a first step towards attaching a value to that knowledge,4
+to now the choice of pedagogy has often been made ad hoc or based on whatever a teacher had encountered in their teacher education or their own schooling lortie but where teachers are supported by high quality teacher education and strong professional infrastructures they are enabled to make concerted decisions about pedagogy acting as designers of learning by selecting approaches with a clear sense of their intended impact jensen et al but developing and selecting pedagogies involves more than working out what is effective as indicated by impact on diverse measures of learning,4
+these movements posed important questions about how the education system defined the opportunities available to chileans throughout their lives and questioned unequal access to education in chile activists called into question the structural constraints imposed by the marketoriented model which was left unchallenged after the country s return to democracy the student movement demanded that the power of education be returned to the state that the voucher system be eliminated and that profitmaking activities be banned at schools receiving state funds,4
+budapest brussels european community programme for employment and social solidarity child poverty in perspective an overview of child wellbeing in rich countries innocenti report card florence innocenti research centre capability deprivation and income poverty in the united states and measurement outcomes and demographic profiles,1
+the chapter furthermore discusses the recent increase in the use of certification schemes in fisheries and aquaculture discusses the points of view of the consumers retailers processors and fishers who are the key stakeholders in the market for certification how do they influence the market for certification schemes these are key questions that are examined in this chapter,14
+in contrast the share of renewables as a fraction of tpes remained at per cent in high income countries and per cent in low income economies renewable energy sources now account for the majority of tpes in nepal per cent myanmar per cent cambodia per centtajikistan per cent and sri lanka percent however there is no uniform definition of renewable energy box and large hydropower plants can have undesirable environmental and social impacts,7
+thus it is extremely important to determine the effects that each of these factors exerts on poverty since growth alone cannot explain alterations in poverty levels we treat income inequality as a factor in these seeking to evaluate the hypothesis that the more unequal a country is the less effective economic growth will be at reducing poverty bourguignon these latter variables are estimated by applying a dynamic econometric panel data model developed by arellano and bond arellano and bover and blundel and bond,1
+there are considerable wind tidal ocean thermal and wave energy resources available in some ecowas countries the region also has vast solar energy potential with very high radiation averages of to kwhm throughout the year the share of new renewable energy such as wind solar small scale hydro and bioelectricity excluding large hydro will increase to around per cent by and per cent by these targets translate to an additional mw of renewable electricity capacity by and mw by,7
+nuclear energy which produces electricity domestically can obviously reduce such dependence the internal dimension instead is about creating the appropriate incentive mechanisms and framework to allow public and private actors to invest in adequate levels of production and transport capacity that provide continuous access to energy services at stable prices again as a continuously operating baseload technology with very predictable operating costs nuclear energy is poised to play a positive role however one needs to point out that the stability of operating costs is an advantage that is not always fully transmitted to consumers due to the peculiar pricesetting mechanism in electricity markets this element notwithstanding the advantages continue to accrue of course at the societal level even if they are captured by electric utilities rather than by the retail consumer chapter subsequently developed a specific composite indicator that enables the measurement of the level of security energy supply as well as the contribution of nuclear energy over the past years for those oecd countries for which a consistent data set was available,7
+among the countries where at least per cent of the population practised open defecation in countries are currently on track to meet the target in another countries the current rate of progress is too slow to reach the target for the remaining eight countries open defecation rates have actually increased since it can contaminate drinking water sources and limit opportunities for safe and productive reuse of water,6
+it examines how governance arrangements and policy practices have changed over the past two decades and which challenges have been emerging both as a result of processes such as globalisation and regionalisation and new developments and innovations in the organisation of government and policy design and delivery key areas in which governance needs to be improved are discussed including mobilising actors and resources for innovation improving coordination and coherence of policies and different layers of government addressing worldwide the great societal challenges that need to be faced on a global scale setting priorities in resource allocation accordingly and improving the measurement of innovation this includes creating and maintaining favourable framework conditions for and removing barriers to innovation as well as dedicated policies to foster innovation on a broad base enhancing technology absorption and capacity building notably in smes fostering networking and clustering and leveraging research and development rd in various ways,9
+the directorate provides management for all three protected areas based on an individual law for each one and corresponding management and business plans significant investment has been made in developing the infrastructure ofthese protected areas including development of awareness and education programmes entrance fees were introduced in biambare which help to finance management activities in vrelo bosne new jobs have been created as have additional sources of income for the local communities associated with this protected area ie a special station for fiacre rides and an area for trade in souvenirs,15
+in the case of remote sites cable routing is frequently required to cross rivers and dams which has to be taken into account in the planning in this context a lot of new technology was invented by engineers the project is a first in applying a communication project to water conservation thereby filling a gap in terms of the acceptance of longdistance communication projects in water conservation the story of this project can easily be copied and used by other countries or communities,9
+governments can support domestic demand creation primarily through itrelated public procurement and measures to increase ict uptake in the private sector in addition governments and other stakeholders can seek to expand demand by promoting exports this is particularly true in countries where ict use in the private sector is nascent,9
+we will continue to promote a universal rulesbased we call on all wto members to redouble their efforts to promptly conclude the negotiations on the doha development agenda we attach great importance to providing traderelated capacitybuilding for developing countries in particular african countries leastdeveloped countries landlocked developing countries small island developing states and middleincome countries including for the promotion of regional economic integration and interconnectivity the new framework similarly includes various targets and other references to the role of international trade in supporting achievement of the sdgs,10
+in particular the two main policy tools are i statutory minimum wages and ii reductions of social security contributions paid by employers for lowpaylowskilled workers and sometimes young workers the balance of this international empirical evidence suggests that minimum wages that are too high can have a negative impact on youth employment and on enrolment in education this also serves to truncate wage distribution and transforms the minimum wage into a reference wage for a large portion of the workforce while a very large share of the workforce is paid at the minimum wage smic in france versus an oecd average of about the share of workers aged under on the smic is more than double that of their elders versus of workers aged or more groupe d experts sur le smic ultimately the overrepresentation of youth in france among minimumwage employees is less pronounced than in the other oecd countries with a statutory minimum wage for example in canada more than of all minimumwage workers are aged under oecd c compared with only in france,8
+currently billion people live in basins where water usage exceeds recharge for example the middle eastnorth africa region is running at a deficit as annual withdrawals exceed annual resource replenishment the oecd s water stress indicator is based on the ratio of annual water withdrawals to annual water availability,6
+this can be achieved by building economic social and environmental resilience for women and men enhancing their productivity and accelerating the pace of structural economic transformation in the region this report explores where and how progress in gender equality has been made and how best to accelerate the pace of gender advancement in africa its focus on gender equality comes at a time of tremendous change across the continent including recent dynamics of social and economic transformation that have resulted in significant strides in africa s human development,5
+finally gender inequality cripples economic growth by reducing women s contribution in the economic social and political spheres bandiera and natraj a gender analysis needs to take account of both gender perspectives and how policies can affect men and women differently in at the third world conference on women in nairobi participants agreed to develop or reorganise their national information systems to compile and disseminate statistics on women and men in order to better address gender issues,5
+official support to research activities has grown steadily during the past years from usd billion in to usd billion in while research spending is increasing concessional finance used for icts and technology transfers has been static following a decline between and support towards innovation increased sharply in because of additional funding to innovative projects across sectors by several dac members including canada eu institutions germany sweden and the united states,9
+however nearly half of all recipients had spells of other types of incomesupport benefits during the year observation period though this includes receipt of newstart allowance australias unemployment benefit tseng wilkins show that up to onethird of the australian workingage population touches on at least one of various incomesupport benefits in a given year onesixth of all recipients continuously receive support over the same year period tseng vu wilkins find that churning is a typical feature of incomesupport receipt with over half of all recipients leaving and reentering benefits at least once over a fiveyear period,1
+many eecca countries have already benefited from international climate funds that are either established as standalone funds or financed by bilateral and multilateral financiers the gef is also an operating entity for other multilateral environmental treaties such as the convention on biological diversity and the convention to combat desertification all the eecca countries have accessed climaterelated development finance from the gef no data on finance approved by the gcf is included in the analysis in this chapter as the database used here covers the period while the gcf board has approved two projects from the eecca countries as of july,13
+however in the sna ancillary refers to basic routine services to support production activities that are required by all enterprises when they are provided inhouse they are called ancillary activities eg cleaning premises running the staff payroll or providing the information technology infrastructure for the enterprise etc health care classes involve final consumption and include all cost components eg emedicine is expected to be included in the resources accounted for emedicine is the use in the health system of digital data transmitted stored and retrieved electronically in support of health care both at the local site and at a distance,3
+however the economy is now slowing at a time when inequality remains uery high making future social progress challenging this chapter discusses how to achieve greater social inclusiveness against the background of weaker mediumterm growth first it argues that chile needs to increase income redistribution through its tax and transfer system towards levels prevailing in other oecd countries although existing social transfers are effective in combatting poverty their size remains small and many households at the bottom of the ladder are not reached by them second the chapter argues that labour earnings should be less disparate as they explain around of income inequality,10
+among the lessons learned is that these experiences facilitate the access of nonindigenous people to the indigenous health system and facilitate a dialogue of wisdoms between men and women practitioners in the health systems intercultural health experiences have led to mechanisms for coordination between indigenous and official health systems even where they do not share the same facilities the coordination is based on referral and counterreferral agreements,3
+the purpose of this project is to establish a closer cooperation between different governmental agencies in the work against illegal unregistered and unreported fishing these ministries in addition to the higher prosecuting authority are represented in the projects steering committee the project is a network of professional analysts from the directorate of fisheries norwegian coast guard police the taxation department the custom department and the norwegian coastal administration,14
+the exception is trinidad and tobago the primary producer and exporter of petroleum products in the caribbean which converted most of its generation capacity to natural gas during the s this programme provides venezuelan oil and oil products at preferential financing terms to member states across the caribbean and central america petrocaribe commonwealth and caricom member states that are signed up to this agreement include antigua and barbuda the bahamas belize dominica grenada guyana haiti jamaica st kitts and nevis saint lucia st vincent and the grenadines and suriname,7
+following spain japan will preside over the international transport forum and its annual summit in the summit on seamless transport making connections will take place on may in leipzig germany our first duty as those responsible for this sector is to respond to this challenge in an appropriate manner the panel sessions and discussions at the summit again provided ample proof of this the range of issues which the forum has been working on since its creation and on which it has given interesting recommendations reflect the challenges faced by transport in relation to societys demands,11
+at present different land uses industrial activities farming natural areas touristic zones infrastructure and residential zones are sometimes located in close proximity to one another which can lead to conflict the increasing emphasis on natural resource based tourism is exacerbating some associated land use conflicts increased tourism numbers leads to congestion at a minimum and may reduce the inherent quality of the natural resources that are a primary reason for visiting the region especially in the mountains and the hillsides near the city of clermontferrand,11
+the second section focuses on variations within countries and across time and explores how changes in studentteacher ratios class size teacher compensation and school autonomy for selecting teachers are related to performance trends across all pisaparticipating countries and economies the last section focuses on variations within countries and explores how teachers qualifications and experience teacher turnover and support for teachers professional learning are related to schoollevel outcomes the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law,4
+prior to the project start there was a clear expectation that there would be a majority of male participants this assumption was based on the observation that by the onset of the project in there was a situation in which many unskilled men had to find new types of jobs due to the financial crisis it has turned out in the process however that womens unemployment increased which has led to a gradual increase in the number of women on the teams this means that the initial expectation that most men would take up the offer has been replaced by an even gender distribution so that according to selfassessments of the project there is a distribution between the sexes,5
+every year conagua draws up the investment program and project planning document which establishes the investment objectives strategies and priorities for the development of the water sector in the medium term according to the objectives and strategies defined in the sixyear national water program however these documents focus on the use of federal budgetary resources and do not set targets across all sector actors for financing the policy objectives they are public expenditure plans rather than financial plans at the local level the mexico city has included a financial plan in its year water management plan see box,6
+turkey has various priorities to address including improving equity between regions and urban and rural areas addressing the needs of disadvantaged students preparing quality teachers and school leaders improving access to and completion of upper secondary education vocational education and training vet and tertiary education strengthening links to the labour market and adequately funding the education system the basic education programme and the secondary project both with the world bank aimed to improve quality of education at these different levels the master implementation plan included multiple projects by unicef to improve both equity and quality of the education system initiatives in vet and tertiary education have been developed with the european union to improve alignment with european standards,4
+new content included chapters in biology textbooks that describe the work of female scientists to illustrate women s contribution to the progress of science the sections entitled careers in physics for example cite women who have been successful in their fields of work history manuals too discuss gender equality and the historical background to the changes in women s traditional roles one of the four key elements in the initiative is the expansion of summer schools for stem students to include a greater number of girls and disadvantaged students under the national innovation and science agenda nisa the australian government is initially investing aud million over to to encourage more girls and women to study stem and pursue stembased and entrepreneurial careers opening doors is a project from the institute of physics that seeks to help schools and teachers counter gender stereotyping in stem subjects,5
+practice models need to be innovative with more scope and greater diversity the poor takeup of some rural relocation incentives despite two waves of reform reinforces the international evidence base suggesting that financial incentives are often limited in their capacity to change preferences for where doctors work many australian universities have taken the lead in encouraging student doctors to gain experience in rural areas there is scope to make this obligatory for instance in the form of compulsory rural rotations as part of medical internships,3
+funded courses will enable graduates to develop a career in engineering having achieved a first degree in a nonengineering discipline typically students are not eligible for additional student loans when pursuing a degree at the same level as one which they already have about gbp million has been allocated to projects as part of the engineering conversion course pilot scheme the funding will support one collaborative project with higher education and industry that improves graduate employability and addresses identified skill needs the funding is available to hefcefunded higher education institutions with existing course provision in computer science or information technology,4
+according to the latest pisa report on students wellbeing oecd of students reported that they expect to complete tertiary education on average across oecd countries only of students in the bottom quarter of pisa escs index reported that they expect to complete university as compared with of students from the top escs index on average across oecd countries in germany the netherlands slovenia less than of students reported that they expect to attain a university degree,4
+in particular while commitments expressed relative to bau levels can enable a government to commit to reduce emissions without taking on an absolute emissions reduction target these types of commitments pose particular challenges for emissions accounting this is because the hypothetical nature of bau baselines and the possibility of baseline revisions constitute significant additional sources of uncertainty regarding the future target level of ghg emissions if some post commitments are expressed relative to bau baselines they would need to be accompanied by detailed information on the underlying bau baseline projection,13
+this is the concept of risk and is computed as the number of fatalities among a given road user group divided by the total distance or total number of trips travelled by this group over a given period some would argue that time is a more appropriate choice especially when comparisons are made across modes others constrained by a lack of data use trips as the denominator,11
+in addition when entire households emigrate outside the country they fall out of the sampling frame making it impossible to capture them through household surveys conducted in the origin country all operational criteria of forced labour have to be customised according to the national context in order to be relevant to the situations of forced labour existing in the country and they also have to be consistent with the national legislation on forced labour the framework for the identification of forced labour and its elements on the basis of the operational criteria is part of the methodology proposed by the ilo,8
+taxes on energy or energyrelated co emissions are now found in denmark estonia finland the netherlands norway and the united kingdom in targetsetting programmes that involve the use of energy taxes such as in the netherlands and the united kingdom rewards for meeting agreedupon targets are provided in the form of a reduction of the required energy tax however tax rates on energy use for agriculture are much lower than those imposed on the whole economy figure one of the reasons for this is that fuel used in agriculture is often exempt from tax fuel tax exemptions provide no signal with respect to external costs thereby encouraging overuse,7
+ensuring equal access to finance for female and male entrepreneurs through actions that influence both the supply of and demand for finance by easing access to finance for viable businesses owned by men and women taking steps to improve the knowledge and attitudes of financial institutions increasing the awareness of finance sources and tools among women entrepreneurs and encouraging more women to join business angel networks or venture capital firms specific examples of good practices ensuring gender equality and nondiscrimination in mena constitutions cont these examples provide references for mainstreaming the principle of equality between men and women while protecting the family motherhood and childhood in respect of their culture and social values they also comply with the universal declaration of human rights article of the international covenants of and article a of the cedaw,5
+the challenge will be to orient the health care system to help people with multiple chronic conditions biomedical research on chronic diseases generally focuses on single chronic diseases like diabetes while often ignoring the coexisting conditions a diabetic may have in fact people with multiple chronic conditions are often excluded from randomised clinical trials which make it difficult to create an evidence base to guide their care,3
+in terms of smallscale fisheries fishermen are currently registered panel d the undersecretariat for fisheries and aquaculture defines policies and the regulatory framework the national fisheries service and aquaculture controls monitors and inspects the enforcement of the national fisheries and aquaculture regulation,14
+thus the process of economic development is normally unbalanced with some firms and sectors gaining market shares at the expense of others and new products and production processes replacing older ones in a process of creative destruction schumpeter in this process the accumulation of capital and knowledge including that acquired through learning by doing tends to concentrate wealth and economic power even further but irrespective of crosscountry differences in the level of effective inequality the increase in inequality over time has given rise to growing concerns in many countries about its social and economic repercussions,10
+hence operations in the energy sector may affect the water availability for agriculture and therefore crop yields secondly when the resource becomes scarcer and less accessible it may be overcome by using more of other resources substitution for instance with depletion of conventional oil reserves oil and gas resources require more water to be processed which may put pressure on water resources,6
+special regulation measures for local stock components are taken in accordance with scientific advice since the large longliners have been restricted to fish outside the nautical mile line to achieve a reduction in landings of coastal cod additional technical regulations in coastal areas were introduced in may and continued with small modifications in and a box closed for all fishing gears except handline and fishing rod is defined in an area where spawning concentrations of coastal cod is usually observed and where the catches of coastal cod have been high,14
+a national child benefit provides supplementary income for eligible lowincome families in all provinces and territories except in quebec where access is higher and eligible lowincome families have free access to regulated ecec a national universal child care benefit program issues a taxable monthly payment to families for each child under the age of six to help cover the cost of child care public primary and secondary education is provided free of charge to students who meet age and residence requirements and some provinces and territories have extended the length of compulsory education from age to age,4
+but it can also be oppressive and exploitative hampering caregivers opportunities and enjoyment of rights as the feminist economist diane elson puts it the fact that much unpaid care work is done for love does not mean that we always love doing it although the state may not finance or deliver all forms of support it has a duty to ensure that such support is available accessible and of adequate quality for everyone but womens time is not infinitely elastic and coping strategies can produce unintended outcomes in the context of health crises girls can miss out on school because of time spent fetching water and looking after bedridden family members,5
+the estimated correlation is see oecd employment outlook notably annex a the need to tailor these models to the selfemployed is recognised in the research literature and some progress has been made for example rather than autonomy negotiation power is suggested to be a better indicator of job resources for this group,8
+it is free of charge and comprises weeks of fulltime studies the programme provides academic and work experience evaluation training and career guidance in addition to support from the public employment service with internship placement and during the internship the requirements to be accepted into the programme include having completed a minimum of three years of higher education outside of the nordic region to be enrolled in the public employment service and to speak basic swedish a on the common european framework of reference for languages stockholm university however it is unclear how many teachers with an immigrant background participate in this training programme,4
+the transition to sustainable resilient climatesmart food and agricultural systems requires adaptation to climate change and a commitment to climate change mitigation throughout the agriculture sectors the transition will depend on action by policymakers civil society farmers herders foresters and fisherfolk as well as stakeholders along the food and agriculture value chains worldwide it is vital to ensure that the climate finance available to the agriculture sectors is commensurate with the role the sector must play in ensuring food security and responding to the challenge of climate change today and in the future these are the oecds creditor reporting system crs and the climate fund update cfu of the overseas development institute odi united kingdom,13
+divergence between statutory formal law and customary andor religious law can be addressed at the highest level namely with constitutional protections the uganda national land policy final draft also commits to reform customary law to modify the rules of transmission of land rights under customary land tenure to guarantee gender equality and equity and to ensure that the decisions of traditional land management institutions uphold constitutional rights and obligations with regard to gender equality in this policy the government of uganda specifically commits to protect the rights of access to inheritance and ownership of land for women and children and to address the existing gender inequality and ensure that both men and women enjoy equal rights to land before marriage in marriage after marriage and at succession without discrimination,5
+the jfbpw incubators are members of the jordan innovation centers jic network coordinated by the jordan enterprise development corporation jedco but have no linkages with wbi networks in the region or in other countries such linkages would be of value for sharing information particularly in developing standard operating procedures it offers mentoring training and professional development to members advocates for policies and programmes in favour of women s entrepreneurship and operates four incubators for women entrepreneurs located in casablanca spaces rabat spaces el jadida spaces and tangier it also has plans to open more incubators in other parts of morocco,5
+sustainable urbanisation and corresponding activities in the vggs and vggap could also be finetuned to reflect the increasing role of cities policy solutions and activities within the vggs and vggap relevant to urban green growth cont human resource training support development of human resources for green jobs and development source vggs and vggap all the pggaps examined for this report have a focus on urban areas and include concrete projects that encompass issues from urban planning to capacity building or urban infrastructure investment wastewater treatment public transport renewable energy such as rooftop solar panels etc,11
+one of the most obvious examples is how tax policies affect land use is the tax deductibility of commuting expenses commuting expenses are tax deductible in of analysed oecd countries harding given the marginal tax rates in oecd countries this reduces the costs of commuting by up to which provides incentives to people to live further away from their place of work than they would otherwise,11
+it is also key for ensuring interoperability and facilitating the adoption of new technologies especially by smes although private sector actors may have the technical knowledge to develop complex standards without transparency accountability and other forms of consumer protection these market players may be tempted to abuse their rulemaking power change in the area of standardization is putting pressure on governments in developing countries to reform and develop their standardization infrastructure for national quality infrastructure bodies guiding principles in the digital standards system should be mediation neutrality consumer protection and competition as neutral arbiters they can mediate between the interests of businesses and consumers of digital goods they can focus fheir activities on safety and interoperability,9
+so while this approach could provide accurate information about the prevalence of children being exposed to household food insecurity and even about those who we expect are at risk from household conditions it would be less helpful for quantifying the number of children with experiences of food insecurity the first approach relies only on data about household food security and would provide little specificity about type or degree of child risk it is possible that a combination of household food security and other economic contextual or health indicators could provide a more accurate prediction of which children are at risk and for what as with the first approach preliminary research would be necessary to empirically determine the profile of factors that predict different child food insecurity experiences based on either a definitive direct measurement of child food insecurity eg interviews with children or a validated set of child items implemented in a diverse set of countries,2
+but is a growing issue in developing countries where women s enterprises tend to be clustered in the informal economy with limited access to capital financing business support services or markets lengthy costly and bureaucratically complex business registration procedures hinder the development of formal enterprises and hence the capacity of many women s enterprises to grow beyond the subsistence microenterprise level ilo,5
+following the arguments provided in detail elsewhere de neubourg and plavgo this paper and its companion background paper to the unicef innocenti research centre report card bradshaw et al discuss monetary poverty and deprivation as related but conceptually distinct the main arguments for this separate treatment relate to the fact that traditional monetary poverty measures and deprivation measures tell two different stories while moneymetric indicators of poverty give an indication of the financial means of the household to satisfy its needs deprivation indicators provide information on the degree to which some of these needs are actually met the latter is the result of a mixture of variables including the income and resources available to the households spending decisions by the households the availability of public goods and services and the state of the economy in general mixing deprivation indicators with monetary poverty data in a single index leads to a loss of dimensions rather than further insights gained from adding dimensions,1
+in iceland ireland israel and spain young men are more likely than young women to be neet although the gap is small factors affecting neet rates include high participation of youth in the informal sector negative experiences at school as well as social and behavioural problems in oecd countries girls entering the labour market have comparable and often higher education levels than boys,5
+in mexico reported one of the lowest rates in the oecd at just over consultations per doctor compared to nearly oecdwide this is despite mexico having significantly fewer doctors per capita than is typical in oecd countries to take another pertinent example daycase rates for cataract surgery are lower than the oecd average whilst rates of caesarian section are the highest in the oecd which may be due to a lack of guidelines encouraging international best practice andor the inadequate implementation of such guidelines,3
+the same situation occurs in azerbaijan and the quality of the surface water in these rivers only improves where no population is settled as in the section between the georgianazerbaijani border and mengechevir reservoir according to menr the results of monitoring over the last ten years show that ddt is not present in drinking water sources however some traces of ddt are still found in the kura river particularly after heavy rains,6
+since rustication of the convention no plan of action for strategies to implement it has been developed as required by the beijing platform of action nor has solomon islands submitted a report to the cedaw committee corrin the constitution also provided women with rights to equal opportunities in political economic and social activities employment education and health care as well as the right to represent the solomons in international organisations corrin women are underrepresented in other highranking positions as well,5
+this provides additional time for physicians to spend on those medically complex patients with multiple chronic conditions some oecd countries have embraced the expansion of the workforce to include these personnel physicians nurses and other health professionals need to enter an environment that promotes the skills they leam in clinical training updating the education curriculum will not be very effective unless the research infrastructure creates the evidence base to guide education and patient care the payment and delivery systems help them administer the types of care they are trained to deliver and the quality metrics measure what they are being trained to provide,3
+the first is to use a simple average supply cost of desalination of m as a working estimate for the supply cost of desalination this figure is based on a benchmarking exercise of seawater ro desalination plants that led to a similar average supply cost and on previous studies that have taken an estimation approach to supply costs the supply cost is irrespective of technology type and feedwater because reported costs are not tractable the second method for calculating cost is to use an energy cost based method the first is electric energy that is produced from a large number of fuel sources including coal oil natural gas nuclear fuel photovoltaic solar and wind energy ro plants use only electrical energy while msf and med use some electrical energy thermal energy can be derived from many of the same fuel sources as electrical energy including oil and natural gas or from such alternative sources as solar thermal msf and med plants primarily use thermal energy while ro plants do not use any thermal energy water desalination report vol,6
+these countries have not set up river basin organisations and mainly involve municipalities in public service delivery at local level in israel the responsibility for managing water supply and sewage treatment is shared among the national actors such as the israeli water authority and five ministries environmental protection health finance foreign affairs and infrastructure the final approval for issuing all water allocations standards tariffs and regulations is given by the water authority council forum,6
+will the obstacles blocking her path to adulthood have been cleared by then the challenge is considerable but we must honour our commitments or the framework will ring hollow the future hangs in the balance investing in girls makes good financial sense conversely foiling to invest in them is nothing less than planned poverty bruce,5
+in the region the support for this decision was vast since however decision making at the national level has been repeatedly postponed to date no final decision has been taken while the decision process related to the water quality is still pending it has been decided that the volkerakzoommeer will be prepared as a water storage area part of the pkb measure room for the river when this situation coincides with high river levels river dykes may overflow,6
+when environmental reporting started in the early s for some the business rationale was initially to demonstrate compliance with the new environmental laws and regulations as well as to demonstrate their license to operate while others used their environmental report more like a marketing tool it was especially the more polluting industries and organizations in consumer products that started to report on environmental performance later the reports were extended with health and safety information,12
+as such they play a pivotal role in promoting substantive equality for women the availability of care services can help redress womens socioeconomic disadvantage by enhancing their ability to engage in paid work care services also contribute to the transformation of gender stereotypes by allowing women to move out of the home and into the public domain data on early childhood education and care ecec services illustrate this point across oecd countries for example coverage of ecec services for children aged years when the care burden on women is largest lags far behind coverage for children aged years,5
+in a context of underdeveloped public transport improvements in road infrastructure will transform motorcycle dependency into car dependency but will not help manage overall motorisation rates it is thus important for hai phong to plan upgrades and extend its road network in tandem with effective demand management policies new road infrastructure should also take into account the need to prioritise road space for public transport examples from selected oecd and nonoecd cities exhibit complex policy options and their consequences box,11
+women men children and networks of kin or community may all be important contributors of unremunerated time into social reproduction we also know however that women perform the bulk of unpaid household work whether or not they also participate in paid work budlender charmes folbre because we concentrate on gender inequalitythe division of labour between women and men as well as eventually women and the state centres the analysis,5
+this indicator provides information regarding how efficiently people are being transported and is a common metric for measuring the efficiency for mobility systems some research also indicates that the efficiency of shared mobility services at optimising the movement of users while minimising that of vehicles is greater than previous pointtopoint ondemand mobility services ie taxis the capacity utilisation rate of uberx vehicles for example has been found to be an average of greater than traditional pointtopoint services in two large north american cities cramer and kreuger preliminary indications also suggest that capacity utilisation in shared mobility networks is markedly higher in dense urban areas indicating that higher density of supply and demand is correlated with higher efficiency,11
+firm size is an important factor for innovation and differences among countries are less pronounced among large firms with employees or more industries that may be regarded as less innovative primarily because of their low rd intensity such as printing and paper products or textiles and clothing frequently have as much propensity to innovate as those in communication or financial services which are often regarded as the leading innovation industries abs a statistics new zealand oecd a subnational innovation data from australia have shown for example that less than of firms account for of innovation expenditure and innovation sales smith and o brien,9
+as regards smoking and obesity there is substantial knowledge concerning health risks healthcare and productivity consequences the effectiveness and costeffectiveness of primary and secondary smoking prevention are wellknown in contrast the current evidence concerning health risks associated with particular nutrients is in some cases ambiguous saturated fat certain carbohydrates alcohol,3
+hybrid cooling was found to reduce the lcoe increase but at a higher capital cost and operational complexity turchi et al interestingly the overall footprint of the drycooled plant did not increase because the additional solar field area required to offset the decrease in efficiency was balanced by the elimination of cooling tower evaporation ponds even without such developments however the cost penalties associated with reducing water consumption appear to be relatively minor,7
+these examples illustrate the gap in information that prevents a comprehensive picture of climaterelated financial flows into the country better understanding of climate finance flows within the country for example could enable further discussion on how to improve the effectiveness of international public finance in mobilising broader capital resources such clearer information could help the eecca countries strengthen trust w ith existing and potential providers of finance,13
+of this amount oil products received billion natural gas billion fossilfired electricity billion and coal billion fossil fuel consumption subsidies in countries with low levels of access to modern energy amounted to billion and subsidies in these countries for residential use of kerosene electricity and liquefied petroleum gas lpg sometimes labelled fuels for the poor were less than billion international energy agency b thus the problem of energy access is one mainly of distribution not of absolute amounts of available resources however it is clear that there are a number of barriers to deployment and adoption of more efficient energy converters as well as technoeconomic limits to be considered solutions to overcoming the known barriers exist but they require longterm commitment and a stable systemic approach by decision makers,7
+coastal cities and human settlements often increase pressure on the environment indeed pollution in oceans is often caused by pollution from cities at the same time achieving sdg also reinforces sustainable urban planning and resilient settlements given that urban development often occurs along coasts due to economic advantages and opportunities presented by coastal areas the interlinkages between sdg on one hand and sdg on the other are clear through the need to conserve our biodiversity,11
+it aims to create greater prosperity for the people of the region by promoting balanced inclusive sustainable innovative and secure growth and by accelerating regional economic integration capacitybuilding projects target specific policy areas from enhancing small and medium enterprise competitiveness to facilitating the adoption of renewable energy technologies in the region it is an independent intergovernmental organization within the asean structure that represents the asean member states interests in the energy sector,7
+the board regularly meets and evaluates the existing training programmes together with the employer federation of pakistan based on the assessment results they develop and implement short training programmes to fill the identified skills gaps the council s financial position allows the body to provide training for the poor free of charge,8
+standards have been introduced for providers to ensure a minimum level of quality and a new curriculum will for the first time establish educational objectives for children under the age of years important planning tools are also under development such as a unique child identifier and a georeferenced database for care centres to better target services towards those most in need however costa rica is lagging far behind most oecd countries and many latin american countries in terms of the access quality and equity of early years provision,4
+the case studies draw a comprehensive picture showing how some countries have managed to harness commodities in promoting inclusive growth and development while in others commodity dependence has hampered growth prospects owing to weak governance lessons can be drawn from the success stories but also from cases where economies continue to suffer from the negative consequences of commodity dependence both countries used a period of strong global demand for commodities to implement policies that aimed at inclusive growth given that the structure of soybean production in both countries is based on medium and largescale farms social policies were important for redistributing benefits and they resulted in significant progress in poverty reduction and food security,2
+commitments could be quantified in terms of a ghgrelated metric where possible this would help to inform estimates of future global ghg emissions and assessments of progress towards the c longterm global goal it would also facilitate assessment of progress towards individual country commitments,13
+the share is highest in south and southeast asia in the middle east and north africa panel b where it is typically above on the other hand people have generally become less likely to declare that a woman earning more than her husband can be problematic panel c but data are only available for a subset of countries only two decades ago the percentage of respondents who agreed or strongly agreed with that statement in oecd countries was above finally the perceived value of female education has shown mixed trends,5
+india has enough hydro potential to meet this increase but will require new line connections to the centres of demand the environmental and social impacts of hydropower projects need to be carefully considered in the planning process grid expansion is needed to provide electricity access to areas that have been neglected to date,7
+about of yearolds attain upper secondary or postsecondary nontertiary education compared to the oecd average of while of yearolds have at least an upper secondary degree in compared to the oecd average of figure portugal has of enrolments in uppersecondaiy vet in compared to the oecd average of these programmes target those who wish to pursue a vocational qualification as well as those who have dropped out or are at risk of dropping out,4
+their takeup rate should also be increased as currently planned by the government for the coming years the beps are individual retirement accounts that target those working in the informal sector with irregular wages or with wages below the minimum wage and those who have not contributed enough to the contributory regime to be entitled to a pension that by law must be at least equal to the minimum wage the government s top up rate on individuals voluntary contributions to the beps would be the beps specifically targets lowincome households only those in the three lower socioeconomic strata the socalled sisben to can be covered by the beps,1
+when the agency in charge of the underground stc was created in the federal government funded its expansion and operational subsidy after the reform the government of the federal district assumed responsibility for the underground system medina as a consequence under the current framework the federal district has to provide the operational subsidy for the underground in the state of mexico and is also responsible for the maintenance and management of this infrastructure medina this is far from ideal since better connections for population in the state of mexico necessarily mean higher financial pressure for the federal district which is already operating the underground at a deficit,11
+they would be paid on a new fee schedule with higher payments for preventative services counselling and management of chronic diseases this would complemented by a p p scheme to reward high quality primary care medical schools would create model primary care polyclinics to train future primary care physicians with these reforms korea could develop a health system that is more efficient with fewer avoidable hospital admissions that achieves better outcomes for chronic diseases decreases health inequalities and improves social cohesion,3
+the oecd review team was impressed by the professional commitment of the teachers in the schools it visited but stakeholders reported that there were not enough resources to ensure teachers receive the necessary support and training the context is also fast changing in many schools with growing and changing groups of students with immigrant backgrounds they are therefore illprepared to address the needs of an increasingly diverse population this saw the recruitment of many student teachers with immigrant backgrounds but either without a formal teachers qualification or with a foreign teachers qualification but they are given opportunities through a scholarship scheme to obtain the norwegian formal qualification,4
+on average results suggest that about of harm in primary and ambulatory care is considered preventable in highincome countries but estimates varied from over to less than it should again be noted that preventability is not static and changes with new knowledge and innovation despite wideranging estimates findings strongly suggest that there is a considerable potential for saving and liberating resources if patient harm is avoided,3
+by leasing parts of the annual quota allocation are transferred to other operators leasing allows for flexibility in order to lease in extra quota at the end of the year but can also be used in itself as a distinct business strategy through the leasing relation the paymentto the actual fishers are driven downwards giving rise to criticism and feudal metaphors such as sealords quota kings and quota tenants,14
+strong household income growth in the nordics has lifted incomes from the bottom to the top of the distribution from the mid s to figure this contrast with developments in germany and the united states were stagnating incomes at the bottom of the income distribution imply that material living standards have improved very little relative to the mid s national sources report an increase around four gini points from to statistics norway but the applied household income definition is not fully comparable with the one used for oecd figures see causa et al,10
+further within health budgets there is even less standardisation and transparency on allocation decisions improving the capacity of district hospitals and managers of district health offices in budget formulation would be an important first step to ensure their needs are better reflected in budgets and ultimately more strategic purchasing however despite good aggregate spending levels there is great disparity in the way provinces execute their budget giving health facilities greater decisionmaking power and clarifying and simplifying the delegation framework could help health facilities increase their responsiveness to changing needs during the fiscal year,3
+the comprehensive action plan for improving the environmental situation in azerbaijan has increaseed the priority given to the protection of water resources the restoration of natural water protection environments such as forests and the provision of safe drinking water to the population since the asian development bank has approved loans for projects amounting to uss million for water and sanitation in secondary cities and periurban areas the world bank has approved loans worth uss million to improve water and sanitation conditions in districts furthermore bilateral cooperation with such countries as japan and with other financial institutions is continuing,6
+the longer walking and bicycle trips on roads without any dedicated facilities for theses modes increase the risk of getting involved in a fatal crash the current relocation policies increase the vulnerability of the current vulnerable road users the land use policies must ensure that especially the poor households who cannot afford any form of motorized travel are located close to employment opportunities resulting in short travel distances,11
+the value of forecasting models does not lie in their ability to predict the future a task that no mediumtoiong term model could realistically accomplish indeed if models based on current trends accurately predicted the future it could signal a lack of innovation or policy development as a recent report from the swedish ministry of health and social affairs states effective forecasts change the future which means that they prove and have to prove wrong ministry of health and social affairs figure presents public expenditure growth forecasts from models in five countries if no policy action is taken,3
+in addition they have an important place in the food web and play a valuable role in carbon cycling by locking away carbon dioxide and nitrogen which is eventually deposited on the ocean bottom thereby slowing the impact of global warming the ecosystem services provided by the marine environment are attributable to its vast size and to a large extent to its complex ecosystems and biodiversity it is therefore most important to preserve the marine environment and its bioresources marine biotechnology can play an important role in reaching these goals biosensors are devices composed of a biological sensing component linked to a signalling component which can reveal the presence of an element molecule or organism of interest they can detect changes in analytical or biological parameters and may be useful for detecting quickly the presence of invasive species that can disrupt marine ecosystems and the habitats of marine or terrestrial organisms,14
+although public ownership of health centres is still the norm in many county councils especially in rural and sparsely populated areas the number of private providers increased significantly following the recent reforms in some county councils they are significant players in stockholm for example about half of all primary care providers are private although there are no robust evaluations of the impact of the reforms some positive impacts have been reported the recent reforms are reported to have increased primary care capacity reduced waiting times and improved access including for lowincome groups anell et al the increase in primary care providers notwithstanding relative shortages persist in rural areas because the expansion has occurred primarily in wealthier urban and more densely populated areas the reforms have also brought an increased focus on quality efficiency and transparency exemplified by the measurement and publication of information on performance to support patient choice for example through the open comparisons website and incentives to county councils and municipalities for quality improvement,3
+pollution was greatly reduced in the last decades however there is still need for reduction of the amounts of agricultural fertilizer as well as micropollutants from agriculture households and industry further threats include erosion as well as pressures from navigation and tourism activities the international commission for the protection of lake geneva cipel founded by an agreement between the governments of france and switzerland in has been mostly focusing on the improvement of water quality,6
+the first phase of the indh had total budget support of some us billion which was raised to us billion for the second phase among the activities of the indh is improving the conditions of access to basic infrastructure services such as education health roads water supply and sanitation and environmental protection pilot projects were developed by the private water companies in casablanca tangier and tdtouan as well as the public utility in meknfcs using outputbased assistance this project was also supported by subsidies from the global partnership for outputbased aid a world bank programme,6
+these organisations have a primary mandate to reduce poverty in rural areas and to seek to improve the employability and technical and entrepreneurial skills of the lowincome population since jordanian women are much less likely to be in the employed labour force than men and have fewer employment opportunities they provide a larger pool of potential clients much of the bds of these organisations is focused on helping women develop modest incomegenerating activities primarily at the microenterprise level,5
+the commentaries are designed to be of value as freestanding reports but are also prepared so that they can become the first phase of a full review should a country so wish the oecd study skills beyond school is addressing the range of policy questions arising including funding and governance matching supply and demand quality assurance and equity and access the study will build on the success of the previous oecd study of vocational education and training learning for jobs which examined policy through country reviews and a comparative report,4
+with the implementation of the new laws on student assessment chapter the college for examinations will also oversee the quality of endofprimary tests administered by schools the responsibilities of schools and school boards include regular formative and summative assessment of students performance evaluations of individual teachers and schoolinternal quality care in addition to the three traditional actors the ministry the inspectorate and the schools a range of intermediate organisations have an increasing influence on evaluation and assessment in the country the primary and secondary education councils play a key role in the collection and dissemination of data on the performance of individual schools thereby strengthening both horizontal and vertical accountability,4
+the rand future elderly model came the closest by testing the potential future impact of the introduction of new technologies on both population health status and direct health care expenditures the first is known as the dynamic equilibrium or healthy ageing hypothesis it assumes that the morbidity period prior to death remains unchanged as life expectancy increases so that each year gained in life expectancy corresponds to an equal increase in years of healthy life the second is a pessimistic view called expansion of morbidity where by increases in life expectancy yield a longertime spent with illhealth and reduced quality of life,3
+most of the unmet medical needs are attributable to care being too expensive with waiting lists and geographic barriers accounting for a relatively small share disparities in the use of specialist care diagnostic services and basic medical tests are largely connected to higher health literacy of the welloff affecting the utilisation rates of preventive services and screening flatrate copayments limiting access to mainly specialist outpatient care for lowincome people and lowquality seivices and long waiting lists particularly in the southern regions that lead citizens to turn to private health rare with ability to pay for those services positively associated with socioeconomic status the majority of regions have implemented or increased different levels of copayments on pharmaceuticals some regions have also implemented user fees for the inappropriate use of emergency services,3
+goal also includes indicators on the share of women in wage employment in the nonagricultural sector and in national parliaments but these do not have benchmarks or deadlines critical issues such as violence against women and discriminatory laws are not addressed unfortunately at the highlevel plenary meeting of the general assembly on the millennium development goals it was revealed to be the most off track of all of the goals despite the fact that the knowledge and the tools are available to make pregnancy and childbirth a safe experience for women in the secretarygeneral launched the global strategy for womens and childrens health setting out key actions to improve the health of women and children worldwide,5
+their results are summarised in table all but one of the models analysed out of assumed atmospheric concentrations of ghgs between and ppm in which is of course considerably higher than the ppm or lower implied in the paris agreement this may be taken as an indicator of the extent to which the policy debate has abandoned any link with modelling efforts attempting to estimate realistic mediumrange scenarios it should also be noted that the models considered calculate abatement costs for the energy sector rather than for the electricity sector in principle this would correspond to the level of the carbon tax required ppm parts per million,7
+that work includes a variety of unpaid activities such as taking care of children and the elderly and domestic chores data also suggest that the gender gap widens when women are most likely to have young children at home when women are engaged in caregiving and domestic chores they have less time for paid work education and leisure further reinforcing their socioeconomic disadvantage,5
+however it is difficult to assess to what extent the knowledge generated from these projects contributes to strengthening the institutional research capacity of developing countries it is also not possible in dac statistics to precisely determine the shares of research spending allocated to the indonor country institutions and the partners institutions in developing countries therefore it is not possible to precisely distinguish between oda funding aimed to strengthen countries domestic sti capacity and funding for more specific research activities which often are conducted in donor countries,9
+the area of overlap has been increasing over time this is to be expected as initial views from the climate community on climate finance eg as it relates to the gef were elaborated in well before the paris declaration on aid effectiveness was agreed in however there remain some issues that are of more importance for only one or two of these communities,13
+the proposed green building certificate linked with a mandatory building permit could be a good solution for guiding ecofriendly building plans and should be expanded to the whole bma upgrading informal settlements in bandung remains a challenge requiring a comprehensive approach for enhancing urban resilience this tool can anchor other sectoral urban policies how well such a tool is utilised may determine residents access to public services and employment opportunities energy demands and energy efficiency of the transport sector and a city s capacity to adapt to climate change,11
+women s responsibility for social reproduction women bear most of the responsibilityforthetime costs of children and an increasing share of the monetary costs as reflected in rising rates of single motherhood and the lack of public support for chi id rearing the united states has a relatively high female labour force participation rate among mothers about two thirds of women with preschoolaged children and three quarters of those with schoolaged children work for pay,5
+the average violation eradication rate was per cent varying from to per cent measures taken for noncompliance vary from warning to penalties or suspension of activity the significance of a foodbome disease outbreak depends on the number of people exposed to the contaminated food and to the nature of the contaminant,3
+this chapter discusses women s employment in the public sector in oecd and partner countries based on empirical evidence from the oecd survey on gender in public employment and oecd research specifically it highlights employment and occupational patterns of women in the public sector their contractual arrangements and their average earnings as compared to men the influence of the economic downturn on gender equality in the public sector is also explored despite notable progress women remain overrepresented in lower pay and parttime jobs and tend to experience more frequent career breaks which may lead to lower pay positions and fewer career development opportunities to respond to the highlighted challenges the chapter identifies a set of good practices and actionable policy recommendations such as equality acts gender diversity targets and quotas family friendly policies and training programmes in the public service finally the chapter emphasises the importance of collecting good quality gender disaggregated data for developing soundpolicy solutions and outlines key policy recommendations for governments to enable equal access to opportunities in the public sector reduce the pay gap and improve working conditions,5
+that year highincome countries had the highest material footprint per capita approximately metric tons per person per cent higher than the uppermiddleincome countries metric tons per person and more than times the level of lowincome countries metric tons per person the material footprint of highincome countries is greater than their domestic material consumption indicating that consumption in those countries relies on materials from other countries through international supply chains on a percapita basis highincome countries rely on metric tons of primary materials extracted elsewhere in the world,12
+they are also grateful for the contributions of colleagues and participants at conferences meetings and workshops for their input to this ongoing work on moda understanding why people are and remain poor and why these unfortunate conditions and choices are passed on to subsequent generations is the next logical analytical step multidimensional poverty and deprivation estimates are important new tools in this undertaking,1
+such planning would allow for the development of energy systems for adaptation to contemporary and emerging challenges and evolving energy technologies thereby enabling accelerated marketdriven scientific collaboration energy connectivity and other issues there have been many declarations of intentions to promote energy connectivity it has been proposed that these declarations and intentions be formalized in the shape of an asiapacific energy charter,7
+in seven out of ten teachers were women however the proportion of women varied according to the duties at the school and for classroom teachers heads of technicalpedagogical units senior management positions and school directors respectively in the average age of teachers in the three main school sectors was in municipal schools in the private subsidised schools and in the private nonsubsidised schools country background report for chile prepared for the oecd review on evaluation and assessment frameworks for improving school outcomes,4
+various targets emphasize the need for renewed efforts to protect the rights of workers including migrants the economic security of young migrants is indirectly addressed in targets planned and wellmanaged migration policies and loc migrant remittance costs equality in access to economic resources is highlighted in targets s sa and these targets are intended to guide policy efforts and programmatic interventions that will help governments and the international community meet this goal importantly the goal targets overlap with targets for other goals in the agenda most notably those relating to poverty goal education goal gender equality goal infrastructure industrialization and innovation goal and reducing inequality goal,8
+there are now rsts that operate across the country trustees receive a per hour pay during and after the adverse event for carrying out their functions according to maf and the farmers interviewed by oecd rsts have proved to be valuable in coping with recent adverse events however much depends on the commitment and availability of appropriate people and some trusts work much better than others,2
+although specific projections can somewhat vary current analysis suggests much of this growth will be attributed to increases in demand by the industrial and domestic sectors oecd burek et al agriculture s share of total water use is therefore likely to fall in comparison with other sectors but it will remain the largest user overall over the coming decades in terms of both water withdrawal and water consumption figure although the global average water stress is only countries experience water stress between which is defined as the minimum threshold of water stress and and countries are above and are therefore under serious water stress un a growing water stress indicates substantial use of water resources with greater impacts on resource sustainability and a rising potential for conflicts among users,6
+teachers compensation includes their basic salary annuities based on years of service surcharges overtime pay for other activities and incentives professional career annual increases location of school and others surcharges and incentives jointly account for of the base salary mep teacher remuneration has significantly improved in recent years particularly for experienced teachers with a permanent contract and this partly explains the increase of spending in primary education at a time of falling student numbers pen,4
+among the agencies operating public transport in the zmvm only metrobus ecobici and the suburban railway are collecting and making use of the data provided by smart cards for planning and optimisation in many cases data collection and several modelling exercises eg origindestination for certain areas of the city estimation of modal shift and c emission mitigation demand forecasting environmental impact assessments are carried out with the aim of implementing specific projects underground line extensions brt corridors bike lanes however information is currently neither used nor verified between agencies or gathered into an integrated model that could guide overall mobility planning poor longterm modelling and forecasting capacity will limit the zmvm s longterm vision for mobility planning,11
+this would be where reforms to improve the effectiveness of service delivery and lowering of capital costs would be most needed such delays would lead to deferred benefits and potentially higher investment costs in the future which would therefore translate in false economies this would also require identifying areas for priority investment depending on where the highest benefits are likely to stem from and where the most costeffective interventions can be identified to achieve this policy makers and water service providers need to engage in a process of strategic financial planning so as to identify what needs to be financed how much additional resources can be generated from existing sources and how the performance of utilities can be improved to generate such efficiency gains and mobilise external financing,6
+this included government finance and health officials at national and provincial levels and health policy experts from the private sector and academia additional meetings and conference calls were carried out after this visit population health outcomes have improved on aggregate thanks in part to gradual increases in health spending over time,3
+achieving low stabilization levels will require early upfront largescale investments and substantially more rapid diffusion and commercialization of advanced lowemissions technologies such investments will need to be made worldwide on the required scale implying that effective technology and resource transfers will need to be made to those countries lacking those means see chaps v and vi for further discussion these include a switch to renewable energy technologies of which the most significant is solar energy the adoption of ccs technologies both to curb emissions from fossil fuel plants and generally to facilitate negative emissions the enhancement of terrestrial sinks through afforestation in conjunction with sustainable biomass use and investment in energy efficiency solutions,7
+another reason is that capandtrade gives greater certainty about the amount of abatement to be achieved than does a tax which generates strong political support from environmentalists however there is more uncertainty about marginal costs than with a tax which sets such costs directly this is potentially an important disadvantage for capandtrade because the increased certainty over shortterm abatement costs with a tax is likely to be more valuable than the loss of certainty about shortterm abatement because the slope of the marginal environmental damage curve is flatter than that of the marginal cost curve oecd hoel and karp newell and pizer pizer,13
+storage finally is absent for wind or solar power since the latter manifest themselves naturally as variable fluxes however this does not mean that renewables are never storable hydropower either in natural reservoirs or through pump storage is an excellent medium for storing energy and implicitly electricity that can be readily produced by releasing the water to drive a turbine,7
+the distribution of child poverty in the developing world bristol centre for international poverty research childhood experiences educational attainment and adult labour market performance child wellbeing child poverty and child policy in modern nations what can be learned from deprivation indicators in europe eurostat methodologies and working paper,1
+this deprives the lgus of the needed funds that could have been invested on other social interventions or infrastructural developments in cebu city for instance according to the city ordinance which is currently under review garbage fees are paid quarterly and fixed for majority of businesses while some business and all residential houses are charged based on floor area such a measure can provide the financial resources needed for service improvement and shift the financial burden away from municipalities metro cebu would need to reform its waste pricing mechanism to be better resourced to improve and expand upon its waste collection service,11
+the poor layout and construction materials used render structures in these areas easily vulnerable to fires and floods yearly the urban informal housing in cebu is due to an inadequacy of affordable housing as well as high numbers of poor ruralurban migrants these are the local government code and the urban development and housing act,11
+the surveys do not make the distinction as to whether the scholarships are of public or private origin or whether they correspond to meritbased rewards furthermore they tend to be of a nontransferable nature this includes all monetary transfers by civil society organizations in particular religious institutions and national and foreign nongovernmental organizations it was not possible to separate them in all cases from gifts by private households these include monetary transfers in the context of public social programmes and subsidies some of which involve not a real transfer but a reduction in the cost of access to public services,10
+it acts as a think tank for transport policy and organises the annual summit of transport ministers the itf is politically autonomous and administratively integrated with the oecd our mission is to foster a deeper understanding of the role of transport in economic growth environmental sustainability and social inclusion and to raise the public profile of transport policy we act as a platform for discussion and prenegotiation of policy issues across all transport modes,11
+per capita consumption in was m personyear the reduction to will occur in response to increasing water efficiency it may result from the mixing of seawater with fresh water as in estuaries or may occur in brackish fossil aquifers thus israel is committed to a net supply of million m year of potable water to jordan chapter,6
+figure aggregates absolute and relative poverty headcounts from countries to illustrate a simple estimation of the extent of poverty in the developing world in the mid s using the three types of poverty defined by the hierarchy of capabilities described in the previous section it must be stressed that these estimates are rough in the sense that they do not line up countrylevel estimates by country years as do other global estimates of poverty that use the povcal data ravallion chen and sangraula nonetheless these estimates corroborate the well known results that roughly of the developing world was living under a dollaraday in,1
+this database will expand to cover countries representing more than half of global landings by the end of the majority of reported support is in the form of general services to the fishing sector not payments directed to fishers individually of this general support the majority is to cover the costs of fisheries management monitoring and control infrastructure and research the amount of gsse support is quite substantial amounting to around percent of the landed value of fisheries in countries participating in the fse,14
+as a consequence child labour was reduced by per cent on average sparrow the effect becomes stronger as children grow older since the incidence of child labour is higher among adolescents and because the size of the scholarship increases with age however the work by hoddinott et al the authors find that participation in the public works component of the programme contributes to a reduction in the average number of hours worked in agriculture for yearold boys and for yearold girls with a parallel reduction in domestic hours worked for younger boys,1
+some million people in africa were moderately or severely food insecure in compared with a marginal increase in moderate or severe food insecurity globally and a modest increase in latin america south east asia and western asia these figures compare with no change in the prevalence of severe food insecurity globally a significant deterioration in south east asia with an increase of per cent and a moderate increase of percent in western asia a total of million people in africa were severely food insecure in by far the majority of them or per cent were from rural areas,2
+according to another study however child mortality in argentina fell in areas where water services had been privatized and the effect was greatest in the poorest areas galiani ef al in many cases water privatization has led to considerable cost increases for the most vulnerable groups poor service and disconnection of public access points the economic crises that in many instances propelled governments to get out of the watersupply business leave individuals less able to pay for privatized water economic crises further reduce the ability of poor households especially women to pay for water by severely limiting their access to income and credit in a further ripple effect the credit freeze at national levels combined with shrinking donor financing means microfinance institutions have fewer funds to loan to clients mainly women capnet and gwa,6
+in parallel river basin councils were to remain the main institutions under federal authority for water management at the river basin level and users concerns and opinions were to be taken into account through the councils general assemblies respectively led by the federal government and conagua these two strategic documents are implemented over the same period of time years and both feature objectives regarding sustainable management of water resources at the river basin level objective chapter section of the national development plan focuses on integrated and sustainable management of water resources,6
+consumer spending also benefited from a supportive macroeconomic policy stance fiscal spending increased while the policy interest rate was cut twice in lower interest rates and the easing of restrictions on home purchases that were put into place in to curb overheating in the property market underpinned the recovery of the housing market during the second half of,8
+beyond the support for rd a wide array ofpublic policies needs to be mobilised covering areas as diverse as education and training competition and trade and industrial and regional development these policy areas utilise a mix of instruments including regulation and direct funding the coherence and effectiveness of this mix and of overall governance arrangements are major concerns for innovation policy makers,9
+workers with general skills and more education experienced better labour market outcomes including shorter unemployment spells rutkowski on the one hand it needs to make short vocational programmes more attractive to prospective students on the other hand the education system has to become more focused on providing students with easily transferrable general skills,4
+the focus on these costs in the construction of the indicators reflects the dominant approach taken in the empirical and theoretical literature examining the labour market impact of employment protection discussed in the previous section it does not reflect the overall strictness of regulation of collective dismissals which is the sum of costs for individual dismissals and any additional cost of collective dismissals it concerns the types of work for which these contracts are allowed and their renewal and cumulative duration this measure also includes some of the regulations governing the establishment and operation of temporary work agencies and requirements for agency workers to receive the same pay andor working conditions as equivalent workers in the user firm which can increase the cost of using temporary agency workers relative to hiring workers on other types of contracts,10
+however demand does not automatically translate into consumption as a significant share of water is discharged back into water bodies after use remaining available for use downstream depending on water quality sharp rises in water demand are expected in south asia and china as well as other emerging economies of the briics brazil russia india indonesia china and south africa with much higher shares for manufacturing electricity and domestic supply in developing countries rest of the world or the row are also projected to see significant water demand for electricity generation,6
+school location urban or rural area and the socioeconomic background of students make a difference in student performance there are also concerns about strong social selectivity in the school system including misplacement of some students in special schools in addition the poor educational outcomes of the roma minority remain a major policy challenge reform initiatives include the development of new mechanisms of school financing per capita funding scheme the definition of student learning objectives in national education programmes further school autonomy with the development of school education programmes the introduction of standardised national assessments the creation of a career system for teachers and the introduction of a dual system within vocational secondary education,4
+the australian government works with state and territory government and nongovernment education authorities to ensure a continuing high level of teaching and learning in australian schools most university public funding is provided by the australian government under the regulations contained in the higher education support act state and territory governments can accredit other tertiary institutions through an accrediting authority but the institutions must be listed on the australian qualifications framework register before they can award qualifications to students,4
+in the context of climate change adaptation and mitigation it has been argued that the use of a baseline as a comparator may be misleading since adaptation interventions will by definition take place in a changing environment with evolving climaterelated hazards and risks brooks et al a more accurate assessment would therefore need to factor in these changing circumstances to establish a good understanding of what the situation would have been in the absence of a policy approach on adaptation brooks et al for example a simple before and after comparison may show that climate vulnerability has deteriorated while a comparison to a counterfactual would reveal that the situation would have been even worse without the explicit and implicit adaptation initiatives in place,13
+some benefits are likely to tail away as there tends to be diminishing returns from further investments in improving quality of water related services benefits are more likely to materialise if investments are appropriately sequenced thereby lowering costs and ensuring that collected wastewater is properly treated the accelerated access scenario indicates that globally an average of usd billion would need to be invested each year between and to achieve the target in addition to what would be invested under the baseline scenario and an additional usd billion beyond the baseline would be needed annually between and to achieve the target,6
+the cost of underperformance and underinvestment in education is rising these forces also make stakeholders more demanding reform is more easily undertaken in crisis conditions although the meaning of crisis might be somewhat different in education the shock involved is likely to be something that alters perceptions of the education system see chapter rather than an event that suddenly affects its ability to function,4
+the higher the index is the higher the number of reforms that were made is the employment rate for men is unchanging and always close to fullemployment on the other hand for women the employment rate is much smaller and seems to vary with the value of labor index in particular labor reforms seem to affect white collar and service employment,5
+creating such an environment is complementary to the provision of more traditional public goods such as improved infrastructure animal and plant health education and information systems and extension improvements in these areas could bring substantial longterm gains to agricultural producers through more transparent markets improved price formation and ultimately higher agricultural incomes benefits would also accrue to other agents of the supply chain including food consumers for whom more competitive food chains would provide higher quality products because these characteristics vary with the product and the location or size of the farm the focus is on specific subsectors wheat dairy and beef the three largest subsectors of kazakhstan s agrofood system,2
+the challenge for all providers of climate finance to address this imbalance in line with the commitments made in the paris agreement this will provide a backdrop for consideration of how to restructure climaterelated development finance to achieve a balance between mitigation and adaptation financing while prioritising public finance to ldcs and sids as envisaged in the paris agreement it may also provide an opportunity to consider how to address any competition for international public finance between development and climate priorities in lowincome countries for example by looking at ways to use other forms of climaterelated development finance or more limited smarter use of oda to leverage and catalyse investment into mitigation action in middleincome countries eg through greater use of guarantee instruments,13
+in the absence of effective access to contraception more pregnancies are expected to be reported as unintended a significant proportion of which may be terminated abbasishavazi and hosseinichavoshi being young and having a low level of education poor economic status as well as less access to effective contraception all contribute to higher incidence of unintended pregnancy khatiwada and others contraceptive use failure is one of the main direct causes of unintended and accidental pregnancies blumenthal voedisch and gemzelldanielsson and can create a demand for abortion a study of countries indicated contraceptive failure as the most reported reason for prematurely terminated pregnancies bankole singh and haas black and others,3
+the uncorrected value is the target is based on the assumption that the same hydrologic and climatic conditions apply as in the base year of directive ec technicians visit customers to determine energy use patterns excessive energy use points and ways to reduce wasteful energy use and losses,7
+notably in five carefullydefined areas residential growth will be promoted at the same time as existing public transport routes are made more efficient and new rail links are created where needed major stations and bus terminals will also be developed as areas for shopping and for socialisation building an inclusive city cape town s tod strategic framework cont,11
+counsellors might be psychologists special educators defectologist pedagogues social pedagogues special and rehabilitation pedagogues social workers and others the counselling service implements different activities with different stakeholders including parents social work centres and medical centres personal data on children needing support and counselling are collected with the agreement of the parents or legal guardians with the exception of cases where children are endangered by their families and need protection,4
+this would support continuous coordinated care as well as allow calculation of quality indicators for specific patient groups eg rate of adequate glycaemic control amongst diabetics adequate glycaemic control in diabetics mentioned above is one example of where a financial incentive could be applied several other examples around chronic disease management could be developed based on experience in other oecd countries this would support delivery of populationbased health promotion and preventive health care and lay the foundations for primary care specialists to take on leadership roles in local and national health systems,3
+the study also finds that women and those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are particularly sensitive to higher unemployment the percentage of respondents who state that they have reduced health care use is in the united states in france in germany in the united kingdom and in canada the authors conclude that the level of outofpocket oop costs combined with a drop in wealth is a major determinant in the fall in health care use during the crisis a recent paper from the united states suggests that prescribing patterns for mental health drugs rise during times of adverse economic conditions although this finding is only significant for the north eastern parts of the country,3
+this is labeled as the productivity effect in this sense the introduction of broadband allowed workers with digital literacy skills to signal their computer knowledge to potential employers and then use those skills in the workplace in return for a higher wage we call this impact the skill signaling effect,8
+in particular where the range of outcomes is restricted eg studies on specific subpopulations such as students with special educational needs the effect size is inflated because the divisor in the calculation is smaller black and wiliam a second measures of educational outcomes differ greatly in their sensitivity to the effects of education and whether the measure relates directly to what students have been learning or is more remote as with many national tests and examinations wiliam nevertheless as a general guide at least on standardised measures of educational achievement effect sizes of around which are typical in studies of feedback indicate an increase of at least in the rate of learning,4
+for example when a school is planned money is put aside to ensure that there are adequate toilets that can be used by girls not only that but in its efforts to improve access to running water the government also collects information on the number of girls who have to collect water in rural areas a burden that can prevent them from attendina school in the same year morocco removed several of its reservations to cedaw in relation to womens rights to nationality and to rights within marriage and the family,5
+the government is looking at how to support these schemes in exceptional downturns in some sectors the social partners have agreed on contracts that include of the time on the job and of the time in education with compensation equal to of the minimum wage the government has indicated its willingness to support these types of contracts,8
+to encourage the adoption of scots since the state has been setting up annual calls for proposals to increase participation in rural territories with limited human and financial resources to draw up scots as such it does not give granular detail on landuse development that task falls to plans and planning decisions at the scale of the commune plu for instance but these must align with the principles or fundamental guidelines every municipality covered by the same scot commits itself to integrated and joint development which can help mediate and settle territorial issues for the whole area,11
+in it instructed government agencies to work on gender mainstreaming from to in a concerted effort called the gender mainstreaming in government agencies programme if they are to take hold across government though and deliver concrete outcomes they will need resources there are several tools that mexico is gradually developing to improve implementation gender impact assessments and genderresponsive budgeting as well as the systematic development and use of genderdisaggregated data throughout the policy cycle to offset any such negative consequences and make smart use of resources gender impact assessments gia can be a first line of defence it is one of the core tools at a governments disposal to support the implementation of gender mainstreaming sometimes referred to as genderbased analysis or a gender audit and regularly used by most oecd member countries table,5
+korea has a child allowance for homecare that was introduced for households with children under who do not use childcare facilities or kindergartens chapter l box myanmar enacted its social security law in but the all relevant provisions have not yet been implemented however in eight countries such payments are responsibility of the employers subject to regulations in national labour codes rather than social protection legislation,1
+a number of redistributive policies were put in place including cash transfers jobcreation initiatives and subsidies both explicit and implicit through price controls these policies it seems made a dent in inequality although their sustainability has since been called into question by the crisis see oecd according to the commission on growth and development growth is the main route to poverty reduction in very poor countries but as a country develops redistribution becomes increasingly important,1
+a report by the high level panel of experts on food security and nutrition of the committee on world food security rome manchester brooks world poverty institute oxford bulletin of economics and statistics washington dc international food policy research institute cited in hlpe social protection for food security a report by the high level panel of experts on food security and nutrition of the committee on world food security rome,2
+apart from these circumstances there are regulatory and investment decisions made by governments which push electric power generation towards one technology or another this is an exceptional case in the world the global percentage of hydroelectric energy is which means that electricity production in the region has a small carbon footprint measured by co emissions per kilowatt hour kwh produced and reduces reliance on fossil fuel imports in many countries nonetheless this supply structure means that the region s electricity systems are highly dependent on rainfall regimes,7
+while these women were applying for and receiving landyounger women were unaware of their rights and faced unique challenges some traditional leaders interviewed for this study expressed reluctance to allocate communal land to young single women young women do not traditionally have their own households usually remaining in their parents homesteads until they marry,5
+lessons learned from practical experiences and from pilot programmes need to be reinvested in the decisionmaking process within the context of hazards caused by climate change and the need for resilient sustainable development flexibility must be a key characteristic of the policymaking process if it is to be useful in situations characterized by persistent uncertainties long time frames emergence of new information and the multidimensionality of the problem maintaining both flexibility through the various stages of the policy process and the capacity to change and iterate towards improved outcomes is crucial to ensuring that policy interventions are properly informed by the knowledge gained in the process,13
+box outlines the institutional framework of mobility policy in each statelevel entity of the zmvm this section describes the main challenges for statelevel institutions in charge of mobility in aligning policies with sustainable and inclusive mobility goals the ministiy of housing and urban development seduvi runs the ecoparq programme for onstreet parking fees,11
+old trams and trolleybus lines are progressively disconnected because of the poor service and high operation and maintenance costs in most cities public transport relies on buses and the lightrail transit lrt networks suffer from serious lack of rationalisation delegation of communal services to the private sector will work only if the national government helps city governments modernise communal infrastructure however city akimats need to be more proactive in finding ways to refurbish urban infrastructure,11
+strong commitment and involvement from all stakeholders are required to create the necessary environment for cultural change to achieve consensus on how to deliver patientcentred and coordinated care effective integration between primary and secondary care also requires genuine collaboration among providers and efforts to break down cultural barriers and providers wariness about working in new ways oecd g lastly as patients often enter the health care system via primary care it is critical to make sure that pcps support care coordination and bridge acute primary care and social care health care systems should have the opportunity to better use financial incentives linked to strong information systems to achieve greater patientcentred integrated care over the longer term,3
+the ministry of economy through compite provides training in topics such as reengineering and process optimization workshops iso quality training for the optimum performance of the companys human resources for tourism companies are promoted and supported through an agreement between the ministry of tourism and the ministry of economy through the modernization programme programa modemizci the ministry of tourism has policy responsibilities regarding sme firms in the tourism sector and the instruments of these policies are operated through programa de apoyo a la competitividad de la micro pequena y mediana empresa turistica competitiveness support program for touristic smes oecd this programme provides funding for training certification and productproject development,8
+career prospects are also affected in the longrun since they heavily depend on soft and hard skills learned in childhood or adolescence how family poverty affect child outcome two main channels play a role figure duncan and magnuson having low income first limits households ability to purchase or produce important inputs for healthy child development such as good quality housing healthy food or good quality care and education services for children below schoolage box,1
+around eur million of the eff provision were used for fleet restructuring see also above fleet decommissioning plans the general directorate for food dgal within the maaf remains the administration in charge of these public policies a survey by kantar worldpanel indicated that despite an increase in prices the downward trend in spending remained unchanged,14
+the regulated industries commission is the independent regulator of the electricity sector the island has promising wind solar and bioenergy potential however given the extremely low cost of conventional energy renewable energy is placed at a competitive disadvantage tt moe this section provides an assessment of the various sustainable energy technologies that have potential for deployment in the caribbean region and discusses emerging trends and risks for their use from both an international and a regional perspective,7
+this act has given private investors access to all power sector operations as a consequence state governments encourage the private sector to invest in rural electrification projects to do so many state governments have established administrative mechanisms to facilitate the process of approval and clearance for the settingup of small and mediumsized industries those specifically targeted are industries that seek to use local resources for decentralised generation projects and standalone systems,7
+together more than million evphevs under the projection are sold worldwide in but it does reflect the expected size and buying power of the different regions in terms of where the plugin vehicles are likely to be sold over time together these vehicles are expected to cut global c emissions by over gigatonne gt in roughly in proportion of sales by region this represents an important part of the overall c reductions in transport,7
+there are two climaterelated rio markers the mitigation marker established in and the adaptation rio marker since the rio markers are an important tool in increasing transparency and accountability in relation to climate finance the markers have been used by some oecd countries as the basis for their climate finance reporting to the unfccc and in this way can assist in tracking progress towards delivering the commitment by developed countries to provide the usd billion per year in climate finance to developing countries by,13
+it follows that the estimated total revenue of tsh translates to tsh per hectare per year following the methodology developed above we can infer that tfs spends at least tsh per ha per year to manage a hectare of forest the present value of costs from deforestation to tfs amounts to tsh billion us million,15
+in a sense the increasing costs of two scarce resources water and natural gas are motivating necessary adjustments in water use guerrero et al part of the reduction is due to changes in crop choices and leaving land fallow while part is due also to smaller applications of irrigation water much of the increase has been motivated by increasing demand for agricultural products in georgia and by the increasing use of center pivot irrigation systems beginning in the late s,6
+the country reports are sorted according to the chronology by which the countries have introduced variants of marketbased instruments in their fisheries management beginning with the herring fisheries in the icelandic itqsystem has sincethen been mainstreamed to include most species and icelandic fisheries the icelandic system is characterized by a liberal approach which has stimulated growth in the sector but also led to national disputes on the distribution of wealth and access to the fisheries in the following decades the largescale fleet grew and capital investments in the fishing sector increased more than output,14
+reforms undertaken in periods of crisis may not properly distinguish between effective and ineffective programmes cutting effective programmes aiming at attaining quick cost savings might endanger the health status of the population and result in higher costs eventually greece offers a recent example of such cuts as they have resulted in an increase in hiv and tuberculosis infections along with the reemergence of malaria stuckler and basu oecd,3
+these include criteria on parameters such as target countries activity type and project size for example in terms of eligible activities the indonesian government has identified a number of primary and secondary priorities in both mitigation and adaptation for expenditure under the indonesian climate change trust fund icctf in terms of project size some funds limit the total flows to a specific activity for example the ppcr can provide usd million to individual projects cif,13
+source burtraw et al photovoltaics and wind are essentially emissionfree energy sources at the use stage but impacts over the life cycle occur since fossil fuel combustion is the primary source of both ghg and local and regional air pollution there are obvious synergies between these two areas,7
+this is especially true for advanced industrial or postindustrial societies where electricity provides the essential services necessary for production communication and exchange not surprisingly governments of oecd countries are thus concerned with understanding the factors influencing the security of energy and electricity supplies and with developing policy frameworks and strategies to enhance them energy security here has two main dimensions an external dimension that aims at ensuring a stable supply of imports and an internal dimension that is concerned with maintaining domestic infrastructures at adequate capacity levels and in good working conditions this report aims to examine the role that nuclear energy can play in enhancing the security of electricity supply of oecd member countries,7
+this report presents the input papers prepared for the roundtable meeting by international road safety leaders the summary of discussions and key messages and recommendations to the attention of korean stakeholders it was also less than that for sweden and the uk which have already achieved the lowest rates of fatalities per head of population the reduction in road fatalities in recent years has been greatest for vehicle occupants now overtaken by pedestrian fatalities as the largest category of people killed annually,11
+women s groups often frame themselves as philanthropic or as community projects to avoid government interference another response is to seek refuge on the web to share information and mobilize see below the involvement of young women in uprisings and revolutions has not necessarily led to the inclusion of their demands in posttransition political landscapes in the iraqi kurdish region young women are often forced to choose between airing their gender concerns among mainstream feminist groups which do not address their specific position as kurds or forgoing such concerns so as to be included in the malecentric struggles for national liberation the relegation of feminist demands was a feature of the activism of young women in the recent uprisings,5
+in this case a gap exists between the efficacy of the product assessed during clinical trials and its observed effectiveness in real life use while this gap is widely recognised the safety and effectiveness of new technologies is only rarely assessed through formal reevaluation recent evidence shows that health technology reassessment is seldom used in oecd countries a third of oecd health care systems rely on periodic reassessment after technologies are included in the range of benefits covered by public funding auraaen et al,3
+the lack of funds has also complicated the introduction of cleaner vehicle technologies while the entity would ideally have substituted a higher percentage of buses run on compressed natural gas cng only of the fleet of buses have this kind of engine expansion towards the suburban areas in the state of mexico has become increasingly necessary and transport services need to provide a denser network with alternative itineraries for corridors that are close to or above capacity,11
+on average across oecd countries parents of socioeconomically advantaged students are highly educated a large majority has attained tertiary education and works in a skilled whitecollar occupation by contrast the parents of socioeconomically disadvantaged students have much lower educational attainment across oecd countries of parents of disadvantaged students attained some postsecondary nontertiary education as their highest level of formal schooling attained lower secondary education or less and only attained tertiary education few disadvantaged students have a parent working in a skilled occupation many parents of these students work in semiskilled whitecollar occupations and the majority work in elementary occupations or semiskilled bluecollar occupations table ll b,4
+nonetheless the country s employment rate rose by per cent growth linked to changes in the share of population of working age demographic structure was significant only in nepal and to a lesser extent in bangladesh cambodia and ethiopia nepal appears to be successfully exploiting its demographic dividend since its workingage population as a share of the total population is rising ie fewer dependants per workingage adult and accounted for about per cent of the change in gdp per capita during,8
+this in turn will enable a country to become innovative productive and internationally competitive this requires broader thinking about drivers of economic and industrial development with greater emphasis on knowledge new technologies and especially icts as a conduit for knowledge flow storage and communication and their convergence with other technologies and applications in new business models and less on traditional factors of production such as physical capital and labour this in effect leads us to a richer model of development,9
+the rest of the water is being withdrawn for industrial and domestic use this is the case in particular for turkmenistan and uzbekistan which are dependent on water flowing in from neighbouring countries as well as for pakistan per cent tajikistan per cent the islamic republic of iran per cent and kyrgyzstan per cent withdrawal of more than per cent of total internal renewable water resources represents substantial pressure on those resources fao considers any amount in excess of per cent to be critical worldwide meat consumption averaged kg per capita in,2
+the united nations convention on the law of the sea the convention unclos sets out the overarching international legal framework for all activities on the oceans and seas including the conservation and sustainable use of living marine resources it is complemented by the agreement for the implementation of the provisions of the united nations convention on the law of the sea of december relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks the agreement the latter sets out a comprehensive legal framework for the implementation of the provisions of the convention relating to the longterm conservation and sustainable use of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks,14
+the energy division is currently overseeing a public sector smart energy programme funded by an interamerican development bank idb loan us million and an eu grant million idb gob the division is also responsible for monitoring the island s local oil interests both onshore and offshore and is currently overseeing the island s offshore licensing campaign gob the draft national policy for barbados is currently being revised,7
+it is often critical to rely on intermediaries who could help to identify those persons including victims or organizations that may be good sources of information intermediaries can also play a critical role in reaching out to victims and making the first contact with them to assess their disposition to being interviewed investigation teams should be proactive in reaching out to different types of sources and intermediaries making sure the selection of sources and intermediaries is conducive to gathering information on womens human rights and gender issues it is important to remember when identifying sources not to rely too heavily on entities or service providers that target only one segment of the population,5
+for example the critical mass was estimated to be residents in luxemburg and inhabitants in estonia per the recommendations that an administrative reform expert committee put forward in november but residents in norway per the ad hoc expert committee appointed by the government and residents in finland during the paras reform only for primary healthcare and related services compared with residents for vocational education for example in the case of finland the methodology used to identify an optimal threshold was criticised and the legislation was changed in to include more diverse criteria linguistic andor cultural particularities may also be taken into account eg in estonia finland greece iceland etc for example in the united states a wide variety of special districts as opposed to general purpose local governments provide a single public service or a set of related public services to the residents of a determined area,11
+the education reform of highlighted the role of guidance even further by stating that to be able to choose consciously his or her educational or vocational course a student has the right to receive wide and complete information on any matters related to school or university education more recently the ministry of education has created a body of school and university advisers responsible for informing and advising students and their families concerning the education system universities and vocational opportunities in different sectors in order to be part of this body experienced teachers have received specialised training,4
+this biodeposition can be extremely important in regulating water column processes newell nitrogen excreted by the bivalves and regenerated from their biodeposits is recycled back to the water column to support further phytoplankton production where biodeposits are incorporated into surficial aerobic sediments that overlay deeper anaerobic sediments microbially mediated coupled nitrificationdenitrification can permanently remove nitrogen from the system as n gas,14
+from the graphs it can be seen that per cent of children are not deprived al all in one of these three domains while per cent of the children are simultaneously deprived in all three approximately per cent of the belgian children are deprived in leisure and education only against per cent in community only overlapping deprivations in leisure and community exist for per cent in education and community for per cent and in leisure and education for per cent in general we can conclude that relatively few of the children living in belgium are confronted with multiple overlapping deprivations while for those who are deprived deprivation in the community domain is dominant,1
+in wisconsin the wisconsin wind works a consortium of suppliers and vendors to wind energy counts companies with companies joining in alone and a high concentration of firms around milwaukee wisconsin wind works a main driver for the growing wind industry in the united states is a favourable investment environment supported by tax credits feedin tariffs or grants which attracts and spurs private investment the illinois renewable energy portfolio standard promotes wind energy by requiring that of the state s electricity be provided by renewable sources by and that of that amount come from wind power,7
+discrimination at work includes any less favourable treatment that is explicitly or implicitly based on particular grounds such as sex race etc discrimination at work denies opportunities for individuals who may not for example receive equal pay or have access to managerial positions or who may experience less favourable working conditions the subdimension fair treatment in employment is aimed at providing measures for discrimination and unfair treatment of men and women as well as other subpopulations in employment,8
+concerning the effects on sick leave the analysis carried out on australia germany mexico and the united states suggests that obesity and smoking increase sickness absence but with exceptions for male overweight in the united states and for smoking in australia and germany see table in annex c concerning the impact on wages oecd analyses based on australian and us data show that when significant differences are found the general pattern among these shows a negative effect of cvd and diabetes on wages particularly clear for diabetes see table in annex c regarding the effect of chronic diseases on sick leave the analyses were only feasible in australia mexico and united states overall results show that chronic diseases such as diabetes cancer and arthritis increase sick days while this is unclear for cvd and hbp in the three countries studied see table in annex c for instance us women who smoke are times more likely to exit prematurely from the labour force compared to nonsmoking women and similar findings are found for men,3
+this suggests that knowledge about the importance of foods rich in micronutrients can increase demand for them in who and other international organizations launched the nutritionfriendly schools initiative which provides a framework for implementing integrated intervention programmes to improve the health and nutritional status of schoolage children and adolescents and uses the school as the programme setting including nurseries and kindergartens this initiative brings together parents the local community and health services to promote childrens health and nutritional wellbeing who b,2
+therefore the same set of economic opportunities and available policy responses that exist at the national indicator level will not be suitable at the local level this is where proxies and other future data collection exercises will need to fill important gaps the first step was to make an assessment of the relevance of the national oecd green growth indicator framework and the relevance of the individual variables in describing schonefelder kreuz s transition to a lowcarbon economy however it is important to attempt to identify and test which areas will work and to investigate what data is available with which to assess the current situation,9
+second gender norms and stereotypes change as women s economic roles change the quality of employment matters required is work that pays a living wage and provides economic security with limited volatility in income flows women s relatively greater access to and control over other assets such as land title credit and other inputs into the production process for women farmers is necessary to improve their relative wellbeing,5
+the provisions in the paris agreement relating to climate finance provision are for developed country parties reflecting language of the copenhagen accord as well as for other parties see box these are not always consistent or clear only the term annex ii is defined identical wording is used in the kyoto protocol regarding which parties are to provide new and additional funding,13
+indeed the introduction of new technologies and the promotion of incomegenerating opportunities can create or exacerbate social fragmentation truly bottomup and participatory approaches are therefore crucial pilot projects already implemented illustrate how investments in electrification can and should be utilized to promote the emergence of local sustainable markets and microenterprises for instance energy and utility services lighting water for drinking and irrigation and energy for cooking and microenterprises are created simultaneously with the power plant,7
+there are also various forms of intercommunal cooperation municipalities finance the infrastructure and are responsible for delivering water services local authorities can be in charge of water and sanitation services budgets which income comes from the tariffs after the territorial reform epci can include syndicats de communes communautes de communes communautes urbaines communautes daggtomeration syndicats d agglomeration nouvelle and the metropoles,6
+maastricht university applies pbl in all of its programmes with the aim to generate students that are independent entrepreneurial problemsolvers the university employs various versions of pbl as an educational model simulating a researchoriented working environment that gives students skills that they will take with them into their careers for example the maastricht faculty of health medicine and life sciences was one of the first universities in europe to implement pbl as the dominant educational strategy in medical education the school of business and economics at maastricht university has been using pbl in all of its degree programmes for over years,4
+moving forward however ensuring the effective implementation and coordination of gender initiatives would require the identification of clear roles and responsibilities across governmental and nongovernmental stakeholders supported by realistic targets and both long and mediumterm strategic horizons to support the sustainability of gender equality efforts such an approach requires effective institutions responsible for promoting gender equality with clear roles mandates and coordination mechanisms to implement policies and practices necessary to achieve women s full empowerment and mobilisation these institutions are recognised globally as critical instruments for ensuring that public policy minimises different impacts on women and men and more broadly for creating societies free from gender discrimination to foster national wellbeing and social cohesion and mobilising the potential of every member of the society,5
+there is evidence that at least some sections of the public are aware of our dependency on the marine environment for instance as early as of people in a us survey believed that the health of the ocean is important for human survival ocean project when focusing on environmental matters related to the marine environment specifically several environmental topics are of particular interest to the public such as climate change chemical pollution and ocean acidification eg vignola et al,14
+the challenge of adopting these models is more to do with integrating new types of instruction than overcoming technology barriers adoption also requires support from policy makers at a range of levels within education in total organisations were full members joining in and another since these individual projects were combined into six thematic consortia each led by an additional lead organisation box,4
+because of conflict the tuareg and other arab ethnic groups from northern mali have faced massive displacement and account for per cent of the total ethnic makeup of niger refugee camps moreover the curriculum does not consider the realities of students lives and teachers also face poverty hunger and psychosocial stress further there is an insufficient number of female teachers and of teachers trained to teach students with disabilities and currently there is no system in place for the certification of teachers in refugee camps according to the office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs of the united nations secretariat the conflict in mali has produced some refugees many of whom are tuareg who have been internally displaced and are living in communities or refugee camps in neighbouring burkina faso and other countries,4
+section then goes on to consider the discrepancy between mothers desire for children and their childlessness which is much higher in germany than in france again policy is a critical determinant though germany s more traditional perceptions of gender roles also have a part to play section stresses how couples levels of educational attainment earnings and length of working hours affect fertility,5
+as well as recommending a particular level for the total allowable catch to be set for each managed fishery ices specifies a lower level which should allow the stock of fish to expand and an upper level at which it would decline the agreed tac tends frequently to be in the upper end of this range this is not always due to the difficulties of international negotiation however much of the analysis is done by scientists from national research organisations working in joint teams under the auspices of ices,14
+the buildings were increasingly designed to meet the preference for electricitydriven appliances gross domestic product gdp per capita has remained fairly constant in these years with a population growth rate also just below per cent per annum also in jamaica s human development index hdi was marginally below the average for latin america and the caribbean of and placing it th among countries,12
+however before doing so the concept of security of energy supply must be defined and understood as it applies to the formulation of government policy energy supply security is a manysplendored notion that can mean very different things to different people a foreign policy expert will look at the issue differently than a network engineer or an economist definitions of what is security of energy supply by different experts abound but they are often too abstract to come to grasps with the concrete issues intrinsically linked to geopolitical preferences strategic technology choices and fundamental orientations of social policy,7
+use shortterm training and projects in centresresearch as tool for professional development leading to changes in curriculumteaching and learning firms in the region suffer from the shortage of qualified personnel and inadequate skills offered to the labour market university students skills need to be upgraded in transferable and soft skills such as communication team working and analytical thinking,4
+as a result the hungarian government launched a programme in the so called improvement of the vdsrhelyi plan ivp which aims to increase the discharge capacity of the flood bed together with ecological revitalisation of the floodplain area through reservoirs that can receive flood water the ivp in addition to its main objective to increase flood safety along the tisza river also aims to develop landscape management in the area of the reservoirs as well as encourage regional rural and infrastructure development which may result in social and environmental benefits in the tisza river basin in the frame of the ivp the government provides support for establishment of wetland ecofarming and extensive pasturage in the area of the flood bed and reservoirs as well as providing other agrienvironmental support,6
+most of the hydropower plants are owned by landsvirkjun the national power company landsvirkjun currently has power stations of which are hydropower stations two geothermal power stations and one a naturalgasfired station krafla and bjarnarflag are geothermal power stations blanda burfell fljotsdalur hrauneyjafoss laxa sigalda sog and sultartangiand vatnsfell are all hydropower stations straumsvik is the naturalgas fired station it will be the largest power station in iceland and will provide mw of power to the alcoa aluminium plant in reyoarfjorour,7
+housing and urban policy is considered a priority within this reform agenda the authorities seek to reduce the housing deficit that affects roughly of mexican households and to correct the inefficient development patterns of recent decades this new approach to housing and urban policy differs from those of the recent past by shifting from quantitative objectives for housing to a more qualitative focus on housing and the urban environment,11
+meanwhile more suburban locales have much lower parking rates eg buikslotermeerplein at eur per hour these tariffs encourage visitors to the centre to take transit or bike without penalising residents out of total revenues of eur billion more than is derived from the national transfers to the local government,11
+in most countries household income also includes the imputed rental value of owneroccupied dwellings in chile poverty declined slightly between and with the indigence rate remaining basically unchanged poverty and indigence rates in el salvador did not change between and for chile the figures set out herein diverge for the first time from the country s official estimates mideplan,1
+healthrelated and other relevant concepts and definitions employed in this note are discussed below inequality implies disparities in status opportunity or treatment while inequity incorporates an assessment of fairness this distinction is particularly important in health where equality among individuals or groups does not necessarily mean achieving the same state of health there are natural inequalities in health that may not be considered unfair,3
+based on the cancer expert s responses to the oecd hcqi questionnaire on systems of cancer care in germany for example the number of internal medicine and other oncology specialists and radiologists is reported to be sufficient across regions and there were only five vacant positions for radiologists in for instance in korea according to the national expert there has been a persisting shortage of pathologists since the late s and on average only between and of residency positions in pathology in training hospitals have been filled in the past ten years canada reports that the lack of pathologists is serious as their average age is increasing and sometimes no replacement is available for retiring pathologists in addition based on the projected needs training positions for radiologists were cut back in the early s but by the late s an increase in diagnostic imaging activities and technological sophistication has led to an increase in demand,3
+thus in a causal web disease events are influenced by risk factors both directly and indirectly the definition of the risk factors as well as the thresholds used to identify individuals at risk is largely based on data provided by the who comparative quantification of health risks publication ezzati lopez rodgers murray in the model proximal risk factors such as high blood pressure high cholesterol and high blood glucose have a direct influence on the probability of developing such chronic diseases this accounts for the effect of known pathophysiological mechanisms conversely distal risk factors such as low intake of fruit and vegetables high fat intake and insufficient physical activity have an indirect influence on chronic diseases,3
+this discrepancy in funding is worth investigating that is to say why is water management more appealing to donors investors than other adaptation activities the initial indication is that waterrelated management often includes a technical component one that can be commercially viable for entrepreneurs and corporate interests furthermore activities within the water sector are easily identifiable as climate change adaptation activities whereas projects that enhance climate change resilience in land use and the energy sector are likely counted as mitigation activities,13
+again the three instruments reviewed in this chapter represent a minimal share of the water bill covered by final users therefore it is very unlikely that any revision of these instruments or the introduction of an abstraction charge will trigger severe affordability issues should affordability issues emerge from the monitoring system mechanisms could be implemented eg a social fund dedicated to helping the poor to pay their water bills they are usually produced at national level but also in some cases at regional levels,6
+changes in the distribution of income are not only an important economic phenomenon but can also be a formidable social and political challenge and globalisation and trade are often seen as potentially implicated economic research on its own cannot substitute for the political process in deciding whether and if so how income inequality should be reduced but it can help by disentangling the different determinants as well as shedding light on the underlying mechanisms that result in income inequality but with the concurrent wave of globalisation evidenced through the growing participation in global value chains gvcs as shown in oecd and a questions related to how these processes are linked are increasingly coming to the fore,10
+the parliament has recently decided to change the parliament act so that legal persons and not only natural persons can be granted a fishing licence natural persons do not need to have personal fishing licence anymore instead it will be sufficient to have a fishing licence for the fishing boat salmon fishing with longlines in the baltic sea was prohibited and the swedish quota was allocated solely to trap fisheries the strategy was presented to the government in late june,14
+a set of midrange unmitigated climate change scenarios suggest temperature increase of c to c toward the end of the century depending on the season and part of the country changes in summer are the most uncertain the largest lake within eu lake vanern and its outlet river gota alv constitute a complex system where risks for flooding and landslides may increase the city of stockholm is located at the outlet of the lake which provides water supply for some million people in the metropolitan area,13
+by construction the average of each indicator across oecd countries is equal to the adjusted r row corresponds to the adjusted r of that regression the ehci published by the health consumer powerhouse measures and ranks the performance of healthcare provision in european countries from a consumer point of view,3
+among migrants from tajikistan and uzbekistan more women than men earn roubles or less per month figure the mean monthly salary of males is roubles whereas for females the amount is figure the mean hourly rate for males is roubles whereas for females it is roubles,5
+on the other hand most of the subsaharan african countries in the lower ranks of the figure have either witnessed increased poverty or relatively slow progress towards poverty reduction the divergent experiences within the group of countries recording mass poverty are of paramount importance in understanding the problem of persistent extreme poverty at the global level the comparison of the experience of this group of countries with those at less extreme levels of poverty as defined by international poverty lines can also be instructive figure shows examples of typical country experiences in relation to their poverty trends and the effect of changes in income distribution on poverty,1
+currently bikeshare systems are dominated by dockbased networks where bicycles are picked up and returned at specific stations an alternative emerging model for bikeshare is centred on dockless fleets of bicycles that can be picked up and dropped off anywhere within a within a geofenced zone in these instances bicycles come equipped with onboard gps and communications equipment,11
+in the area of universityindustry collaboration malaysia lags behind newly industrialised economies nies it is also carrying out several social programmes cooperation with industries is rooted in the internship programmes that involve students the national government has taken measures to introduce industrial training in all study programmes and aims to make such programmes compulsory,4
+the question also asked countries to specify the type of internet access such as broadband narrowband mobile broadband etc as only a few countries provided this information without data to the contrary it is assumed that the type of access is broadband the chart shows that the majority of responding countries per cent have between per cent of their public hospitals connected to the internet,3
+the test identified a break in total wheat imports and per capita wheat imports in and respectively while and emerge as the most significant breakyears for total rice imports and per capita rice imports respectively these years correspond to significant policy shifts in senegal starting with the devaluation of the local currency the cfa franc in policy measures adopted included a full liberalisation of import in rice trade was highly regulated by the state and imports were subject to quotas until and the implementation of the regional common exterior thriff cet in leading to a drop in rice import tariff from to,2
+welfare the family and reproductive behaviour research perspectives national research council r moffitt ed income distribution and poverty in oecd countries oecd publishing paris jobs for youth oecd publishing paris schooltowork transitions in the united states and europe oecd employment working paper number oecd paris,1
+structural change needs to occur in a context of rapid digitalisation and industry over the past two decades austria has made continued gains in the supply of science and technology graduates and trained researchers austria has strengths in higher technical and vocational schools and has built up a successful sector of universities of applied sciences uas however austria still lags with regard to the share of female researchers,9
+the risk of being in the bottom quintile for nsw households is highest in estonia luxembourg and the slovak republic where over of nsw households fall into the lower part of the income distribution working poverty which will be discussed below is a concern when having a working household member in a nonstandard job does not improve the position in the income distribution it is remarkable that in greece and luxembourg the share of nsw households falling into the bottom quintile is very close to that of jobless households similarly nonstandard worker households refers to households where either all adult members are in nonstandard work or there are only nonstandard workers and nonworking adult members,1
+however by only around ha had been established a community forestry national working group cfnwg is the latest response by the forest department cso and cbos including recoftc and fao s forest and farm facility to promote cf in myanmar the main objective of the programme was initially to establish a timber source for household use but the programme evolved beyond this and embraced forest protection and production as well,15
+as noted above all major emitters including notably china must participate in abatement efforts for globalclimatechange goals to be in reach based on the maximum commitments made by other oecd countries oecd a estimates that the countries with high emissions intensity canada australia and new zealand would incur somewhat larger income losses while japan would incur a smaller income loss according to oecd a the us target taken together with the declared targets of other industrialised countries would lead to a reduction in ghg emissions in compared with levels,13
+the results of the effective provision of preschool education eppe study from england united kingdom have also shown that key explanatory factors for highquality ecec were related to staff with higher qualifications staff with leadership skills and longserving staff trained staff working alongside and supporting less qualified staff staff with a good understanding of child development and learning sirajblatchford higher proportions of staff with lowlevel qualifications were related with less favourable child outcomes in the socioemotional domain social relationships with their peers and cooperation there is no simple relationship between the level of education of staff and classroom quality or learning outcomes,4
+the number of meals served based in redistributed food has been estimated to about mill in with about in copenhagen in oslo and in gothenburg based in the figures it is quite clear that the food banks are relatively more important for food security to low income people than to prevention of food waste although the rapid growth in redistributed food by matsentralen in oslo indicate that there is a higher potential however the combined effects make food banks important actors also with regard to food waste prevention and as one of several initiatives that are needed to cope with the food waste problem in society,2
+to do this section looks at the reasons why fossilfuel subsidies are generally considered to be harmful for the economy and the environment section then shows how this helps explain the recent emergence of a consensus for reforming fossilfuel subsidies and how this growing consensus has led to a number ofpolicy initiatives internationally and domestically section then concludes by placing the oecd inventory onto that broader stage emphasising the important role it plays in ongoing discussions of energy policies and their reform the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law,12
+once the students begin to understand themselves as cultural beings they become more receptive to accepting the culture race and ethnicity of their students gay the etutor programme aimed to create an environment where preservice teachers would be able to interrogate their own and others cultures in ways that were safe supportive inclusive challenging and engaging carr the experience of interacting with children from multiple cultures in an online environment resulted in a positive attitudinal shift for the majority of participants the preservice teachers many of whom had started with an ethnocentric view finished with an ethnorelative view demonstrating empathy and caring for children of different cultures,4
+movements from the service sector to agriculture are also relatively high for minority groups but close to the national average for women less expected is the high incidence of mobility among employed youth from industry and the service sector into agriculture the latter could be an effect of the economic slowdown in which forced workers without stable work back into the agricultural sector,10
+in the first part of the th century the mere conversion of land to rain fed agriculture in southeast australia and southwest united states led to significant increases in recharge and groundwater storage taylor et al in central spain intensive groundwater pumping in the upper guadiana basin has contributed to a net increase in water availability for consumptive use llamas and garrido such a mechanism is bound to be found especially in areas with shallow unconfined aquifers with rapid recharge,6
+investment in software and computer services automobiles and parts and technology hardware and equipment has increased rapidly other sectors with high rd growth are industrial engineering and the healthcare equipment and services sectors experimentation in the form of rd or inventive activity over several years is sometimes followed by a sudden and marked increase in innovative activity which is typical of the development of successful new technologies oecd i early developments generally occur in patent classes that are later abandoned in favour of new technological solutions in different patent classes figure,9
+however concerns with regard to labour rights and migration within the sport industry means that attention must also be given to sdg targets and sportbased approaches to employment training entrepreneurship and enterprise have emerged and need to take account of opportunities within the broader economy to maximise their potential the complexities associated with the collection of such data are magnified when recognition is given to the diverse range of economic activities that are directly and indirectly associated with sport in countries where there are expertise and available data to undertake such economic analysis findings have pointed to the growing economic value of sport while also indicating the financial value derived from sportbased interventions that deliver social benefit crabbe fujiwara et al,8
+farms in turkey are not legal entities and it is the deed or land ownership certificate that defines the fann the minimum size requirements regulating the sale of land affect the exit from farming in various provinces and regions where rural development projects were implemented they also aimed at infrastructure improvements and were supported by foreign finance especially from the world bank and international fund for agricultural development ifad however since the mid s specific rural development policy frameworks have emerged in the context of turkey s movement towards the eu acquis,2
+it is important to document and use case studies which feature successful sme women and men in traditional and nonconventional economic roles examples of this are found in many countries that are more advanced in serving the women entrepreneurs market box highlights examples in the united states and canada where governments have supported networks of women s enterprise centres as well as other governmentled business support good practices in germany sweden and turkey women clients report that these centres offer a safe warm and nurturing environment for them,5
+this may have substantial consequences for water quality especially in the mississippi river and the northern gulf of mexico de la torre ugarte et al if nutrient inputs are required for wood plantations infiltration and runoff of nitrogen may also pose a risk to groundwater lattimore etal another important conclusion is that the location of production and the type of tillage production crop rotation system and other farm management practices used in producing feedstocks for bioenergy production will also greatly influence water quality de la torre ugarte et al,6
+the costcontainment scenario assumes a gradual decrease in the yearly growth of health care spending relating to price technology and health care policies and institutions from to zero in the costcontainment scenario assumes a gradual decrease in the yearly growth of health spending relating to price technology and health care policies and institutions from to zero in demographic factors include the age structure of the population and its health status whereas the nondemographic ones encompass income technology and relative prices,3
+these acquisitions brought the total current size of its purse seine fleet to and the number of fishmeal plants to thus further consolidating its competitive position in peru and increasing economies of scale strategically this also ensures that the group secures its longterm access to more fish resources as a result many vessels were available to fish under various types of access arrangements or on the high seas on a lowcost basis with a view to just covering their variable costs,14
+universal or pensiontested benefits bolster womens economic autonomy strengthening their voice and agency within households and raising their social status in contrast meanstested pensions often require that households rather than individuals have no other income source this means that they exclude women who live in households above the income threshold even if they have no access to personal income this assumes that income from cohabiting spouses or other family members will be shared fairly which is not always the case,5
+the largest disparities are recorded in india followed by egypt hirkey mexico and indonesia the gap is smallest in south africa china and the russian federation the most remarkable improvements have been recorded in morocco egypt tunisia china turkey indonesia and india however girls educational performance lags behind in mathematics and often in science which results in a lower propensity of girls to study and work in stemrelated fields science technology engineering and mathematics,5
+a person living in asia and the pacific is almost twice as likely to be affected by a natural disaster than a person living in africa almost six times more likely than someone in latin america and the caribbean and almost times more likely than a person living in north america or europe escap a all regions of the world are projected to experience varying impacts because of climate change in asia and the pacific increases in flooding heatrelated mortality and droughtrelated water and food shortages have been identified as the main risks if current climate change and development patterns continue by hundreds of millions of people most of them in the coastal areas of east southeast and south asia may be displaced unless adaptation measures are put in place,13
+likewise insurance companies direct allocations to infrastructure projects remain in the billions of dollars compared with total industry assets of around usd trillion that said institutional investor interest in the clean energy sector is starting to develop and they are slowly starting to be attracted to climate change and resource efficiencyrelated financial products which can help finance projects with a positive environmental impact while remaining appealing from a financial return perspective some of the world s leading pension funds and insurance companies have already made significant investments and future commitments to clean energy projects there are multiple barriers to infrastructure investing,7
+while there is no one single viewpoint of this heterogeneous group there have been a number of adhoc platforms that have focused on issues relevant to the effectiveness of climate financing these principles are designed to determine assess and manage social and environmental risks and negative impacts at the project level one of the issues assessed under these principles is the viability of project operations in view of reasonably foreseeable changing weather patternsclimatic conditions together with adaptation opportunities equator principles,13
+while costs began to dip below the mark in the s it was not until around that costs of lm began to be observed it is the largest and most comprehensive inventory of empirical data on desalination plants available the costs of these very small plants vary widely and their impact on the incurred cost of desalination is not nearly as great as those of larger plants,6
+yet governance of innovative activity is not provided by government alone actors from the research and the business sectors as well as other stakeholders play an important role in many aspects of sti governance for example a society s accumulated social capital can make an important contribution to innovation by reducing transaction costs,9
+the new forest code which was adopted by the turkmen parliament in april and came into force in july defines the responsibilities of state bodies in terms of forestry and forest management this will provide an important basis and a good start for better coordination of works and activities aimed at sustainable forest management if training and capacitybuilding is consistent with the requirements of the new forest code forest management in the mountains has mainly taken the form of planting pistachio trees over a total area of over ha,15
+the scheduling and commitment of power generating units vary in each country or gridconnected balancing area dependent on the generation portfolio availability of plants market incentives and many other factors having more standby reserve adds to the operational costs for utilities in the case of china these costs are not compensated through any marketbased or priceincentivised mechanism coalfired power plants large or smallscale natural gas plants and hydro power plants conventional and pumped hydro together generated close to of chinas total electricity in,7
+but there were also the spillover effects of a rising tide of global conservatism and religious fundamentalism in many parts of the world while religious extremists from different groupings were often at odds with each otherthey tended to converge in their opposition to gender equality and women s human rights many un spaces witnessed this not least the io and year reviews of the cairo and beijing conferences it began moving closer to tncs through the global compact that began in mid a replacement of the idea of a binding code of conduct by the voluntary adoption of principles,5
+in many countries water governance is still in a state of confusion in both developing and developed nations water policy to a greater or lesser degree intrinsically raises governance challenges these include fragmented institutional structures a lack of clarity on roles and responsibilities and questionable resource allocation meanwhile inadequate financial management low capacity of the implementing organisations and unpredictability in the investment climate for private sector actors are also typical moreover accountability of politicians policy makers and implementing agencies is often lacking in situations where the regulatory environment can be unclear or nonexistent many of these problems are rooted in a general lack of knowledge and awareness of rights and responsibilities and are broadly related to poor governance,6
+recently agricultural support levels in most of the emerging economies have tended to rise in particular in china and indonesia they subsequently also shape production of the feedstock commodities in the united states government mandates have played a major role in the fast growth of maize based ethanol production while the eu biodiesel policy has led to strong increases in the cultivation of rapeseed for vegetable oil production,2
+in effect the ministry of health and welfare currently determines the overall budget for health insurance when it negotiates fees through the national health insurance policy deliberation committee a more proactive effort is needed to design health care policies which meet korea s future needs theoretically a single insurer should have a strong bargaining position in negotiations with provider groups enabling it to drive change in the way private providers deliver health care with no risk that patients can move to another fund a single insurer has an economic incentive to focus on prevention and early intervention investing in a person s good health today leads to fewer claims and payouts in the future,3
+many of the services offered by online platforms have traditionally been supplied by large wholesalers and retailers which act as export intermediaries and facilitate indirect exports for smaller firms however with the development of online platforms even smaller firms can participate in international trade directly d sales are not available for enterprises with less than employees small enterprises are therefore defined as those with employees,9
+in most cases this has meant developing water supplies primarily for irrigation to reclaim arid lands in the west as of the reclamation operates and maintains water and power structures in the western states among these facilities are dams reservoirs power plants and numerous water delivery facilities this infrastructure provides water to million people and provides irrigation water for million acres of farmland that produce of the nations vegetables and of its fruits and nuts,6
+many of today s curricula are designed to equip learners for a static world that no longer exists those types of curricula could be delivered with an industrial approach in hierarchical bureaucracies they do not require teachers to have advanced professional insights into instructional design but that is no longer good enough curricula now need to account for fastmoving flows of knowledge creation zero percent school autonomy has meant one hundred percent teacher isolation behind closed classroom doors,4
+it specifies activities in several domains related to raising public awareness and building capacities among professionals in the health effects of climate change upgrading the information system with a set of policyrelevant indicators for identifying and assessing climaterelated health risks and the effectiveness of actions enhancing surveillance and control of selected infectious diseases and vectors as well as air quality monitoring etc further it outlines the tasks and capacities of the health sector in coordinated intersectoral activities on emergencies related to extreme weather events their planning and response the programme also contains a number of tools to facilitate the training courses for capacitybuilding in the area of public health emergency management at all levels,3
+these goals along with desire to reduce traffic congestion are however only partly the purview of prague there is a lack of a metropolitan vision and strategy the rapid and continued growth of hundreds of communities surrounding prague necessarily impacts the city itself it has led to a large number of commuters to the urban core daily along with the attendant traffic congestion and air pollution problems it has placed pressure on prague s services and infrastructure and it has transformed former agricultural and green areas to new residential and commercialindustrial uses with services and infrastructure not always keeping up adequately to the pace of these new developments how can prague better coordinate with municipalities across its functional urban area to tackle pressing spatial development challenges,11
+however analysis by the type of clinician shows that the disparity was much less with regard to the supply of gps specifically with fte gps per population in major cities compared with fte per in inner regional areas and fte gps in outer regional areas the supply of gps in remotevery remote areas was the highest of all areas in with fte per population aihw b however this equates to only about gps working across a very broad geographical area consisting of many small communities and a total estimated population of more than people aihw d,3
+at the same time it poses clear risks to the provision of equitable and sustainable mobility for all nonetheless they are starting to have an impact of tripmaking behaviour where they are present and are starting to be seen as a potential complement for first and last mile connections in low density regions difficult to service with public transport and areas where public transport is available but quality is perceived to be lacking ride services may also come to be seen as an alternative most of these initiatives are taking place in the united states partly because of the popularity of ride services there partly because many urban areas there have difficulty providing attractive public transport many of the partnerships described in this report are pilot projects or promotional campaigns and at present there is no evidence for a permanent shift in public transport service delivery towards structural partnerships with ride services nonetheless authorities and rideservice operators are using these pilots to test new ways of improving mobility outcomes where it is difficult to provide quality public transport,11
+third an increase in the degree of openness of an economy will typically enhance product market competition the increase in productivity means more output or income can be obtained by society and therefore also by the poor from a given amount of resources trade opening changes relative prices in both product and factor markets,1
+a similar argument holds for security of supply chapter employment effects chapter and the impacts of technology innovation chapter these are specific rather technical issues contrary to system costs however they do possess their own although limited constituencies that ensure that they are taken into account and their partial if imperfect internalisation,7
+in israel those below years may only receive a reduced sa benefit in most countries yearold unemployed who do not live with their parents qualify for hb exceptions are israel and luxembourg where there are age limits in italy fb are paid directly by employers and only granted if at least of household taxable income stems from earnings or earningsreplacement benefits including ub and employment pensions,8
+some countries including austria belgium canada chile italy japan ihe netherlands and spain also provide explicit tax incentives for training over and above the standard deductibility of training costs and of wages paid to trainees and apprentices lessons from recent evaluations show that the effectiveness of tax incentives depends on their design for example a highly complex design can reduce takeup rates result in suboptimal laxrelief claims or lead to high noncompliance rates,4
+teachers should be adequately selected trained and incentivised to attain greater gender parity in the choice of subjects and learning outcomes a growing literature shows that the quality and motivation of school personnel can be a crucial bottleneck in the process of improving school quality in emerging economies eg duflo rema and ryan recent evidence also shows that hiring more female teachers may have a positive impact on girls school outcomes glewwe and kremer,5
+many face a real shortage of personnel this lack of capacity compromises the delivery of public services and effective investment in urban development projects in several oecd countries capacity building in terms of human resources and financial support has often been cited as the principal obstacle to decentralisation,11
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law it can be defined as the ability of teachers to meet complex demands in a given context by mobilising various psychosocial cognitive functional personal and ethical resources teachers professional competence shapes instructional processes and is in turn shaped by the opportunities and incentives teachers have to learn figure,4
+furthermore the new world bank poverty line does not seem to have considered the united states inflation rate had it been used the dollar a day later a day line should have become a day in with obvious implications for corresponding poverty estimates reddy argues that the bank s poverty line is not only flawed but also not very useful for policy purposes he argues that much less weight should be given to the bank s poverty estimates in monitoring mdg to reduce poverty and hunger by half from to,1
+the problems associated with reliance on natural resources as the regions main source of competitiveness have been a traditional theme among development analysts in addition to the urgent challenge of sustainability the region has a wealth of renewable and nonrenewable natural resources that have been exploited without observing social environmental and economic sustainability criteria nonetheless the region depends mainly on hydrocarbons three quarters of its energy supply comes from this source as discussed below,7
+however taking advantage of these opportunities and ensuring the efficient operation of energy systems depends upon the availability of the necessary skills the mining segment appears to generate more jobs than the utilities segment in less than one third of the ldcs reflecting on the one hand the uneven distribution of fuel resource endowments and on the other the capitalintensive nature of extractive industries especially in the case of oil and gas in statistics these are part of wholesale and retail trade employment but detailed data are not available looking to the future progress towards universal access and a transition towards a more modern energy sector have important implications for employment in the energy industry as is also expected to happen with its value added generation,7
+this chapter aims to take a first step towards that goal though constrained by issues of data availability we build on the ideas of the various gender indices available to choose variables that capture various aspects of gender inequality over time this chapter provides an overview of gender inequalities in various dimensions of wellbeing following the conceptual framework of how is life furthermore discrimination can take place throughout a woman s life cycle from birth resulting from sexselective abortions such as in the case of china to access to education for instance in school enrolment rates and continuing through the rest of their life course eg labour force participation and life expectancy oecd,5
+with the same overall budget which we assume to be financed by foreign aid and to be equal to per cent of gdp food subsidies have on average smaller effects as they do not specifically target the poor or children broadly the latter policy has a significant impact in burkina faso only in terms of reducing the monetary poverty effect by percentage points and to a larger extent in ghana where it reduces child monetary poverty by up to more points and hunger rates by more than point this policy is also very effective in reducing hunger among children in burkina faso and particularly cameroon,1
+these same approaches would likely have some applicability for work within communities in esd delivery in most cases there are a number of government departments involved in awarenessraising on sustainability issues in guyana for instance the civil defence commission has a community programme which addresses disaster risk management as well as issues related to resilience and adaptation,13
+though the federal government in the united states for example can require states to set quality standards as a condition for receiving federal money for education it cannot determine what those standards are in state school officials and governors in the united states agreed on the principle of establishing national common standards in core subjects but in these standards were still insufficiently implemented to affect teachers practice in the classroom at scale the unsatisfactory results of the pisa assessment created huge pressure on policy makers to establish more rigorous and coherent school standards across the states and to advance from traditional contentbased curricula towards competencybased learning,4
+the following section reviews the theoretical and real impact of standardised testing on teaching this behaviour is manifested in a teacher increasingly teaching testtaking skills such as tips for multiple choice tests or focusing on essay writing or by using test items or similar items in their instmction popham popham differentiates between teaching to the test which he refers to as itemteaching and instruction which aims to focus on the subject matter that will be covered in the test curriculumteaching popham,4
+however the prescription of a pain reliever was associated with a risk of nonmedical use of prescription opioids some eight times higher than other predictors also consistent with findings in other recent reports the european union medicine study showed that the purchase of prescription opioids from online pharmacies also figured as one of the sources among other findings polydrug use particularly the use of illicit drugs among pastyear nonmedical prescription opioid users was also quite common in the five european countries ranging from per cent of pastyear users in spain to per cent in the united kingdom similarly those who obtained prescription opioids through theft forgery or doctorshopping were about twice as likely to have used illicit drugs as those who had not,3
+skills requirements are changing rapidly which may further increase the digital skills divide women and girls people with disabilities older persons indigenous peoples and people living in rural areas may face additional barriers in accessing and using technology to ensure that technology dividends are shared broadly countries should put in place policies to support lifelong learning and skills acquisition for all,9
+for this reason the use of indigenous species should be increasingly considered this includes the supply of trees and control and care of plantations among the key priorities of tree planting are the creation of tree belts around cities large towns and populated centres the protection of installations infrastructure and agricultural lands from advancing sands the struggle against the destruction of river banks and against mud flows and efforts to check the salinization of soils from a silvicultural point of view planting areas are being landscaped soil is being prepared and water wells for the irrigation of trees are being drilled,15
+indonesia missing due to lack of information on formality status urban china missing due to limited sample size the analysis on india is confined to all workers for whom data on social security contributions is available this effectively excludes selfemployed workers and family workers panel b oecd calculations based on national household and labour force surveys and the eusilc national files turkey on the measurement of inequality journal of economic theory elsevier vol the role of constraint vs choice annals of economics and statistics forthcoming,8
+this is not a case for public subsidies but rather due consideration of the equity principle for water management financing the equity principle should not be tied to the polluter pays principle as this can result in second and third best solutions to pollution challenges policies in agriculture energy urban development or trade are often responsible for ever growing pressures on water resources,6
+those onem m standards have been widely used in lot and vertical areas eg the smart cities project in busan republic of korea this work remarkably contributes to the convergence of global lot standards and the alignment of work as one of the itut strategic objectives is cooperation and collaboration furthermore industry and member states of itut can benefit from converged and aligned standards,9
+in the longer term the land use planning system under the land law could explore a more dynamic and flexible approach rather than one that is definitive and prescriptive in order to better adapt to the dynamic circumstances of urban development that directly answer to socioeconomic needs for example there remains a struggle for the provision of open space in the dense innercity centres in hanoi between and the area devoted to parks and public gardens per capita went from m to m,11
+coverage in the poorest quintile was a low three per cent social allowances reached per cent of the population per cent of the poorest quintile and special state allowances benefited per cent of the population per cent of the poorest quintile with the exception of housing allowances social assistance transfers are targeted to the poor per cent of all beneficiaries of social assistance belong to the poorest quintile who receive almost per cent of total transfers the most strictly targeted programme tsa distributes per cent of total transfers to the poorest twenty per cent,1
+formally provincial authorities were responsible for groundwater surface water has always been the responsibility of regional water authorities since all groundwater administrative arrangements have been transferred to the regional water authorities except for industrial extractions public drinking water supply etc it may be possible however to do this under section by virtue of water board bylaws and under section by provincial order subsection may be declared not applicable to extractions where the amount to be extracted does not exceed m per hour,6
+at the national level the national water agency agencia nacional de aguas ana implements the national water resources management system sistema nacional de gerenciamento de recursos hidricos singreh and regulates water uses in federal water bodies state water agencies define rules and issue entitlements for state water bodies at both levels water resources councils define general rules and deliberate on water conflicts river basin committees define priority water uses and approve river basin plans,6
+riots in may caused consumers to hoard rice meanwhile the activities of the private sector especially of large distributors to supply rice were severely curbed by the worsening economic situation and the difficulty of procuring working capital due to the higher interest rate as a consequence of these factors retail rice prices reached idr kg usd tonne in september,2
+my parents had six children and could not pay for schooling for all of us so had to drop out a sister who did finish school went on to become a nurse in our culture you don t talk to anyone about family planning she says remembering how she felt ashamed and shy i want them to finish school find a job and then to get married and have their own families she says,5
+with the policy environment growing more supportive the costeffectiveness of renewable energy improving and increased activity in obtaining support for sids through various mechanisms the emphasis on the mre potential of sids will continue to grow the samoa pathway stresses the importance of renewable energy generation and energy efficiency measures as a basis for sustainable development in sids and calls for innovative partnerships to strengthen sidssids cooperation sids there has been notable progress in this regard through caricom the caribbean community resulting in the production of a regional energy policy caricom followed by the caribbean sustainable energy roadmap and strategy cserms cserms includes recommendations for renewable energy targets along with targets for energy efficiency gains and carbon emissions reductions in the short term medium term and long term for the caricom region and aims to provide caricom member states with a coherent strategy for transitioning to sustainable energy worldwatch,7
+the latter are faced with the risk that a high share of variable renewables such as wind and solar significantly reduces the number of hours during which a given demand is guaranteed compression effect this can lead to a number of operating hours for baseload technologies that is too low to repay fixed costs the role of smart grids in this case would be to reshape the residual demand curve,7
+it examines whether programmes and initiatives including specific support structures established by governments or nongovernment actors help women obtain key economic regulatory or market information to make informed decisions throughout the stages of business establishment and expansion it also discusses other forms of support for women entrepreneurs such as measures to improve womens access to markets and entrepreneurship and management training business development services are provided by government organisations ngos private sector providers and business associations,5
+this underlines the special position that oer holds in distinction to open education however seeing oer in the context of mulder s model for open education highlights that oer are only interesting in the context of wiley s recent question what can be done in the context of open which could not be done before wiley that is to say that the learning opportunities for learners and the support services offered digitally through other learners or through teachers determine the impact on learning outcomes which oer can eventually have,4
+engaging key stakeholders eg teacher unions universities pedagogical advisors in their development will be critical to build a shared understanding of good teaching and ensure that standards are accepted and used costa rica should consider creating a professional body for teachers to support this work and provide input to teacher policy development more broadly strengthen teachers initial training and recruitment,4
+in various emerging economies food security is endorsed as a main objective of agricultural policies this is particularly true as concerns rice markets and asian countries for instance india china and indonesia have developed selfsufficiency policy objectives and some countries including indonesia are expanding the scope of these objectives,2
+it is important to consider how these options fare relative to the other objectives possibly attributed to the policies supporting re deployment they reduce other pollution increase energy security and often create local jobs eg for home insulation it usually reduces other pollution along with c emissions for burning natural gas usually entails lower nox sox heavy metals and particulate emissions than burning coal,7
+a number of countries in latin america and africa have attempted strongly aided by donors to formalize land titles following de soto s argument despite the fact that de soto has offered little real evidence that formalizing property titles actually leads to greater credit access and thus to poverty reduction in the developing world according to legal advocate murtaza jaffer quoted in bourbeau pp the poor soon sell their interests returning once more to unplanned settlements and despair,1
+however the story of how gender equality became a nationwide priority and how quotas were progressively enforced belongs to a more complex framework it tells how political parties played a primary role and mexican women s leadership and ability to build crossparty alliances functioned as a catalyst for change sparking fruitful debate within and between parties in the national legislature and public opinion while women in the parties were the driving force with some senior officials and powerful figures using their influence to muster support inside and outside the party they could not have pushed quotas through without the support of their parties,5
+schools are also keen to boost their reputation by sending as many of their graduates as possible to prestigious institutions this leads to a myriad of techniques to enhance performance and keeps afloat an industry of innovators producers and suppliers of cheating devices tutoring and test preparation courses come extra and are provided by a thriving private sector,4
+the chapter highlights good practice from the region and internationally and concludes with recommendations to make collaboration and outreach more effective the main message of the chapter is that whilst higher education institutions are often actively engaged with their local stakeholders the picture of diverse projects and programmes is fragmented much more could be achieved through a comprehensive regionwide approach to development stronger evidence base and coordination of targeted efforts to address the key challenges in the region,4
+previous housing programmes to encourage residential mobility like the programa de mouilidad habitaciona had a limited effect simian this was partly due to the limited choices for affordable housing in a better location subsidised housing has been confined to a few municipalities and neighbourhoods in the urban peripheries this results in an immobilising effect of social housing on residents stranding tenants in marginalised communities with few possibilities of social or economic progress rodriguez and sugranyes,11
+in most modern iranian irrigation and drainage schemes eg moghan khodaafarin wastewater reuse or managed aquifer recharge are applied demand management should be developed more erosion control measurements are done in turkish territory and sediments are dredged in certain parts of the river a related database has also been established in cooperation,6
+the increase in maize production over the same period was more significant with an average increase of per annum as rice and maize are already at selfsufficiency level the target for is to maintain production in line with the expected growth in demand production targets in for rice and maize represent annual average increases in production of and respectively over levels in february president yudhoyono raised the production target for rice of million tonnes by a further by requiring a surplus of million tonnes by that year,2
+the lack of monitoring andor reporting on pumping in many countries also plays a significant role especially in agriculture different types of monitoring tools can lead to divergent results as observed in the case of irrigation in arizona cohen et al at the same time recharge measurement is very difficult given the differences in situation soil profiles and soil covers and connections with surface water bodies in many cases field crop activities are known to actively participate in the recharging of groundwater even sometimes more significantly than natural ecosystems taylor et al,6
+in contrast to pm and no therefore denser urban areas may produce higher residential so finally the results suggest that highincome urban areas experience lower concentrations of pm and so this may result from tighter environmental regulations or higher public expenditure to improve air quality in high income areas,11
+china and india are already major drivers for the development of renewable energy on a global scale after increasing the installed capacity of solar power with gw in alone china has surpassed germany and become the top country for total solar photovoltaic pv capacity with approximately of the global capacity ren india is also taking leadership in renewable energy development ranking fifth globally for additions of both solar power and wind power in the massive deployment of renewable energy in these two countries has had powerful impacts on driving down costs for renewables reducing greenhouse gas ghg emissions and creating green jobs,7
+for example out of the italian regions have poverty headcounts overlapping the national value so that the statistical difference of the estimates for these regions and the national values cannot be confirmed at a confidence level data providers can also usefully flag estimates with high sampling error using simple criteria such as the number of sampled household in the respective cell or defining reliability thresholds based on the coefficient of variation standard errors or other quality assessments are however not routinely published for regional data such information cannot be easily produced by researchers from microdata files as the computation of sampling error need to take into account variations in the sampling design unfortunately detailed information on the sampling structure is rarely available in the publicuse files of household surveys such as the eusilc,1
+a method called shoulder pricing is used which involves increasing the rate in steps every half an hour before the peak and decreasing it after the peak charges are relatively low the maximum rate for cars is sgp and sgp to enter the central business district but the traffic flow has appeared to be quite sensitive to the charge shortterm elasticities have been estimated to be in a range between and menon and shin the immediate effect of the introduction of als in was the reduction of car traffic entering the city centre during the morning peak hours by over,11
+first only of the water on earth is freshwater second most of freshwater not locked up in ice caps or glaciers comes at the wrong time and place in monsoons and floods and is in areas too remote for humans to access although of the world s population lives in asia the continent has only of the world s water resources table b these two types of freshwater vary in a number of key characteristics and these differences have direct implications for water security groundwater constitutes nearly of the freshwater on our planet discounting that in the polar ice caps but only a small proportion less than can be withdrawn each year without depleting the resource base,6
+disparities between women and men in sa however remain high for every girls enrolled in secondary education there are enrolled boys interestingly gender gaps in labour force participation persist in every region but to different extents male labour force participation is times higher than the female counterpart in eap compared to in mena this persistence in gender gaps attests to the global nature of gender inequality irrespective of levels of income or development eliminating discrimination requires national commitments and priorities and cannot just result from gdp and economic growth these values only include the countries in our sample that are ranked in the edition of the sigi and belong to the gallup word poll sample,5
+these changes could help attract and retain health workers and will be needed if switzerland is to continue to provide some of the best care in the world to its citizens feeforservice arrangements in the ambulatory hospital sector and subsidies from cantons to public hospitals reward hospitals for doing more and provide weak incentives for cost moderation this helps explain why despite reductions over the past decade hospital stays in switzerland are longer than the oecd average and there are fewer day cases as a share of overall hospital cases in switzerland than in several other countries,3
+the world s fifthlargest country it covers of the south american continent s surface and extends about km along the atlantic coast owing to its size its physical characteristics vary enormously as do climate vegetation and landuse patterns accordingly it is typically divided into six large terrestrial ecosystems or biomes amazon cerrado caatinga atlantic forest pantanal and pampa box the atlantic forest and cerrado biomes are two of the world s biodiversity hotspots chapter brazil also has vast coastal and marine areas it hosts rich coral reef ecosystems and has the world s largest contiguous area of mangroves extension of agriculture and cattle farming natural resource extraction and infrastructure and development are the most significant causes of habitat loss figure,15
+by contributors had pledged billion in new funds one component the clean technology fund finances the scaling up of demonstration deployment and transfer of clean technologies and focuses on countries with significant mitigation potential the first round of investment plans encompasses countries energy efficiency projects bus rapid transit concentrating solar power and wind power,7
+however recent reports highlight both the continued role and the changing nature of conflict in obstructing the achievement of the education millennium development goals mdgs and efa targets unicef unesco world bank as a mckinsey report notes the quality of an education system cannot exceed the quality of its teachers barber and mourshed papers submitted for the sixth commonwealth research symposium on teacher mobility recruitment and migration held on june in addis ababa ethiopia suggested that there is very limited information on the role and status of teachers in emergencies including teachers who are forced to migrate specifically informants called for more studies into teacher development and training teacher competencies teacher retention teaching for psychosocial wellbeing the benefits of teacher trainingcapacity building the morale and compensation of teachers teacher certification in difficult environments teacher management in emergencies and the identity of teachers inee c,4
+historically this has entailed a sequential process of learning by latecomers in skills process technology design technology and new product development lee a few countries notably the republic of korea and taiwan province of china have achieved rapid economic growth by successfully leapfrogging in the development of a limited number of shortcyde technology sectors such as semiconductors and other electronic goods skipping certain stages through which leading foreign firms passed in technological development typically such latecomers have begun with assembly of final goods using imported parts moving on to the development of towtech and then progressively highertech components before learning to modify the design of existing products and ultimately to develop new products lee and lim,9
+these areas are considered major priorities and policy instruments or programmes have been created to address them this indicates that social policies are sometimes handtohand with agricultural policies other key strategies for the development of smallscale agriculture are the sectorial export strategy and production incentives for domestic market which are under auspices of the ministry of agriculture particularly indap,2
+the republic of moldova is considered highly vulnerable to climate variability and change socioeconomic costs of climaterelated natural disasters such as droughts floods and hailstorms are significant and both the intensity and frequency of such events are expected to further increase as a result of climate change socioeconomic vulnerability to these events and their aftermath is high given that the republic of moldova is one of the least advanced countries in the europe and central asia region in it was ranked fourthlowest on the human development index among countries in the region,13
+thus it is possible to build in some aspects of flexibility into fishery management frameworks again as part of that fishery management system fishermen and other stakeholders have had to agree that in season adaptive measures are beneficial and necessary the swifter and more on target the management action to recover the more likely there can be biological response to management efforts actions to recover fisheries can be taken but the range of alternatives is more likely limited and costs likely to be higher shertzer and prager,14
+this would ensure that both parents have broadly similar financial incentives to work this would reduce the role played by family background on youth s education and career choices it would also ensure that students take informed decisions which are aligned with their interests preferences merit and real labour market needs,4
+the studies plans and recommendations developed by established river basin commissions demonstrate the benefits of institutionalizing the basin level cooperation preparing river basin management plans has required an assessment of the situation in the basins according to a common format programmes of measures have been defined as stipulated in the wfd to address the main concerns identified in the plans,6
+in addition gender disparities in secondary enrolment are wider and occur in more countries than at the primary level due to the unprecedented expansion of the tertiary student body over the past two decades one of the most noticeable improvements in womens enrolment is registered at the tertiary level men s dominance in tertiary education has been reversed globally and gender disparities currently favour women except in subsaharan africa and southern and western asia,5
+in the scenario with an renewable share electricity prices are considerably lower compared to the other scenarios and the number of hours with electricity prices equal to or below zero rises to an astonishing hours a reduced occurrence of electricity prices higher than variable costs in combination with reduced utilisation hours means lower inframarginal rents for recovering capital costs consequently it is highly questionable whether conventional power plants can be profitably operated with high shares of renewables in energyonly markets with price formation being based on marginal costs,7
+the use of this multidimensional approach to poverty analysis has become consolidated in a number of spheres since the indicators in the human development report of the united nations development programme undp have included the multidimensional poverty index mpi based on a proposal by alkire and santos which combines indicators to reflect deprivations in the three traditional dimensions of human development health education and quality of life in countries see box in chapter i this is considered the first scientific estimate of child poverty in the developing world expert group on poverty statistics rio group,1
+they also work to give their life greater value and meaning but not all work achieves this many people are in work that restricts their life choices millions work under abusive and exploitative conditions that violate their basic human rights and destroy their dignity such as child labourers forced labourers and trafficked workers figure and millions of domestic migrant sex and hazardousindustry workers make their living in ways that are dangerous also eroding their wellbeing,8
+for example average informal payments for hospital admissions are eur usd in hungary and eur usd in poland and total informal payments make up and of total health care expenditure in hungary and poland respectively following asspro projections in european health policy brief in turkey informal payments accounted to of all outofpocket payments or of total health spending in tatar et al in greece outofpocket payments are notable in public hospitals where according to a survey of patients paid informal cash or inkind benefits to nurses or physicians liaropolous et using total expenditure on health instead of current expenditure in the netherlands outofpocket spending is underreported,3
+the creation of the ministry of ecology and natural resources was a clear improvement in this respect the state committee of amelioration and water management focuses on water regulation and irrigation the watersupply interests are defended by the absheron regional water company and the state committee of architecture and construction,6
+ensuring all lower secondary schools have the strategies and capacity to support student motivation and improvement however from the analysis of the oecdnorway steering group it appears to be operating too much on the basis of shortterm weakly connected projects to fix specific problems rather than with an overall strategy for systemic change valuable recent initiatives need to be related to one another more strategically these include new programmes related to principal training and support whole school improvement the development of assessments and improvements in school environments,4
+the swedish national board of health and welfare has also developed a multidimensional quality framework good care to monitor health care performance the framework covers several dimensions of care including effectiveness safety patientcenteredness timeliness equity and efficiency the framework utilised more than process and outcome indicators to compare quality of psychiatric care across regions or patient groups,3
+it has been supporting the development of a brt corridor which opened in december and now carries more than persons per day lessons from lanzhou are being used to develop brt systems in other asian cities including astana davao dhaka jinagxi jiar and yichang finally ebrd financed an important brt project in burgas bulgaria as a complement to eu financing,11
+state failure to embark on land assemblyland banking has also encouraged a shortage of land in areas deemed appropriate for housing and livelihood practices especially agriculture the unaffordability of lowincome housing and the inefficient and expensive land registration system has also contributed to squatting by marginal groups in areas that are highly sensitive from a water resources management perspective moreover the policy on the link between land tenure and integrated water resources management is still weak,6
+created in as part of the new deal the rural electrification administration rea spearheaded the electric cooperative corporation act passed by congress in by funds made available by rea to cooperatives to build lines and provide service on a notforprofit basis allowed electricity access to more than per cent of united states farms by cooperatives served per cent of national consumers million people in states in a highly complex and increasingly multidimensional sector many of these institutions are thus unlikely to possess mature regulatory skills or the high level of expertise and access to resources and information required for effective use of regulatory tools,7
+it does not compel parties to take any specific measures related to mitigation or adaptation such as for example phasing out fossil fuels rather it commits them to deriving their own individual nationally appropriate plans for achieving the overall objective of the agreement and the convention another is inherent in what the agreement does not say what sorts of unilateral actions are parties free to take given the lack of specific direction the agreement provides the parties in terms of achieving their ndcs,13
+the pole metropolitain remains the dominant governance structure as the forum for large and small communes and the complex array of current intercommunal agreements but it has neither the resources nor the authority to directly engage in spatial planning both are important in order to maintain territorial attractiveness to attract new younger people and to avoid an acceleration of population ageing achieving a better spatial balance in economic activity is also crucial,11
+since not all oecd countries are covered the indicator on civic skills is considered here as a secondary indicator data for denmark switzerland new zealand norway belgium and the czech republic met guidelines for sampling participation rates only after schools that refused to participate in the study were replaced by others data for the united kingdom nearly satisfied guidelines for sample participation only after replacement schools were included,4
+despite the reductions recorded over the decade levels of severe deprivation in access to drinking water are still high in a number of countries especially in the andean region in the plurinational state of bolivia of children were severely deprived of access to drinking water in and in peru of children were severely deprived in those who were not attending school at the time of measurement and had not completed secondary education but had attended school at some time are considered to be moderately deprived education is one of the child poverty dimensions with the lowest percentage of moderately or severely deprived children and adolescents in of the regions under yearolds suffered moderate or severe deprivation of their right to education they had never attended school or had dropped out although only suffered severe deprivation from this it may be surmised that virtually all children have access to formal basic education see table only two countries nicaragua and guatemala recorded levels of severe deprivation at or above when last measured see figure ii,1
+report commissioned by the government of slovenia ljubljana ministry of health of the republic of slovenia and world health organization european observatory on health systems and policies building primary care in a changing europe case studies observatory study series no brussels european observatory on health systems and policiesnivel ljubljana ministry of health of the republic of slovenia and world health organization european observatory on health systems and policies,3
+for chinese experts these developments mark the beginning of a golden age of wind power development in the country until recently china relied largely on foreign companies to supply much of the equipment for its rapidly growing number of wind farms although there were several domestic companies manufacturing turbines their output lagged significantly behind their main foreign competitors,7
+the first centralised purchase of drugs in december is expected to save million gallo and genebadia greece reestablished the health procurement committee which oversees the health services procurement program referred to as ppyy health care providers submit their requests for health care products including devices and hospital drugs to ppyy,3
+only in korea and the netherlands is a greater proportion of expenditure allocated to cancer and mental health respectively on average cvd accounts for of total hospital expenditure ranging from in australia to in japan the large percentage observed for japan is somewhat surprising given the low cvd mortality and incidence rates observed in this country,3
+aquaculture production was tonnes with a value over nts billion tonnes and nts billion in export value expanded by during and but decreased by in at the same year value of import was usd million over the last ten years import has increased by since,14
+a coherent aligned set of professional standards could better inform and support the quality of initial teacher education programmes such professional standards could better delineate teacher positions and progression through the new career structure they could also mandate rigorous and developmental teacher evaluation procedures relevant and highquality professional development public awareness and measures to ensure the sustainability of the teaching profession,4
+this study is an excellent example of a methodology for modeling gender effects of indirect taxation with regard to direct income taxes the gender impact depends on the effect of joint or individual filingjoint filing may lead to higher marginal tax rates on women s income even though they earn less than men thus discouraging their labour force participation examining tax codes with a gender equity lens then can provide the foundation for tax code reforms that are gender equalizing,5
+the escos have also taken a very active role in promoting the instrument and have recently formed an association energy efficiency watch energy efficiency and renewable sources fund eersf is the result of a publicprivate partnership which now has the combined capacity of a lending institution a credit guarantee facility and a consulting company,7
+improved sti capabilities will also continue to be needed if higher value addition in agriculture and food systems through local processing of agricultural produce into food products that command higher prices and provide higher incomes which many developing countries are striving to achieve are to be realized first there is a need to enhance productive capacities that could in turn increase yield and reduce the environmental and other impacts of agricultural expansion second there is a drastic and immediate need to raise the living standards of people working in agriculture,2
+most of the decline in income in spain and the united kingdom is not explained by changes in family characteristics but refers to its unexplained share which largely reflects a change in conditional income returns for a family with given characteristics as shown in figure panel b this negative unexplained contribution in panel a is largely associated in spain with a decline in disposable income of the nonemployed fathers other characteristics being the same and with a decline in the income obtained by fulltime fullyear workers by contrast the disposable income of children with a working father remained stable despite an increase in market income in the bottom of the income distribution which suggests the transfers received were reduced over this period for low income families with a working father in the united kingdom the decline in disposable income for families with given characteristics is dominated by a drop in income associated with the mothers activity status figure panel b the drop is stronger when the mother has a job but is also significant when the mother has no job the drop in primary income linked to employment reflects a decline in the quality of employment for mothers of relatively poor families,1
+as a result the gender gap in unemployment narrowed in the immediate aftermath ofthe crisis through a process of levelling down more men lost jobs than women in asia women have been much more affected than men by job losses due to their concentration in the exportoriented manufacturing sector which has been particularly hard hit moreover the persistence of high and volatile global food prices following the price hikes has affected the rights of millions of people to food and to an adequate standard of living spending on child benefits for example which had peaked in europe in fell back to below levels being subjected to violence for example is not only a violation of ones dignity and physical and mental wellbeing but can also lead to homelessness and poverty,5
+the new working time regulations came into force in the school year the folkeskole reform in general has also affected expectations for teachers in terms of the organisation of their working time the reform changed the length of the school day for students provided for more lessons in danish and mathematics earlier foreign language learning daily exercise and homework assistance while at school and sought to promote greater collaboration between teachers and staff at school,4
+the inclusion of ret deployment and rural electrification goals in poverty reduction strategy papers or national development plans can provide a good platform to achieve greater coherence in this respect political leadership and commitment are likely to be more forthcoming if electrification is indeed part of a development and incomegenerating package an interesting attempt is the senegalese cimesrr a mechanism created by senegal s rural electrification agency which aims at facilitating access to energy services in rural areas including by identifying possibilities of supporting or exploiting synergies with other sectors eg water education health telecommunications gender agriculture and the environment it makes a direct contribution to the identification of multisectoral energy programmes and hence for electrification for productive uses in addition since the pattern of energy consumption has major implications with regard to the benefits that can be derived from electrification consumer education must also be part of investment packages for instance after several years of an electrification programme with full subsidization of household pv systems it was observed that many households had sold their systems barnes and flalpern,7
+the p variant encompasses various measures including the adjustment of the philipsdam to enable the inlet of salt water measures to prevent salt intrusion the dismantlement of current fresh and salt water barriers within the krammer sluices and the bergsediep lock and the adjustment of the outlet sluice near bath other alternatives that were examined include the p alternative and the zout alternative with a salt inlet of respectively m s and m s one of the key decisions in the national structure vision is about a proposal to restore the tides in the lake with a tidal range of centimetres,6
+several rets have attained commercial maturity for the implementation of rural electrification projects and there is also a wealth of past experience as well as new experimentation of business models that could ensure the longterm sustainability of such projects that would allow service providers to conduct costbenefit comparisons of all options available and to choose the one that is the most economical suitable to local resources and adapted to the expected demand the analysis must also consider whether grid extension is a more appropriate electrification method for a given location the analysis of all parameters should be conducted free from constraints regarding a predetermined technology choice technology neutrality and should strive to utilize as much local content as possible with the aim of maximizing trade economic and investment benefits,7
+at the very least it would be prudent to ensure that the development phase of primary care patient registration systems include appropriate functionality to record risk registers for the major chronic diseases the development of a distinct primary care service that is provided in local communities will provide korea with its best chance to meet its medium and longer term chronic and multimorbidity health care needs for such a service to flourish and to provide effective care it is likely to be characterised by a system of local clinics that are led by family physicians and supported by properly trained practice nurses that seek to maintain contact with patients in supporting them with their health needs,3
+spain saw a slight increase from women in parliament in to in a year after the introduction in the general election regime law of compulsory requirement of balanced presence of women and men minimum per cent of each sex in candidate lists gender equality mechanisms within election management bodies electoral management bodies embs can play an instrumental role in promoting women s political participation as they oversee and organise the electoral process which includes candidate registration and voter outreach and education among others in fact none of the respondents indicated that their election bodies had appointed gender advisors or focal points included gender considerations in emb operational procedures or policies or emphasised gender balance in the composition of embs including among commissioners andor polling station officials,5
+the ministry of national economy mne is the lead coordinator overseeing physical and economic development and the cities of regional importance must also develop local programmes the city ptds can be approved by the maslikhats only one month after the approval of the oblast ptd in small towns and monotowns also acquired the opportunity to develop their comprehensive development plan komwiekchbiu man pa eumuacdp the cdp has not yet been integrated into the national economic planning system,11
+poor britain london allen and unwin policy implications of multidimensional poverty measurement in morocco in a minujin and s nandy eds global child poverty and wellbeing measurement concepts policy and action the eu and social inclusion facing the challenges the policy press bristol,1
+geospatial position reporting and electronic catch and activity reporting is expected to be introduced on all commercial fishing vessels starting on october video monitoring will be phasedin starting from october primary factors driving trawl innovation include reducing bycatch of undersized fish reducing the quantity of unwanted fish and enabling fishers to derive maximum benefit from their catch by improving catch quality existing commercial fishing regulations relating to use of trawl nets are prescriptive and there is currently no means for fishers to use alternative trawl gear,14
+one possible weak point is that there is a ceiling only on charges for the chronically ill widening this ceiling to the population at large would potentially reduce the risk of lowincome households particularly large ones from being dissuaded from accessing the healthcare system finally copayments for nhi services should not be the sole focus as direct payments linked to either shaban or commercial insurance may well also be significant for those households who spend a substantial share of their incomes on healthcare services one approach is to base eligibility on whether individuals or households receive the national insurance institute s nil s income support benefit or the income supplement in the case of pensioners however the eligibility criteria for this support are so stringent that a significant share of lowincome households does not receive these benefits clearly access to health care would be strengthened if access to them was itself widened as has been suggested in other oecd analysis oecd a b and b,3
+general systems are responsible for example for overseeing labour and employment conditions along with issues related to the work environment and labour relations in some cases they are also responsible for vocational training migration and social security in contrast specialized systems are targeted toward specific contents and are usually supervised by one or more central units between these two categories there are systems based on interdisciplinary teams in which a single inspector has the professional competencies needed to provide a multifunctional service in each local labour inspection service,8
+this can mean dependence on male breadwinners abandoned opportunities for paid work and exhaustion that extracts a physical and mental toll barriers are larger in some places than others and harder to resolve in some situations than others regardless the universal character of reproductive rights the international commitments to them and the interrelationships between fertility and development mean that remaining barriers must fall especially if we are to achieve the agenda for sustainable development public policies services and budgets need to be aligned so that every person and couple can realize their reproductive rights including the right to plan their families,5
+while many coal fired plants are able to fire gas or oil as well the modern gas turbines in gasfired combined cycle plants do not allow duel fuel capability both gas and oil however they may be adapted requiring additional system modifications like blade coating changes if the frequency of occurrence and the duration of problems is large enough to justify such investments generic plant design problems may make a power system vulnerable when the type of generation plants is not very diversified for instance in france two types of nuclear units form the majority of the production assets,7
+the policy suggestions should be to encourage further the relaxation of labour mobility policies and to push forward with complete urbanisation instead of setting up more regulations deterring labour migration accordingly and more importantly the government should focus on building up the social welfare system and through it eliminate the ruralurban gap in terms of provision of and access to social welfare instead of trying to redistribute through labour market interventions that is the large flows of the most productive population in the rural sector to the urban sector have brought about and will further lead to a relative fall in rural usual households income level whereas this chapter mainly focuses on the positive effects of labour migration in reducing income inequality the relative status change of those leftbehind is also a crucial challenge that policy makers have to face,10
+in bangladesh it is generally accepted that men will lead the important ministries so the women appointed to these posts must be experienced knowledgeable competent and capable to avoid negative perceptions among the people about the quality of womens participation further these women have impacted on the social implications of policies with respect to health services child care poverty alleviation dowry problems violence against women and girls and community development moreover when planning for city development the women take into consideration the physical environment of communities and the quality of life without excluding the art and culture of the various communities,5
+professor jansen noted that this is a principal who is not someone who gives up professor jansen called for a reality check and asked what does it mean to teach and learn in a system in which the best say that they cannot do this anymore how can people talk in profound terms about a scholarship of teaching when we are struggling to do very basic things there are between and schools in south africa struggling with issues of legacy that have not yet been addressed,4
+municipalities in the state of mexico provide services mostly themselves with the water commission of the state of mexico caem having responsibilities transferred by some smaller municipalities the caem coordinates action between municipalities and the federal government to improve water management water and sanitation services and it provides technical assistance and develops infrastructure in practice all bodies of water are administered centrally by conagua which provides major infrastructure and waterrelated permits,11
+in of pupils in primary school had a mother tongue other than german and around half of these pupils held austrian citizenship the major mother tongues other than german are bosnian croat serbian and turkish table but there is a significant performance advantage for pupils with both parents bom in austria pupils with neither parent born in austria perform well below international averages in mathematics and science,4
+the dimension of security of employment and social protection assesses the threats to employment security as well as the measures and safety nets that can offset possible risks that come with short or long spells of unemployment or being outside the labour force health problems and retirement the subdimension security of employment essentially refers to how likely a person is to lose his or her jobs it involves information on the degree of permanence and tenure of the work the status in employment and the formal or informal nature of employment,8
+however there is a growing number of countries that have made strides in this direction for example in ethiopia the africa climate change resilience alliance has developed a training programme for government and civil society organizations to mainstream drr and cca district drm committees headed by the chief district administrative officer brought together stakeholders to discuss and understand the potential threats hazards disasterprone areas and identification and mobilization of resources to implement drr options the discussions drew on information from ugandas damage and loss database that has years of historical data,11
+women who speak an indigenous language spend about half as many years in schooling as nonindigenous men across the total population indigenous women spent years on average in school compared to years of school for indigenous men years for nonindigenous women and years for nonindigenous men indigenous women are also the least likely to be in school between the ages of and were not enrolled in school in compared to of nonindigenous women,5
+israel s primary school system consists of students in schools at the end of their primary education students move on to the secondary education system which is divided into junior and senior high schools in enrolment in the secondary education comprised students in schools from grade those on a track to academicallyoriented studies were placed in grammar schools,4
+clan interests often take precedence over the interests of individual victims and families choose to reconcile through the customary system instead of seeking redress for victims this leads to women victims of rape being forced to marry the rapist following the ruling of male village elders applying customary practices ahrc add in ghana traditional authorities such as tribal chiefs in many rural areas rule over issues and disputes regarding land and property rights as well as matters involving supernatural interference including allegations of witchcraft in afghanistan sharia law customary law the formal secular legal system and international law exist in parallel,5
+support for this perspective is provided by such treaties and declarations as the international covenant on economic social and cultural rights the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women the habitat agenda and agenda the action plan adopted at the united nations conference on environment and development the centre on housing rights and evictions among others documents the extensive body of rights related to housing and the disproportionate vulnerability of children to violations of these rights in recent years practical programming aimed at fulfilling rights has been focused on the pursuit of the millennium development goals mdgs all of which have relevant implications for children in urban poverty micronutrient deficiencies can lead to anaemia birth defects and other disorders this is only a small percentage of those who live in slums worldwide the target does not address the continuing growth in the number of new slums and slum dwellers article refers to every child s right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health,3
+employment in the agricultural sector represents a particularly large share of women s jobs in morocco per cent and iraq per cent women in the agricultural sector typically work on a daily or seasonal basis for a very low pay in gcc countries public sector employment accounts for per cent of overall employment of national citizens and female employees comprise between and per cent of public employees in qatar kuwait and the united arab emirates per cent in egypt per cent in jordan and per cent in palestine women who work in the public sector are most commonly employed as administrative staff teachers and nurses one possible explanation for the extensive presence of women in this field is the emphasis on job stability relatively good salary and suitable working hours which allow them to balance their paid work with their family responsibilities these features make jobs in the public administration particularly attractive to the increasing cadre of educated women in the arab region though several countries have initiated reforms to downsize or limit the growth of the public sector,5
+for example at per cent rwanda has a much lower proportion of women in cabinet than in parliament per cent examples include kenya per cent in cabinet versus per cent in parliament sierra leone per cent in cabinet versus per cent in parliament and swaziland per cent in cabinet versus per cent in parliament rebecca kadaga currently serves as the first woman speaker in uganda,5
+in the case of the united kingdom climate change levy climate change agreements with industry were met well ahead of schedule possibly indicating that the agreements were not sufficiently ambitious however research has also indicated that the agreements generated additional emissions savings over and above those expected to result from the climate change levy alone due to increased awareness of energy efficiency and ghg emissions resulting from the agreements ekins and etheridge requirements of this nature can be considered a noregret option because apart from administrative costs they do not put a real burden on companies and indeed support companies in establishing a data information system on energy flows and ghg emissions increasing transparency on this basis it is much easier to identify concrete investment options for improving energy efficiency and the use of renewable energies,7
+it should be supported by welltrained staff and marketing professionals to help move beyond awareness raising and toward communication strategies that take into account consumers needs and existing knowledge attitudes and behaviours it successfully influenced the integration of water concepts in jordan s curriculum reform and contributed to increase the knowledge levels of jordanians on critical water issues research has shown evidence of residual effects of wepia five years later,6
+twothirds of the poor are also above the age of without china the group consists of mostly exsoviet union countries with more developed labour markets and a history of higher educational attainment as a result the poor are more likely to be in fulltime employment and almost all have secondary and even tertiary education without china the group also becomes more strongly dominated by women per cent with two thirds living in urban areas,1
+these indicators fall into two groups those based on surveys such as the percentage of adults supported at home who agree that their health and care services seemed to be well coordinated and those derived from routine data sources such as that rate of emergency admissions for adults these indicators are discussed in more detail in section given that most oecd health and social care systems are exploring how best to monitor personcentred integrated care scotland s experience with these indicators will be of international interest,3
+designing integrated and coherent policies will strengthen the resilience to climate hazards of the most vulnerable not only by addressing issues crucial to their livelihoods but also by taking advantage of potential cobenefits while avoiding unintended consequences and maladaptation the success of interventions aimed at building resilience depends on the participation of all stakeholders especially stakeholders representing those groups a broader participation can help policymakers identify development objectives and assess how to achieve them through building synergies and addressing the underlying causes of vulnerability policymakers must fully embed uncertainty into their longterm plans using iterative and adaptive processes this requires a more flexible policy process capable of incorporating the new information and emerging knowledge needed to scope assess implement and monitor policy interventions integration implies vastly different policyframeworks policies institutions and capacities,13
+but germany can address labour shortages comprehensively only if women s patterns of paid work move towards and eventually converge with men s in about of children to yearolds were living in a household with two parents slightly above the average for european oecd countries german children are however far more likely to be living with married parents than children in many other european oecd countries about of german children were living with two married parents in compared to less than in france and many of the northern european oecd countries estonia france iceland norway and sweden,5
+encouraging signs can be seen however in the hjarnkoll antistigma initiative as a study found that improvements have been measured between and for example opinions have improved visavis the public view of having a person with a mental illness as a neighbour and one for every two people initially expressing disfavour have changed their opinion the number of psychiatric beds per population has been cut in half during the past two decades decreasing from in to in increased funding for outpatient services can assist in explaining this decline,3
+the gini coefficients take into account labour earnings only the precise definition of labour earnings differs across countries see fournier and koske for details the value for the oecd is calculated as an unweighted average across all oecd countries for which data are available the analysis below uses household data from the oecd income distribution and poverty database the concentration coefficient of any earnings component is computed in the same way as the gini coefficient with the only difference being that households are not ranked by the value of the earnings hut rather by their equivalised disposable income the concentration coefficient tends to be lower than the gini because households with low equivalised disposable income might have high earnings,10
+this is especially true of young women migrants who have the double burden of employment and care work the case study on south korea s old age care reform in this volume section shows that a rightsbased community driven and individual focused intervention is possible which may hold lessons for other countries in the region while the region has done well in universalising education and health care it needs to do more in terms of the depth of its social protection framework in the future a significant portion of the island populations live in rural areas and rely heavily on natural resources for their livelihood particularly in melanesia where rural dwellers make up per cent of the population government of new zealand melanesia holds per cent of land in the pacific excluding new zealand and australia,1
+as part of a culture of improving health system transparency australia has created the myhospitals website that provides public and private hospitallevel data on a range of indicators ranging from emergency department waiting times to rates of infection measures of performance of primary care are published on the myhealthycommunities website which provides locallevel data on a range of primary care and population health perfonnance indicators the national health perfonnance authority nhpa is responsible for the analysis and content of these two websites with more than a quarter of people aged and over obese australia is the fifth most obese country in the oecd,3
+the exception to this is in asia where womens participation at this level aside from in sri lanka has been in notable deficit in the pacific solomon islands papua new guinea png and fiji islands also have lower rates of civil society participation by women this result in parts of asia and the pacific may be attributable to increasing government restrictions on civil society freedoms has been suggested elsewhere roth but is beyond the scope of this report to investigate several other commonwealth states in africa also achieve a per cent or more representation of women at this level including namibia south africa and rwanda,5
+it is however not informative about the educational opportunities available to today s youth it may therefore be complemented by a measure of educational expectancy which can be defined as the number of years of schooling that youth aged today may expect to undertake while aged to based on the current enrolment of people aged the threshold has been set at the compulsory school age in many oecd countries as the challenge is to extend education beyond that,4
+while there are variations among countries in protecting women s rights the overall trend in the region reveals that discrimination and violence against women are not diminishing which is often supported by references to religion and cultural background this trend is due to many factors including legal barriers lack of law enforcement economic and social crises of the countries and the rise in radical religious movements which call for reversal in achievements in women rights particularly in the family domain in particular countries that experienced political changes and revolutions in the past years have been witnessing a rise in religious discourse and backward trends which tend to threaten women s rights,5
+patients with severe chronic conditions may require visits to specialist thirdlevel services in this case transport costs may be prohibitive while this may be changing partly as a result of the npph most of the hightech medical centres are concentrated in the european part of the russian federation more precisely in moscow and saintpetersburg,3
+while considerable advances in water supply and sanitation have occurred in oecd countries pathogens can still enter water supply systems due to resistance to disinfection eg giardia cryptosporidium and enteric viruses treatment system deficiencies eg inadequate disinfection periodic treatment failures or distribution system contamination excessive rainfall and agriculture runoff was the cause of the contamination in europe significant outbreaks of waterborne pathogenic organisms have occurred in sweden widerstrom et al,6
+the responsibility to care for the ebolaorphaned children also falls on women toward the end of it was estimated that there were more than ebolaorphaned children in the three countries undp africa policy note a amartya sen introduced the concept of missing women by analysing the differences in the ratio of women to men,5
+introducing a more flexible repayment schedule which also offers a longer return on investment can have positive impacts on business investment and creation field et al based on such experience pioneer innovators can develop hybrid models that make the involvement of the private sector in public activities much more viable by offering business opportunities prahalad and hart have popularised the business case for socialvalue creation,9
+for schools with very few immigrant students municipalities could encourage them to cooperate and share dsl teacher resources through formalised networks international research indicates that while children develop communicative language skills relatively quickly it takes much longer for them to become proficient in the academic language used in school environments cummins this can be seen from the results of reading tests carried out by schools at the local level from then on the gap between natives and immigrant children often widens and becomes a barrier for success in the folkeskole and beyond,4
+the first attempts to modernize simply replaced the single huge engine with a huge electric motor changing little the driveshafts were replaced by wires the huge steam engine by dozens of small motors factories spread out there was natural light and room to use ceilingslung cranes workers had responsibility for their own machines they needed better training and better pay the electric motor was a wonderful invention once we changed all the everyday details that surrounded it,9
+in onethird of the countries children were more likely to be severely deprived than pensioners with the absolute difference of at least ppt these were mostly the countries with middling child deprivation rates ranging from in spain to in italy but also hungary with some of the highest child deprivation rates source eurostat last update seven countries now had at least one in three children severely deprived in five countries at least one in five children were severely deprived greece latvia hungary romania and bulgaria in onethird of the countries the share of deprived children exceeded that for the overall population by at least ppt with the biggest differential ppt observed in hungary and romania,1
+these contributions take in account the degree of diversity and supply origin of different energy carriers the efficiency of energy consumption by main the economic sectors and the state of the electricity generation infrastructure the values of weights determining the relative contribution of the demand infrastructure and supply branches are close to those used in the original sd model where they were adjusted to reflect the percieved vulnerability of the branches a higher weight indicates increased vulnerability as described below a maximal score refers to a country with low energy intensity developed electricity generation infrastructure perfectly diversified primary energy sources with the latter all domestically produced or imported from trustworthy sources on the contrary a score corresponds to a country with low energy efficiency an electricity capacity unable to satisfy the peak load and importing the totality of the energy carriers from unreliable sources,7
+based on reported data mortality from breast cancer in mexico is low at deaths per women compared to over oecdwide but mortality from cervical cancer is the highest in the oecd with deaths per women compared to the oecd average of deaths per women while a dramatic drop in mortality from cervical cancer in mexico between and is observable the mortality rate fell from deaths per women the low rates of cervical screening suggest that there is still real room for improvement life expectancy grew by barely one year between and such that the gap in longevity between mexico and other oecd countries is now higher today than it was a decade ago health and prosperity continue to be unequally distributed with people in southern states women children and indigenous groups suffering from noticeably poorer outcomes,3
+the data included walking steps weight blood pressure body mass index visceral fat percentage muscle rate body fat percentage and the hbalc hdlc and ldlc levels the first measurement was conducted in february followed by a second measurement in august the results showed that the number of participants with all four chronic diseases decreased from six persons to one person demonstrating an improvement rate of per cent,3
+recent government announcements signal the intention to provide dental care in some primary care settings in practice more than of the population is exempted from any costsharing in publicly provided service direct payments take place for those services not covered under the benefits package including dental care and specialist consultations in private ambulatory care,3
+in theory a teacher with permanent status can be dismissed for example as a result of a disciplinary measure or if they have received two consecutive insufficient evaluations in practice however dismissing a permanent teacher can prove difficult and rarely occurs the teaching career does not provide for distinct stages associated with competency levels or given roles and responsibilities in schools,4
+tajikistan demograpliic and health survey access to improved drinking water is also uneven in the regions and varies from per cent in gornobadakhshan autonomous oblast and per cent in khatlon oblast to per cent in dushanbe this leaves about per cent of the population without appropriate water treatment,6
+just as in the case of concessioned buses no fare adjustments are conducted regularly and when increases happen these are quite significant and are not expected by the population this has increased political pressure to keep tariffs low as social protest arises each time a substantial increment is implemented a december survey of underground users showed that of respondents agreed with a fare increase from mxn to mxn if the government could guarantee a decrease in crowding waiting times delays in service as well as improvement of trip conditions such as air conditioning and improved safety mitofsky this fare increase was implemented in however public faith in its ability to realise the promised improvement has been dented by major events such as the need to stop operations of the newly constructed line due to the acquisition of unsuitable trains and the collision of two trains in may el economista in the case of the underground the gap between real and actual fares meant a loss of almost mxn million in revenues in,11
+this pattern is also confirmed by the oecd social institutions and gender index sigi database which shows that discriminatory social institutions are linked to higher inequality in unpaid work between men and women across the world oecd a by recording workers activities throughout the day these surveys provide a precise estimate of the time devoted to paid work unpaid work including housework leisure and personal care rather than simply classifying workers on the basis of their main activity typically obtained from labour force data these data provide a portrait of how time use is distributed across different activities as the collection of this type of data is particularly onerous timeuse surveys are not conducted regularly and they are especially rare in emerging economies,5
+even when countries are eager to transfer practices and arrangements used elsewhere they may lack the means to do so effectively this is because countries history institutional cultures and dynamics patterns of relations and trust in networks and communities among others provide specific contexts that it is impossible and often undesirable to reproduce elsewhere yet these contextual factors often explain the success or lack thereof of policy interventions,9
+identifying the year in which the investment occurs is necessary because the costs of renewable electricity decrease over time and so does the associated subsidy therefore a vintage investment model is needed due to population increase over time this translates into an increasing physical investment schedule over time whose slope differs among countries according to the rate of population growth,7
+these may include changes in the scale of the economy in consumption patterns and in economic structure including the extent to which demand is satisfied by domestic production or by imports other mechanisms in the causal chain include the adoption of cleaner technology the use of higher quality inputs and the post facto clean up of pollution and treatment of waste,12
+noting that local demand beyond basic food needs was limited and that only exports would allow zambia to raise the incomes of its rural population matep aimed at enhancing the competitiveness of small and mediumscale agriculture and natural products producers and processors under zambia s country strategic plan the project sought to achieve a raise in exports from a usd million baseline to a usd million target by providing better access to markets production technologies finance and business development services bds and through initiatives to improve the enabling environment and reduce barriers to trade and investment within this framework a finance component was established in the form of a usd million investment fund managed by the zambia agribusiness technical assistance centre zatac in order to provide credit for small and mediumsized enterprises and ultimately help those enterprises access formal sector credit the mediumterm facility was designed to promote increased access to commercial financial markets for matep clients by transferring both the loan and the risk to commercial lending institutions such as commercial banks within the tenure period of the loan,2
+these policy instruments are likely to put upward pressure on fossil fuelbased energy consumption resulting in an important impact on operating costs of energyintensive mining activities there is evidence that stigmatisation of fossil fuel companies triggered by public divestment campaigns may increase business uncertainty and have a permanent negative impact on their valuation ansar et al this coupled with the mining industry s competition for scarce energy resources with local communities may pose a significant social risk to the future smooth development of the industry,7
+while the numbers are higher in south asia the depth of poverty is greater in subsaharan africa addressing chronic poverty is part of tackling poverty as a whole but it must be approached differently studies of poverty dynamics provide information about how and why people become poor remain poor or escape poverty baulch people may escape poverty or fall into poverty either temporarily or permanently,1
+in this way we can advance the science of teaching for all puiposes beyond clarity in research and evaluation however it may be best to steer clear of dichotomising labels in actual teaching teachers find they need to bring these different pedagogies back together to meet the multiple dimensions of learning,4
+the parliament went on to resolve to draw up an action plan for mental health following the publication of an expected white paper on the state of mental health and mental health services in norway a government white paper openness and comprehensiveness mental disorders and service provision norwegian ministry of health and care services followed and set out significant weaknesses and gaps in the mental health system the escalation plan added a large number of psychologists to the mental health workforce see box,3
+a successful example is that of chile solidario see box where households receive psychosocial support emphasizing the importance of health access for the physical and cognitive development of their children families accepted for chile solidario work initially with a social worker in order to assess their conditions grouped in seven main domains and to agree upon an action plan including specific measures to escape poverty which formally become the conditionality of the programme the difference is around percentage points and is statistically significant when considering both groups of children under and under years old martorano and sanfilippo most of the beneficiaries about per cent however are children given that schools are encouraged to put pressure on pupils parents to obtain health insurance for them,1
+but research evidence clearly points to the importance of ensuring professional learning opportunities are sustainable darlinghammond et al this is endorsed in the professional lear ning community and other related literature rosenholtz louis kruse et al stoll et al strong performing education systems like those of singapore and japan have institutionalised this good practice and have put the majority of professional development resources as close as possible to the point of use in singapore for example teachers are entitled to hours of professional development each year the majority of professional development is provided on site in the schools where teachers work and is directed at the specific goals and problems teachers and school leaders are addressing in those schools,4
+armenia kazakhstan and pakistan recorded the smallest decline in absolute poverty but while absolute poverty in armenia and kazakhstan is low compared to other countries the poverty rate in pakistan remains very high the share of undernourishment is generally correlated with the share of the population living under the usd poverty line figure but in sri lanka and tajikistan the prevalence of undernourishment is well above what one would expect given absolute poverty rates levels of undernourishment are also very high in lao pdr cambodia india pakistan and nepal particularly in the aforementioned countries there may be space for social policies with a greater focus on food security,1
+some institutions also track changes in forest fragmentation ecologically important forest loss species richness and the proportion of terrestrial and marine area protected by climaterelated interventions eg idb cif and af la nevertheless improved local air quality is an important broader impact of certain mitigation actions and programmes eg climate and clean air coalition the availability of such data could also help to support a case for scaledup mitigation actions domestically for example by enabling researchers to better assess the benefits of mitigation actions in addition to costs to capture these important relationships several institutions track output and outcome indicators relevant to transportation and energy access eg the number of expected beneficiaries of a project,13
+in helsinki there is a large potential for electrification to deliver benefits due to the small fleet increases that would be necessary along with the relative infrequency with which range becomes a mobility constraint cost savings become less significant with smaller fleets due to the necessity of recovering the additional investment costs this is generally found to yield significant reductions in mobility costs on the order of for shared taxi and taxibus costs per kilometre,11
+a range of different entities including communities individuals businesses and nonprofit organisations can apply for cwsrf funding for eligible projects funding may be in the form of grants or loans at belowmarket interest rates with repayment terms of up to years or as a combination of the two the funds target small and disadvantaged communities the drinking water state revolving fund dwsrf was established in to finance water supply projects its structure and processes mirror those of the cwsrf program when loan recipients make repayments to the state program the funding is revolved and made available for further projects,6
+as a result in asia and the pacific regional warning mechanisms have been set up especially for tsunamis and tropical cyclones with linkages to global networks and there is a general trend towards strengthened regional and southsouth cooperation combined with the construction of shelters and other structural measures this has made a major difference box iiil as part of the overall national strategy on disaster risk reduction there has been a strong focus on strengthening the early warning system down to the local level,13
+it introduced new schemes to facilitate debttoequity swaps and other forms of loan restructuring importantly its new bankruptcy code has provided a resolution framework that will help corporates to clean up their balance sheets and reduce their debts the government also announced in late a large recapitalization package equivalent to about per cent of gdr to strengthen the balance sheets of public sector banks,8
+however the installation of these additional electricity meters and transitioning from the existing electricity billing system to a modem multifunctional billing system faced some delays about per cent of the country s population lives in remote mountainous offgrid areas in valleys with small rivers and streams where offgrid renewable energy solutions make more economic sense to date no comprehensive study has been carried out to assess the potential of res in the country the strongest winds are observed in mountainous areas where the landscape produces the country s maximum wind speed and flows as well as in sughd oblast and the rasht valley,7
+through ee improvements developing countries can reduce their dependence on fossil fuel imports reduce environmental impacts enhance competitiveness and provide their populations with increased access to energy while reducing the need for new investment in energy infrastructure however the average annual rate of ee improvements will have to accelerate significantly compared with recent trends many observers have argued that the economic downturn provides an opportunity for governments to help create a basis for lowcarbon future growth,7
+it was implemented by the education law mineduc a see box the new system responds to many oecd recommendations which is a positive development it aims to build on previous initiatives developed and implemented over the last ten years to provide teachers with an integrated vision for the teaching profession in chile,4
+analysis of such data shows that inwork poor owe their status not only to labour market conditions for example unemployment unstable jobs or low wages but also to household circumstances for example lone parents where women represent a majority or sole earners with children are more vulnerable however in general women in european countries have a comparable or lower risk of inwork poverty than men even if women are more likely to occupy unstable and lower paid jobs,1
+however if not sustainably managed fishing can damage fish habitats reduce biodiversity and impair the functioning of ecosystems with negative repercussions for sustainable social and economic development to achieve a healthy balance fish stocks must be maintained within biologically sustainable limits at or above the abundance level that can produce the maximum sustainable yield based on an analysis of assessed stocks the proportion of world marine fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels declined from per cent in to per cent in and appears to have stabilized over the last few years,14
+it covers all classroom teachers in municipal schools as well as those in schools with delegated administration who have at least one year of professional practice teachers are assessed every four years unless their previous evaluation identified poor performance in which case they are evaluated more often see below the evaluation refers to performance in the specific year in which the evaluation occurs,4
+the most common causes include contaminated poultry products and poor hygiene during food handling and manufacturing launching of the national salmonella control programme is underway and will enable albania to build capacity for managing public health risks at the humananimal interface as already noted though incidence rates are decreasing they remain high by order of magnitude as compared with the eu and ceec averages,3
+this is because in africa and other developing country regions the vast bulk of food is produced and consumed locally a lesson from the recent food crisis is that as food import prices rise and global stocks drop the need to improve local production becomes more acute desertification is estimated to put the food security of one billion poor people at risk particularly in dryland areas of asia and subsaharan africa while the explosive transfer of population from rural to urban settings can weaken the productive capacity of vulnerable agricultural sectors experience suggests such trends can be slowed and even reversed by well designed policy interventions to improve the attractiveness of agriculture and rural livelihoods,2
+worse still many private sector employers prefer to hire foreign workers because they can be dismissed more easily some employers also believe rightly or wrongly that national workers are more expensive less productive enjoy a personal safety net that they would resign if employment conditions were not exactly right and that they always aspire to move into the public sector which offers better pay and conditions however the underlying problems remain they not only limit labour productivity in the gcc but also reduce employmentcreating capacity in these countries,8
+this demands more knowledge exchange and genderrelated discussions and should be undertaken in conjunction with a more practical approach to gender needs for example by providing educational spaces and practical tools to enable women to access education this can lead to longterm strategic changes in education this perspective can be especially useful in the context of developing countries moser,5
+this is not an easy task when class size varies greatly due to the existence of rural or remote schools difficulties also emerge in the consideration of students and schools needs in the formula eg curriculum requirements school equipment students learning pace a balance needs to be struck between a simple formula which might fail to capture everything and a sophisticated formula which might be difficult to understand and adjustment might result in unexpected and unwelcomed results,4
+kazakhstan has made important strides in institutionalizing its gender machinery which is led by the national commission on womens affairs family and demographic policy many mechanisms both at the central and at the local levels are already established and kazakhstan must be applauded for these accomplishments yet further steps are needed to clarify roles and responsibilities of different governmental stakeholders and strengthening the capacities and resources of all government agencies and actors namely the secretariat of the national commission on women s affairs family and demographic policy in gendersensitive policy making implementing and monitoring this chapter assesses the overall institutional framework institutions mandates the allocation of resources institutional capacity and accountability mechanisms for furthering gender equality in kazakhstan,5
+this may be seen as a positive factor in encouraging urban administrators to be ambitious on behalf of their cities and the provinces they serve but it also carries certain disadvantages for example as the scoring system emphasises infrastructure development and population growth local infrastructure development is prioritised above adherence to the adjustment of orientation master plan to develop viet nam s urban system until with a vision to aomp and other urban strategies which place a stronger focus on sustainability emphasis on population growth has resulted in municipalities expanding their existing administrative boundaries in order to catch neighbouring rural areas and convert them to urban land so as to add to their population figures,11
+the national pact for water management is a good and timely tool for achieving this goal chapter those inconsistencies result from the fact that the ana is responsible for those criteria in the main channel of a river of the federal domain but the states are responsible for the criteria in the tributaries of that same river if those tributaries are in the state dominion changing these prerogatives would require constitutional change political negotiations and tradeoffs,6
+it requires conducting a costbenefit analysis at local regional national and international levels to determine how current water information and data are collected and used by policy makers and the costs and benefits of collecting analysing and communicating this information increased efforts are needed to communicate messages from the reporting and analysis of water data to policy advisors and the wider public that also implies assessing institutional obstacles and opportunities by identifying areas of institutional overlap and synergies in water data collection mobilising local stakeholders when designing water information systems fostering coordination between data producers and users and encouraging multidisciplinary approaches,6
+in many respects quality is at the heart of the welsh health system this chapter describes wales alreadyrich health care quality architecture the ambition for an excellent patientcentred health system promoting quality access and equity is clearly there in wales but now tangible practical steps are needed to make the necessary changes this chapter makes a series of recommendations to support wales in strengthening quality assurance and quality improvement,3
+school choice can further increase inequities if mechanisms are not in place to lessen the negative effects czech students who struggle in school are often streamed into special schools with reduced curricula streaming students based on academic ability and early tracking can negatively impact their educational outcomes if education pathways do not provide high curricular standards and opportunities to transfer between tracks,4
+furthermore ict enables farmers to enter new markets and gain access to digital services such as credit or crop failure insurance or to consult the latest weather report all of this makes their agricultural activities both more productive boosting marketing prospects for producers and traders and more secure agricultural market information services can also be effective at the policy level enabling the tracking of commodity prices and supplies and ensuring greater transparency giz,9
+many of the existing sharing agreements seem to be quite resilient to these variations even if no formal allowance is made for this the sharing of the north sea stocks between norway and the eu is based on an investigation carried out in the early s and has withstood the test of time with the exception of the north sea herring already discussed but both the north sea herring example and the north pacific salmon runs indicate that if changes in fish migrations are too dramatic and long lasting agreements on stock sharing will indeed come under pressure the example in the previous section about a stock migrating out of country a s area into country b s area is perhaps particularly pertinent to stocks straddling into the high seas with the latter replacing country b s eez in this context,14
+they should be read in connection with other indicators in particular with indicators on the sustainable use of biodiversity as a resource eg forest resources fish resources and on habitat alteration it should further be complemented with information on the density of population and economic activities the number of species known or assessed does not always accurately reflect the number of species in existence and the definitions that should follow iucn standards are applied with varying degrees of rigour in countries,15
+the public should be informed of the findings for example the likelihood of a patient in a lowincome country receiving one or more medicines for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease is only per cent compared to per cent in an uppermiddleincome country the high price of some noncommunicable disease medicines together with the growing burden of noncommunicable diseases could make offering universal health coverage in some countries less effective less sustainable or otherwise financially unviable,3
+figure shows that there is in fact a positive correlation between agricultural revenue and all principal variable costs in the sample farms the positive correlation is particularly evident with respect to the total farm expenditure which includes all working expenses and depreciation this suggests that there is an apparent transmission of changes in production costs to agricultural revenues in livestock farming with stabilising effect on farm incomes however this is not confirmed by the farm data,2
+labour market regulations are seen by many as detrimental to job creation growth and innovation it is argued that employment protection legislation in developing countries tends to reduce the creation of formal sector salaried jobs encourage the growth of the informal sector and thus slow investment and growth therefore reform of labour market institutions is needed to increase labour market flexibility to provide incentives for job creation pressure to make labour markets more flexible has been reinforced by the transfer of production and jobs to emerging economies especially in asia,8
+the first is a content issue the failure to adequately acknowledge or address women s unpaid work and the third is an issue of application and remedy the extent to which the treaty bodies are applying substantive equality to require levelling up in situations where gender inequality is present so as to achieve more transformative outcomes while the preamble to cedaw talks about the sharing of responsibility between men and women and society as a whole this is not operationalized in the body of the convention other than in the reference to support for parents in the workplace,5
+even under the lei das cotas of free places at public institutions will be taken up by welloff students many of whom could afford to pay for their university education the international evidence suggests that the introduction of fees does not reduce participation as long as it accompanied by a decent student support system which already exists in brazil under the guise of prouni and fies although they should then be extended to students attending public institutions as well alternatively andrade has argued that a targeted voucher system would increase the efficiency of the brazilian higher education system as compared with the current system,4
+priority areas for action f multiple crises and other emerging challenges of the istanbul programme of action ipoa in section f climate change is examined along with environmental sustainability economic shocks and disaster risk reduction the monitoring of the recommendations in this section on climate change is fairly complex since the actions do not refer to monitoring indicators either measurable or observable in order to monitor these actions we propose first to identify through an indicator of physical vulnerability to climate change the level and type of vulnerability to climate change of the least developed countries ldcs,13
+the annual increase in forest area was highest for viet nam among the gms countries primary forest hasvirtually disappeared in viet nam except in protected areas or wellconserved forests while in cambodia it is extremely low and in lao pdr it is rapidly decreasing while fra data suggest that the primary forest area is constant in myanmar and thailand it is important to note that thailand assumes that all forests inside national parks are primary,15
+as a result the overall share of generics in pharmaceutical use in france remained around one third in despite a substitution rate close to within authorised classes of drugs panel b adopting a broader list of drugs for which generics may substitute and more generally allowing greater use of generics would be helpful cour des comptes c indeed the authorities plan a limited expansion of the list of dings that generics may substitute ministere des affaires sociales de la sante et des droits des femmes share in the reimbursed pharmaceutical market,3
+of the remainder some percent of finance from dedicated climate funds has been targeted at latin america and the caribbean reflecting the significant opportunities seen for reducing emissions in the forest sector in that region adaptation funding has concentrated on subsaharan africa the region likely to be most impacted by climate change with percent of approved dedicated climate finance for the period bilateral donors have also allocated almost half of their adaptationtagged finance to subsaharan africa that focus is most pronounced for the forestry sector where percent of bilateral and percent of dedicated multilateral finance supports policy and administrative management in particular for redd readiness which assists governments in developing national redd plans and strategies,13
+the paris agreement recognises that significant capacity development will be needed through and beyond to implement the current and future transparency framework for this reason the paris agreement explicitly requests the global environment facility to establish a capacitybuilding initiative for transparency many developing countries may have submitted only one bur and undergone only one international consultation and analysis process by limiting the experience developing countries can draw on by the time the paris agreement comes into effect streamlining reporting and review guidelines eg for national communications and biennial reports could facilitate the technical review of reports unfccc c,13
+the guide also has sections devoted to considerations of genderimpact assessments in public spending and the implications of the lack of genderdisaggregated data clearly explaining such concepts and stating a valid case for their application is important for raising public awareness and provides public servants with instructions and a reference document in response to their frequently asked questions while genderresponsive budgeting is compulsory by law the tools needed to smartly implement it and broader gender mainstreaming are not yet unless there is a legal mandate to conduct gender impact assessments in grb and policy formulation and to collect genderdisaggregated data these tools are typically underutilised or overlooked,5
+the social mix principle tries to promote a rational distribution of urban public resources and provides adequate housing for different revenue groups through city planning regulations ensuring social equity and promoting economic efficiency an affordable and accommodating city is a core feature of a sustainable city for example vietnamese cities are struggling for the provision of open space in dense innercity centres in hanoi between and the area devoted to parks and public gardens per capita went from m to m healthbridge,11
+in other words students were learning in months what other students were taking a year to learn these are therefore rather substantial increases in educational productivity especially if they can be scaled across an entire national system for example finding that differentiated feedback has more impact on directing future student learning than on grades may show nothing more than that systems generally do more effectively those things they are designed to do than those things they are not designed to do,4
+in kenya elephants are fitted with satellite tracking collars enabling researchers and conservationists alike to monitor individual elephant movements and chart habitat and landscape connectivity the collars have also reduced incidences of humanwildlife conflict by alerting rangers when the elephants leave protected areas and stray close to nearby farms however these technologies carry important caveats,15
+in this respect improving effectiveness may require coordinated and complementary efforts from all stakeholder groups recognising too that there may be effectiveness tradeoffs between the urgency to scaleup climate finance in the near term and the need to build country capacity and readiness establishing domestic policy institutional and accountability frameworks for climate finance takes time and needs to be countryled in the meantime bringing different communities and sectors together to share lessons learned and to build a consensus on how to strengthen domestic institutions for managing climate finance and how to improve the international architecture of climate finance will be a key step towards the effective allocation and delivery of resources,13
+the fragmentation of education governance makes it difficult for subsystems to share resources and also hinders the smooth shift of resources from one subsystem to the other when needed under such a governance structure holistic wholesystem change is difficult to implement ambiguity in education leadership together with accountability for education results not well targeted prevents any major reform in uruguay s education system only small and incremental change is feasible under the current governance arrangements,4
+besides it is tempting on the part of central government to substitute ex ante control of water services with performance indicators this can lead to retaining control of how subnational authorities implement water policy as they will probably make choices and decisions that allow them to perform well within the parameters of the indicator system at the expense of other elements there is no optimal design for an indicatorbased performance measurement system in the water sector its development should be a collaborative effort between the national and subnational level and the information it yields ought to cover inputs processes and outputs that are relevant for ongoing activities to use such information optimally clear objectives for the data need to be established and proper indicators selected,6
+however highgrowth fields such as science technology and engineering remain male dominated gender wage gaps persist and women are underrepresented in corporate leadership affordable childcare and familyfriendly policies that include paid paternal leave are needed to address womens time constraints,5
+government schemes like the rural employment opportunities for productive assets as well as nongovernmental programmes such as brac s challenging the frontiers of poverty reduction cfpr and the chars livelihood programme box have shown how social protection instruments can give the boost households need to escape the poverty trap nearannual monsoon floods deposit fertile silt that supports the agriculture on which the majority of residents depend the floods and associated erosion however can also leave families homeless and contribute to disease and lack of employment they often force char dwellers to migrate rendering them even more vulnerable it is estimated that char households relocate between five and seven times each generation,1
+chile s schools should recruit highly qualified graduates offer continuing professional development and ensure career advancement as well as attractive working conditions and salaries schleicher these issues have included the important role of school leadership the initial preparation and professional development of teachers and opportunities for improvement through teacher evaluation and assessment the oecd review of chilean education and other oecd work on the quality of teacher education and teaching practice in chile carried out since then have studied teacher evaluation teacher careers and more recently the effective use of school resources in chile both the review and recent oecd work have found that chile has taken significant action and made significant progress in reforming the education system oecd santiago et al the oecd recognises that chile s teacher workforce as in other countries is highly differentiated this means that teachers have different roles and different pay according to where they teach and the demands placed on them,4
+the united kingdom s care quality commission see section offers a model to consider arrangements in italy are a model of particular interest there the national observatory on good practices for patient safety has been established that identifies transferable learning from adverse events in hospitals and clinics and organises workshops and materials to share good practices the observatory has been very effective by raising awareness among health care professionals and nurturing a culture of change across the whole country oecd c,3
+the waiver which will last initially for years from the date of adoption releases wto members from their legal obligation to provide nondiscriminatory treatment to all trading partners general agreement on trade in services gats article ii when granting trade preferences to ldcs it effectively operates as a new ldcspecific enabling clause for trade in services as such the waiver is meant to promote ldcs service trade in sectors and modes of supply that are of particular export interest to them more favourable treatment with respect to other measures such as those relating to national treatment domestic regulations defined in article vi and other obligations under the gats requires prior approval by the wto council on trade in services wto,10
+households have different numbers of children at potentially different stages of schooling many poor households also engage in strenuous manual labour which requires the expenditure of more energy than is generated by the diets on the basis of which the average poverty line is constructed health expenses are increasingly coming to be recognized as a common cause of families falling into poverty,1
+as consistency is one of the aims of the paris agreement transparency framework current review practices and guidelines may need to be revised in order for technical expert reviews under the paris agreement to assess progress in this area corresponding figures for the technical review of annex ii countries second biennial reports were that countries reported complete or mostly complete information on climate support and countries reported information on climate support that was transparent or mostly transparent thus several countries are still struggling to ensure full transparency of information communicated on climate support unfccc,13
+source oecd income distribution database for example over the period the proportion of lowincome canadians is halved after one year and only of them lived in lowincome for up to years based on the lowincome cutoffs lico after tax government of canada ij however poverty is often assessed by measuring the number of canadians with lowincomes,1
+thus these different estimates make it challenging to establish an aggregate overview of climate finance provided and mobilised in the unfccc context however in order to enable and enhance clarity and transparency in reporting on climate finance flows support and effect thereof it is important to encourage information sharing from a relevant and verified sources including those outside the unfccc context for systems still under development eg tossd it is too soon to assess whether they will be able to identify climate finance or finance that has been mobilised by developed countries,13
+with a total length of km it discharges into the orontes river at the confluence with the afrin river north of antakya see overview map the annual flow volume of the karasu is approximately mcmyr precipitation in the basin ranges from around mmyr the mean annual rainfall at aleppo syria is mm to around mmyr with highs in december and january and lows in june and july figure,6
+however the issues associated with externalities did not disappear one particularly stark example is provided by the world health organization who whose research indicates that globally every year three million deaths are caused by ambient air pollution and by particulate matter released mainly through the burning of coal or biomass add to this the impact of household air pollution much of which could be avoided by the provision of clean electricity and the number of deaths per year rises to over seven million,7
+in addition the same new provision a stipulates that anyone who makes a primary or secondary school girl pregnant is liable to thirty years imprisonment there are significant challenges relating to legal pluralism and contradictions in different statutory laws which need to be addressed in order to prevent cefm as already mentioned tanzania recognises three types of laws which govern marriages applying different types of laws to marriages allows for promotion of certain practices which may drive early and forced marriages disharmony in the country s laws has also given rise to various legal contradictions the constitution of the republic of uganda stipulates the age at which one can enter into marriage which is at years,5
+the surveys generally contain observations on households with incomes close to zero which in addition to households that have scarce resources also include those who did not respond to income questions or misreported extremely low values given that the income declared in the survey is scaled up under the simulation the presence of observations with income equal or very close to zero can affect the results significantly on the one hand three countries in the region argentina chile and uruguay already have extreme poverty levels below and costa rica and peru would need less than growth per year without distributive change,1
+it should be noted that a work opportunity is a shortterm job ie these figures have not been converted to fulltime equivalents as shown in table in the epwp wage bill was less than r billion which should be seen in comparison to the unemployment insurance fund that paid out r billion that year or the value of social assistance grants which was r billion that same year national treasury poverty reduction addressing unemployment skills development and service delivery are stated objectives of the epwp although various documents and stakeholders articulate and emphasize these differently in the epwp foundation documents there is no explicit mention of social protection rather it is projected that providing temporary employment and training will lead on to further gainful economic activities,10
+when the definition developed by ravallion and chen is used then growth was propoor in all the periods that were studied as measured both by the poverty and the extreme poverty headcount indices this result can be attributed to the economic stability seen during those years the real increase in the minimum wage and the implementation of direct income transfer policies franga kakwani neri and son the results also indicate that these policies are more effective in reducing the extreme poverty headcount than the poverty headcount because since the extreme poverty line is lower than the poverty line it is more sensitive to policy measures,1
+for that reason some publications may not necessarily reflect unicef policies or approaches on some topics the views expressed are those of the authors andor editors and are published in order to stimulate further dialogue on child rights core funding is provided by the government of italy while financial support for specific projects is also provided by other governments international institutions and private sources including unicef national committees the financial crisis triggered the first contraction of the world economy in the postwar era this paper investigates the effect of the economic crisis on child poverty and material deprivation across the eu plus iceland norway and switzerland,1
+while any remaining gap has disappeared in education swiss women are overwhelmingly working parttime in classical female occupations and are significantly underrepresented as managers board members and entrepreneurs controlling for observable differences the wage gap has fallen steadily albeit slowly as women s wages have increased faster than men s in all but one of the last five decades the net wage gap now sits at about in favour of men which to some extent may be attributed to gender discrimination,5
+tying the receipt of transfers to mothers childrearing performance reinforces the idea that childrens wellbeing is a female responsibility and does nothing to encourage mens involvement in parenting if in practice conditionalities have no or little bearing on child development government budgets might be better used to invest in more and better schools and primary health care centres recent experiences in brazil and egypt for example show that the active involvement of womens rights advocates can be a catalyst for transformation in both cases cash transfers were explicitly designed with womens rights in mind tackling the limitations of existing schemes see also box unlike bolsa familia see table however it supports womens economic empowerment headon by training them to take up nontraditional jobs in the growing construction industry in the region drawing on an understanding of some of shortcomings of conventional conditional cash transfer programmes the aineisira pilot aimed to contest traditional gender dynamics that emphasize womens roles as mothers and ignore their productive roles and agency,5
+the preschool teacher the gradeone teacher and any involved specialist eg school psychologist meet to discuss school entrants in terms of their skills peer relations and preferences in norway sharing child development information across sectors is well established at the local level parents play an important role in this exchange process they can decide what information is transferred and they have to give their consent before the kindergarten can provide the information to the school,4
+moreover where biodiversity offsets take a long time to mature structuring reward purely on the delivery of biodiversity outcomes can affect the willingness of landowners to create offsets in the first place salzman and ruhl the mrv provisions used in practice frequently rely on the use of supplier selfassessments and independent thirdparty verification though reporting may also be undertaken through public notification table the biobanking scheme in new south wales australia and the compensatory wetlands mitigation and conservation banking schemes in the united states conversely all require offset suppliers to selfmonitor offset progression against agreed performance standards and to submit selfmonitoring reports to regulators at periodic intervals nsw oeh dod and epa usfws,15
+in most contracts the goal is to reach is four to five patients per hour whilst also complying with specified quality standards in the national health survey of for example of the population reported obtaining health services from the private sector at least once a year regardless of their coverage under the ccss in of the respondents stated that they preferred private health care providers gutierrez,3
+even more is produced during primary and secondary wood processing all these byproducts can be used as biofuel to replace more polluting fossil fuels thus creating a more environmentally friendly energy alternative the co emitted during direct combustion of sustainably produced biofuel is largely balanced by co uptake in renewing forests macqueen et al sathre oconnor many studies indicate that the recovery and combustion of the biomass byproducts associated with the lifecycle of woodbased products is the single most significant contributor to the lifecycle ghg benefits of woodbased product use gustavsson et al sathre oconnor,7
+reducing the teaching load for those involved in strategic entrepreneurship activities such as entrepreneurship ambassadors and mentors should be considered governments at different levels wishing to see strong move towards entrepreneurship need to ensure adequate incentive and accountability schemes that can mobilise higher education institutions the tasks of the resource centre could be to produce innovative and pertinent teaching material case studies videos games course contents syllabi etc,4
+women s work both paid and unpaid is critical for the survival and security of the family and important route through which families escape from poverty it is also critical to women s empowerment expansion of national policies and programs to provide support for care of children people with disabilities and the elderly is an important intervention to enable women and men to participate equally in paid employment and women and family empowerment as well as reinforcing the role of the men in the family life to allow conciliation between professional and family responsibilities participation in national parliaments and local governmental bodies equality of opportunity in politics is a human right,5
+following irans exploitation and diversion of shared rivers without prior notification eg on the karkheh river the two states decided to form a joint technical committee in order to address issues of mutual concern iraqs ministry of water resources reports that this committee holds regular meetings and organizes technical exchange visits it can be assumed that the periodic trilateral meetings on water issues and other matters have been put on hold a crucial issue for iraqiturkish relations on the tigris river will be the completion of the llisu dam and reservoir as it is likely to impact overall discharge and flow regime of the river significantly especially in downstream iraq,6
+subsistence farmers may find themselves unable to share in the marketbased growth for lack of skill and labour which would suggest that aid interventions upgrading skills through better extension services could greatly improve market participation and commercialisation by smallholders ngo confirms the importance of literacy and numeracy skills as preconditions for agricultural growth calculating the effect of educational attainment on rice productivity in vietnam the author finds that the returns to literacy and to holding upper secondary diplomas on rice yields are and respectively,2
+many countries also develop overarching plans with a five year interval it is of key importance to integrate scp into such strategic economic planning not only in chapters dealing with environmental protection as such but also in chapters related to major economic development this involves therefore a very complex agenda of reorienting economic systems consumer preferences and producer behaviours,12
+examples of such initiatives are the cst initiative box the lake chad sustainable development support program prodebalt appendix b and the ggwssi box the cst initiative includes management of ecosystems and ecosystem services as well as equitable use of natural resources and agrobiodiversity while prodebalt aims to restore the productivity of the lake chads ecosystems catie nd working across forestry and agriculture ensures that ecosystem functions are taken into account and that practices related to protection restoration and management of biodiversity and ecosystem services and processes are taken into account munang et al however in relation to agriculture eba is the implementation of agricultural management practices that use biodiversity ecosystem services or ecological processes at field farm or landscape level to build robust food systems and reduce and adapt to the impacts of climate change and climate variability vignola etal,13
+there also tends to be wide differences in the type of alcohol consumed the most frequently consumed is beer followed by spirits which is consumed by of men and of women twelve percent of men and five percent of women drink homemade alcohol cefir these data do not represent the total death toll attributable to alcohol as they do not include injuries and violent deaths caused by alcohol or deaths from chronic diseases for which alcohol is a riskfactor,3
+a diversity of funds can have advantages allowing for specialisation for example by focusing on ldcs or on aspects of climate action such as technology it has also facilitated mainstreaming as climaterelated oda also flows through bilateral and multilateral development programmes at present climate finance under the unfccc is delivered through funds that serve as the financial mechanism of the convention the green climate fund and the global environment facility are the operating entities of the convention,13
+this indicator casts a wide net to measure equity as it is meant to be applied to all other sdg indicators with available data and measures equity over a range of dimensions such as gender socioeconomic status and location in particular it enables the same indicator to be analysed across multiple equity dimensions for example applying global indicator to global indicator shows that students ability to perform at least at pisa level in mathematics is relatively weakly associated to their gender but remains strongly determined by the location of students schools rural or urban in the majority of oecd and partner countries and by socioeconomic status as measured by the pisa index of economic social and cultural status escs in all oecd and partner countries figure for example measuring the gender parity index associated with sdg indicators confirms that students gender does not influence children s participation in education one year before the primary entry age sdg in all oecd countries and is weakly associated with the ability of yearold students to perform at least at pisa level in mathematics sdg,4
+setting the right price is a complex exercise with the rapidly decreasing cost of the technologies and particularly in young markets where government capacity in the design of fits may be low and there may be asymmetry of information between regulator and companies partly as a result of their experience with fossilfuel technologies developing countries tend to have greater experience in using traditional procurement methods than with support mechanisms specific to clean energy if used in combination with longterm power purchasing agreements ppas tenders can be an alternative way to attract private investment in clean energy,7
+hence teachers and administrative leadership need to be supported in implementing strategies to promote inclusive learning and in learning how such strategies can be designed in ways that benefit all students policies aimed at fostering inclusivity need imbedded flexibility while the national agency for education offers online learning modules to support teachers and other staff in inclusive education these modules might not reach all teachers and schools,4
+prepara ami ba scrvisu preparing us for work in timorleste the primary objective was to provide outofschool men and women ages with workforce development training in their rural communities to reduce urban migration the jobreadiness preparation programme combined formal instruction with practical onthejob training,8
+this trend is likely to continue with global markets for solar thermal energy photovoltaic and wind power projected to grow by per year until bmu being among the largest producers of environmental goods and services with the second largest market share in global trade of climate protection related products after china amounting to more than germany benefits substantially from this development bmu with an export share of res equipment of around germany is highly exposed to this competition and firms have difficulty preserving their markets,7
+this is dependent on the sociodemographic characteristics of the poor such as their age education occupation migrant status social group whether scst or not gender and salary status specifically it is assumed that the higher their education the more skilled their occupation the younger their age the more they contribute to the city economy also the salaried contribute more to the city economy,1
+immediate action is needed to make vietnamese roads safer through better regulated motorcycle traffic address noise and air pollution through promoting the use of ebikes and escooters and allocate a greater proportion of the real cost of car usage to the owners of the vehicles themselves particularly through fiscal measures such as congestion and parking charges longerterm transport investments should explore such financing means as publicprivate partnerships and value capture mechanisms bus rapid transit brt initiatives in ha noi and elsewhere require specific efforts to harmonise with the principles of transitoriented development tod and intermodal connectivity to ensure ridership and maximise the investment benefit nonetheless under the unprecedented urbanisation process access to affordable and highquality housing is one of the foremost challenges for viet nam s urban areas,11
+next to these market fundamentals there are other factors that may contribute to price volatility for more information see chapter special feature what is driving price volatility while weather shocks pests or other natural calamities and limited access to technologies play an important role those factors are exacerbated by often poorly functioning markets that could smooth out local production shortfalls poor infrastructure high transport costs absence of credit or insurance markets may compound the initial difficulty for exporting countries heavily dependent on agricultural commodities exceptionally low prices will have immediate balance of payments impacts but beyond that uncertainty may curtail investment and affect capacity utilization,2
+on the participatory side municipalities were given the right to establish councils of stakeholders or municipal boards municipalities can also establish other institutional means of participation through the passing of local constitutions or organic laws one of the most widely reported local approaches to this challenge in brazil is the participatory budget the essential element of this institution is the democratic discussion and allocation of the investment budget of the city,11
+for instance across oecd countries eight out of ten students report that their teachers tell them what they have to learn in every lesson and seven out of ten students have teachers who ask questions in every lesson to check that students understand what they are learning however according to students this practice is used only occasionally as fewer than one in three students in oecd countries report that their teachers use this practice frequently in their lessons figure shows the reported frequency of both teacherdirected and studentoriented instructional strategies for mathematics,4
+these uses should however be taken into account in water resource management eg through environmental flow and quality requirements for environmental purposes in the case of agriculture water consumption occurs through evapotranspiration and harvesting of crops in the case of hydropower water consumption includes the additional evaporation that results from the increased surface of the water body impounded by the dam,6
+development banks on the other hand have been increasingly called upon for example the ebrd in eastern and central europe where commercial lending for water has been drying up has had a boom year in areas where oda can have a catalysing effect include reducing bottlenecks in the sector supporting the financial planning process ensuring access to services by the poor and supporting the development and use of riskmanagement mechanisms that can help attract private funding and local private funding in particular while revenues from the ts can dose the financing gap for wss the role of repayable finance is only to bridge the financing gap since it requires subsequent compensation in the form of interests or dividends,6
+the preconditions for the activities in the norwegian food bank is that donated food shall not be packed or repacked or relabelled making other regulations less relevant for the operation of the food bank as the food will not be distributed and sold under new labels as frozen food the spesific regulations about freezing of food eu regulation on freezing of food will be irrelevant all food labelled with use by date must be frozen before this date has passed keeping all original informations on the product products labelled with best before date have no limit on the date for freezing,2
+uncertainty about future risk groups as well as healthrelated altruism contributes to a more robust public financing public funding will be harder to maintain the greater variability there is in disease risk the greater the proportion of the population that is at high risk of disease and the more costly the diagnosis and treatment of disease the role of the public sector in health care insurance and provision is significant in all developed countries and more prominent in the nordic countries than in most other countries hence the price mechanism will not fulfil its role of allocating resources to and within the health sector,3
+after years the consortium now tracks of the graduates from italian institutions and the results published and accessible online at wwwalmalaureait are returned to higher education institutions to help them further develop and finetune their provision of programmes since september in the united kingdom wouldbe students have had access to information on the universities they are considering for the first time students can get additional help choosing a university as they can access detailed sets of information and make comparisons between institutions using key information sets kis published on the unistats site,4
+it matters whether a capacity margin is constituted by nuclear generation capacity gas or oilfired capacity that can be brought onstream at will or intermittent renewables renewable energy that constitutes a growing share of generating capacity in oecd countries might instead not be available when needed the intermittency of renewable energies especially wind and solar which are governed by the weather and not by the needs of electricity consumers creates serious stress for power generation infrastructures and has lead to the distinction between gross capacity margins and reliably available capacity a power system must provide stable amounts of baseload power and cover peak demand at all time,7
+however maintaining these processes to manage point source pollution is essential and must not be abandoned diffuse pollution from stormwater runoff and combined sewer overflows is an ongoing challenge for cities climate change will exacerbate existing water quality challenges due to altered precipitation flow and thermal regimes and sea level rise which will mean water authorities and water and sanitation utilities will be confronted by further economic and operational challenges however freshwater ecosystems are under immense pressure as a result of a legacy of industrial pollution and alteration of the natural morphology of water bodies continuing pollution from diffuse sources agricultural and urban and an everevolving number of emerging pollutants in wastewater,6
+food poverty is the lack of income needed to acquire a basic food basket even if total household available income is only used to purchase the goods in such basket capability poverty is the lack of income needed to purchase a basic food basket and cover health and education expenses even if total household income is only used for these purposes patrimony poverty is the lack of income needed to buy a basic food basket as well as to cover expenses of health education housing transportation and clothes even if total household available income is exclusively used to purchase the goods in such basket poverty alleviation therefore continues to be a challenge of the highest priority for mexican policy makers especially in the current context of the weak global outlook that is exercising additional pressures on poverty reduction and the redistribution of income,1
+lithuanian primary school students like primary students in nearby nordic countries are not awarded marks rather teachers record in students primary education diaries a summative assessment of students attainment level of the intended curriculum starting from grade after an adaptation period students learning outcomes are assessed on a point scale or validated with passed or not passed entries,4
+examples are the national report on the state and development of education the results of the monitoring study of fifth and ninth grade student performance evaluation analysing results of the external assessment of student achievement of ninth grade students and analysis of unified national test results there are no formal schemes for school leaders to engage in supporting their peers in other schools eg exchanging best practices mentoring new leaders supporting those in low performing or isolated schools and the concept of system leader who can not only lead his or her school but also contribute to systemwide improvement is rather incipient there are few mechanisms to share resources between schools in order to make a more efficient use of their physical infrastructure equipment and instructional materials or their human resources,4
+for example taxes can incentivize new investments while lowcost loans facilitate behaviour change given one third of chinas territory is reported to be affected by acid rain and local air pollution affects major cities across the country reducing sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions has been the key environmental target in china while initially only newly built installations were to be equipped with such facilities subsequently also most of existing coal power plants needed to be retrofitted the payment scheme is supported by other policies for power plants equipped with flue gas desulfurization fgd that give priority to them for connections to grids permission to operate longer than plants that do not install desulfurization capacity and priority dispatching in shandong and shanxi provinces,7
+nonetheless data are available for seven of the countries analysed in this chapter at some point over the past decade the only exception is india where the latest available survey is from the picture that emerges is very consistent across all of the countries analysed men typically spend between and less time than women doing unpaid work in india they only spend half an hour on unpaid work for every five hours spent by women,5
+forced marriage the marriage of individuals against their will includes early marriage female genital mutilationcutting cutting healthy genital tissue other gbv this category should be used only if any of the above types do not apply in the context of this bench book this category includes domestic violence exploitation trafficking in women forced prostitution violence perpetrated or condoned by the state wherever it occurs sexual slavery sexual harassment including sextortion demands for sex in exchange for job promotion or advancement or higher school marks or grades trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation forced exposure to pornography forced pregnancy forced sterilisation forced abortion forced marriage virginity tests and incest,5
+an integrated approach has important implications it means that progress towards sdg can enable and drive progress in most other sdgs equally the success of sdg will also depend on most other sdgs meeting their targets water is central to achieving this vision and ambition it is essential for society s health and wellbeing ending hunger achieving food security and improving nutrition,6
+looking forward the development of storage technologies and the development of international interconnections are foreseen to further facilitate the integration of wind and solar power in these situations balancing the power system during periods of low load will necessitate further adaptations to maintain the physical parameters of the network an ongoing iea work within the grid integration of variable renewables project givar analyses these options in more detail hence it will be necessary in the next years to keep some conventional power plants online to provide ancillary services and rampup capabilities,7
+the swedish government is investing eur million during to improve health and social care for the most fragile elderly including for strengthening incentives to councils and municipalities for achieving prespecified goals in preventive dementia and palliative care better use of medication and better care coordination however swedish data show that primary care costs per year of age increase minimally into older ages compared with inpatient costs which may indicate underprovision for primary care relative to secondary care an appropriate balance of resources between ambulatory care and inpatient care is important for ensuring that the primary care sector is able to manage and coordinate the complex care needs of people with chronic conditions and comorbidities,3
+this opportunity cost may be very large and in particular in a context of increasing global demand stress on resources and climate concerns they may represent a cost that we cannot afford to bear further analysis and evidence is required to ensure that the full socioeconomic potential of energy efficiency measures is being delivered the significant impacts indicated by work on these benefits to date suggests that the pursuit of energy savings should no longer be seen as a goal in and of itself but rather should be considered as a means to pursue a range of practical improvements for various levels of society this paper investigates the range of outcomes from energy efficiency improvements which extend to benefits that are significantly wider than energy savings alone,7
+we go further in arguing that ethical perspectives not only provide insights into public understanding of poverty and of the priority attached to achieving poverty reduction but it also throws light on the scope and design of the institutions and policies charged with addressing poverty several ethical perspectives exist and are capable of illuminating these issues relevant ethical perspectives include egalitarian utilitarian priority sufficiency and humanitarian perspectives in our view these perspectives have implications for defining the concept scope and significance of poverty and poverty reduction,1
+the premium placed on collateral credit history business experience and the business strategy of prospective borrowers forms an obstacle to accessing finance this presents a supplyside problem in terms of suitable products available to women to capitalize on the preliminary results of this survey further research in this area could be undertaken women frequently have a low level of financial literacy and are generally illequipped with the skills and knowledge required to successfully approach banks for funding,5
+in all of their work pedagogues focus on the importance of play and children s and young people s comprehensive development which includes their intellectual social emotional neuromuscular ethical moral and aesthetic development bupl these specialist teachers focus on social processes in schools and constitute a central resource in areas related to behaviour psychology and wellbeing they can support individual students in and outside of classrooms and work together with teachers in the classroom to help offer differentiated teaching according to students needs,4
+the female share of employment in central government management positions has increased in recent years but still points to a persistently leaky pipeline figure countries marked with an asterisk had legislated quotas ie quotas implemented via the legislative process in place in in the european union countries for which data were available women held of the highest administrative positions in national government in a minimal increase of percentage points over as for the second most senior level women accounted for of posts a tiny increase of percentage points over behind these average figures there are variations from country to country particularly at the highest levels of the civil service eige for more detail and countryspecific notes please see oecd figure and annex d,5
+there is a risk of unintended carbon emissions through fire insects wind etc between and the area of forests certified as sustainably managed in the ece region expanded by almost all ece member states are members of one or more regional processes of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management notably the montreal process and forest europe taken together these trends indicate that there are very significant areas of sustainably managed forest in the ece region and that this share has been growing over the past two decades or that there is a stronger ability and determination to demonstrate this trend,15
+programmes are usually successful with a high percentage of students placed in industry for which they were trained some states such as morelos and queretaro however are targeting higher education as an economic growth strategy to overcome such barriers and work with local industry in designing course including on provision of entrepreneurship education at tertiary level by this had risen to rising to in with an overall target of,8
+the reported capacity credit values have been used for onshore without any adjustment the capacity credit values for offshore have been adjusted to take into account its higher load factor values a recent study jones evaluates capacity credit for pv for the california electricity system assuming a broad range of solar installed capacity resulting capacity credits are quite high with and respectively which reflects both the high load factors and the good correlation with peak demand in the south west of the united states,7
+soil erosion by water is moderate in the middle part of mongolia which is a vast area of grassland and major river basins soil erosion by water has increased in the northern parts of mongolia probably because of intensive rainfall and decreased vegetation cover land degradation refers to reduction or loss of biological or economic productivity and complexity of land,15
+many resourcerich countries continue to rely on fossil fuels to power their industry including gridconnected mines with renewables representing a limited share in their economies total energy consumption figure at the same time offgrid mines depend predominantly on diesel and gas to generate electricity besides electricity to supply operations such as grinding electroextraction conveyor transportation ventilation and air conditioning mines also use oil products diesel or petrol to fuel machinery and transport figure,7
+in new zealand gender impact statements are also required in papers to its cabinet social policy committee greece s national programme for gender equality also calls for systematic gender impact assessments of new bills it applies gender analysis to public spending in order to ascertain how budgets may have a differential impact on women and men the council of europe defines grb as an application of gender mainstreaming in the budgetary process it means a genderbased assessment of budgets incorporating a gender perspective at all levels of the budgetary process and restructuring revenues and expenditures in order to promote gender equality it deals with financial aggregates expenditures and revenues the surplus or deficit,5
+specialists include paediatricians obstetriciansgynaecologists psychiatrists medical specialists and surgical specialists under these circumstances primarycare physicians tend to refer even minimally justified cases to more expensive outpatient specialist services or to hospitals golinowska et al thus instead of the treatment being concentrated at the least expensive level the costs are being pushed into more expensive segments,3
+in morelos for example specific programmes are in place for taxi drivers and microenterprises related to tourism a growing sector in this state in queretaro a programme called credito a la palavra ie trust loan has been set up to cater for the selfemployed through microloans up to mxn and repayment within six months interest rates are competitive compared to those offered by private microfinance institutions and rates of default in the range of which is very low for microcredit programmes this is the result of close monitoring on the use of the loan and repayment terms with visits to the enterprises and repayment deadlines that can be even on a weekly basis in some cases,8
+there are other forms of water contamination as well fertilizers and pesticides for example have contaminated aquifers and waterways with nitrogen phosphorous and highly toxic heavy metals such as copper and zinc another major contributor to water degradation is urbanization based on current trends water pollution particularly from households in medium and smaller cities will increase fivefold this has serious consequences for farming communities downstream whose surface and ground water may become unsuitable for agriculture,2
+high food and fuel prices are likely to persist the recent crises may affect human development in different ways by halting or even reversing the poverty trends worsening food security reducing the utilization of education and health services and by depleting the productive assets of the poor world bank reduction in the use of education and health services and the depletion of assets by the poor will have longlasting effects,1
+informal employment is not exclusive to lowproductivity sectors where of wage workers have no formal contract for of wage workers in medium and highproductivity sectors are also in that position moreover of male wage workers have formal contracts compared with of women although a slightly lower proportion of men have longterm contracts see table ii its variations are linked to the behaviour of human capital and patterns of productivity the competitiveness of the sectors providing the employment and the level of protection and negotiating power of workers which in turn is related to factors such as the degree of unionization and the possibility of collective bargaining,8
+the goods considered are vehicles washing machines and refrigerators the indigence indicator was preferred as a cutoff partly because the indicator of total monetary poverty could increase the possibility of double counting given that part of the income poverty measurement that does not correspond to indigence is a proxy for the ability of households to satisfy nonfood needs including some which are already covered by the set of ubn indicators moreover although the fungible nature of income means that revenue cannot be equated with food consumption the indigence line represents a minimum amount of resources necessary for people to satisfy their basic requirements for daily sustenance an aspect not captured by the other indicators considered by eclac the reason for this is twofold first the indicator of extreme poverty covers a very small percentage of the population in latin america and is thus unable to capture income insecurity,1
+in croatia greece and romania it is in children in the bottom th percentile in switzerland at least of children from the poorest families live in households which cannot afford regular leisure activity for their children the proportion of children at the bottom end of the income distribution living in households unable to afford items understood to be necessary or desirable for an acceptable standard of living increased between and in most cases analysed here,1
+for instance because of difficulties in meeting relevant employment or contribution conditions the number of young people without a job can influence coverage rates interestingly however the middle and lower panels of figure suggest that coverage has generally moved in the same direction for those with and without prior work experience other relevant factors include the dynamics into and out of unemployment for instance high inflow rates into unemployment at the beginning of a recession can increase the share of benefit recipients among the stock of unemployed as recent job losers are more likely to qualify for benefits,10
+other social services include services to survivors disabled persons unemployed as well as those in respect of housing and social assistance estimates of social housing are however not included cash transfers to the elderly survivors disabled persons families unemployed as well as those receiving social assistance private mandatory spending which accounts for a large share of total social spending in some countries in particular chile germany and switzerland is not included here,10
+water availability is important for the company generating hydropower but is not significant for energy management agriculture in the finnish part in terms of nitrogen load is almost comparable to the natura background and in particular releases phosphorus double the estimated natural background the other sources are clearly smaller with loading from settlements about tonsyear of phosphorus and tonsyear of nitrogen and from industrial wastewaters including peat production and forestry tonsyear of phosphorus and tons of nitrogen,6
+it entails the need for coordination meetings which generated some modification requests for the current landuse plan which came into force in october replacing the landuse plans for the cities and counties of the region the experience of japan shows how the central government can set a comprehensive spatial perspective at national level which benefits from inputs at regional and metropolitan levels and is reflected in strategic documents box while urban planning is the responsibility of local governments in japan the national government plays a leading role by delivering key perspectives for future urban challenges,11
+at the time of the reforms to the health system in the early s it was hoped that the new insurance system would lead to better access to care available data suggest that the aggregate level of private spending has been increasing chapter as noted such problems can arise for example where minimum level of provision is needed in rural areas even though cost and quality would be better served in larger hospitals or polyclinic units,3
+many people would argue that this has already happened and that the surge in food prices in and was a consequence largely of biofuel production in the united states brazil and the european union oxfam attributed around per cent of the rise to the diversion of cropland to biofuels jean ziegler the former un special rappoteur on the right to food concluded that biofuel production is a crime against humanity and has called for a fiveyear moratorium on the practice,2
+nonetheless because the poverty risk for women who divorce is high rising divorce rates have contributed to increased poverty and inequality in the united kingdom jenkins reports significant income gains for men following divorce although this is to some extent offset when wider measures of deprivation are included for example access to other resources such as durable goods aassve et al there is also evidence that divorce laws matter and that when divorce is easier women may insure against future income losses by working more stevenson for example finds a link between the move to unilateral rather than consent divorce law and increased labour force participation of married women higher employment among women and more generous welfare benefits to some extent protect women and children from the negative economic consequences of divorce and separation analysis of the different impacts of divorce on women s economic wellbeing across countries finds that divorce leads to the biggest income declines in italy and the smallest in sweden,1
+this implies a need to plan and manage not only at stand and local spatial scales but also at regional as well as national and even international levels a key challenge is thus to build bridges in a geographical area among actors involved with different sfm dimensions actors in different sectors at different societal levels and different disciplines to facilitate knowledge production and mutual exchange of experiences eg barbour et al communication education and public awareness are therefore important to support implementation of sfm as is the case for its different criteria including ecological eg convention on biological diversity and sociocultural ones eg european landscape convention and spiritual ones eg the iucnwcpa delos initiative the term landscape approach captures this integrated approach to learning for sustainable development and sustainability eg dudley et al,15
+many teachers have a good sense of the kind of pedagogies on which st century learning hinges but there is a major gap between intended and implemented practices how can education systems create the conditions for encouraging and supporting teachers to initiate share and evaluate innovative pedagogies and curricula including new technologies what are the implications of new pedagogies for the roles of teachers and students what are the implications of pedagogical innovation and innovative learning environments for the roles of governments and the professionunions what are the implications of new pedagogies and curricula for school and system evaluation these are important issues that the international summit on the teaching profession seeks to tackle in its second session,4
+in some oecd countries the creation of coordination mechanisms such as intermunicipal cooperation helped to share information build capacities and create the critical mass for investment they should identify the priority areas for action on water resources management on the basis of objective criteria that would take into account primarily health risks social issues the environment and the economy this is only possible if quantitative information about the state of the environment is available,6
+it is expected that after repair works the annual reductions would be tons of c emissions over the past years this indicator reached a maximum value of twh in and a minimum value of twh in electric power transmission and distribution losses in georgia were per cent of output as of,7
+solidarity takes the form of taxes and social security contributions that fund progressive benefits and transfers eclac and a pp solidarity also has an intergenerational component eclac and the principle of coresponsibility calls fora new gender contract based on the understanding that a more equitable distribution of roles and resources between men and women both within families and in society as a whole is essential for achieving a fair solution for the region s care needs eclac b intergenerational solidarity in meeting care needs allows for mutually beneficial exchanges by making it possible to share rights responsibilities and risks,5
+for girls late entry to schooling combined with grade repetition means that many reach puberty before completing primary education however adolescent perspectives emphasise the respective viability of these compared to schooling in terms of securing identity and status within the community bray et al these latter considerations are influenced by the quality of education and the nature of training employment or entrepreneurship opportunities in the locality or in places adolescents can migrate to,5
+all requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rightsoecdorg it presents an overview of how different oecd countries allocate instruction time it also develops a model to understand the effective use of allocated instruction time and examines how different oecd countries compare on this the paper confirms the value of sufficient instruction time as a key educational resource but the key conclusion is that what matters the most is the way in which allocated time is used,4
+in the state council approved the notification on accelerating the reform of rural power systems and enhancing rural power management the state council doc the reform introduced among other things a practice whereby rural and urban residents in one province would pay the same price for electricity in the state councils circular on program of power system reform the state council doc no introduced the practice of separation of power plants from grid and bidding for generation and the state power corporation was split into the two power grid companies and five power generation groups,7
+the number of lessons taught per week must always be between and in each grade the school principal determines optional subjects and decides on how the time lessons available are used similarly the framework education programmes for technical and vocational education include general as well as technicalvocational educational areas crosscurricular subjects and key professional competencies for each school year,4
+density credits and other incentives for developers as well as the overhaul of zoning codes help implement these strategies oecd while large cities can produce beneficial effects from agglomeration population growth can bring with it negative externalities the continued growth of cities raises transportation costs and leads to increases in land values higher living costs labour shortages and environmental degradation all complicate continued inclusive and sustainable growth,11
+the japan council for quality health care jcqhc which was set up in as a third party organisation is further involved in a number of quality activities such as the reporting of medical adverse events or hospitals accreditation from data on medical adverse events are systematically collected and analysed by the jcqhc s department of adverse event prevention the overarching aim is to promote patient safety by sharing information with medical institutions and users to this end quarterly and annual reports around medical adverse events are issued workshops organised and warnings or guidelines published,3
+dr degazonjohnson expressed thanks to samuel isaacs and his team at saqa with special mention of dr james keevy in respect of the commonwealth teacher recruitment protocol increased advocacy to support its implementation was urged as one role that the proposed task force could undertake finally a global initiative on teachers which could take the form of a consultation or forum was proposed as was the importance of capacity building to ensure that research took into account policy and broader collaboration across partners to advance information sharing researching the challenges and opportunities for international teacher recruitment and retention,4
+local selfgovernance bodies are responsible for the implementation of environmental laws and regulations the ministry is also the competent authority for the implementation of the eu wfd and for other waterrelated directives the national administration apclc romanc under the coordination of the ministry is in charge of the implementation of the water management strategy,6
+open trade can also improve utilisation and nutrition by increasing the diversity of national diets finally open markets generally improve the stability of availability of access for the simple reason that international markets pool production risks across individual markets in terms of food access reforms that lead to higher food prices will benefit farmers with net sales of those products but harm net buyers and nonfarming consumers,2
+about half of students are in schools whose principal reported in pisa that pressure on the school to meet high academic standards came from only a few parents a larger proportion than on average across oecd countries oecd parents and the local community are those who stand to gain the most from improving their school and there is strong evidence that parental engagement in particular can help to raise outcomes oecd each costa rican school has a board which includes representatives from parents and the local community but their main role is to administer the national funds for infrastructure and organise festivities,4
+bangladesh ministry of education in the late s the government placed great emphasis on the improvement of the primary education system in an attempt to raise the rate of literacy a major scheme was undertaken at that time to establish one primary school for every people in bangladesh higher education likewise has three streams general pure and applied science arts business and social science madrasah and technology education which includes agriculture engineering medical textile leather technology and information and communication technology ict bangladesh ministry of education,4
+this is followed by an analysis of cumulative deprivation the remainder of the empirical analysis looks into child poverty profiles assessing individual and household level factors underlying income and domain deprivation as well as cumulative deprivation finally we provide conclusive remarks and recommendations on the way forward for child poverty measurement in the eu,1
+it is important to keep in mind that the organisation of the school network must be about ensuring quality education for all children students access to highquality education should not be affected adversely by their place of residence in some cases closing the school may not be the best solution the distance to travel may simply not be practicable,4
+stronger female labour participation in particular in fulltime jobs increases family income and improves career prospects for women higher income for women fosters their financial independence reduces individual family and child poverty risks improves resilience against adverse financial shocks and increases retirement entitlements and wealth the model is based on a growth accounting framework that allows for adjustments in structural parameters that reflect changes in the worklife balance between women and men namely the transition towards a more balanced dualearner dualcarer model box results suggest that fulltime employment of women is likely to benefit most from spending on leave and birth grants spending on childcare services in general and an the increase in the coverage of formal childcare facilities for children aged years in particular,5
+the aichi targets have been included in the national programmes and although they are challenging finland has some very good experiences in restoring natural habitats positive developments have taken place in the protection of species including migratory species and aquatic wildlife management plans have also been established for several game species,15
+the online training programme designed by the cpeip is a good opportunity to make this happen in addition if multigrade schools continue as a strategy in rural areas it would be beneficial to include multigrade methodologies in the curriculum of both initial teacher education and teacher professional development rural microcentres should be monitored more closely and supported to make sure that they focus sufficiently on pedagogical innovation and less on administrative issues,4
+smaller branch units with as few as students provide education from first to third or first to sixth grade students in geographically remote regions in bigger cities school sizes reach over pupils compulsory education for pupils between and years old is offered in socalled basic schools and is organised as a single structure without distinction between primary and lower secondary levels currently slovenian schools must employ a large number of professional support staff as a share of total staff and retain them regardless of the size of the school making the system very costly,4
+at the most extreme lakes such as lake chad can dry up in particular years impacts of climate change have been found in lake baikal with significant warming of surface waters and longterm changes in the lakes foodweb and corresponding increases in chlorophyll a and some zooplankton grazers hampton et al in the deep african rift valley lakes such as lake tanganyika climate change has been associated with increases in surface water temperature reduced vertical mixing of water reduced primary productivity and reduced fish catch per unit effort which has driven fishers to other lakes verburg et al in lake tanganyika the surface water temperature has risen over the last century this has increased the stability of the water column which along with a regional decrease in wind velocity has contributed to reduced mixing decreasing deepwater nutrient upwelling and entrainment into surface waters,14
+despite growing recognition of the need for policy coherence and transformative change green economy approaches often fail to achieve integration and can perpetuate inequalities by prioritizing economic and environmental over social aspects if social policies implemented in response to adaptation pressures are to be transformative chapter they need to be part of a policy package that tackles the root causes of development models that are unsustainable with regard to environmental impacts and climate change in a similar vein sdg promote sustained inclusive and sustainable economic growth full and productive employment and decent work for all introduces a social qualifier to the kind of economic growth to be achieved,13
+however when teachers are confronted with potential consequences for their career and salary they may be less likely to accept performance evaluations and the improvement function may be jeopardised in practice countries rarely use a pure form of teacher evaluation instead they use combinations of assessments that integrate multiple purposes and methodologies nonetheless it is critical that evaluations have meaningful consequences to those evaluated as it is the only way to ensure that they are taken seriously,4
+presentation at the preparatory meeting international advisory board to the international climate protection initiative of the german federal ministry for the environment nature conservation and nuclear safety poznan poland december intellectual property and access to clean energy technologies in developing countries an analysis of solar photovoltaic biofuel and wind technologies regional differences in the priceelasticity of demand for energy santa monica ca rand corporation,7
+improving energy efficiency will require environmental pricing mechanisms regulatory measures such as building codes and fueleconomy standards and public awareness and information measures such as labelling training and education oecd a as of january countries had used the framework to develop indicators that suit their national circumstances fifteen of which were developing or emerging economies the environmental productivity of oecd economies in terms of carbon energy and materials has improved since but overall carbon emissions continue to rise fossil fuels continue to dominate the energy mix the consumption of material resources remains high and many valuable materials continue to be disposed of as waste,7
+ultimately it was decided that the project was neither feasible nor affordable and the tendering process was cut short after bids had already been submitted for the master plans at the beginning of global water intelligence this experience suggests that better upstream project planning and due diligence is needed to ensure that project impacts can be managed and that the financial basis of the project is sound often several experts and decision makers are involved across all hierarchy levels including up to cabinet level as well as highlevel officials from major donors and foreign governments in some cases the prolonged negotiations for the extension of the as amra plant were due to several factors according to the private partner involved including the indirect effects of the arab spring lack of political continuity owing to frequent cabinet changes and difficult economic conditions leading to several interest rate increases over de pazzis,6
+the political level at the county regional level is with some exceptions responsible mainly for healthcare about of their budgets planning of transportation infrastructure public transport culture and may engage in other areas such as tourism and culture the government is currently investigating a major regional reform that will reduce the number of counties from the present to regions in essence this initiative formalises and expands upon a past decades trend to reinforce the role of regions notably by transferring more decisionmaking power to them from the centre especially in regional development issues,11
+results for jakarta indonesia are not shown since the assessment was administered exclusively in paper and pencil format the first is the proportion of adults who have sufficient familiarity with computers to use them to perform informationprocessing tasks the second is the proficiency of adults with at least some ict skills in solving the types of problems commonly encountered in their roles as workers citizens and consumers in a technologyrich world three separate groups of adults fall into this category adults with no computer experience those who failed the ict core test and thus did not have basic computer skills needed for the computerbased assessment and adults who opted to take the paperbased version of the assessment even though they reported having previous computer experience this ranged from less than in sweden and norway to more than one in three adults inhirkey and more than one in five adults in italy and the slovak republic a further of adults did not have the basic skills that were assessed by the ict core test such as the capacity to use a mouse or scroll through a web page,4
+long before the state of israel was established zionist leaders in europe made the quest for water in palestine a priority with plans to transfer water from the jordan river to the mediterranean coastal plain for irrigation and drinking purposes israel invested millions of dollars in the construction of the national water carrier nwci besides the water it diverts through nwc,6
+growth of workers remittances slowed in partly due to a high base effect but remained a major source of income generation accounting for more than of gdp there was some improvement in oil production and that helped in raising gdp growth to in agricultural construction and services sectors also contributed to improved growth nevertheless this pace of growth is still much slower than its longterm trend sluggish growth in the major destinations for oil exports namely the euro zone and china also kept growth of the economy below its potential,8
+this shift in public discourse in many countries consecrated the role of private investment as the main driver of economic growth technological progress and human development and further encouraged a reduced role for government focusing on rulesetting and promoting good governance the alleged inferior efficiency of government justified the downsizing of assetbased public policy through extensive privatization of public incomegenerating assets as well as the downsizing of incomebased public policy induced by declining tax revenue lower total government revenue went hand in hand with lower expenditure andor higher public debt figure these policies coincided with the growing concentration of incomegenerating assets in private hands weaker redistribution rising income inequality and unsustainable development,10
+substandard working conditions are the main issue underscoring the central role that decent and productive employment plays in helping people escape poverty the situation remains particularly alarming in subsaharan africa where the share of working poor stood at per cent in in least developed and landlocked developing countries at least one quarter of workers live in extreme poverty despite having a job,1
+three proposed functions of forests are considered here the outlook for forest carbon sinks the economic and social added value of forest carbon sinks and domestic carbon sink initiatives in japan under a nextgeneration kyoto protocol postkyoto the developing countries are encouraged to form cooperating bodies with developed countries under redd or afforestation and reforestation cdm it is thought that under the extension of the kyoto protocol article paragraph the forests of developed countries can be incorporated as domestic forest sinks in individual countries in december at cop papua new guinea and costa rica raised redd on the formal agenda as a proposal,15
+actions will be implemented by the river basin committee ana igarn and aesa the plan considers water allocation and operation of the reservoirs of the region as central issues governance is key to put these actions in place from improving knowledge on strategic issues to establishing negotiated processes for water allocation,6
+mongolia has about central waste disposal sites in total covering around ha of land the inadequate waste disposal system causes huge problems for the environment and human health domestic industrial construction and other forms of waste are currently deposited on the soil surface in large dumping sites on the outskirts of cities and towns which causes soil pollution and land degradation,15
+contrary to the situation in most oecd countries health system priorities in mexico and consequently the whole information infrastructure in place at both system and institution levels remain focused primarily on the number of people covered by some sort of health insurance and the associated cost of such coverage by contrast the performance of health care services is not monitored systematically posing challenges for shifting towards system governance based on improving health outcomes specifically a set of policies is presented to encourage a more productive organisation of insurers and providers based on the experience of other countries that have faced similar challenges to mexico such strategies involve changes to how the roles of purchaser provider and oversight are currently organised how the purchasing of goods and services and provider reimbursement occur and how the health system information infrastructure is set up,3
+a dynamic panel model was used estimated by the twostep generalized methodofmoments system developed by blundellbond in order to analyse three scenarios the first corresponds to the entire period covered by this study ie the second encompasses the years from to the period leading up to the real plan and the third is the period from to the years following the implementation of the real plan the results indicate that economic growth policies that promote an increase in income in conjunction with a reduction in income disparities are more effective in combating poverty in brazil than those that focus only on raising mean income levels the findings also point to the existence of a propoor form of growth in the period following the real plan,1
+by support the law refers to extending subsidies to ngos or local authorities in partner countries and providing technical support the text explicitly mentions the possibility of implementing projects through a unilateral agreement or within a network of lrgs as well conducting annual and multiannual projects or activities government of france the law foresees that resources mobilised through this mechanism can be used to finance actions that promote access to water and sanitation services thus the definition is broad and can include investments in hard infrastructure capacity building technical assistance or water ecosystem services protection,6
+discussions on financing were limited to how much money governments should provide to build the infrastructure over time the discussions have evolved with an increasing emphasis on cost recovery from water users both for drinking water supply and sanitation and for irrigation but potentially also for hydropower navigation and others article of the water framework directive in europe is a prominent illustration of this issue,6
+n engl j med global regional and national disabilityadjusted lifeyears dalys for diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy hale for countries and territories a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study global regional and national disabilityadjusted lifeyears dalys for diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy hale for countries and territories a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study,3
+gender equality strategies in mena countries cont see national strategy to combat violence against women mowa egypt morocco tunisia palestinian authority establishing clear responsibilities across government baluain egypt morocco palestinian authority as such a bottomup component in the development of the plan would ensure the participation of women and men from across the country,5
+according to nce usd trillion per year needs to be invested in infrastructure over the next years however incremental costs for lowcarbon climateresilient infrastructure are relatively low and at around of investment requirements for new and upgraded infrastructure nce the private sector including financiers from capital markets but also firms could help bridge part of the financing gap for sustainable infrastructure,13
+at a regional level the socioeconomic benefits from rebuilding stocks include protecting a way of life as well as maintaining employment in coastal communities where few alternatives exist in this context stable access to a well managed resource could decrease economic uncertainty and enable fish harvesters to secure access to capital to remain competitive leading to the production of higher quality and higher value fish products the paper is based on an invited plenary lecture to the ices annual conference and reviews eight case studies of successful and unsuccessful stock rebuilding programs from the us canada new zealand and the eu,14
+using very long hours as a proxy for working conditions allows for broader coverage of countries and workforce eg selfemployed formal and informal employment the available data indicate a strong positive correlation between job strain and very long hours across a broad group of countries where both measures could be constructed table summarizes the main indicators and subindicators of the oecd job quality framework that will be included in the new oecd database on job quality,8
+in addition residential and commercial establishments that have installed renewable energy facilities on their premises are allowed to sell any excess electricity to nepco thereby offering a strong incentive for clean energy use at smallscale level the ministry of energy and mineral resources selected of these companies and has started negotiations on the terms the strong response from the private sector bodes well for jordan s future developments in renewable energy exists although other complementary factors such as interest from local banks will also have an impact on how quickly the renewable market grows amendments include a new article that exempts all systems and equipment for renewable energy and energy efficiency purposes from customs duties and sales tax the law established a renewable energy and energy efficiency fund and outlined the structure of a board of directors comprised of secretary generals from various ministries and representatives of the private sector to oversee its operations,7
+less complex but strategic interventions may also make a difference these could include the provision of conditional cash transfers to girls to enable them to remain in school but many of the measures to date have been primarily about changing the behaviour of the girl failing to address underlying determinants and drivers including gender inequality poverty sexual violence and coercion child marriage social pressures exclusion from educational and job opportunities and negative attitudes and stereotypes about adolescent girls as well as neglecting to take into account the role of boys and men,5
+traditional fisheries and fisheries management in this shifting system need to be similarly adjusted thereby incurring increasing costs for administration science monitoring and observation systems as well as rising uncertainty and input costs to the commercial fisheries these aggregate changes as a result of the changing climate are expected to increase in intensity in the coming decades of the st century grafton fao a b b that said the combined effects of rising prices and climate change are complex and they affect a very large number of fisheries and aquaculture operations in a mosaic of natural social and economic contexts,14
+ensuring that everyone in the world has access to enough nutritious food should be at the forefront of the post development discussions the public sector should typically finance infrastructural needs as well as research and development while introducing adequate incentives for private investments such as risk protection and better access to credit markets in addition governments need to design a regulatory framework that ensures inclusive and sustainable private investments for further information see individuals may have an intake of enough calories for daily subsistence and still suffer from hidden hunger with low levels of micronutrients due to low diversification of diets this is a problem in both developing and developed countries affecting per cent of the worlds population,2
+one of the strengths of this monitoring survey is its clarity of purpose nemp intends to provide a national picture of student learning outcomes at key stages years and rather than to report on individual students teachers or schools about students from schools are selected randomly each year to take part in the assessments the participation of selected schools is voluntary but do participate,4
+parents tend to be less convinced than students that schools are contributing to emotional wellbeing with indigenous parents least convinced although in the gap between indigenous parents of k students and all parents of k alberta students had been reversed female students reported a higher level of emotional problems than both males in the northwest territories and females in the rest of canada both male and female students reported lower levels of prosocial behaviour and life satisfaction than the national average,4
+first chile should strengthen the pedagogical training of traditional teachers most traditional teachers do not have access to formal training since they do not fulfil the relevant prerequisites and hold the necessary qualifications traditional teachers therefore require a tailormade training programme that addresses their pedagogical needs also it would be important to adequately prepare regular teachers to work with traditional teachers in a team,4
+the frequency of enso events is projected to increase with global warming bakun this has obvious implications not just for coastal fishers whose fishing range is constrained by technology and conditions but also major industrial fisheries and exportderived incomes see the sections below on the social and economic impacts of climate change for example atlantic cod gadus morhua growth recruitment abundance and distribution are all strongly influenced by climate brander,14
+for example oecd c estimated that in over of mobilised private climate finance targeted mitigation this included finance associated with export credits for renewable energy several reasons may be behind this including incomplete or asymmetric information on climate risks uncertainty about the extent of future risks imperfect capital markets with shortterm horizons and a lack of clarity on policy direction from the public sector pwc unep often mitigation activities are perceived by the private sector to have a clearer path to profitability and to generate obvious revenue streams and savings while the business case for adaptation is often less known in addition adaptation is a much more recent policy concern and thus providers are only just now beginning to target their private sector engagement efforts to also include adaptation objectives,13
+access to energy extends far beyond providing electricity or distributing cookstoves it must encompass the full spectrum of energy sources and uses that form the overall system incorporating targeted applications for specific purposes at all levels from individual households to community needs to national infrastructures in short it requires a systems approach to developing energy systems see the introduction for a more detailed explanation this paper treats each demand area as an energy subsystem and explores how un goals can be achieved within each table,7
+it is less clear how soil carbon stocks respond to the harvesting event as such during the first few decades decomposition of litter and soil organic matter will exceed production of biomass and the overall carbon stock will decline however it has generally been assumed that the reduction in soil carbon stocks after harvesting is moderate and will be rebuilt to preharvesting levels over a period of years nilsen et al,15
+between and decisions in lower secondary education became more decentralised or remained highly decentralised towards the school or local level in out of countries including norway in the following areas organisation of instruction personnel management planning and structures and use of resources some countries with highly centralised decision making in such as korea italy and portugal where less than of decisions were taken by the school and local levels managed remarkable decentralisation processes and now have about of decision making in the school and local levels in these areas conversely decision making did not change or become further centralised in greece germany luxembourg mexico and spain figure,4
+however the group receiving unemploymentrelated sa benefits substantially overlapped with the group receiving housing costsrelated sa benefits and cappellari and jenkins argue that the choice of whether to include hb in the definition of sa benefits is of little practical importance an additional complication was that there were both contributionbased social insurance and meanstested sa benefits for unemployed workers however the majority of individuals receiving social insurance also received sa topups as well ideally one would like to identify only the individuals and families receiving sa or sa topups to insurance benefits but this turns out to be impossible in practice,1
+throughout the arab region women tend to be seen as the principal homemakers ie assuming reproductive functions while men are considered to be the primary breadwinners ie assuming productive functions surveys on women s time use confirm that women spend far more time doing household chores and caring for children it is particularly high in the gcc countries reaching in qatar unesco institute for statistics data centre gross enrolment ratio tertiary gender parity index indicator httndatauisunescoorgl,5
+demand may well be reduced from dietary and conversion efficiency improvements but no attempt was made to quantify the effect as the baseline demand is already so small that any adjustment will be negligible compared to the large uncertainties surrounding each of the much larger demand categories given the net response of the lpjml model this may result in slightly higher demand for irrigation water,6
+this suggests that the reduction in mobilebroadband prices contributes not only to connecting more people but also to fostering more intense internet usage among those who are already online surveybased data that itu collects from national statistical offices confirm that next to the availability of access and the relevance of services affordability is one of the key factors that continue to determine whether or not people will use icts a number of recent studies on ict developments also confirmed these findings monitoring prices is therefore a critical step towards better policies to make ict services more affordable what is the cost of allowing ict users to have access not to the wider internet but only to selected internet content which is determined by the provider,9
+first it reviews different configurations of governing transport and spatial planning in oecd metropolitan areas it then discusses possible institutional arrangements to achieve more effective integration between transport and spatial planning while there is widespread consensus that better connecting transport and spatial planning decisions helps prevent costly consequences of urban sprawl and promotes harmonious development institutional barriers remain slow to dismantle and coordination mechanisms put in place on an ex post ad hoc basis may take time to become fully effective the responsibility for transport planning and spatial planning occasionally lies within the same institution but more often within different entities as illustrated in the experience of the different case study regions table,11
+together this totalled nearly usd billion on average per year in the more recently established and oecdhosted research collaborative for tracking private climate finance has also been instrumental in coordinating emerging findings on methodologies to estimate mobilised private climate finance collaborating across the dac mdbs dfis countries and expert organisations building on the work of the research collaborative most recently a group of bilateral climate finance provider countries developed a common understanding of the scope of mobilised climate finance and a common methodology for tracking and reporting towards the usd billion a year goal twg this report also benefits from the collaboration with climate policy initiative which brings its own knowledge on the overall landscape of global climate finance flows furthermore ongoing developments in and discussions about climate finance definitions and measurement approaches mean that this report can only present preliminary estimates of progress towards the usd billion a year goal,13
+it represents an important step towards establishing childhood deprivation as a lead indicator for social policy in mali and towards understanding the complex interaction between financial constraints and other household factors in determining childrens wellbeing the analysis is primarily based on the mics dataset and covers households with children and has a sample with a total of children the mics data covers various aspects of child wellbeing and is therefore particularly suitable for the child deprivation analysis,1
+however in the case of major projects of irrigation infrastructure rehabilitation modernisation or refurbishment urbanindustrial water consumers through crosssubsidisation and taxpayers in most oecd countries continue to bear the main share of the capital costs with public agencies managing the water delivery systems even so water service infrastructure for urban and industrial water users is also frequently publicly financed oecd a evidence from studies of eu member states garrido and calatrava the united states wichelns b australia parker and speed mexico figure garrido and calatrava and turkey figure cakmak all confirm this trend,6
+for example the widespread gender gap in stem disciplines can be particularly relevant for innovative entrepreneurship moreover experienced entrepreneurs are more likely to succeed in their next ventures than firsttime entrepreneurs gompers et al additional mechanisms that can contribute to the observed differences in funding may include gender differences in network formation or other innate differences between women and men ie risk preferences aptitude for negotiation etc while it is impossible to control for all innate abilities and individual preferences the analyses presented in this section make it possible to disentangle some important mechanisms including propensity to hold a stem degree and past professional experience that may drive gender gap,5
+for instance professionals may well have greater flexibility than machine operators as they seek to match work with family commitments the same patterns can be seen in france but it does not appear to affect fertility outcomes to the same extent the provision of child care and outofschool care services for longer hours and without interruption seem to make fertility behaviour more responsive to working hours within occupations,5
+in most developed countries even rural areas have reliable access to electricity here ict solutions can help consumers save money on their energy bills as sensors and actuators enable them to micromanage their demand or to become prosumers who produce their own power furthermore ict can be used by energy providers to monitor and manage grids resulting in efficiency improvement and cost savings in developing countries urban grids partly can profit from the same impact of ict,7
+because of psychiatric hospitals which are the dominant provider of mental health care are privately owned notforprofit institutions change in care delivery is pursued principally through this payment system incentive the spring revision of this fee schedule included a number of important provisions for mental health care which seek to shift care delivery in line with policy objectives see box this included revisions to reimbursement for mental health services,3
+the six see economies achieve an average score of out of for the energy regulator indicator figure scores range from to montenegro and serbia achieve reflecting their welldeveloped sets of strategies for implementing the energy community acquis and energy sector development which address the need for capacity building and institutional development,7
+the respondent is the eligible woman ie a married woman between the ages of and in a household these five typical questions can reflect what a woman s status in a family is by including this variable in the model we can estimate how the female labour force participation rate is influenced by the independence of woman,5
+the dominating plastic types used in the eu are polypropylene pp and lowdensity polyethylene ldpe common plastic types for packaging the plastic demand per plastic type in the eu is presented in figure to some extent the product groups also match the waste flows that the products eventually will end up in but this picture is not entirely true there are separate collection systems for packaging elvs and weee in place whereas the situation for consumer products products for children and for furniture is different,12
+across oecd countries women spend on average more time on secondary activities than men hours per week compared to hours for men childcare in particular is often undertaken simultaneously with other tasks so it might not be recorded among primary activities the activities women engage in simultaneously are also different from those of men as a result men tend to associate more positive feelings with multitasking than women do offer and schneider,5
+special thanks go to desney erb for technical assistance and to maartje michelson for technical preparation the trends in international mathematics and science study timss gathers information on the mathematics and science achievement of fourth and eight grade pupils for further information on timss see,4
+it can be limited through the development of transportation systems land use policies that encourage increased density and the fostering of economic linkages between large and mediumsized cities to create sites of further growth new zoning rules and the provision of services to address the negative externalities of dense urban development may also be needed intercity transportation systems can help the development of mediumsized cities to attract investment and growth,11
+teachers are key actors in creating this context for learning and growth and can help establish effective learning environments as we move into the future new forms of educational provision will be needed that recognise the essential role that teachers play in transforming classrooms and to support them in their endeavour this chapter explores the implications of the digital transformation on education systems and explains how teachers and policy makers can work together to harness its potential,4
+every sector whether heat electricity or gas distribution has high future investment needs which makes it important to attract capital with a fair return through anre the government of moldova has several options for inducing subsidies not adjusting tariffs for an extended period as was the case with natural gas tariffs between and approving district heat and natural gas tariffs separately which carried the risk that increased heat tariffs might lead to disconnections from the district heating system approving the tariff using a weak definition of the rate of return this puts centralised production of heat and electricity at a disadvantage compared to smallscale boilers,7
+the key question is how to establish positive conditions to facilitate the implementation of such reforms water is not an isolated sector but part of wider economic social and natural systems that include agriculture trade energy real estate finance social protection and so on changes in these wider systems may even have more impact on water management than actions within the sector,6
+according to data from the economic commission for latin america and the caribbean eclac based on timeuse surveys women perform between and of all unpaid work needed by households eclac b p moreover between and of women between the ages of and years in uruguay and el salvador respectively are out of the labour market for family reasons eclac b p first those who require care should receive it through quality services access to care in the market should not intensify poverty in the home and care work should not create barriers to education and employment under equal conditions between men and women,5
+first it will add a trend around which ocean climate will fluctuate second because of that trend it is more likely than it used to be that changes in ecosystems will be irreversible if these effects take place in small incremental steps they would not seem to be very problematic adjustment could be made in similarly small incremental steps,14
+in the case of rice straw for example well over half a billion tonnes is available in asia and this material is routinely burned biorefining rice straw would reduce ghg and other emissions by avoiding burning the usda has been addressing the needs for new feedstocks box while at the same time helping to maintain and develop the first generation ethanol and biodiesel industry one advantage of this usda programme was that it provided incentives for field researchers those optimising crops as feedstocks for biofuels to work closely with researchers developing biorefinery technologies as the industry evolved focus has gone from creating corn and grainderived ethanol to creating cellulosic ethanol and now toward development of integrated processes that produce dropin replacements for petroleum products technologies to produce advanced biofuels such as nbutanol pyrolysis biooil hydroxymethylfurfural liquefied biogas and even biohydrogen have been developed and are arguably commercially viable,12
+by linking those outcomes to data on students background to schools practices and to education systems policies pisa data can help identify the characteristics of schools and education systems that perform well this chapter helps policy makers and educators learn from policies and practices applied elsewhere by exploring what teacherrelated policies are common and unique to highperforming countries and schools they include recruitment processes initial teacher preparation and induction policies career and compensation structures professional learning opportunities and requirements and teacherappraisal policies,4
+a large body of evidence suggests that greater sense of belonging and social connectedness at school are generally associated with higher wellbeing outcomes later on in life as in other oecd countries higher educational achievements are generally associated with higher earnings and better social outcomes although the education premium in korea is somewhat smaller than in other oecd countries however compared to other oecd countries and g countries koreans with tertiary education degrees are not always better protected from unemployment than those with lower qualifications,4
+addressing these inequalities will require a better understanding of who these children are their vulnerabilities and the challenges they will face as they transition through adolescence into adulthood one in five lives in the countries defined by the united nations as least developed in subsaharan africa in asia and the pacific and one in latin america and the caribbean where the challenges to the fulfilment of their potential are the greatest and the institutions to support them are the weakest greater levels of gender inequality have higher gils,5
+the reality is likely a complex combination of the two combined with a range of possible external factors the suicide rate in norway in was marginally higher that of neighbouring sweden and more significantly higher than that of denmark suicide rates in finland remain higher than in norway but have been falling at a far greater rate see figure chapter the norwegian mental health service is aiming to avoid longterm inpatient stays and has taken some steps to reduce admissions referral to inpatient care can be made by gps emergency clinics community mental health care teams cmhc teams or clinical units the increase in the number of discharges became possible with a significant shortening of the duration of stay from an average of days in to days in pedersen,3
+the sistema integral de salud sis provided by governmen t has been the main source of this expanded coverage despite such progress however much remains to be done an efficient and sustainable health insurance scheme should i ensure effective and financial access to health services ii use resources efficiently through strategic purchasing iii generate sufficient and sustainable resources and iv manage population health risk and institutional financial risk,3
+in the europe and north america region most countries already implement nups in contrast about per cent of the countries in africa and asia and the pacific are currently in the stage of developing nups however the data show that some fasturbanising global regions such as the arab states are making serious efforts to put urbanisation on national agendas meanwhile attention to climate change resilience and environmental sustainability is weakest only per cent of nups give extensive attention to climate change resilience and per cent to environmental sustainability,11
+similarly medical research relating to infectious diseases are often classified according to the category std control including hivaids rather than medical research technological support towards disaster risk reduction may also be classified as humanitarian aid in addition support to research institutions may be classified as unallocated by sector or multisector as the research conducted may encompass many different sectors,9
+combining this with the rapid growth in international trade there is concern that carbon leakage may have undermined climate policies this has motivated the study of consumptionbased emissions carbon footprints in climate policy with the initial motivation to assess the extent of carbon leakage wyckoff and roop munksgaard and pedersen ahmad and wyckoff,12
+besides they argued the japanese family supported its own and made public assistance unnecessary whereas western families were portrayed as collections of autonomous individuals in japan according to one senior official it is a family shame to send one of its own out to bother outsiders and to depend on others for assistance abe cites estimates from the late s that about of households below the income criteria for entitlement to meanstested public housing actually live in public housing and that of households whose annual income is below jpy million certainly below the income criteria live in public housing the public assistance law of was influenced by conditions imposed by the occupying powers which included governmental responsibility to provide social welfare and a guaranteed social minimum the new law did not link eligibility to inability to work like the old one did estevezabe in and public assistance was paid to roughly of all households and in the early s it absorbed of social security expenditure,8
+the mdgs launched in also drew together existing standards in different indicators to propose a harmonised set of indicators of which monetary poverty was just one element in the agenda for sustainable development the worldwide consensus has shifted to view poverty as multidimensional precursors to this conceptual shift include academic writings such as by amartya sen inputs from poor persons and nongovernmental organisations consultations leading up to the sustainable development goals an increasingly visible academic literature on multidimensional poverty measurement and the pioneering leadership of countries such as colombia mexico china south africa bhutan pakistan and others in using multidimensional poverty statistics to complement monetary measures and guide policy informed by this emerging consensus the pivotal sdg document transforming our world the agenda for sustainable development identifies in its second sentence the global challenge of reducing poverty in all its forms and dimensions as the foremost challenge of our time,1
+at a pedestrian crossing with pedestrian traffic light at a pedestrian crossing without pedestrian traffic light at a pavementfootpath near to a pavementfootpath including bustaxi stops at a road w here there is no clear distinction between pavement and road way apartments etc,11
+these actions highlight the importance that developing countries also attach to understanding how effective international financial commitments are in achieving lowcarbon climateresilient development goals at the national level for example in line with its strategic objective of financing transformational shifts towards lowcarbon economies the climate investment funds cif clean technology fund ctf includes the amount of ghgs produced per unit of gdp as a nationallevel performance indicator cif the cif tracks this metric over time and compares progress to the baseline year determined by when the countryspecific investment plan was established in order to put these changes into context the iea calculates escii pathways consistent with two four and sixdegree climate scenarios,13
+by saudi arabia had desalination plants including plants on the western coast along the red sea and plants on the east coast along the arabian gulf these plants were producing million m day and mw of electric power more than per cent of that country s water needs are provided by desalination and its plants currently generate more than mw of electric power in the total amount of desalinated water produced by saudi arabia was an estimated million m day,6
+approximately million mexicans currently live in settlements with less than inhabitants rural communities are often excluded and have limited financial or human resources to meet the water requirements of rural mexicans in rural zones alternative ways for service provision are required as the imbalance of wealth presents problems for the economic sustainability of water projects,6
+when prices fall producers in developed countries often have access to various support schemes and credit markets while producers in developing countries may face large income fluctuations often for commodities for which they are highly dependent for their incomes moreover high volatility an unexpected large rise and fall in prices imposes large costs throughout the food chain as uncertainty hinders investments and sectoral development governments who are concerned that price volatility may be increasing or if not increasing remaining at unacceptably high levels are looking for the means to prevent or minimise high price volatility and its harmful effects on their populations,2
+the southern saxaul forests cover per cent of the country s forested land and consist primarily of saxaul haloxylon ammodendrori and other species such as tamarix tamarix spp the saxaul vegetation is a unique feature of mongolia s semidesert and desert ecosystems and has important ecological cultural and economic functions these forests protect the land against erosion and desertification and provide fodder for livestock and fuelwood siberian larch is the dominant species in terms of both area per cent and volume per cent,15
+likewise all four processes emphasise the new global partnership needed to achieve their shared vision a partnership between governments business communities and civil society this partnership is needed to channel support to the countries with least capacity to meet their development goals and to ensure that that the collective action of all partners is well coordinated and complementary to achieve sustainable development the post development agenda provides an unprecedented opportunity to break down the siloes between climate and development finance the paris agreement includes in its purpose a goal to make all finance flows consistent with pathways towards low greenhouse gas and climate resilient development,13
+decisionmaking power related to river basin management is still centralised and largely topdown and river basin councils lack the necessary legal planning capacity regulatory and financing powers to carry out their functions regional water programmes designed as a followup to the water agenda are a step in the right direction but they are at present more infrastructuredriven project portfolios than effective basin plans as implemented in other oecd and nonoecd countries this would help achieve convergence of public policies across the three levels of government coresponsibility in decision making transparency and consensus across all actors working toward the common goal of protection and sustainable use of water resources,6
+in contrast parteka and tamberi and de benedictis et al rationales specifically for territorial inclusiveness policies include fostering the development of more productive and innovationintensive activities in lagging regions by supporting entrepreneurship and the development of these activities strengthening the innovation capacities of lagging regions ie the absorptive capacity of individuals and firms located there also increases the chances of other initiatives such investment in rd and transport infrastructure to have their intended effects on innovation performance and economic development,9
+green energy rsd budgets include energy efficiency renewables nuclear hydrogen and fuel cells other power and storage technologies and other technology or research while the united kingdom remains a leader in marine energy innovations its ranking declined in batteries electric and hybrid vehicles nuclear methane heating solar fuel injection and waste however the falls appear to be due to higher growth in patenting activity in emerging economies such as korea rather than a major decline in the uk,13
+the reverse is not necessarily true programmes that do not account for existing gender discrimination will continue to perpetuate it the debate is no longer about adding in special policies and programmes for women or having separate women s ministries or agencies but rather ensuring that all policies and programmes are aimed at achieving equal outcomes for men and women realizing gender equality and women s empowerment is not an inadvertent outcome but a key design feature,5
+diabetes outcomes provide a rudimentary but useful lens by which to analyse the performance of a primary care system care coordination continuity of care and well informed patients the key functions of a primary care system can make a substantial difference to the potential for hospital admissions related to diabetes korea s poor outcomes in hospitalisations relative to its population prevalence for diabetes suggests shortfalls in the quality of care delivered for diabetes in korea and in particular the quality of primary care,3
+in nearly half of oecd countries nutrient and pesticide concentrations in surface and groundwater in agricultural areas exceed national recommended limits for drinking water standards oecd a furthermore pest species can become resistant to the harmful effects of pesticides over time through genetic adaptation becker and liess for example genetic resistance to herbicides has been recorded in weed species bourguet et al,6
+annual statutory salaries of teachers refer to the average scheduled gross salary per year of fulltime classroom teachers according to official pay scales oecd b minimum qualifications required to enter the teaching profession may not be the most commonly held qualifications in the teaching force in several education systems the typical teacher is certified and qualified beyond the minimum requirements and has reached a given position on the salary scale this is referred to as typical training of teachers in table il and it varies depending on the country and the school system oecd b indicator d,4
+according to school principals who participated in pisa the average student across oecd countries attends a school where of teachers have been fully certified but this proportion ranges widely from in macao china to around in colombia findings show that the proportion of teachers who have been certified to teach is positively associated with student performance in only a few selected countries both before and after accounting for the socioeconomic profile of students and schools figure this overall weak impact is not surprising given the different standards used in different countries to certify teachers and the fact that most countries have a high percentage of certified teachers,4
+in the five countries measures have been taken to extend maternity leave to the most vulnerable groups of workers broaden expectations of early childhood care and education services as a right for children and regulate paid domestic work these are very important measures for lowerincome women and thus positive from the point of view of public policymaking for socioeconomic equity over the long run from the point of view of the families hiring this type of labour such measures should also create the conditions to push the state to design better sequential and defamilializing measures,5
+for example in many of the region s countries functional income distribution worsened in the context of the commodity price boom eclac b and b various topics have been raised notably those referring to the possibility of requiring a greater contribution from households or individuals with higher levels of income and wealth given the suspicion that they are not being taxed in accordance with their means this greater contribution would help finance public and social goods and services enhancing the distributive impact of fiscal policy,8
+rather it draws on examples of current practice to identify barriers challenges and emerging lessons and presents opportunities highlighted by practitioners and experts where development cooperation can play a role in improving the effectiveness of international public climate finance the interviews were conducted over the phone and in person the individuals participating in the interviews represented seven governments and a nongovemmental organisation ngo in recipient countries of international climate finance nine climate finance providers from bilateral donor agencies and multilateral development banks and nine international organisations and research institutes categorised for the purpose of this paper as supporters of climate finance this subset of practitioners and researchers working on international climate finance has been selected to represent views from developed and developing countries with the aim to provide initial insights as a starting point for further discussion,13
+for instance in countries such as china and india which despite having invested heavily in rural development are home to most of the worlds undernourished people the areas most vulnerable to food insecurity often contend with poor natural conditions and fragile ecologies xiao and nie m s swaminathan research foundation and world food programme while there is an emerging consensus among international organizations regarding the importance of strengthening the role of small farm holders in order to ensure the achievement of greater food security effective policies need to be in place to secure the viability of small farm holders particularly in view of intensification of international competition and strengthening of marketing chains and quality standards and natural resource degradation hazell and others small farm holders not only tend to make more intensive use of land and labour but also face lower transaction costs for labour in northern zambia for instance labourrich households have higher incomes but they also cause the most deforestation holden,2
+getting a boat to the closest city the only means of transport is expensive and in a patriarchal society where womens welldefined roles and work are dismissed as less valuable it can be extraordinarily hard for girls to muster motivation to follow their dreams it s a highpressure job with long hours,5
+some drivers of cost increases such as productivity differentials baumol effect medical technology developments and public expectations are to some extent beyond the control of policymakers failure to contain costs would result in higher taxes or social contributions a reduction in the supply of other public services a deterioration of the quality of health services higher outofpocket payments by households or a combination of these undesirable outcomes remunerations of public health personnel are low by international standards which is related to the fact that the vast majority is public sector salaried and to the compression of remunerations in the nordic social model figure panel c and d a sharp reduction of the number of medical students in the early s as unemployment among physicians grew led to subsequent shortages which are slowly being brought down the overall shortage of doctors in municipal health centres was estimated at in down from in but up to in the worst affected region fma,3
+sugarcane farmers across the region have been suffering in recent times given the low price of sugar on the international market the possibility of growing highfibre sugarcane as an energy crop holds some attraction to the agriculture sector biodigesters have been used for decades in many parts of the world and offer a way of effectively treating animal and human sewage as well as waste from the agroprocessing industry breweries and distilleries energy crops such as napier grass and sugarcane can also be used offering a cleaner alternative to cogeneration that ensures the vital nutrients are returned to the ground rather than being combusted development of this resource in dominica grenada montserrat nevis saint lucia and st vincent and the grenadines is currently being explored and could dramatically alter the energy balance of these islands and even the caribbean as a whole if regional grid interconnections are developed to enable renewable energy exports currently no caricom state has developed geothermal power guadeloupe has operated geothermal plants since now up to mw with plans for more capacity,7
+however it has committed to work towards a lowcarbon economy the ministry of environment has developed the lowemission development strategy leds to ministry of environment and a national climate change adaptation strategy gom a decree no the development of renewable energy and increased energy efficiency in the residential and industrial sectors transport and agriculture are among moldova s priorities,7
+strengthening the curriculum s learning standards and ensuring that they are used as the key reference point for national examination and assessment development and teachers classroom practices will provide the foundations to ensuring assessment supports the new studentcentred vision for learning aligning assessment practice with the new curriculum will also mean reviewing romania s highstakes national examinations including reconsidering the use of the grade examination for tracking students into different streams in the immediate term there is a pressing need to mitigate the negative impact of the grade examination on student learning and equity,4
+targets of production area were decreed to ensure that each statedivision was selfsufficient in rice and farmers were forced to cultivate rice in designated areas especially those with irrigation as a condition to access land and inputs the mapt used the rice obtained under compulsory procurement to supply lowincome groups government employees and military personnel and to maintain buffer stocks undp well aware of the economic importance and the role of rubber as an exportable crop and an industrial raw material for local manufacturing industries rubber became one of the major crops promoted by the mpce following the creation of the mse from to sugarcane area tripled and production more than tripled from million to million mt,2
+the first is selfprovision of the population with mushrooms and berries with fish and game and collection of which are implemented usually in the form directly connected with forest recreation the second is wild medicinal plants harvesting of which is directly connected with recreation and also provides the increase of the human resistance to diseases due to forest therapy these two issues are relevant for russia and should be taken into consideration while developing measures in the management sphere,15
+the correlation is even stronger in nuclear countries and this trend seems to be confirmed by the fact that public information on nuclear energy increases awareness of the benefits of nuclear energy it is up to the nuclear sector itself to make these points convincingly as a source of power that produces electricity domestically with stable costs and no greenhouse gas emissions during operation nuclear energy is in principle wellplaced to make a positive contribution,7
+although there is widespread recognition of the benefits of moving towards more flexible contractual arrangements and payment based on performance collective agreements have prevented modernisation of the incentive system although there is a fair amount of variation in approaches depending on national context a common feature across these national experiences has been the gradual implementation of the purchaserprovider split in the system as opposed to a bigbang strategy generally with positive results for the health system internally within each ss institute the purchaserside should demand increasing refined information on activities costs and outcomes from the providerside,3
+for example labour force participation may decrease further due to the withdrawal of older workers from the labour force as a result of the lowering the statutory retirement age in late this policy may have a disproportionate impact on rural locales where there is a higher concentration of senior residents this includes the network of national roads railway lines airports and harbour ports a territorial lens on such overarching policies can help ensure that they are adequately tailored to place poland s national spatial development concept offers guidance on how to coordinate and implement public policies that have a significant territorial impact however in practice its coordinative ability is weak oecd b,9
+poorer developing nations get limited support for resource management and development of capabilities in china and the us propose new environmental rules for global trade by new york los angeles beijing shanghai and many big european cities ban the internal combustion engine within city limits,7
+there is no socialisation of the forest indeed nepal s dof and many of its forest policies were modelled directly on britishindian practices and the indian forest service this model in turn stemmed from the training and ethos of the imperial forestry school at dehradun and oxford explains a synthesis report of the uk s forest projects in nepal during the s,15
+the following analysis highlights the trade dimension of digital technologies shedding light on the changing composition of trade in goods and services the determinants of comparative advantage and the effects of digital technologies on the international organization of production along gvcs this section begins with an analysis of the impact of digital technologies on services trade and subsequently discusses the effect on the composition of trade in goods it also briefly touches upon the relationship between ipr and trade,9
+nonetheless as these demographic variables hardly vary over short periods they are not analysed on a disaggregated basis this variable grew at more than per year in argentina and the bolivarian republic of venezuela and between and in brazil chile ecuador mexico and panama in countries where poverty did not retreat by much labour income per employed person also played a major role especially in costa rica and el salvador although in most cases it was less decisive than other factors and in some cases moved in the opposite direction as in the dominican republic and guatemala see figure in colombia and nicaragua the employment rate was at least as important as average income per person employed,1
+thus a mix of both topdown and bottomup systems and indicators allows policy makers to better understand effectiveness by contextualising the progress of discrete interventions in contributing to transformational climate goals at global and national scales eg martins duarte for example it is easier to estimate the impacts of lowcarbon infrastructure projects on emissions than it is to measure the impact of a technical assistance or outreach activity on community resilience in the latter case it might be more practical to measure results at the output or outcome level eg number of projectmanagement training sessions held or number of awareness workshops held in vulnerable communities,13
+yet in a number of countries quota requirements that are supported by effective implementation mechanisms safeguards and sound accountability structures have helped boost the representation of women in recent years as oversight mechanisms parliamentary committees can further benefit from expanding their gender expertise to hold the government to account for achieving national gender equality goals less frequently used were mechanisms that scrutinise budgets and expenditures from a gender perspective the parliament is responsible for implementing these measures and the courts are responsible for oversight,5
+the local agenda initiative envisaged sustainability being built from the bottom up through initiatives by local governments community groups and women and men it stimulated a plethora of communitybased and joint statelocal sustainable development projects and programmes across the world around sustainable agriculture and land use water fisheries forests wildlife urban environments and other issues these initiatives embodied important recognition of local resource rights and collective action yet many suffered from an overly homogeneous view of the community that failed to account for sociallyand genderdifferentiated perspectives and priorities dressier and others leach mearns and scoones or involved women only in a tokenistic manner in project management committees,5
+the technical council of conagua is an interministerial body in charge of approving and evaluating the commission s programmes projects budget and operations as well as coordinating water policies and defining common strategies across multiple ministries and agencies semarnat sedesol secretary of agriculture livestock rural development fisheries and food sagarpa secretaria de agricultura ganaderia desarrollo rural pesca y alimentacion treasury energy conafor imta etc its role is to include ngo representatives such as water users associations to further strengthen civil society participation the water and public works operation technical committee integrated by conagua cfe imta and unam research institutions is another example of cooperation it meets weekly to deal with all dam operating issues including hydroelectric power stations and to optimise water management,6
+while the multidimensional headcount ratio of men in was it was in the case of women table the alkire and foster index of women was as against for men the gender bias index was thus as high as indicating that women are three times more deprived than men there have also been structural changes in the population including an improved sex ratio reduced birth rates a rise in the average age at marriage improved longevity and progressive ageing of the population,5
+using remote sensing methods the indicator can be measured in a costeffective way in an unlimited number of cities research has shown that two main different approaches are used to measure this indicator the degree of urbanization and the urban extent that has very strong connections to other goals and targets although participation itself can be explained in different manners no one denies the involvement of different actors in urban affairs is critical to build consensus and to take the most appropriate and informed actions this data which is mostly generated using spatial analysis technologies is greatly challenging the traditional notion of the city unit and its boundaries which were used to generate urban data,11
+currently about one third of the country s population consumes drinking water that does not meet the national requirements the monitoring data reveal the nonconformity of tap water quality to the accepted standards by its chemical and bacteriological composition table the goal of the authorities is to provide the entire population with good quality drinking water and to meet the municipal water demands of cities and settlements through centralized water supply systems,6
+for instance it is necessary to monitor wind speeds for at least one year before building a wind turbine world bank b the most attractive options have often been applications that are income generating and are linked to existing agricultural activities or agroforest industries where customers are concentrated it can be more economical to connect them to a small grid or a centrally located generating system typically based on rets on a diesel generator or on a dieselrenewable hybrid solution,7
+this is most evident when considering a lowcarbon future across all regions and sectors significant additional work is needed to carry forward a systems approach to energy access in emerging economies and developing countries much of which will need to be targeted and conducted in relation to categories of use technology roadmaps specific to different regions brics brazil russia india china and south africa the developing countries and the leastdeveloped countries ldcs could bring additional clarity to this discussion and generate the additional stakeholder engagement needed to provide sustainable energy access for all each energy subsystem will be explored according to its individual characteristics,7
+together with an expected overall decline in summer precipitation these changes could lengthen the periods of low flow in summer although elsewhere there are expectations of higher summer rainfall where intensive rainfall events become stronger and more frequent greater flushing of diffuse agricultural pollutants to both surface water and groundwater could result and the frequency and severity of polluted urban siormflows could increase overall increases in annual rainfall could have the effect of diluting diffuse pollutants joint eeajrcwho report rising water temperatures will increase the likelihood of cyanobactcrial blooms and hotter and drier summers would deplete river lows reduce dilution capacity and lead to higher pollutant concentrations and possibly fish deaths temperatures above c can be fatal,6
+men who suffer from cvd have extra sick days per month in blue collar men in mexico and extra days per year in white collar men in the us however american white collar women who have cvd have reduced sick days days per year in australia white collar women tend to report more sick days due to cvd whereas blue collar women with cvd report fewer sick days,3
+the delivery of energy services is a multisectoral phenomenon and thus considerations of the linked vulnerabilities of major infrastructures should be part of an analysis of potential adaptation options one of the biggest challenges is that some utilities are facing declining loads owing to the economic downturn and more wealthy customers opting to switch to selfgeneration energy options including solar pv systems with battery some utilities have found that their annual energy production has declined year on year in some cases for the first time ever a majority of this is from customers connecting small distributed renewable energy systems predominantly solar pv to the grid,7
+most rural working women are employed in traditional agriculture selfemployed women are more likely than men to be classified as family rather than ownaccount enterprise workers women and girls remain significantly constrained in education level contributing to occupational segregation these gaps are largely explained by differences in human capital variables such as education training and experience,5
+in country group polarised female labour market behaviour where mothers work either fulltime or not at all the probability of working full rather than parttime increases only when the youngest child is aged between and years old and in countries where mothers often work parttime women in longterm parttime work country group the probability of working fulltime increases only when the youngest child is to years old as is also the case in countries with a relatively narrow gender gap in working hours eg france and the nordics country group in eastern european countries country group the number of children in a household does not appear to have a significant impact on the likelihood of an employed mother working full rather than parttime,5
+it discusses recent projects and achievements in this direction considers the challenges in building a coherent policy framework for the zmvm and offers some recommendations based on international good practice a final section addresses the mexico citytoluca train project and the new mexico city international airport central to achieving this is building a strong metropolitan coordination structure for mobility planning and implementation aligning private and public actors to achieve consistency across policies and projects moving away from reactive actions and developing longterm planning capacity and assigning human and financial resources to generate the right technical expertise for the kind of policies that are coherent with new priorities,11
+lessons from these past trends are helpful to formulate future policies helping improving opportunities for displaced workers on average each year onefifth of jobs are created andor destroyed and one third of workers are hired or separate from employers oecd this is part of the normal reallocation of resources to their most productive uses in response to shocks,8
+new developments in space technology satellites space communications gps systems are also promising as a means of amassing more accurate and timelier information on markets a brief overview on the current and potential use of space technology is provided in box the fao global information and early warning system giews monitors the world food supplydemand and price situation and provides early warnings of impending food crises in individual countries,2
+the result is that poland has the longest waiting times in the eu for health care interventions such as cataract and joint replacement surgery such as cataract and joint replacement surgery figure specialists may have an incentive to maintain waiting lists to boost demand for their own private services paid outofpocket by patients and the practice of double employment is fairly widespread and poorly regulated in poland european commission for example waiting times for some specialities can be up to months in some regions kowalska et al in addition the share of patients waiting for a neurology ophthalmology cardiac endocrinology or orthopaedic appointment in varied almost threefold across polands regions world bank group,3
+men may also seek to retain control over how much they are willing to change and under which conditions thereby retaining gendered power hierarchies and reducing their accountability to the needs and wishes of women pierotti lake and lewis while no intervention can change the whole of a society there is a need to work not only with individuals but also with the social networks that they inhabit be it families or peers in terms of preventing gbv especially ipv and domestic violence men s partners and the broader family need to be involved as well,5
+loading and uploading facilities commodity exchange centres and food processing complexes that will be established near the chinese border will help reduce postharvest losses of perishable crops produced in myanmar moai maintaining the quality of fruit and vegetables and maximising their shelf life requires careful and minimal handling and proper temperature however as most often postharvest technology is lacking postharvest lossess of fresh produce especially mangos is ranging between and doa,2
+the survey was repeated in capturing more patients and extending to primary care results not available at time of writing the programme run by the ministry of health and applying to ccss as well as private facilities focuses on accrediting health care providers accreditation is at a basic level however and essentially comprises verification that the facility complies with minimum requirements around staffing levels equipment and documentation,3
+these interactions focused on how to create an enabling environment for ecommerce to allow all companies regardless of size or location to enjoy access to the global trading system enhancing the quality and affordability of telecommunication services and facilitating investment in icts and related sectors are especially important for creating better conditions for online trade reducing regulatory barriers and ensuring regulatory coherence are also important to enable smes participation,8
+beyond the determination of who does what the challenge lies in the problems of overlapping responsibilities generated by interpretation and implementation of water policy on the ground in addition both ministries are required to cooperate on some areas given the interdependence of issues such as climate change spatial planning roles of water districts agencies organisations and the need to address issues of quantity and quality collectively on average domestic water services usually involve the highest number of ministries public agencies and departments because of the externalities of water supply on other policy areas eg education health etc,6
+when low battery power is detected the cluster manager tries to turn off web servers to prevent them from abnormal shutdown due to power shortage moreover it is useful to construct a resilient system that can provide a minimum level of quality service when not enough energy is provided a simple energy management strategy that prioritizes system availability over performance can be formulated based on prediction of solar irradiation and load,7
+all countries should make access to basic health care and health promotion the central strategies for reducing mortality and morbidity sufficient resources should be assigned so that primary health services attain full coverage of the population governments should strengthen health and nutrition information education and communication activities so as to enable people to increase their control over and improve their health,3
+half a percent of gdp in the united states amounts to just over usd billion in japan it is trillion yen but given the different disease and demographic profiles of the us and japan respectively to australia these figures may be higher despite all the limitations and assumptions built into the presented calculations the cost impact of safety lapses in primary and ambulatory care is substantial enough to warrant attention,3
+recognising that deaths from diabetes can typically be prevented with timely primaiy health care luxembourg is currently developing strategies and programmes that will target diabetes patients more effectively this has increased the identification and notification of hiv cases however in women death rates increased slightly in the last decade compared to a decreasing trend in men reflecting the longterm consequences of increased smoking among women in previous generations luxembourgs antitobacco plan also involves public awareness campaigns and tax increases starting from,3
+three strategic components need to be present domestically to ensure the internet continues to operate in an ldc in the event of a disruption to international connectivity a root name server the cctld name server and an ixp if the cctld is not managed locally money accrues to overseas registrars and web hosting companies if there is no ixp then data will be exchanged overseas requiring costly internet bandwidth,9
+the act is a piece of federal legislation that lays out the goals of fisheries policies it identifies rebuilding and managing for maximum sustainable yield as key priorities and delegates responsibility for meeting these objectives to the national oceanographic and atmospheric administration noaa through its subagency the national marine fisheries service nmfs substantial authority in turn is delegated to regional fishery management councils rfmcs who develop fishery management plans to restore and manage stocks,14
+policy preferences reflect differential environmental conditions because people do not have a sense of sharing their destiny with others outside their own community they tend to become disappointed when government is not giving them everything they ask for because it must share scarce resources with people in other communities this has proved to be a serious challenge in trying to effectively implement participatory or bottomup budgeting aimed at empowering the poor,1
+therefore we have chosen to construct domain deprivation scores in eight domains based on the available dataset in eusilc the eight domains are financial strain housing community food clothing education social and leisure for the housing community and financial domains four or five variables were chosen for the other domains three or two indicators were available see table for the financial housing and community domains we counted children as deprived if they lacked two or more out of the fourfive items,1
+of these themes are most relevant to the social aspects of forestry see section for details of those indicators of most relevance the aim of the strategy is to conserve biodiversity for the health enjoyment and wellbeing of the people of scotland now and in the future it provides a foundation for scotlands contribution to the uks obligations under the international convention on biological diversity cbd as well as the scottish governments commitment to sustainable development and the statutory duty on public bodies in scotland to conserve biodiversity under the nature conservation scotland act they are grouped under three of the seven themes in the sfs community development access and health and environmental quality,15
+the maximum flexibility required is equal to the coincidence of a maximum decrease of wind output with a maximum increase of demand this flexibility measure has to be compared to the maximum flexibility available which is determined by the maximum ramp rate of controllable technologies times their availability and capacity the flexibility margin indicator compares the maximum flexibility available with the maximum flexibility required in proportion to the maximum flexibility required ecofys et al this measure does not account for alternative sources of system flexibility like interconnection capacity demand response and storage the indicator warrants the use of assumptions for maximum ramp rates of controllable technologies the difficulty is to take into account differences in plant availability ie whether the plant is already partially used in the system or not and therefore whether the plant has to ramp from a cold or warm state with corresponding ramping times,7
+in many cases there is lack of consensus between the countries about the extent of aquifers or even their transboundary character the first assessment revealed many such examples different positions between countries regarding the transboundary character of an aquifer its real extent or its hydraulic connection to surface water systems also emerged in the preparations of the second assessment it is a positive development that since the first assessment bosnia and herzegovina and serbia have acceded to the convention and that the former yugoslav republic of macedonia is preparing for accession,6
+the emphasis is on the provision of schooling and it is incumbent upon governments and educational institutions to ensure that schools are available locally and that educational policies do not create barriers for attending school in practical terms however access is gauged simply by measures of school attendance eg uis this approach takes into account not only the supply of schooling but also the cultural social religious political and economic factors that affect the demand for schooling,4
+the organisations interest in ehs goes back to objective of the oecd environmental strategy for the first decade of the s century that was adopted by oecd environment ministers in may and which already stressed the need to remove or reform subsidies and other policies that encourage unsustainable use of natural resources beginning with the agriculture transport and energy sectors oecd objective of the statement also emphasises the importance of green tax reform which is of particular importance for tax concessions encouraging the production and use of fossil fuels,12
+divergences between monetary poverty and multidimensional poverty indicators mean that neither is a sufficient proxy for the other both need to be measured see box moreover reducing nonmonetary deprivations often requires different policies than reducing income poverty a helpful survey of empirical research on commonly observed mismatches between different poverty indicators is found in nolan and whelans book poverty and deprivation in europe another literature survey is found in chapter of alkire et al,1
+this chapter outlines the causes and consequences of climate change and summarise future projections for ocean temperature rise coral bleaching events and ocean acidification and the associated uncertainties this review largely focuses on marine ecosystems as three quarters of capture fisheries landings come from the seas however it also presents key issues and examples from freshwater fisheries as these fisheries provide important livelihoods and fish protein for some of the world s poorest people,14
+the integrated technical education cluster initiative itec represents a valuable effort to provide vet of high quality clearly articulated across different educational levels and designed to be more responsive to employers skills needs the key point of this cluster model is to ensure that resources are integrated to achieve the highest level of utilisation and set up a clear progression path to higher technical skills for students that must be also transparent and understandable to employers these clusters have four components a technical secondary school a technical institute an advanced technical institute and a vocational training centre crucially the curricula and programme design of these clusters at all levels is meant to be inspired by local labour market needs,4
+there is a large literature that reviews the different regulatory models in use globally while a detailed description of these models is outside the scope of this report this chapter focuses on describing the main regulatory models for water services it identifies the establishment of dedicated regulatory bodies as a growing trend among countries and sheds some light on the motivations behind this trend one recent trend the development of dedicated regulatory bodies for drinking water and wastewater services wws stands out as a consistent response to some of the challenges to regulating water services including the fragmentation of roles and responsibilities in the sector and the difficult political economy of tariff setting,6
+increasingly companies are applying innovative solutions including through the iot cloud computing miniaturization and d printing which will enable more interoperability and flexible industrial processes and autonomous and intelligent manufacturing the physical components of industrial production are being transformed by smart digital networking into cyberphysical systems allowing for the management of production processes in realtime across great distances and customized products it could further enable the transition to a circular economy or industrial economy in which endoflife products are reused remanufactured and recycled,9
+the united kingdom has also developed a methodology to monitor the impact of ghg emission reductions of its international climate finance programme the complexities and difficulties in developing these systems has been a significant challenge in particular for measuring benefits of adaptation and impacts of strengthening domestic policy and institutional frameworks interviewees from all three groups mentioned that countries ability to access and readiness to absorb finance from dedicated climate funds eg the adaptation fund climate investment funds and green climate fund is an important element for the effective allocation uptake and timely delivery of international climate finance,13
+the parameters of the log normal energy consumption distributions are calibrated in each country from available data most often food balance sheets for the average energy availability and household surveys for the variance the percentage of undernourished population also referred to as the chronically hungry is measured as the area under food consumption distribution curve below the minimum requirement cutoff point measured in kcalpersonday which is specific for each country the fao uses a related indicator to monitor the millennium development goal of halving the number of undernourished another related food security indicator in the fao statistics is the depth of food deficit which measures in kcal the gap between the average dietary energy consumption of the undernourished population fooddeprived and the average dietary energy requirement scaled up to the population as a whole by the total number of fooddeprived persons this indicator captures both the availability and access dimensions of food insecurity,2
+longterm unemployed or recipients of unemployment benefit for more than months are exempt subject to an income test as mentioned earlier this tax appears to be in principle progressive though for a group of people with assets but low income it may be regressive in terms of income these are positive moves towards a more equitable distribution of the tax burden,10
+le pisa montre que les resultats obtenus par les etudiants immigres sont bien pires que ceux des eleves autochtones en termes de resultats scolaires et de bienetre les conclusions de ce rapport sont basees sur les travaux actuels de l ocde dans le domaine de l integration des immigrants dans l education sur des donnees de l ocde et nationales sur un questionnaire sur leventail des politiques et des pratiques en suede et sur des exemples de bonnes pratiques dintegration des systemes de formation par les pairs dans des pays et regions apprenants autriche allemagne paysbas et amerique du nord canada et etatsunis qui revetent une importance particuliere pour la suede le rapport inclut egalement des indications sur les politiques et les pratiques que la suede pourrait adopter pour repondre aux defis actuels de lintegration dans les quatre domaines prioritaires since the very large influx of new arrivals with multiple disadvantages has put a welldeveloped integration system under great pressure and highlighted a number of challenges for education policy given current institutional frameworks,4
+despite progress in the past decade mexico has one of the highest child poverty rates in the oecd area the second highest after israel in more than in mexican children grew up in households living in relative poverty conventionally defined as the percentage of the population earning less than half the median income with children accounting for almost half of all mexican poor prolonging their marginalisation is particularly damaging as it increases the risk of a permanent damage on top of the direct social costs caused by the loss of selfesteem and motivation the high level of child poverty is also reflected in other standardofliving indicators such as child mortality three times higher than the oecd average maternal mortality five times higher and teenage births almost four times higher,1
+a certain cyclical price behaviour is caused by the projected production patterns of major producers but by world cotton prices are expected to be lower than in in both real and nominal terms for each segment a market clearing price is projected prices follow similar projection paths but they differ in level with the pacific price generally above the atlantic because of sanitary and phytosanitary measures that prevent beef from the atlantic region to access the more lucrative markets in the pacific region poultry and sheep meats are traded in single international markets,2
+on average boys outperform girls by points or more in japan while it is the other way round in malaysia and thailand top performers in the pisa mathematics and sciences tests are predominately boys while the top performers in the reading test are girls in most economies there are more girls than boys among bottom performers in mathematics but the gender gap is less significant than among the top performers figure women have been entering the labour force in larger numbers and remain longer in employment over their life course,5
+these programmes have reduced the economic security of poor households and allowed them to increase current consumption and productive investments including in health and in education they also help the global economy by avoiding further contractions in domestic demand and increasing domestic consumption as the scope for social protection programmes expand it creates a specific incentive for governments to invest in local capacities as a key component of their employment and social policies and their development strategies,8
+demand for opportunities is unlikely to diminish and will continue to exceed the supply of opportunities two ongoing changes have increased the significance and impact of migration in very recent years firstly the rse scheme despite its numerical limitations has boosted household incomes especially in some relatively poor areas and encouraged investment in agriculture at a time when this is otherwise declining,10
+high costs of untargeted transfers naturally encourage efforts at targeting in favour of poor people to try to assure a greater impact on poverty for a given budget outlay however fine targeting it is not necessarily the best instrument for this purpose given the sometimes hidden costs and incentive effects one question is then to define the relevant population group to be targeted and the criteria to be used to delimit it,1
+the project had a strong community involvement and appears to have incorporated lessons from earlier slum upgrading projects hudcc the baan mankong slum upgrading in bangkok thailand allows for the integration of slum dwellers into society through a demandside approach archer baan mankong is implemented by the community organisations development institute codi and allows for community organisations established by informal settlement residents to be the managers in developing and planning solutions to their housing problems,11
+some of the education reforms underway in northern nations ground formal schooling in the inuit or inupiaq ways of living and being and thus make fluid the relationship between formal education and traditional learning so that in barrow alaska whaling can be both the backbone of the community and a foundation on which learning is built in school this rethinking of the definition also allows for inclusion of differing educational goals for parents and students whether it is enabling young people to continue on in formal schooling and pursue a professional career in a location away from their home community or developing the skills that enable them to stay in their home and be a successful subsistence hunter or herder these processes ground students in their own culture values and beliefs and enable them to successfully negotiate the sociopolitical and economic world beyond their own communities we also acknowledge the importance in indigenous communities of instruction in heritage languages as well as in western languages,4
+these elements should be embedded in iterative learning systems that go beyond linear performance frameworks which are limited to reporting on indicators focusing on sexdisaggregated data this would help to move beyond the tendency to focus on numbers of women and men and targeting strategies to more responsive and transformative results the practice of gender audits should also become a more standard feature throughout the organization,5
+for example evidence shows that more equitable property distribution within the family can have a range of benefits such as increasing female labour force participation and boosting education for girls for example when families have few resources children might be forced to work rather than go to school and girls might be forced to marry or denied an education because their families cannot afford it for example the equal right of women and men to decide freely the number and spacing of their children eg art it also requires ensuring that women and men have equal rights to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination coercion and violence,5
+while compact cities can foster traffic congestion and higher levels of air pollution compact urban development can limit travel distances reduce car dependence and facilitate the development of public transport systems there are also other nontransport benefits such as the preservation of countryside and reduced material and energy use oecd chen jia and lau increased urban density is associated with reduced transportation c emissions per capita and successful compact cities develop effective internal and external transportation linkages mixed land use and highquality urban services oecd,11
+additionally the spillover of using productivityenhancing technologies for particular crops may reduce their prices globally thereby increasing food affordability although on a limited scale the widespread adoption of crop varieties that are resistant to the projected new climate conditions significantly reduces projected food prices in compared to the climate change baseline similarly increasing the efficiency of irrigation systems or expanding irrigation infrastructure where appropriate can significantly reduce water stress and make farming practices more resilient to climate change these costs depend strongly on the projected adaptation level and the marginal costs must always be evaluated against the marginal benefits they deliver due to the lack of common metrics to measure the effectiveness of adaptation it is impossible to determine optimal adaptation strategies under the assumptions used in this study the potential additional costs in rd and in improved irrigation technologies are estimated to reach usd to billion per year by for oecd countries,2
+yields of wheat and soybeans for example could increase with increased o concentrations under optimal temperatures however while projections of future yields vary according to the scenario model and timescale used there is consistency in the main expected directions of change yields suffer more in tropical regions than at higher latitudes and impacts are more severe with increased warming porter et al it presents projected estimates of changes in crop yields owing to climate change over the st century figure,13
+this should also be a prerogative for regional governments to support coherent ruralurban spatial strategies such evidencebased assessments will help establish priority areas for collaboration austria s conference on spatial planning which assembles representatives from all levels of government to discuss spatial policies is one of the best examples of multilevel government spatial coordination within the oecd box,11
+these are bearing fruit in the health sector where maternity infrastructure will be integrated into all new health facilities at the district or rural level it is an entry point for ensuring that public expenditure is genderresponsive and benefits women and men equally out of countries that reported on the indicator have systems in place to track and make public allocations on gender equality undpoecd four additional countries have a tracking system but allocations are not made public,5
+to be effective this approach requires the support of a broader national strategy that involves users in water policy decisionmaking and implementation the approach recognises that the general population once organised and educated is an essential partner in water programming which cannot be the sole prerogative of governments it has put in place mechanisms that provide for the sustainable implementation management and maintenance of projects,6
+the paris agreement states that all parties shall pursue domestic mitigation measures to meet their ndcs and that methodological consistency is needed between the communication and implementation of ndcs it remains unclear what information is to be reported on domestic mitigation measures and what methodological consistency means in practice parties are invited to communicate such strategies to the unfccc secretariat by parties shall also participate in a facilitative multilateral consideration of progress with respect to achievement of ndcs,13
+this type of programme has substantial direct and indirect gender effects given the predisposition in many countries to prefer males when jobs are scarce for example per cent of respondents to the world values survey agree that when jobs are scarce men have more of a right to a job this act establishes a legal job guarantee for one hundred days of employment every year to adult members of any rural household willing to do public work mainly unskilled at the statutory minimum wage,5
+both documents deal only with ghg mitigation and the establishment of a national framework to manage climate change currently there is neither a climate change adaptation strategy nor a climate change adaptation action plan the only attempt to undertake adaptation is mo no it also suggests that the adaptation measures identified should be implemented through cooperation with local authorities and provision of appropriate technical assistance,13
+the number of poor grew in to million of whom million were indigent the increase was basically in the number of nonindigent poor which rose from million in to million in see figure the number of poor in the region increased by about million between and this being the outcome of a recorded or projected rise of million poor persons occurring mainly in the bolivarian republic ofvenezuela guatemala and mexico and a decline of million occurring mainly in brazil colombia and ecuador,1
+already before the designation of kvarken archipelago as a world heritage site the organization responsible for the management of the stateowned protected areas in finland metsahallitus parks and wildlife finland initiated its cooperation with local entrepreneurs using a contract scheme developed especially for the cooperation between metsahallitus and local enterprises the conditions for carrying out sustainable tourism activities on stateowned land and waters were improved for instance entrepreneurs pay nowadays a small fee for using fireplaces and other type of infrastructure located on areas managed by metsahallitus on the other hand the entrepreneurs also have the possibility to give metsahallitus annual feedback on the quality of the organisations services and in that manner contribute to better planning of the work,8
+there is also evidence that the housing supply is adequate for commercial premises and vast expensive housing units while there is a shortage of affordable smaller flats the correlation is not as good when including smaller cities of district significance housing prices for existing dwellings declined after the housing boom which was fuelled by the introduction of mortgages and led to a banking crisis oecd e,11
+these kind of data are needed for all stages of planning especially the early ones to identify problems develop and guide policy and monitor progress greed a larsson in two oecd countries greece and new zealand more than of students graduating from architecture and building courses are women oecd b however studies show that the presence of women in the planning process does not guarantee gender awareness,5
+the ldcs are more exposed to climate change impacts and are suffering from severe shocks due to climate change the high vulnerability of the category is due to various impacts assessed by the components of the index this situation of extreme vulnerability of the category reveals heterogeneous profiles of vulnerability among the group,13
+fostering isid and investing in scientific research and innovation are crucial for realizing sdg and other industryrelated goals this applies to both the private and the public sector to this end it is vital to have an effective and efficient system of innovation including at national and regional levels,9
+where some kind of water market can be developed that reflect the income produced by infrastructure improvements the burdens of searching for external finance can be reduced important data needs would focus on assembly of detailed cost and return enterprise budgets for irrigated agriculture that account for financial and economic impacts of greater water supply and increased water supply reliability other important data needs would focus on the cost and productivity of measures that would maintain dams canals pipelines aqueducts pumping plants drainage and flow regulating structures improvements in models of water supply and demand in alternative uses would be even more valuable,6
+they also provide a means for the participating education systems to measure their progress towards better student outcomes while academic success is important progress on student wellbeing participation and engagement in learning both benefits students directly and supports improvements in student achievement this is evidenced by the range of new initiatives and programmes being put in place across participating jurisdictions and the focus on indigenous students within each ministry,4
+the prorich character of growth in viet nam was not detected during the period income growth was highest for the middleincome deciles and lowest at both the bottom and top of the income ladder a new sample frame was introduced in the vhlss from based on the census employment intensity of growth or elasticity of employment with respect to output is a useful indicator of inclusive growth,10
+for this reason efforts to ensure resilience at the project level should be embedded within a strategic approach to infrastructure network planning that accounts for the direct and indirect effects of climate change and climate variability given the contextspecific nature of climate adaptation the measures used to achieve this will vary widely in some cases no structural changes will be needed to achieve this the climateresilient fibre optic cable may be identical to the one that would have otherwise been installed ecosystembased approaches using natural infrastructure to design adaptation measures are also key alternatives to be considered alongside structural adaptation measures,13
+summary indicators can present key messages in an approachable way and can help galvanise public support for change the oftenquoted usd billion per year in additional revenue if fisheries are optimally managed world bank is probably overprecise but gives the message that the benefits are large and achievable but a large dashboard also carries the danger of losing a clear message that speaks to policy makers and helps communication with the media and with citizens,14
+many countries in the region have a renewed focus on this mode of transport with countries in the escap region adopting either national or subnational policies to promote the use of nonmotorized modes of transport such as walking and cycling however according to the global status report only seven countries in the escap region have a policy to separate vrus from high speed traffic at the national level while nine countries have a policy at a subnational level measures to reduce speeds in particular in urban areas with high concentrations of vrus can significantly limit the incidence of death and injury,11
+how well programmes can achieve their objectives will depend among other things on how well they reach their target group social protection programmes use a combination of targeting methods to deliver larger and better transfers to selected individuals or households while targeting can be an effective instrument for reducing poverty and inequality efficient implementation is key and depends largely on institutional capacity,1
+this demonstrates that the substantive content of nups is highly contingent on regional and national contexts in contrast the two themes receiving the least attention are climate resilience and environmental sustainability a relatively small proportion of nups offer only a low level per cent of engagement with human development issues,11
+the public sector has a vital role to play in providing the environment and infrastructure which would enable and promote action by the private sector for example government has an important role to play in reforming fossil fuel subsidies or simply in helping to raise awareness of the costs and benefits of potential investment decisions this would result in a winwin situation with reduced costs for the private sector combined with the social benefits from improved energy efficiency the key drivers of green growth namely investment and innovation require the creation of enabling policy frameworks in which private sectorled and collaborative investment and innovation initiatives can thrive,7
+while education at a glance and included editorials on the sdgs this is the first edition to devote a chapter to this universal education agenda global indicators are a small set of globallycomparable indicators that will be used to track progress by all countries towards the targets thematic indicators are a larger set of indicators from which countries and organisations can choose in order to complement the global indicators in monitoring each target see note below,4
+a decade ago broadband access was mainly offering hundreds of kbits today it provides access within mbits or tens of mbits ie speeds enabling such things as the provision of highdefinition hd video as well as ultrahd videos for example almost all transport networks are now fibre based and the differences shown in figure refer mainly to the last mile in lte networks were offered in at least countries worldwide,9
+however the situation seems to have improved between and particularly in very unfavourable schools and technicalprofessional programmes data refer to averages across the pisa sample means that the difference is significant at confidence level standard errors of the estimates are available from the original source,4
+moreover addressing the structural inequalities that perpetuate social exclusion and vulnerability requires integrated and coherent policies which are consistent over time policymakers increasingly recognize this challenge and the need to focus on immediate and nearfuture decisions that have longerterm impacts while maintaining the flexibility needed to adjust to changing conditions and information a recent report on the melting of the west antarctic ice sheet for example found that sea levels will possibly have risen by as much as three feet by the end of the century with severe implications for the world s coastal cities gillis this new estimate of the speed of sealevel rise yields roughly twice the increase expected under the plausible worstcase scenario produced by ipcc in church and others rapid improvements in climate technologies is facilitating new assessments better environment statistics and more information although important gaps do remain see chaps,13
+if poverty is related to the number of children in a family eligibility can be related to number andor age of the children geographical targeting combined with demographic categories may be an option in countries with large regional disparities however the latter requires detailed data at the lowest administrative level of government possible,1
+however larger countries may have more general information overall given the more detailed monitoring of groundwater hotspots eg united states lastly precipitationabundant countries for which groundwater is not as important a resource and which have predominantly rain fed agriculture do not dedicate many resources to groundwater quantity measurement resulting in a general lack of information eg see council of canadian academies overall groundwater represents a major portion of usable water resources accounting for of liquid freshwater unesco groundwater reserves are estimated to be over million km of which is freshwater,6
+the program has responsibility for coordinating requests tendering processes timely payment and budgeting alongside a number of other functions the hospital drug procurement part of the program has reportedly saved or million for active ingredients kastanioti et al in estonia precrisis reforms had focused on centralising aspects of health care financing and planning including collection of funds,3
+in this latter scenario wholesale electricity prices are below euros per mwh more than of the time results are reported in figure for the scenarios considered as expected both nuclear and renewable energy allows for a significant reduction of carbon emissions compared with the million tonnes of c emitted in the scenario with renewables and no nuclear emissions are reduced to as low as million tonnes in the scenario featuring the highest shares of nuclear and renewables,7
+the information on training participation needs to be complemented by an indication of the quantity and quality of the training received to this end the statistical framework includes an indicator regarding the volume of jobrelated training as well as an indicator that attempts to capture the quality of jobrelated training measured as the workers perception of whether the most recent training has helped improve work skills can be acquired not only via formal and nonformal education but also informally the paradox of job quality in the affluent economy,8
+the common fisheries policy amended in incorporated the underlying principles of this approach attaching greater importance to the sustainable exploitation of living resources in line with informed scientific opinion and calling for precautionary measures in the management of fisheries and aquaculture the latter is the main operative instrument for the strategy set out in the national strategic plan for fisheries over the same period it should be pointed out that changes were made in some areas in order to mitigate the adverse impact of higher fuel prices this programme was part of the third community support framework csf iii covering the period,14
+equipment imports have generally been low except in a few southeast asian countries for example india and a number of other countries have relied mostly on indigenous solar and wind turbines their increase in gdp provides them with the necessary resources often coupled with high levels of foreign direct investment fdi to develop and produce such equipment,7
+approximately half of the waste passes first through a drum to segregate the fine fractions and then is conveyed on two treadmills this permits the waste pickers to collect recyclable waste plastics glass metals the waste contains no paper or carton which has already been picked up before the waste is collected and sold to a wholesaler industry is increasingly interested in the possibility of coincinerating its waste in cement plants the combustion systems at many cement plants have been readapted to allow the coincineration of several types of waste this involves mainly waste containing polychlorinated biphenyls pcbs tons in,12
+whether or not greater dependence on food imports implies a greater risk of food insecurity depends on whether the change reflects a shift of resources from food production into more remunerative activities and the fact that the opportunity cost of importing food is lower than the opportunity cost of producing it domestically or is a result of fundamental development failure which is the case should be reflected in income levels and the availability of foreign exchange the highest proportion of net food importers are found in the lowincome and highincome groups respectively for all countries that depend on food imports the reliability of the world market as a source of supplies is essential for food security,2
+such financing usually comes from the budgetary funds of ministries or agencies whose representatives work in a joint body and this funding is often very limited in cases where a party wishes to entrust another party with implementation of water management and protection measures or designing works or when such measures and works are to be implemented jointly this should be subject to separate contracts or agreements see for example agreement in table results of g initiated survey prepared by gtz deutsche gesellschaft fur technische zusammenarbeit for example the agreement between czechoslovakia and poland concerning the use of the water resources in frontier waters still in force for the czech republic and poland prescribes that proposals adopted by the plenipotentiaries shall not be binding until they have been approved in accordance with the law of each party the agreements may not provide for the need of such approval however the implementation of joint bodies decisions in any case usually requires the adoption of some documents by national authorities,6
+this may free up resources that could be used to help those with insufficient savings these systems have an essential role to play in addressing persistent poverty protecting households against income and healthrelated risks and tackling income inequality it revealed that having social protection systems in place before a crisis strengthens the effectiveness of social policy responses to changing needs the first is to ensure that social protection systems provide adequate support to those who need it in a context of limited fiscal resources and weak administration and a high rate of informal work that leaves large parts of the workforce uncovered by the main instruments of social policy,10
+such a shift will create a more transparent market for access to resources without improper interference of foreign and domestic government policy concurrently as shown in other work of the committee there is also a need to address domestic governance and management with a view to achieving sustainable fisheries there is evidence that such developments are taking place already as some companies are setting up affiliate harvesting companies abroad eg pescanova austevoll seafood pacific andes,14
+morocco nd and egypt s rank amongst the countries with the least efficient labour markets according to the world economic forum s global competitiveness index gci of countries the rules in these countries are so strict that they have a doubly negative impact on young job seekers on the one hand employers are reluctant to employ youth in permanent positions because of very high job protection and dismissal costs both sets of rules need urgent reform,8
+third the paper critically scrutinizes the ig paradigm and suggests that its inadequacies are best confronted through a broader and more ambitious statement of the propoor goals the first reviews the debates around poverty and policy before the wc the second and third sections outline the rise and decline of the wc and the pwc respectively the fourth surveys the propoor debates of the s and early s,1
+the law on nature protection requires development of the national red list and red book and includes temporary protection measures for strictly protected and protected wild species waste treatment facilities have been required in the vicinity of the lake to protect water quality and aquatic biota also a fiveyear moratorium has been established at the national level prohibiting the collection and trade of medicinal plants gentiana lutea and gentiana punctata,15
+electricity represents of overall global energy demand and is expected to increase to by iea b according to the iea blue map scenario electricity demand is growing between and in oecd member countries from until compared to to in nonoecd regions in the same time period electricity provides lighting refrigeration and appliance power that would be difficult to replace with other forms of energy,7
+team academy offers a special three and a half year educational stream each student takes intensive training in leadership and marketing as a member of a team through real life project work the team academy is open to business students but based on its experiences a set of courses promoting entrepreneurship have been developed to all students under the title the path for nascent entrepreneur it has provided entrepreneurial education for more than bba graduates and given birth to companies in addition to the cooperatives that operate during the study time about of the team academy graduates are active entrepreneurs especially in the service sector and consultancy the team academy has received a number of national awards for its innovative learning methods and its proven track record in the enhancement of entrepreneurship,4
+the increase in low cost and abundant internet bandwidth supported the launch of mbps fiber optic packages parallel to this secondary education enrolment jumped and all high schools are equipped with internet access through corporate social responsibility initiatives this includes those on track to achieve sdg c by high those that might achieve at least one or more of the indicator thresholds particularly with the right policies to induce rapid growth medium and those unlikely to reach the target by due to vulnerability challenges and structural barriers or and where change is likely to be incremental low,9
+it is worth noting that previously broke a temperature record and it took place in the absence of a genuine el nino event this phenomenon which warms the climate occurs when higher than normal sea surface temperatures in the east of the tropical pacific interact with atmospheric pressure systems the year the hottest before the twentieth centurywas marked by high temperatures coinciding with a highintensity el nino episode,13
+in addition increasing environmental concern on the role of the small pelagic species in the marine ecosystems and resources for seabirds has led to restrictions on the fishery the move away from wellknown and safe ingredients to new ones has many challenges figure partial replacement offish meal and fish oil with vegetable ingredients has been continuous and rather successful in the farming of salmonids we want to address focus to three of these sources aquatic sources agriculture sources and biotechnological sources,14
+wearenowsettingupan inclusive waste collection plan by creating five recycling centres where citizens will be able to bring all their collected recyclable waste sometimes we succeed in planning for and managing them in a smart and sustainable way using existing human and financial resources yet there is still a financial gap that could be closed by creating new lines of financing open directly to cities as well as through integration and support from national governments,11
+a key future challenge in this regard is innovations that allow substituting fish meal and oil with terrestriallyproduced substitutes another factor for the relatively modest production growth for carnivorous species is the relatively high level of externalities in production and the resulting administrative limitations to grow th this diversity together with poor reporting from many aquacultureproducing economies makes it challenging to identify common features of green aquaculture,14
+careful planning and protocols are needed to ensure that questions are phrased appropriately and that women feel safe to answer honestly instead countries should regularly collect their own data to serve as baselines for measuring progress for countries that have carried out multiple waves of surveys with questions on sexual harassment andor violence against women it is possible to observe changes over time,5
+it publishes a gender report that summarises all of the programmes and actions regarding gender equality such as the action plan for the integration of the gender approach in rural politics several ministries have elaborated ministryspecific strategies within the framework of this new overall gender strategy it later came under the review of the ministry of planning and administrative development mopad,5
+a longitudinal survey of teachers also suggested that in about of teachers had an additional remunerated job outside teaching bravo et al the regular preparation of teachers does not seem to include special training to deal with rural contexts or to provide special strategies for teaching in multigrade classes the introduction of a mentoring process upon entry into the teaching is a positive development but it is not associated with a probationary period,4
+workers in the informal sector are more difficult to provide for some have done so through public health services targeted to the poor this is neither desirable nor efficient generally resulting in a health care system in which poor people receive inferior quality services often in public facilities while the nonpoor get better health care services from the private sector health services targeted to the poor generally remain underfunded partly because the more powerful people who are not poor have no stake in making the system better,1
+in addition the company manages km of flood protection structures since new machinery has been acquired and there has been an increase in the yearly budget currently jscawe is able to clean every year some km of irrigation channels km in and km of flood protection structures km in,6
+the total carbon content of forest ecosystem is estimated to about gtonnes of carbon which is more than the amount of carbon in the atmosphere deforestation and forest degradation result in substantial reductions in forest carbon stocks and increase in emissions the intergovernmental panel on climate change has estimated emissions from deforestation since s at gtc yr taking amazonas as an example during the period of deforestation was due to establishment of new cattle ranches was caused by small scale subsistence agriculture legal and illegal logging accounted for as fires mining road construction and dams and large scale agriculture accounted for,15
+this effect is stronger for lowincome countries and seems to operate by lowering total factor productivity and by reducing the level of education and labour participation among women at the same time they show that a gradual dismantling of genderbased discrimination in social institutions could yield substantial economic benefits leading to an annual increase in the income global growth rate of to percentage points by depending on the scenario from a policy perspective they bear several implications,5
+the sight of men commanding respect without using violence or harassing women is as a powerful tool for change the movement relies on teams that work at various levels and aim at different targets though all have the overarching aim of fighting sexual harassment the ngoization of the womens movement in the past two decades or so has also fostered suspicion of womens mobilizations the weighty presence of global funders has helped create a damaging view that feminist groups are inauthentic to local culture or are agents of the west,5
+more highlevel skills are needed than ever before these changes in skills demand have to be identified articulated and translated into uptodate curricula and relevant programmes a strategic approach to skills policies also needs to consider local differences particularly in emerging economies where these differences can be large compared to purely governmentdesigned curricula taught exclusively in schools learning in the workplace allows young people to develop hard skills on modern equipment and soft skills such as teamwork communication and negotiation through realworld experience handson workplace training can also help to motivate disengaged youth to stay in or reengage with the education system and smooths the transition from education into the labour market,4
+many secondary schools are bilingual with instruction in both french and english missionary schools established during the early days of colonial government are a significant provider of education services and are partly subsidised by the government the francophone system per cent operates throughout the remainder of the country,4
+in the netherlands for instance farmers are exempted from a groundwater tax up to a certain threshold which has encouraged them to use multiple smaller pumps to avoid the tax oecd such market systems are a costeffective method to achieve any given water use reduction or hydrologic target as they allow equalisation of the values of marginal products kuwayama and brozovic palazzo and brozovic there are however significant preconditions to a successful groundwater market a strong property rights system a robust price determination mechanism with information and infrastructures are required skurray et al although they may not generate revenue for the regulator they do result in transfers of funds between buyers and sellers of water entitlements,6
+however by convention they are recorded in hc when consumers acquire them from retail sellers because the purpose is not usually identified this includes medicinal preparations branded and generic medicines drugs patent medicines serums and vaccines and oral contraceptives fluids required for dialysis as well as gases used in health care such as oxygen should also be included when the patient or relatives purchase them directly,3
+in addition they take action to increase awareness of womens rights within the community at large community police liaison boards can encourage reporting as well as serve as a formal recourse mechanism for individuals and communities to register complaints and concerns in any such oversight mechanism representation of female stakeholder including womens organisations is key to ensure women do participate and can represent constituencies not usually heard in such forums,5
+as in most asean countries poverty and undernourishment rates have both significantly improved in recent decades and indications are that this trend will continue nevertheless over million people remain undernourished fao the largest absolute number in the southeast asian region indicators of malnutrition also remain at alarming levels in more than a third of children under the age of five were stunted,2
+the main stages of the policy cycle are distinguished below successful policy requires coordination integration and institutional change while policymakers have gained considerable experience about ecoefficiency and cleaner production policies particularly policies in areas where endofthepipe technologies were available this is not the case for broader transformational policies and for policies that wish to deal with overconsumption or underconsumption,12
+it also places challenges on this key institution to be mindful of gender parity considerations in the choice of leadership for portfolio committees although this is still well below parity this places south africa among the top ten globally where diplomacy is still very much a mens club according to mtintso the major change came about during dlaminizumas tenure as minister of foreign affairs from to she made the push for women to enter politics the conditions of diplomats are very difficult for women especially married women and then it becomes a revolving door they come in they stay for the four years then they go out and they dont come back and there is no consistent approach to make sure that when you lose one you also put another one in,5
+despite its failure to reach its envisaged goals the programme did develop coalgasification technologies that paved the way for highly efficient integrated gasification combined cycle igcc coal power plants which were deployed around the world from the s annual production in the united states from to increased more than fold and production costs were reduced by a factor of without any subsidies and despite the material challenges associated with handling hydrogen ausubel a hydrogen pipeline is being operated between louisiana and texas and some are considering the old idea of mixing hydrogen into the national natural gas pipeline system as noted earlier more than half of all cumulative energyrelated public rdd support in iea countries since has been for nuclear power technologies,7
+in luxembourg mexico and the netherlands the promale gender gap shrank because boys performed more weakly while girls stayed steady however comparisons between the performance of yearold students in oecd pisa in and the performance of roughly the same birthcohort at around age in the oecd survey of adult skills piaac suggest that gender gaps in mathematics sometimes widen as teenagers move into adulthood figure among oecd countries with available data the average standardised gender gap is points at the age of and points at around age still only small however in canada austria and norway the standardised gender gap among those aged around is greater than points and in finland and the united states it is larger than points figure,5
+slovenia has one of the highest shares of the population aged to to have completed at least upper secondary education and ranks high in international educational achievement tests nevertheless in some areas reforms could significantly improve performance and equip the labour force with the skills most in demand in a rapidly changing economy in particular low studentteacher ratios small class sizes and a high share of nonteaching staff suggest that there is room for improving spending efficiency rationalising teaching and nonteaching staff would also free up valuable public resources that could be redirected towards underfunded aspects of the education system,4
+many health care systems share the swedish goal of empowering patients to exercise informed choice and there is evidence that geographical monopolies can stifle innovation and that competition in primary care drives quality an empirical analysis of the relationship between the quality of gp practices in england and the degree of competition they face shows that practices located close to other practices provide a higher quality of care than practices that lack competitors pike moreover recent research shows that patients are more likely to choose practices which earned more quality points under the quality and outcomes framework qof payforperformance scheme a necessary condition for greater competition to improve quality is that patients choice of practice is influenced by practice quality santos et al the competition and privatisation reforms can be designed to promote care continuity and coordination including through appropriate payment mechanisms and these principles should be embedded in the regulation of how these policies are implemented in practice strategies for progress towards these goals are discussed below,3
+literacy has also been consistently linked to improved school performance and achievement as well as higher productivity later in life evidence suggests literacy should focus on improving vocabulary and listening skills building knowledge of the alphabetic code and introduce printing nieer the oecd has shown that children whose parents often read to them show markedly higher scores in pisa than students whose parents read with them infrequently or not at all oecd,4
+in sweden some county councils placed restrictions preventing any kind of direct contact between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry moise and docteur rather than taking such an extreme measure restrictions such as allowing only group visits would preserve the educational value of the visits of sales representatives and could reduce the likelihood of undue influence of the pharmaceutical industry through this channel this approach could also underpin the prioritisation process it was seen as an important step to make health care provision more equitable increase the quality of care and improve the efficiency of health care delivery,3
+developers lean on ptal as the indicator in such assessments for london projects as it helps them evaluate how new development would affect accessibility to public transport in a selected area and determine the acceptability of the impact while it provides a useful indicator of local accessibility and allows easy comparison of areas across the city one criticism is that it assumes access to a public transport network includes access to reasonably wellintegrated rail and bus services and by implication to a range of final destinations but ptal does not in fact measure access to final destinations that said the access to opportunities and services atos indicator a complementary tfl measure that does reflect access to destinations and is described below shows that in the case of london a city with a comprehensive and relatively dense public transport network ptal is a good proxy for access to services and opportunities in areas of lower density however the ptal method may not be applicable as they usually have a sparser public transport network with poor connections and interchange facilities nor does it account for availability of cycling lanes or quality of walking environment,11
+they simply do not appear on the map slum dweller populations will continue to grow and many countries are not prepared to address the challenge with affordable housing basic services and security of land tenure subsahara african and southeast asian countries where slum urbanization is accelerating often have weak or only recentlyemerging planning capacities,11
+unlike other sdg targets which are to be achieved by the year the targets under this goal with the exception of target combating desertification and target conserving mountain ecosystems are to be met within a much shorter time frame that is by underlining the urgency with which action is needed goal of agenda on environmentally sustainable and climate resilient economies and communities identifies the following areas for priority action by african governments biodiversity conservation and sustainable natural resource management achieving water security and climate resilience and natural disasters preparedness building on the africa sustainable development report this chapter assesses africa s progress on goal relative to other regions by describing key baselines and trends where data is available international transfer of genetic resources should lead to fair reward and equity in sharing of benefits arising therefrom,15
+most of their support is likely to be focused on lowcarbon infrastructure and projects in forestry energy and agriculture rather than longerterm investments in governance changes and incentives systems domestic finance is not yet attracted to green growth there are few guarantees and other incentives to shift investment from brown to green activities and it is too early for the recent progressive policy changes to have incentivised private sector engagement especially in the absence of an active engagement programme or accord with business as importantly section illustrated the potentials of many existing green initiatives in ethiopia which show how things could be in the future even if they are still just small trees rather than great forests,13
+for example weather forecasting models are essentially predictive models in that no policy can be implemented to influence the weather in the very near future measures can however be taken as a result of the information provided by the forecasts such as to evacuate a population which is likely to be exposed to a hurricane in contrast policyoriented health expenditure forecasting models aim to inform policy makers about when and how to implement reforms and what effects those reforms are likely to produce,3
+the result is a relatively uncoordinated range of national mandates and incentives for developing indigenous energy supplies where available including coal heavy oils biofuels and other renewables which leads to a patchwork of local standards and technologies there is a strong element of rivalry between consumer governments but they align with each other where their interests coincide in this scenario national energy companies play key intermediary roles but themselves become increasingly mired in political machinations globalization exacerbates the tensions within and between nations and distracts policymakers from the need to take action and build international coalitions to face the challenges of energy and climate change,7
+it is composed of eight members all of them senior representatives of the international education community and three oecd analysts these workshops also serve to disseminate key messages and international practices in mexico to encourage further reflection and change this capacitybuilding seminar for highlevel mexican policy makers combined an active training programme with country visits to chile january to study teacher policy to canada ontario may to study school leadership and a final module on implementation in mexico june,4
+annual alcohol consumption is estimated at litres a year for men more than above the oecd average who global information system on alcohol and health which may help to explain the high mortality from alcoholrelated liver disease while the prevalence of adult obesity is relatively low compared with many oecd countries more than of women in kazakhstan are obese compared with of men world obesity placing the rate among women on par with some of the most obese countries in the oecd a large proportion of the gap in life expectancy is in fact explained by higher mortality among young kazakhstanis aged to years an age group in which overall death rates are more than three times higher than in the eu,3
+the working party then submitted a draft report in may a revised report in september and a subsequent revision in june this would normally signal the final stages of the accession process but negotiations appear to have stalled at the final stage in kazakhstan responded to the spike in world grain prices by imposing export restrictions,2
+while most universities have improved their performance over the last decade stronger focus is needed to improve the quality of induction process the first year experience and appropriate support mechanisms for firstgeneration students to help them complete their studies and acquire relevant skills for employment and entrepreneurship both tafe institutes and universities in victoria had limited information on graduate performance graduate careers australia s australian graduate survey does not provide an adequate vision of graduate employment,4
+the overhang of coal production capacity against the declining demand for a range of environmental reasons keeps the price low the shift to a service orientation leads to better use of capital stock through wider deployment of cold and thermal storage and smart demand management the focus on climate change leads to unprecedented technological cooperation at international levels with very rapid innovation and costreduction of localised energysupply enabling facilities,7
+this has created fiscal space and freed resources for spending in other areas subsidy reform has been an enabling factor for the planned expansion of renewable energy the most recent data available has shown gdp growth in and in higher than the mena average of in and in perhaps showing better than average management of the economy,7
+by unofficial assessment these targets had not been reached as of the end of chapter this allowed the implementation of a number of activities including rehabilitation of hydraulic pumps for potable water supply and wastewater disposal installation of water meters restoration of eight water wells and the organization of four training courses and workshops focused on awarenessraising among communities on issues related to water consumption the programme is being implemented slowly,6
+given the size of their network and the traffic they are dealing with the workforce of the regional railways is too large figure it is expected that mediumincome countries have more labourintensive industries but the productivity gap remains high when comparing to emerging economies such india furthermore chinese railways are known to suffer from inefficient personnel allocations beck et al,9
+make the benefits from registration more visible and substantial original data extractions were needed since the available datasets eg labour force statistics published by oecd and ilo do not provide distinct information on the selfemployed with and without employees this disaggregation is highly relevant because gender differences are generally more marked for the class of business owners with paid employees selfemployed with employees or employers both unincorporated and incorporated female and male employers are included in figure when the information is available,5
+more could be done to take account of the conservation and sustainable use of marine ecosystems as sectoral policies and programmes are being prepared among these measures are marine protected areas mpas sweden has extended the marine areas under protection including within the eu natura network and the baltic sea protected areas system currently of territorial waters and exclusive economic zones are protected,14
+costa rica can build on its many strengths including a reformed curriculum and a growing and wellfunded vocational system to make upper secondary education more inclusive a more systematic approach is needed to tackle disadvantage and particularly to improve teaching in the schools with the highest levels of disengagement and dropout further support is needed for teachers to implement the new curriculum and reform the bachillerato examination to give a fairer chance to students to complete secondary education,4
+nordic countries could help ensure increasing finance is targeted for adaptation and most vulnerable countries but also help build the capacity and processes of these funds to engage private sector finance and expertise for resilience building improved screening and mrv processes should support more effective use of climate finance and secure continued learning of climate action within the broader set of sdgs these measures would also contribute to developing required approaches and instruments for engaging the private sector in adaptation see second part of roadmap below reference is made among other to winwin options and the triple leverage potential of public finance unep,13
+this implies that womens time in the labour market is negatively affected by childcare responsibilities while husbands are more likely to spend more time in the workplace presence of older parents on the other hand decreases wives share of household which suggests that they are likely to help in some household chores its negative effect on husbands share of market work may be explained by the cultural practice of having older parents live with their sons families and thus the incentive for husbands to spend more time at home,5
+on the one hand creating homogeneous student populations may allow teachers to direct classroom instruction to the specific needs of each group maximising the learning potential of each group on the other hand selecting and sorting students may segregate students according to socioeconomic status and result in differences in opportunities to learn grouping higherachieving students together limits the opportunity for underachieving students to benefit by learning from their higherachieving peers,4
+they indicate there has been a consistent improvement in prescribing the group provides advice on clinical evidence and costeffectiveness considering new and existing technologies the group also works closely with the health innovation partnership board to streamline the pathway for new health innovations its pilot innovative medical technology overview imto for example takes weeks rather than years to assess a new technology it provides early intelligence of the nature potential budget and service impact of health technologies in development the nfp is represented by all nhs boards and the scottish government as well as other stakeholders,3
+see also jones and klenow for a summary statistic for nations flow of welfare on income inequality see chapter of goingor growth oecd a oecd a and oecd a on green growth see oecd c de serres et al and oecd b on fiscal and current account balances see chapter and chapter of going for growth oecd e and kerdrain et al these difficulties notwithstanding an attempt to assess the redistributive impact of inkind transfers can be found in chapter of oecd a given that such a policy may also strengthen the attachment to the labour market of individuals at higher risk of being unemployed improving thereby their human capital development and career progression the effect on inequality may not be so clear from a lifetime perspective the statistical data for israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant israeli authorities for an extensive discussion of the tradeoff between higher overall employment rates and higher wage dispersion brought about by less generous unemployment benefit replacement rates declining union coverage and lower minimumtomedian wage rates see oecd a,10
+moreover the poor quality of power supply from the grid network surges frequent interruptions may prevent use of the advanced electronic controls that come with many imported technologies compa energy generation accounts for up to percent of installed capacity in nigeria and percent across subsaharan africa steinbuks and foster private generating facilities are costly to establish operate and maintain and they drain capital that could go to more productive investments okafor steinbuks and foster,7
+businesswomen s associations exist in almost all mena countries and provide some form of business support mentoring trade fairs seminars despite their limited financial human and technical resources they provide a wealth of information on the business constraints and support needs of their members but their policy advocacy role is often limited because they are excluded from national policy dialogue the wbf is an interregional network of government private sector and civil society representatives which works with governments to improve policies and legislation impacting women s economic integration it also works with businesses ngos and academia to facilitate an exchange of experiences and good practices for providing concrete support to female entrepreneurs,5
+conducted as part of the eu micro project this would suggest a low generation of waste compared with many mainland centres although in some cases tourism does increase the generation of waste unfortunately many midocean islands such as easter island and midway atoll receive a disproportionate burden of plastic marine litter as a result of long distance transport by surface currents the hawaiian islands lie on the southern edge of the north pacific subtropical gyre and are particularly susceptible to receiving floating debris,14
+students entering higher vet programmes need to have the bachiller certificate the same award required to enter university but some weaknesses in academic skills may remain the intermediate and higher level curricula include practical training and teaching of the theory associated with the vocational field but little direct teaching in maths literacy or other academic subjects this means that there is no direct test of numeracy and literacy although these skills may continue to be developed in the context of the theoretical part of the vocational programme,4
+however income differentials are not enough to understand the female male situation in a given labour market and to capture the complex process of gendered migration including unemployment rate by sex therefore controls for gender discrimination in the workplace moreover a measure of networks in the destination country is included to deal with family reunification factors and diaspora effects,5
+however even though the methodology and structure allows cdps to reflect each monotown s specific priorities the same target indicators were imposed from the national monotown programme according to bisam central asia they often do not reflect the specifics of each monotown and are sometimes overly optimistic and unachievable especially as regards sme indicators employment and population forecasts in cdps tend to be optimistic as compared to actual figures for instance stepnogorsk cdp s forecast made in overestimated employment in by almost or overoptimistic forecasts may signal that monotowns akimats do not adequately reflect population decline or stagnation in urban and economic planning,11
+since the system is at a minimum intended to support comparisons across countries and cultures it will be important to identify domains that are common across locations situations and cultures a crosscultural analysis of existing published research identified four domains of household food insecurity that are common across fifteen countries uncertainty and worry inadequate quality inadequate quantity and social unacceptability this study also found some additional commonality in subdomains for instance social unacceptability generally included unacceptability of means of acquiring food as well as eating foods that are socially unacceptable,2
+our approach towards measuring and analysing ig has thus three main features multidimensionality focus on distributions and policy linkages our approach towards ig focuses on a subset of these dimensions income health and jobs by its very nature inclusiveness requires a focus on individuals and households rather than on the economic system as a whole,8
+heavy farm work coinciding with disease and reduced food availability are partly responsible for the difference in prevalence of malnutrition among rural and urban adults specific interventions aimed at diversifying what farmers produce and what food households have access to eg through home gardens or raising small animals can contribute to better nutrition some european governments have attempted to use agricultural policies to improve diets by reducing support for foods considered to be less healthy and investing more in other foods such as fruits and vegetables,2
+as for the ownership of the infrastructure pipelines are property of the state and the distribution network in towns is property of the municipalities about of municipalities get water from pipelines with water losses around the caern provides to municipalities assistance and technical support for drafting proper sanitation plans political discontinuity is an obstacle for capacity building at local level,6
+in kenya ctovc transfers enhanced participation in nonfarm enterprises by seven percentage points for femaleheaded households while the effect was negative for maleheaded households asfaw etal however brazils bolsa familia programme was only positively associated with entrepreneurial investments in urban areas while no impact was observed in rural areas lichand in nicaragua for example participation in the now discontinued red de proteccion social programme actually decreased involvement in informal enterprise maluccio while there were no impacts of cash transfer programmes in ghana and lesotho handa etal,1
+due to other priorities fisheries subsidies did not make it into the nairobi package raising serious questions about the ability of wto members to support sdg target by global ocean commission a in a statement issued in nairobi a group of countries reiterated their view that subsidies contributing to the exploitation of overfished stocks and illegal unregulated and unreported iuu fishing should be phased out it remains to be seen whether this will be sufficient to enforce the sdg deadline for harmful fisheries subsidies elimination it also impacts other sdg targets due to be achieved by in less than five years such as target on coastal and marine ecosystem management target on iuu fishing and target on marine protected areas,14
+it also aims to design and implement digital tools based on users needs founded in by usaid the us global development lab serves as an innovation hub to test new ideas and solutions and harness the power of science technology and new innovative tools and approaches that accelerate development impact it funds researchers and partners with universities to address global development challenges promotes and mobilises additional funds through privatepublic partnership for digital inclusion and digital finance and develops new applications and solutions to improve the use of digital technologies and data in development programmes,9
+lower fertility rates reduce women s burden of unpaid labour and facilitate their greater participation in the labour force moreover as fertility rates decline the working age population grows at a faster rate than the overall population thus lowering the dependency ratio and helping to boost savings and investments including investments in children with positive effects on per capita growth the socalled demographic gift narrowing the gender gap in employment also results in positive externalities,5
+initially the new system was introduced for inspections in the federal government s area of responsibility but in it will also be used for inspections carried out by the federal states international cooperation in eu seas was intensified and expanded during the review period this enabled the commission s newly adopted specific control and inspection programmes in the north sea the baltic sea and western british waters to be successfully implemented,14
+almost half of the turkish basin share is cropland and some is grassland georgia has much less cropland and almost grassland in general georgia estimates the ecological and chemical status of the river as satisfactory however a wastewater treatment plant for posof municipality has not yet been planned,6
+in particular assessing the impact of job quality on labour productivity based on firmlevel data as well as exploring the role of institutions labour market policies firm type and management practices in generating a virtuous cycle of higher quality jobs better health and higher productivity would provide further critical evidence for giving job quality the place it deserves in the policy recommendations on labour market performances there is no single authority representing both turkish and greek cypriot people on the island turkey recognises the turkish republic of northern cyprus trnc,8
+as an example the governments of australia and new zealand have jointly developed the national water quality management strategy nwqms the components of which may be incorporated into state and territory legislation in varying degrees across jurisdictions in canada interjurisdictional transboundary water governance mechanisms such as the international joint commission the mackenzie river basin board and the prairie provinces water board serve as collaborative forms to address issues of water quality and quantity in a first category of countries these functions are carried out by ministerial departments andor public agencies in a second category of countries such duties rely on specific regulatory agencies in the water sector and a third category of countries in the middle of the continuum significant regulatory powers are granted to specific actors at national level in mexico most environmental regulatory powers are in the hands of the federal commission for protection against health risks comision federal para la proteccion contra riesgos sanitarios,6
+ensuring women s freedom to participate in politics both as voters and as representatives has been central to international regional and national efforts aimed at more inclusive and democratic governance these freedoms and rights are not limited to politics but extend to participation and leadership in public life the private sector and civil society in general it recognizes that women s empowerment and full participation on an equal basis with men in all spheres of life including participation in the decisionmaking process and access to power are fundamental to the achievement of equality development and peace in addition to setting out government commitments the platform for action urges a range of actors to take measures in support of women s participation in all levels of power and decisionmaking these include political parties the private sector trade unions national regional and subregional bodies employers organizations research and academic institutions and nongovernmental organizations this chapter provides an assessment of the current situation as well as recent trends in the participation of women and men in positions of power and decisionmaking across the world,5
+once this is done an assessment tool should be identified alternatively an existing assessment tool like pisa or the national education tests issued for the first time in could be adapted or the education standards used for that purpose to be administered as part of the hauptschule schoolleaving exam and to those entering the transition system without a schoolleaving certificate such firm evidence about basic skills gaps will help to identify the right support measures the lander should also design and implement a programme to train teachers in parttime vet schools to teach such programmes and incorporate an adolescent literacy programme or module as a key component in the transition system the final chamber exam is the most important component passing this exam allows the students to obtain their formal vet qualification,4
+wind production capacity and demand profiles are readily available the contribution of nuclear power plants to the flexibility margin and therefore to provide system flexibility is very limited as ramping of nuclear power plants comes at prohibitively high costs two indicators are available to measure utilisation rates the energy interconnector margin and the peak interconnector margin,7
+uber fares were capped at the cost of the train ride eur approximately lower than the uncapped average uber fare on the same route using inapp geofencing and a promotion code riders requested uberx service from within metres of designated night rider stops to any location within one of three geographic zones qualifying rides received a aud discount covered half by the act government and half by uber,11
+within the health system there are two different models for assessing the construct functioningdisability the activities of daily living adl approach or katzbarthel model and the functioning icf approach developed by who the icf was developed to provide a more comprehensive framework based on the view of a health condition or disease as the interaction of body function and structures activities and participation which are in turn impacted on by social and environmental factors the importance of participation as an outcome is also highlighted who,3
+during the last decades many african countries have seen the expansion of their citizens capabilities in the basic areas of health education and other social services these improvements have bencfitted women and girls who today have greater access to education at all levels expect better health safely give birth to their children and achieve higher life expectancy however inequality in womens and men s different health and education outcomes is still evident across and within countries communities and households,5
+there is also scope to foster stronger cooperation between schools to share resources break professional and social isolation reduce administrative burdens and exchange good practices the introduction of a national assessment for all schools could provide valuable information on the quality of learning in small schools visavis larger primary schools see policy issue this would enable the mep to understand whether these institutions provide good outcomes for students and value for money in a context of limited resources and help convince students and parents that travelling further away might enhance their education and life prospects in there were primary schools with students including schools which had fewer than students and which had between and students,4
+there is no indication that the universiti sains malaysia uses student financial assistance to give high priority to ensuring access for lowincome students within penang and northern corridor economic region to date development plans for these two sectors are undertaken separately for example the penang educational consultative council pecc under the state government provides the mechanism for a coherent vision of an education system at the regional level but this council is only for the private higher education institutions in the state,4
+through technology transfer developing countries should be assisted in building their capacity to produce generic drugs for the domestic market and to ensure the wide availability and accessibility of such drugs to meet the substantial increase in demand for vaccines antibiotics and other commodities over the next decade and beyond the international community should strengthen global regional and local mechanisms for the production quality control and procurement of those items here feasible in developing countries the international community should facilitate regional cooperation in the manufacture quality control and distribution of vaccines,3
+the recommendation was developed under the auspices of the oecd public governance committee in cooperation with the oecd employment labour and social affairs committee the recommendation promotes a governmentwide strategy for gender equality reform sound mechanisms to ensure accountability and sustainability of gender initiatives and tools and evidence to inform inclusive policy decisions it also promotes a wholeofsociety approach to reducing gender stereotypes encouraging women to participate in politics and removing implicit and explicit barriers to gender equality,5
+again to the extent that an increase in female labour participation leads to a decrease in household production or to a shift from unmeasured to measured activity the estimates shown here may overestimate the effects of a change in female participation on gdp with these limitations in mind the projections should be read only as estimates or approximations of the impact that changes in female labour supply will have on economic output the reference group is childless men sample consists of men and women aged between and years old without missing values for employment column reduces the sample to people in couples married or living with their partner and column reduces the sample to single people not married or living in a couple,5
+recent initiatives to remove user fees at mother and infant care centres and extend preventative dental cover for young children are positive steps similarly ceilings on insurance and medicines costs help provide some protection from outofpocket costs that israeli patients are likely to face policy makers should limit further increases in copayments and consider the equity implications of decisions taken in the annual update of the insurance basket the government should also monitor the efficacy safety net mechanisms and if needed consider expanding those to a wider range of households with lower incomes and high health needs,3
+other funding in the table by contrast supports activities beyond adult learning eg the anqep iefp and tourism of portugal budgets secondary vet courses cursos profissionais are excluded as they represent a large programme mostly targeting youth however they are similar to the apprenticeship courses noted in table,4
+the instruments covered are i science and technology parks ii systemic initiatives clusters networks competitiveness poles and competence centres iii innovation advisory services for existing smes iv support to innovative startups v innovation vouchers vi schemes for talent attraction and retention and vii funding for research infrastructure the description of each instrument addresses its definition rationale objective and the specificities for use at regional level the description also highlights the adaptation of the instrument over time including changes in policy concepts or evolving context conditions,9
+this shows that the security of supply situation in oecd countries has unequivocally improved since the early s however individual parameters such as import dependence and price volatility are consistently highlighted as issues of public concern in particular in the regularly published eurobarometer opinion polls this suggests that nuclear is viewed more favourably if it is not pushed as an autonomous issue for its own sake but integrated into the context of broader policy objectives such as ensuring the security of energy supply or the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions,7
+furthermore this calculation method can be applied to estimate additional solar modules and batteries required to charge a larger number of phones it is an interesting economic exercise to compare extra equipment investment with the expected revenue from the charging and communication fees then we described the importance of a webbased information service for the cell phone charging service and presented a design for a solarpowered energyproportional web server cluster to utilize this system in emerging regions we defined two requirements for our system using lowpower and inexpensive devices running on just solar power and being autonomous and scalable starting from a very small village,7
+bearing in mind that the results are illustrative of a specific wage level single parttimers pay more in taxes than they receive in benefits in slovenia the fall in disposable income brings singles below the poverty line in some countries including ireland new zealand and japan couples without children pay less in taxes than they receive in benefits but in most countries the opposite is the case and in some countries austria italy sweden and switzerland disposable income falls below the poverty line in most countries single parents who have two children and work parttime receive more in benefits than they pay in taxes and in many of these countries the resulting increase in disposable income brings the household above the poverty line,1
+women also make up the bulk of the workforce in the formal health care sector box people caring for their children stepchildren nieces or nephews are excluded public spending on longterm care is used as a proxy for social protection of gdp low social protection gdp medium gdp high,5
+existing research laboratories in the metroregion are already contributing to green firms rd for example the researchers at argonne national laboratory a us department of energyfunded research laboratory operated by an academic consortium undertakes a range of research useful to green firms including research related to climate science pollution remediation impacts of energy production vehicle efficiency and batteries environmental technology alternative fuels and carbon sequestration there is a long history of research at argonne being commercialised by industries around the region or as new ventures argonne has also recently licensed technology to a local smart grid software firm and battery technology to general motors for use in its new chevy volt electric vehicle clean energy trust b,7
+as in the pacific communities and villages have relied on traditional forms of support to provide basic food water and shelter often in the context of clans or extended families lowincome aiddependent countries could not afford even the smallest cash transfer programmes and their capacity for efficient delivery and corruptionfree administration has been highly questionable under the livingstone accord governments committed to developing national social protection strategies and integrating them into their national development plans and budgets,1
+not only were there recorded cases of willing female combatants coulter but women were also active in other arenas as well many became primary breadwinners as men were involved in the war effort and they were also instrumental in organising for an end to the conflict although at first women were not part of any of the formal dialogue concerning peace and were excluded from the main peace negotiations of abidjan in and conakry in at least two female representatives were included in the peace talks held in lome in and the resulting peace agreement mentions the importance of paying attention to women s special needs in the postconflict context ogunsanya barnes,5
+relative to their overall share of total employment women are significantly underrepresented among legislators senior officials and managers craft and related trade workers and plant and machine operators and assemblers they are heavily overrepresented among clerks professionals and service and sales workers horizontal and vertical job segregation has resulted in a persistent gender pay gap everywhere while the gender pay gap is closing slowly in some countries it has remained unchanged in others,5
+what influence will a continuation of these trends have on lowincome families in the future here we look at how a continuation of demographic trends trends in jobs and earnings and in household employment patterns might influence trends in inequality and poverty into the future further increases in the share of both these groups in the population will lead to an increase in the proportion of families at risk of poverty into the future among the current workingage population increasing numbers are saving for their retirement and so by it is likely that a much higher proportion of the pensioner population will be in receipt of private pensions,1
+this is reflected in the coverage of licensing of the workforce licensing is most common in education and health services and is also widespread in government particularly for local government where teaching is likely an important employer figure however there is also licensing which is harder to justify on public policy grounds and rather appears to have morphed from its original purpose to protect local rents kleiner and vorotnikov,8
+vulnerable employment consists of the sum of ownaccount workers and contributing family workers and these workers are less likely to have formal work arrangements ilo sparreboom and albee nevertheless nonvulnerable employment such as wage employment may also fall short of decent work if for example an important part of wage employment is casual informal or of limited duration or if labour standards are not enforced immigrants are vulnerable to such situations and are often concentrated in lowskill wage work in other words although trends in vulnerable employment are important to assess labour markets consideration needs to be given to additional indicators to understand the position of immigrants such as occupational indicators which will be discussed in later sections as the south african population census data of do not differentiate between employers and ownaccount workers this section distinguishes between wage and salaried workers on the one hand and other categories of workers on the other,8
+the pilot project will be continued until necessary changes in the education law are implemented by parliament based on a evaluation of this experience it will be decided whether the subject will become a permanent part of the curriculum this practically oriented course aims to help students experience working life by developing products and services,4
+the chapter starts by describing the current strategic framework for regional and urban development strategies and key policy documents in national administration it also investigates the gaps between the framework in place and urban development needs the potential role and objectives of a national urban policy as well as sectoral reforms that can address urban areas main challenges in particular the chapter highlights urban policies that can enhance competitiveness while addressing inequality increase the availability of affordable housing and improve landuse planning national government support for housing production by nongovernmental organisations has been greatly reduced,11
+in fact the federal public administration fpa has a mandate to make the gender perspective part of its sectoral planning processes such practices need to be a systematic part of policy formulation and budgeting processes if gender mainstreaming is to be comprehensive in short while mexico has made tremendous progress compared to many oecd countries it has room for further improving how government bodies understand and put into effect the legal requirement to incorporate the gender perspective,5
+the number of children in korea has almost halved over the past decades from million children in the to million in over the same period the youth dependency ratio the number of children and young people aged per one hundred people of working age aged fell dramatically from to oecd i the growing income in korea can be shared among a smaller number of children which helps to explain why the child poverty rate in korea is below the oecd average figure and poor children today live in smaller families than only a few years ago yeo,1
+spatial frameworks are often used to give structure to urbanisation processes typically at the metropolitan scale in france for example city contracts between the national government and intermunicipal bodies and municipalities have been an effective policy instrument box spatial planning legislation is a common instrument for managing urbanisation though this is not necessarily articulated at the national scale regional planning frameworks are widely applied some of which reference national policy settings or in the case of europe supranational frameworks,11
+the average for eu countries in stood at koeusd ppp adjusted eurostat moldova s carbon intensity measured in kilogrammes of c from energy use per usd of gdp in prices has significantly declined from in the early s to in its carbon intensity is nevertheless higher than most other countries in eastern europe caucasus and central asia iea with the growth of the economy domestic demand for energy will rise and related greenhouse gas ghg emissions will further increase,7
+moreover while reuse is thriving under charitybased collection and export systems recycling options forthe nonreusable share and especially textile to textile recycling are more restricted palm et al these include pilot projects developing various methods for chemical recycling of fibres eg relooping fashion in finland and renewcell in sweden and r d projects on automated sorting of fibres as feedin to recycling processes eg siptex and textile back to textiles sweden textiles textiles netherlands and fibresort belgium others are system problems related to gathering and sorting sufficient quantities of recyclable used textiles and at the same time not offsetting environmental preferable reuse pathways elander ljungkvist,12
+it is important to note that the table reviews solely the activities of advanced practice nurses in the primary care sector it does not include evaluations reviewing their activities in hospitals the evaluations are grouped by the broad type of activities that advanced practice nurses can play in primary care general roles including being a first contact with patients and routine followup for a broad range of patients more specific roles in chronic disease management eg for asthma diabetes cardiovascular problems specific roles in prescribing pharmaceutical drugs two main criteria have been used to select the evaluations presented in the following table study design with the selection focusing on evaluations based on randomised controlled trials and other rigorous evaluation methods country coverage with the selection attempting to cover as many countries as possible while maintaining a balance in the number of evaluations per country as might be expected most of the evaluations have been carried out in countries that have a long experience in experimenting with and deploying advanced practice nurses in primary care the united states canada the united kingdom and finland,3
+consumer spending in was adversely affected by relatively high inflation and unemployment rates of and respectively fewer than new jobs were created between august and august compared with an average million new jobs created yearly between and world bank a slower job growth has undermined social outcomes with the poverty rate rising to after a steady decline in the past decade consumer spending should benefit from lower inflation and accommodative monetary policy,8
+legislation approved in june paves the way for establishing a national health system with universal coverage by which will have profound effects on how care is financed and organised some of the population reports to be in good health though there are notable socioeconomic inequalities life expectancy gains are mainly due to fewer deaths from cardiovascular diseases though they remain the leading cause of death,3
+it stresses the greater opportunity cost of children and pronounced stratification of fertility by female employment status in germany attributable to the high degree of labour market segmentation and weaker support for the worklife balance than in france in germany tfrs in the post reunification period were lowest in at but edged up thereafter to children per women in the effect may further accrue when germany expands its provision of early childhood education and care ecec nevertheless its tfr is still low in comparison to countries that started to develop their worklife balance support at an earlier stage such as france iceland and sweden whose tfrs are close to two children per women,5
+food production accounts for about per cent of global water withdrawal oecd but now that the world s population is more than per cent urban cities are drawing increasing shares from rural areas in what is now often a zerosum game when water shortages occur the city tends to be favoured over the countryside putting food and industrial crop production at higher risk as urbanization focused on the world s great coastal cities proceeds the breakup of the soviet union the advent of marketoriented economic transitions in china and vietnam and the shift in national economic policy in india toward more accommodation of international trade have added substantially to the transformation of asia from agrarian to industrial and even postindustrial economies,6
+similarly winter fuel payments a tax free payment to help older people keep warm during winter should be meanstested the best way to alleviate energy poverty is through energy efficiency improvements which should be encouraged box however international studies suggest that increasing marginal tax rates on high incomes tends to lower taxable incomes significantly as work effort decreases and tax avoidance and evasion increase oecd c,10
+however as suggested above there are numerous political and technical challenges to measuring and reporting this information in addition parties are also not specifically requested to undertake nor to report on policies and actions that would contribute to making finance flows consistent with lowemission and climateresilient development pathways for information on such policies and actions the global stocktake could draw on outside processes eg the millennium development goals g work on climate finance and the work of other nongovernmental and intergovernmental organisations the approach of the transparency framework under the paris agreement reflects the universal and selfdifferentiated nature of ndcs and the specific obligations of developed countries to provide financial resources and other support to developing countries,13
+all urban water users are metered and water prices are charged according to the volume consumed since the policy s introduction water prices have risen substantially during the period the real price of water including environmental taxes increased by and prices are now among the highest in the oecd the rise in prices has led to a substantial decrease in urban water demand from to litres per person per day one of the lowest levels in the oecd since water pricing is purely volumetric there are no social tariffs and the affordability of water services is ensured through separate social policy,6
+strive to make early warning systems multihazard and peoplecentred keeping in mind the response requirements at the local level the last mile ensure that forecasters are mindful of the specific needs of the end users of different types of warning information and tailor products and services accordingly seek effective communication channels with the people at risk including by integrating the broadcast media into the early warning chain,13
+the massive migration of population to ulaanbaatar results in difficulties for the city in accommodating this population and leads to the formation of ger districts in the area surrounding the city the degraded sanitary environmental and social conditions are more prone to the development of diseases the proportion of the population aged years reached per cent at the end of compared with per cent at the end of,3
+an important question in this context is whether or to what extent the employment of immigrant workers has been beneficial or detrimental for the employment of nativebom thai workers in accordance with the literature which generally does not report significant effects of an increased presence of foreignbom workers on nativebom workers employment rates it is found that this presence has no impact on the overall level of nativebom individuals employment however there is a positive effect of immigration on the level of nativebom paid employment,8
+while the colleges in the region often see the development of the galilee as a key part of their mission they often have a focus on education and social sciences and are building their research and links with the business and industry from a low base however the tel hai academic college and ort braude have already established themselves as quasiunique providers of engineers and technicians of the interior of the region and increasingly also partners for the regional industries see box the college has forged strong links with the upper galilee centre for knowledge migal a privately owned research and development centre located in an industrial park in kiryat shmoneh it comprises different research groups in agrosciences ecology therapeutics and analytical chemistry and undertakes research activities in highly advanced laboratories,4
+indeed education measured by years of schooling is positively correlated with capital intensity in manufacturing qu and cai as most of the workforce in china is composed of junior and senior highschool graduates there is ample scope for investment in education and training to boost labour productivity labour productivity would be higher if junior highschool graduates had senior highschool education and would double if senior highschool graduates had college training higher education attainment alone however may not be sufficient to adapt to the changing industry structure a broad set of skills and wide general knowledge are needed which facilitate the acquisition of new skills,4
+the employment adjustment subsidy finances a proportion of wage payments if the firm has to scale down its business operations for cyclical or industrial restructuring reasons and without dismissals adopts measures such as temporary leave with pay inhouse education or training or temporary transfer of employees to other firms shorttime work not only prevents unemployment but also facilitates a rapid expansion of economic activities when demand increases again it helps to avoid redundancies which may lead to loss of firmspecific human capital and a later need for recruitment which is costly and timeconsuming oecd g the rationale for shorttime work schemes is strongest for companies whose financial difficulties are linked to the business cycle rather than to structural factors however the restructuring process is often accelerated during recessions and some deadweight losses are inevitable in order to improve the instrument and its impact on the future job situation of the workers some other oecd countries eg austria belgium france and germany promote the training of workers in the shorttimework subsidy scheme oecd g,8
+the programme included a twomonth onthejob period for teachers during which teacherworker pairs were formed this offered an opportunity for teachers to update their professional skills and for workers who also work as workplace trainers to improve their pedagogical skills the training period was preceded by a seminar and planning to clarify goals and expectations and followed by feedback from teachers and workers and dissemination to the broader community,4
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law closing this gap would yield welfare gains for individual women and society as a whole this view is supported by many studies based on small samples and selfreported answers oecdec however saridakis etal such differences can be explained in part by different motivations and the different sectors in which women entrepreneurs operate,5
+in el salvador guatemala and mexico selfemployment income dropped and wages and salaries increased while in uruguay the opposite occurred in costa rica el salvador honduras and uruguay transfers accounted for over of the increase in total income in countries that saw their poverty reduced the most such as brazil chile ecuador and panama transfers accounted for about of the increase in total income it is not possible in every case to determine from available data exacdy which types of transfers resulted in income increases because surveys taken around tended to capture aggregate data,1
+in the european countries for which data were available of women aged over in had spent ten or more years between the ages of and outside education and fulltime employment the share of men was only given the negative effect of career gaps on earnings potentials chapter women generally stand to lose less income if they reduce or give up paid work to provide informal care,5
+yet it is essential to ensure clear and powerful mandates sufficient resources and political leadership for these institutions to place gender considerations effectively at the top of the policy agenda about half of oecd countries also deal with gender issues as part of the broader portfolios in ministries eg the czech republic finland germany greece ireland norway the slovak republic spain sweden and switzerland in algeria an administratively centralised main gender institution coordinates with geographically decentralised sections at the local level social section bureaus exist in every wilaya province in algeria for the purpose of enhancing the situation of families and women,5
+for example young men may leave the country to escape being forced to become soldiers migration may be also seen as a rite of passage for young men jolly and reeves for example a girl who marries early is less likely to finish her education which limits her employment opportunities cerise et al in the republic of moldova women report having less opportunity to migrate because of a lack of resources which are generally more available to men iom as jolly and reeves note it may be less acceptable for women to move about and travel on their own this negative correlation between discrimination in social institutions and male emigration is not expected since patriarchal beliefs would be positively associated with emigration for men hofmann,5
+measures to empower women must also reach out to new generations of women who are expected to play a greater political role as noted by the head of a european cooperation agency greater participation of women in the development of agricultural trade and finance sector policies and stronger participation in designing local economic development policies would help ensure better access for women to production means markets finance and political connections that would help develop their businesses interview for the head of an african regional organisation parity in this area involves the introduction of modules on leadership in school and university courses and an increase in the awareness of opinion leaders on the political role that women can play and the constraints they face interview,5
+it is true that many of the issues related to gender are cultural qualitative and sociological in nature nevertheless their impact can be seen and observed spatially and can to some degree be measured quantitatively to be able to identify the problems associated with gender bias it is essential to develop comprehensive statistics gender auditing can be defined as the process by which gender mainstreaming is achieved which involves establishing indicators and standards and checking outputs policies and priorities greed a,5
+a stronger primary care sector will require a larger dedicated workforce of primary care professionals for the longer term korea needs to grapple with the question of whether it goes down the path of many other oecd countries that have promoted the training of dedicated physiciaas who cover the whole gamut of clinical care or tries to make the most of a more specialised model where paediatricians internal medicine and obstetrics and gynaecology along with support from nurses function as primary care units while there is no right answer for korea going down the former path would require significant changes in medical education and take a long time to engineer,3
+however eichhorst et al while maternity benefits have long been common across the oecd paid fatherspecific leave is a more recent development paid fatherspecific leave did not exist in oecd countries in the s with only spain luxembourg and belgium providing any kind of paid entitlement for fathers one day two days and three days respectively,5
+to date there is very limited experience with collective reporting by countries or organisations to the unfccc thus further work would be needed to outline how this could be taken forward while collective reporting of climate finance mobilised bilaterally may entail relatively small process changes collective reporting of climate finance mobilised multilaterally could entail large ones eg reporting of information from nonparties as could any review of collectivelyreported information if the cop could provide detailed guidance regarding the information to be included in future reports this could increase the utility of such reports in quantifying mobilised climate finance in the context of the unfccc,13
+the very low level of agricultural productivity is apparent not only within individual ldc economies but also when compared internationally not only is there an agricultural productivity gap between ldcs and odcs but that gap has been widening in the ldcs cereal yield per hectare was only per cent of that of odcs two decades later the proportion was just per cent chart these very low levels of productivity combined with the strong rural concentration of the population in rural areas are the main explanation for the pervasive poverty in these countries unctad that pattern is driven more by expulsion forces ie the dearth of gainful employment in rural areas than by attraction forces because of the lack of decently paid jobs in urban areas,8
+these figures highlight that overall spending in developing countries remains insufficient although they mostly account for public spending and do not include private sources of finance the financial crisis is likely to have a twopronged effect on government transfers to the water sector as set out in oecd a a potentially negative impact is that during times of crisis there are many competing demands for limited public funds,6
+to our knowledge so far there is no source of general population survey data collecting both selfreported and measured alcohol intake which would permit to assess underreporting bias at the individual level in particular it would be of interest to analyse differences across population groups in the size of underreporting bias eg larger underestimation by hazardous drinkers as this can exist with the measure of body mass index cawley lakdawalla and philipson the proportion of hazardous drinkers is found to vary between recall and diary from to for men and from to for women,3
+however the initiative has proved so successful that since early car free days have been held every sunday in all five of jakartas municipalities vehicles were required to possess paper based permits to enter the km zone with exceptions made for public transport public taxis emergency diplomatic and military vehicles however difficulties in enforcement meant that as much as per cent of vehicles entering the zone were unauthorized with only per cent caught and fined by police to address these enforcement issues and coupled with improvements to public transport services the city developed an enforcement system based on automated number plate recognition cameras positioned at each of the road entrances to the restricted zone the system automatically identifies vehicle registration numbers that have not paid for an annual weekly or daily pass and subsequently sends out violation notices by comparison a single ticket on the tehran brt ranges from rial s to,11
+taken together they moved the proposed new poverty line closer to of median income the exact figure would depend on how the proposals were implemented following the nas report the united states census bureau began tentative experiments with a new poverty measure that incorporated some of the recommendations though not the allowance for regional variations in the cost of living add to this the fact that the official poverty line is the responsibility of the executive office of the president and it is evident that any redrawing of the line is going to be a highprofile issue subject to intense institutional and political pressures,1
+one important set of constraints arises from the nature of their integration with the global economy since ldcs tend to be open economies that rely heavily on primary commodity and low value added manufactures exports and that are dependent on various forms of capital inflows to support the balance of payments they are often disproportionately affected by changes in global trade and capital flows as well as by flows in crossborder migration national policies are thus strongly conditioned by the external environment and must also be able to respond to that environment flexibly which often makes it more difficult to pursue them in a systematic and planned manner,8
+indeed according to some estimates when the externalities associated with different energy sources are fully reflected in policy incentives some renewable energy sources particularly wind power are already as cost efficient as conventional energy sources as many of these technologies are still in early phases of their respective development chains further cost reductions are expected in the future especially if these technologies are appropriately supported by research development demonstration and deployment programs rddd since renewable energy generation has been growing only at an annual rate of which is lower than the growth rate of total electricity generation thus while in of total electricity was produced from renewable sources this share has declined to estimated in most of which was generated from hydro plants,7
+this is frequently related to early marriage child bearing and other caring responsibilities even when they enter the labour market women are more likely to be confined to the most vulnerable jobs frequently in the informal sector this suggests that addressing the barriers that limit girls and women s access to education and employment opportunities would be likely to have positive effects among the others also on reducing the gender gap in financial literacy thus improving women s financial empowerment and wellbeing,5
+this will in turn decrease the level of winter water retention and increase winter flows in many rivers hotter and drier summers are likely to increase the demand for irrigation reduce river flows and reduce dilution capacity thereby leading to higher pollutant concentrations despite these concerns the subregion seems to have the capacity to adapt to the impacts of climate change,6
+structural efforts at the local and national levels to overcome this challenge remain operationally weak at present whether women will be seen as partners or not depends much more on the personal convictions of individual actors than on a systematic implementation of policies of gender inclusion yet individuals with the authority willingness and diplomatic skill to trigger changes in attitudes and behaviours towards the treatment of women as equal peacebuilding partners remain exceptional in all current peacebuilding operations,5
+however as harvests vary significantly from year to year the situation with storage availability changes for example in the season when only million tonnes of grain were harvested excess storage capacities existed in contrast kazakhstan s elevator capacity of around million tonnes was less than the million tonnes wheat harvest in transport capacity is likewise insufficient for bumper harvests pushing up the cost of storage and freight charges in,2
+sanitation services are the responsibility of local selfgovernment bodies who are also the asset owners of the system however the construction of the system remained incomplete currently baghramyan village s household wastewater is removed to myasnikyan through a kmlong collector and is then discharged into talin canal during the irrigation season wastewater is mixed with irrigation water resulting in poor qualitative indicators of lands in baghramyan and the neighbouring villages,6
+these can be continued and complemented with further focus on reducing recent inequities in specific groups large performance gaps are seen between boys and girls and between native students and students with immigrant background in addition demographic changes imply a smaller proportion of younger people in finland and there have been some mismatches between supply and demand of study places and labour market needs it combines early recognition by teachers of low performance with holistic support that involves both school and social welfare staff,4
+unfortunately data limitations do not allow for inclusion of other potentially relevant variables such as wealth proxies presence of hired help and access to care service facilities despite these achievements the state goal of promoting gender equality continues to face many challenges including the persistence of discrimination in the labour market and the declining labour force participation of women a better understanding of gender relations within the household is crucial to die attainment of die chinese development objective since womens lives are often structured around dieir responsibilities as mothers and wives the fact that women do most of the unpaid work affects dieir wellbeing as well as their labour force participation,5
+patient safety is also implemented through accreditation mechanisms but patient safety culture and implementation of safety policies vary these are often initiated by the danish patient safety association four important programmes have been set up to secure patient safety the danish adverse event study in the danish society for patient safety dsfp the danish safer hospital programme and the national reporting system for adverse events,3
+the poverty threshold is set at of median disposable income in each country workingage adults are defined as yearolds children are defined as yearolds data for china india and the russian federation refer to for brazil to and for australia hungary iceland mexico and new zealand to,1
+these trends are likely to be due to a combination of eu controls on total allowable catches tacs and of effort discussion with the fishing industry is ongoing on the work needed to implement cfp reform especially the introduction of discard bans particularly for pelagic fisheries which is coming into effect in january we are working closely with the industry to make all parties aware of the changes and address problems so that the transition is as smooth as possible,14
+this category covers inter alia assistance to address impacts of us management mandates and capacity reduction schemes the bering seaaleutian islands crab buy back took place in and the bering seaaleutian island nonpollock ground fish in with no government transfer the entire amount of these loans are being repaid from future landings fees including loan interest at a market rate there was no activity in other agencies have contributed to the gulf coast disaster relief,14
+in investment projects under the heading aquaculture processing and marketing of products from fisheries and aquaculture received eur million most of which was for four facilities to prepare and preserve fresh and refrigerated fish the proportion of dried salted and smoked fish increased by having reached a total of in of which salt cod accounted for the largest segment at the value of exports of fresh or refrigerated fish and frozen fish was also considerable,14
+older migrant women may face additional challenges generally they find it harder to learn the local language find employment and access the health services they need older women staying in the country of origin are also particularly affected by migration as very often they have to take care of the children left behind by migrant parents,5
+examples and the approaches adopted are discussed below the yellow river water allocation plan imposed a topdown approach to defining water entidements of the provinces that rely on the river after nearly years of failed efforts to implement the plan it was finally made a reality through the combination of a strong basin committee with direct control over key infrastructure on the river together with regulations issued by the powerful state council,6
+the total of indias lignite reserves are estimated at bt of which around bt to bt are considered as proven mills bgr coal india ltd a public sector undertaking of the indian government dominates the coal market with a production share of in the ministry of coal expects that indian coal production will increase to mt by ministry of coal the coalbeds are often in remote areas where safety is an issue and access rights are not guaranteed,7
+if a fisher does not hold sufficient ace they incur a financial cost the deemed value for taking the fish the deemed value is set at a rate that eliminates any financial benefit that the fisher may receive from landing the fish and acts as an incentive for fishers to cover all their catch with ace there are no aggregation limits on the ownership of ace,14
+consequently the wws market is characterised by a low level of competition and important restrictions on the entrance of new players regulation is justified on the ground that it ought to prevent market power issues arising from a natural monopoly and to protect customers in the absence of regulation water operators can be tempted to neglect the quality of services and to apply water tariffs which are unreasonably high compared to the production costs,6
+the share is higher in most european oecd countries compared to most noneuropean oecd countries this development may have slowed or even reversed the previous upward trend in adopting management practices beneficial to water quality for some regions within countries at the same time however rising chemical input prices fertilisers pesticides can have a countereffect by inducing farmers to use less of these inputs assuming no other changes in farm costsoutput prices,6
+like d this index moves in the range with being the highest possible degree of segregation if students were perfectly integrated by income across state and private schools each unit would reproduce the general distribution percentiles from to and the average difference between a family and the median in that familys unit would be so that the index would take the value at the other extreme if students were perfectly segregated each unit would contain individuals with the same income from the same percentile and the index would take the value,10
+the opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the oecd its development centre or of their member countries it is instrumented in reducing poverty and increasing the resilience of the population the government of ethiopia goe has published a new set of policy frameworks for social protection that envisage the expansion of social protection to cover a greater proportion of ethiopians against a broader range of risks and that call for social protection to be increasingly financed from domestic sources rather than by donors,1
+on the one hand to the extent that epl raises the costs of workforce adjustments andor distorts the optimal composition of employment between temporary and regular workers it is likely to have a negative impact on the efficient allocation of labour and ultimately on productivity growth in this context in a general equilibrium framework hopenhayn and rogerson show how the distortion induced by firing restrictions pushes firms to use resources less efficiently as a result employment levels adjust at a lower speed and productivity is reduced bertola presents a growth model where job security provisions decrease returns to investment and capital accumulation,10
+some higjhperforming countries in pisa such as estonia and finland also show small variations in student scores proving that high performance is possible for all students oecd a for students who fail to reach this level of performance in mathematics reading or science most can be expected to not continue with education beyond compulsory schooling and therefore risk facing difficulties using mathematics reading and science concepts throughout their lives and risk having poorer opportunities in the labour market even in the average oecd country where more than one in five students do not reach level tackling such low performance is a major challenge that requires addressing barriers posed by factors such as social background,4
+in addition the global burden of disease study presents deaths related to hiv and hepatitis c as well as other causes that are mostly omitted from unodc reporting oceania based on data from australia and new zealand only also has a high drugrelated mortality rate at more than times the global average a large number of drugrelated deaths per cent of the global total are estimated to occur in asia although this number is tentative because of poor regional coverage and reporting of mortality data despite the large number of deaths the drugrelated mortality rate in asia is below the global average because of differences in reporting comparisons across countries and regions should be made with the greatest of care,3
+the chapter provides insights into the overall cost of water resources management across junctions and institutions examines the various sources of financing and summarises key studies on projectedfuture costs based on the oecd s framework for financing water resources management it also identifies opportunities to improve financial sustainability particular attention is paid to the application of the beneficiary pays and polluter pays principles as well as incentives for cost efficiency and the fair allocation of costs across water users,6
+merseytravel the local transport authority responsible for coordinating public transport in the liverpool city region used accessibility analysis to estimate the impact of the more distant location and to identify where new bus services would be needed the assessment showed that providing the bus services required to maintain accessibility levels similar to those before relocation would mean a costly investment when faced with the potential transport cost of the relocation the health authority decided it would be cheaper to redevelop the hospital on the city centre site without conducting accessibilitybased analysis health authorities will often choose to build a new hospital on cheaper land far from a city centre so to make better use of the health budget,11
+as the global community is defining the sustainable development goals sdgs for the post era it takes stock and draws lessons from policy experiences around the world to chart a forwardlooking agenda for action this report draws on experiences evidence and analysis from diverse national and regional contexts to answer this question it reviews womens gains in obtaining equality before the law access to education and other social services in increasing their visibility as political actors in participation in paid work and its benefits and in increased public recognition of the scale and severity of the violence they experience but it also asks why progress in ensuring womens practical enjoyment of a range of economic and social rights has been so slow and uneven across countries and between social groups,5
+at lowest income levels the job characteristics that depress women wages are firm size informality and nonstandard contracts at highest income levels the gender pay gap is explained by differences in education occupation and type of industry while the level of education women tend to be better educated than men and type of occupation tend to reduce the gender pay gap the type of industry where they are employed is the main factor contributing to increase it,5
+this momentum will need to be reinforced not just by the unfccc but also by other governance arrangements as explained in the next section in this regard the unfccc is one of many building blocks of a climate regime that consists of a range of international institutions and processes whose mandate affects climate action while the unfccc has a central role in the climate regime it interacts with many other intergovernmental and publicprivate institutions hjerpe and nasiritousi,13
+it is expected that findings from this oecd report will contribute to future debates on the topic building on the fruitful exchanges and dialogue with the representatives from the cnrh and the ctcob during the seminars held by the oecd delegation and the ana in brazil in september february and june clearly charging does not privatise the use of water that is an inalienable public domain good bronzatto and amorim the water law implies that water is a good belonging to the public domain and a limited natural resource endowed with economic value art the logics behind is that water is a scarce good economically scarce in relative terms by definition reflecting both water depletion due to anthropogenic and natural causes as well as multiple alternative competitive uses respectively in water scarce and water abundant contexts,6
+we evaluate which industries are at risk of carbon leakage we will do this by evaluating the cost implication by looking at the energy intensity of all industries if the energy intensity in a specific industry is low the industry is deemed to be at no risk of carbon leakage because their production costs would not change much if it is high we deem the industry at risk of carbon leakage,7
+firstly women s entrepreneurship represents untapped potential for psd while womenowned mses have been found to be less profitable than mses owned by men alturki and braswell gtz ifc b ifc llavarasan and levy ilo b this genderbased difference seems to disappear for larger ventures in fact some evidence suggests that among mediumsized and large enterprises those owned by women are equally or more productive than those owned by men gtz this makes it important to identify and address possible barriers constraining the growth and upgrading of womenowned mses secondly a number of key barriers to growth are specific or particularly constraining to women entrepreneurs,5
+addressing market failures in banking and financial services and in other business services received usd billion and usd billion respectively proactive industryspecific policies in the area of manufacturing agriculture and mining received usd billion usd billion and usd billion respectively the main recipients of these flows were mics in asia of total latin america and the caribbean and europe,9
+they combined meteorology hydrology and flood forecasting and developed a probabilistic system based on climate modelling and water discharge in the ganges river and brahmaputra rivers the forecasts are shared with decision makers at national and district levels through fax and email and with pilot communities through sms and flag networks this has vastly improved the ability of authorities and communities to take early action to protect lives and livelihoods,13
+moreover occupant protection can be enhanced by the further development of seat belts and airbags eg through forcelimiting features which control the maximum restraining force exerted by the shoulder belt other technological advances that are likely to be relevant for older occupants are intelligent restraint systems that adjust for lighter older occupants dualstage airbags to minimise airbag impact in moderate crashes head restraints to minimise soft tissue injury and whiplash injuries to the neck side airbags to protect head and chest in side collisions such as crashes when turning left in righthand traffic or right in lefthand traffic dft the concept targets older people in salzburg to years old who represent approximately of the city s bus users,11
+professional knowledge in the australian graduate standards and core pedagogical areas policy initiatives involved improving initial teacher education and professional development developing teaching standards or competence framework and linking them to teacher appraisal introducing career stages for teachers and so on oecd ij increasingly more research studies look at the quality features of teacher education in highperforming systems darlinghammond wei and andree p hammerness and klette j darlinghammond darlinghammond etal teaching standards have also been examined and compared toledo revai and guerriero kleinhenz and ingvarson and the evidence on their impact on teacher education extends to a growing number of localised contexts chung and kim h tummons i page i j kriewaldt i ceulemans simons and struyf i j,4
+will technology in fact help to overcome the formalinformal and richpoor dualisms facing african cities or to deepen them african cities are well positioned to avoid the mistakes and negative externalities dampening growth and social development in cities in the americas and asia the new african city can be smarter and more efficient avoiding the costly retrofitting required in many of the world s more recently established cities african countries tend to have very low carbon footprints with many countries emitting less than ton per capita under the right policies carbon emissions will not have the same relationship with economic growth as seen in the americas and asia,11
+this means that a national action plan should be viewed as part of a longterm process as one plan draws to an end another should be developed to take its place just as with economic plans subsequent plans will also take into account emerging forms of racism racial discrimination xenophobia and related intolerance and new international standards by developing and implementing a national action plan against racial discrimination a state is making an unambiguous statement not only to its own people but also to the outside world about its human rights agenda,10
+with the advent of the smart grid it will be possible to do the same thing on a much larger scale depending on the application it can be acceptable to delay consumption for a shorter or longer time period an example that is often used is the refrigerator which operates with a duty cycle to cool down eg l rd cool down period rd warming period,7
+vocational rehabilitation has traditionally been a pragmatic system in nature not based on a scientifically sound theoretical background in most countries a decade ago such confidence was unheard of due to a widespread pessimism about the achievable employment goals of individuals with severe mental disorders such a positive attitude is crucial in view of the often enduring and disabling courses of severe mental illness leading to hopelessness in patients as well as among professionals,3
+however not all countries may be able to reach the threshold by so that the actual subsidy could also be lower on the one hand the use of energy based on fossil fuel is largely responsible for the accumulation of large quantities of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere triggering climate change most scientists believe that swift and drastic reduction in emissions is necessary to avoid dangerous or catastrophic climatic changes,7
+in other terms electricity systems are lockedin with their existing generation mix and cannot quickly adapt it to changing market conditions in discussions about the costs of backup capacity this is also referred to the ex post case in the long term instead electricity companies can adapt their generation mix to new market conditions resulting from changes in demand fuel prices as well as the introduction of new capacity into the electricity mix this was referred to as the ex ante case as the analyst places himherself at the very beginning of the investment cycle which can now be optimised,7
+further to the detriment of the livelihood of small farmers in sri lanka those new fertilizerdependent seeds proved less able to cope with the increasing water salinity in the region caused by higher temperatures the rise of sea level and the failure of irrigation systems weragoda ensor and berger chap such engagement can help prevent the outcomes described above the study also concluded that stakeholder participation can better incorporate people s priorities and expectations when there are multiple adaptation options available,13
+as the characterization of ssf is a common topic to be addressed by the friends of ssf platform see section the partner organizations participating in this group have contributed to discussions on refining this characterization matrix and have agreed to carry out a preliminary test of this matrix through their existing case studies of ssf the socioeconomic survey being carried out in the mediterranean and the black sea within the context of the midterm strategy is also collecting data in line with the matrix in order to perform a widescale application of the matrix at the regional level in this report it was noted that although generally largescale fisheries were associated with high capital costs and sophisticated technology and ssf were associated with small vessels and labour intensive fishing techniques in reality modern fishing operations meant that even certain ssf could use very advanced technologies and have a high level of fishing effort world bank,14
+however the discussion is progressively moving away from the level or the methodology of calculation of the charge towards the different elements to be reflected in it and the necessary investments in europe measures such as fines and sanctions for illegal abstraction and pollution do not yet represent a strong incentive for complying with avoiding these activities eg in spain to prosecute illegal water abstractions is difficult due to the complexity of administrative procedure in france sanctions are very low and do not incentivise changes in polluters behaviour since revenues from those polluting activities are greater eea as enforcement implies substantial transaction costs due to the inspections it is key to define how it is carried out when towards whom and what are the consequences in terms of bringing additional revenues and taking the water quantity and quality situation under control,6
+nevertheless additional efforts are required particularly concerning the collationanalysis of spatial data in spatial data infrastructures the strengthening of national capacities the identification of network bottlenecks and missing links as well as assessments of the criticality sensitivity and resilience of indispensable components of the transport system eg bridges and tunnels and the sharing of experiences and best practiceseg as shown by the distribution of lpi figure certain improvements are necessary in many regions international agreements and cooperation are required together with the adoption of widely acceptedtrusted uniform standards in order to promptly identify goods and facilitate faster border and customs clearing,11
+the flexibility of collateral is an important element for women because assets particularly land are traditionally owned by men in the commercial bank development finance company of uganda with ifc and the uganda women entrepreneur s association launched the women in business programme its special focus on smes provides lending to women entrepreneurs without requiring land as collateral,5
+the text of this recommendation can be accessed at htlnwwwunorgwomenwatchdawcedawrecommendationsgeneral recommendalion englishndf the share of women in par liaments in the arab region has generally increased since table it has reached above per cent in algeria iraq mauritania the sudan and tunisia showing a significant rise after the adoption of gender quotas in these countries however there remain large dispar ities in women s participation throughout the region and women s presence in parliament is close to zero in at least seven countries comoros egypt kuwait lebanon oman qatar and yemen,5
+this is because having options outside of the family gives women a degree of security in case of family breakdown research also suggests however that the simple fact of earning money is not sufficient to bring about shifts in womens control over resources a broader range of factors including the nature of paid work and the gender norms defining sharing rules for resource distribution within the household shape womens ability to translate income into voice and agency in the home,5
+ol legislators senior officials and managers professionals technicians and associate professionals clerks service workers and shop and market sales workers skilled agricultural and fishery workers craft and related trades workers plant and machine operators and assemblers elementary occupations international immigration benefits immigrants in thailand but it is also of importance to the thai economy as it ensures a supply of young workers in the face of an ageing nativebom population for example occupational distributions of native and foreignbom workers are very different and these differences became more pronounced between and educational attainment has been improving for both the thaibom and the foreignbom populations and foreignbom workers have increasingly moved out of subsistence agriculture and into industrial sectors thus contributing to the diversification and growth of thailand s economy,8
+according to bertram et al that said at the moment of drafting this report the ecec quality assurance system had not addressed factors such as staff performance children s wellbeing parental satisfaction and value for money in the same way while curriculum guidance provided referred to useful elements such as areas of learning andor activities learning objectives learning outcomes assessment of learning and development and learning contexts andor environments it did not include pedagogical approaches or national guidelines to support the transition into preprimary education bertram et al,4
+such a move towards inclusive policymaking had not been witnessed before especially considering the countrys recent history of conflict so far multiple stakeholders had jointly validated policy focus areas along with three overarching interventions in the young professionals the mayors association the interest groups of urban poor and other vulnerable population groups validated the major findings from the feasibility stage of the national urban policy development process for liberia,11
+the sdgs on education differ from the previous millennium development goals in that they establish a universal agenda setting targets and indicators for all countries and shift the emphasis from access to education to quality of education and learning outcomes this is a major and muchneeded change since differences in quality between education systems are so great that traditional measures such as the number of years of schooling or qualifications obtained are only loosely related to the actual level of skills that students acquire the need to monitor actual learning outcomes highlights the prominent role of international surveys notably the oecds programme for international student assessment pisa and the survey of adult skills a product of the programme for the international assessment of adult competencies piaac since universal access was achieved decades ago in those countries the period from to was one of relative stability in student enrolment rates,4
+nonspecialist includes general practitioner pharmacist nurse social worker or someone else any treatment includes treatment by specialist or nonspecialist this result applies to the proportion who sought any treatment with no respect to the specific provider as well as to the proportion who sought help from mental health specialists eg psychiatrists,3
+based on the dramatic price differentials among sectors for nutrient mitigation options water quality trading has emerged as a marketbased mechanism for costeffectively meeting water quality goals and the tmdl in three states pennsylvania virginia and maryland furthermore given that there are no load allocations for future growth under the chesapeake bay tmdl there is the risk of stifling development without flexible mechanisms in place for handling growth trading is considered to be a critical mechanism for accommodating growth through acquiring pollution offsets,6
+the more established methods for calculating inequality rely on micro data such as that obtained from labour force or household surveys see oecd however this can be problematic in crosscountry comparisons as noted by galbraith and kum to make such comparisons feasible galbraith and kum used the deininger and squire dataset in conjunction with more aggregate data on industrial value added and wages to construct intertemporal and crosscountry comparable measures of inequality this also provides a larger sample of developed and emerging economies over which wage inequality and gvc activity can be measured relative to the more established oecd inequality measures which are mostly available for oecd countries,10
+the state also can support families in other ways including cash transfers in the form of child and even older person support grants tax exemptions and social insurance programmes for health disability and pensions especially among lowincome households its effect on womens share of household work and the extent of their labour market participation is likely to be mediated or overruled by the influence of institutional processes cultural practices and social expectations for example unless gender inequalities in the labour markets such as gender wage gaps and discrimination in hiring and promotion are addressed by effective affirmative action and antidiscrimination employment policies womens bargaining position to negotiate a more equal share in household work is likely to remain weak the state can also take steps to help redistribute the care work within households in terms of increasing the visibility of the unpaid work contributions of women and men to the countrys economic development,5
+her intent was to emphasize womens increasing responsibility for maintaining their families wellbeing and womens lack of choice in doing so an apt reflection of the increasing share of reproductive and economic responsibilities borne by women in the low road case parallel to the high road regime the contributing factors of the low road regime are associated with the type of gender system that leads to a feminization of responsibility and obligation low wages for women as reflected in a large gender wage gap little support from men or the state in carrying out social reproduction and limited markets for care commodities that when they do exist are characterized by low pay and poor quality output table summarizes the main features of the low and high road supply regimes in this discussion we focus on caring for children but many of our points can be extended to caring for the elderly sick and disabled,5
+legislative amendments in the finfish fishery have introduced a maximum legal size limit for coral trout a net size restriction for traditional fishing and removed the limitation on holding live finfish a trigger point for total catch was established to provide for a decision making process should catch levels significantly increase the management plan implements quota management for the fishery and was fully implemented on july responsibility for managing these waters now lies with the commonwealth department of infrastructure transport regional development and local government the department of infrastructure has entered into a service delivery arrangement with the western australian department of fisheries for the management of these inshore fisheries,14
+in contrast with conventional claims this is only partly the result of inadequate schooling it is also due to the leakages created by emigration and the withdrawal of large numbers of graduates from the workforce every year as they are not tempted by lacklustre jobs in the public sector and the excess supply of qualified workers in sectors in low demand in contrast there is a significant excess demand for workers skilled in science and technology,8
+firstly remittances and other benefits for the household and the community make the benefits of female emigration more obvious which in turn creates incentives to increase the womens ability to migrate through improvement in womens access to opportunities resources and power for example women who send remittances gain more respect within their family and community jolly and reeves moreover parents who rely on their daughters remittances are less likely to force them to return home to marry temin et al,5
+only in chile paraguay and peru was there a positive distribution effect which reinforced the contribution made by the growth effect in reducing poverty in ecuador and el salvador worsening income distribution curtailed the positive effects of the fall in the poverty rate caused by the growth effect in the bolivarian republic ofvenezuela and colombia meanwhile the distribution effect was nil see figure,1
+this observation does not hold true for the entire region however since in brazil panama and peru the odds ratio associated with geographical area is appreciably higher than one even when educational traits are included the variables that most increase a household s probability of being poor are in order of magnitude unemployment of the head of household lack of electricity or belonging to an ethnic group based on the average of the parameters estimated for those countries in which they are significant a household with an unemployed head is almost three times as likely to be poor as a household whose head is employed,1
+this report presents a detailed analysis of changes in both poverty and inequality since the fall of apartheid and the potential drivers of such developments use is made of national survey data from and these data show that south africas high aggregate level of income inequality increased between and the same is tme of inequality within each of south africa s four major racial groups,10
+beyond this there is the full set of subnational spatial planning regulations at the regional departement and commune level in addition communes in the departement of loireatlantique which includes nantes and saintnazaire as its two largest urban places have been very active in creating an array of intercommunal agreements that further complicate the planning process even as they provide a forum for collaborative actions the two cities which are approximately kilometres apart from one another are linked by the pole metropolitain nantes saintnazaire association which has developed a common spatial planning vision through the scot in addition nantes is part of a metropole while saintnazaire is part of a commununautes d agglomeration,11
+overall installation of hydropower facilities has required the flooding of nearly ha or about ha per gwh of electricity generated in a year of average hydropower productivity although with great variability among plants this is in addition to noise potential landscape disruption and disturbance of bird species however unlike large hydropower plants the land occupied by wind farms can be used for other purposes and their environmental impacts are more easily reversible,7
+in order for smaller firms to engage in such training practices flexibility in training provision is necessary allowing people to studytrain what they want when they want and how they want at low cost offering modular instruction short and distancelearning options the most prominent examples of such radical restructuring are in the automotive sector and shipbuilding which are increasingly responding to lowcarbon demands for hybrid vehicles and offshore investment in wind and tidal energy respectively the potential for growth sectors to absorb workers from other industries relies on the effective coordination timing and management of workforce retraining programme,4
+the reemergence of cholera in pern in resulted in the loss of usd million in fish and fishery product exports that year therefore for the public authorities and private operators there is an important economic and human dimension to seafood safety by identifying hazards and where in the production process they take place it is possible to control the critical points with regard to food safety along the value chain,14
+although the country has established high benchmarks for energy efficiency adequate market infrastructure is still lacking the technologies are there what is needed is the service and implementation capacity the risk aversion of financiers to enduse ee projects was again pointed out as a barrier,7
+treated wastewater for reuse supports crop production the irrigation of green spaces and golf courses groundwater recharge and industrial cooling however in order to expand developments in this sector the adoption and enforcement of wastewater treatment standards for specific uses is essential its importance is evident when considering the use of wastewater in agriculture,6
+but in general such programmes neither target nor reach the poor table for example in zambia percent of small family farms cultivate less than two hectares and make up percent of small family farms in extreme poverty yet percent of the input subsidy went to the percent of households that cultivated more than two hectares mason jayne and mofyamukuka,2
+as many of these plantations are located in the coastal zone due to weather conditions the pesticides reach the black sea immediately a monitoring of these substances does not exist and available data is very limited hazardous substances contained in the leachates significantly affect groundwater resources the present situation is contrary to a sustainable environmental policy is based on the precautionary principle especially with regard to longterm groundwater pollution,6
+there is now considerable experience with issues related to the establishment of publicprivate partnerships in biomedical research and health innovation and efficiency and effectiveness lessons can be learned from existing partnerships concerned with alzheimer s disease professional management of partnerships is a prerequisite for the efficient use of limited resources and the generation of value out of collaborative efforts in order to leverage the full spectmm of advantages of publicprivate partnerships in alzheimer s disease the issues and needs ideologies and objectives of each individual stakeholder need to be addressed upfront,3
+this is currently the case in mexico and south africa where the number of benefits depends on the actual number of children or mexico and turkey in the old programme social risk mitigation project where the benefit is also differentiated by grade or gender of the children with higher amounts paid for secondarygrade children and for girls a similar approach accounting for household composition should be followed if such programmes have to integrate those programmes targeting the elderly this is likely to be the case when such transfers can empower vulnerable members within the household and the community who are discriminated against by informal institutions and when the stigma associated with the receipt of the transfer for these groups is lower in the case of targeted interventions country experiences suggest that there is broader political support for interventions targeting the elderly as the need to focus on this group seems clearer to the public and hence easier to defend by politicians,10
+poverty and extreme poverty rates among people living in rural areas remain well above those of urban areas in of the inhabitants of rural areas were living in poverty while were living in extreme poverty in the same year poverty in urban areas stood at while extreme poverty was between and poverty and extreme poverty rates fell slightly in rural areas while remaining unchanged in urban areas,1
+nearly out of adults in these countries performs at or below the lowest level of proficiency level in both literacy and numeracy indeed a closer look at the results reveals that more than ninetenths of the overall variation in literacy skills observed through the survey lies within rather than between countries in fact in all but one participating country at least one in ten adults is proficient only at or below level in literacy or numeracy,4
+the latter is the responsibility of the czech school inspectorate csi mandatory external school evaluations are conducted in a year cycle these involve for each school in the system a sequence of activities comprising a preparatory phase for the school a visit by a team of inspectors including the observation of teaching and learning in the classroom the publication of the team s report and a followup phase to respond to the recommendations in the report which typically involves the organising bodies regions and municipalities,4
+this yielded normalised costs of eur per mwh for nuclear eur per mwh for wind eur per mwh for hydro eur per mwh for biomass and eur per mwh for solar again the very different scope of these studies their different methodologies for assessing the expected accidents frequency and the different cost categories included make a comparison among them very challenging estimates of leveque a and b and rabl and rabl are about one order of magnitude higher eur and per mwh respectively while torfs reports an external cost due to nuclear accidents in the range of eur lo and per mwh,7
+the oecd small tl regions are contained in a tl region the capacity of less productive firms to learn from leading firms might also have diminished as the cumulative and frequently tacit and localised nature of knowledge makes it progressively more difficult for laggards to catch up with innovation leaders oecd h oecd a this is frequently referred to as the dual economy problem ie where the innovative technologically advanced and highly productive sectors coexist with the traditional low productive sectors that benefit little from new technology,9
+the underlying concept is that when parents are more selfconfident they have a more positive impact on their child s education irish department of education and skills many initiatives to assist lowperforming students come from the communities and local actors willing to volunteer or donate resources for example in japan s school support regional headquarters project people in local communities provide afterschool remedial support for students in need in consultation with schools oecd,4
+these stations are staffed by medical assistants and midwives and report to local hospitals the latter are equipped with clinical laboratory and radiology units and have one or more physicians a surgeon and a gynaecologist the closer to administrative centres the more specialized is the level of facilities and staff the system includes specialized medical dispensaries for certain diseases such as tuberculosis cancer sexually transmitted infections psychiatric disorders and skin diseases,3
+accommodation with belowstandard water and sanitation infrastructure is highlighted as one of the factors that generate particular vulnerability in poor and predominantly nonwhite communities mcrc nd evidence suggests that people with less access to water and sanitation are more prone to also having other basic needs unmet a situation that exacerbates their economic condition and deprivation of human development prolonging the cycle of poverty the education health and income of parents can play an important role with regard to the opportunities their children may have to move out of poverty in this way poverty of one generation can be handed down to the following undp world bank a inadequate water and sanitation facilities in schools are long known to negatively impact education especially of girls and to hamper social progress undesa figures show that three in ten primary schools lacked an adequate water supply in unesco,6
+the focus of the plan was on the creation of elearning content and continued improvement of curriculum quality through the use of icts indeed the biggest challenge for many education systems is to be able to offer training or learning opportunities to traditionally underserved or marginalized groups this includes girls and women who face barriers to schooling rural populations that are too dispersed to populate regular schools costeffectively with reasonable class sizes children from families in extreme poverty and special needs groups or persons with disabilities who have no access to learning centres on the one hand monitoring will track the outputs of ictadapted curricula,4
+further strengthening the leadership team in schools including their mandate and skills is necessary to ensure that all schools have leaders capable of steering change pursuing the reform of school supervision will also be important to signal clearly that what is expected from school leaders is to improve their schools and that supervision is an ally rather than an obstacle in this regard singleteacher schools are likely to struggle to make these changes and a specific policy is needed to improve schooling in rural areas the responsibilities of costa rican principals are farranging,4
+poverty a study of town life comparative perspectives on child poverty a review of poverty measures journal of human development pp school enrolment years deprived if child is not attending school in the current school year and if he or she has not obtained hisher primary school certificate yet,1
+in line with the oecd recommendation of the council on gender equality in public life this chapter provides guidance on adopting a coordinated wholeof government approach to gender equality suggested approaches include national gender equality strategies and action plans the effective allocation of roles and responsibilities across public institutions robust accountability oversight and coordination mechanisms and tools for gendersensitive policy making supported by sound evidence of policy impacts on women and men the chapter also gives an overview of institutional arrangements across oecd countries highlights good practices and outlines a number of policy recommendations to support governments in strengthening national frameworks for gender equality,5
+alongside these both the eu and the united states have sought unilateral trade remedies to alleged dumping and subsidisation by foreign suppliers an ec procedure was for example started in june on the initiative of the european biodiesel board resulting in the imposition under commission regulation in of a provisional antidumping duty on imports of biodiesel originating in the united states such duties levied by the ec have gone unchallenged to date,7
+but the fact remains that it is primarily women who take advantage of familyfriendly policies like flexible working arrangements so perpetuating the idea that family responsibilities are a woman s affair if women are good for business why do so few make it to the top and why do so many simply give up trying teleworking and parttime or temporary work may sound attractive in the short term as ways of juggling work and family commitments but the choice can be costly in the long term in terms not just of salary but of pensions and job security familyfriendly workplace practices can make it easier to combine work and home life but only if both men and women take advantage of them yet do employers make it easier for men and women to share domestic and family responsibilities outside the workplace,5
+grants can cover up to per cent of the eligible cost of technologydriven projects and per cent in the case of energy audits moreover an additional per cent bonus grant can be awarded for projects involving chp or fuel switching up to a maximum of per cent of the project cost industrial companies can also benefit from loans from the bulgarian energy efficiency fund to finance investments in highefficiency industrial processes building rehabilitation and heat source and distribution system improvements through this facility million in loans have been signed witli six bulgarian banks,13
+these initiatives help to integrate womenowned businesses in international markets and value chains this chapter showcases successful examples and demonstrates the linkages among barriers and solutions government action also often includes legislative actions to improve women s access to finance and land,5
+it describes how several trends ranging from the widespread uptake of mobile telephony to growing business interest in inclusive innovations have created more favourable conditions for inclusive innovation it explores the obstacles and market failures facing inclusive innovations across four dimensions the types and costs of inclusive innovations information about consumer needs access to expertise knowledge and finance and market access conditions based on this description it provides an overview of factors that facilitate scaling up inclusive innovations,9
+marine ranches are also being established for resource conservation and environment protection twenty demonstration marine ranches have been established in with more planned in the future based on lessons learned from these in the fishery and fishery administration bureau set out a plan to monitor and assess important marine and fresh water the primary objective of fisheries cooperation is to ensure food security and fulfil the fisheries development strategy,14
+the companies included in the oecdorbis database were classified as men or womenowned enterprises using information on the gender of the shareholders however the relatively low measured differences in productivity for all countries enterprises taken together once sector size and age of the firm are controlled for suggest that policies should not generically give preferential treatment to women entrepreneurs the industries they operate in also account for a substantial share of the productivity disparity,5
+that said we could outline the broad real as compared to monetary targets any inclusive macroeconomic framework might want to achieve based on identifying key social and economic problems to be addressed by policy four components in addition to gender equality in capabilities livelihoods agency and security are key i full employment classcaste and racialethnic equality economic stability and the promotion of a green economy these components are likely to be interlinked and to reinforce each other we know from many years of research that women s access to employment and livelihoods is central to improving their wellbeing and their bargaining power within the household the principles of inclusive macroeconomic policy identified here also reflect the fact that growth based on inequality as it has been in the previous two decades is not sustainable needed instead are macro policies that make equity compatible with development and growth,5
+the project involved the creation of a km fibre optic backbone connecting all provinces and access to the landing points of international submarine cables in mombasa and dar es salaam the world bank provided the government with a grant to help finance the project its current members include natel africell econetleo cbinet spidernet and martha hotel,9
+a complementary national performance and benefits measurement framework npbmf has been proposed the objective of the framework is to track both mitigation and adaptation actions and the synergies between the two it is informed by a methodology developed by the international institute for environment and development iied called tracking adaptation and measuring development tamd,13
+enterprises including municipal utilities provided a large share of the financing poland s environmental funds and eu financial support also played important roles this level of funding however was not sufficient to achieve national and eu targets while there was a significant expansion of biological and mechanical treatment and composting more than half of msw is still landfilled further investment is needed to meet the targets notably for the recycling and composting of msw current plans also call for high levels of investment to build msw incinerators,12
+because of differences in living standards and therefore in capacity to pay some countries will be expected to shoulder larger shares of the total costs of providing global public goods which may reduce their incentive to cooperate in providing them hence with respect to establishing multilateral agreements the pattern of burden sharing will be as important as the extent of the benefits to be conferred by the public goods i am grateful to my staff at the development policy and analysis division for their research and work going into those studies they are not responsible for any remaining errors and the views expressed in this paper do not necessarily coincide with theirs neither with those of the united nations the trends are starkly unambiguous when china is not included bourguignon and morrison milanovic and world bank the number of megacities increased from in to in,10
+in uzbekistan researchers noted restrictions even for local travel on younger women romanova and others p in the south of kyrgyzstan two neighbouring villages may differ in their perceptions of female migration and consequently in the ratio of female migration depending on whether the village is populated mostly with ethnic kyrgyz or uzbeks atam and gopel see also reeves p overall there seems to be a more favourable perception of female migration and more broadly fewer restrictions on women among kyrgyz populations rather than tajiks and uzbeks,5
+in addition the fact that smes tend to trade smaller quantities implies that lixed trade costs often make up a larger share of the unit cost of their goods when compared to rivals exporting larger volumes given that female owned firms tend to be smaller than male owned firms female owned firms tend to suffer disproportionally from ntms these barriers impact both men and womenowned and managed businesses this has greater implications for womenowned businesses because they are more likely to be smaller,5
+the principles defining the quality of the education sy stem will include the elimination of obstacles that thwart the effective equality between women and men and the furtherance of full equality between the sexes education authorities will guarantee equal rights to education for women and men through the active integration in educational objectives and practice of the principle of equal treatment preventing the generation of inequalities between women and men due to sexist behaviour or its associated social stereotypes spain s legal framework for the education of equality and the integration of the gender dimension in educational policies cont in the domain of higher education the central regional and local governments in the exercise of their respective areas of competence will further teaching and research on the significance and scope of equality between women and men,5
+the norwegian pupils in grade which was the main population in had an average score of which was higher than both finland and denmark again the norwegian scores are significantly lower mainly due to their lower age with the change of main population to grade the norwegian score in science was which was slightly below the swedish score of in the norwegian students in grade had an average score of in mathematics and an average score of in science these students are the same age as the swedish grade students as shown in figures all the nordic countries except finland have had results with rather small variations around the oecd average during the whole period,4
+the latter elements comprise other costs ie decommissioning fuel costs operation and maintenance costs and capital costs the underlying data based on typical values for generic international power production plants allow lcoe computation for seven different technologies coal with and without flue gas desulphurization combined cycle gas turbine nuclear solar pv wind and biomass unless otherwise stated the default settings are applied box figure,7
+the regions fertility patterns characterized by high rates of adolescent pregnancy and large fertility differentials by educational level further complicate this situation of high childhood poverty relative to the average and raise questions about the possibility of breaking the intergenerational cycle of poverty reproduction however although these genderbased differences are evident the income poverty measure is not a good indicator of the gap between men and women because it is based on the assumption that total household income is distributed equally among household members a more telling indicator is the percentage of women without income of their own in the region,10
+the initiative aims to transform the country into a middleincome economy by without increasing net greenhouse gas emissions and while protecting itself against the negative impacts of climate change this case study brings together the lessons from ethiopias experience to date it discusses the links between climate and socioeconomic development in ethiopia analyses the key enabling factors and examines the entry points for building resilience in selected policy areas focusing on the agricultural sector and macroeconomic management if ethiopia is to achieve its goal of becoming a middleincome country by building resilience to current and future climate impacts will be vital,13
+the development of gender statistics should be specified within the legal framework of official statistical systems united nations of crucial importance to improving the availability of gender statistics is the specification of formal requirements for sex disaggregation and the incorporation of a gender perspective within the national statistical legislation that regulates the production and dissemination of official statistics in order to expand the range of information available for gender analysis requirements need to be established not only for statistics already officially collected by the national statistical office but also for other sources of data particularly administrative data being collected and disseminated by other government agencies and by organizations in the public and private sectors united nations,5
+this paper demonstrates why trade matters for boosting productivity and economic growth and explains why some countries are unable to reap the gains from trade it does on to analyse how aid for trade can help strengthen the impact of trade on growth and poverty reduction and which policy tools can best reinforce the impact of trade on poverty reduction it underlines the need for a tailored countrybased approach to economic integration and summarises the main policy conclusions and the potential gainsfromtrade that are at stake any comments or queries should be addressed to daccontactoecdorg and no country has successfully developed its economy by turning its back on international trade and longterm foreign direct investment virtually every country that has achieved sustained economic growth has done so by seizing the opportunity offered by more open world markets,1
+though measures such as the fusina waste water treatment plant will improve the sediment and water quality issues consideration for water quality could be mainstreamed in planning processes at the watershed scale throughout veneto without a farreaching water quality approach the availability of potable water may be compromised for example the integrated regional water supply network now under construction was deemed necessary because of the poor surface water quality in the southern part of the region,6
+in several schools visited during the review specialised teachers sometimes called coaches or impact coaches had less teaching responsibilities and more time devoted to working with individual teachers on their teaching practice this practice was largely voluntary and teachers experiencing this type of work expressed very positive feelings regarding their experiences pedagogues are trained in supporting all stages of human development from birth to old age and can be specialised in early childhood education and care leisure and youth education skolejritidsordning og fritidshjem sfo or other areas of particular interest in the school system depending on the context in which they work they might be compared to recreational instructors play workers or social workers,4
+to maximise the potential for welfare gains the three dimensions of sustainable development social economic and environmental should be taken into account based on the understanding of interactions among these dimensions and their complementarities in this regard energy efficiency policies should be designed and assessed with the broader perspective of achieving the potential of green growth in mind rather than simply reducing energy consumption they cross areas as disparate as improvements in health to industrial productivity and imply welfare gains across the whole of society,7
+figure provides a summary of examples of such policies that can be considered as part of the reform plan the eap countries have already accumulated a wealth of experience reforming their energy subsidies that can help them move further along this challenging but unavoidable path the macroeconomic situation as well as existing policy frameworks energy pricing policy taxation policy climaterelated policies will directly impact the pace and amplitude of the reform,7
+employment reforms legislation to combat violence against women and equality and nondiscrimination laws are examples of concrete results facilitated through the work of national gender institutions johan in the mena region for example the gender institutions in egypt lobbied parliament to change nationality laws pension laws the tax exemption law the alimony fund law and family law in jordan the legal age of marriage was raised through legal reforms supported by the national gender institutions ibid,5
+this chapter discusses the context main issues and policy options adopted across oecd countries to promote equity and quality in education and raise student outcomes policies that combine equity and quality refer to those focused on ensuring that personal or social circumstances do not hinder achieving educational potential fairness and that all individuals reach at least a basic minimum level of skills inclusion they comprise investing in early childhood education and care ecec tackling systemlevel policies that may hinder equity such as grade repetition unsupported school choice or early tracking and supporting students from disadvantaged backgrounds the reforms vary across countries as they are influenced by context traditions institutional settings and specific national or regional challenges,4
+pharmaceutical spending may be reduced by making more effective use of public procurement practices and encouraging the prescription of generics hungary reports among the highest mortality rates for both preventable cancers eg lung cancer and treatable cancers eg breast cervical and colon cancers national programmes are in place to promote regular breast and cervical cancer screening but the screening rates among women in the target age group remain low,3
+it has mainstreamed climate change across a number of areas to promote climateresilient sustainable development adopting a resilience approach has important policy and governance implications as it requires not only the coherence and coordination of policy design and implementation across different social and ecologicalenvironmental domains and scales but also the recognition of decision making under conditions of uncertainty and the need for experimentation and innovation in building resilience resilience promotes participation learning and sustainable resource management and stresses the role of governance and institutions in managing socialecological systems,13
+thereafter the longterm average may be closer to usd than to usd while export returns from the us market and market denominated in usd will increase so will the costs of fishing inputs eg diesel such improvements to the seafood trading environment are likely to reduce pressures on global fisheries and improve the return new zealand obtains from its seafood exports,14
+in countries with high interest rates andor unstable currencies the need for an escotype mechanism is greatest but the challenges involved in establishing an esco will also be particularly significant green small scale entrepreneurs can be part of the enabling environment at the local level these entrepreneurs can contribute to improved environmental performance in the energy sector by offering environmentally beneficial goods and services the project provided startup equipment materials and business support to help entrepreneurs establish a sustainable business model carbon positive other small scale business opportunities exist in such areas as production and sale of waste biomass fuel pellets seedling production in small scale community nurseries fabrication of other types of equipment eg solar cookers and more,7
+latest data shows that the expansion of the worlds cities has been accompanied by changes in land use both in terms of form as well as structure and a progressive reduction of the proportion of space allocated to streets the integration of public space in local regional and national policies and frameworks promoting sustainability is key to securing the provision of public space and creating more liveable cities ensuring citywide distribution of public spaces is a way for governments to reduce inequalities and expand benefits and prosperity,11
+some cities such as almaty shymkent and even astana may focus on the compact city even in the context of growing populations emphasis should be given to connectivity and mobility to achieve this transport investments and landuse planning can give sharper focus to the inner city providing transport options that support a mix of residential and commercial uses in mediumdensity inner city,11
+changes in those policies including their financing components can in many cases facilitate reductions of water management costs assessing these perverse support mechanisms with a view to phasing them out can contribute to lowering the cost of water resources management efforts in this direction are ongoing in oecd countries but more could be done some of total oecd agricultural producer support provides incentives to produce andor use variable inputs compared to in oecd b the eu water framework directive has stressed the importance of analysing the financing linked to sector policies eg agriculture energy or climate change that directly support projects and actions that impact on the water system,6
+in terms of the dynamics of the low road gender inequality in the labour market means that when women do work for pay whether they parent with partners or alone it is financially challenging to replace their unpaid care work with high quality substitutes it also means that becoming a mother especially a lone mother increases the risk of poverty as the financial and time demands of the household increase simultaneously the poor state of the childcare system,5
+harmful forms of alcohol are of concerns for governments and private employers as they may negatively impact employment and wages and reduce productivity at work alcohol abuse is indeed shown to have negative labour market outcomes although with some mixed results according to drinking patterns and gender see section hence preventing harmful use of alcohol and its related chronic diseases may lead to substantial gains in economic production through a healthier and more active workforce findings presented in this report do not go without limitations,3
+for instance greater diversity in the mix of wind solar and oceantide energy reduces innovation rates in storage and grid management in addition greater trade will have the same effect interestingly when disaggregated one can see that this is only true of storage model and not grid management model this is likely because many aspects of grid management are complementary with improved capacity to exploit trade in electricity services,7
+this isolates renewable energy producers from the additional costs they generate in the balancing market another option is to make renewable energy producers under the fits regulatory framework take some of the balancing costs by exposing them to balancing signals in spain for example all electricity generators with an output capacity of more than mw must guarantee their daily schedule hours in advance imbalances are imputed to all electricity generators regardless of their technology,7
+different actors within societies define risks and levels of acceptable risk in different ways too much or too little water can be considered a risk depending on the level of water required indeed efforts to reduce water risks for a given population ecosystem or activity may inadvertently or not increase other water risks,6
+it will also provide an opportunity for the secretarygeneral to keep climate change in the public spotlight and to stress the urgency for action at all levels from the local to the global the un climate change secretariat has been detailed to deliver direct support to its implementation and to transform itself into an office fit for purpose and for the long haul,13
+this pattern shows the impacts that having a child can have on women s labour market participation and earnings and consequently on pension benefits in these and other types of pension systems that link benefits to past employment and earnings benefits tend to reflect womens cumulated disadvantages of a lifetime s involvement in a genderbiased labour market european commission indeed when social protection entitlements are associated to paid employment and no or insufficient mechanisms exist to recognize and reward other kinds of contributions that people make to society such as unpaid work gender inequalities in the labour market are transmitted to the social protection system razavi,5
+according to various estimates alcohol kills either directly or indirectly half a million persons per year while smoking is estimated to kill between and persons almost persons die in traffic accidents per year mhsd and rosstat a according to the rlms about three quarters of the russian population consume some kind of alcohol with more being consumed on average by males in all age groups and in the persons belonging to the to age group,3
+many biodiversity mainstreaming initiatives have had to tackle these barriers explained below delaying progress towards effective biodiversity mainstreaming addressing these barriers or simply accepting them as a practical reality will help to ensure that further biodiversity mainstreaming projects are able to achieve their full potential however biodiversity mainstreaming presents a challenge to traditional project design models,15
+an important concept is opportunity costs or the value foregone when a given alternative is undertaken eg the cost of choosing scenario over scenario if we protect a resource today the opportunity cost is the value that would have been generated had we consumed it instead alternatively if we choose to consume a resource today the opportunity cost is the value that would have been generated from protecting it,15
+but challenges related to the evaluation of water policies at central and subnational level are also crucial to approach the accountability gap inadequate monitoring reporting sharing and dissemination of water policy performance also prevent policy coherence at horizontal and vertical levels periodic assessment of progress toward established policy goals is vital for understanding whether the applied efforts are effective and for adjusting policy where necessary,6
+in view of foregoing discussions this paper addresses the questions how does traditional and informal social protection work in the pacific why is informal social protection weakening in the pacific how are informal and traditional social protection linked to formal social protection system how has traditional social protection changed over the years what role do ngos play in social protection and social development in pics,1
+typically combined with density bonuses can in principle be used to encourage any type of use evidence that this reduces the rate of new developments in a territory in amsterdam the large number of commuters from surrounding areas to the city has led to traffic congestion and its attendant impacts such as air pollution,11
+within this area development partners are working at three levels kindornay and reillyking di bella et al at the macro level development partner programmes strengthen the enabling environment or investment climate ie development of policies regulations and institutional frameworks that supports the greening of the private sector and green investment by supporting the design of policies and building the incountry capacity of government agencies and other involved stakeholders and institutions this is an important area of support as the effectiveness of project level development finance interventions in mobilising private investment over time and in ensuring delivery of intended environmental and social outcomes is largely dependent on the right policy framework being in place in developing countries such a policy framework needs to be investmentfriendly overall and also have in place certain additional elements to ensure that it is conducive to green,13
+fewer about also have quantitative indicators that can be used to assess progress eg antigua and barbuda and costa rica monitoring points for those indicators in the lifecycles of adaptation actions also considerably vary among the indcs ie input output outcome or impact indicators since the nap processes may include a monitoring and reporting component its content could inform countr ies effort to enhance transparency for adaptation action some indcs eg brazil and honduras refer to their naps that they are currently developing and mention that detailed information on adaptation actions will be provided once the naps have been completed,13
+in order to create greater opportunities for the poor governments must also adopt policies to promote increased employment generation and invest more in education health and other basic services further the ldcs should focus on promoting environmentally sustainable development by enhancing the efficiency of natural resource use reducing energy intensity preserving biodiversity reducing waste generation and adapting to the effects of climate change trade liberalization is creating new challenges and opportunities technological revolutions in ict are fostering new dimensions of knowledge in development and the role of migration and remittances b domestic development is bcreasbg,1
+the allowance contributes to the payment of housing and utilities poor households are eligible if actual housing and utility costs exceed a certain percentage of total household income family allowances targeted to poor families with children under were introduced in followed by targeted maternal allowances for unemployed mothers with young children in unicef a another innovation introduced at the same time was the use of communitybased targeting through the local mahalla system local bodies of selfgovernment there is also a categorical disability allowance for disabled children and a school set for firstgrade students unicef b,1
+korea has one of the worlds most rapidly ageing populations and rising chronic diseases this is already a major challenge to the health system as illustrated by high levels of potentially avoidable hospital admissions for key chronic diseases and increasing expenditure on chronic diseaserelated care at the same time the absence of functional gatekeeping and the large number of clinics seeking to provide more acute services often leads to patients missing out on less technology intensive but highly cost effective patient counselling to prevent and manage their health condition to improve the quality of care in the korean health system policy makers should support the growth of effective primary care services in communities not only will this require more primary care practices and better remuneration for family medicine but it will also require the development of a regional architecture so that insurance can target funding to areas of need collecting better information and bolstering the workforce of primary care professionals are two fundamental reforms that will be needed to help develop better primary health care in korea,3
+in six of them poverty dropped appreciably between the two years in the dominican republic and uruguay data for urban areas the poverty rate fell by more than percentage points brazil panama paraguay and peru recorded declines between percentage points and percentage points slightly smaller negative poverty rate variations were posted in colombia and ecuador see figure i in the indigence rate came down considerably in colombia the dominican republic panama peru and uruguay and declined slightly in brazil and paraguay,1
+this corresponds to the folk wisdom of not putting all one s eggs into the same basket the fact that the future is unwritten applies to any number of dimensions high and volatile fuel prices the climate change challenge the geographical concentration of fuels and geopolitical tensions to name just a few facing them requires a well balanced portfolio that spreads the risks and ensures that the system as a whole remains robust in the light of any sudden changes,7
+as mentioned above it is the major source of finance used in the construction phase of re investment projects figure provides an overview of the amount of investment financed via asset finance which went to the different renewable energy sources in the period because of the financial crisis global asset financing in fell by from,7
+long waiting times for covered services can severely impede access to care and worsen the health of patients requiring a procedure waiting times have been measured in several oecd countries though not necessarily in a homogenous way siciliani et al the quality of care has multiple dimensions and the oecd is now proposing a set of indicators in different domains which can be used by country with appropriate information systems what proportion of the costs is covered,3
+when detailed information from comprehensive scientific monitoring is available management plans are based on quantitative objectives and scientific advice stemming from the simulation of potential effects of alternative management scenarios box in addition to these management plans riparian countries and supranational entities such as the european union also establish their own management plans which should be compliant with the agreement for the establishment of the general fisheries commission for the mediterranean gfcm agreement and in line with existing regional decisions when available simulations of the potential effect of alternative management scenarios are presented as they provide insights on the response of fisheries to the decisions taken,14
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law indeed recent estimates suggest that if the entrepreneurship gender gap were eliminated global gdp could rise by as much as or usd trillion blomquist et al against that background government institutions and policies should seek to ensure that men and women enjoy equal opportunity to set up and run businesses chapter,5
+the major objective in offering bds services to women is to assist them in generating more income so that they are better able to become economically independent which will eventually contribute to community welfare many women in qatar are highly educated but are not in the workforce for cultural reasons the roudha center aims to promote a female entrepreneurial and leadership culture in qatar by identifying organising and promoting women entrepreneurs and innovators through a network of partnerships it seeks to provide programming and resources interactive workshops incubation mentorship and legal services to address women s needs and support their entrepreneurial activities,5
+the belgian fleet counted vessels in four less than in the previous year and a decrease from vessels in investment and increases in selectivity drive the core strategy for fisheries for aquaculture increased investments in production capacity combined with greater exchange of knowledge and research aim to increase production the transfers to sector numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures where missing,14
+the tcfd report outlines a set of recommendations for voluntary climaterelated disclosures to be made as part of mainstream financial filings the recommendations should help organizations identify and disclose information needed by investors lenders and insurance underwriters to appropriately assess and price climate related risks and opportunities while the nordic countries can offer solutions at major grid level also multiple solutions for smaller scale and distributed minigrids are available the experience gained through the nordic energy market nord pool covering nine countries is of increasing interest for developing countries aiming for regional energy collaboration and accessing benefits of market integration,13
+the ihdp is supported by the united nations and numerous international associations while developing ways to steer industrial societies in developeddeveloping countries towards sustainability the ihdpit group published a simplified booklet ihdpit which provided a conceptual basis analytical tool evaluation procedure and policy implication methods to reduce our ecological rucksack hidden flows and improve factor x and resource efficiency in corporations regions eg ecotowns and national initiatives some studies have also suggested a double decoupling for sustaining resource use economic growth from resource use resource efficiency and resource use from environmental impact bringezu,12
+such analyses help to understand how harmful forms of drinking evolved over time and to identify which population groups are most likely to engage in and which are most affected by hazardous and heavy episodic drinking this work contributes to designing appropriate policy strategies to reduce harmful drinking alcohol alcohol the effect of alcohol consumption on earnings,3
+livestock form an important source of gdp at of the total and generate of the country s foreign exchange earnings yet cattle numbers are exceeding the land s canying capacity in many areas and some rangelands are degraded fao the impact of climate change in ethiopia is already apparent in the increasing temperature and declining rainfall particularly in northern parts which are exceptionally vulnerable to drought with annual rainfall being only mm in the northeast such changes can be catastrophic for agricultural production deteriorate infrastructure and worsen the livelihoods of the rural poor,13
+they do not have as strong a transformational potential as electricity in the case of industry and its manufacturing subsector structural transformation tpes brings about structural transformation which is explained by the fact that in these sectors the share of modern forms of energy in tpes is larger than in other types of economic activity or in households modern energy contributes to structural transformation of the sector in ldcs while there is a reciprocal causality in the case of total energy,7
+greater efforts are also needed to make the delivery of social services such as education health housing and water and sanitationresponsive to the specific needs of women and girls in fact some countries such as argentina and china have scaled up their investments in social protection in response to the recent economic crises even for the poorest countries providing a basic benefit package along the lines of the united nations spf is within reach it has been estimated for example that the introduction of universal social pensions would cost around per cent of gross domestic product gdp per year in most countries of subsaharan africa,5
+in the new quality evaluation system labour market aspects are quite prominent which is manifested in the increasing importance of alumni surveys and the composition of external assessment panels hogskoleverket for instance the times higherqs world university ranking adopts graduate employability as one of the indicators however this accounts for only of the overall ranking an impact which is negligible compared to the high weight given to research quality de weert the perception that the demand for skills is rapidly changing across oecd countries has spurred attempts to predict which sectors and occupations are most likely to expand in the years to come,4
+first the scene is set by showing what the family poverty rate ie these scenarios seem to be extremely effective to reduce poverty especially scenario when the child poverty reduction is at the same level as denmark s table under this scenario all child poverty rates are below with the highest being the united kingdom at,1
+twelve per cent of all cases in were in rural areas but this rose to per cent in and per cent in before falling to per cent in and per cent in table it showed that unhealthy food advertisements were highly prevalent around schools a total of advertisements displaying branded food products and promotions displaying unbranded food products were identified in the area around selected schools,3
+another example is the storage and recovery approach sr in groundwater conservation employed by the city of tucson arizona which serves the twofold purpose of storing water underground for future use while replenishing the already pumped groundwater see box this approach also signals a remarkable capacity to adjust to community demands cities and industrial companies have paid farmers to encourage practices such as paddy rice flooding that help recover the aquifer the city of ono in fukui prefecture japan which received the japan water grand prize in was one of the early adopters of groundwater recharge through paddyfield storage in the late s,6
+for instance regulations related to childcare are associated only with working women whereas social benefits are almost exclusively paid to men earlyretirement provisions can reduce women s time in paid work leading to gender disparities in the workplace and affecting career profiles and earnings it is also noteworthy that the labour laws do not cover all categories of workers nor all types of work and sectors these gaps leave workers vulnerable and encourage informal work conditions an impediment affecting women s participation in the formal labour force,5
+a critical look at recent social policy reform in europe from a gender and family perspective the concept of care and the dialectic of critique journal of aging studies vol revue franchise de socioeconomie no adapting to women snew roles cambridge polity press gosta espingandersen and others oxford oxford university press una mirada a la atencion domiciliaria mujer y desarrollo series no,5
+there are national guidelines for smoking alcohol use physical activity and diet primary care staff are expected to counsel patients on these lifestyle habits and offer advice support and referrals for patients requiring longterm care responsibility for the patient is transferred to the municipality once a care plan has been developed responsibilities and arrangements for primary care in the context of longterm care for the elderly are variable,3
+for instance a recent evaluation of prossapys programa para la sostenibilidad de los servicios de agua potable y saneamineto en communidades rurales found that some rural and marginalised areas have not made full use of the resources they were provided because prossapys does not have a strategic planning mechanism in place to direct the efforts and allocation of resources to the areas in greater need dominguez the programme s reliance on inegi s definition of rural area less than inhabitants even though some of the localities targeted are above this threshold yet still have rural patterns may also contribute to the lack of funds distributed to inneed areas in addition prossapys clean water programme pal and apazu could be better coordinated to support highly marginalised rural and urban zones in the first range ie localities below inhabitants and between to inhabitants,6
+the statistical data for israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant israeli authorities this chapter will use the terms middle school and high school which correspond best to the japanese terms tpjx and the tuition deduction ranges from thousand yen to thousand yen about to depending on household income,4
+the cedaw adopted in was a landmark legal instrument of international human rights laws ensuring the added protection of women the convention on the consent to marriage minimum age for marriage and registration of marriage adopted in plays an extremely important role because it codifies into international law provisions addressing forced marriage within east africa rwanda is the only state to have ratified the convention the african charter on the rights and welfare of the child is considered the regional extension of the crc and plays an important role within the cefm discourse as it codifies specific rights of a child the following provisions have been selected as they relate directly to the issues discussed in the paper in regards to manifestations and hidden challenges seen as one of the most important articles in the convention in relation to cefm is article which grants protection against harmful social and cultural practices two major initiatives in the fight to end cefm were launched in africa and amongst the commonwealth member countries,5
+a reform at the end of the s strengthened teacher education and made it highly selective teacher education moved from teachers colleges to universities and primary school teachers were required to have a masters degree at present teacher education is provided by nine universities of which eight have teacher training schools,4
+such persons may receive a onetimeonly pfron loan for the start up of a new business or secure cofinancing to the level of of the interest on bank credit for continuation of a business if they have not taken advantage of a startup loan from pfron or from the labour fund the person may also apply to pfron for reimbursement of a part of compulsory social insurance contributions the programme is delivered through the network of local employment offices pups these local offices offer training on how to start a business on the regulatory procedures and on the business planning process as well as deliver a startup grant scheme for unemployed people made available through the labour fund recipients of these startup funds have to run their enterprise for at least a year as a condition of funding otherwise the grant must be repaid,8
+the proportion of lowincome women having had cancer screening in the past two years is only slightly over the lowest among oecd countries data show that people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are less likely to participate in breast cancer and uterus cancer screening and are at higher risk of being readmitted to hospitals for preventable conditions the data enable benchmarking across regions and has the potential to be used for analysing inequities in health similarly the data from national health interview surveys carried out by the danish national institute for public health could be used for measuring health inequalities for example while the danish health and medicine authority published a report on health inequalities in there is no regular report focusing on inequalities in health periodic surveys do not allow for regular monitoring of changes in health utilisation and disease prevalence,3
+many psychiatric institutions longterm care and nursing facilities and small rural hospitals are in need of modernisation this is also targeted by the european structural and investment funds programme which aims at health infrastructure capacity building in data collection and processing as well as human resource development however at the hospital management level there is often only limited expertise with capital investment and financing of new technologies see also section first the physician workforce is ageing,3
+most analysts determine the values of these parameters on the basis of time series analysis of historical performance data consistent with the dictum that history is a good predictor of the future we note that markowitz himself and associates do not exclude the setting of different values if analysts have good reasons to deviate from historical values fabozzi et al they published the results in an article published in the journal of finance the most prestigious periodical of finance theory barlev and katz barlev and katz defined the reciprocal of average fuel cost per unit of energy input per annum as return indicator and the standard deviation of a years period time series for this indicator as risk,7
+another way to reduce deadweight is to require firms to share in the cost of shorttime work as is discussed below in light of their differential coverage by stw schemes and the likely greater tendency of employers to attempt to retain their core workers the empirical analysis of the impact of stw in the recession below distinguishes between temporary and permanent workers to the extent possible participating firms in the work sharing programme in canada were previously required to develop a recovery plan however this requirement has been suspended until at least march in response to the recession takeup of training during stw tends to be low in countries where it is not compulsory while this may provide a rationale for governments seeking to reduce displacement effects to make training compulsory it could also indicate that training often is not appropriate or cannot easily be organised as was concluded by a canadian study of stw hrdc,8
+these results are noteworthy in that they are obtained from farms that represent specialised units the findings for meat and wool farms may be reinforced by broader evidence from other sectors in fact it is reasonable to assume that product mixes in other farm types are also characterised by imperfect and possibly weaker price and margin correlations as other types of farms generally have possibilities to diversify across a broader range of commodities and which do not represent substitutes,2
+a pilot was launched in in the fashion and automechanic sectors but with no formal evaluation of the results ministiy of vocational training and employment furthermore it supports social inclusiveness by allowing adults with limited formal education to get recognition for the competences acquired while working thereby helping them to advance their careers finally it also works as a tool to reward learning and the skills both acquired in informal settings,4
+making poverty analyses richer multidimensional poverty research for policy design in boyser k c dewilde d dierckx and j friedrichs eds between the social and the spatial exploring multiple dimensions of poverty and social exclusion ashgate publishing pp equivalence scale sensitivity of poverty statistics for the member states of the european community in review of income and wealth series number robust multidimensional poverty comparisons working paper no ithaca ny food and nutrition policy program cornell university,1
+atkinson a b poverty in europe blackwells publishers oxford part the drivers of labour eamings inequality an analysis based on conditional and unconditional quantile regressions oecd economics department working papers no an exploratory statistical analysis housing studies vol mapping income inequality across the oecd oecd economics department working paper no,10
+with no right to compensation her household income falls significantly and she becomes dependent on her family or social welfare where it is available for fear of repudiation women often dare not oppose a spouse hostile to any of their actions including employment khul is a procedure of unilateral cessation of marriage on the initiative of the wife who does not have to prove the fault of her husband,5
+as such current country efforts could be stepped up to combat violence against women more effectively a national plan can be established within the framework of the gender strategy see chapter the effective implementation of this plan will require collaboration across the various institutions responsible for the different policy areas involved in addressing violence it partners the government research institutions and community leaders to reinforce the capacity of criminal justice and strengthen the ability of the housing and health systems to respond to issues of family violence,5
+until recently only one major purchaser had vertically integrated with providers this situation has arisen mainly due to a political consensus around the undesirability of growing vertical integration in the dutch context proposals that could expand current levels of vertical integration for instance the proposed set up of a cooperative in involving a regional health insurer a regional physician cooperative and other health professionals in order to take over a local hospital in financial distress have been strongly opposed in parliament based on concerns about professional autonomy and free choice of provider by users insurers are free to compete for enrolees through adjustments to their communityrated premiums and this has resulted in strong price competition among insurers stronger competition for enrolees through policy prices quickly translated into financial pressure on insurers whose general reaction has been twofold schut and van de ven first there has been wider experimentation and adoption of measures to reduce operational and managerial costs,3
+she opined that it was wise to involve women at the local government but they should be assured of security and equal opportunity politics involves roundtheclock duty travel and contact with strangers while women may also face sexual harassment by their male colleagues courting arrest and facing police brutalities are more personally problematic for young women,5
+as in previous practice each block in the module is planned to have green spaces for recreation inbuilt groundfloor spaces for socialhousehold services and educational and operational premises and inground parking this project is expected to last five years and involves three cities novogrudok novopolotsk and polotsk as pilot projects for realizing some elements of a green city approach to urban development the results of these projects are expected to provide best practices that will be adopted in at least five other cities in belarus,11
+women continue to represent on average only onethird of senior public service employees members of parliament including in chair positions of committees and supreme court judges by way of example women remain disproportionally responsible for unpaid care work with major potential to improve public accessible and affordable child andor elderly care although women are often at the losing end of structural gender inequality cultural norms and stereotypes are simultaneously creating pressure and subsequent problems for men and boys such as underdiagnosed mental health problems addiction and alcohol abuse and use of violence as a masculinity norm,5
+in longterm care institutions or other services that provide housing or treatment for older persons it is relatively common to find deplorable living conditions or overcrowding or treatment that may harm physical or mental health or infringe other basic human rights and fundamental freedoms with frequently irrevocable consequences vasquez all residents of institutions have rights and liberties protected in international covenants and national laws regardless of whether they suffer physical or mental disabilities recent research carried out by the interamerican development bank idb and the pan american health organization paho on the social exclusion of institutionalized older persons with physical and mental disabilities in three southern cone countries argentina chile and uruguay shows a heterogeneous situation in terms of these services argentina has the highest proportion of admittances decided by someone other than the older person him or herself while chile has the highest percentage of older persons admitted because they have nowhere to live institutionalized older persons in uruguay have a lower level of functional and mental capacities while in argentina of residents display no cognitive or physiological degeneration,3
+they can also address the bias introduced by technologyspecific policies an issue that is discussed in the next section under this approach electricity generators would be required to meet a rising fraction of their generation using zero carbon sources or sources with lower carbon intensity rff the impact of a ces can vary substantially based on the specifications of policy details the specifications of the bill,7
+sweden initiated the national council for suicide prevention in making it one of the first countries worldwide to establish a comprehensive national strategy for suicide prevention in a parliamentary decision led to the creation of a national centre for suicide research and prevention of mental illhealth nasp this network coordinates cooperation between involved actors including health care providers social services schools churches and ngos and aims to facilitate suicide prevention efforts and integrate national public health work on a local level,3
+in none of them do women reach that level because most of them are not participating in the labour market in the other groups employees account for the largest share of the nonindigent poor of the vulnerable and of the nonvulnerable showing that wage employment does not protect people from the risk of slipping into poverty there is a gender gap here as well among women particularly among the indigent and the nonindigent poor a larger percentage are unpaid family workers and domestic workers,1
+poverty and social exclusion are interlinked with inequality but cannot be reduced to inequalities of income alone sen poverty is a situation in which inequalities leave some people so far away from the social mainstream that the deprivations they experience push them below what are viewed as basic standards in practice poverty is often operationalized and measured in terms of income or consumption poverty poverty lines can be defined on the basis of absolute needs eg the cost of a minimum food basket plus an allowance for basic nonfood basic needs or on relative social standards that prevail in a given society at a given time one of the main sources of dissatisfaction with absolute poverty measures is that they ignore concerns about relative deprivation shame and social exclusion ravallion,1
+federal protected areas and their associated resources have increased significantly over the last decade in there were protected areas covering million ha equivalent to of national territory however further expansion of protected areas is needed to achieve the goal of by,15
+fulfilling the reporting provisions on indicative future levels of climate finance will include projected future qualitative and quantitative information where this is available see box however there are several systems or processes that collect some of the information required thus the common tabular format ctf agreed at cop for developed country parties includes tables for the provision of bilateral and multilateral public financial support but does not include tables for information on climate finance mobilised although many parties draw on rio markers to report on climate finance to the unfccc the figures derived from rio markers may not be identical to the figures reported to the unfccc see annexes a and b this projectlevel database covers bilateral and multilateral sources of finance and can be used to produce aggregate figures and to analyse climaterelated development finance from various angles eg mitigationadaptation financial instruments recipients and channels of delivery the crs database is designed to avoid double counting both across different providers and across project types eg if a project addresses both mitigation and adaptation,13
+while public transportation is well patronised in chile s cities some potential passengers may be deterred by the real or perceived impression that it is inefficient unclean or unsafe chile s public transport fare structure includes fare differentiation to improve service management eg higher prices at peak hours or to increase social equity reduced prices for students and senior citizens however there is no fee reduction for frequent use at present,11
+it also raised concerns about the higher use of these codes in some specialities such as orthopaedics and ophthalmology and instances of inappropriate use both the initial report by the auditor general for scotland a and a followup report from later that year auditor general for scotland b do importantly note that the use of unavailability codes began to reduce in late a trend which continued into and much of this work is the quality and efficiency support team quest and is described further in section,3
+women in rural areas generally lack awareness of licensing processes which are often complicated and in a number of mena economies homebased businesses cannot be registered or obtain a licence for example in the uae many municipalities require proof of a leased business location before granting a business licence this prevents women from starting a homebased enterprise while there is evidence that this would be the choice of many traditional emirati women,5
+convention concerning freedom of association and protection of the right to organize workers and employers without distinction whatsoever shall have the right to establish and subject only to the rules of the organization concerned to join organisations of their own choosing without previous authorization convention concerning the application of the principles of the right to organize and to bargain collectively workers shall enjoy adequate protection against acts of antiunion discrimination in respect of their employment equal remuneration convention ensure the application to all workers of the principle of equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value,8
+the three components are intended to ensure a comprehensive and inclusive smart city strategy through the participation of the government businesses and citizens digital economy developed in the digital economy framework for action sets out to guide businesses and the workforce about how to adopt digitalisation in order to keep the economy attractive through the creation of opportunities organised around three principles accelerate compete and transform the plan lays out a strategy for singapore to become a digital economy capable of reinventing and adapting itself to change in addition to strengthening physical and digital infrastructure the plan details programmes for retraining the workforce as well as adapting policies regulations and standards in a manner that intends to strike a balance between making singapore competitive and protecting the public interest,11
+competitiveness concerns and possible leakage of tax impacts can be reduced if environmental taxes are introduced at similar levels in neighbouring countries a platform focussing on cooperation related to environmental taxation could facilitate exchange of experiences and information between countries and support steps towards harmonization of specific environmental tax rates and environmental taxes most likely to result in crossborder smuggling such as fuel taxes these policy processes offer governments the chance to collaborate on the development of carbon taxes and fossil fuel subsidy reform agree timelines and exchange and learn from each others experiences,7
+morocco has set up regional monitoring and evaluation systems in soussmassadraa and marrakech tensift al haouz which aim to monitor and assess vulnerability and the results of adaptation actions to climate change giz these systems are expected to be the basis of an institutional arrangement and extended to a national governance mechanism to oversee the monitoring and evaluation system for adaptation actions in the mediumterm fewer about also have quantitative indicators that can be used to assess progress,13
+the regulation of intellectual property rights data flows and privacy are likely to be of particular importance as well as the quality of digital infrastructure since reliable and fast network access is becoming a necessity for conducting business however the overall impact on gvc trade is hard to predict in the longer run however d printing may to some extent substitute for traditional manufacturing methods reducing the need for outsourced production and assembly the number of production steps and the need for inventory warehousing distribution retail centres and packaging developing countries are likely to gain an increasing share of global trade but the quantitative effects will depend on their ability to catch up on the adoption of digital technologies,9
+in the first advisory board for development of quality indicators report was published and established a system of publically monitoring quality indicators since five clinical audits have been carried out in collaboration with experts each year by ehif examples from suggest that of specialist visits for hypertension and of specialist visits for diabetes could be deemed avoidable and managed more appropriately in primary care,3
+from a child perspective this assumption is often justified on the basis that assuming that children obtain an equal share of available household resources charts a middle road between the deprivation they may be subject to if parents consume a disproportionate share and the extra protection they might receive if parents make sacrifices to ensure children do not go without corak i however differences in parenting behaviour across households may lead to children living in poverty in nonpoor households and viceversa if for instance intrahousehold allocation patterns are determined by bargaining between different parties we would expect the income pooling restriction not to hold,1
+his analysis emphasises the volatility of these shares for individual countries from year to year rather than the trend over time for nfidcs the situation is not as dramatic with an average of food imports to total merchandise imports of about and as much as for some countries import expenditure can be financed by aid inflows and by borrowing but in the longer run a country will find it easier to rely on food imports if it can finance these imports from its own foreign earnings,2
+nonetheless the region has benefited from the development of renewable energies in europe at various levels firstly through fdi in wind power generation by many european firms iberdrola acciona fenosa sn power enel gdf suez and others and in component manufacturing capacity particularly in brazil vestas siemens and alstom among others direct investment by these firms which have more than a decade of experience in wind power in their countries of origin have driven the development of the wind power industry at a pace that would have been impossible without this knowledge transfer moreover the opportunity to develop wind power in latin america has given these european firms an area of expansion that they needed when the sector was going through a major crisis in europe,7
+it harms the us growth potential via a lower labour input from those that are supposed to be the most productive fuels poverty and inequality and potentially harms individual wellbeing in particular inactivity does not only mean foregone revenues but also poorer health and lower social engagement and even reduced marriage prospects for men lower primeage adult labour force participation also means that an increasing number of children are growing in poverty with higher risks of developing health issues later on higher risks of school failure and ultimately lower employment and income prospects oecd a artificial intelligence automation and the takeup of robots are expected to trigger further job dislocations see for instance amtz et al for an estimate of the share of jobs threatened by automation and may push more workers out of labour force,8
+the organisation of these departments underwent significant changes between and as part of the general review of public policies rgpp conducted by the french government on april the national interbranch agency for sea fishery and aquaculture products ofimer became franceagrimer through the merger of five agricultural agencies ofimer office de yelevage onigc onippam and viniflhor it is mandatory for the cnpmem to be consulted on any domestic or community measure regarding fisheries conservation or management the conditions applicable to commercial fishing or the working of the industry as a whole,14
+it then describes the main bottlenecks that can be envisaged as they relate to water use land use and energy use as well as the materials dimension of the nexus finally it motivates why an integrated dynamic modelling approach is most suitable for investigating the interlinkages of the nexus bottlenecks we need water to grow food and for energy production we need energy to grow food and to pump and treat water and we need land to produce bioenergy unsustainable use of these resources raises serious concerns about their looming scarcity,6
+it is believed that the cause of the decline of the species is more intensive forestry photo jussi murtosaari the rich countries also have a responsibility for contributing environmental aid to poor countries to ensure that they can implement the convention the larvae of the cranberry frititlary boloria aquilonaris live on cranberries,15
+taking these national initiatives as a foundation scotland s quality improvement efforts are primarily driven from the bottomup and characterised by locallearning collaboratives small cycles of innovation and testing and communities of practice at the same time scotland is pursuing the integration of health social and other care for individuals with complex needs to help inform its quality improvement efforts a key priority will be for scotland to make better use of its information systems to allow a clearer understanding of whether quality initiatives have improved population health,3
+this largely reflects investment support for constructing facilities to collect store and process agricultural products environmental crosscompliance requirements are gradually emerging the six see economies are relatively well integrated into the world trading system all six economies are signatories of the central european free trade agreement cefta through which they have achieved full tariff liberalisation on trade in agricultural goods,2
+the situation deteriorated significantly in subsaharan africa where the number of undernourished people increased from million in to million in subsaharan africa remains the region with the highest prevalence of hunger with the rate increasing from per cent in to per cent in in south america the situation also appears to be worsening,2
+this section simulates the impacts of this cereal price intervention policy on farmers represented in the simulation model since the representative farm in the uk produces wheat barley and oilseed the simulations set the same level of intervention price for wheat and barley the price intervention reduces the price risk of cereals and increases their expected returns and thus has an impact on the farmer s crop diversification strategy,2
+at the same time official information on the national tests clearly repeats the message that the national tests only measure a discrete area of student knowledge and skills providing a snapshot of student achievement in select learning targets and that supplementary assessments are necessary to fully gauge student process research from different countries indicates that while assessment is primarily intended to measure the progress and outcomes of learning it also has effects on the learning process itself somerset several authors have described this influence of assessment on teaching and learning as the backwash effect of student assessment alderson and wall baartman et al,4
+this situation pertains to about per cent of the municipalities of vojvodina which are using wells for public water supply and about per cent of the total population of the autonomous province arsenic removal from drinking water requires significant financial resources and specific units of water treatment which are necessary to develop an appropriate plan to address this problem according to data from the institute of public health of belgrade city in the physicochemical and microbiological parameters were controlled in samples of which per cent did not meet physicochemical parameters and per cent did not meet microbiological parameters beogradvode also controls water quality through analysis of an additional or so samples per year but results are not known since it has no obligation to submit them,6
+the length of the ppa tends to be tied to the remaining lifespan of the mine as discussed below in further detail this is due to the limited redeployability of current renewable energy systems and the unexploited opportunities for plants alternative uses beyond the needs of a mine therefore the longer the residual life of the mine the longer the ppa and thus the lower the price of the electricity generated under the contract,7
+career guidance should provide a full picture of the various pathways in the education system covering notably the vocational education option guidance in vocational education and training has an important role to play in supporting individuals to identify how they can best use the skills they have developed through their course of education and training in order to build fulfilling careers career guidance in universities can support effective transitions to the workplace by involving employers including through career fairs and employer workshops to provide workrelated learning opportunities and can help to ensure that graduates skills are well used,4
+various efforts to tackle waiting lists have been taken including additional budget allocations to fund overtime work in the public sector and coupons for some patients to obtain care in the private sector however these projections assume a continuation of the currently low priority given to health which is not likely to be sufficient in the long term given that expenditure levels are already unable to provide coverage to the entire population and there are long waiting times for some services this became particularly evident during the recent economic crisis,3
+the only difference is that with a tax one obtains price stability while quantities may vary somewhat according to electricity demand and that with an emission market quantities will be fixed but prices can vary strongly the key condition for an emissions trading system to make a difference is of course that the sum of quotas given out by governments is sufficiently low such support could be seen as remunerating the provision of the public good of ghg emissions reduction,7
+furthermore perceptions of being treated poorly by the criminal justice system lead many victims to screen themselves out of law enforcement and legal proceedings at an early stage victims who are treated insensitively or unsympathetically often decide not to continue with the process victims want the violence to end and to be safe and protected if they do not believe the criminal justice system can help them in that they will not be cooperative many countries have adopted laws and policies to respond to these biases however women and girls worldwide continue to experience violence discrimination and difficulties accessing justice,5
+on the whole the policy objectives are too broad to have a specific impact on urban health it proposed to adopt an urban health sector strategy with the help of the local government division of the ministry of local government in order to ensure primary health family planning and reproductive health services for the urban poor in addition it also proposed to undertake steps to revise and update the laws related to food safety and emphasized proper hospital waste management,3
+more worryingly in the countries that distributed the pisa parent questionnaire disadvantaged parents are significantly more likely than advantaged parents to report that low expenses and financial aid are very important factors to consider when choosing a school while parents from all backgrounds cite academic achievement as an important consideration when choosing a school for their children advantaged parents are on average nine percentage points more likely than disadvantaged parents to cite this criterion as very important these differences suggest that disadvantaged parents may believe that their choice of schools for their child is limited due to the cost of some schools,4
+the potential health benefits include reduced symptoms of respiratory and cardiovascular conditions rheumatism arthritis and allergies as well as fewer injuries oecd and iea renewables and energy efficiency can be game changers for energy and gender poverty largescale energy projects including for renewables such as hydropower not uncommonlyresultindisplacement of local communities,7
+this did not happen in argentina bolivarian republic of venezuela or nicaragua however where the income of the highest quintile grew significantly nor in el salvador where the average real income of that group fell see figure higher earnings from work were the main factor driving income growth in the lowest quintile a similar thing happened with incomes in the highest quintile where labour income grew slightly and this was partly or fully offset by reductions in incomes from other sources,1
+whilst some view ncfs as inefficient by default in creating extrabudgetary processes others see the value of offbudget funds that can transparently manage and monitor incoming climate finance in countries with multiple existing funds some recipients and supporters envisage a range of targeted funds effectively functioning as different channelling windows under the green climate fund work is underway in exchanging a rapidly growing amount of country experience notably in the asiapacific region undp b recipient countries recognise having both systems as a precondition for effective finance while priorities of respondents varied supporters mainly prioritised tracking flows and providers were primarily interested in the monitoring of results and impact all three groups report that a lack of available data in recipient countries is a prominent barrier to tracking and monitoring finance in practice the majority of recipients reported a lack of technical capacity to develop methodologies and systems to track climate finance as part of national systems and expressed a demand for support from development cooperation providers,13
+this has been seen in south africa where solar thermal and solar electric technologies were rejected even when competitive costs and other benefits were presented niez an anomaly in this regard is subsaharan africa although much of the energy used for heat consumption in this region is from renewable biomass sources the current practise of collecting and using the renewable fuel is entirely unsustainable,7
+catch documentation scheme cdsintrohtm world markets and industry of selected commerciallyexploited aquatic species with an international conservation profile patagonian toothfish what is the ecosystembased approach in fisheries and how does it relate to the idea of integrated management,14
+for example higher bargaining power as proxied by larger age gap positively affects the amount of time that husbands spend on market work and that wives spend on household work it has no effect on time spent by husbands on household work or wives on market work on the other hand the education gap proxy seems to negatively affect the amount of time husbands spend on household and care work positively affect both the wifes and husbands time spent on market work and does not significantly affect the time spent by the wife on household work this suggests that die household division of labour and in particular womens household and care work time may not be subject to negotiation,5
+the expenses for drinking water also include a charge to cover groundwater mapping by the counties of which the households contribution is expected to be ca the cost of one m of water is typically dkk on average households pay dkk per year for water consumption and wastewater disposal hasler etal,6
+these individuals and families are perhaps better targeted by social policies for affordable housing both in terms of treatment eg housing these households and prevention eg financial support for housing before households lose their homes there may be overlap between the transitionally homeless and those households living in subpar living conditions for instance some countries count as homeless those individuals or families living temporarily in conventional housing with other households,11
+in institutional investors in oecd countries eg insurance companies investment funds pension funds public pension reserve funds foundations and endowments held usd trillion worth of assets oecd c traditional sources of green infrastructure investments such as governments and banks face increasing constraints due to structural obstacles deleveraging and impending financial regulations in emerging and developing countries sovereign wealth funds are key sources of capital thanks to their usd trillion in assets as of january sovereign wealth fund institute,7
+media campaigns and publications are used to keep the public informed about the main issues of the gender budget review process a growing number of other civil society organizations now engage with the broader budget process or focus on particular sectors such as health education water and agriculture government reports and budgets include more sexdisaggregated data and gender analysis,5
+asia report kabulbrussels for instance many countries maintain discriminatory laws with regard to land ownership genderbased violence marriage child custody inheritance employment and sexual orientation supporting the lobbying efforts of civil society organisations and parliamentarian genderwomens caucuses to reform discriminatory laws and regulations is essential,5
+such improvement could indicate that countries are harvesting some of the early fruits of their efforts to improve their education systems but sustained improvement over several years and pisa assessments is much more difficult to achieve colombia and portugal are among the few education systems whose reforms have been successful in improving average student performance in science over successive pisa cycles in beijingshanghaijiangsuguangdong china hereafter bsjg china and viet nam for instance there are fewer lowachieving students in school than on average across oecd countries but the pisa target population represents less than of the overall population of yearolds in viet nam and only in bsjg china,4
+generally cooking is undertaken with commercial cooking fuels gas and electricity exceptions occur in remote areas where controlled combustion wood stoves provide heating and cooking services residential commercial and public buildings account for of final consumption of natural gas and most of the consumption is for space heating,7
+as land is a factor input into many economic activities competing demands and conflicting uses may become constraints to both economic development and environmental protection this requires integrated land use and territorial planning coherence with sectoral policies mining agriculture forestry manufacturing transport energy appropriate governance and the use of a mix of policy instruments including ownership rights property and other taxes and protected area networks this delivers important messages about competing uses of land and pressures on biodiversity that may alter habitats,15
+while some cultural norms and practices empower women and promote women s human rights many are also often used to justify violence against women for example the phenomena of date rape and eating disorders are tied to cultural norms but are not often labeled as cultural phenomena new harmful practices are constantly developing and existing harmful practices have altered as a result of globalization and migration there is therefore no exhaustive list of harmful practices against women practices such as dowry and brideprice have escalated and altered as a result of rising levels of consumerism in the countries in which they are practiced,5
+italy and the united states have the highest share of startups with at least one female founder ie and respectively differences between gender in the probability to get any funding is mostly present in europe where companies with at least one female founder are less likely to get funding by more than in the united states the difference is smaller and only marginally significant while in asia no difference is found however for those that receive funding the gender gap in funding amount is similar for europe and the united states,5
+while epr is not mandatory in the packaging and packaging waste directive it is so in the legislation for waste electrical and electronic equipment end of life vehicles and batteries these directives cover waste steams which include plastic waste although they have no specific targets for recycling of plastics finally plastic waste can be included in the target for recycling and recovery of cd waste in the waste framework directive article the most common economic policy instrument used among eu member countries are different designs of extended producer responsibilites epr other depositrefund systems and taxes on for instance packaging and land fill,12
+an investigation into the contribution of each dimension to overall poverty shows how people are poor combined with information from the headcount ratio how many people are poor and the intensity of poverty how poor they are the highresolution lens of mpi becomes a very valuable tool for policymaking the results are presented in the figure below,1
+the scheme gives enterprises with business activity in norway a tax credit on their rd projects the rd content must be approved by the research council of norway ex ante in the cap on expenses per enterprise for intramural rd projects increased to nok million previously it was n k million and nok million previously it was nok million for projects conducted at an rd institution,9
+programmes are underway to rehabilitate the networks and bring them back to their original conveyance capacity within a few years taking this into account the total future capacity of hydropower will increase to mw however most hydropower plants are in a rather poor state due to lack of maintenance and therefore they do not operate efficiently furthermore the existing power plants do not take into consideration the ecological aspects required in the eu water framework directive ec and until now no revitalization activities have been implemented,6
+public investments in rd during this period were primarily channelled through the academy of finland and tekes the academy was a traditional research council or science foundation largely funding bottomup proposals from the universities tekes was founded in as a technology development agency funding rd within companies and in academicindustry partnerships both bottomup and where networks of stakeholders with common interests could be established in the form of technology programmes,9
+field segregation by gender can have negative effects on women s future earnings and career progression as maledominated professions such as those in stem tend to offer more lucrative pay than many of the femaledominated professions women in mexico earn less than half of all tertiary degrees in stem fields except for life sciences figure the gender gap in expectations about field of work is large,5
+one of the conventions strengths is the vast and committed scientific community supporting policymaking this should remain to be at the core of the convention and should also be the core when it comes to a focus on cities as discussed above air quality in cities is very much dependent on air pollution originating from regional and international sources but cities also contribute highly to air pollution outside the cities,11
+the scheme will be in place until as each of the utility recommendation elements is optional the iea has calculated this pie chart based on the element that achieves the highest level of policy implementation in each country for example canadas council of energy ministers supports collaborative actions to promote and support energy efficiency,7
+the planned costly mw pump hydro plant would constitute a large electricity storage system using the natural advantage of the site steep coastal cliffs where seawater can be pumped up during the day using abundant and cheap solar power and stored in natural surface concavities to release energy at night the company developed wind power projects for mandalay resources in chile and barrick gold in both chile and argentina however in rame energy went into administration with outstanding debt of gbp million,7
+thus where housing is highly segregated schools tend to be segregated as well the schools perceived to be of better quality are often located in areas where property prices and rents are higher good quality schooling thus often has an implicit price in the housing market and migrant students from low socioeconomic backgrounds may not have access to it field et al,4
+by strengthen the role of the scientific research and professional institutions ngo sector and media including improvement of scientific technologies by prepare and adopt the strategy for mobilization of financial resources for conservation of biological diversity by establish and strengthen cooperation for improved protection and sustainable use of biological diversity in the countries of the western balkans,15
+an example is the recent report by united kingdom s royal college of general practitioners which outlines the model of general practice and roles of gps and other primary care staff envisaged for royal college of general practitioners it will be important for such a national vision for primary care in sweden to be shared by salar county councils municipalities and leaders in primary care it requires action to ensure that the policy environment regulation and governance structures reimbursement and inventive systems and information infrastructure are conducive to change and there are effective dissemination routes for the spread of good practice integrated communitybased care also requires investment in primary care,3
+in nigeria poor networks of transport and energy pose particularly constraining obstacles to growth and entrepreneurship the infrastructure challenge was clearly recognised under the previous administration featuring as a pillar of the national economic empowerment development strategy needs power and energy in particular headed the government s sevenpoint agenda for economic growth,7
+this sector has in what concerns hydropower a longterm plan up to and prepares a mediumterm plan every ten years which is frequently updated it is regulated by the aneel the successor of the dnaee which operated the largest hydrometric network that was transferred to the ana after its creation if this creates a significant constraint for river basin planning it also creates many opportunities because water reservoirs can be used for multiple uses in fact dams change the flow regime downstream but create a more stable and reliable source of water for all uses especially in areas affected by large variability of precipitation as happens in semiarid regions characterised by water scarcity,6
+one reason why the association is weak even before accounting for the socioeconomic profile of students and schools is that the relation is curvilinear students who had spent too little time less than one year in preprimary education score lower in science than students who had not attended or who had spent more than one year table this only covers expenditure on educational institutions these resources are allocated throughout a students educational and countries spend different amounts per student caution is required in interpreting this indicator as school systems are organised in many different ways across countries,4
+the majority were women evaluation showed that people felt that they had improved their skills in getting on and off the vehicles which is considered as one most critical issue and were more confident in using public transport a good practice example for dealing with information in a sound way is a traveller information system on barrierfree travelling in frankfurt and berlin germany the baim system barrierefreie ovinformation fur mobilitatseingeschrankte menschen barrierfree information for persons with mobility impairments,11
+walking accessibility should be improved with especial consideration for accessibility for persons with disabilities transport strategy will need to be further developed and if streets become narrower the currently successful public transport system will need to be extended and improved green spaces should be multifunctional accessible to citizens protection from noise purification of air and help in lowering extremely high temperatures,11
+however this assessment of multidimensional poverty is limited to the material deprivations that household surveys conducted in the region can quantify to make better use of the multidimensional approach material deprivations should be assessed along with deprivation in other components of wellbeing to do so requires improving the sources of information currently available in most of the countries of the region early fertility among poor mothers is falling at a slower pace than for all mothers,1
+the crc energy efficiency scheme was introduced in and its objective to improve energy efficiency and decrease co emissions covers about organizations of national emissions participating organizations must monitor their emissions and purchase licenses for each tonne of co emitted thereby creating incentives for improving energy efficiency analysis shows markets respond to energy efficient buildings with higher rentals and longer tenancies,7
+habitats important for biodiversity are being lost to construction projects including hydroelectricity generation infrastructure electricity transmission lines new roads and railways and industrial and urban development the upper layer of water obtains oxygen from the atmosphere whereas below m the water is rich in hydrogen sulphide as a result about per cent of the water is anoxic ie devoid of oxygen only the upper layers and shelf waters contain oxygen,15
+tuvalu also has a master plan for renewable energy and energy efficiency that includes a goal of increasing energy efficiency on funafuti by per cent a planned energy efficiency appliance subsidy scheme in cooperation with the development bank of tuvalu and the use of prepayment meters to limit the consumption of electricity the tuvalu national energy policy included gender equity as a principle of the policy vanuatu relies heavily on imports of fossil fuel for its energy needs with per cent of its total energy supply coming from petroleum followed by biomass and renewables figure,7
+although the relative cost of individual policies in achieving reductions depends on parameter values and the emissions target in a numerical application to the us electricity sector fischer and newell state that the ranking by decreasing efficiencies is roughly as follows emissions price emissions performance standards fossil power tax renewables share requirement renewables subsidy and rd subsidy the presence of knowledge spillovers means that separate policy instruments are necessary to optimally correct the climate externality and the externalities for both learning and rd in fact we find that an optimal portfolio of policies can achieve emissions reductions at a significantly lower cost than any single policy although the emissions reductions continue to be attributed primarily with the emissions price the model has two periods there is a knowledge stock which increases in period as a function of both rd expenditures and output of re technologies in period,7
+while the report may occasionally allude to the interplay between the three economic instruments under review and other pricing mechanisms it does not analyse the other pricing mechanisms listed above they are analysed on the basis of i their capacity to generate the revenues needed to build renew operate and maintain water storage and distribution systems ii their capacity to drive water users behaviour and water demand iii and the institutional arrangements that govern their administration it is levied by provinces and metropolitan cities including seoul and earmarked for river maintenance and repair expenses,6
+afghanistan bangladesh cambodia india and nepal have been using selftargeted foodforwork programmes the bangladesh programme was expanded in early to respond to disasters and the increased price of food other types of conditional programmes include foodforeducation in these cases countries distribute food through schools to encourage school attendance,2
+protection and rational use of the forest of the green zones general requirements and industryspecific construction code gosgrazhdanstroy the scope development procedures coordination and approval of construction documentation for the green belts of cities there are gaps in the legislation to ensure better protection and rational use of cities green zones,11
+a general capacity building in society and especially among decisionmakers regarding the links between local culture and practices biodiversity management ecosystem services and sustainable use is another important aspect during implementation of the nordic assessment it will be important to share experiences as widely as possible this should be focused on both individuals and institutional capacity management practices should take into account the complex and often unpredictable nature of ecosystem processes especially in the face of global change,15
+for instance wpcled bills on prevention of workplace harassment and domestic abuse have enabled a shift in the publicprivate divide and have positively influenced women s informal experiences of violence and abuse there have also been debates and discussions on the role of sociocultural practices in keeping the gender divide intact through regular knowledge exchange with international organisations and monitoring effective implementation of inclusive policies wpc serves as a kind of a watchdog in parliament ensuring compliance with institutional measures for women s inclusion,5
+to a significant degree todays investment decisions determine the nature of our infrastructure well into the future and will therefore have to be assessed on their lifetime climate impact they can also play a critical role in closing the infrastructure investment gap which is significant even to reach businessasusual development objectives around usd trillion per year will be needed for infrastructure to achieve global growth expectations compared to current annual investment of around usdiytrillion driving sustainable development through better infrastructure key elements of a transformation program ensuring new infrastructure is climatesmart,13
+this chapter seeks to build on the earlier review by detailing the case for primary care and providing policy recommendations to develop a stronger primary care sector barbara starfield the foremost expert on primary care states primary care is the provision of firstcontact personfocused ongoing care over time that meets the healthoriented needs of people referring only those too uncommon to maintain competence and coordinates care when people receive services at other levels of care a primary care team would do such things as offering health promotion and disease prevention delivering public health services such as vaccinations diagnosing common health problems like hypertension and depression referring and coordinating health care for patients managing their journey through the health system,3
+as most fisheries managed by rfmos are fully subscribed there is little room for carrying out new incremental activities in established fisheries within such structures as a result existing or new idle capacity may become engaged in iuu activities unless prevented through domestic and international legal and fisheries policy frameworks to ensure sustainable fisheries on the high seas it is therefore important that states cooperate both with respect to managing fish stocks on the high seas and to ensure that idle domestic fishing capacity is not being inappropriately transferred to the high seas or to other states,14
+these factors help explain why poor households utilize several complementary sources of energy to meet their needs rather than switching straight away to electricity when provided access to it in other words consumers will naturally choose energy mixes that reflect the marginal cost of different energy sources eg electricity used only for lighting television or radio charcoal or lpg for cooking kerosene for heating even when provided with affordable energy alternatives households may not completely stop utilizing biomass for instance even highincome households in india maintain a traditional fuel wood stove to cook traditional dishes,7
+a huge leap in enrolments took place after so that by and by percent of the age group was placed in higher education institutions table according to the ninth malaysian plan it is expected that million students or of the relevant age cohort in tertiary education would be enrolled in tertiary education in and of these would be studying at private institutions by the number in the year from which electronic data are available from mohe increased to,4
+this ruling applies to government municipal contracts and defines its essential terms overall the program recognizes that energy intensity is times higher than the world s average and up to times higher than that of developed countries the federal programme on energy savings and improving energy efficiency up to was replaced by the new federal programme energy efficiency and development of the energy sector,7
+more research on the contexts in which this is possible and how mothers sustain this way of life as well as the parallel roles of fathers would enhance our understanding of ways to achieve positive parenting within the region female kin battle over orphaned children in a bid to gain access to a foster care grant adolescents seek control over how grant money is spent or decide to move in with other kin thereby removing a source of income to their current household vale thabeng these financial considerations put a new source of power into the hands of adolescents that may become even more problematic when adolescents are themselves parents many of these are oriented not only towards the wellbeing of individual children but to the sustenance of a social network that can support the wider family including those with parenting responsibilities striking in the ethnographic data is an increasing mismatch between norms in family life including care and parenting and the diminishing possibilities afforded to adults and children for achieving these,5
+nonetheless these regions frequently have long traditions in specific agricultural or manufacturing sectors and possess valuable traditional knowledge andor other assets that make them singular for instance they might be endowed with rich natural resources and biological diversity have a large share of young population with entrepreneurial ambitions or have dense networks of social relations innovation policies that take into account these local assets and promote innovative ways of seizing their potential have good chances of being successful in fostering regional growth and territorial inclusiveness,9
+the financing requirements could create undesirable macroeconomic hardships and may be politically unattainable in the case of uganda for example the scenarios show that financing new infrastructures through higher directtax revenues spurs gdp growth and household consumption relatively less than does for example financing them through foreign resources however the use of foreign resources affects export growth negatively owing to real exchange rate appreciation the feasibility of this scenario will depend however on the political conditions for improving the efficiency of government spending andor reallocating resources towards the agricultural sector,2
+we can t go on like this the price we get for the fish doesn t even cover our outlays but taxpayers in oecd countries also pay six billion dollars a year in financial transfers to the fishing industry and worldwide the figure could be three times that we say could because it s hard to get precise figures on subsidies next we ll examine the economic and other impacts on the fishing industry and the political difficulties in reforming them but first we ll look at why subsidies attract so much attention,14
+progress in each of these dimensions varies by region and by country with no single trend across the commonwealth it is notable that progress in parliamentary representation and womens leadership in the corporate sector seem to be benefiting from the presence of positive action and quotas both voluntary and legislated the report found that during the last years to women s lower house representation in africa has improved markedly with the exception barring cameroon of west africa however on the election of women to cabinet although progress has been reasonable in south africa and rwanda in africa,5
+nationallevel monitoring and evaluation can also assess the degree of coordination between different actors andor between institutionsgovernment bodies in charge of adaptation it can also evaluate to which extent consideration of climate impacts and adaptation is embedded across different policy priorities or in operational and planning decisions regarding for instance natural resource management or development planning this practice known as adaptation mainstreaming can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of adaptation planning oecd b reporting on adaptation monitoring and evaluation under the unfccc has been requested by several guidelines and agreements,13
+accordingly the curricula for all specializations reflect environmental topics the subject environmental protection and energy saving hours is compulsory for all specializations of secondary special education pupils learn about major environmental problems and possible ways to solve them aspects of interaction between humans and the environment in the production process reduction of energy consumption and environmental hazards caused by production measures to improve the quality of the environment and possibilities to improve energy efficiency,4
+these aims can vary depending on the source of climate finance and how it is channelled there are therefore different views on what effective climate finance is as well as on how this effectiveness can be assessed this paper explores how different communities view climate finance effectiveness the policies or institutional preconditions that facilitate effectiveness and how effectiveness is currently monitored and evaluated,13
+it is interesting to note here that if frequency control and daily load following both reduce load factor those reductions have a different economical impact for the electricity producer frequency control implies an electrical output reduction during the whole day at peak hours when the electricity is valuable and at nighttime when the demand for electricity is low on the other hand daily and weekly load following reduces the electrical output only at lowdemand periods when electricity value is low,7
+also a more imaginative and constructive engagement with the fishing industry is needed to tackle the iuu issue while the united nations fish stock agreement unfsa enhanced the role of the rfmos and strengthened their management capabilities it remains that in some cases rfmos have failed to deliver sustainable resource outcomes as highlighted by michael lodge are present international high seas governance structure sufficient to reap the benefits of globalisation these include free riding iuu fishing the failure to find solutions for the special requirement of developing countries failure to find mechanisms to deal with new members desiring access to fisheries and a related failure to find solutions to disagreements about allocations,14
+the education factor is seen to represent a greater contribution to total poverty in uruguay and in costa rica the contribution of school attendance among children and adolescents is much lower there do not appear to be substantial differences in the contribution of income to total poverty based on the poverty rate of the countries,1
+according to itu estimates the number of mobilecellular subscriptions is almost equal to the number of people on earth billion in of those with mobile subscriptions nearly per cent billion are situated in the asiapacific region as the market reaches saturation levels however the annual growth rate of mobilecellular subscriptions in the region has slowed to singledigit rates,9
+rising trends in mortality from dementia and alzheimer s disease are seen in most eu countries possibly in part reflecting such changes these are also likely to explain the significant crosscountry differences in mortality rates ranging for example from per population in in finland notable for its high mortality from dementia to in malta and latvia niu etal alzheimers disease and other nervous system diseases were among the causes that contributed most to the decline in life expectancy seen across europe and other highincome countries,3
+in of internet users in the european union followed an online course against in across the oecd countries on which data is available of people followed an online course with peaks of in finland and the lowest levels in austria czech republic and poland figure these high dropout rates can be explained by several factors learner s motivation to start a course incentives driving completion as well as the inherent difficulties that completing a mooc may entail as an illustration educational research has shown that selfregulation skills which are particularly important for online courses do not simply emerge from studying on line but are a precondition for effective selfdirected learning orr rimini and van damme,4
+the principal conservation measures are enshrined in the wild salmon and sea trout tagging scheme regulations which are revised on an annual basis and provide for the introduction of salmon conservation measures since the harvest of salmon by commercial and recreational angling means has been restricted to those stocks of rivers that are meeting their conservation limits a fund of eur million was allocated for the purpose and former licence holders received payments aligned with the previous catch history on the basis that they undertook not to engage in the fishery in future,14
+for generations quality and equitable education has provided children with a pathway out of deprivation what has been true for the prospects of individual children has also held true for the future of nations armed conflict natural disasters and the impacts of climate change also deprive children of the chance to go to school and learn,4
+building on the successful approaches of many countries this section argues that workbased learning should be fully integrated into programmes as a creditbearing and quality assured element such an approach would powerfully promote partnership between employers and training providers managed effectively it delivers benefits for all participants and contributes to better labour market and economic outcomes,4
+substantive gaps remain in what is known about the outcomes and quality of care a general dearth of national data for primary community and longterm care is noted in particular this is a major weakness in australia italy japan korea norway sweden and turkey where clinicians and managers have relatively scant information on patient outcomes table,3
+if schools strive to foster learner engagement and formative assessment for instance but seek to do so while ignoring individual differences or the importance of emotions for effective learning then the overall impact will be diminished who the learners are in any school may be a given of geographical proximity but the profile of learners may also be innovated for example inviting parents or other family members in to become students or when learners are brought together from a distance sometimes from around the world using communication technologies who the educators are may be a source of innovation as different experts adults family or community members and students themselves work with the teachers or as teachers join forces across schools and even over large distances to share a class or project many approaches may be taken to innovating content even within existing curriculum guidelines such as emphasising st century competences including social learning making connections through interdisciplinary approaches or giving emphasis to specific areas like language learning or sustainability,4
+discriminatory laws might prevent women and womenheaded households from owning inheriting occupying or accessing land or other forms of property or prevent them from obtaining credit or loans without a male guarantor other serious challenges are the lack of appropriate institutional responses to genderbased violence such as health care counselling or shelters as well as inadequate access to education or employment opportunities ruleoflaw reforms such as the review of key legislation and constitution writing peace agreements transitional justice mechanisms and reparations programmes or other postconflict reform should take into account violations of womens economic social and cultural rights and civil and political rights equally also because these rights are intrinsically linked this will secure a comprehensive and lasting postconflict transformation and an environment where women fully enjoy their fundamental rights,5
+as pointed out in the oecd report on the mexican economy oecd b a reevaluation of the numerous special business tax regimes that subsidise foreign direct investment in sonora should be undertaken while this centre has developed into malaysia s leading skills learning institution that meets the immediate human resource needs of the business community it is also a onestop human resource development entity geared towards the promotion of shared learning among the manufacturing and service industries nheri the centre plays a critical role as a broker between the needs of employers and higher education institutions and other sources of training capacity over a year period the centre has improved the knowledge and skills of every level operators technicians supervisors engineers and managers,4
+in a competitive market where a single price defines the incentive for all participants to produce or to consume electricity in a symmetric fashion the impacts of variable renewables on the level and volatility of price would indeed only reflect the realities of a changing market consumers and distributors would need to decide how to cope with intermittent supply from renewablesonly providers and those providers would have to consider whether the intermittent nature of their technologies was competitive against traditional power generation by dispatchable technologies such as nuclear coal and gas however as has been pointed out above variable renewables do not face the same incentives as other technologies such asymmetric treatment isolates variable renewables from the impacts they themselves inflict on the market price which affects only technologies not benefiting from such feedin tariffs,7
+to cope with all scenarios the system operator must have a range of ancillary reserves in the generation portfolio to maintain system stability regulation load following and to prepare for the worstcase scenario scheduling and dispatch of ancillary reserves is a complicated exercise ancillary reserves are generally divided into three categories according to how quickly they can ramp up or down its production to meet the demand they can ramp up or down production very quickly within a few seconds to minutes to respond to frequency disturbances it compares the plants actual production over a given period of time with the amount of power the plant would have produced if it had run at full capacity for the same amount of time,7
+the rural clinical training and support programme funds a network of rural clinical schools and requires participating medical schools of a total of schools to deliver shortterm rural placements to all medical students and longterm over one year rural placements to of their medical students medical schools must also fill of medical school places with students from a rural background the increasing number of graduating medical students has put pressure on available internship positions the australian government has an agreement with the states and territories that guarantees intern positions for all australian domestic medical graduates,3
+step of the concrete steps to implement the five institutional reforms reflects central government s acknowledgement of the need to enhance citizen participation in the decisionmaking process through the development of selfregulation and local selfgovernment however little evidence emerged on how this was being implemented when a city general plan is developed a public hearing is held to allow citizens to participate in discussions and air their comments cities have the duty to inform residents about the general plans and get feedback from them this is important as these experiences can be the foundation for civic action in major cities the problem seems to be that there is to some extent a lack of interest from citizens due to the mistrust of government in general no methodology makes public participation an integral part of the urban planning process and implementation citizens do not perceive a benefit from taking part in these exercises and local government officials are not trained to engage with the community,11
+studies undertaken in ghana aduafarwuah et al key issues how can food transfer programmes contribute to food and nutrition security in bangladesh the chars livelihoods programme clp and challenging the frontiers of poverty reduction cfpr are both asset transfer programmes that are built on a model of graduation providing an asset transfer usually of livestock to women coupled with a regular stipend for months skills training a savings scheme and social development awarenessraising sessions on issues such as health and sanitation and nutrition,2
+at that level rice would still be almost times the price of wheat which compares with a ratio of in for instance the large production gains anticipated in myanmar cambodia and laos are likely to allow these countries to emerge as important players in the export market which would widen the choice of origins for rice trade and reduce the dependence on traditional suppliers such as thailand and viet nam because important asian countries are expected to engage in the commercial production of genetically modified rice by the questions of product segregation and labelling may also acquire increased prominence in the commercialisation of rice both in domestic and export markets,2
+fewer of the poorest quintile per cent of households have access to social protection in urban areas per cent than in rural areas per cent world bank although income poverty rates are generally lower in urban areas poverty is more complex and multidimensional than in rural areas and the numbers of poor urban households are rising constantly along with urbanization rates according to ilo only per cent of children worldwide enjoy effective access to social protection with almost billion children not covered most of whom live in africa and asia this implies that the need for tailored social protection for the urban poor is increasing and that the introduction of a child lens to urban social protection is also required,1
+if a broader definition at usd at ppppersonday is applied the poverty rates are significantly higher with declines from in to in wb wdi thus even if progress in poverty reduction has been significant around half of the population remains vulnerable to falling into absolute poverty in case of natural disasters or a deterioration in economic conditions the share fell for both urban and rural households but remains much higher for rural households,2
+because of this inherent tension the scalability of publicprivate partnerships bringing together public transport with other mobility services may be compromised beyond a limited set of innovators and small to mediumsized pilot programmes they provide the framework for successful public transport directed at economic social and environmental value for citizens and business uitp conceptually this model provides greater flexibility for integrating new types of services into the urban mobility mix,11
+indeed the cost of shipping a product from harvest areas to yangon for export can be as high as the purchase price furthermore the port of yangon is regarded as one of the most expensive and least efficient ports in the world producers associations under the umfcci such as the fruit and vegetables producers and exporters association are getting involved in the export of agricultural commodities produced in hilly regions and marketed in singapore and bangkok through yangon airport such as mangos to improve the prices paid to producers crossborder trade with china is also being improved for products of mandalay to increase the market share and better fulfil export criteria imposed by chinese buyers,2
+asian ldcs overtook the productmty level first of the african and then of the island ldcs chart a to the extent that rural population growth outpaces the rate of expansion of the agricultural area area per worker al declines adding to the challenge of raising average labour productivity yl by means of increasing average yield ya in order to reduce poverty and improve the wellbeing of the rural population still since the s agricultural yields in ldcs have lagged behind the strong growth in odcs but they have gained some ground with respect to developed countries especially since,2
+while a national climate change plan or strategy is being developed a system focused on periodically understanding climate impacts and vulnerability can provide information to support future planning efforts and make a contribution towards national climate change risk assessments in countries where an adaptation plan or strategy is designed prior to a national monitoring and evaluation system that system can be used to assess progress in implementation to facilitate learning it is beneficial for those closely linked to policy making processes such as budget negotiations or national planning to be involved in designing the system,13
+regional partnerships are also an effective mechanism for bringing together social and economic actors around a specific project in this case a new economic agenda and in implementing the actions required to move the agenda forward the wired model in the usa is a good example of this it will be important to make processes more efficient and less bureaucratic to facilitate the expansion of new industries and the creation of businesses in these sectors businesses may also benefit from having easy access to information on support schemes technical assistance financing and market perspectives in one single place,9
+it also helps to valorise skills development while the classification of skilled trades and adoption of occupational standards can increase awareness of viable career options through the red seal program the canadian government works with the provinces territories and industry partners to provide national standards that define the scope of the trade and what needs to be done to demonstrate competence in that trade these standards are developed and validated by jurisdictions with input from industry the programme recognises bakers and cooks as red seal trades,8
+in japan the top runner programme sets efficiency standards for cars and trucks according to that achieved by the most efficient vehicle in each category china soon to become the largest car market in the world has been applying stringent fuel economy standards since and a new cartax regime which penalizes large cars since in india the absence of mandatory vehicle fuel efficiency standards suggests that the fuel efficiency of vehicles may lag behind that of other countries iea b the bureau of energy efficiency bee has introduced a voluntary energy labelling scheme as a first step to enforcing mandatory fuel economy standards for cars twowheelers and heavy commercial vehicles,7
+to facilitate this transition developed countries formalised a commitment to mobilise usd bn per year by at the th conference of the parties cop to the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc however while the quantity of climate finance is important quantity alone is not sufficient to achieve the climate objectives of the convention it is a means to an end and not an end in itself ensuring the underlying quality or effectiveness of climate finance will also be crucial,13
+the culprits are overconsumption by the rich irrespective of which country they belong to and the design production and promotion of plainly unsustainable products the impact however is greatest on lower income groups as illustrated in below produced capital refers to wealth from the production of goods,12
+in addition statisticians have recognized that improvement is also needed in the area of statistics on men hedman perucci and sundstrom specific issues related to men s lives such as harmful levels of drinking and smoking greater risk of accidents or injuries and access to paid paternity leave have increasingly been taken into account and covered by gender statistics,5
+for example if young people fail to acquire strong foundation skills challenge they run an increased risk of droppingout from school challenge relying on social benefits challenge and having poor job market outcomes challenge even when they do find a job their lack of foundation skills may dissuade their employers from investing in their training challenge in short no skills challenge exists in isolation each one is affected by and impacts upon others within and across the three pillars,4
+similarly kucera and xenogiani interpret findings that link the regulatory burden to the size of the informal economy as representing how labour is regulated especially through firm entry rather than how much it is regulated the effects of labour regulation on employment outcomes also depend on enforcement which is typically imperfect increased enforcement efforts in the case of brazil led to lower rates of informality but also to more unemployment and smaller firms almeida and cameiro in indonesia during the s increased compliance with minimum wages was the key pathway to increased pay in the textile footwear and apparel industry harrison and scorse,8
+most notably the health status of arabisraelis is poorer than for the rest of the population as exemplified by their lower average life expectancy figure panels a and b this is in part due to nonmedical issues on average arabisraeli men smoke far more than the rest of the population and the incidence of obesity is relatively high among arabisraeli women see below also within the arab population the bedouin community raises particular concerns for instance infant mortality remains very high chernichovsky these gaps in health outcomes link to wider socioeconomic issues,3
+a closer collaboration between governmental regulators and the ecosystem consisting of actors in the private sectors such as blockchain consortia and research institutes needs to be nurtured to cover open questions moreover comprehensive legal frameworks on blockchain networks and the data stored therein are being proposed in the market nonetheless the complexity of harmonising jurisdictions is a persisting issue due to differing approaches in treating the technology,9
+some of the blame for weak agricultural performance however also lies with the developing countries which have neglected agriculture and particularly the potential of smallholder agriculture that is they may not have die cash to be able to buy food both the rural and urban poor face such physical and economic access issues,2
+the department is involved in water management activities such as validation of environmental impact assessments the state administration for hydrometeorology tajikhydromet under the committee on environmental protection is the key organization responsible for environmental monitoring in tajikistan the main department of geology under the government tajikgeology carries out monitoring of groundwater levels water management is undertaken at the basin level but responsibilities are still fragmented the new law on waters which transposes the eu wfd transferred competencies on water resource management from the ministry of agriculture forestry and water economy to the ministry for environment and physical planning basin management authorities the state environment inspectorate and other bodies under the ministry arc responsible for law enforcement,6
+it consists of other commercial species that may be secondary targets or may become target species if the market develops and noncommercial species returned to the sea or landed in case of a discard ban as well as incidental catches of vulnerable species which may include species of commercial value or not formally declared as vulnerable or species at risk as a result of natural or more commonly anthropogenic pressure including fishing pressure figure fisheries impact not only target resources eg fish crustaceans and cephalopods but also many other species that are relevant to the functioning of the overall ecosystem jackson et al,14
+in women sat on of board seats oecdwide up slightly from in on average of ceos were women in double the in as for appointments to the executive no oecd country has passed legislation setting quotas men occupy slightly over of ministerial positions and women on average,5
+source national institutional strategy for climate change although most of sais do not yet have the capacity and expertise to audit climate finance it is within their mandate to audit public climate finance in this respect giz is providing support to sais in developing countries to strengthen their mandates,13
+this is currently one of the main indicators used by who to assess the extent of its work with member states in the ehealth domain a dedicated directory has been created on the observatorys website to list countries with national ehealth strategies as well as making available the details of the strategy the baseline for the number of national strategies in was this had grown to by the end of and represents growth from per cent to per cent of all who member states,3
+it is thus a significant economic sector until the early s most polish wood production went to markets in central and eastern europe including the former ussr this brought in foreign capital notably from germany a major trading partner in the furniture industry sweden and france and allowed modernisation of production systems,15
+these deficiencies contribute to a vicious cycle of malnutrition reduced development prospects and poverty affecting alreadydisadvantaged groups preventing malnutrition would eventually reduce costs incurred for curative healthcare and social welfare needs while potentially making resources available for needed development activities fao international life sciences institute who a levin strauss et al horton et al thus understanding and addressing malnutrition remain key factors for progressing on the sustainable development goals they are also part of the sdg monitoring framework,2
+here the fisher referred to how fisheries regulations are experienced as ad hoc often arriving from central management authorities at short notice and thus difficult to foresee fishing stops also occur when the quota for a species is reached often prohibiting fishers to target other species if the gear in question is expected to catch the species for which the quota is reached he continues by pointing out the potential to arrange packaged tours for international fishing tourists and that tour boat fishing has developed from having customers with a focus on their own food supply to having customers that seek unique experiences one thing that all fishers could agree upon was a scepticism towards biologists and the data and logic they use when proposing that cormorants do not affect coastal fisheries since they only eat small fish,14
+indeed strong evidence shows that greater gender equality in labour markets and education can contribute to economic growth national happiness and wellbeing oecd furthermore confidence in institutions a key ingredient for a favourable investment climate and business development strongly depends on the extent to which decisionmakers reflect the composition of society including in terms of gender finally achieving inclusive and fair outcomes requires policy processes that are inclusive and that integrate the diverse perspectives of both men and women,5
+qual safhealth care the survey focused on the best ways to improve patient safety across all settings of health care given the paucity of evidence on primary and ambulatory care the survey informing this report also asked about occurrence severity and impact of safety lapses as well as the best ways to improve safety in this setting,3
+another motivation for load following with nuclear power plants is the largescale deployment of variable energy sources in some countries like germany in the following we provide some examples of load following operations by french and german nuclear power plants and how nuclear energy contributes effectively in balancing the fluctuations of total power generation the american nrc for instance does not allow any automatic load following nuclear units therefore cannot provide primary and secondary frequency control services,7
+this is not only because southsouth migration represents more than of migration stocks flows comparing to southnorth migration ratha and shaw but also because discriminatory social institutions in nonoecd countries are different and more restrictive than those in place in highincome areas such as female genital mutilation early marriage inheritance laws first the empirical analysis adopts a heckman twostep procedure to deal with the high occurrence of null bilateral flows in migration data and the selection process then sls estimators are used to overcome potential endogeneities due to reverse causality and unobservables,5
+it is probably better therefore to consider information at the subregional level this is because the most food insecurity is usually found in specific provinces or states and within these in particular subregions or villages not all countries however collect sufficient or relevant data to be able to track food insecurity at the local level,2
+for instance in some countries such as ireland and the united kingdom children typically enter primary education at age while in estonia finland latvia poland and sweden they typically enter at age in all the other countries children typical enter primary education at age in preprimary education annual expenditure per child for both public and private settings averages usd in oecd countries while annual expenditure for early childhood educational development averages usd in early childhood educational development isced public sources account for an average of of total expenditure while in preprimary education isced it amounts to,4
+credit allocated to agriculture reached brl billion usd billion in of which brl billion or usd billion was allocated to family agriculture the remaining was allocated to commercial agriculture in recent years rural credit investment programmes have been strengthened with the aim of expanding grain storage capacity promoting technological innovation in rural properties and extending the use of agricultural machineries,2
+the states legal frameworks were adapted and harmonised to facilitate the development of water markets wateraccess entitlements were converted to a system of tradable ownership entitlements with most of the new entitlements being separated from land ownership rights however differences remained between the states regulatory regimes and their respective definitions of water rights,6
+the mining industry has also affected forests negatively the share of mining in the gross domestic product gdp of gms countries increased significantly from to in viet nam the share is around percent of the gdp similarly projected deforestation due to mining activities in lao pdr ranges from to ha annually,15
+coal plants particularly smaller plants are often readily available to be deployed to level out peaks and troughs in the power system their dispatch is however often outside economic or environmental considerations coalfired power plants are less flexible in response to load changes because of their longer startupshutdown times and higher change velocity due to thermal inertia in addition coalfired plants run at a much lower efficiency when not operated at full capacity,7
+from an emissions accounting perspective this lack of information would increase the degree of uncertainty associated with future global ghg emissions levels however it may be necessary in order to maximise country participation in the process while climate change is undoubtedly a complex issue there is little value in producing a new agreement that few people can understand,13
+such an approach represents good practice in budget formulation at the same time though there is a perception from the health side that actual allocation decisions are still largely determined by less tangible factors such as interpersonal relationships and subjective rather than objective evaluations of these business plans if they make a strong case this can lead to increases in conditional grants for health,3
+so says the preamble to the united nations convention on the law of the sea and never were those words more apt than in relation to the challenges we face today we know that healthy and productive oceans are key to longterm sustainable development we believe there is an urgent need to take action and tackle social economic and environmental issues so that the oceans the seas and their resources can support the livelihoods of coastal communities and continue to provide for future generations,14
+needed agreed delineation of transboundary groundwaters presently under consideration and development of monitoring programmes nitrate pollution below quality standards from municipal wastewater and agriculturealso pesticides pollution groundwater dependent terrestrial ecosystems criteria for hydrogeological characterization are to be defined no transboundary impact deceased intensity of significant pressures is expected till,6
+there are clusters each describing a group of people with similar characteristics patients are assessed periodically to monitor their changing needs and reallocated to a cluster if required closing the gap priorities for essential change in mental health includes a commitment to continue to develop a national payment system for mental health england was one of the first countries to begin the process of closing psychiatric asylums and centring mental health care around care in the community,3
+it does not mean that everyone works in a capitalist firm but simply that as capacity utilization increases and unemployment declines worker incomes tend to increase of course the ability of workers to successfully translate tighter labour markets into higher wages is closely linked with a variety of labour market institutions as well as gender women s collective bargaining power visavis capital is presumably lower than men s a point consistent with the prevalence and persistence of the gender wage gap across all sorts of economies,5
+increasingly visitors are looking for experiencebased instead of destinationbased tourism however in indonesia the tourismrelated creative economy mainly exists in the more servicebased javanese and balinese economies as they have access to a more highly educated workforce fahmi koster and van dijk other places can leverage the diversity of their cultures and use a more traditional approach to attract visitors,8
+universal access has been virtually reached in lower secondary education the proportion of adults who have attained at least upper secondary education grew from for the generation aged in to for the generation aged in the same year however in upper secondary education improvements in completion and retention rates have not been sustained in the recent past and about of a cohort does not reach the final year of upper secondary education rates of completion within the nominal time years only reached in,4
+achievement is dependent on infrastructure and affordability but will also require the development of human skills the chapter reviews how imbalances among these three factors can affect access and take up of the internet it highlights that given that the deadline for completion is in about three years time there is a need to accelerate growth,9
+enrollment in primary education in developing regions reached percent in up from percent in in net enrollment among girls in primary education reached nearly percent in the region against a world average of percent the ratio of femaletomale primary enrollment in the region was percent in against percent worldwide literacy rates among adults and youth are rising and gender gaps are narrowing in some countries particularly those in the gcc young womens participation in education is rapidly outpacing mens qatar and the united arab emirates have the highest femaletomale university enrollment ratios in the world even among extremely conservative families young womens educational achievement is often encouraged and prized,5
+understanding that there is also a hydrosocial cycle draws attention to gender dimensions at every stage of the hydrosocial cycle there are different demands risks and benefits for women and for men this responsibility becomes even greater in the face of pervasive water quality problems in both developed and developing countries which will become worse with climate disruption,6
+these search costs are strongly influenced by the characteristics of energy service markets and by the nature of energy efficiency as a good search costs are determined in part by factors outside a firm s control such as the existence or not of standardized labelling schemes and by internal factors such as company procedures for gathering information and specifying purchasing and procuring the new equipment or process developing country firms may find it more costly to improve energy efficiency because an array of economic and political factors often boost their search costs sorrell mallett and nye low labour costs relative to energy costs unless energy use is heavily subsidized in developing countries might suggest that the energymanagement overhead would be less of a barrier than in developed countries,7
+migration from public transport translates to increased mileage even if the trips are shared nonetheless the correlation the report observes with the rise of ride services and a decline in public transport ridership may not necessarily be a causal one as there are other potential explanatory factors these other confounding factors include the drop in gas prices since which has a welldocumented statistical relationship with transit ridership and an increase in the prevalence of public transport delays in the city over this period,11
+the code also provides for preemptive rights for furniture producers when buying wood gtf a in response to concerns about illegal logging the romanian government announced plans in may to introduce an emergency temporary ban on exports of unprocessed roundwood ihb a the belarusian president alexander lukashenko signed decree no the decree restricts export sales of pulpwood veneer logs and sawlogs effective january unless otherwise authorized by the belarus president ihb b,15
+a more detailed study would have to consider national and subnational differences in production possibilities for the various technologies note that as argued above the fact that the gfit examined here has different tariffs for the various technologies is an incentive for countries to focus on the energy sources that have the highest technical potential irrespective of their cost relative to other technologies therefore using technical potentials to divide the investment in renewables among the various technologies makes sense relative other alternatives such as considering the actual choices made by countries currently in the absence of external support for renewable energy sources,7
+this report gives more details for specific countries to switch away from fossil fuel subsidies and to swap savings toward renewable energy and energy efficiency potential future swaps between fossil fuel subsidies and sustainable energy are provided for bangladesh indonesia morocco and zambia these countries were identified based on a process of prioritizing developing and emerging economies with significant subsidies in the process of or facing reform and to whom support could be directed itthen details support that has been lent to the issue domestically and internationally from the nordic countries and more broadly from other organizations and venues,7
+according to the broadest measure available for the s the october household survey ohs employment actually grew somewhat more rapidly than gdp in the period on the other hand the survey of employment and earnings see capturing only nonagricultural formal employment in larger enterprises showed stagnation and even decline in employment from the truth for that period probably lies between the two as the ohs had increasing coverage of the informal sector inflating employment growth while the see overweighted shrinking sectors relative to growing ones,8
+figure for example shows the proportion of children in each country who lack and or more of the items the findings of this table will be considered under the heading assessing government performance p it has been suggested for example that a single measure of child poverty might be constructed by counting as poor only those children who are poor under both definitions ie those who lack two or more of the items on the deprivation index and who live in households where incomes are less than of the national median,1
+what portfolio information will be collected and how what is the entry point of women clients into the system how many women apply for facilities and what products do they take up as well as what is the scale of use which business unit will hold overall responsibility for the gri initiative and how does this align with the institution s existing strategy,5
+report med euwi secretariat athens they aimed to do this by strengthening intrasectoral coordination and establishing mediumterm expenditure frameworks and performance contracting for all public operators subsectoral reforms have been carried out in the areas of resource management irrigation and water supply and sanitation guided by the principles of integrated resource management with emphasis on demand management and operator efficiency,6
+on the other hand startups with at least one female founder are relatively few in science and engineering where the gender gap in funding is much lower figure the sample is limited to companies in oecd colombia and brics countries founded between and figure al in appendix shows the same statistics for smaller countries in terms of number of observations,5
+similarly reductions in the value of benefit ceilings occurred in the two countries italy and the united states where statutory benefit replacement rates were made more generous these indicators express the net incomes of unemployed people relative to those in work reductions of nrr points to incomes of the unemployed falling behind relative to those in work figure provides a strong indication of reduced cash support for the unemployed between and seven of the ten countries recorded declining nrrs,10
+the gap in overall student outcomes between thailand and highincome countries remains large international and national assessments indicate that a significant proportion of thai students are acquiring skills at a low level and that those in disadvantaged rural areas of the country are struggling the most thailand will need to make strategic improvements if its education system is to be a more effective engine of mobility and social and economic progress,4
+for the whole of kazakhstan about million hectares on which crops had been grown in were no longer used as of some abandoned lands were recovered by seeding them with grasses and perennials soil degradation continued during the independence period due to a lack of investment and inadequate cultivation practices,2
+considering the area s restriction it is proposed to construct a combined block wwtp with reinforced concrete structures the treated wastewater will be discharged into different parts of the dalarik river and also the hrazdan river increasing the river water resources and enabling the irrigation of larger agricultural areas however it is important to note that allowing different discharge points would generate additional costs as it would require a system of pipes and valves alternatively all flows could be discharged in the river in one single point,6
+the obligation to ensure equal access without discrimination applies to all familyrelated policies including care policies parental leave unemployment benefits health insurance benefits and housing policies thus a social benefit that directly or indirectly discriminates against singleparent families most of the time womenheaded households or families of samesex parents would be against human rights law si m i la rly it wou i dbeagainstthese evo i vi ng sta nda rd s if any pension social insurance or funeral benefits provided in the case of loss of support for spouses or partners as the result of illness or death is denied to some families solely on the basis of the sexual orientation or sexual identity of a family member,5
+it was followed by the adoption of the rulebook on the management of waste from electric and electronic products which became effective from both legislative acts have been amended since their approval the rulebook on the management of packaging and packaging waste was amended in and then was even suspended in for five months while the rulebook on the management of waste from electric and electronic products was amended in and was suspended for seven months on the decision of the competition council of bosnia and herzegovina a state regulatory body after their suspension both rulebooks became effective again by the end of and they were both effective as of april,12
+thus legal differentiations or discriminations between men and women that are linked to private life such as accessing institutions using property getting a job providing incentives to work building credit and going to court can serve as a strong detriment to women s participation in the public sphere countries are encouraged to consider developing principles and rules with regard to polygamy as well as effective institutions to protect the rights of all concerned parties particularly women and children additional safeguards are needed to protect women from arbitrary divorce,5
+they are progressive lengthy and difficult to control and therefore more costly to treat added to this is the higher incidence of other events such as injuries and falls which have major implications in terms of maintaining functionality during old age in the developed world the ageing process took place once societies had achieved higher standards of living less social and economic inequality and more equal access to health services,3
+some of the benefits of skill recognition fall on employers collectively only eg an economic sector as a sector has an interest in having a pool of skilled and qualified workers and the risk of poaching associated with more visible skills is less problematic for a sector than for an individual employer they include both the relatively simple skills involved in physical tasks or digital services data entry or administrative support to higher level skills in activities such as programming or business consulting oecd b in these contexts many of the traditional tools of training and skills recognition will not apply there is no employer to reward a fastlearning employee with higher hourly wages or testify that the worker has acquired a specific set of skills,4
+this provision did not deprive women of their electoral right to contest the elections from general constituencies as independent or political party candidates despite this women hold just per cent of the seats in the current parliament of which per cent are reserved seats and per cent are held by directly elected women members women in national parliaments only per cent of cabinet ministers are women national web portal of bangladesh,5
+on the provider side the process of augmenting local autonomy would need to be undertaken in incremental steps and will depend on robust performance management it could start with transformation of selected hospitals into prospectivelyfunded organisations where managers are given some autonomy for daytoday decisions say mainly financial management under agreed performance targets monitored by the payer repss for instance this system could evolve later towards a model of corporatised organisations with greater autonomy but where hospitals keep their public status similar to the foundation trusts created in the united kingdom or public hospitals operating as stateowned enterprises in other health systems,3
+in female fulltime workers earned nearly less than their male peers figure the gender wage gap is unadjusted and calculated as the difference between the median earnings of men and women relative to men s median earnings estimates of earnings used in the calculations refer to the gross earnings of fulltime wage and salary workers,5
+another programme the credit link capital subsidy has been implemented for financing technology upgrading of femaleowned firms oecd a it is reasonable to assume that lower access to education can affect opportunities to improve financial literacy access to formal education is lower for girls than for boys in some regions of the world,5
+primary school teachers major in education and they may specialise in teaching one or several subjects in their minor subject studies uppergrade teachers major in specific subjects and do their pedagogical studies over a fiveyear programme or as a separate module after graduation with strong theoretical and practical content teacher education is researchbased with emphasis on developing pedagogical knowledge,4
+most of sydney s electricity is supplied from coalfired power stations outside of the sydney basin and hence not all electricity consumption is attributed to sydney s households and industries further nsw s largest energyintensive industries specifically steel and aluminium are also located outside of sydney though still within the greater metropolitan region in wollongong to the south and the hunter region to the north nevertheless by global standards sydney s ghg emissions remain exceptionally high due to high dependence on relatively low priced coal fired power high population growth rates high private vehicle dependence and historic reliance on wasteful and energyinefficient household and industry practices,7
+but it suggests that rather than holding national stocks it would be better to develop regional stocks or make food reserve agreements and in march the asean which includes china japan and the republic of korea expanded this as the east asia emergency rice reserve this reserve has been used to provide relief to victims of floods in indonesia and cambodia to victims of volcanic eruption and mud slides in the philippines and to victims of cyclone nargis in myanmar,2
+despite the slower growth rate aquaculture will still remain one of the fastest growing sectors when compared to other foodproducing systems the share of aquaculture in total fishery production should grow from an average of in the base year to in excluding nonfood uses aquaculture fish production is expected to surpass capture fisheries in as the main source of fish for human consumption and this share should reach by figure,14
+to a large degree jurisdictional issues which impact on accessibility to health services stem from the decades of a tug of war over which level of government is responsible for provision of services although provincial governments are required to provide equal access to health care services under the canada health act for all residents of the province including indigenous peoples living on reserves the provincial governments often take the position that the federal government is responsible for certain health services to indigenous peoples who are registered as status indians under the indian act as a result some health services not covered by the canada health act but otherwise provided by the provinces through the regional health authorities may or may not be provided to indigenous communities the provincial governments position is that the federal government has responsibility for certain health services to indigenous peoples as indians under the indian act,3
+the amendment eliminated price variations between different regions or supply sources and created one price that all farmers pay for irrigated water world bank farmers have progressively switched to highvalue crops and implemented greater selectivity of food crops grown for export world bank they have adopted irrigation efficiency technologies with support from regional irrigation companies and the agricultural extension service of israel ibid,6
+more generally women are more likely to be marginal workers and thus bear disproportionately the costs of regulation in unemployment montag finds that india s stringent labour laws reduce female participation in urban areas but have no impact on men or on wages of either gender furthermore regulations may also have led to more women working in agriculture and in informal sector as selfemployed montag,8
+the high share of educated unemployed women also points to demand issues and lack of jobs for those who want to work despite high growth over the past decade job creation in india has been low overall and especially for women raising female participation in india requires policies that deal with supply constraints as summarised in box but it also requires creating more job opportunities for women,8
+a welldesigned national reporting system that remains closely linked to local and frontline services should add to continuous learning national reporting already occurs for adverse reactions to medications through the yellow card scheme and health protection scotland already produces reports on infections regularly such as staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia infection which is then analysed and reported back at nhs board level so precedents exist a country scotland could follow in promoting a national adverse events reporting system is denmark box notably six years later the system was expanded to include adverse events occurring in primary care including in general practice and pharmacy,3
+governments investing in marine biotechnology have recognised the potential for marine biotechnology to help sustain the ecosystem services the ocean provides to the planet this chapter discusses the potential socioeconomic contribution of marine biotechnology and the importance of marine biotechnology to environmental sustainability those identified in the marine environment have tended to come from organisms living in environmental extremes and have a wide range of applications in industrial and agricultural processing these amphiphilic compounds display a range of surface activities that allow for the solubilisation of hydrophobic substrates,14
+several municipalities described how they worked with school leaders in a collaborative manner to support their onthejob training in areas such as budgeting school improvement planning and the monitoring and evaluation of school improvement initiatives municipalities are increasingly using management by means of objectives for their school principals results contracts school principal agreements and other forms of contracting serve as a means to define the objectives for the individual school and school principal typically for a one or twoyear period consequently monitoring and performance systems are used to continuously assess if the school is performing according to the set objectives,4
+this helps promote socially inclusive development while using new technologies in an optimal way unctad the manufacturing sector boasts a higher productivity and higher productivity growth rate than the agricultural sector fostering persistent employment and income generation a distinction between the supply and demand side reveals the importance of technology and skill development for the expansion of production capacities,9
+to reach a consensus and ensure that its standards are widely adhered to the iso offers public access to drafts of standards and uses voting and appeals systems all iso standards are voluntary agreements meaning that compliance depends on broad agreement for instance the iso energy management standard establishes a framework for industrial plants commercial facilities and entire organizations to manage energy more efficiently these types of standards help define implement and monitor energyefficiency policies at macro and micro levels they also bring innovative energyefficiency technologies to the market faster and they are objective metrics for regulations and policy incentives to encourage greater use of innovative technologies,7
+it is a common defence tactic in rape trials to redefine the rape as sex and try to capitalize on the mistaken belief that rape is an act of passion that is primarily sexually motivated it is important to draw the legal and common sense distinction between rape and sex there is no situation in which an individual cannot control his sexual urges sexual excitement does not justify forced sex and a victim who engages in kissing hugging or other sexual touching maintains the right to refuse sexual intercourse,5
+in particular the ministry of agriculture in coordination with the ministry of finance would benefit from defining clearly the objectives outputs and outcomes associated with special allocation funds dana alofeasi fehusus and coadministered funds dana tugas pembantuan special allocation funds finance much of agricultural investment expenditure carried out by subnational governments coadministered funds finance other agricultural priorities of the national government implemented by subnational governments transparency could support monitoring of subnational government performance by the ministry of agriculture external audit bodies ie finance and development oversight body subnational audit unitsbawasda national audit board affected parties and the general public reliable and timely statistics are necessary to assess the results of reforms undertaken so far to formulate policy responses and to design policies for the future,2
+some of the problems lie in the informal status of certain urban settings and their consequent exclusion from official statistics whereas other problems result from the sampling frames used in household surveys for the more wellestablished monitoring exercises such as the whounicef joint monitoring programme whounicef a the unhabitat urban inequities survey uis unhabitat is one such survey method that is designed to highlight these inequities in service provision figure clearly indicates the impact of a waterfocused uis in the urban centre of a small town in uganda,6
+in these forms of citizen boards were included in the state water law with the objectives to i strengthen community participation in water and sanitation services ii facilitate organisational and regulatory processes and iii contribute to the sustainability of water and sanitation services they can help to ensure public participation in planning construction and operation processes for water and sanitation systems improve their performance and raise collective awareness and coresponsibility between users however adapting them to local contexts can be challenging the scope and format of participation is tailored in each town according to historical rules and customs,6
+among the oecd countries that have between and of students with an immigrant background which includes the united states four show a smaller performance gap for immigrants on pisa while three show a larger performance gap for immigrants than the united states figure in pisa results volume ii these differences need to be taken into account when interpreting differences in student performance at the same time the future economic and social prospects of both individuals and countries depends on the results they actually achieve not on the performance they might have achieved under different social and economic conditions that is why the results that are actually achieved by students schools and countries are the focus of the subsequent analysis in this chapter,4
+even so the most recent health expenditure data shows an increase in outofpocket payments as a percentage of total health expenditure in the majority of european countries however this statement needs qualifying as in several countries the provision of services is determined at the local or provider level subject to resource constraints as budgets are tightened in these countries it is possible that there have been changes in coverage but in a manner difficult to quantify section of this paper defines what is considered as health coverage in the sections that follow,3
+at present nearly all institutions in the federal public administration are stepping up their efforts to design policies that are geared to narrowing the gender gap in their sectors of government for these efforts to take hold and achieve longlasting impact it is crucial to systematically maximise the use of policy tools such as gender impactassessments genderresponsive budgeting and the collection of genderdisaggregated data that support evidencebased policy making accordingly this chapter examines what tools and mechanisms mexico is currently using in pursuit of its gender equality objectives to that end it references the oecd recommendation on gender equality in public life to provide further guidance on how mexico can ensure inclusive sustainable gendersensitive policies while acknowledging gender equality as a crosscutting objective that supports the country in achieving its national development goals mexico has committed to incorporating a gender perspective in all government actions policies and laws,5
+in the iotws australia india and indonesia are responsible for issuing tsunami bulletins to member states there are also regionwide communication tests twice a year and fullscale regional exercises every two to three years along with the development of the iotws countries around the indian ocean have established national tsunami warning centres,13
+however for the full potential of new network technologies to be realised the market will require that they have universal or close to universal coverage and the full potential of networks is only likely to be achieved if markets are effectively competitive and there is adequate coverage of most geographic areas efficiencyenhancing processes and structural innovations such as inventory and supply chain management or ecommerce have been enabled by innovative software systems as communications technology continues to converge across different electronic platforms and wireless networks new opportunities for software innovation are constantly being created,9
+making data available to relevant stakeholders creates opportunities for coordination and holistic planning processes but to truly understand and leverage the data modelling methodologies and tools can be used computational modelling is the use of computers to simulate and study the behaviour of complex systems using mathematics physics and computer science data on national infrastructure can be leveraged to build computational models for a deeper understanding of the properties of the system as a whole and the effects of factors such as demand and supply demographic changes and climate change,9
+this kind of market structure is typical of preliberalisation energy sectors in most countries including the six see economies for example oecd member countries experience of energy market liberalisation is that markets for electricity that are coordinated and integrated across borders into regional markets deliver consumer benefits including more competitive prices and greater supply security iea more recently it has become clear that regional integration of electricity markets is required to achieve leastcost emissions reductions iea a the potential gains from balancing resources if they are shared effectively among the economies include increased technical possibilities for balancing capacity provision lower overall balancing costs and alignment of the costs of balancing service provision with the costs of making them available ecs,7
+these projects are designed to regulate the flow of the river and its tributaries for irrigation and flood protection purposes turkey proposed the construction of a joint dam on the orontes river in syria to generate power and provide irrigation water to both countries five years later in december,6
+control over valuations by the state introduces both a potential bottleneck and a level of intervention in the operation of the market which many countries and lenders would consider undesirable also imposing a requirement for all valuations to be bespoke exercises conducted by multinational accounting firms introduces a high level of cost into the system and makes smaller financing deals uneconomic to transact placing them beyond the reach of smes this effect is of particular concern in constructing an approach that meets policy objectives can collect a large quantity of comparable data and avoids concentrating risk in a small number of large deals which the market might be willing to finance in any event thus undermining additionality in many respects the behaviour of intangible assets is not very different from that typically associated with tangible assets but because some of the major causes for changes in value are different the points of parity may be less obvious,8
+the capacity of existing noncontributory social cash transfer schemes to support poor and vulnerable households before and during the crisis is discussed in section four section five presents avenues of reform to strengthen the effectiveness of social protection in central asia and concludes with potential areas of involvement of the carra process in hindsight the impact of the global economic crises in the countries of central asia was relatively mild slay countries in the region are expected to return to their growth path at latest during as projections from the international monetary fund indicate imf b,1
+workplace training should also be subject to quality control in the form of contractual arrangements inspections and selfevaluations investing in highquality early childhood education and initial schooling particularly for children from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds can be an efficient strategy to ensure that children start strong in their education careers and first skills beget future skills later in life financial support targeted at disadvantaged students and schools can improve the development of skills governments can design financial incentives and favourable tax policies that encourage individuals and employers to invest in postcompulsory education and training individuals can be encouraged to shoulder more of the financial burden of tertiary education while disadvantaged individuals should be assured access to education opportunities through grants and loans if cuts to public spending have to be made they should be based on the longterm costbenefit ratios of alternative public investments,4
+centralised procurement of publicly paid pharmaceuticals for hospital services has been one of the targets of the health system quality and efficiency improvement project supported by the world bank but has so far not been achieved however there has been progress in monitoring overprescription by individual physicians and discussing corrective actions with them the national health plan is the mediumterm planning tool with a timeframe of about three years setting out broad tasks and goals priority areas and the health needs of particular population groups it also specifies actors responsible for implementation deadlines and benchmarking criteria as health needs assessment is not well developed in croatia these objectives are based on basic health monitoring and on existing health care structures,3
+the objective of the engagement was to ensure that the management system is future focused and able to provide sustainable fisheries resources for all of new zealand in particular it focussed on fisheries management processes technology research gathering and regulations and legislation this includes an assessment of the quota management system qms which is years old,14
+some incentives or sanctions around compliance with these guidelines suitably adapted to local conditions may be appropriate this does not need to imply any loss of the continuous personalised care rightly valued by danish patients other countries have moved from solo practices to small group practices of three or four clinicians without losing this ethos at the same time support will be needed to extend the quality safety and peersupport gains of group practice to those gps working in settings where group practice is less feasible such as those working rurally,3
+for the administration requested us million with us million for haiti and us million for guyana the balance of the request for other countries is through the child survival and health csh foreign assistance funding account in the caribbean usaid provides hivaids assistance through both bilateral and regional programmes and is an active member of the pan caribbean partnership against hivaids as part of its caribbean regional programme usaid has initiated a programme focusing on caribbean countries that do not have a permanent usaid presence trinidad and tobago suriname st kitts and nevis st lucia st vincent and grenadines grenada antigua and barbuda dominica and barbados,3
+however only two indcs kyrgyzstan and moldova explicitly indicate financial needs for implementing their climate actions georgia s indc has communicated the longterm cost only for adaptation armenia s indc does not estimate financial needs but mentions possible domestic and international sources to achieve its mitigation and adaptation goals as well as capacity building needs others eg kazakhstan georgia ukraine and belarus refer to existing national policy documents such as kazakhstan s concept for transition to a green economy or their national communications submitted to the unfccc which outline the individual countries priorities,13
+crop water requirements are defined as the quantity of water required by a crop in a given period of time for normal growth under field conditions fao in cases where precipitation is lower than the evapotranspiration requirement there is a water deficit in such situations irrigation water can fill the gap,6
+but the transformation even with a carbon price is unlikely to be smooth there are many recognised barriers structural financial institutional informational and attitudinal that will continue to impede the transition to a low carbon economy for example households and firms don t always consider life cycle costs of technologies equipment and appliances but more often purchase at lower costs,7
+furthermore the development of alternative water sources such as desalination and reuse consumes large quantities of energy and water scarcity may force the closure of power plants that require fresh water for cooling an objective gap can also occur between rural and urban areas and upstream and downstream states such conflicting interests ineluctably undermine effective implementation of responsibilities at central government level in collective enforcement of water policies especially when legislation is outdated,6
+countries such as australia belgium canada finland the netherlands norway portugal and sweden have formal mechanisms for making national reimbursement decisions based on an hta while in others including denmark and switzerland an hta is not part of the formal decision making process jonsson and wilking in addition a sensitivity analysis for uncertainty is not always carried out partly due to these differences findings are not always consistent across studies,3
+comparative analysis shows that the concentration of biodiversity richness in the former yugoslav republic of macedonia ranges from times in fishes up to times in birds higher than the mean european species diversity richness in this context the most significant changes are occurring in aquatic habitats natural lakes wetlands and in specific sections of major rivers grassland ecosystems have also changed significantly with large areas having been turned into arable land threats to forest ecosystems are varied and include desiccation dieback processes forest fires illegal logging and various diseases,15
+in austria and slovenia for example women fill approximately of the secretarial positions see figure this trend is consistent with traditional job segregation where women occupy lowergrade and lowerpaid jobs women s higher educational attainment has led to an increase in their representation in the professional sphere in most oecd countries,5
+the lead agency does not have to be responsible for conducting all activities but it does have to coordinate and to report regularly on progress towards targets to the highest levels of government in korea road safety responsibility is shared between various agencies the transport safety act is managed by the ministry of land transportation and infrastructure molit while the road traffic act covering key areas of safety is managed by the police each ministry can propose road safetyrelated measures as well as a budget to achieve them however there is no overall coordination process for the allocation of a road safety budget,11
+but inevitably benefitcost ratios do tend to influence decisions on the allocation of funds across sectors and between dissimilar projects this strategy puts an emphasis on improving connections between people and employment people and services and business and economies cooper and penrose scheme promoters are expected to develop five cases financial commercial management and most importantly strategic and economic,11
+in this district revoked groundwaterpumping entitlements with an estimated value in excess of usd million for several groundwater users who had attempted to increase their water use illegally by bypassing their well flow meters mccook gazette flat pricing over time does not affect long term incentives civita et al this type of scheme may also affect the response to pricing eg a twolayer blockrate tariff with a very low price up to a certain quantity and very high above it may have similar effects to that of a water quota as observed in mexico de richter,6
+thus it paved the way for the creation of the rmv in also supported by federal transfers through the gemeindeverkehrsftnanzierungsgesetz it integrates regional and local transport under uniform and needsbased mles for the entire metropolitan area one timetable one price and one ticket this includes important tasks such as tariff design scheduling allocation of transport services to carriers the development of the network the tendering of transport services the assurance of quality and security standards innovation eticket mobile ticket touchtravel rd as well as communication information and marketing,11
+in some cases the absorption of neighbouring municipalities seems also to be a way to cope with infrastructure developments and land scarcity in a context of growing population for instance according to local authorities the expansion of city borders in kyzylorda was indispensable in distributing individual land plots for construction purposes in both almaty city and shymkent according to local authorities such expansion was necessary to improve transport infrastructure suburban road network new railway tracks car parks and bus stations build new social objects schools hospitals and develop new housing projects in shymkent only shymkent has now the largest territory among kazakh cities km,11
+this system provides weak stimulus to continuous quality improvements in the provision of care since most professionals are paid solely through fixed salaries with no link to performance assessment and in many instances contracts are temporary and do not include social security benefits evidence from other national settings have concluded that movements away from salary mechanisms for health professionals are a successful strategy to raise allocative efficiency for example through the strengthening of the primary care system by improving user experience when remuneration is at least partly tied to performance as well as prevention of more expensive care including avoidable hospitalisations morenoserra providers tend to be largely concentrated in densely populated areas with a notable increase in the number of private providers in those localities in the last ten years,3
+once such an agreement is signed by workers representatives a worker who refuses its application can be fairly dismissed for economic reasons which represents a derogation from the labour code that is currently in force the new legislation also reduces for termination cases the length of the period in which a complaint can be filed which however remains much longer than the oecd average in particular in the case of dismissal for personal reasons and shortens and simplifies the procedures in the case of collective dismissals finally a specific schedule for worker compensation is set for pretrial conciliation settlements which is lower than standard levels of compensation awarded by courts when the judge rules that the dismissal is unfair,10
+nevertheless given its economic structure it may be useful to think of a particular city having an optimum size the oecd report competitive cities in the global economy oecd f shows that the association between income and city size turns negative once a threshold is reached and diseconomies of scale become more important than agglomeration economies in general very small and very large cities tend to have lower economic growth rates than the average urban area in the oecd figure mediumsized cities are half the economic size gdp of large ones and less than onethird of those with more than million people,11
+nevertheless north africa has made great and steady progress in both indicators since the turn of the century the indicator on air travel increased by per cent and per cent respectively during the periods and on the other hand air freight grew by per cent during the period and by per cent during the period where road infrastructure exists its quality is a big issue,9
+the first chapter provides the context and describes why development cooperation providers are engaging the private sector and what issues they address with their support the second chapter maps development partner approaches it discusses key concepts and adopts a framework to understand policy objectives it presents examples of activities and finally it highlights the roles of different development cooperation actors the third chapter presents an analysis of climaterelated development finance flows supporting private sector engagement highlighting the geographies of private sector engagement according to sector provider income of the recipients and aim mitigation vs adaptation,13
+furthermore regular engagements with associations of msmes would be necessary to better develop mechanisms for adoption of less polluting and environmentally friendly approaches in their work since such technologies and approached keep evolving this could help mobilise the needed support to ensure cebu in all its spheres remain on an environmentally sustainable path greening industries is not only beneficial to residents but for the business as well since cost reductions increases the economic returns to the business whilst at the same time conserves the environment to mitigate effects of climate change,11
+in remote areas of south africa cash transfers have stabilised the demand for food reduced market risk for producers and traders and supported local agricultural production samson et al the social pension in namibia also improved market access to food by attracting traders to remote communities and enabling pensioners to buy food on credit devereux cited in hlpe however where markets are not able to respond to increased demand by increasing supply cash transfers can have a negative impact by pushing up local prices in ethiopia the meket livelihoods programme shifted from food to cashbased transfers with negative impacts on the availability and price of food in local markets for beneficiaries especially in remote areas with food deficits kebede dfid,2
+the usbr charge for water applied on land in excess of hectares is either usd per m or usd per m depending on which version of the law is applicable the regional water authority applies a charge of usd per m for delivering water through its canal system regardless of which lands are irrigated the district also charges one volumetric rate of usd per m,6
+source tfl the indicator considers the total number of road traffic fatalities across all modes to make it comparable across cities it is normalised by volume of motor vehicle traffic which covers all types of road motor vehicles subject to registration that excludes pedal cycles but includes mopeds motorcycles cars goods vehicles and buses this indicator reveals higher fatality rates in the areas which are the most densely populated,11
+indeed the country has reaped the benefits of improvements in access to drainage and wastewater treatment households with access to public sewerage systems increased from to and of those households are connected to a wastewater treatment plant the majority of the remaining situations are solved through individual solutions such as septic tanks,6
+almost million people were affected first largescale humanitarian support is required to assist foodinsecure populations institutional arrangements and coordination second they highlight the need for all countries to be well prepared for such emergencies including through strengthening climatesmart agricultural practices investing in irrigation and building emergency food reserves,2
+the redistribution of unpaid work is one of the pillars for achieving gender equality in latin america and the caribbean by bidegain ponte the ability to place young children in day care depends in large part on households purchasing power or on programmes catering for poor or vulnerable households or women in many cases these services are not regulated or under strict state supervision which means that the conditions and quality of care in the different centres are mixed,5
+declining birth rates for example may drive down the demand for new teachers and longer tertiary education can delay the entrance of teachers to the labour market the ageing of teachers increases school costs which limits the resources available to implement other initiatives at the school level oecd education at a glance indicator d the proportion is equal or more than in the czech republic estonia hungary the netherlands portugal and the slovak republic at the other end of the spectrum in most countries with available data of preprimary teachers are under the age of only in australia korea japan new zealand turkey and the united kingdom does the proportion of preprimary teachers under the age of equal or exceed figure,4
+the service orientation will facilitate the transformation to a green economy in so far as there will be fewer practices such as chemical applications that are unfriendly to the natural environment the energy intensity of production will decline and information and communications technologies will be more easily applied to production there is now an official commitment in the longterm plan vision to move towards a green economy though it still is not the dominant thrust of the plan most important investment in activities that use green technologies such as wind and solar energy equipment and nonpetroleum fuelled transport is still marginal,12
+mental health services are an integrated part of health and medical care see section the general provisions on the content and execution of psychiatric care are found in the health and medical services act and in the health and medical services professional activities act oecd mental health questionnaire this act underlines the key principles of the swedish health care system universal easily accessible and good quality services,3
+about per cent of the rural population gets its drinking water from individual wells or from surface sources without any form of disinfection which results in serious increase in human diseases see table the intention is to transfer ownership and responsibilities for operating and maintaining water supply systems at the village level to community drinkingwater users unions thus far such unions have been established covering for per cent of the rural population,6
+while spatial plans can condition the choices that firms and households make by determining where roads will be constructed and by indicating what land is open for development and what land is not these are coarse tools for shaping economic growth overly rigid spatial plans can limit prosperity while overly flexible plans lose the ability to manage the built environment and achieve environmental protection goals the logic of constructing a pole metropolitain is that the correct spatial unit for planning is an urban core or cores that lead economic growth in a surrounding more rural hinterland,11
+in the absence of dedicated indicators on integrity the development of which remains a challenge intes relies on sets of standard education indicators and context variables including pisa contextual data for each substantive dimension of assessment and interprets them in the light of their relevance for the integrity of the policy area in question very few of these indicators are unequivocally positive or negative and taken alone they do not allow for final statements on system integrity in the intes assessment dimensions the figures give preliminary indications of integrity concerns in selected policy areas which need further analytical attention,4
+in particular information systems across the sp and the ss institutes remain incompatible and a national patient register or census a minimum requirement to enable interoperability and closer working does not exist health care in mexico is less wellresourced than in other oecd countries currently mexico spends of gdp on health somewhat less than the oecd average of equating to usd ppp per capita per year oecd average usd ppp in,3
+the analysis is this chapter does not incorporate those initiatives in the czech republic a wage subsidy plus training subsidy is only paid for workers on reduced hours who participate in the educate yourselp programme participation in training in hungary is compulsory for workers taking part in the shorttime work scheme financed by the european social fund,8
+overall sound and systematic implementation of patient engagement strategies and health literacy programmes could reduce aggregate harm by up to a very good return on investment given the problem of medication safety and ades in this setting it was surprising to see interventions aimed at better medication dispensing and management rank comparatively low across the choices provided in the survey some useful studies highlight the value of an interprofessional approach to medication safety,3
+employers and graduates are often not wellinformed about what vet programmes offer weaknesses in governance fragmentation and lack of coordination add to the problem these include the development of high quality options at the upper secondary level and the merger of colleges techniques technical schools with general colleges academic schools stronger career guidance mechanisms based on solid data and smoother transition arrangements between vocational and academic programmes as well as mechanisms to better engage employers more coordination across ministries with responsibilities for vet and the introduction of mandatory workbased learning in postsecondary vet first the objectives of entrepreneurship training need to be clarified and agreed upon between all stakeholders,4
+the contribution of forest sinks is important in countries in developed regions as well as in latin america and the caribbean but less so elsewhere agricultural emissions make up a significant share of total afolu emissions in all regions and represent more than half of emissions in all regions except subsaharan africa and latin america and the caribbean where net forest conversion is the major source different emission patterns have been recorded at regional level over the last two decades for example there has been a sharp reduction in the positive contribution of forest sinks in southeast eastern and southern asia and an opposite trend in europe,13
+school leaders with an unsatisfactory performance may also be required or advised to complete compulsory training to improve eg various australian states and territories various provinces and territories in canada chile performance appraisal korea school principal appraisal for professional development new zealand portugal and northern ireland in the united kingdom this also depends on evaluators and school leaders capacity to use appraisal results a review of principal appraisal in school districts in the united states for example found that almost half of the appraisal models reviewed failed to provide school leaders with clear feedback that was linked to a development plan on what they could be doing better to improve teaching and learning in their school goldring et al,4
+earlier in the th century industry relied mainly on relatively clean industrial waste but the quantities of materials separated from municipal solid waste have increased again since the s the economics of recycling is changing over time for example the cost of recycling electronic equipment in the us is approaching the point of producing a profit without individuals or businesses having to pay a fee to recycle their equipment figure shows that secondary resource prices closely follow fluctuations in their corresponding virgin material,12
+yet none of the parallel causes of malnutrition are independent of income the overall level of national income is a determinant of the state s availability to pay for key public services while individual incomes also determine the household s uptake of education and its access to health water and sanitation the composition of income growth matters as well as the overall rate as it is increases in the incomes of the poorest that have the greatest impact on nutritional outcomes moreover in many countries the rural poor are discriminated against in terms of the provision of basic public services,2
+in countries as diverse as bhutan cambodia indonesia kiribati marshall islands pakistan papua new guinea solomon islands thailand timorleste and vanuatu between a quarter and a fifth of women had been married when they still were children available from see also,5
+this could help secure an outcome whereby the wto delivers on the traderelated sdg implementation of which sdg is just the first test this would be a win not only for the wto and the sdgs but also for small island developing states which have an overwhelming economic dependence on the oceans and the fisheries sector for livelihoods and formal employment opportunities communication tntlgen press release of the pnao majuro marshall islands july,14
+with a remarkable literacy rate exceeding cabo verde has the foundation for an economic liftoff driven by a robust urban population with skills for a competitive private sector the country s urban renewal can therefore be an important driver of structural transformation in the years ahead the region is facing persistent pockets of insecurity at its northern and eastern borders because of the threat of boko haram and the crisis in the central african republic cameroons growth in has been estimated at a solid led mainly by the secondary sector which grew by,11
+most of the support went to general services for the fisheries sector such as management resources and infrastructure the plan aims to further promote fish farming for aquaculture production and to restore depleted fish stocks the vision proposes practical measures in response to the shrinkage of these areas,14
+approaches must address both specific barriers that impede girls and women s participation in sport and the often complex intersections of genderspecific issues and other markers of disadvantage such as disability ethnicity and socioeconomic status jeanes et al the provision of competitive and noncompetitive sporting activities that are attractive to girls and women also requires intentional planning bailey et al in some contexts girls and women can benefit from specific opportunities that enable them to participate in environments that are safe and supportive,5
+continued innovation and evaluation of the models of care especially in rural and remote areas is also needed the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law reforms in namely law sought to strengthen universal health coverage by placing preventive and primary care as the cornerstone of the colombian health system,3
+but the average teacher salary is still only half that of an individual with a tertiary education which might limit attractiveness of the teaching profession and hinder recruitment schools are evaluated through wellstructured evidencedriven external inspections expenditure in education is lower than the oecd average despite increases in spending on tertiary education the financial crisis has affected education funding particularly for nonteaching staff in small schools,4
+the municipalities fund elderly care home care and social care while the regions are responsible for primary psychiatric and specialist health care local and regional taxes are supplemented by the central government and by user charges subsidies for prescription drugs are paid for through designated state grants to the regions,3
+countries in lac tend to have ratified the convention earlier than countries in other regions discriminatory attitudes also vary across regions one person in four declares that men make better political leader than women do in lac one third in ssa and oecd countries and about one in two in eap and eca genderbiased attitudes towards political leadership are widespread in sa and mena where and of the population respectively underestimated womens political leadership to address this question we start by investigating the relationship between the genderbased discrimination in social institutions captured by the sigi and income per capita measured by gdp per capita,5
+the kyoto protocol established a joint implementation jl regime for trade among states that had emissions caps and a clean development mechanism cdm to allow states with emissions caps to offset these by purchasing emissions reductions from noncapped states jl and cdm led to a large volume of europedominated and projectbased emissions trading with the cdm credit supply largely captured by china to the exclusion of least developed countries ldcs unable to compete with chinas efficient lowcost project pipeline such domestic policies may include national or subnational emissions trading programmes,13
+from a supply perspective there is concern about the slowing down of yield growth in staple crops to levels that are insufficient for meeting future food demands without the expansion of agricultural land which is already scarce in asia some studies predict that in south asia the climate change scenario would result in a percent decline in rice production relative to the noclimatechange scenario a percent decline in wheat production and a percent fall in maize production nelson etal a percent increase in the global population by will require a percent increase in food production taking into account changing consumption patterns,2
+a large part of the gain in life expectancy has been after age so estonian women at have another years to live and men more than years mortality from cancer is the second leading cause of death accounting for of women and of men external causes come third for both and account for the death of about of men during the same period however mortality from cancer did not fall and remains well above the eu average despite policies to combat smoking see section lung cancer remains the most common cause of cancer mortality,3
+while this exercise is useful on a general level for expressing environmental deterioration as a component of the national accounting system it cannot yet put an economic value on biodiversity per se they can be divided into regulatory commandandcontrol approaches economic instruments and voluntary and information approaches table gives an overview of the three types while figure shows the total area under conservation and sustainable use in several of these programmes,15
+these changes in initial teacher education and professional development for experienced teachers are part of a move to professionalise teaching in denmark while of lower secondary teachers in denmark reported having participated in courses or workshops over the past months talis average they spent fewer days on average on such activities than teachers in other countries on average across talis countries teachers spent days on courses and workshops,4
+this poses some concern for local communities but may also be a natural solution to problems of overfishing in some instances it is estimated that around of government financial transfers were devoted to fisheries infrastructure in oecd the costs associated with fisheries policies are considered to be low as they are spread widely across the community,14
+in addition governments could themselves be financially affected by stranded assets as they own of global oil gas and coal resources and collect taxes and royalties on portions they do not own cpi the bank of england is to conduct an enquiry into the risk of fossil fuel companies causing a major risk to financial stability if future climate change rules render their coal oil and gas assets worthless various elements of environmental social and governance esg disclosure could help to lower the vulnerability of companies to climate policy and to climate change risks ie stranding or actual destruction of assets,13
+while not radically different from similar economies bulgaria slovenia and turkey this is particularly significant for the six assessed economies given that access to natural gas supplies is patchy at best with albania kosovo and montenegro not connected to gas pipelines this uncertainty in energy supply is detrimental to consumer welfare and crucially undermines national competitiveness reliable energy supplies are critical to the competitiveness of local industries and businesses and an important signal for potential investors the pipeline of investments in energy infrastructure in place aims to improve energy security further address remaining historic weaknesses and accommodate rapid technological change,7
+there has been considerable public debate on the appropriate content framework of technical education what is now favoured is the integration of professionaltechnical education with general academic education somewhat on a comprehensive curricular approach however during this transitionary phase it is not always achieved in practice and will require more coordinated actions among the various departments of the mec,4
+three major types of policy interventions can help in redesigning the landscape of adaptation financing prospects so as to render it more hospitable to private interests hence the potential for establishing international policy leadership for the improvement of adaptationrelated financial flows is high indeed a clear example of regulatory action designed to increase funding for adaptation is provided by the green climate fund which is mandated to allocate per cent of its funds towards adaptation,13
+the country results for the decade from the mid s to the mid s demonstrate that it is possible for taxbenefit systems to be quite effective at stabilising inequality even during periods of rapidly growing marketincome disparities the extent of inequality cushioning was strongest in canada denmark finland and sweden where trends towards more extensive government redistribution offset more than of the rise in marketincome inequality up until the mid s for instance in finland greater equalisation through taxes and benefits offset more than three quarters of the increase in marketincome inequality up until but by this has dropped to,10
+as a result the number of displaced and evicted people has increased and discontent over poor or unfair compensation for land loss is on the rise eiu profits from land sales also became a principal source of income for provincial governments which also function as the legal authorities responsible for the transfer and use of land registration land expropriation is a major issue today in viet nam and protests over land seizures are becoming more frequent and violent see box exclusionary patterns of land ownership clearly make the task of achieving social cohesion more difficult oecd,10
+aquaculture is an emff priority with eur billion usd billion worth of support allocated to it to address challenges of overfishing reliance on imports for fish low profits and dependence on subsidies in many fleet segments and complexity of governance the reform of the eu common fisheries policy cfp was proposed the new cfp was agreed by the council and parliament and entered into force in january it advocates for a progressive implementation of an ecosystembased approach to fisheries management it aims at efficient fishing activities within an economically viable and competitive fisheries industry while minimising the impact of fishing on marine ecosystems moreover it seeks to fulfil the goal of good environmental status ges in european seas by in line with the marine strategy framework directive msfd,14
+physical and digital assets can be represented as tokens of value on the shared distributed registries allowing the tokens to be directly traded among network participants in essence these core capabilities allow for the use of cryptocurrencies eg bitcoin ether as well as tokenised digital records eg property rights physical property rights in the context of the infrastructure lifecycle from financing and procurement through tendering and operations greater standardisation of contracts and documentation in the bidding and procurement stages of the infrastructure project life cycle is critical to reducing their cost and complexity as well as facilitating their comparability,9
+complex activities are worth multiple nwaus while the more straightforward are worth fractions of an nwau activitybased funded hospitals that treat patients who reside in rural locations receive an adjustment which results in additional funding as discussed in chapter one of the financial incentives for gps under the practice incentives programme is a procedural general practitioner payment which aims to encourage gps in rural and remote areas to maintain local access to surgical anaesthetic and obstetric services,3
+curriculum narrowing leads to more time spent on tested areas like mathematics and reading and less time on nontested content such as history as a consequence of accountability systems teachers may overemphasise certain subjects that will be tested even if they make up only a small part of the entire curriculum eurydice in addition specific subjects can be omitted from the lesson plans as tested areas are given increasing priority king and zucker,4
+inclusive policy making enhances transparency and public participation while enabling governments to improve their policy performance support economic recovery restore the social contract and strengthen trust in institutions by considering impacts on various stakeholders and working with citizens civil society and businesses to design better policies for better lives indeed inclusive policies require integrating concerns of both men and women at all stages of the policy process and across all policy sectors through the process called gender mainstreaming section a of the beijing declaration and platform for action states that governments must seek to ensure that before policy decisions are taken an analysis of their impact on women and men respectively is carried out,5
+close collaboration among the staff working on different biodiversityrelated conventions is an excellent and effective way to further strengthen synergies across the biodiversityrelated meas this makes a positive contribution and significant impact through joint regional work for example the organization of the pacific regional joint preparatory meeting in august described in a case study in the capacity building section case study pg collaborative working among these officers means that there are synergies in the support which is provided to parties,15
+in particular investments to adjust the longrun water supply eg investments in water abstraction as well as proposing alternative water supply options to tackle shortterm water shortages are key to providing reliable access to water to give an idea of the potential effect of managing water demand a report prepared for the european commission dworak et al these water saving technologies are not only easy to introduce and to implement but have also short payback periods further enhancing their uptake possibilities,6
+the second largest group however believes that jobs are only given to people who have connections reflecting frustration with a system that is perceived as unfair because connections depend largely on personal background and access to privileged circles that most youth do not have and cannot obtain at the same time the practice of distributing jobs on the basis of connections is a clear indication of the scarcity of good jobs in a robust labour market employers compete for workers and have to cast a wide and open net to attract the workforce they need,8
+des initiatives nationales specifiques existent pour lutter contre les problemes psychologiques les plus urgents tel que le suicide la stigmatisation sociale et l augmentation des problemes mentaux chez les jeunes et les travailleurs suedois the actual responsibilities for health care provision are divided between three levels of government national regional and local thus parliament passes legislation and sets the budget for mental health initiatives and county councils and municipalities manage mental health services and administration while this organisational setup allows for effective and targeted delivery of services it also requires advanced collaboration communication and cooperation amongst various governmental bodies and mental health care providers,3
+around of water and sanitation networks need complete repair or replacement insufficient metering which does not charge for actual consumption and low tariffs discourage utility companies from making the substantial investments required to renew and modernise the networks the two main sources of air pollution are industrial and energy plants and individual motor vehicles although concentrations of particulate matter were lower in than in other uppermiddle income countries they are expected to rise quickly in large cities given the rapidly increasing motorisation rates,11
+it has developed an online tool that provides a mapping function of a variety of important indicators at the municipal and regional level and releases a report on the state of spatial development every three years it manages the integration of structural funds into broader spatial strategies and was directly responsible for the programming work related to of the thematic objectives of the programming period they were established mandated as part of the modernisation of territorial public action and affirmation of metropolises law and are intended to strengthen dialogue between local authorities and the region and to coordinate responsibilities the ctap in each region are chaired by the president of the regional council its membership includes representatives of departements and intercommunalities of different sizes,11
+the strengthening of animal and plant health and inspection systems is another area that can also underpin the longer term development of domestic and international markets for the brazilian agricultural sector while short term benefits accrue to farmers from price support and credit programmes in the longer run sectorwide investments can have a higher payoff to farmers although brazil provides comparatively low support to farmers there may be opportunities to gradually transfer additional resources to public investment in the light of the expected improvements in agricultural productivity and the associated profitability of the sector,2
+more efficient sorting and transfer stations are now being built allowing the sorting of per cent of msw more than tons of secondary resources paper cardboard and textiles are collected annually through the receiving centres of municipal utilities there are now waste recycling plants which operate in all large and mediumsized cities including brest baranovichi gomel mogilev and novopolotsk there is a positive dynamic reflected in the increase in the share of secondary resource extraction more than per cent,11
+these investments are generally for the purpose of improving the quantity quality timing or reliability of water itself at the place where the farmer needs it in much the same way as a reduced cost of maintaining infrastructure improves farm income greater amounts of water saved from that investment that is made available for irrigation use on the farm have a similar economic effect however depending on the price of water charged to irrigators additional water saved may or may not end up getting used there is only additional farm income resulting from saved water if water demand exceeds supply at the going price charged to farmers if there is an excess supply at the going price the additional water will not be used for irrigation and there is no farm income gained,6
+from an initial sample focus of woredas of the total the lessons will be gradually scaled up to the whole country and each government sector will ensure the mainstreaming of climate change via sectoral climate programmes and action plans although not engaged in developing the crge strategy several are already playing a significant role in shaping and supporting its implementation plan some are focusing on green economy outcomes in thematic areas notably energy and forestry others focus on building or enhancing enabling factors such as law enforcement capacity development and awarenessraising for ministry staff incentivising private sector engagement and creating credit lines for innovation and technology development green concerns are also being mainstreamed into aid programmes in the economic and social sectors such as using social protection instruments for climate adaptation box,13
+the programme was thus incorporated into the system of planning budget disbursement procurement accountability for results and value for money to this end the presidency through the ministry of devolution and planning spearheaded huduma kenya as a flagship project under the kenya vision drawing on definitions adopted for the business sector and their adaptation in public innovation measurement public sector innovation can be defined as the implementation by a public sector organisation of new or significantly improved operations or products oecd,9
+in the hwbi women are working on a variety of enterprises including business and personal services and handicraftjewellery production in the jfbpw incubators women are involved in services food production arts and crafts graphic design and health and beauty products the jfbpw targets young women graduates afem does not seek a particular profile and the ebwa targets women from lower and middleincome groups women who already have microenterprises and women who may be operating in the informal sector but with project ideas showing some aspects of innovativeness and commercial promise,5
+participants are also given bridging support pln for a sixmonth period to cover the operating costs of the new business poland s employment office has featured participants in a television series about the project to promote entrepreneurship among older people this makes selfemployment more attractive for older people because the insurance costs less and there is a guaranteed minimum coverage one such example cologne s multigenerational living for help programme helps students find accommodation in the homes of older people this project serves the needs of both generations offering students housing and older people services and support at home meanwhile it helps build community awareness and mutual support networks and provides services within a community that are not currently addressed by existing government programmes,11
+in general however methodologies for resultbased financing were reported to be newly developed or under development in developing countries but also across donor agencies providers and supporters are also in the process of establishing their own expertise through systems to monitoring results to identify project impact and to measure benefits and tradeoffs among different dimensions eg environmental social economic financial for example afd within its climate and development action plan for has established a systematic procedure to assess the carbon footprint of projects it finances in developing countries and the ghg impact is taken into account in afds decision making process,13
+some elements may be missed because the ncs are intended to provide an overview of the main activities underway rather than an exhaustive account of all the adaptation activities taking place within a country additionally the majority of ncs included in the analysis were published in or and due to the pace of change in adaptation programmes they may lack some important recent developments the review of ncs has therefore been complemented by information from national planning documents direct contact with member governments and the may policy forum on adaptation to climate change in oecd countries,13
+if jobsearch is costly for workers unprejudiced employers who hire women may take advantage of the fact that female workers find it harder to be employed in a market with even only few prejudiced employers and offer them lower wages black gender gaps may also persist in the absence of strong negative priors if male employers are better at judging the talents of male employees than of female ones aigner and cain education is a costly investment and employers underestimation of women s talents reduces its value for women,5
+the empirical approach can be easily repeated with data for later periods however while the size of groups is likely to change as the labour market recovers and cyclical unemployment is absorbed the more structural barriers are likely to persist while underlying policy and related constraints remain in place the most common potential employment barriers among these of the workingage population were low skill levels health limitations and limited work experience,8
+in addition some results may be difficult to quantify andor difficult to attribute to a specific intervention nevertheless increased compatibility of different results frameworks could help to improve comparisons of the effectiveness and efficiency of different climate finance interventions the indicator options presented focus on the mitigation or adaptation benefits of gcf activities at project programme or transformative level,13
+school principals recruited under the new recruitment process can appoint and dismiss the members of their school leadership team and propose the dismissal of up to of teachers in their school who have been poorly evaluated in the national teacher evaluation system at the same time this new framework has established a greater degree of accountability for school principals under the new recruitment process all school principals are appointed for a period of five years only after which they need to reapply this provides an opportunity to periodically reassess recognise and acknowledge wellperforming principals and to provide incentives for continuous development and improvement,4
+the pme must contain technical and pedagogical support and initiatives that specifically respond to priority student needs and implement pedagogical strategies for students with low academic achievement see chapter for the role of the sep in the funding system and chapter for the use of school improvement plans in schools as a complement to the sep and conditional on participating in the sep school providers can receive a grant for concentration of priority students subuencion por concentration de alumnos prioritarios this grant provides an extra amount per student which depends on the proportion of disadvantaged students in the school school providers with schools enrolling students in extreme poverty can also benefit from a grant for retention subuencion educacional proretencion the grant is provided for each disadvantaged student belonging to a family which participates in the programme chile solidario a part of chile s social protection system designed to address the needs of vulnerable families individuals and geographical areas also see chapter mineduc ace and es teachers in difficult working conditions receive a difficult conditions of work allowance asignacion por desempeno en condiciones dificiles,4
+the advisory councils may in particular submit recommendations on matters relating to the management of fisheries and the socioeconomic and conservation aspects of fisheries and aquaculture to the commission and to the member states concerned inform the commission and the member states concerned of problems relating to the management and socioeconomic aspects of fisheries and aquaculture propose solutions to overcome those problems and contribute in close cooperation with scientists to the collection supply and analysis of data necessary for the development of conservation measures in addition within the framework of the new regionalized cfp member states shall consult the advisory councils when formulating joint recommendations for achieving the objectives of the union conservation measures that they recommend in addition to the above mentioned seven existing advisory councils the new cfp foresees the creation of four new advisory councils for the black sea aquaculture markets and outermost regions the value of such communication was demonstrated in the collapse of the atlantic cod stocks in canada,14
+this will establish or maintain sustainable communitybased natural resource management in hilly or mountainous lands prone to erosion and resource degradation it also fits theadditionalitycriterion which refers to the need to show that achieved levels of services would have not occurred in the absence of pes in this case natural regeneration was prevented by excessive grazing of goats so the regeneration can be shown to be additionality as a result of the pes scheme the activities included in the project are expected to sequester a total of mt c eq by and around mt c eq by,15
+following a second reform in firms with or more workers now have to hand over the severance contributions to the government which subsequently makes severance payments to the worker accordingly they encourage employers to invest in their workers training which increases their productivity and employability other positive effects of more permanent labour relations include greater trust cooperation and loyalty between the two parties in addition to stimulating team spirit which could generate higher productivity and facilitate the introduction of new technologies,8
+past public health programmes which were often ambitious in their stated goals largely remained unimplemented in practice moreover public health programmes adopted since the political transition that emphasised the need to tackle health inequalities did not sufficiently analyse their causes or formulate adequate strategies to address them successfully the regulation aimed to limit the maximum trans fatty acid content of foodstuff and redefine nutritional health rules for public catering,3
+however both challenges can be tackled together one of the reasons for diminishing interest in short vocational secondary education programmes is the lack of direct access to tertiary education for those graduating from these programmes one way of addressing this issue is therefore to align the core elements of different upper secondary tracks,4
+no new sites were designated after according to the national report to the ramsar convention the country plans to submit nominations for six new sites iskanderkul nurek sarez syr darya yashilkul and zeravshan in addition tajikistan provided national data to the ecefao study on trends and challenges in achieving the global objectives in forests gof prepared for the th session of the united nations forum on forests in may,15
+with competing interests and stringent resources it would be extremely difficult for them to justify allocating resources to tasks that are vaguely mandated currently national green growth policies and strategies are neither legally founded nor mainstreamed into sectoral legal frameworks such as the law on urban development an important option would be to clearly state in a legally binding document that subnational governments are responsible for fostering green growth within their administrative areas providing clearer mandates and specific actions for subnational governments will actively steer them toward allocating their manpower and budget to green growth actions,11
+they can also enhance data production and collection as well as promote technical capacity development in line with the oecd principles on water governance the ultimate goal of the oecd water governance indicators is not just to measure water governance dimensions but also to collectively identify what works what does not and what can be improved the indicators can inform policy makers and help set policy priorities,6
+at the low end are cambodia per cent turkey per cent and azerbaijan per cent seven asian and pacific countries have no female ministers namely bhutan brunei darussalam nauru papua new guinea singapore solomon islands and vanuatu hong kong china ranked second per cent followed by china per cent malaysia per cent new zealand per cent singapore per cent and india per cent moreover half of the boards examined had no female directors at all china is the global leader with a per cent share of managerial level positions held by women followed by the philippines and georgia with per cent thailand and viet nam with per cent and per cent respectively and the russian federation with per cent,5
+the country has by far the lowest penetration of generic drugs in the eu of the total volume of reimbursed pharmaceuticals versus in member states with available data in figure to increase the use of generics the ministry of health introduced a generic substitution policy in late although there is no gatekeeping and outpatient contacts are low it does not seem to lead to elevated numbers of hospital cases,3
+the government recently decided to establish specialist training for nurses in chronic care outside hospitals with these nurses most probably employed in gp practices and municipal health services regions also invested in multispecialty facilities called health houses which include gps who also serve as coordinators of care specialists and physiotherapists although difficulties in recruiting gps have emerged see section the primary care system appears to be holding up well despite the reductions in acute care activity described previously although avoidable hospital admissions for certain conditions are higher than the eu average see section s,3
+in both cases large uncertainties remain sometimes they are due to methodological differences or different estimations for the value of a statistical life the metastudy by burtraw et al as far as air pollution is concerned power sources can largely be split into two groups i carbonbased electricity sources including fossil fuels and biomass with coalfired plants causing damages that are considerably higher than those from natural gas oil or biomass ii sources that have impacts on air pollution from lowcarbon electricity sources nuclear wind solar hydro geothermal and tidal are either negligible or zero although some indirect emissions could arise during production,7
+the gender gap in median earnings of fulltime employees at per cent in is among the highest in the advanced industrialized economies the medianforthe country organisation for economic cooperation and development oecd is percentthe united states ranks th from the bottom one of the results is that poverty rates for single femaleheaded households are extremely high reaching per cent in,5
+there are a number of mixed cropping farms but such farming systems are in the minority mixed farms usually combine arable crops with sheep and beef and derive over one quarter of total revenue from livestock operations for some farms production specialisation has played an important role in improving efficiency following the withdrawal of agricultural subsidies in the mid s,2
+local mental health services provide varying levels of intervention and support within a community setting aiming to avoid residential care up until the point at which it is considered to be absolutely necessary and appropriate mental health treatment was shaped significantly by the birth of the nhs in which became the main health care provider in england the slow shift from the detention of those with mental disorders to prevention and treatment which began in the s continued under the newly formed nhs as a further shift from institutionalisation to communitybased care began,3
+later in it was decided to go further with consolidation with one new integrated national company replacing the two companies but most of them did not have the necessary organisational and financial capacities to manage water supply and sanitation services especially small municipalities partly as a consequence the provision of wss nearly collapsed in many settlements and municipalities two years later the process of enlargement of service areas started,6
+capacity building among the civil servants responsible for the land use management is a necessary complement to this process kazakhstan should avoid issuing restrictive zoning rules and singleuse zoning since they lead to inflexible planning regulations zoning should be sufficiently flexible to give private actors leeway to shape development and allow neighbourhoods to change over time zoning regulations and planning decisions should target nuisance levels,11
+toutefois quils soient hommes ou femmes les entrepreneurs sont relativement rares en inde par rapport a d autres pays comparables et ont tendance a travailler dans de petites entreprises souvent situees en dehors de l economie formelle si bon nombre des obstacles a la creation d entreprise sont communs aux deux sexes acces aux financements et aux reseaux economiques formation adequate locaux les femmes entrepreneurs se heurtent a des prejuges sexistes qui trouvent leur origine dans des facteurs socioeconomiques ou dans certains partis consacres par le droit notamment par le droit de fheritage the potential flexibility in time use from entrepreneurship can also facilitate balancing work and family obligations for women however entrepreneurs both male and female are relatively scarce in india compared to peer countries and tend to work in small units often outside the formal sector,5
+the period since the beijing plan of action has seen the ascension of african women to key decisionmaking positions including the election and reelection of africa s first female presidents joyce banda became president of malawi in and he catherine sambapanza took over the presidency of the central african republic in in he ameenah gufribfakium became president of mauritius,5
+women ministers mainly hold social and cultural portfolios followed by economic political and environmental portfolios female quotas or parity for elected legislative positions has been enacted into law in latin american countries so far countries have implemented such laws and uruguay will do so in mexico in and el salvador in the proportion of women in legislatures has risen in almost all the countries over the past decade,10
+factors to keep in mind include a programme s or policy s additionality ie the extent to which desirable outcomes would have occurred without public intervention additionality may concern inputs outputs and behaviour oecd a while governments collect and standardise data on inputs into the innovation process measures of outputs remain limited except for outputs such as scientific publications and patents,9
+the main conditions for forming a successful ppp include common objective mutual benefits complementarity of human and financial resources clear institutional arrangements good governance transparency and public leadership the new legal framework for ppps in agriculture to be refined in two circulars that mard is developing should thus clearly state the respective roles and responsibilities of the public and private sectors there are a large number of cases eg in providing financial support to agriculture or in food safety regulatory regime in which coordination between various agencies both at the central government level and between central and local governments is weak,2
+the former includes those living rough and those staying in a night shelter the latter includes people living in homeless hostels and other forms of temporary accommodation not included in the study were those defined as experiencing housing exclusion rather than homelessness under ethos this group includes those living temporarily with family or friends or those living in extremely overcrowded conditions,1
+comparatively increasing c prices seems the most effective strategy to curb c emissions again this ideal generating mix is far from the real generating mix for france which includes a large fraction of hydropower that is not modelled here repeating the calculation for an energy mix that includes hydropower and takes into account the actual proportion of nuclear coal and gas plants in the energy mix yields similar shortterm reductions,7
+operational activities related to formal and nonformal vocational education fall under the responsibility of district or municipal governments ideally a district could amalgamate vocational provision into one super smk offering a range of subjects however nearly all of the smk schools reviewed by the team remained largely focused on their historical subject offerings given the high capital investment required for vocational education many schools have been constrained in the courses they can offer by their inherited facilities and equipment a further innovation adopted by the ministry in was to introduce the vocational model school initiative which establishes a super smk school as a model school with more resources which can act as a centre for satellite schools currently there are such schools but the intention is to create by,4
+while homework is likely to have positive effects on students from more advantaged socioeconomic backgrounds who typically perform relatively well at the outset they might have no effect on the learning of students from less advantaged backgrounds in this regard falch and ronning argue that the type of homework matters homework seems to have a larger positive effect when it has the form of repetition and serves a complement to inclass learning instead of being a substitute to inschool learning in the sense that topics supposed to be taught in school are given as homework,4
+irrigated agriculture is the main pressure factor nonrespect of water protection zones and unauthorized reconstruction works have affected water quality surface water quality is monitored on the malyi uzensaryozen at monitoring station malyi uzen with sampling during the main hydrological seasons and monthly on the bolshoy uzenkaraozen at the town of novouzensk groundwater flow is from georgia and the russian federation to the terek,6
+female politicians report that sexual and political harassment are a reality for women holding public office the unpredictable and long working hours associated with high political office also take atoll on women s health and their ability to fully engage societal expectations consign women to take on the brunt of unpaid care work regardless of their employment status which is a real challenge within the current modus operandi of representative bodies chapter,5
+the strategic introduction of ict to support the health sector is complex and requires both careful planning and multisectoral collaboration an effective ehealth strategy should present the strategic context for the introduction of ehealth and the ehealth components required to meet national ehealth objectives central to developing a sound ehealth strategy is the recognition that ehealth represents a collaborative effort between the health information technology and telecommunications sectors as well as requiring active involvement from both the public and private sectors the proposed indicator for this measure is the percentage of countries with an ehealth strategy with the target being per cent of countries by,3
+applicable to hotels and tour operators the gstc provides the flexibility of adapting to a countrys particular needs and a certificationaccreditation procedure has also been developed simultaneously the gstc criteria have been adopted by a number of major hotel chains and tour operators around the world simultaneously there exist initiatives such as the green passport for consumer education and envirotel for educating the small and medium players in the hospitality industry,12
+our paper aims to throw light on this issue by linking poverty and poverty reduction to relevant shared values that define social arrangements we start from the proposition that public perceptions of poverty and of the priority attached to poverty reduction are influenced as much by technical and policy perspectives as by shared values which define the social arrangements and institutions by ethics of poverty we refer to the most basic arguments and processes used to justify how and why we assist people living in poverty given the extent to which poverty reflects injustice we argue it is appropriate to consider poverty in the context of ethics,1
+many developing country parties already find it challenging to meet the reporting obligations of the current transparency system of the nonannex i parties that are not ldcs or sids have submitted their first burs and did so before the deadline of end the capacitybuilding initiative for transparency established in decision cp this will require hard work over the next few years by the apa and other unfccc bodies,13
+the improvement in the penetration ratios of renewables to fossil fuels coupled with a cost reduction in battery technologies since iea b have further increased the attractiveness of renewable energy sources for mines the experience from the implementation of renewable energy and storage projects such as at degrussa and weipa mines box is expected to contribute to an improved understanding of renewable energy application in industrial use furthermore the digital transformation of the mining sector such as the adoption of smart grids and other internet of thingsbased technologies and the use of advanced analytics and big data have the potential to further improve mines energy efficiency and facilitate the integration of renewables according to estimates there is currently over gw of on and offgrid renewable energy capacity installed through mining companies efforts with more projects in the pipeline energy and mines a,7
+rising domestic supply is sufficient to keep pace with demand and imports remaining relatively flat with the import price increasing an average of per year imports of mt in are slightly below the base period value of mt wheat stocks in fell to very low levels which were replenished in the subsequent two years there may have been overshooting and in stocks are estimated at mt yielding a relatively high stockstouse ratio of,2
+municipalities receive funding according to a formula that balances the proportion of population and its socioeconomic status they decide democratically how to distribute funding across different areas including education private institutions also receive public funding with enrolment of or less of primary and lower secondary students and of upper secondary students preprimary and basic education funding is included in statutory government transfers to basic municipal services and the municipality can decide how funding is allocated,4
+this helps smes selling online target customers and interest groups and leverage this new information to make strategic improvements to their products and services serving as an online hub for african smes operated by microsoft the platform creates a sustainable and connected community of entrepreneurs a free online directory allows small firms to showcase their products and services and to find businesses by sector location and size,9
+the paris agreement does not mention additional climate finance further disaggregation in reporting by individual instrument eg grants concessional loans nonconcessional loans guarantees would allow data to be reaggregated if necessary although could increase the reporting burden the first is to request countries and any other reporting entities reporting on support provided and mobilised to do so using eg the same scope definitions methods and conversion factors,13
+not doing so may undermine the very benefits of having achieved a liberalised electricity market india s ministry of new and renewable energy is for example currently testing a computer software application to monitor and report on progress of selected projects under the national solar mission ceew and nrdc competitive procurement such as tendering can be a useful option for developing countries in this regard as mentioned previously tendering can also help reduce the level of financial support needed by clean energy providers see chapter in addition to being clear and transparent tenders should consider several dimensions related to the quality of the bid in addition to price,7
+the distribution of child poverty in the developing world university of bristol identifying and measuring chronic poverty beyond monetary measures in n kakwani and j silber eds the many dimensions of poverty new york palgrave macmillan does mixed methods research matter to understanding childhood wellbeing,1
+rather even when the activities of the modern sector expand their employmentgenerating potential is often limited because technological choices and thereby capitallabour ratios are driven by global competition and thus largely determined exogenously one of the characteristics of this different type of structural change is the transfer of labour from lowproductivity agriculture to lowproductivity service activities in urban areas this entails a proliferation of lowproductivity employment in nontradable activities as workers move out of subsistence activities in agriculture even at relatively low levels of per capita income,8
+droughts floods pollution and deforestation all put a significant burden on women who see their water collection time increased firewood and fodder collection efforts thwarted and ability to provide for their families and cope with disasters disproportionately impacted by contrast where women and girls are denied rights and opportunities progress will inevitably falter and the agenda as a whole will be in jeopardy the systematic mainstreaming of a gender perspective in the implementation and monitoring ofthe sustainable development goals sdgs is therefore crucial the only exception to this approach is sdg which is comprehensively covered at the target level using corresponding indicators with available data,5
+few countries achieve this in their performance measurement systems with the notable exceptions of australia germany and switzerland in germany local offices are clustered according to their labour market conditions and local office performance is then benchmarked within those clusters blien et al australia and switzerland use a rich set of jobseeker characteristics and survey information on local labour market performance to compare local office performance on a regressionadjusted basis oecd chapter evaluation is crucial to ensure effective and efficient spending of public resources,8
+this approach is used by the uk adaptation subcommittee asc the asc works with sectoral experts to determine what aspects of adaptation to focus on within predefined thematic areas drawing on different sources of data that are publicly available or available free of charge the asc assesses the uk s preparedness to face identified climatic risks asc this is the approach used by germany schonthaler et al,13
+health sector policies are included in the goal of equity and social justice since the an the three governments that have succeeded have honoured the agreed policy guidelines even though they have shifted their emphasis over certain issues successive governments have maintained the main goal set out in the an of providing universal access to free continuous timely quality health care to the priority population in poor areas and to the vulnerable population first the integral health insurance seguro integral de salud sis was created in to fund health services for peruvians who due to poverty did not have health insurance,3
+using the computerbased approach it has been possible to log students feelings reactions and decisions across the course of the learning task it is evident that interactive software such as this provides great potential for educational research to probe more deeply the way students interact with tasks these studies demonstrate the capacity of ict to provide insights into the sequences that students follow when they complete a task,4
+in june it was announced that subject to parliamentary approval a restructured carbon emissions reduction target would be extended to december with a higher target and a focus on improving building insulation rather than installing compact fluorescent lamps cfls the uk government is currently exploring options for the successor to cert to run from yet there are still many areas where further implementation of costeffective energy efficiency policy would provide benefits,7
+in particular the human resources needed to tackle major policy issues are often lacking especially technical capacity pacific nations face financial capacity deficits to undertake both nup formulation and implementation and fund the investments such as waste treatment systems anticipated by nups many countries in the region then have an overall weak local fiscal system that constrains their ability to resource their nup this section assesses the instruments that are used in the application of nups among the global regions studied in the report a wide variety of policy instruments can be observed among nups ranging from various types of strategic planning documents spatial plans and master plans national development plans urban regulatory arrangements and national or subnational legislation taxation policies and urban development funds,11
+agriculture provides food to humans and feed to livestock livestock provide biomass energy for biogas manure produced by cattle also provides fertilizer for agriculture organic waste produced by citizens is used as biogas and fertilizer see figure this weblike relationship is important to both energy and material flows here four selfsufficiency rates are considered simultaneously food fertilizer feed and energy for the city of furano in northern japan,2
+some countries have initiated programmes along these lines the aim of these reforms has been to improve the social inclusion of people with mental disorders although today s situation and quality of life of patients with severe mental disorders is not comparable to their often very poor living situation in longstay facilities some decades ago the deinstitutionalisation has not generally led to improved social inclusion and employment,3
+a combination of capacity markets longterm supply contracts and carbon taxes would provide a marketbased framework to ensure that nuclear energy and other dispatchable lowcarbon technologies remain economically sustainable at the current stage of technological development lowcarbon electricity systems will inevitably be based on high shares of variable renewables and nuclear energy hence it is recommended that flexibility resources should be developed based on a systems approach where full costs and interdependencies are recognised this will require increasing the loadfollowing abilities of dispatchable lowcarbon backup including nuclear expanding storage rendering demand more responsive and increasing international interconnections,7
+although compulsory education goes from age to on average across the oecd the enrolment rate is high in a wider age range and at least of the population is enrolled for years from age to age on average the age interval is generally shorter for oecd partner countries and full enrolment defined in this indicator as enrolment rates exceeding can be as long as three years as in south africa or four years as in colombia enrolment at even earlier ages is relatively common in some countries with denmark iceland and norway achieving full enrolment for yearolds see also indicator b in other countries full enrolment is achieved for children between age and age except in the slovak republic where full enrolment is achieved at age,4
+their efforts are reflected in a series of projects that promote walking and cycling and prioritise allocation of road space and investment in favour of public and nonmotorised transport planning and legal instruments linked to mobility policy have also been modified in the federal district to introduce principles of sustainability and inclusiveness locally driven initiatives have also coincided with a growing role of urban mobility in the national agenda these efforts have laid important foundations and made considerable progress,11
+social protection policies are necessary to protect lowerincome groups against the threats of climate hazards adaptation policies such as those entailing the adoption of new crops or improved irrigation systems in agriculture are critical to preventing a deterioration of livelihoods as a result of climate hazards to be successful however these highly specific policy responses must be part of a broader development framework which leads the way incrementally to the empowerment of today s disadvantaged groups by improving their asset positions and access to input and product markets by extending their access to quality basic services such as health education and sanitation and by changing the norms fostering their social and political exclusion,13
+given the considerable heterogeneity of the sector targeted and tailored approaches to reducing emissions from agriculture which may vary per region and type of production are needed current efforts to manage the negative impacts on water quality of agricultural practice could benefit from increased stringency and wider application while voluntary agreements can be used to encourage cooperation from agricultural producers they are insufficient on their own to achieve water quality objectives effectively,6
+similarly among current nonharmful drinkers in become nondrinkers in remain current nonharmful drinkers and are harmful drinkers the proportion of harmful drinkers varies by age in the age group in ages in ages in ages or above these findings suggest that young adults are more affected by harmful drinking behaviours compared to other age groups figure shows overall population rates in men and women figure shows trends in hed in men and women by age group the nhanes data show a clear increase in hed in the age group while nsduh data show a significantly milder or no increase weekly limit is drinks per week for women and for men,3
+there is no clear legal and regulatory framework mandating and governing the use of blockchain although such a framework is needed additionally even though blockchain is deemed very secure evolving technology also means that cyberattacks evolve these could pose a threat and reduce trust in the system consumers need to be educated on the technology its benefits its limitations and its usage to increase the demand for blockchain in the market existing skills are inadequate and the generally limited operational capacity of relevant institutions could make it impossible to meet consumer demand hampering blockchain adoption,9
+moving away from solo practices a new model of primary care centre was created in a family health unit fhu these teams have functional and technical autonomy and a payment system sensitive to performance that is designed to reward productivity accessibility and quality with core indicators used to measure performance and tied to the payment system the fhus cover primary care services including services such as nursing services home visits etc provider participation is voluntary with set criteria on the composition and number of health professionals in each unit,3
+even an individual with two children would still increase the monthly family income by median net household incomes are from a survey in or close to expressed in prices and are before housing costs or other forms of committed expenditure results are adjusted for household size equivalence scale is the square root of the household size and account for all relevant cash benefits social assistance family benefits housingrelated cash support as indicated,1
+in aquaculture s contribution to total fish supplied for food overtook that of wild fish for the first time and this trend continued in in the same year after a period of continuous expansion trade of fish and fishery products declined in value terms this slowdown was caused by economic contractions in key markets exchange rate developments and lower fish prices,14
+paper for regional workshop on macroeconomics of poverty reduction kathmandu january the fall in chinese poverty issues of measurement incidence and cause paper for the keith griffin festschrift conference at the political economy research institute university of massachusetts amherst april,1
+in order to tailor and apply this agenda to national and local contexts policymakers need to understand how gendered power relations enable or constrain womens rights in families and recognize the diverse and changing nature of family forms this has triggered some shifts in the balance of power within the home giving women greater economic security and weight in decisionmaking processes and helping them buffer their families from economic privation when professional care is unavailable or unaffordable women and girls are expected to fill the gap which either reduces their time for schooling paid work and rest or results in care needs being neglected,5
+the sample is restricted to adults aged at least years to exclude individuals still in education over time the impact of parental background appears to have has changed significantly but in different ways in different countries in france denmark and the netherlands this conclusion holds only for wages,10
+it affects more than half of the global population and touches the lives of every person inequalities are manifested in terms of unequal economic status low political representation and power unequal access to health care and other services high levels of maternal mortality high rates of violence and sexual harassment unequal education low social status and subtle forms of discrimination all of which are fuelled by gender stereotypes roles and norms as well as discriminatory institutions and legal frameworks in many cases control over women and their bodies is woven into the cultural fabric of communities through traditional practices such as early marriage female genital cutting and virginity pledges it is less blatantly maintained through gender segregation of roles and activities,5
+development of new competencies needs to be facilitated through new models of learning structured around principles of innovation relevance to a specific situation and social and community engagement learning has to happen also on the side of stakeholders of the ameridian communities including policymakers development agencies and commercial entities resulting emigration or immigration demands total or partial restructuring of occupations and ways of production for example loss of soil fertility in some areas could cause an influx of labour from these areas to others potentially with sensitive ecosystems,12
+the unit scale frontier of nuclear power increased fivefold in the decade that followed commissioning of the first mw commercial reactor in ultimately these rapid increases in unit size were a contributing factor to the rising complexity that created diseconomies of scale and constrained further growth of the industry in the late s lovins et al in many cases learning is facilitated by relationships between industry actors supported by public investments in for example testing infrastructure to ensure experiences feed back into subsequent designs garud and karnoe when this policysupported process of collective learning is absent the development of viable domestic technological capability and industry can fail neij and andersen,7
+in addition to encouraging new plantations and the management of natural forests these two programmes stimulate treegrowing in the framework of agroforestry systems the records maintained by inab and conap show that nearly half of the timber cut annually with authorization from these institutions is destined for industry while the other half is used as fuel in addition to this illicitly harvested timber illegal felling is estimated to represent of the total volume harvested per year examples include xate leaves chicle gum allspice and maya nut nuez de ramori in the departments of guatemala chimaltenango quetzaltenango alta and baja verapaz and el progreso especially in the el rancho zone its activities consist essentially of conifer processing,15
+the codi identifies plans implements manages and coordinates interagency priority projects of high impact for the economic development of the state interagency collaboration is sought to respond to the limitations faced by the codi related to budgeting and programming functions the state s two key projects are related to the industrial corridor and logistics platform of the metropolitan area of cuautla in the east zone and the publicprivate sante fe biosphere and health city ciudad salud both private investments in the services sector as urban development projects in the south of the region and based on the services sector mostly medical services higher education and st research developed to take advantage of the state governments construction of a st park and a centre of congress and conventions,11
+lower life expectancy and the disproportionate disease burden exist because of inadequate education disproportionate poverty discrimination in the delivery of health services and cultural differences these are broad quality of life issues rooted in economic adversity and poor social conditions further research and action driven by indigenous peoples themselves is required at the international and national levels but most importantly at the local levels as well indigenous peoples approaches to health are often rooted in a healthy balance of four elements or aspects of wellness physical emotional mental and spiritual,3
+completion rates of vocational education and apprenticeship programmes which are key for atrisk youth remain relatively low to improve year attainment levels programme completion and reduce disparities across groups and regions the australian government as well as the states and territories have implemented various innovative and targeted strategies over the last decade they notably leave schools and social service providers a lot of flexibility in adapting service to the local needs but these programmes are usually shortlived,4
+furthermore the monitoring and planning of the school network is limited there are quite a number of very small schools with small classes which do not offer a rich learning experience to students this situation arises because there has not been a review of the school network to assess the need for some reorganisation of local educational supply and no major school transportation strategies have been developed,4
+in order to carry out this calculation the indigence line is multiplied by a factor that differs for urban and rural areas for poverty estimates up until a factor of was used for urban zones and a factor of was used for rural areasathe factors applied since vary depending on the differentials between trends in the prices for foodstuffs and for other goods and services since the indigence line is updated on the basis of the cpi for food products while the portion of the poverty line corresponding to expenditure on nonfood goods is updated using the nonfood cpi in line with standard eclac practice the data have been corrected to account for the nonresponse rate for some incomerelated questions from wage earners the selfemployed and retirees and to mitigate probable underreporting biases this latter operation is carried out by comparing the responses to incomerelated questions in the survey with estimates based on the household income and expenditure accounts included in each countrys application of the system of national accounts these estimates are calculated using official information,1
+many companies say that by doing business electronically they have been able to cut procurement staff the costs of materials and the time it takes to select suppliers boeing has led a group of companies in the aerospace industry to create exostar wwwexostarcom as solution to support the complex supply chain and security requirements of the global aerospace and defence industry in european manufacturing the internet has become essential to remote supply chain management what sources of information does the internet provide to help buyers,12
+consequently water would have to be discharged undermining the economic feasibility of the hpps compromising private investment and posing financial risks to the government given hydropower s central role in the country s development streamlining exploitation and aligning with domestic needs and export capacity will help to maximize the value of the resource more diverse supply of energy resources would reduce overall system risk by reducing exposure to individual technolog failure investing in coalfired power plants could profoundly change the structure of the energy sector in tajikistan the addition of thermal resources would secure reliable winter power help balance the variability of the existing hydropower system and introduce possible system optimization between thermal and hydro services for further system stability and cost savings,7
+to see the physical environment as a container for these kinds of social structures can inform boys and girls use of space and then lead us to question why they interact with the environment in certain ways alloway davies a b macnaughton this demands a broad knowledge of gender discourse between men and women over the course of history which has been carefully examined by feminist theory there is large body of literature analysing how gender structures are produced and reproduced in society see further reading section,5
+in some developing countries subsidized energy prices can reduce the economic attractiveness of ee measures the large number of small and dispersed end users also represents a particularly strong barrier in many developing countries moreover many developing countries lack an effective ee policy at the national level jochem these barriers are well understood and several policy measures are available to help overcome them,7
+inadequate solid waste management in both countries and illegal disposal of wastes directly to the water bodies have exerted pressure on the lake s system wastewater collection and treatment facilities that arc currently being constructed in the albanian side the reconstruction of existing facilities in montenegro in podgorica as well as the construction of solid waste management facilities in both countries are expected to improve the situation heavy metal pollution especially in lake sediments and moderate pathogen loads have been observed locally in the aquifer the drin contributes to some extent with trace metals originating from the disposal of byproducts from iron and copper mines located upstream,6
+the longterm steady nature of infrastructure investments has been instrumental in endearing it to markets making them the chosen class for institutional financial investors such as insurance companies pension funds sovereign wealth funds and other foundations weber et al first estimated infrastructure investment gaps in each country discussed above are taken to imply a financing gap of a similar order of magnitude second it is taken for granted that national public sectors in most countries are financially constrained with limited budgetary resources face governance problems and run the risk of running into debt sustainability issues if they undertake infrastructure investments on the scale needed in the coming years,9
+the conference aims to assemble the collective wisdom on migration mobility and urban transition and together with city leaders and other experts from around the world to draw a clear policy path towards improved migration management at all governance levels which will benefit both migrants and cities an important first step could be the consolidation of existing yet scattered resources data indexes tools and studies it is important to assemble this information in a global database and promote greater informationsharing and dialogue among cities multilevel government stakeholders and other partners,11
+the yield from oresund is among the highest in swedish fisheries and fish stocks are healthy because of the narrow belt and the extensive traffic trawling was banned in one result is an extensive recreational fishery which targets fishers from northern europe the fishery in oresund is shared between sweden and denmark,14
+cost is a critical factor in deciding whether or not to pursue desalination and the cost considered must be the cost of desalinated water delivered to the consumer s tap too often only the capital cost and operation of the desalination plant that is the supply cost is considered without regards to the cost encountered to bringing the water to the consumer supply cost is only part of the overall cost of desalination,6
+earnings for tertiaryeducated graduates are higher than those with lower levels of qualification however earnings for tertiaryeducated men are higher on average than those for tertiaryeducated women on average across eu countries tertiaryeducated women earn less than their male counterparts,4
+the presence of incentive measures to encourage the deployment of clean energy is not sufficient in itself to ensure that investment reaches the desired levels governments also need to address disincentives including reforming inefficient fossilfuel subsidies and pricing carbon dioxide emissions in addition governments must address market and regulatory rigidities that favour fossilfuel incumbency in the electricity sector and can adversely impact the investment attractiveness of clean energy sectors for instance they can try to create a level playing field between independent power producers of clean energy visavis fossilfuel based power utilities,7
+it conceptualizes the city as living superorganism in which there are continuous flows of inputs and outputs and helps in the study of the patterns of movements of matter and energy this supports cities in identifying opportunities for sustainable resource management and can be linked with infrastructure to find alternative ways of using resources sustainably the system can be fully adapted to suit the local requirements and policy priorities,11
+estimates of ecological footprints generally account for waste assimilation requirements and are expressed as a measure of land area water footprints also account for water used to assimilate pollution by considering the volume of dilution water required to maintain water quality standards hoekstra in press ecological footprints describe the implications of regional or national consumption activities on natural resources and the environment by expressing those impacts in terms of the land area required to support the target population wackemagel and rees wackemagel et al thus ecological footprints enable one to compare the ecosystem implications of consumption activities across regions and countries and to assess whether a region or country is consuming resources in a sustainable or unsustainable fashion from a global perspective,6
+the policies are not as effective as anticipated for many reasons many farmers cannot access the credit support because of complicated and inconsistent procedures such as the requirement of submitting an invoice the minimum local content requirement for machines is not realistic to access the concession loans enterprises have to sign contracts for production linkages consumption of agricultural products and usage of agricultural mechanical services with cooperatives households and individuals tran and dinh a however there are some challenges to implementing and monitoring the programme because of the large number of farmer households approximately million there are also difficulties with identifying whether the upland rice field is in planning area or not,2
+the constitution gives municipalities primary responsibility for water supply and sanitation along with various levels of capacity and resources this division of responsibility results in heterogeneity across the territory under the subsidiarity principle they also directly provide services if requested by municipalities and they can formulate their own statelevel planning for water,6
+in particular the use of community level paralegals legal empowerment programmes and the provision of free legal aid has had a positive impact on access to justice for women especially in rural areas and for women of limited means in morocco social assistance is provided regarding family matters under the supervision of a comittee w ithin the ministry of justice with the introduction of a mediation system for families in lebanon women can work in a legal profession and are on equal footing with men they have full legal capacity to testify and to work in the judiciary supreme court and military courts,5
+reprinted with the permission of the united nations in other words the consumption of sea food from lower trophic levels entails nine times more food per unit of fish compared to tire fish caught at a higher trophic level for example a cod of kilogrammes kg will have consumed kg of herring,14
+the certificate provides a to g ratings for the building with a being the most energy efficient and g being the least the current average score for the uk is around a d from the eu energy performance of buildings directive will also require all home sale advertisements to have an energy efficiency rating established to complement cert this scheme achieves aims of both carbon reduction and addressing fuel poverty by requiring energy suppliers to achieve million tonnes co lifetime savings in the most deprived areas of england scotland and wales promoting areabased and wholehouse approaches to energy efficiency improvements,13
+by of homes were built with durable walls and with durable roofs up from and respectively in in this respect mexico s experience parallels that of chile which managed over several decades to reduce dramatically the quantitative housing shortage and to address significant quality gaps the activities of these two institutions funded through a compulsory payroll tax include both housing finance and complementary retirement income see box which provides a special policy focus on pensions the rapid expansion of housing finance led by infonavit and facilitated by public policies aiming to expand access to formal housing enabled the country s transition from informal to formal housing on a grand scale,11
+ensuring equal opportunities for all immigrant students regardless of which school they attend is of critical importance the second section on funding strategy presents approaches to managing inequities through targeted funding to disadvantaged areas schools or particular student groups after careful consideration of educational priorities finally the third section underlines the importance of monitoring and evaluation in ensuring the quality of migrant education,4
+in the context of the uks transport appraisal this focuses particularly on the agglomerations of economic activity much of the agglomeration benefit arises from effectively bringing larger numbers of people and businesses closer together in highvalue service sectors like finance this includes creating an environment where excellent accessibility for short trips is the essential feature opening opportunities for frequent facetoface contact and serendipitous meetings,11
+although a limited number of these collapses may have been caused or exacerbated by natural phenomena for example climate variability human activities and overfishing essentially nonsustainable management are the primary culprits pauly et al it is important to understand that fish constitute not only biomass in the ocean but a potential economic input into society together these two elements imply that fisheries are an economic activity by which fishers can catch fish resources in perpetuity if they are managed sustainably,14
+the indicator puts emphasis on the interdependency interconnection and complementary of these settlement systems currently data can be measured for at least countries with important level of thematic disaggregation using the unhabitat national urban policy database this platform remains a key resource for monitoring progress on indicator a and the new urban agenda up to countries are implementing national urban policies,11
+they represent an industrial not postindustrial response to educating very large numbers of young people in mass school systems much of the educational discussion is oversimplified to artificial contrasts knowledge versus skills direct teaching versus inquirybased approaches when instead each has its place the choices are about how to mix practices to suit the learners aims and context in which the innovation lies in rejecting the standardisation of so much schooling practice see also vieluf et al,4
+however the law that creates the system for teacher professional development requires school principals to define professional development plans for their teaching bodies on the basis of information provided by school selfevaluation and teacher evaluation and to create teacher professional development plans in the context of school development plans first the current practice of linking monthly school grants to actual school attendance imposes an undue financial burden on school providers it would be important to replace this mechanism with one based on school enrolment at the start of the year with an adjustment possibly midway through the year to reflect dropouts and transfers between schools,4
+such interventions require more specific nutrition goals and actions to unleash their full potential in combating child malnutrition ruel et al using a unique dataset from ghana we model the underlying determinants in several input demand functions to understand what drives demand for input in the child health production function we also estimate the conditional demand for nutritional status in a similar framework by estimating the framework as one complete model albeit in two stages we are able to quantify the underlying mechanisms determining inputs and the likely pathways contributing to nutritional status other studies usually depend on national level household data such as demographic and health surveys which limits the possibility of studying such a particular group in detail,2
+unmitigated climate change may reverse established development gains and jeopardize development prospects for future generations especially for those at the lower ends of the distributions of assets and income these challenges are most effectively equitably and efficiently addressed in a context of wider policy coherence including intra and intergenerational fairness in the perspective of sustainable development in short climate change is an issue for international cooperation and for national and local development strategies,13
+meanwhile in lmics the cost of providing health literacy to an entire population may be lower and the dividend greater given the likelihood of less reliable access to care and thus greater emphasis of selfcare in these settings nevertheless involving patients in their care and in helping measure and assess the safety of their care is very important and is supported by the literature the care experience predominantly concerns the quality of communication the previously cited study by tsang et al suggests a longstanding relationship between patients and providers improves safety over time,3
+this fact illustrates how deprivation is much higher in rural areas as per cent of children who are not poor but deprived live in rural areas using the section of the questionnaire dedicated to the subjective estimation of the living standard we can estimate the proportion of children who live in a household whose head considers the household to be poor or very poor about per cent of children live in households that consider themselves poor or very poor this number is consistently lower than the number of children who are poor andor deprived about per cent of children are poor and deprived but their household head does not consider the household to be poor,1
+in fisheries there remains significant room for improvement in the use of discards bycatch and trimmings among other things one part of the oecd green growth strategy is to reform policies that impede progress such as requirements that fish must be landed headed and gutted or that fish for which the fisher does not have a quota must be discarded a sector wide industrial dialogue may be a useful tool to identify where in the value chain improvements can be made,14
+the national employment strategy of jordan acknowledges that the large supply of lowwage foreign workers creates pressure at the bottom end of the wage scale the case of jordan illustrates that wages in the informal sector tend to be at the lower end of the wage scale significantly below those of workers in the formal sector while wages are estimated to be around per cent higher in the formal sector in the syrian arab republic the wage difference has reached around per cent for youth in morocco in egypt and lebanon the gap amounts to per cent climbing to per cent for women in egypt while minimum wage legislation exists in most countries of the region it is not necessarily always enforced in the arab region almost per cent of workers are not covered by social security schemes table shows that the share of informal employment in nonagricultural sectors reached per cent in morocco per cent in egypt per cent in yemen and per cent in tunisia,8
+in this case the reduction in severance pay is compensated by increased ubs which can be financed through general taxation or payroll taxes the main benefit of uisas is their potential to provide support to liquidityconstrained unemployed in their job search while limiting moralhazard effects associated with oecdstyle systems of unemployment insurance by allowing workers to run down their personal saving accounts during periods of unemployment workers internalise the cost of unemployment benefits thus strengthening the incentives of the employed to prevent job loss and those of the unemployed to return to work quickly orszag and snower,10
+enrolment in ecec in portugal is above the oecd average in of yearolds and of yearolds are enrolled at preprimary level compared to the oecd average of for yearolds and for yearolds and enrolment is practically universal between ages and education is compulsory from ages to in portugal two years more than the oecd average with comprehensive schooling the same curriculum for all students until age national data shows an increase of in the inclusion in regular schools of students with special education needs sen in pisa about of yearolds in portugal had repeated at least one grade compared to the oecd average of,4
+nonetheless there are several ways in which public infrastructure spending can be more directly employmentgenerating and can have higher multiplier effects within local economies infrastructure works are doubly blessed in that they create and sustain employment while at the same time improving living conditions and laying the foundation for longterm growth indeed there is much greater scope than is generally recognized for developing infrastructure by using available surplus labour in ldcs in urban areas for example labourintensive techniques can be used for such works as improving streets and access ways water supply sewerage sanitation and waste management flood protection measures and repair and maintenance of a range of public infrastructure,8
+the indicator is designed to measure whether residents are able to participate in the urban planning and management of their cities given the complex and subjective nature of participation the indicator focuses on formal structures that are available for civil society however several steps have been taken to refine the methodology to internationally acceptable standards,11
+these different systems are not always consistent or comparable with one another and the information they contain may not fully overlap with the information needed to identify progress towards climate finance commitments including those in the paris agreement however encouraging relevant informationsharing from such systems could enhance the clarity and transparency of reporting of climate finance flows the unfccc s standing committee on finance also produces a biennial assessment of overall climate finance flows,13
+however the pace of decline has fallen behind that of postneonatal mortality as a result the proportion of deaths occurring in the first days of life has increased from per cent in to per cent in the best possible way of reducing neonatal mortality is through greater investment in maternal care during the first hours after birth particularly in labour and delivery care and other highimpact interventions,3
+as the pisa report students computers and learning making the connection oecd concludes in general schools and education systems have not been effective in leveraging the potential of technology across oecd countries there is computer per student in school of which are connected to the internet table there are large differences in the computerstudent ratio across education systems,4
+at the same time these simulations indicate that production shocks may be foreshadowed by the impact of climate change in vulnerable areas unlike the simulated shocks which were implemented in three regions climate change affects all countries and regions so the effects on competitiveness are likely to be different furthermore because climate change affects not only water but also temperature it is projected to have stronger effects at least in some countries,6
+teams of technical experts elaborate and validate these plans in collaboration with the local communities which ensures that the specific needs of the targeted community and the actual financial and technical opportunities are adequately identified potential entrepreneurs are then identified trained and provided with support to launch their microenterprises in those sectors the teams help them structure proposals which have to be evaluated and accepted by the national government and execute projects,9
+without political support the deployment of new domestic generation capacity might be limited before further investigations are required to clarify the realistic and economically sustainable potential the most important integration measures are local hydropower including largescale pumped storage interconnectors to the hydropowerdominated nordic electricity system and flexible thermalbased generators,7
+however this orientation remains theoretical as long as water abstraction is not metered the structure of water abstraction rights includes two elements that could contribute to water efficiency first the charge rate varies across availability zones in order to induce higher efficiency where water is scarce,6
+freshwater crustaceans and freshwater molluscs had peaks in the early s and mid s respectively but after periods of decreasing catches they have been relatively stable since at and million tonnes the firstsale value reestimated with newly available information for some major producing countries is considerably higher than previous estimates in general faos data for aquaculture production volume are more accurate and reliable than those for value,14
+this definition better captures the complexity of cities today and in particular their interconnectedness with their hinterland and other administrative units in the case of water policy the functional approach relates to the catchment area where cities are located which can help map centres of water demand urban areas where most people live and water supply the surrounding environments where point sources are located overcoming the mismatch between administrative perimeters and hydrographic boundaries is a question of governance,6
+england has a growing private health sector which individuals can choose to access on a personal basis perhaps using private medical insurance oecd mental health questionnaire england following the nhs reforms nonnhs mental health care providers can also be commissioned directly by any of the commissioning bodies usually a ccg or nhs england or may be subcontracted by an nhs provider the government is also committed to ensuring that patients and service users are able to choose any qualified provider in certain community and mental health services,3
+the number of individuals who are economically inactive for family reasons relative to the number of children aged under is high in estonia figure women gradually start returning to work after their youngest child becomes eligible to start kindergarten at the age of months figure but this process has been slowed in the past because of a lack of places the number of childcare places has recently been expanded to reduce capacity constraints european commission also there are plans to allocate some parental leave to the father on a useitorloseit basis and labour inspectors have been instructed to ensure that the principle of equal pay is being observed both of which should encourage greater labour market participation among mothers of young children,8
+it will have stations six underground and seven elevated and is scheduled to be finished in july a km jabodebek light rail transit lrt system from cibubur to cawang east bekasi to cawang and cawang to dukuh atas is under construction with the first km section scheduled to open in time for the asian games in the share of public transport in jakarta was per cent the greater jakarta transport authority plans to increase the public transportation share to per cent by per cent by and per cent by thailand has km of bicycle lanes across the country and nmt policies are to be included in the master plans of all major cities,11
+the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law this legacy along with more recent evolutions in the country s economy and urban development see chapter has shaped current water management institutions policies and practices furthermore major policy decisions and instruments for water developed in the s were dedicated to supply augmentation that would enable economic growth and meet increasing water demand in cities,6
+the employment promotion law includes regulations on fair employment employment service and supervision occupational education and training employment assistance monitoring inspection and legal liability it is stipulated as follows all government levels shall create a fair employment environment eliminate employment discrimination and take measures to support and assist people who have difficulty finding jobs to obtain employment it prohibits discrimination against female workers minority workers disabled workers workers with infectious diseases and migrant workers in cities from rural areas,10
+on the other hand the largescale penetration of distributed and intermittent renewable generation might present a challenge to nuclear widespread commercialisation of smallscale nuclear technology might be able to take on this challenge successfully stirling observes that the hhi does not properly reflect the diversity property balance as it gives a higher weight to producers with high market shares stirling,7
+it also finds that while manufacturing firms are more likely to patent than firms in other sectors most patenting firms are in the services and wholesale sectors the first by farremensa hegde et al focuses on the impact of ip rights on companies ability to raise finance the research presents causal evidence of the direct benefits of patent rights in a large sample of startups it shows that patents offer gains to entrepreneurs and small inventors especially if processed in a timely manner in particular patents appear to play an important role in reducing uncertainty and alleviating information asymmetries in the market for entrepreneurial capital ie fundraising,8
+the biggest differences were observed in iceland ppt and cyprus ppt where severe deprivation rates rose substantially faster among children in lone parent families however similar differences in changes may mask a more complex picture in iceland the severe deprivation rate for children in couple families remained at in both and while it increased from to for those in lone parent families,1
+while in serbia output increased by about from to kosovo s level of output has remained quite stable crops accounted for a greater share of total output value than livestock in in all but one of the assessed see economies figure in the former yugoslav republic of macedonia crops contributed the greatest share making up almost threequarters of the total output value,2
+the recent initiatives of the government to foster lifelong learning and improve financial support for students from lowincome families in tertiary education are welcome there is scope to promote apprenticeships for example by fostering cooperation between local firms and local schools this would help reduce skill mismatch,4
+this pattern is mainly concentrated among women who leave school early and perform unpaid work at home women in the poorest quintiles start entering the labour market early but also begin their reproductive stage at an early age the overload of unpaid work failure to postpone the reproductive phase and predominantly patriarchal arrangements keep many of these women from attaining basic economic autonomy putting them and their children in a position of risk and vulnerability,5
+in the global mpi tables subnational regions are reported all lowincome countries of the subsaharan african countries of the east asian countries of the latin american countries and all south asian countries covered can be disaggregated subnationally for example all national mpis are disaggregated by relevant groups geographic ruralurban indigenous ethnicity etc,1
+heat energy consumption by industry sector has been fluctuating in the period while household heat consumption increased almost tenfold in over the previous year table the biggest gain in energy consumption was seen in the transport sector where energy consumption increased almost threefold since and equated to ktoe in table the increased number of old inefficient vehicles in tajikistan accounts for the increase in total final energy consumption levels by the transport sector from onwards,7
+all requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rightsoecdorg requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the copyright clearance center ccc at infocopyrightcom or the centre frangais d exploitation du droit de copie cfc at contactcfcopiescom reviews of higher education in regional and city development are the oecd s vehicle to mobilise higher education for economic social and cultural development of cities and regions the reviews analyse how the higher education system impacts local and regional development and help improve this impact,4
+additionally as company disaster recovery plans become more detailed they force similar effects through their suppliers via audits and management practices while at a high level this appears to be a business continuity and revenue protection issue it also has much broader implications for sustainable development globally countries that are attempting to climb out of poverty are often held back by frequent natural disasters as with any disaster response or business continuity team the team is made up of people with different skills drawn from different business units across the company,13
+but in different countries and to varying extents they also have inherent risks maternal mortality the death of a woman during pregnancy childbirth or in the weeks after delivery is an important indicator of a woman s health and status the united nations set a mdg target of reducing maternal mortality ratios mmr by threequarters between and and achieving universal access to reproductive health by it shows clearly the differences between rich and poor rural and urban with the vast majority of deaths occurring in resourcepoor settings and most being preventable who a,3
+the work related poor infrastructure such as collecting water and firewood is some of the most physically intensive and timeconsuming and this disproportionately falls on women for example in subsaharan africa women and girls are responsible for over of water collection un women lack of clean cooking facilities takes on average hours of work a day plus several additional hours of cooking carrying heavy loads and working in enclosed spaces without proper ventilation iea,5
+the primary control range should be of the nominal power but higher values up to should be achievable the primary frequency control reserves shall be activated within seconds and maintained for at least minutes the secondary control range should be at least of the nominal power and should be activated with a minimal speed of min higher ramping rates shall be achieved with a maximum speed of min,7
+a common error is using accessibility and mobility interchangeably doing so reinforces the development of policies based on indicators focusing on physical movement the role of land use policies is then overlooked and the bias towards caroriented policy and planning perpetuated central to this is identifying how actions in transport and other relevant sectors can contribute to attaining overall goals by delivering better accessibility the agendas ultimate objective was to facilitate participation in economic activities by vulnerable groups,11
+the proportion of fulltime teachers is positively associated with students science performance only in bulgaria colombia japan malta peru chinese taipei andtrinidad andtobago in luxembourg qatar and switzerland the association is negative just as practitioners in any other profession teachers need to keep uptodate with advances in their field they are often expected to learn about new ways of teaching discoveries in their field of expertise new theories about how children learn curricular changes or innovative tools for the classroom,4
+ukraine and the republic of moldova arc preparing a new basin agreement on the dniester which foresees the establishment of a transboundary water commission in june romania and the republic of moldova entered into an agreement on the prut moreover a new intergovernmental agreement on transboundary waters between belarus and poland as well as romania and serbia are under development factors that have triggered revisions is the need to take into account the provisions of the wfd the principles of integrated water resources management iwrm and the obligations under the water convention for example today the finnishrussian transboundary water commission deals with a broad range of management issues including joint monitoring of pressures and water quantityquality joint management of water resource including joint operation of water level regulation fisheries and threatened species,6
+in bahrain and lebanon there is for instance a jurisdiction for sunnis and another for shias each of them with their own noncodified laws however in the case of bahrain the family law part which concerns the sunni sect was promulgated under law no the egyptian child law was amended in to raise the minimum age for marriage of girls to,5
+these include sdg achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls and also via the strong association this goal has with many of the other sdgs by assessing women and girls health and wellbeing sdg the sdg indicators are classified by tier with the following definitions tier indicator is conceptually clear has an internationally established methodology and standards are available and data are regularly produced by countries for at least per cent of countries and of the population in every region where the indicator is relevant however it is expected that indicators remaining at the tier classification in will be removed from the sdg monitoring list,5
+the region s outlying suburbs are underserved by its radial transit system this is one reason why the number of costburdened households in the region renters who spend more than of household income on housing and transport is predicted to increase significantly over the next years metro a oregon initiated a dramatic shift in its growth management policy in before the challenges described above were appreciated oregon policy makers were responding instead to the spread of exurban development and the consequent loss of agricultural and forest land the governor at the time tom mccall worried that oregon would become the centre of a megalopolis ranging from seattle to san francisco committing some of the richest farmland in america to supermarkets and suburbs however no state agency was charged with managing the programme there was no significant source of funding to assist cities and counties with the development of comprehensive plans and the enforcement mechanism assumption of planning by the state if a local government refused to comply was politically unpalatable,11
+this may lead to increasing ramping and cycling of conventional power plants to inefficiencies in plant scheduling and overall to higher costs for the system sometimes the variability of vre within the scheduling interval of power systems one hour or less is also accounted for balancing costs while all generation plants may have some siting restrictions the impacts are more significant for vre,7
+at the same time new groups of persons should be encouraged to seek employment in the care sector european commission european foundation for the improvement of living and working conditions and recognition in the form of decent wages should be given for their key contribution to social wellbeing and to the economy generally speaking a distinction is drawn between childcare and longterm care which refers mainly to older persons but also includes chronic or terminal illnesses and persons with disabilities there are common issues however both sectors have a segmented workforce with a professionalized group in the respective areas of education and health and a sector that is unskilled or lowskilled but especially in the case of women often has competences acquired during the gender or class socialization process,5
+the purchase of goods and services is not regulated further beyond the general conditions related to obtaining public subsidies mineduc ace and es santiago et al the main task of school principals is the implementation and management of the school educational project pei for public schools the teacher s statute further specifies that school principals should lead the administrative and financial management of the school and meet the functions and responsibilities attributed by law,4
+flowever a number of studies on the subject have raised questions in this regard with their authors arguing that hypothesizing a linear relationship between growth inequality and poverty can produce a misspecification that biases the estimates because these relationships may not in fact be linear in that case the ols estimates will tend to be biased and inconsistent overestimating the coefficient of that variable an effort can be made to correct this bias by using the fixed effects estimator withingroups which generates slightly smaller standard deviations of the coefficients,1
+looking at series of domestic cereal prices maize rice and wheat from countries in sharma finds that domestic prices rose by more than the change in the world markets over transmission rate in of the series with transmission of between and in cases and transmission of less than in cases the transmission rates were significantly lower during the second spike one might expect the least developed countries to be less integrated with world markets suggesting lower rates of price transmission,2
+in the design of the toolkits special efforts have been made to lower the barriers of access and to present the content in such a way that it also appeals to persons without an economic or management training background the toolkits also pay specific attention to practical implementation so that users can rapidly apply the acquired knowledge to daytoday operations it also offers ideas on how to incorporate the brand essence of canada into the users own advertising and promotional materials supported by numerous illustrations and supporting material accessible and handson this toolkit touches upon very practical elements of branding in tourism,8
+it implies that she gives compensation to her husband the amount of which is generally determined by the courts in egypt she renounces all of her financial interests and returns her dowry for egyptian women who can afford to return the dowry the procedure is easier than faultbased divorce in the case of poor women the value of the dowry is quite low but a woman may be rather dependent on the dowry and it may be difficult for her to give it back,5
+support to fossil fuel production and use in oecd countries is estimated to have been about usd billion a year in recent years developing and emerging economies provided usd billion in iea data however fossil fuel subsidy reforms should be implemented carefully while addressing potential negative impacts on households through appropriate measures the cost of mitigation could be significantly reduced if rd could come up with new breakthrough technologies for example emerging technologies such as bioenergy from waste biomass and ccs have the potential to absorb carbon from the atmosphere,13
+the drivers of the crge notably the prime minister s office and development partners appear to have similar perspectives other stakeholders however see green growth as a process of realising greater wellbeing from natural assets through mainstreaming environmental objectives across all sectors and better including environmentdependent stakeholders often the poor in economic activities while respecting ecological limits in effect greening the whole economy in an inclusive way some institutions and people have very strong interests in particular perspectives on green growth agenda the reality is that both perspectives can add real value to development and livelihoods,13
+most public discussions turn around shortterm physical interruptions of energy supplies due to isolated and nonpredictable events such as political crises commercial disputes sabotage meteorological events technical accidents or inadequacy of power generation capacity it is in this context that classic security of supply measures have been designed such as for instance the iea emergency response system for oil supply disruptions which has been used in cases as diverse as the first iraq war or hurricane katrina they also require specific responses such as improved transparency more effective regulation of increasingly volatile and complex commodity markets better coordination between suppliers and consumers as well as improved informational infrastructures in terms of standardising collecting and regularly publishing relevant data among all stakeholders,7
+these debates have tended to focus on whether marketled growth is sufficient to eliminate poverty and reduce inequality or whether specific policies are necessary because untargeted growth may be insufficient or even perverse the paper charts the degenerating outcomes of these debates and the emergence of the inclusive growth ig paradigm within the world bank a critical examination of ig suggests that its weaknesses are best addressed through a more ambitious restatement of the propoor goals of economic policy,1
+these indicators address both the characteristics and the performance of services and were developed and standardised by a task force of public and private experts and representatives from the water sector there are operative offices with technical legal and administrative units to support their coordination tasks operating coalong with the state governments one year after the implementation of the water agenda management programmes were designed and implemented in river basins and beaches were certified so far,6
+the term has achieved widespread use eg farrington et al others have referred to supercognitives to emphasise the fact that these factors rely on and emerge from particular cognitive thoughts ideas and developed meanings intrator and siegel whatever exactly these skills are in many contexts there has been a concerted shift towards pedagogies which aim to develop higherlevel personal and social competence,4
+this applies both to standalone initiatives related to women s empowerment and to mainstreaming gender across all government plans and policies centres of government such as cabinet offices and ministries of finance should have the capacity to ensure that line ministries and agencies take into account gender impacts among other considerations when designing their policies initiatives and budgets genderspecific agencies such as gender equality ministries usually provide genderrelated advice to line ministries and the centre of government independent monitoring mechanisms such as gender equality or human rights commissions have the responsibility to provide independent recourse to complaints related to genderbased discrimination and oversee the implementation of gender equality commitments of the government,5
+a number of environmental protection standards are also incorporated in tourism legislation governing greek companies hiring out cars and motorcycles to tourists measures which aim at renewing the motor vehicle fleet in different categories either via incentives to motor vehicle owners or via obligations which motor vehicle owners are required to meet financial incentives were provided up to december for the replacement of twowheel vehicles with models using new technology under law on motorcycles registered not later than and law for scooters registered not later than other measures aimed at renewing the fleet of public passenger cars,13
+the ippc directive has recently been codified directive ec the codified act includes all previous amendments to directive ec the substance of which is unchanged the urban waste water directive requires secondary treatment for loads in excess of populationequivalent pe for instance biological water quality is currently assessed in terms of macro invertebrates only the new classification will take account of phytoplankton aquatic flora invertebrates and fish,6
+upper secondary education is becoming the desired minimum while those who do not reach this standard half of all young people at present may be left behind as the economy develops in a way which will inevitably reduce its reliance on lowskilled jobs growing inequality in costa rica reflects this worrying skills divide oecd a forthcoming participation rates and second chance options have grown fast aided by a raft of measures to tackle dropout and grade repetition well respected public universities provide an attractive goal for those who excel academically the technical school system offers an appealing and highstatus track alongside in the national training institute instituto nacional del aprendizaje ina a wellfunded system providing both initial occupational training and upskilling a reformed curriculum now provides a major opportunity to rethink upper secondary education this chapter looks at how costa rica can build on these strengths to establish a more inclusive system,4
+adaptation is contextspecific by nature ac and adaptation responses need to be tailored to a country s geography and socioeconomic political as well as ecological systems national approaches to adaptation as well as to monitoring and evaluating adaptation reflect this and vary considerably between countries which would make them very difficult to aggregate indeed the adaptation committee also indicates that it would not be useful for all countries to use the same set of adaptation indicators,13
+recent studies have sought to explain which factors affect the incomepoverty and inequalitypoverty elasticities ravallion and chen used a sample of developing countries to demonstrate incomepoverty elasticity measured by the number of people with incomes below the poverty line of one dollar a day finding this elasticity to be this means that for every rise in the average income the proportion of individuals with incomes below the poverty line falls by,1
+retrieved from fvl osti pdf workshop on electricity security in thailand a joint workshop by iea moe and eri ppt slides retrieved from tongsopitpdf,7
+in countryspecific individuallevel regressions cognitive skills partly explain the lower occupational status of lesseducated adults but crossnational variation in their disadvantage remains substantial after accounting for skills we further show that the association between skills and occupational attainment is weaker among the less educated than among the intermediate group these findings are consistent with the idea that employers statistically discriminate on the basis of formal qualifications,4
+with iv the causal effect is estimated by measuring how the outcome varies with the portion of the total variation in the treatment explained by variation in the instrumental variable for example if pas are more likely to be assigned where endemic mammals are present but the presence of endemic mammals only affects deforestation rates through its effect on the likelihood of a parcel s protection then the presence of endemic mammals can be used as an instrument to identify a causal effect of pas on deforestation miteva et al see amin et al for an application in practice it is often hard to find instruments that are both strong related to the intervention and valid unrelated to the outcome,15
+child experience of food insecurity is associated with child diet and physical activity the journal of nutrition p sharkey j et al childrens very low food security is associated with increased dietary intakes in energy fat and added sugar among mexicanorigin children y in texas border colonias,2
+the main consequences of the decline in fertility and mortality rates have been slower population growth and the transformation of the age pyramid to reflect an ageing population eclac this ageing process has an inescapable gender dimension not only because women are a majority among older persons but also because they are the primary caregivers for the very elderly and because women are also much more likely to lack economic autonomy in old age then men at present they reproduce and intensify discrimination and inequities originating in other areas the labour market for example without substantially contributing to the closure of gender gaps or to the promotion of distributive justice rico,5
+the secretariat received comments from several environet members which informed a subsequent draft this time as an oecd working paper in order to reach a wider climate and development cooperation audience the authors would like to thank all environet members for their inputs and advice in addition the authors circulated the paper to several oecd colleagues for review including nadine gbossa nicolina lamhauge jane ellis and michael mullan juan casado asensio taka kato ebba dohlman henribernard solignaclecomte mariana mirabile provided invaluable support checking the data all of the contributions received helped to inform and strengthen the final version of this paper four international agreements with direct repercussions for development and environmental policy were adopted namely the agenda for sustainable development un a the addis ababa action agenda aaaa un b the sendai framework on disaster risk reduction and the paris climate agreement unfccc,13
+in western australia for example thorough modelling was undertaken to assess the resources needed for police road engineers and other sectors to achieve the government s targets corben et al in the netherlands the independent road safety data and analysis agency swov is charged with reviewing the national road safety programme each time it is revised modelling the potential for measures announced to meet the targets adopted and proposing complementary measures when targets appear impossible to meet aarts et al it is recommended to review the modelling techniques used in other oecd countries and how their results impact the decision making process budget allocation and communication with the public and to develop a similar approach in korea,11
+professional efforts to pursue modern form of continuous medical education are still in their infancy this might mitigate efforts to further drive quality gains in healthcare senices a track and trace system is being implemented for medical devices which track the location of every medical device ie of each patient and its outcomes,3
+the new paperless system enables prospective local and foreign businesses to upload shareholder and board of directors information and pay the registration fees online as opposed to the old system where representatives had to go to the ministry to complete registration procedures in addition to being less timeconsuming the new process is also expected to limit opportunities for corruption special economic zones have a mixed record worldwide in promoting development but in the best cases they have been able to jumpstart industrialisation and provide lasting development benefits the zone programme was intended to support investment attraction by streamlining administrative procedures and tapping the potential for private sector provision of infrastructure and services,8
+in some ways food aid is an outmoded form of assistance and it is surprising to see diat the region still receives more dian million tons per year most of diis continues to be shipped long distances which can be slow and inefficient and may not deliver food that is culturally appropriate fao such transfers not only give recipients greater freedom regarding how to use the money but the transfers offer greater benefits than even locallysourced food in stimulating the local economy through multiplier effects,2
+the oecd estimates that the united states could halve its oil intensity of gdp by under various abatement scenarios figure this reduction in oil intensity is similar to those in other oecd economies with relatively high ghgemissions intensities of output canada and the australia and new zealand region and more than in european countries or japan the united states agreed to the copenhagen accord noted by the united nations framework convention on climate change conference of the parties th session cop in december it commits signatories to cooperate to achieve the peaking of global and national emissions as soon as possible recognising that the timing for peaking will be longer in developing countries than in developed countries,13
+moreover data on women drug users are sparse further complicating analysis for those reasons the present chapter is limited to some salient aspects drugrelated harms special populations prevention and treatment and rehabilitation for drug dependence drugdependent women may face many difficulties they can experience high levels of stigmatization they can be ostracized by their family or community they may be subjected to violence from partners or family members and they may turn to or be coerced into sex work to support their drug use or that of their partner,3
+they are both a private property and a global common and are critical for the production of food and other biomass the preservation of biological diversity and the productivity of ecosystems land s economic value derives from food and other biomass production mineral extraction and activities linked to the built environment from a social point of view land acquires value through ownership and through cultural and traditional heritage,15
+during old age this is reflected in levels of health insurance coverage and access to health care coverage rates increase in proportion with age for those aged over and for those aged to in brazil of older persons are covered by the public system in paraguay over of older persons are calculated to have no form of medical insurance and in the event of illness either have to foot the bill or go without treatment oiss,3
+italy has launched in the national programme on continuing education in medicine npcem which requires health care professionals to obtain cme credits per year the system is not link to recertification the safety of pharmaceuticals is further ensured through a postmarketing surveillance system which monitors safety information and adverse reaction for all authorised drugs through the national network of pharmacovigilance refe nazionale di farmacovigilanza,3
+until the mid s it was common that all developments of more than half a hectare took place on land which was provided and serviced by the municipality the municipality would acquire the land in advance at less than development value prepare and service it and divide it into serviced building plots by selling land lease contracts on those plots the municipality covered its costs and developers including schools and housing associations bore the infrastructure costs,11
+finlands history and geography caught between the powerful kingdom in the west and the even bigger empire in the east compelled it to pul the nations interest first and not allow education policy to become victim to partisan politics finland is a small nation that the rest of the world sees as a strange place that speaks a language nobody else understands over the past halfcentury finns have adopted an understanding that the only way to survive as a small independent nation is by educating all people,4
+about of the namibian households cannot afford conventional housing and only of urban households have access to sanitation facilities which has serious environmental and health implications the government s ongoing public housing programme will need to be completed with better urban infrastructure development programmes and further strengthening of rural growth points to create more rural jobs agriculture continues to drive the economy and as it is mostly rainfed it is very much at the mercy of climaterelated shocks economic prospects are quite good mainly because of the expected expansion of extractive industries and more investment in agriculture and transport,11
+opening up the telecommunications network to private providers can increase competition potentially reducing costs and improving service quality liberalisation of the telecommunications sector opening mobile and internet markets to competition and establishing independent regulation can help to sustain and accelerate private sectorled economic growth world bank b the events and aftermath heightened the many challenges faced by the libyan labour market these include overemployment in the bloated public sector high unemployment especially among youth and women low job creation weak social protection and a lack of social dialogue libya s resource curse further distorts the labour market and prevents it from functioning properly,8
+there is minimal competing information in tasks requiring interpretation the reader may need to make simple connections between adjacent pieces of information disadvantaged students tend to do as expected in disadvantaged schools and advantaged students tend to do worse than expected but by about the same margin as in many other oecd countries in schools with a mixed socioeconomic intake disadvantaged students tend to do better than expected again by the same margin as in the oecd in general and advantaged students tend to do as expected,4
+pastoralists are estimated to constitute per cent of the national population of million based on the census while the members of the largest individual community of huntergatherers is approximately kenyan national bureau of statistics both pastoralists and huntergatherers face insecurity with respect to land and resource tenure poor service delivery poor political representation discrimination and exclusion at the same time the pastoralists identity and culture contributes to kenyas cultural diversity national economy and conservation of biodiversity kaunga however boarding schools have had their own problems ranging from inadequate care of the children and increased education costs as many boarding schools were privately run by missionaries to an increased incidence of pregnancies resulting in higher school dropout rates for girls,4
+to that end it references the oecd recommendation on gender equality in public life to provide further guidance on how kazakhstan can ensure inclusive sustainable gendersensitive policies the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law these tools include integrating evidencebased assessments of gender impacts and considerations into various dimensions of public governance as for example public procurement public consultation and service delivery management and at early stages of all phases of the policy cycle also included is the integration of the gender perspective in all phases of the budget cycle see box in chapter as mentioned in the previous chapters of this review while these targeted actions are important to address identified gender gaps it is one of the many tools that must be used simultaneously to achieve gender equality this is also the case in the recently adopted sustainable development goals sdgs,5
+these estimates were based on multiple indicator cluster surveys mics and in the case of antigua and barbuda grenada and saint lucia on surveys of iving conditions the surveys were conducted between and the estimates give an initial idea of the child poverty situation in the caribbean from a multidimensional and rightsbased perspective as the surveys were prepared using the same methodology as for latin america they allow child poverty in the caribbean to be compared with that in the rest of the region something that cannot be done using monetary poverty statistics which are constructed using different methodologies this variability is very similar to that observed in latin america in the caribbean countries with the highest child poverty levels guyana and belize the percentages of poor children total and extreme are in the same range as in latin american countries with high child poverty such as nicaragua and peru,1
+i did not choose politics politics chose me she says it chose me because i was born of a poor african woman a domestic worker in the eastern cape province of south africa arrested tortured and imprisoned she suffered not because of my activism alone but because i dared as a women a black women to challenge the system the experience propelled her into a lifelong struggle for freedom from oppression including gender oppression but they could not deal with a female african species she reflects but going into exile for nearly two decades she encountered patriarchy within the liberation movement,5
+the local government ordinance of provided for the reservation of two seats for women members in each union parishad the local government union parishads ordinance increased the number of reserved seats to three the local government union parishads second amendment act repealed the nomination provision and introduced direct election in the reserved seats,5
+a more important explanatory variable is the availability of good alternatives for outsourcing ownuse production work of services the chapter explores further the relationship between ownuse production work of services and household income it presents a case study from the united states using measures of ownuse production work of services to estimate income inkind and then derive several measures of inequality,8
+it realised from the outset the great importance of adequate rice supplies to maintain political stability the previous government had been severely disrupted by the social unrest generated by high rice prices increasing domestic food production was also an economic priority with uncertain foreign exchange earnings it had limited ability to pay for food imports,2
+overall the health information systems with the highest value in terms of data availability maturity and use were found in denmark finland iceland israel korea new zealand norway singapore sweden and the united kingdom scotland and wales the national personal health datasets reported by countries tend to have very high coverage of targeted populations rely upon automatic data extraction from electronic clinical and administrative records and include the use of standard codes for clinical terminology key reasons for approving these linkages include to develop health care quality and system performance indicators to measure care coordination outcomes of care pathways resource utilisation and costs and compliance with national health care guidelines,3
+classification of health care functions cont a similar set of services and goods can be consumed with a nonhealth purpose this is the case where health care is interlinked with wellbeing or with social care such as medical services with a cosmetic nonhealth purpose or social support as part of longterm care,3
+the agenda for sustainable development specifically calls for disaggregating povertyrelated indicators by population group to highlight those being left behind to analyse the circumstances that act as barriers to escaping poverty the analysis below uses latent class analysis lca and data from the gallup world poll governance corruption and economic performant e washington dc international monetai y fund pp individual country profiles can be produced upon demand by interested escap member states for a full list of country membership in income groupings please see annex table almost eight out of ten poor people also have young children and two out of three people are below the age of,1
+universiti sains malaysia has a structure dedicated to startup support with facilities for oncampus business incubation the involvement of key actors such as the school of computer science in the design and organisation of incubation facilities suggests that the university leadership collaborates coordinates and integrates facultyinternal entrepreneurship support in the us m s support infrastructure and thus ensure crossfaculty collaboration two key issues for further development call for closer links between entrepreneurship education efforts and startup support and closer cooperation and referral between internal and external business startup support organisations,4
+nutrition education including both general education and nutritionspecific education is effective in improving nutrition fao ba however following a period of heightened food insecurity input subsidies in particular fertilizer subsidies have regained widespread popularity in africa asia and latin america and the caribbean especially following the sharp increase in food prices and fertilizer costs after they are now the most popular production support measure used although they are typically smallscale and ad hoc in the latin america and the caribbean region table demeke etal fertilizer subsidies are also attractive because they can raise food production within a relatively short time and because fertilizer use per hectare is very low in subsaharan africa compared with other regions,2
+the permanent pressure on skill thresholds for attaining decent living conditions is thus nothing new what is new is the pace which is creating complex problems for keeping the workings of the education system in sync with outcomes this means that the intergenerational reproduction of inequality does not occur because some have access to formal education and others do not but rather that everyone has access but the outcome is differentiated in terms of what students learn and how far they progress in the system,4
+these results hold for the a day poverty line as well furthermore unobserved heterogeneity across countries can be a cause of more serious bias timeseries data on poverty provided by the new estimates can help alleviate some of these problems as with per capita gdr the fitted lines show similar relationships between exports and poverty levels for the two sets of poverty estimates the slope for the new poverty data is with tratio of and for the world bank data with tratio,1
+third trends in gender gaps in hourly pay may capture direct pay discrimination but if women work parttime or have long periods out of employment gender lifetime income gaps will be even greater however over recent decades women have increased their education sometimes overtaking that of men extended theirtenure in employment and also entered new occupations such as medicine and law all this suggests that action by women themselves is not sufficient to bring about equality and it is the institutional context in which women are pursuing their careers that needs to change there needs to be a greater focus on changing employment institutions including reforming practices of wage setting recruitment and promotion which is the focus of this brief these changes need to go handinhand with policies to recognize the value of womens unpaid care work in the household and extend social support for care work issues that are addressed in policy brief no both types of reforms are essential to reduce both the gender pay gap and the gap in women s lifetime income international definitions consider low pay to be below to per cent of median pay but minimum wage levels are usually below these ratios,5
+it is a strategy for making women s as well as men s concerns and experiences an integral dimension in the design implementation monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated the ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality it adopts a prospective and preventive logic by evaluating the impact of these policies to guide the adoption of new measures governments commit themselves to ensure that a gender perspective is reflected in all policies and programmes and their implications for women assessed,5
+involved in tea research and providing extension services trading in fertiliser agrochemicals food products and machinery and spare parts for the sugar industry provision of construction and investment services for sugar mills and business warehousing capital invested into a number of other sugar processing companies,2
+however care must equally be applied to ensure that girls and women s participation in separate environments or in specific sports does not reinforce social divisions or generate unhelpful resistance from other members of society hayhurst et al these considerations also point to the importance of adopting decentralised approaches that are sensitive to local cultural norms and engage all family and community members kay and spaaij including boys and men even in initiatives that may be specifically targeted at girls and women addressing this embedded and structured inequality is therefore a priority in itself for young females in particular leadership experiences gained through sportbased initiatives may make distinctive contributions to their empowerment in other social economic and political spheres lindsey et al,5
+however productivity in the sector is low and high labour turnover is often cited as a significant constraint for improving productivity some employers report that only half of workers stay beyond three years ilo a some staff turnover is to be expected in any industry but this rate is high even by regional industry standards world bank and has a direct impact on productivity in terms of loss of experienced workers and costs related to hiring and training while the fact that the sector in general employs migrant women under who may view employment as a temporary opportunity does play a role challenging working conditions long hours compulsory overtime limited understanding of contractual rights and obligations issues with wages and representation have been reported to be a significant factor ilo c world bank,8
+the water for life strategy box encourages an expanded role for the private sector in wws and allows bots to be used as a possible modality a comprehensive national water master plan was adopted by the ministry of water and irrigation in which helped to make jordan one of the most advanced countries in the region in terms of an enabling environment policies and strategic planning for the water sector swimsm the water master plan focuses on groundwater and water resources management,6
+contributions from private sector operators were found to be negligible with local capital markets contributing next to nothing to the wss sector in subsaharan africa and little prospect for doing more the report estimated that the price tag for reaching the mdgs for both water and sanitation in subsaharan africa would reach usd billion per year or of these countries gdp for improved water alone it would be usd billion a year roughly of ssa s gdp,6
+patriarchal practices such as the dowry system early marriage sonpreference purdah and segregation of women during menstruation chhapaudi are still widespread and disadvantage women nepal ranks th of countries on the human development index hdi placing it in thelow human development category and the world economic forums global gender gap report ranked nepal th among countries behind bangaldesh sri lanka and india the cases studies of women migrant returnees who stayed at the shelter house run by the nongovernmental organization ngo pourakhi in kathmandu during the period from july to june were coded and analysed,5
+if the marriage contract is legally void she shall continue to hold the yemeni nationality article this provision however does not apply to a man marrying a foreign woman the loss of nationality or obtainment of a certificate of abandonment can in certain cases render the yemeni woman stateless other mena countries could withdraw their reservations to the cedaw convention and reform their nationality laws to establish genuine equality between men and women in this field table although as the examples in this chapter have shown a number of arab countries have already legally established full equality between a mother and a father in their ability to transfer their nationality to their children or between men and women to their spouse many others have not and may consider amending the current legislation to address these gaps,5
+state employees will be assessed through annual individual plans ministers and obastakims through specific indicators of quality of public services quality of life and attracted investment government agencies are assessed through the implementation of strategic plans and members of the government through macroeconomic indicators this plan for assessing individual and organisational performance is a good start,11
+policymakers need information not only on global and regional climate trends but also on their expected effect on local weather and local communities the uncertainty of climate trends and the need to incorporate the new information that is becoming available demand that policymaking be responsive and relevant to the needs of people through shortterm actions which are coherent with longerterm sustainable development objectives and actions incorporating uncertainty within policy action day by day through iterative and adaptive policy processes helps to reduce the risks of lockin solutions and path dependency,13
+so far it has been notable that participants have on the whole chosen programmes that are available to other unemployed rather than those specifically designed for people with disabilities a total of people with limited work capacity entered almps between january and august and the most popular choices have been training work trials and workrelated rehabilitation source country responses to oecd policy questionnaire in view of the voluntary nature of programme participation during the early phase of the initiative those who have registered for services so far are likely to be particularly motivated to look for work or to have less severe disabilities,8
+there are civil movements against pipelines coal power plants wind and solar power plants and especially nuclear power installation italy has phased out nuclear power and germany sweden and belgium took phaseout decisions at some point in time an extreme example involves the licensing of the konrad radioactive waste depository in germany which took years and included public consultations with almost people who formally raised more than issues,7
+the contributions that the state makes on their behalf are financed through general taxation but amount to only a quarter of all shi funds moreover variation across income quintiles was much smaller than in most other countries in benefits include inpatient and outpatient care prescription pharmaceuticals rehabilitation home nursing care and personal care basic dental care medical aids and devices vaccinations and screenings maternity care and spa treatment,3
+for example according to national law natural areas can be developed only if the area is covered by a scot such incentives have been further strengthened by the requirement that developed areas that are not covered by a scot cannot be expanded starting from january onwards to encourage the adoption of scots the state set up annual calls for proposals starting in to increase participation in rural territories with limited human and financial resources to draw up scots the padd is the policy document which establishes the main thrusts of territorial development for the next to years the doo is the technical document which is enforceable against local documents such as the local housing programmes programmes locaux de i habitat urban mobility plans plans de deplacements urbains local urban planning plans plans locaux d urbanisme and municipal maps cartes communales,11
+river basin organisations should be capable of managing a portion of their allocated budget or of raising and allocating their own financial resources while providing a regulatory system for ensuring transparency and accountability simultaneously their dedicated staff should receive the appropriate capacities to manage these resources on this issue proposals have been made in front of the senate to modify the national water law in order for river basin organisations and river basin councils to receive financial resources through operation contracts convenios operativos see chapter on improving economic efficiency and financial sustainability,6
+no definition of consistency is provided in the paris agreement or associated decision enabling the unfccc to do a quality control of information on data interface could reduce these errors information presented by countries in their br and accompanying ctf is not always consistent if countries report data on climate finance providedmobilised by recipient country data can be reaggregated to examine flows to different regional definitions if required others include projects where climate change is a consideration although not the main focus some countries apply a coefficient to funds that were used for an activity only partially focused on climate issues see annex b,13
+such health care services are integral to minimising the morbidity associated with such events this implies both financial access so that cost does not impose unnecessary barriers to care and physical access to ensure that care is timely and the health care system delivers high quality care the analysis in this report examines the pathways by which oecd countries deliver the programmes and services related to cvd and diabetes namely health promotion public health primary care and acute care,3
+they remained relatively stable during most of the s before declining abruptly in and largely due to the collapse of pelagic fisheries in the black sea in the black sea landings have varied considerably from one year to the next since showing a generally increasing trend in the total reported landings in the black sea were tonnes this value is slightly higher percent than the catches in but remains percent lower than the average over the period reported in somfi,14
+the results suggest that it would be wrong to propose the same policy options to all countries as the sensitivity of the poverty rate depends on its initial level and the degree of inequality this being so we can conclude that the high inequality and tow initial development level of most brazilian states are impediments to alleviating poverty by improving incomes the same is true of the interaction between the inequality variable and its initial level thus the effect of the change in inequality on poverty reduction is smaller when the initial development level is low or when the initial inequality level is high in other words a decline in income inequality may be less effective at decreasing poverty in regions that suffer from a low initial development level high initial inequality or both,1
+to assist with the cost of their studies the government has also recently announced that quota students will receive a stipend of brl per month souza bolsa permanencia stayingon scholarship rising to brl per month for indigenous and quilombolcr students the states of rio de janeiro and bahia have previously introduced quota systems an evaluation of one such scheme at the university of brasilia francis and tannuripianto found that it raised the proportion of black students at the university and that the displacing students were from lower socioeconomic status families on average one of the key issues is that the brazilian higher education system is highly regressive free highly selective public universities are attended primarily by richer students while poorer students are forced to attend feecharging private institutions,4
+acute multidimensional poverty index a new index for developing countries oxford poverty human development initiative ohpi working paper no international monetary fund staff position note the contradictions in global poverty numbers global poverty millennium development goals development developing countries foreign aid,1
+for many this means deferring or giving up on personal investment in education additionally while wartime economies may provide job opportunities for some for most the uncertainty of wartime violence undermines any efforts to secure work or to start building a career wartime economies provide young people with work as soldiers and spies as guards and carriers of ammunition and as cleaners and cooks in military camps young people are often forcibly recruited into armed groups,8
+it can also involve measures to protect pension rights after women are divorced or widowed compensating forthe costs that the distribution of unpaid work in family arrangements can have on their pension entitlements this involves promoting pension schemes that pool longevity risks between women and men and avoid punishing those who lives longer it also involves establishing regular indexation mechanisms for pension benefits to avoid the loss of purchasing power with age which makes women suffer more due to their longevity,5
+this national partnership between the ministry of education and the main stakeholders and municipalitiescounties aims to increase the quality and status of the teaching profession teacher education and school leadership a yearly teacher recruitment campaign is an important part of gnist another initiative is the development of national guidelines for differentiated primary and lower secondary teacher education programmes for years and years and to support implementation of the new teacher education reform furthermore a national fouryear programme to improve formative assessment at the school level assessment for learning is already showing positive results,4
+they are not allowed to subcontract these services to specialised firms the drinking water management system leaves the communes with the choice of relying on their own water supply sources this is the case for of the communes in luxembourg of relying through the communal syndicates on water from the eschsursure syndicate sebes or of having a mixed arrangement four intercommunal syndicates and luxembourg city are members of sebes and deliver drinking water abstracted from the eschsursure reservoir for sewage there are syndicates each covering several communes some communes manage their sewer networks and treatment plants on their own,6
+it focuses on exploring key drivers for and obstacles to renewable energy integration in mining and possible approaches to accelerating this energy transition the paper is structured as follows section provides an account of the key factors contributing to the business case for renewables in mining and main obstacles that persist section offers an analysis of the existing business models the associated challenges and emerging solutions section concludes by providing policy recommendations to the governments seeking to promote the energy transition of their mining industry and the synergistic development of the domestic renewable energy sector thereby contributing to the achievement of the sdgs and the objectives of the paris agreement,7
+promoting initiatives for and encouraging investment in subregional energy connectivity including those focused on crossborder infrastructure development and considering possible ways to develop a subregional power network and supply system to strengthen subregional cooperation and interdependence working together to create joint information resources and knowledge sharing systems on legal and regulatory frameworks public participation financial mechanisms publicprivate partnerships and successful projects aimed at promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy development in the subregion encouraging the development and implementation of joint hydropower projects for electricity generation to facilitate grid connectivity and trade in energy strengthening subregional and intersubregional cooperation towards developing harmonized crossborder energy infrastructure for example within the electric power council of the commonwealth of independent states and the casa project and supporting the continuation of bilateral and regional consultations on this matter,7
+this includes creating feeding breeding and sheltering sites in green grey and blue areas establishing parks and gardens is a common tactic but activities can also include creating green roofs walls facades and balconies but urban biodiversity has become a sustainability indicator and the importance of urban green governance is increasingly apparent,11
+fighting poverty hunger and malnutrition with neglected and underutilized species nus needs challenges and the way forward yield trends are insufficient to double global crop production by genetic vulnerability and crop loss the case for research on underutilized and alternative crops mathematical sciences with multidisciplinary applications pp,2
+the islands in the aland archipelago are overgrown with vegetation and less people are at sea except during the summer vacation these conclude that grey seal and harbor seal are increasing in numbers while ringed seal populations in the gulf of finland are decreasing and currently only represented by around animals helcom b assessments of ringed seal populations in the bothnian bay show a large increase from estimates of seals in the mid s harkonen et al,15
+regardless of these particular perspectives scholars agree on the importance of technological change in historical energy transitions and on future scenarios of energy system transformation grubler nakicenovic et al these challenges of a future sustainable energy transition will require substantive innovation and technological change across all regions particularly in developing countries the overriding question for developing countries is how to move from this historical pattern to an integrated concurrent approach dictated by the sheer magnitude of numbers as well as energy access and climate stabilization objectives metz et al,7
+this is due in the main to sedimentation pollution and overfishing these practices have now spread to the high seas where if left unchecked are likely to result in the commercial extinction of a significant number of fish species including many that are crucial for the sustenance of millions of people the european commission estimates that for stocks with sufficient data for assessment per cent are exploited unsustainably with per cent outside of safe biological limits a review of stocks managed by regional fisheries management organisations rfmos found that per cent were overexploited or collapsed,14
+this trend may reflect in part the effects of technological change and globalisation which have raised demand for highly educated workers and changed the nature of skills needed in the workplace riddell canada currently leads the oecd with the highest proportion of adults aged that have completed tertiary education at compared to for the oecd average oecd a this share rises to for the cohort of yearolds exceeded only by korea however this ranking reflects a remarkably high community college attainment rate at canada boasts the highest share of adults with a college tertiarytype b education versus the oecd average of figure panel a,4
+realizing their full potential will depend on the availability of reliable fixed and mobile broadband connectivity in order to achieve this objective every algorithm needs to be tailored carefully to existing data and the objectives pursued this requires considerable human expertise in machine learning and large datasets to train algorithms,9
+for irrigation purposes the volume of water made available by these concessions depends on perhectare quotas and available water resources and so are variable over time the initial water allocation is hence based on the basis of historically determined water rights and irrigated surface economic criteria do not play an important role although there is some limited scope for changing the initial assignment of water rights through trading see below effects which are external to the trading partners occur for example as a result of alterations in river flows and the relatively high cost and lack of transport infrastructure limits the scope for trade,6
+the project collected information on existing mental health and wellbeing indicators and information systems and on this basis selected a set of mental health indicators for integration into a comprehensive health monitoring system in europe these indicators are listed in table health care quality indicators these challenges include the difficulty of collecting data for even relatively simple indicators the reported indicator data may be related to different years for different countries the differential ability of countries to track patients after hospital admissions which is related to the presence or absence of upis the lack of risk adjustment deficiencies in relation to validity testing and exhaustive and exclusive data specifications and the inability to avoid choosing indicators for quality benchmarking that reflect the data source that is available rather than optimal measures of quality of care,3
+map demonstrates the extent of the rural settlements shrinkage in the period the census showed that rural settlements had lost population statistics for the period from the beginning of to the beginning of show a decrease in the rural population of per cent from to,11
+it should be noted that many of these programs support basic science that is not applied to a specific fisheries and that all project reports are available to the public the entire sk grants program is listed under general services because practically all of these grants are awarded to support basic scientific and management missions fisheries infrastructure including the construction maintenance and modernisation of fishing ports and landings facilities is funded by many federal and local agencies such as the army corps of engineers and various port authority and other local public works agencies these transfers to fisheries infrastructure were not calculated and are therefore not included in this submission,14
+centres of excellence in indonesia also offer good examples of facilitating dialogue between tvet institutions and industries these developments echo the case of the united states where employerdriven training boards the workforce investment boards was introduced about twenty years ago the lesson from these experiences is that substantive leadership by employers as stakeholders investors and consumers is important irrespective of the governance structures in place trained participants bring the new knowledge obtained from each session back to their company where they are expected to discuss action plans,8
+in dynamic texts typically only a fraction of the available text can be seen at any one time and often the extent of text available is unknown mathematics understanding mathematics is central to a young person s preparedness for life in modern society a growing proportion of problems and situations encountered in daily life including professional contexts require some level of understanding of mathematics mathematical reasoning and mathematical tools,4
+in this chapter we review some of the nordic experiences of marketbased fisheries management seen from a social perspective fisheries management is related to the biological and economic management of fisheries but also have various implications for different social groups social relations and for individual career patterns in particular marketbased fisheries management has been implemented in many ways and with very different objectives in the nordic countries,14
+in doing so they relatively reduce the c price thereby diminishing the advantage given by the instauration of the ets to the lower carbonemitting technologies among electricity production technologies from fossil fuels this benefits the more emissionintensive technologies there is at present nothing to force the fossil fuel producers to increase their output and keep total emissions constant they might do so for economic reasons but they might as well save allowances and sell them to other entities whose emissions are covered by the ets for example in other industrial sectors,7
+it would be preferable to increase the addon payments for difficult cases to progressively eliminate these disparities as drg payments could allow only a partial reduction of the heterogeneity of patients across establishments milcent a veran they may also give incentives to optimise the reporting of activity and overstate the difficulties of each patient in france drg groups capture less than half of patients heterogeneity milcent b and upcoding ie deliberately overstating the casemix appears significant as in the united states milcent a and b dafny moreover as in primary care the payment structure provides little incentive for prevention and coordination between care providers,3
+the oecd average has also declined over this period denmark norway and sweden have had scores around the oecd average while the icelandic results have declined and are now significantly below the oecd average strengthening of goals for knowledge and skills also led to changes in pupilsassessment,4
+the periodic review largely drew on information outside the unfccc making use of a structured expert dialogue technical workshops and meetings for open and substantive discussions between fccc delegates and external experts the structured expert dialogue concluded among other things that already climate change impacts are hitting home and the guardrail concept in which up to c of warming is considered safe is inadequate and would therefore be better seen as an upper limit a defence line that needs to be stringently defended while less warming would be preferable unfccc e the emphasis on national inventory reports in the enhanced transparency framework is important for filling what is currently a major information gap and providing a sound basis for tracking progress towards a diverse range of ndcs,13
+as with shared bicycles they can be stationbased or freefloating in both instances data is generated and logged in order to manage payment and system operation some systems share this data through apis that offer some level of integration with thirdparty service providers in some instances carsharing may be bundled with other mobility services eg agreements between mobility car sharing and the swiss federal railways,11
+another reason for having fewer women than men in decisionmaking roles in danish media companies as rikke andreassen points out is that many of those in leadership positions are recruited from the maledominated home affairs section of the newsrooms many private and public companies including dr signed it voluntarily the initiative meant that the companies should create a strategy for how to get more women into decisionmaking positions and how to establish gendersensitive workplaces and gender inclusive recruitment structures andreassen,5
+in the philippines the central bank redefined real estate activities to lessen the bank s exposure to the sector in indonesia a more stringent rule on down payments was announced in mid to slow credit growth for the purchase of housing and automobiles similarly in malaysia asset price buildups in certain sectors have been dealt with by using macroprudential measures rather than changes in the policy rate in this regard low interest rates helped not only to sustain the growth of bank loans but also to slow potential capital inflows,8
+as a result learning through international benchmarking and cooperation has become more important for example the oecd and unesco have been active in this area since the s and the european commission has considerably expanded its support for sti policy making since the s first the necessary absorptive capacity is often missing or underdeveloped,9
+the learning areas that receive most focus in official curricula particularly in countries where child assessments are used shortly after entry into primary school are literacy and numeracy countries in the social pedagogy tradition do not exclude emergent literacy and numeracy but seek to maintain an open and holistic curriculum until children enter school and sometimes well into the early classes of primary school on the other hand countries in which early education has been part of or closely associated with primary school tend to privilege readiness for school and a more academic approach to curriculum and methodology it can ensure more even quality levels across provisions and age groups contributing to a more equitable system,4
+while the chapter is split into subsections depending on the type of policy instrument in reality a policy mix is required for effective outcomes for example information instruments are required for determining the maximum nutrient load a catchment can sustain before certain water quality indicators are breached stakeholder engagement is necessary to determine the acceptable risks and desired water outcomes at the local level regulatory nutrient pollution allowances are required for diffuse pollution before markets can be established to achieve economic efficiency and compensations may be required to improve equity outcomes and stakeholder agreement this system implemented by the water agencies involves stakeholders at basin level working together in basin committees to determine the size of charges to levy within statutory national limits,6
+the age of the vertisol is estimated as less than years and this vertisol is fertile because a balance between soil erosion and soil creation is maintained excessive erosion removes the topsoil causing desertification but where soil erosion is much less than soil creation over the long term it eluviates and dissipates soil nutrients forming aged soils oxisols under the rainfall categorization it is primarily part of region iv annual aridity index of or more and summer aridity index of or more and has made the development of north europeantype agriculture possible,2
+in this regard a conspicuous weakness of the qich framework is that it does not currently include quality measures for copd chf smoking status and related measures to incentivise preventive action around quitting smoking primary care professionals should be more active generally in health promotion disease prevention and encouraging healthy lifestyles smoking cessation in particular primary care services operate in a wider health care context and it is imperative for governmentrun public health and prevention services to complement these efforts by strengthening the focus on risk factor modification and promoting health literacy while qich is a qualitymonitoring programme for primary care that many countries could leam from and emulate it can be further developed over time exploiting the potential offered by the use of emrs in primary care,3
+however while marketincome inequality continued to rise after the mid s much of the stabilising effect of taxes and benefits on household income inequality declined figure cash redistribution relies on three instruments benefits income taxes and social security contributions overall the redistribution trends were driven chiefly by benefits or to be more precise by changes in their receipt patterns and generosity changes in the numbers of unemployed and reforms to benefit eligibility criteria appear to have been particularly important factors whereas benefit targeting seems to have played less of a role,10
+in general this ratio tends to be higher in less developed countries reflecting the fact that the median wage earner is relatively lowpaid chapter in about of employees were earning the minimum wage down from above in a level close to that in france slightly above latvia and much higher than in estonia after some decrease in that share increased again in reaching about of fulltime employees but minimum wages can also come with efficiency loss if set at a level that keep workers away from employment which might especially be the case in labourintensive industries competing in international markets in general minimum wage studies on central eastern and southeastern european countries tend to find some disemployment effects although strong conclusions cannot be drawn raei etal,8
+although it is to be expected that changes in per capita gdp and average income will tend to move together as shown in the surveys it is important to remember that these variables relate to different concepts also there are methodological differences that can widen discrepancies such as the type of income flows that are actually measured and geographic coverage some surveys cover only urban areas to name only the most important shortcomings to accomplish this the lowerincome household group was analysed a predominant pattern emerges across the episodes analysed this group s income declined more than that of the total group of households,1
+still one limitation in producing gender statistics persists sex is often used as only one of the breakdown variables for the data presented as explained in chapter i and shown in chapter ii gender statistics and a meaningful gender analysis commonly require disaggregation by sex and other characteristics at the same time for example gender segregation in the labour market is partially determined by the gender gap in education therefore data on occupations should be further disaggregated by the level of educational attainment,5
+as seen throughout this chapter the assignment of roles based on unequal power relationships and the unfair social organization of care have strong implications for gender inequality between men and women between women of different socioeconomic groups and between territories bidegain ponte in particular it underscores timeuse surveys as a key instrument for generating data that would serve as inputs for public policies aiming to significantly improve the measures adopted to guarantee womens right and autonomy eclac these data also serve as inputs to calculate the economic value of unpaid work and show that through domestic and care work women finance and sustain national economies and often subsidize limited social policies in this area bidegain ponte,5
+generally quotas for women require that women constitute a certain number or percentage of a body such as a candidate list or a parliamentary assembly at present at least countries apply an electoral gender quota of some kind for the lower or single chamber of their national parliaments of these countries have reserved seats for women in the lower or single chamber of parliament have legislated candidate quotas and have voluntary political party quotas table,5
+pointing in the same direction there is also evidence that a positive association exists in oecd countries between the share of social transfers in people s income in old age and the level of old age poverty ilo fig women s poverty rate at older ages is higher than men s in most eu countries the figures also tail to include other crucial elements of wellbeing particularly access to housing healthcare and other social services elderly home care for instance these services can be particularly important for older women who as previously noted live longer than men on average and are therefore more likely to become widows live alone greater housing costs and lack care assistance by cohabiting members of family greater need for elderly care services,5
+since womens empowerment is usually considered as a way to achieve gender equality the two terms accompany each other in most development literature regarding women notably mdg a great number of existing researches have addressed the issue of gender digital divide however the findings of this study revealed that it is compounded by the significant lack of genderdisaggregated ict statistics at national regional and international level which hiders the national policy makers to adequately capture the patterns of ict access and use by women and to develop relevant policy alternatives,5
+in the case of women the pattern is reversed with currently married women having the lowest participation rates as a good percentage of them tend to be homemakers instead of in the labour market widowed divorced women however are compelled to get into the labour force for their survival and thus have the highest rates of lfprs the decline in the lfprs of women between and was the highest among currently married women thereare significant variations in the pattern of womens lfprs due to changes in age and marital status,5
+the law regulates breeding protection hunting and use of game and its parts amendments have provided for increased numbers of wild animal species game to acquire the status of permanently protected wild species the effect of implementing the amendments of the law of hunting in has been positive,15
+the european energy efficiency fund is a publicprivate partnership dedicated to provide funding for energy efficiency measures and renewable energy sources for member states of the european union the uk green investment bank was created in to generate private funds for the financing of private sector in vestments in energy efficiency and environmental preservation more generally a joint international finance corporation ifc and gef initiative ceef provide guarantees of up to of the loss from loan defaults to energy efficiency investments in eastern europe,7
+this has happened while they have maintained and actually increased their share of the total economywide value added in the nordic countries see figure this has mainly happened because of two reasons firstly the paper industry is producing a different mix of products today as production of for instance printing paper is declining because of reduced demand and production of cardboard is increasing the change has on average decreased the average energy intensity of the products secondly the paper industry has invested heavily in energy efficiency,7
+in of procurement funds were used in this manner conabpaa a significant share of paa procured supplies in is used for the school meal programme in the national school meal program pnae required public schools to allocate at least of food expenditures to direct purchases from family farmers since under the brazil without extreme poverty plan paa procurement is specifically targeted to the million persons living in extreme poverty with monthly income below brl in nearly paa suppliers or fell within this category the national program for biodiesel production and use pnpb which contains special provisions for family farmers was launched by the brazilian government in,2
+since the importation of an extensive range of processed agricultural products has been limited to registered importers only who become registered by submitting among other things a oneyear import plan similar controls were put on live animals and animal products in quantitative limits on beef imports are imposed as part of the suite of measures introduced for the purposes of achieving selfsufficiency in beef by,2
+a principal challenge for the wto as well as for its members is to adjust to new realities in order to achieve its goals in an increasingly uncertain global environment while agriculture and food security are important subthemes of this session the speakers also addressed problems and possible solutions in a broader context the influence of the changing global environment were addressed the challenges brought about as a result of natural crises both in terms of the climate and of disease price shocks food to fuel switches and price volatility as well as financial and geopolitical events have changed the world dramatically even since the time of the marrakesh ministerial,2
+festivals and events of this type often provide opportunities to showcase sectors such as culture music gastronomy and the arts in addition the economic impact of urban tourism more generally can extend to surrounding rural areas through supply chains to meet growing demand for locally produced food wine arts and crafts it thus presents important economic benefits to rural areas and constitutes an increasingly important market segment providing significant opportunities for rural businesses to diversify income opportunities eg farm stays and participate in local supply chains,8
+the pedagogical approach networks are all able therefore to summarise a complex set of elements that together make up the overall approach these diverse elements embrace pedagogy and include a philosophy of what is important to address in learning and how to rectify certain shortcomings apparent in much of the mainstream schooling on offer in their systems that they are networks encourages this feature of coherence and an explicit approach needing to develop a set of cornerstones that can be shared with others,4
+moreover women suppliers have a unique understanding of the women s market and experience selling to other women which can benefit corporations in the near term building and maintaining a community of diverse suppliers increases ibm s opportunity to hear new ideas apply different approachesand gain access to additional solutions that respond to customer needs such collaboration helps ibm deliver innovation quality products and worldclass service to a growing global marketplace this is particularly true in the women s market,5
+comprehensive education until the end of lower secondary education allows temporary grouping of students by ability in core subjects such as mathematics or language the proportion of students enrolled in privately managed schools is above the oecd average while this can widen inequities policies to promote more balanced distribution are in place to ensure that students with low socioeconomic status have opportunities to attend their preferred school grade repetition is also largely used about one out of three students have repeated a grade at least once by age,4
+as elsewhere in south africa there is a high level of school failure about youth to years age cohort are outside education training and labour market the average household incomes are below the national average and feature deep racial inequalities only onethird of the working age population are in formal employment,4
+the device also requires breath samples to be provided at random intervals to ensure that the driver has not consumed alcohol such devices have proven to be highly effective terer k and rbrown points can also be allocated in conjunction with a court disqualification where the court chooses to disqualify a person for less than six months demerit points remain active on a licence record for a period of two years from the date of the offence if or more demerit points are accumulated within any two year period a licence will be suspended for a period of three months the suspension period begins as soon as the demerit suspension notice is served on the driver by the transport agency or the police,11
+the sticking point appears to be how to ensure the environmental integrity of trade in carbon credits so as to avoid doublecounting by states negotiators will return to this issue at the next round of negotiations this delay will have implications for corsia which is the trading scheme that will be set up for aviation emissions carbon brief,13
+over percent of the population live in rural areas with farming livestock fisheries aquaculture and other natural resource sectors accounting for over percent of employment in the country about percent of gross domestic product and about percent of exports by value the global climate risk index ranks the country as number out of countries in terms of vulnerability to climate change longterm studies have also shown that the country is vulnerable to increased risks from climate change and climate change is increasing the impact of other shorter cycle natural hazards,13
+in addition districts with boundaries that had been identified by the communist government in were established as an intermediate administrative layer for national agencies in this process the city of prague retained its legacy urban centre administrative boundary that did not extend very much beyond its existing development perimeter and became a distinct district crucially the municipalities in the periurban land adjacent to prague were placed in two other districts prague east and prague west in central bohemia,11
+it is followed by japan india and the republic of korea in terms of diversification across markets china is again the leader followed in this case by japan india thailand and republic of korea many asiapacific economies especially least developed countries remained overly dependent on the export of just a few commodities for example many pacific island countries and territories export very limited numbers of products and to only a handful of markets,8
+while in principle afta is a preferential arrangement in practice its discriminatory elements are relatively minor since its rules of origin threshold is lower than most preferential agreements nevertheless the preferential tariff arrangements for asean and china have promoted a strong presence of fruit and vegetables from these countries in indonesia on january in response to pressure from farmers a specific tariff on rice and rice flour of idr kg usd tonne was introduced replacing a ad valorem rate this specific tariff was equivalent to an ad valorem rate of approximately using the average export price for broken rice from thailand for and an exchange rate of idr per usd,2
+she noted the g s recent commitment to find ways to reduce food price volatility while increasing agricultural productivity by per cent this session will examine how the international community can help meet these objectives he noted that trade distortions are concentrated in the agricultural sector,2
+these strategies must also expressly consider social and economic consequences and the distribution of impact across time and between stakeholders more specifically fisheries policy makers will need to consider the following fundamental questions when developing climate adaptation strategies what policy options are available how should decisions be made,14
+the chapter concludes with policy concerns and recommendations job creation does not respond to the same strategies everywhere and usually those places with little technological absorption and innovation capacity will have fewer opportunities for recovery the role of policy is therefore crucial to facilitate and accelerate sustainable pathways for local recovery this chapter discusses key issues for the recovery and illustrates with local initiatives how this recovery is being driven in the asian region a difficult task as global impacts affect both the private and the public sector and in many cases local institutions and stakeholders do not have the capacity or knowledge to propose policies and programmes for effective management of global issues such as the recent financial crisis or the impact of climate change demographic change and ageing of societies however several elements are within the reach of public policy i fostering the dynamics between skills and employment creating jobs through enterprise and infrastructure development and developing social protection schemes,8
+gas and electricity cannot be seen but they can be metered and supply can be turned off which makes it possible to trade them like other commodities furthermore there are physical markets that require delivery and offtake of gas and electricity and financial markets that exchange derivatives linked to the physical market trading energy derivatives brings in additional funds from investors for operations and longterm investment in the energy sector more recently carbon emission has been commoditized so it is becoming a policy instrument for lowering greenhouse gas emissions and when large investors participate in carbon emission trade there will be new capital for implementing zerocarbon energy capacity once liquefied trucks or ships with cryogenic or insulated tanks can transport it to places not connected by pipelines,7
+these activities are to be integrated into the citys master plan the development of a sustainable urban mobility plan considers specifically the launch of light rail transit to novopolotsk and the development of cycle lanes pedestrian paths parking and transport interchanges this project has led to the establishment of inforooms in six locations namely vileyka city the urbantype settlements zelva and zhelyudok and agrotowns motole rakov and vidonlya,11
+for example every second employer has no guideline on when to contact an occupational physician in case of sickness absence employer sanctions are frequent in one in five sickness absences longer than two years employers fail to meet their obligations and as a sanction have to continue sick pay at the same level for a third year for example it is important that the employment system and the employment service providers identify mental illness of jobseekers early on to prevent longterm unemployment and the sliding into disability benefit dependence,8
+it is a technical and consultative body in charge of ensuring adequate access to health care decreasing health inequalities and developing educational and prevention programme to promote public health it collaborates with regions to drive improvement in health care quality it is chaired by a president and is composed of nearly members having expertise in health care scientists physicians and other experts,3
+in it remained above the oecd average for yearolds with upper secondary or tertiary education but below the oecd average for those without upper secondary education the share of yearolds without upper secondary education and neither employed nor in education or training is more than double the oecd average improving youth outcomes requires policies to address skills needs and support transitions into the labour market such as creating stronger links to the labour market for youth,4
+despite the high employment rate of single mothers in japan and the relatively low cost of the child rearing allowance as compared to a full incomereplacement benefit the government in introduced a number of reforms to further limit expenditure these were motivated by continuing growth in the number of recipients after the number of child rearing allowance recipients increased further reaching in but the divorce rate which is a leading indicator for this benefit caseload started to fall chisa single mothers are one of the groups assisted by welfare offices in cooperation with hello work through the employment support programme see above chisa reports that as workrelated services the japanese government is urging local prefectures and cities to establish special job centers and job training benefits for single mothers,8
+this number includes funds provided via the mitchell act usc stat the mitchell act specifically directs establishment of salmon hatcheries file conduct of engineering and biological surveys and experiments and the installation of fish protective devices the major objective of this program has traditionally been to mitigate the negative effects of lost salmon habitat caused primarily by the building of dams for hydroelectric power and also by other factors such as agricultural runoffs logging and urban development over the years mitchell act hatchery production has changed to meet two other objectives first some hatchery production has shifted to areas above the bonneville dam in order to provide harvestable salmon under the columbia river treaty indian iyust second a portion of the hatcheiy production is being shifted to fulfil a conservation role in preserving endangered salmon stocks captive breed and supplementing their recovery,14
+at the heart of this is coagency the interactive mutually supportive relationships that help learners progress in this sense everyone should be considered a learner not only students but also teachers school managers parents and communities for a time massive open online courses known as moocs seemed to offer an attractive alternative to expensive instruction but completion rates for moocs have remained dismal,4
+and sometimes i think policy makers forget that data are not the plural of anecdote the results offer a snapshot of education systems at a certain moment in time but they do not they cannot show how the school systems got to that point or the institutions and organisations that might have helped or hindered progress in addition the data do not really say anything about cause and effect correlations are often deceptive if the birds sing when the sun rises and they do so day after day year after year and in many different places around the world it doesn t mean the sun rises because the birds sing that is one of the main limitations of international surveys and that is where other forms of analysis need to kick in that is also why pisa does not presume to tell countries what they should do,4
+contributing authors hakan tundn marie kvarnstrom hannele llvessalolax johnny berglund hansgoran lax tero mustonen anders hojgard petersen preben clausen jorgen ls hansen eva roth lars gamfeldt pia norling jan sorensen johanna roto susanne vavare michael koie poulsen habitat degradation eutrophication fishing and climate change are examples of drivers of change that affect nordic coastal habitats policy and governance are principal indirect drivers that both could lead to decline and deteriorations as well as improvements and recoveries of nordic marine environments such changes might lead to increased oxygen depletion in many areas leakage of nutrients changed trophic structures and spread of pathogens diaz rosenberg gregory et al,14
+the samoa energy sector plan set out a plan to deliver outcomes consistent with the sds with an overarching goal of increasing energy selfsufficiency a new energy sector plan has not yet been released the electricity act introduced key regulatory changes to allow the entry of private sector ipps and will contribute to the achievement of per cent renewable electricity generation once current projects are completed,7
+scope for the local selection of appraisal aspects and criteria in line with centralstate guidance that emphasise the importance of pedagogical leadership andor the collaborative setting of objectives at a local level may help make appraisal manageable and relevant for local contexts it may allow evaluators and school leaders to focus on priority areas relevant to a particular school and the leadership required in that context and analyse these in greater depth however considering the frequent combination of appraisal s functions for accountability and development it is essential that policies ensure that the necessary selection of appraisal aspects and criteria reflects these purposes and individual as well as school needs eg through the mandatory use of a range of reference standards and documents such as individual job descriptions and school development plans therefore it is also important that school leaders benefit from ongoing support to develop pedagogical leadership skills through highquality targeted and relevant professional development opportunities before being held accountable for pedagogical leadership,4
+the limited amount of information provided so far by the government on access to the naicm refers mostly to adjustments to road infrastructure and construction of toll roads public transport works planned include only extensions of two metrobus lines and connection to underground lines that currently operate over capacity the airport s planning process should acknowledge clear objectives to generate high shares of travel on public transport,11
+the selectivity of nis is quite high particularly for students applying for places in classes with kazakh language of instruction in about individuals applied for one of the places available in kazakh language of instruction for grade and individuals did so for one of the places in russian language of instruction which means that the acceptance rate for those studying in kazakh is much smaller than that of russian nis annual report fewer than of all applicants met the requirements for a merit scholarship the curriculum for nis was developed in collaboration with international partners,4
+the centre of the country minsk oblast is the most urbanized part while the western part brest and grodno oblasts has the lowest urbanization and per cent respectively grodno oblast has the lowest share in total urban population per cent mogilev brest and vitebsk oblasts have almost equal shares in the oblast structure of the country s urban settlements percent,11
+by it had dropped to which is below the oecd average and on par with germany belgium and italy oecd a in seeking to measure the impact of the health care system it is important to look at its impact on areas within its influence the oecd s health care quality indicators project measures specific health care outcomes in areas where the health services can make a major difference to life and morbidity outcomes,3
+among other things it involves the implementing party s unilateral judgment that the foreign party is not doing enough to price carbon embedded in traded goods it is not clear how the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities might be properly respected in the course of such a judgment in addition the choice of methodology for assessing the carbon content of a given imported product is not straightforward cosbey et al there is no consensus on the wto legality of bca most analysts conclude that the detailed design of the mechanism would be determinative cosbey et al the agreement does not involve consensus on the adequacy of each parties efforts in the same way that for example the kyoto protocol arguably did in its first commitment period there was no negotiation process that focused on the level of ambition of the various ndcs,13
+this effect also helped to lower poverty levels in a majority of the region s countries with the exceptions being the dominican republic honduras and panama it was the main factor underlying the reduction in poverty observed in bolivia brazil ecuador and uruguay indigents live in households where there are more children are less educated and have a higher unemployment rate than persons living in wealthier households,1
+while significant this is much smaller than the land requirements of coal mining technologies for the exploration and extraction of oil and gas are comparable there is soil erosion during well construction and preparing the well casing can sometimes cause leaks into the groundwater or surface indeed wastewater from all points upstream of generation can leak into ground or surface water,7
+scholarships and other grants to households amount to of public expenditure for tertiary education above the oecd average of two public universities in the lisbon region the university of lisbon universidade de lisboa and the technical university of lisbon universidade tdcnica de lisboa merged into a single institution the ministry provides student grants based on financial needs to limit the impact on student enrolment of current budget cuts due to the financial crisis,4
+however very few activities in the database have been tagged as climate relevant this finance is mostly directed towards climate change but also includes finance for other environmental issues eg biodiversity soil degradation the methodology used to track climate finance provided for adaptation differs both from the oecddac and mdb methodology,13
+given these assumptions starting from edf decided to implement a batch strategy with a cycle length reduced to equivalent full power days efpd with respect to the former batch and efpd strategy this change allowed for a reduction in the overall fuel cycle cost and for a better fuel utilisation however a few years later the forecast turned out to be inaccurate with energy demand rising unexpectedly and the nuclear park being at margins only for hours per year,7
+in sweden the government engaged fully in the promotion of the vision zero road safety concept which was introduced as early as by the swedish parliament two examples illustrate this point as emphasised by research from the korea transport institute koti the creation of an interministerial task force for safety under the prime minister and the reduction of child fatalities upon presidential instruction the task force was set up under the office for government policy coordination and formulated a key document entitled comprehensive safety management policies tasks which took stock of safety management activities scattered across ministries and laws at that point,11
+the gini coefficient for the african population has risen most sharply chapter finds that poverty levels have decreased only slightly over the period under review further impeding poverty reduction is the fact that labour force participation rates increased faster than the share of employed in the workingage population with a consequent increase in unemployment rates across all deciles,10
+a particular concern are rapidly rising rates of obesity bringing in their wake potentially devastating and costly diseases such as diabetes in addition a large proportion of the population continue to be informally employed where social safety nets are less well developed to meet this challenging constellation of circumstances mexico needs a health system that is responsive to people s changing needs capable of offering continuous personalised care proactive and preventive in orientation as well as being costeffective and sustainable sizeable investment in the publicly funded part of the health system has not always translated into better health outcomes,3
+agriculture production risks may also have different types of economic effects on producers market chain actors consumers of the concerned products and even other consumers if they impact the price of other commodities these impacts will often be less extreme the further from the maximum risk location hotspot and the longer after a shock if there is a shock but different types of impacts may also disturb this ripplelike effect a first tier of impacts mainly agriculture productionrelated encompasses direct effects in the targeted hotspot regions,6
+yet for most of the working young in africa this link is broken the concern with employment stems primarily from a concern for the material wellbeing of young people the assumption behind calling for jobs for africa s youth is that jobs are good and allow young people to make a living provide for their family and build a stable foundation for professional growth yet a closer look at most types of youth employment and employment in africa in general reveals that only a very few jobs meet these assumptions working poverty vulnerable employment and underemployment abound among africa s youth and across all occupations,8
+equity in education is achieved when personal or social circumstances such as gender ethnic origin or family background do not hinder achieving educational potential fairness and all individuals reach at least a basic minimum level of skills inclusion oecd a evidence shows that investing in equity should be a priority as it pays off for economies societies and individuals policies addressing inequities that arise from school failure and personal circumstances eg students background geographic inequalities etc,4
+such analysis identifies which skills are needed in each sector and how the social partners can jointly assess and provide them this ensures skills and quality apprenticeship programmes align best with the labour market and serve the needs of smes these attest that products and services meet defined requirements imposed by authorities or requested by buyers,9
+the service is also available ondemand for use in offpeak hours via an application the first fully electric and autonomous robotaxi on the market is now planned to be released in lyon in late to early industry actors riders and city planners will need to be involved in developing new urban policies in order to limit the usage of personal vehicles and to provide equally attractive alternative mobility options to passengers,11
+an analysis from british cohort studies bynner and parsons found that once people were aware of weaknesses in their basic skills they tended to be interested in improving these this is in line w ith an earlier study of further education fe students basic skills agency which found that a major barrier to taking up basic skills support was that many people did not know that basic skills were essential to the successful completion of their course conversely some of those who know they have literacy and numeracy problems are reluctant to admit it,4
+this project is developed in partnership with the china railway international group and it is relevant to the advancement of sdgs and the project entails provision of educational tablets and multifunction printers and recruitment of ict officers for all the primary schools the fund has further subsidized public telecommunication operators to provide broadband internet connectivity at a minimum of mbps per school,9
+this may require a fundamental adjustment in how the role of energy efficiency policy is viewed generally the view of energy efficiency needs to evolve so that it not seen as a policy approach solely driven by energy ministries to manage societys energy usage but also as a complementary policy approach to achieving policy goals of other ministries requiring collaboration across government departments it will be necessary to communicate the broader rationale for energy efficiency policy sufficiently to encourage this view,7
+measures envisaged under priority axis are aimed at providing resistance to disasters prevention of risk to human health and the environment and mitigation of the consequences of floods the implementation of some of the measures of priority axis natura and biodiversity will also contribute to adaptation to climate change it offers industrial companies loans of up to billion leva and grants of up to per cent of energy efficiency investments in chp generation optimization of processes reconstruction of energy infrastructures or renewable energy projects,13
+the system also provides specific programmes aimed at preventing dropout through the development of socioemotional skills programme to support school retention and the skills for life programme this is particularly important as previous evidence shows that programmes that develop life skills are effective at preventing school dropout especially among vulnerable children and youth there is evidence showing that the provision of significant resources to vulnerable populations has been highly beneficial first guidance on effective ways to use additional resources for meeting the needs of disadvantaged students is limited,4
+this can lead to the disabled child effectively being internally excluded from learning and may often lead to the child dropping out this can be a particularly strong pressure where national curricula and assessment policies are too rigid competitive and do not allow for flexibility and collaborative working the external requirements placed on schools by government should be addressed by curriculum and assessment reform the brac informal schools in bangladesh have recently demonstrated that where teachers are trained in childfriendly methods and in how to accommodate girls and disabled children there is a lower dropout rate for both groups before transfer to lower secondary state school than in state primary schools,4
+similar results arise with the nopo decomposition most of the motherhood wage penalty in the informal sector is unexplained and when we add more characteristics to the match it is greater than the actual gap a and a their vulnerability is observed not only in their wages which are lower than formalsector women s but also in a motherhood wage penalty that rises with the number of children and is greatest when children are young institutional labour market rules thus appear to be a crucial determinant of wages for women in buenos aires,5
+prior to zoning revisions required by state planning laws adopted in comprehensive land use planning coordination act oregon and growth management act washington residential zoning in the suburbs set large minimum sizes for new subdivisions as late as the average minimum size for a new residential subdivision lot in the metro urban growth boundary outside the downtown portland area was ft ketcham et al a number of suburban cities in the region prohibited apartments instead of requiring a connected system of streets in new subdivisions cities allowed developers to establish culdesac communities that funnelled auto trips onto state highways residential development was haphazard and uncoordinated led by private developers rather than by public investment,11
+on the other hand skr m will also support the implementation of the highspeed broadband and suburban broadband projects by providing huge backhaul capacity to bring back the traffic from sabah and sarawak to peninsular malaysia and internationally these are among the steps the government undertakes to ensure that no segment of the community is left behind in order to improve the socioeconomic situation through ict and the digital economy it is the expansion of the electronic government network egnet which was initiated in as malaysia was embarking on building the multimedia super corridor in line with its national vision,9
+despite this considerable uncertainty still remains over i which policies work best in delivering safe effective health care that provides a good patient experience and ii which qualityimprovement strategies can help deliver the best care at the least cost the findings presented in this synthesis report were assembled through a systematic review of the policies and institutions described in each oecd health care quality review to identify common challenges responses and leadingedge practices this material was complemented by oecd health statistics and other oecd reports where appropriate governments should encourage and where appropriate require health care systems and health care providers to be open about the effectiveness safety and patientcentredness of care they provide,3
+in the spirit of sdgs such policies should be adopted and evaluated through a gender equity lens public investment can be a tool to achieve full employment promoting womens livelihoods while also reducing gender com petition over sea rce jobs u n women public investment typically stimulates employment as businesses hire more workers to meet increased aggregate demand when well targeted public investment not only promotes capabilities accumulation and reduces vulnerability but it also builds resilience undp,5
+hazardous drinking in young adults is a way of socializing drinking alcohol is often seen as the standard way of fitting in with peers for the younger generations surrounded by alcohol offers eg multiple delivery points price offers new products the pursuit of excessive alcohol consumption has become part of a normal experience of young adulthood seaman and ikegwuonu besides younger generations have different motivations for drinking and different patterns of drinking compared to older generations such as abusing of spirits for the puipose of getting drunk rapidly in order to unwind and have fun pabst et al,3
+reflection that goes beyond a parity focus will be necessary if the organization is to arrive at a more complete picture of the power relationships and gender dynamics at play the data from the annual global staff surveys consistently show that there are gaps between men s and women s experiences with respect to empowerment professional growth openness fairness respect worklife balance and office management gender parity is generally reported at the aggregate level at both the regional and headquarters levels which may obscure a more differentiated picture of the situation in individual country offices and units although undp has a historically close and often collaborative relationship with unwomen that has matured as unwomen has reorganized its organizational footprint globally there is room for further clarification of partnership arrangements,5
+for each of the nap s priority sectors the united kingdom then assesses whether there is a policy in place to address the sector s key climate risk which may or may not be listed in the nap and provides an assessment of this policy s implementation as well as an evaluation of whether action to date has contributed to reducing the sector s vulnerability to climate change figure outputbased indicators capture the implementation of adaptation policies and show that governments and other stakeholders have kept word but they do not show if vulnerability has been reduced a nationallevel adaptation framework is important as national governments play an essential role in facilitating adaptation through agenda setting planning and budgeting cimato and mullan,13
+following patients through different health and health care events often requires the linkage of patient records across databases record linkage involves linking two or more databases using a unique patient identifier in countries had national data containing identify ing information that could be used for record linkage for hospital inpatient data for example oecd c only australia germany poland and the united states did not report a unique identifying number within their national hospitalisation databases,3
+while these problems affected the efficiency and effectiveness of roadbased public transportation eg requiring passengers to transfer more often between feeder buses trunk buses and the metro they also affected the overall public transport system including the metro transantiago s initial design and service deficiencies dramatically increased demand for and use of the metro system from to the number of passengers using the metro practically doubled generating major congestion and service problems,11
+many developing countries increasingly recognize that social protection measures are needed to relieve the immediate deprivation of people living in poverty and to prevent others from falling into poverty when a crisis strikes social protection can also help recipients become more productive by enabling them to manage risks build assets and undertake more rewarding activities these benefits spread beyond the immediate recipients to their communities and the broader economy as recipients purchase food agricultural inputs and other rural goods and services in most low and middleincome countries agriculture remains the largest employer of the poor and is a major source of livelihoods through wage labour and own production for household consumption and the market,1
+see also references in this chapter to rehabilitation and supported employment this subsection discusses these subsidies as well as giants paid to individuals who start a business on a selfemployed basis subsidies amount to jpy to jpy per half year and may last for up to to years depending on the target group table shows that the use of this type of subsidies decreased between fy and fy,8
+in the case of jicas financing scheme for energy savings projects in india for example a loan to the small industries and development bank of india sidbi supports micro small and mediumsized enterprises msmes investments in environmental improvements and energy efficiency one example is the swedish leadership for sustainable development platform through which sida the swedish development cooperation agency facilitates a network of swedish companies that meet regularly in sweden to discuss opportunities to promote global leadership in addressing sustainability issues the focus of private sector approaches has been unsurprisingly mostly in upper middle income countries and in sectors where there is a clear business case and potential for returns ie renewable energy and to a smaller extent energy efficiency the analysis of climate related development finance in in this paper shows that the majority of development cooperation support went to projects in middle income countries and was deployed toward climate change mitigation around supporting activities in the energy sector such as the development of renewable energy projects,13
+as such a usd trillion investment gap exists which would need to be addressed decarbonising the power sector in this manner will require switching from traditional fossilfuel plants to a mix of renewables nuclear and fossilfuel plants equipped with ccs the investment requirements rise rapidly between to,7
+however gaps remain in data collection and in unfccc reporting and review provisions table particularly for mobilised private climate finance mandatory reporting requirements for climate finance provided have been extended from annex ii to developed countries review of climate finance provided will also extend to developed countries rather than just annex ii countries as at present as well as to other countries if they report this information voluntarily it is unclear from the paris agreement whether review of mandatory information on climate finance mobilised by developed countries is within the transparency framework as this is not mentioned,13
+workbased learning in vocational education and training project plan the dynamics of employment growth new evidence from countries shortterm labour market outlook and key challenges in g countries addressing employment labour market and social protection challenges in g countries key measures since state of the nation report better skills best tourism,8
+in botswana for instance the ministry of health moh recorded that the percentage of yearold attendees to anc who were hiv infected declined from per cent in to per cent in a decline of about per cent between and has been observed among pregnant women moh in particular the prevalence among the age group to years has declined from per cent in to in moh,3
+governments play a critical role in creating the right conditions for empowering women and enabling their access to opportunities across sectors from health and education to employment and business development yet governments cannot do it alone other players such as civil society women s movements the private sector and citizens should actively participate in the decisionmaking process for generating inclusive policies and services,5
+for example a large number of theoretical and empirical studies have pointed to the substantial positive impacts of infrastructure development on economic growth united nations studies have found a unidirectional causality from infrastructure to output growth from to sahoo dash and nataraj additionally a longterm positive impact on economic growth may be obtained by investments in power and telecommunications egert kozluk and sutherland investing in infrastructure also has a multiplier effect as it stimulates other capital investment including in the private sector resulting in further economywide productivity growth and a subsequent improvement of social development in particular by increasing investment infrastructure development contributes to improved mechanisms for reducing ruralurban development gaps it also boosts jobs and raises real wages furthermore a greater focus on social infrastructure investment can enhance access to basic social services especially for the most marginalized and vulnerable groups of communities,9
+more specifically discriminatory social institutions in origin countries may influence womens decision to emigrate in two ways on one hand they can be an additional determinant of emigration stemming from womens need to escape genderspedfic discrimination for example women may migrate to escape sexual violence and abuse single women widows and divorcees may migrate to escape sotial stigma or girls may migrate to escape restrictions on their freedom pressure to marry or to remain chaste until marriage jolly and reeves there is evidence from southeast asia of women migrating in order to escape from involuntary marriages lam and hoang,5
+a major change at the municipal and provincial level is the adoption of one plan for the entire territory that will incorporate all applicable zoning regulations and pertinent administrative laws all existing zoning plans will be transferred to the environmental plan and local governments will have a period of ten years to transform them it is anticipated that some areas will have a high degree of protection such as heritage sites while others will have far fewer rules and constraints and be more open to experimental uses and spaces,11
+the precise strategies to attain such an objective are contingent on each country s power generation mix and other structural features in general though the overarching objective should be to enhance intersectoral linkages and create the conditions for scaling up modern energy provision without exacerbating import dependence for instance by establishing adequate refining capacities in fuelproducing ldcs or promoting the sustainable production of bioenergy from local agricultural inputs similarly the processing and distribution of modern fuels for cooking eg gas canisters can provide major opportunities in this area,7
+the paper then addresses the integration of monetary child poverty and multidimensional deprivation analysis and offers concluding remarks on analysing child poverty and deprivation the various applications of moda can be found on wwwunicefircorgmoda that is also clear from the early definition of rowntree who defined poverty as not having the financial resources necessary to support a person at the subsistence level of food shelter clothing and other necessities the distinction between poor and nonpoor in turn is based on a definition of the dimensions eg nutrition clothes shelter and other necessities relevant to subsistence and the resources measured in a moneymetric form needed to pay for the minimum quantity of each of the dimensions,1
+a broader analysis of the financial sector in myanmar can be found in chapter on financial sector development while agriculture employs up to of the workforce only of the volume of formal bank loans is extended to the agricultural sector although its lending has increased in recent years it provides only shortterm seasonal loans that cover a limited share of the production costs and continues to prioritise rice farmers other formal lenders have been unable to fill the gap,2
+in the united republic of tanzania the southern agricultural corridor land use dialogue sagcot takes an integrated approach to managing agricultural and wooded landscapes thereby potentially contributing to sdgs and these case studies illustrate the benefits of a landscapescale approach to integrating forestry agriculture and other goals such as watershed management and climate resilience however the case studies such as those from nepal and the united republic of tanzania also highlight the potential difficulties of reconciling a broad landscapescale approach with a fully decentralized one that empowers local communities and villages as well as the need to overcome these difficulties through cooperation between community groups and authorities operating on a landscape scale,15
+dans le cours de cette etude les comparaisons sont realisees entre l efp et la formation academique a niveau d education equivalent ainsi les resultats de la premiere option e option sont compares a ceux de la deuxieme option e option selon les objectifs poursuivis d autres comparaisons sont possibles et pourraient dresser un tableau different par rapport a celui presente dans cette etude,4
+as a result existing studies on the economic impacts of a nuclear accident and a fortiori on the risk of nuclear can show differences of several orders of magnitude in terms of their outcomes most of the published work and quantitative analyses on this area have been carried out in the last decades at the psi in particular psi has been the main contributor to the comparative analysis of externalities due to severe accidents performed within the eu needs project new ext and secure which constitute to date the most comprehensive and detailed effort to characterise and quantify externalities in the energy sector,7
+the large number of different professions and specialisations that existed under soviet rule was drastically reduced and smaller singlesubject vocational schools merged into more comprehensive educational establishments oecd however at of gdp public and private expenditure on primary secondary and postsecondary nontertiary educational institutions in remains considerably below the oecd average of of gdp oecd a chart b section examines the policies to improve school attendance,4
+the difference compared to national estimates from canada france and the united kingdom is probably attributable to lower levels of direct service intervention ie mental health service provision in other countries which are likely to further inflate indirect costs of mental ill health crosssectoral cooperation in service delivery is a key aspect to effectively and efficiently supporting individuals with complex needs oecd b oecd though challenges exist this section discusses recent developments in mental health care towards an integrated community care approach in the general population and highlights the need for a multisectoral approach in addressing these individuals complex needs mental health is currently a policy priority in several oecd countries as shown in table oecd countries have ongoing nationallevel strategies or policies for mental health in the general population,3
+the hscb works to ensure the learnings from trends in incidence data and investigations with a regional application are effectively disseminated and there are mortality and morbidity meetings in each trusts to consider incidents and complaints changing the culture is northern irelands strategy and action plan for the prevention and control of healthcareassociated infections the leadership attributes framework was announced in november aims to assist knowledge building and leadership around quality improvement and safety,3
+it is not only a strong indicator of the health and wellbeing of children but also of the entire population the icpd programme of action set a target in to reduce the underfive mortality rate below deaths per live births by while considerable progress has been made in reducing child mortality since some recent data from the world health organization have suggested that of the eight mdgs goal reducing child mortality and goal improving maternal health are the two furthest from being achieved by world health organization b united nations b,3
+in registered unemployed people received such referrals at an average rate of per year ie about one every three months oecd c recently additional funding for disabled and older workers was announced and the system was expanded to include older freeters and dailydispatched workers see chapter webjapan oecd a and mhlw a job applicants may sometimes be called into the office for a preselection interview but in the majority of the cases they are referred without such interviews,8
+its core elements are comprehensive pricing of ghg emissions and increased support for the development and deployment of ghgemissionsreducing technologies the alternative regulatory approach would be more costly and unlikely to deliver the required scale of reductions in emissions to reduce the probability of severe climatechange impacts and costs occurring global ghg emissions need to be reduced substantially over coming decades,13
+singapore s exchange ratebased monetary policy tightened with the pace of appreciation increasing to restrain imported inflation at the same time macroprudential measures were augmented to cool down an increase in property prices which amounted to more than between and viet nam also maintained a generally tight monetary stance but some of the earlier stabilization measures were relaxed with the refinance and discount rates falling to and respectively by july from and at the end of,8
+this act is basically a modernisation of the raw fish act from the aquaculture act has a strong environmental profile while also promoting profitability and competitiveness in the aquaculture industry aquaculture activities are regulated by the food law the food law s purpose is to promote food safely animal health and animal welfare,14
+women with only compulsory schooling have a very high probability of having very low earnings at the age of and even among those that work earnings are very low second while getting some education beyond secondary school seems to pay off for men completing a nonprofessional university degree does not make any significant difference there is evidence of a somewhat greater return at this margin for women both in terms of employment and in terms of annual earnings some of these differences in labor market outcomes are likely to stem from the fact that men and women within these education categories are not in the same educational fields and hence face different labor markets,5
+relatively small percentages of men endorse these opinions in relation to women and their responses are often positive in their perception of female academics it is almost universally agreed that women are doing a good professional job and very few employees either male or female experience gross forms of bullying and harassment at work a certain convergence between the genders in some respects may indicate the erosion of binary gender hierarchies in the current policy environment,5
+in this review we identified the stream and river types that are disposed to hazardous floods we identified contemporary ecological restoration practices and evaluated their ability to mitigate hazardous floods downstream of restored areas we also discussed whether current restoration practices would work under the flow changes anticipated in the future initially we also wanted to study how restoration affected hydrology but concluded that poor access to relevant data made this impossible,15
+nearly of the projects focused on research to assess potential climate change impacts and adaptation options practical measures accounted for of the projects and the rest combined research and practical measures figure with regard to the natural environment there was a focus on the alpine region projects and activities related to flowing waters and urban areas yet most projects were not associated with any one particular natural environment,13
+the database is updated annually on the occasion of international women s day and its estimates are sourced from national timeuse surveys based on nationally representative samples of between and people for each of the categories only primary activities are taken into account while simultaneous or secondary activities are excluded to improve comparability across countries in ethiopia for example men spend almost twice as long on paid work or study than women while the opposite is true for unpaid care work,5
+no assurance can be given that adequate fish and shrimp resources will be available to the group licenses are granted for participation in commercial fisheries on a vessel by vessel basis the norwegian government sets annual catch limits quotas based on the research into the biomass for a given species,14
+in colombia disastrous floods in prompted immediate highlevel support in ethiopia political action is driven by the direct link between climate and economic development combined with the intention to become a sustainable development leader and the prospects of attracting international resources and investments but while it is an important precondition political leadership alone will not be sufficient to build climate resilience,13
+the second united nations conference on human settlements habitat ii istanbul turkey june was a key historical moment signaling a new pathway for longterm policy development a comprehensive vision and broad policy agendas previously endorsed by the new urban agenda and the global strategy for shelter were reaffirmed furthermore chapter of agenda introduced the idea of sustainable development in application to human settlements,11
+gender gaps exist for a wide range of agricultural technologies including machines and tools improved plant varieties and animal breeds fertilisers pest control measures and management techniques often technologies and tools have been adapted to men s tasks or to equipment used by men whilst women struggle with cultivation and harvesting using handheld tools world bank fao and ifad only of the extension personnel were female several new and participatory extension approaches have been developed and tested in the past decade in an effort to move away from a topdown model to more farmerdriven services the impact of agricultural extension services can be improved by working with the whole household rather than with individuals box agriculture support programme zambia farnworth a when both women s and men s work is explicitly recognised the entire farm is strengthened as a productive enterprise,5
+they proposed five strategies forest protection reforestation agricultural bestmanagement practices riparian restoration and forestfuel reduction each of which would be adapted to local circumstances they found that increasing the rate of adoption of bestmanagement practices on of watershed agricultural areas from which water is sourced in the largest cities would result in a sediment reduction in the water supply constituting the most costeffective option as shown in figure the same option is less costeffective than others when it comes to nutrient reduction also figure,6
+includes stem from ground level or stump height up to a top diameter of y cm and may also include branches to a minimum diameter of w cm the diameters used may vary by country generally the data refer to diameters of more than cm at breast height safe biological limits are the precautionary thresholds advocated by the ices,15
+the health sector support project helped to further develop disease surveillance and outbreak response capacities of the ministry of health and family welfare interventions include the renovation of primary schools procurement of learning materials awarenessraising regarding gbv and promotion of psychosocial wellbeing activities to overcome the shock of violence and forced resettlement in view of the high risk of disaster the renovation work will include physical measures to ensure safe learning environments for children,11
+however some doubts have been raised regarding the exogeneity of such instruments as they indeed appear to be associated with economic growth taylor sachs and warner klasen klasen uses the fertility rate in its growth and government spending on education to instrument gender gaps in education this paper assumes that this influence should operate with a lag,5
+for example in the latest assessment report inspectorate for transport and water management the flood defence managers regional water authorities and the rijkswaterstaat first reported their assessments to the province whereby the province would review these assessments based on this review the provinces then came to an independent judgement on the condition of the flood defences which they reported to the state secretary of the ministry of infrastructure and the environment it was agreed that for the assessment of the primary defences the central government directly supervises the rijkswaterstaat and the regional water authorities ie there is no longer a role for provinces and for the secondary defences provinces supervise regional water authorities see chapter,6
+in teachers salaries remained below those of other tertiaryeducated workers in most countries relative salaries for preprimary teachers are highest only in luxembourg where they are at least higher than those of similarly educated workers oecd education at a glance indicator d in this respect statutory working hours and the childtostaff ratio are two important systemlevel indicators to assess the quality of the school environment,4
+i told the secretary to come to my house and take my signature because i have so much to do in the house looking after kids household chores if i have to attend meetings i will have to have someone to do my chores in the urban sector it is for females and for males the total employment of women in the organised sector was per cent in women and men in india,5
+the dominant form is incremental particularly in developing countries the rise in incremental innovation in lowwage countries has contributed to increased exports of highquality and sophisticated manufactured goods puga and trefler some sectors are characterized by rapid change and radical innovations others by smaller incremental changes in hightech sectors research and development rd plays a central role in innovation whereas other sectors rely to a greater degree on the adoption of existing knowledge and technology,9
+recommended reforms to mexico s health system cont once the essential minimum of a national patient register is established the focus should then be on consolidation and interoperability of the various additional databases used by sp and the ss institutes it will also be crucial to ensure that the legal framework around data privacy supports record sharing whilst affording adequate safeguards,3
+some developed countries have already done so examples include the digital agenda for spain and australias gender equality and womens empowerment strategy yet the gender dimension in ictrelated strategies is less evident in the ldcs where the gap is more profound besides facing steep prices for internet access chapter the cost of purchasing an it enabled device represents another major cost for the consumer,9
+similarly to promote continuity of care and enable mexicans to more easily shift between insurers user health records and other relevant information should be easily transferable and accessible among providers regardless of scheme affiliation wider access to user information can also make other administrative barriers to unifying the system less complicated in the future as a result changes in employment can potentially lead to change in scheme affiliation around onethird of imss enrolees switch to seguro popular each year and vice versa for this reason,3
+financial resources for protected areas increased from pesos usd per hectare in to pesos in roughly pesos or usd per km figure shows total federal budget spending on protected areas from to an analysis by figueroa and sanchez cordero found that protected areas were effective barely effective and ineffective,15
+that is because there is a risk that policies can aggravate existing capacity problems and reduce the capability of the fisheries management system to effectively control effort and harvest a better approach may be to ensure that fishers are aware of and can access existing programs that are supportive of energy efficiency such as rd or investment credits and incentives in the tax code another option may be to make access to support policies contingent on fishers meeting a high standard of energy efficiency or participating in training or other programs designed to help fishers improve the efficiency of their operations governments can negotiate with the sector to establish voluntary standards and guidelines,14
+these effects can be broken down into four components women s employment rates women s work intensity the share of females in skilled jobs and the overall returns to female employment wage effect the figure shows that if the proportion of households with a working female had remained the same as in the mid s household income inequality would have increased on average across the oecd countries by an additional point ie an increase in the gini from to instead of the equalising impact of rising female employment was larger in countries such as belgium the netherlands spain and the united kingdom where the share of workingage households with female workers increased greatly this contributed to lowering inequality by or more gini points in these countries,5
+implicit in this method is the acknowledgement that everyone including the poor is free to make bad choices but must then face the consequences of his or her decisions the ramifications of and possible objections to such an assertion have been taken up above in the context of the composition of the prescribed as opposed to actual food expenditures and intakes and they apply here as well see box while dietary requirements are calculated on a scientific basis according to bodily needs the nonfood component of the poverty threshold is not calculated on such a needs basis,1
+designing products to function as biological nutrients requires a detailed assessment of the material chemistry and its toxicity to potentially exposed organisms throughout its lifecycle in general they function as nutrients in natural systems and may be designed to degrade rapidly and completely in the aquatic environment or to become soil amendments products that have been designed as products of consumption include cleaning products personal care products and fabrics,12
+all justice and government institutions should have clear mandates to implement and enforce laws in a gendersensitive manner specialised legal services can also help women from all societal groups to better protect their rights these services can include provisions for free legal aid and paralegals information sessions on legal processes and community awareness campaigns,5
+furthermore in kazakhstan classes are orderly without loss of time for student behaviour or teacher absenteeism the official instructional time is provided with few disruptions and complemented with widespread afterschool activities however there are some concerns about the management of instructional time multishift teaching which is prevalent in kazakhstan might reduce the official instructional time the school calendar is not adjusted to local conditions and needs and instructional time for students in primary grades may be inadequate for students who come from disadvantaged backgrounds,4
+the pes has also introduced several types of jobsearch or action plans with targets for the number of plans to be implemented including the employment realization plan for those in receipt of benefits for involuntary unemployment the comprehensive support plan targeted at middleaged and older workers and the challenge plan for young jobseekers however participation in these measures is usually voluntary even for participants with el entitlement and rates of participation in these plans relative to the size of their potential target groups are low even motivated and jobready jobseekers tend to benefit from meeting a counsellor,8
+the city is also home to a district heating system which uses locallysource woody biomass as feedstock in norway introduced a renewable energy certificate programme to support renewable energy this could change the re adoption dynamic energy has been one factor for economic development in rural norway but recent policies have reduced the appeal of re deployment in rural communities such as troms county,7
+although there are some variations in the detailed definitions that are used the following descriptions offer a useful indication of how the terms formal nonformal and informal are commonly applied to education and learning nonformal learning has many manifestations but examples would include villagebased literacy classes for adults and training of coaches in a sports club the ispot nature web site offers an online example of self directed and collaborative learning where users learn to identify and appreciate flora and fauna through sharing information on an online community box,4
+the scope and scale of primary care services were progressively replaced by unified general practice gp physicians supported by nurses and other staff these units are now responsible for the care of patients within defined geographical catchment areas ranging from to persons the units also focus on health promotion and disease prevention emphasising the use of primary care physicians as gatekeepers to specialists and other medical services as well as continuity of care,3
+the cycling development concept was based on preliminary analysis of crashes involving cyclists across the city the analysis of road traffic crashes showed that crashes involving cyclists were strongly concentrated in the city centre and on the main radial roads pointing to the locations where measures to improve road safety were needed thus the first actions to improve cycling infrastructure involved central riga and the main arteries within the scope of the concept attention has been paid to improving existing infrastructure eg reducing pavement borders doing street cover repairs and improving traffic organisation,11
+the findings suggest that early identification of low performers and targeted support needs to be provided to those students at risk of falling behind or dropping out of school entirely additional support needs to be provided to disadvantaged schools through the adequate allocation of resources to ensure that all students receive the highquality education and training needed to fully participate in society school budgets need to be prioritised in recruiting and maintaining wellqualified human resources such as school leaders and teachers who play a critical role in reducing educational inequalities in their schools this is particularly true for those disadvantaged students who have had little to no preschool experience,4
+figure presents simulated gains in skills at age as induced by an increase in skills at age by level of skills at age for korea it shows that children who start out in different levels of skill deciles gained different amounts of skills in the next period the effects of increasing social and emotional skills in this case children s sense of responsibility locus of control and selfesteem at age on social and emotional skills at age increased with the level of social and emotional skills at age blue line in panel b,4
+this is particularly important for students from disadvantaged backgrounds for whom school may be their main means to develop skills reaching close to the oecd average number of years of education appears to provide a protective factor for students in improving the likelihood of academic success this largely arises because to reach the oecd average of years students need to enter the education system at age or and remain in it until age or early skill development starts primarily in the home building on early attachment with activities between children and their parents andor caregivers being the main determinant of early learning,4
+in the opinion of the court the defendant the university administrative body had set the minimum average for acceptance by the department of medicine at for kuwaiti males and for kuwaiti females although the two groups were in the same legal position of having passed the foundation year at the center of medical sciences considering this to be in violation of the principle of equality stipulated in article of the constitution the court voided the acceptance policy based on gender discrimination except for tertiary education educational attainment among women has been expanding since,5
+in successful programmes mentor teachers provide guidance and supervision to beginning teachers in close collaboration with the initial teachereducation institution these mentors provide onthejob support identify deficits in subjectmatter knowledge classroom management strategies and other pedagogical processes often schools that would need to provide the most support to beginning teachers are the least capable of delivering highquality induction programmes,4
+for example most countries established preemptiveoversight institutions for ensuring gender equality parliaments or parliamentary committees see box commissions in political executives or advisory councils to ministries or the political executive while of countries have institutions that use corrective methods for addressing gender equality grievances ombudsmen or judicial commissions that adjudicate claims half of the respondents to the oecd survey indicated that they use parliamentary committees in charge of gender equality as a tool for oversight on the progress of gender equality see figure such committees also make an important element of gendersensitive parliaments see the international parliamentary union s action plan for gendersensitive parliaments which promotes the integration of gender mainstreaming in parliamentary activities box,5
+similarly denmark envisages more and better coherence in the initial training and education of teachers and ecec staff this common approach will ensure both consistency as well as better cooperation opportunities between ecec and school see chapter working teams however do not always guarantee cooperation as noted in the swedish inspectorate of schools report swedish schools inspectorate the same professional jealousies and lack of understanding described above can obstruct cooperation even within working teams,4
+the iccat international commission for the conservation of atlantic tunas has been working since to transfer catch certification from paper to electronic format to improve transparency of capture and trade of bluefin tuna for atlantic tuna in the iccat region the electronic bluefin tuna catch document ebcd became fully operational in furthermore iccat continues to work toward the inclusion of observers by,14
+according to all respondent groups mainstreaming climate change into development planning in recipient countries is an important precondition for effective climate finance one reason for this is that it is important for the core government ministries responsible for national planning and budgeting to acknowledge the contribution of climate smart and resilient activities towards mid and longterm development goals and mainstream climate actions and finance into the decisionmaking of sectoral ministries departments and agencies providers also noted that this was a vital precondition for channelling climate finance through budget support in contrast the absence of an integrated national vision on climate change was reported as a contributing factor towards providers decisions to finance their own priorities,13
+as a consequence the network markets are highly regulated to ensure tsos and dsos provide reliable services to electricity producers and consumers prices for access to the grid as well as investments in grid extension are regulated by the federal network agency while maintaining security of supply the regulation aims at costefficiency via benchmarking and cost reduction by setting a cap on tso and dso revenues,7
+they include character qualities such as perseverance empathy or perspective mindfulness ethics courage and leadership developing those kinds of characteristics is often what distinguishes elite schools but for the majority of students character formation in school remains a matter of luck depending on whether this is a priority for their teachers since very few education systems have made such broader goals an integral part of what they expect from students,4
+the environmental impact of additional large hydropower plants should be reconsidered bearing in mind the potentially negative effects of large hydropow er on tourism and the natural environment energy security is directly linked to the competitiveness of economies through the strong relationship between economic growth and the reliability of energy sources including electricity gas and oilpetroleum products the tradeoff between the shortterm social and political need for affordable energy and the longterm sustainability of power systems is particularly acute in the six assessed see economies where improving energy security will require substantial infrastructure investment,7
+land use plans can direct the land market sectoral plans in transport housing utilities and other sectors can be tied to the goals and milestones of comprehensive or strategic spatial plans metropolitan planning is vital to coordinated natural resource and infrastructure decisionmaking but often run into power games political resistance is strong in many countries municipal officials resist ceding authority to regional counterparts whilst national officials resist creating strong contenders so as to maintain political bases line service delivery agencies are not likely to follow national or urban plans that conflict with their own agency plans or that are the product of decision p which they had no involvement,11
+the reforms set out above section affects organisation of the whole of the nhs including mental health the key impacts on mental health service provision are as yet not fully clear there are diverse opinions both about the reforms and about their effect on mental health with some arguments for example suggesting that gps have considerable experience treating patients with common mental health disorders and others pointing to widespread concern that gps are not adequately skilled to commission for people with severe mental health problems lawtonsmith the health and social care act included the involvement of other health professionals in ccgs including hospital doctors and nurses with scope for the involvement of nhs managers there has been renewed focus on outcomes under the health and social care act and the white paper equity and excellence liberating the nhs specifically upon the nhs outcome framework which will be a tool for management at each level in the nhs the experience of mental health care in the nhs is included in these outcome measures which are intended to provide a national level indication of how well the nhs is performing,3
+the equalisation system does not have the ambition to completely equalise the economic situation in all municipalities conditional on socioeconomic status but to reduce major differences although there is evidence indicating that homework may improve student achievement falch and ronning homework also has distributional effects since students from a high socioeconomic status typically receive more help with homework than students from a low socioeconomic status it may be particular challenging for immigrant parents to support their children with the homework,4
+this requires improving the data and monitoring of their clean energy investments including international harmonisation performance measurement and rating approaches for alternative investments more generally and green investments in particular energy and environmental ministers need to work with their finance colleagues to ensure that the investment and regulatory environment is supportive and that institutional investors are offered appropriately structured financing vehicles how can successful experience with such tools and mechanisms be scaled up and applied more widely,7
+the agreement is a mix of binding commitments and best endeavours language and reaffirms and reinforces provisions of transparency and uniform application while there is significant potential for developing and leastdeveloped ldc countries to benefit from increased trade in food and agricultural products actual outcomes on trade facilitation and the time frame in which they will occur will depend on the schedules of commitments adopted these indicators express the diversity of support measures applied in different countries and are comparable across countries and time with different indicators focusing on different dimensions of support policies while the producer support estimate as a percentage of gross farm receipts pse is the oecd s key indicator to measure policy efforts to support agricultural producers a range of other indicators allows looking at other dimensions of support,2
+one of the outcomes of resources obtained was the creation of a bank of genetic resources the gene bank and the creation of certifications this was based on a national capacity selfassessment ncsa on some of the meas that lesotho is a party to funded by gef the strategy includes plans to enhance capacity so that the country can make meaningful progress in managing its environment and biodiversity instead the national coordination strategy formally sets out the government s aim to take an integrated approach to the mobilisation of resources,15
+it requires not only an explicitly recognised urban policy setting at the national level but also an institutional setting in which the nup is properly led and coordinated oecd a most countries with a few rare exceptions appear to acknowledge the strategic leadership and coordinating role of the national government with the designation of leading urban agencies at the national level however the presence of a nationallevel agency is dependent on the political system and governance arrangements of a country including any multilevel governance tiers such as in a federal system,11
+all countries should reexamine training curricula and the delegation of responsibilities within the healthcare delivery system in order to reduce frequent unnecessary and costly reliance on physicians and on secondary and tertiarycare facilities while maintaining effective referral services access to healthcare services for all people and especially for the most underserved and vulnerable groups must be ensured the reservation is to be interpreted in terms of the statement made by the representative of the holy see at the th plenary meeting on september the involvement of users and the community in the financial management of healthcare services should be promoted,3
+for guerrero such a road would have a significant impact on the development prospects of its northern region comprising the northern sierra de guerrero slope and cities belonging to the socalled tierra caliente such as iguala arcelia ciudad altamirano the state has rehabilitated the railroad to enhance the logistics platform in the eastern part of the state it will also encourage the economic recovery in this region by providing rail freight services,11
+however the objective is not to provide a picture that will be accurate down to the very local level at this stage hence rather than empirical in its roots it currently relies heavily on modelling though there is potential for increased calibration and use of local empirical data over time given that the use is primarily to be for analysis at european scale only selective tests to check whether the eca is consistent with national data are foreseen for the moment,15
+device costs remain a significant barrier to access in mozambique which warrants consideration by the usaf to subsidize access to devices among other options to support access and use mozambiques new telecommunications law updates provisions for universal service which will allow for improved efforts to support community telecentres and other public access solutions in collaboration with the a aimozambique coalition the incm the sector regulator has developed and is finalizing new proposed infrastructure sharing regulations expected to be approved in despite this delay and the failed attempt with the digital dividend spectrum auction ie mhz the mozambique market is comparatively speaking in a better situation,9
+this pricing system was developed to ensure farmers would not be forced to pay the full cost of water supply and to avoid driving out smaller farms disegni since this pricing system was introduced during a time of severe shortages it sent the message that the more water is consumed the higher the price while freshwater prices increased recycled effluent water rew was increasingly available at a lower price the use of such data by the oecd is without prejudice to the status of the golan heights east jerusalem and israeli settlements in the west bank under the terms of international law this new authority centralised the oversight of israel s water moving from crossministerial coordination to a single dedicated agency,6
+figure presents eight studies of the costeffectiveness of the collaborative care model each of the points shows the relative effectiveness of collaborative care model for the treatment of moderate depression the chart shows that there are a vast number of studies demonstrating the effectiveness of collaborative intervention all of the studies show that collaborative intervention improves clinical outcomes,3
+the other two raising financing efficiency and improving energy efficiency and addressing impacts of climate change on the water sector have no project pipeline or funding sources the water authority of jordan law forms the primary legal document for the water sector it was amended in to include article which allows the waj to delegate its functions or projects to public and private entities to corporatise utilities and to enter into bot contracts and other modalities with the private sector usaid the waj law is again currently under revision to include an article that strengthens the powers of local authorities to sanction and take action against anyone that vandalises water wells pipes or meters,6
+similarly given womens disproportionate representation among those living in poverty a government lending scheme to buy land may be inaccessible to women due to its cost even if the scheme is open to both men and women see united nations entity for gender equality and the empowerment of women unwomen progress of the worlds women in pursuit of justice and report of the office of the united nations high commissioner for human rights on good practices in efforts aimed at preventing violence against women a hrc see also working group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and in practice available from wwwohchrorgenlssueswomenwgwomen pageswgwomenlndexaspx accessed november,5
+the recent period of sustained economic growth has also seen the emergence of a sizeable middle dass as well as remarkable progress in poverty reduction according to offidal estimates the poverty headcount in viet nam fell from in the early s to in observations show that recent achievements have not translated directly into progress towards universal wellbeing,10
+in it held a meeting with senior management officials from the national bank of abu dhabi nbad that explored various ways to support female entrepreneurs in the emirates through banking sendees provided to smes by nbad the dbwc organises the highprofile monthly event majlis business to provide information about the latest knowledge skills and best practices for women entrepreneurs and leaders it also participates in consulting activities in cooperation with the dbwc,5
+a recent study by the oneq and the ilo shows that only of unemployed men and of unemployed women find vocational education and training useful to find a job in tunisia conversely of unemployed men and of unemployed women believe that higher education is useful to find a job in part this hierarchy reflects the widespread preference for public sector jobs in tunisia for which the entry requirement is typically an academic university qualification afdb world bank yaagoubi et al the problem of poor career guidance outcomes for young tunisian is not new,4
+the largest importer for new zealands fisheries products is peoples republic of china australia the european union the united states followed by japan and hong kong china panel b the amount transferred to fisheries sector has been increasing to usd million ie by there is cost recovery charges associated with fisheries management service and conservation services panel c,14
+gupta and kawadia estimated water runoff during planning of the reservoir was m while the actual runoff has been m this runoff is not sufficient to meet the m capacity of the reservoir this is far different from initial predictions of ham km year jain aganval and singh,6
+some of the relevant issues are considered in the brief case study of the uk waste policy presented in the next section large amounts of heavy metals pesticides hydrocarbons and organic chloride compounds were being discharged causing deterioration of water quality sediment pollution and the loss of indigenous species the problem was serious enough to jeopardise the use of water resources for human activities though supervised by the provinces the water boards have a high degree of operational and financial independence,6
+countries and cities of the region could focus attention on utilizing these resources for actual application and implementation a broad coalition of development partners to support regional cities in implementing sustainable urban transport master plans would be a step in the right direction an example of this approach is the transformative urban mobility initiative of the german federal ministry for economic cooperation and development bmz the objective of which is to enable leaders to plan and implement sustainable mobility concepts depending on the need for travel a journey usually involves more than one mode of transport the integration of urban transport modes is essential to promoting smooth intermodal transfer when there are two operators of different transport systems integrated ticketing makes it more efficient as well as convenient for users and many cities are now following this approach the physical interface between modes infrastructure and facilities at intermodal junctions should allow smooth transfer of passengers and goods from one mode to another,11
+during the course of the marketing season international prices of most crops remained under downward pressure largely in response to positive supply situations during the first half of the united states european union new zealand and australia all major players in global dairy markets produced less milk than in further contributing to the price recovery this expansion has been the main factor allowing markets to meet the increasing demand for fish and fish products despite these gains prices for fish and fishery products have been volatile as they are influenced by inelastic supply due to catch quotas for captured fish and volatile conditions in the aquaculture sector stemming from disease outbreaks and fluctuation in feed costs,2
+this paper explores the following issues i how different communities view climate finance effectiveness ii the policies or institutional preconditions that facilitate effectiveness and iii how effectiveness can be monitored and evaluated the paper also discusses the conflicts and tradeoffs encountered in assessing effectiveness and proposes a possible way forward that balances multiple views and priorities these communities represent the perspectives of developed and developing countries as well as both public and private sources of climate finance,13
+finally city governments can ensure that appropriate social protections are available at the local level especially among the highly disadvantaged local institutions are well placed to match the supply and demand of social protection services and ensure their accessibility to the populations concerned cities differ widely in their labour force composition and policy efforts therefore need to focus on attracting and retaining workers for different types of jobs from cuttingedge jobs in the digital economy to more traditional manufacturing jobs and informal jobs in the case of highskilled jobs for example the city of lulea in sweden has combined a set of infrastructure reforms education initiatives and efficient branding of its natural environmental characteristics to attract facebook which is expected to create new jobs in the city eudes,11
+among these are the urgent need to halt uncontrolled urban sprawl reverse the growth of urban slum populations institute smart safe and efficient urban transport systems improve urban environments through creating safe public spaces manage air pollution and municipal solid waste as well as promote sustainable buildings ecosystem corridors and consumption and production patterns all the targets and indicators of sdg require sufficient planning and informed strategies which are largely articulated in the need to have wellinformed national urban policies many of these indicators build on the notable achievements registered during previous global agendas especially mdgs and the habitat agenda including the notable fact that some targets now have reliable baselines to work with many others are new and come as a response to the challenges and opportunities that urban areas face today in search of sustainable development outcomes these periods are sufficiently long for the global community to have learnt a lot about the existing challenges of implementing the sdgs and how to deal with the teething problems in monitoring and reporting,11
+this would allow all sectors to benefit from improved water management and facilitate joint management of water resources in particular during times of scarcity partial coverage limits the potential benefits of swm as a tool to mitigate flood and drought risks therefore it would be interesting to liaise with mafra and krc during the development stage to explore opportunities for collaboration what are the potential gains for the farming community,6
+partnerships should include local community bodies businesses and cultural institutions including museums and libraries partners drawn from higher education are critical for extending the learning horizons of both students and staff and offering additional expertise in the constant process of development equally important are partnerships with other schools and learning environments through networks and professional learning,4
+the fasrb integrated all aspects of water resources management and became the framework of cooperation among the parties to the agreement the four parties to the fasrb financially support on an equal basis the operation and the work under the isrbc and its secretariat costs of activities that fall under the interest of a certain countryies may be financed by them,6
+the promotion measures will be implemented through national and international targets that range from primary school children to specialised buyers in aquaculture and fish products in the main destinations of mexican fish products exports in particular as shrimp tuna lobster octopus and sardines in volume and value were as follows thus compatibility with standards and systems for quality certification will be possible among other matters achieving mutual recognition to verification and sanitary certification systems in addition it will create exclusive values for environmental management to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address global warming the main objective of the orpas is to execute the general policy of monitoring and enforcement in aquaculture and fisheries as well as oversee the proper implementation of the conapesca programmes and encourage the promotion of activities in the sector,14
+it both violates and impairs or nullifies the enjoyment by women of their human rights and fundamental freedoms in all societies to a greater or lesser degree women and girls arc subjected to physical sexual and psychological abuse that cuts across lines of income class and culture hie low social and economic status of women can be both a cause and a consequence of this violence violence against women throughout their life cycle is a manifestation of the historically unequal power relations between women and men,5
+countries such as algeria and tunisia have been successful in increasing the participation of women as lawyers and judges in tunisia employment as a lawyer is regarded as a socially acceptable and laudable employment choice for educated women law schools are largely populated with women and over the last decade the participation of women in the supreme court of tunisia or the cour de cassation that is divided into several civil and criminal chambers has been increasing steadily for example in women made up approximately of the supreme court justices,5
+the prevention of chronic diseases should be viewed as a means of improving broader social welfare chronic disease prevention can improve employment prospects wages and labour productivity and decrease sick leave disability benefit claims and early exit from the workforce they should consider investing further in prevention policies targeting chronic diseases and associated risk factors in order to make the workforce healthier and more productive which can lead to potentially substantial gains in economic production,3
+leadership on the part of the regional authorities is equally important to clearly articulate where the regional development needs are and where support from educational institutions can be most effective higher education institutions in turn are engaged in regional development in several ways however the nature of the engagement between higher education institutions and the local development authorities is very often informal and voluntary and driven by entrepreneurial academics or departments rather than higher education institutions,4
+a new target was introduced relating to achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all including women and young people four official indicators were defined for that purpose involving measurement of the rate of productivity growth per worker the percentage of the population employed the percentage of extremely poor workers and the proportion of workers that have unstable and insecure jobs vulnerable workers in addition the recommendation to monitor poverty trends by using national poverty lines was made explicit the previous indicator was replaced by one measuring survival to the last grade of primary education proportion of pupils starting grade who reach last grade of primary,1
+at the same time globalisation and trade have had an uneven impact across regions deloittekraka although the current gap in unemployment rates across regions is among the smallest across oecd countries while projections should be taken with much care crosscountry analysis suggests that around of jobs in denmark face high probability of automation which is among the lowest in oecd countries figure this partly reflects an already high level of digitalisation and use of industrial robots compared to other countries see chapter,8
+however to the knowledge of the authors there has not been a systematic attempt to quantify its economic impact and thus other effects will not be discussed further in this chapter for example additional investments in the transmission and distribution infrastructure and thus higher transmission costs may lead to a cheaper generation mix and lower balancing costs thus reducing the two other cost components similarly having a more flexible generation is generally more expensive but allows for a reduction in balancing costs the numerical capabilities of existing tools do not allow such comprehensive calculations and existing power system models can represent only some aspects of the whole system and are therefore able to capture only limited impact groups at once,7
+the plan has effectively brought the fight against deforestation into other sectoral agendas thanks to highprofile coordination by the executive office of the presidency casa civil and the assignment of implementation responsibilities to ministries currently in its third phase the ppcdam is based on a coherent set of actions such as establishment of protected areas section land tenure regularisation including the terra legal programme advanced monitoring systems strict enforcement and promotion of sustainable natural resource use complementary instruments such as embargos and credit restrictions for illegal deforesters have spurred enforcement effectiveness it has greatly helped reduce deforestation in the amazon figure although other factors may have contributed including declining prices of agricultural products and voluntary private sector engagement,15
+first acknowledging the heterogeneity of indigenous students the study seeks to understand the complex challenges indigenous students face in education and what success really means for them it examines wellbeing health and poverty the presence or absence of quality approaches to teaching and student engagement differences in basic provision that inordinately affect indigenous students recognition of indigenous cultures and engagement with indigenous communities the study s outcomes are related to all of these as well as to student learning and achievement,4
+thereafter the chapter attempts to integrate a gender perspective into human rights at the international as well regional african levels finally the united nations millennium declaration and the millennium development goals are also examined from a gender perspective ester boserup had argued that the existing development discourse ignored womens contribution to national production she further argued that this was the case as a result of genderbased stereotyping which located women solely within the domestic sphere various colonial and postcolonial governments had systematically bypassed women in the diffusion of new technologies extension services and other productive inputs,5
+in spite of much political rhetoric about the importance of encouraging women to engage in incomegenerating activity most of the efforts have been led by the nongovernment sector and particularly by businesswomen s associations donors often fund these business support projects and offer tools that can be used to train women in entrepreneurial skills such as the international finance corporation ifc programme women get the business edge in yemen and the ilo s start your own business syob expand your business iyb and know about business kab training materials in a number of mena economies however business development services are not systematically available in the mena region especially in rural areas,5
+additionally industrial facilities harbours and shipping routes may occupy large areas following an amendment of the aquaculture act in relocation of sites may be enforced by the central authorities ie the directorate of fisheries when necessary due to environmental or socioeconomic concerns furthermore a licence may be withdrawn in accordance with the aquaculture act if production at a particular site is no longer considered to be environmentally appropriate eg when investigations show that ecosystems have been adversely affected by farming activities withdrawal may also be performed if the disease situation or awareness of disease or fish welfare conditions have changed significantly since the licence was granted,14
+both institutions may exist for the same states with partially overlapping geographical coverage for instance according to the agreement between czechoslovakia and poland concerning the use of the water resources in frontier waters the czech republic and poland appoint plenipotentiaries in addition since the czech republic germany and poland have cooperated through the oder commission,6
+the first two sections address the legal and governance structure and the setting for introducing policy measures the next four focus on information policy innovation and technology support and marketbased and financial policy instruments for improving industrial energy efficiency the last section examines policy design and implementation considerations that are important in developing countries a review of policies in asia found energy conservation laws in china india japan thailand and viet nam unep c,7
+the main objective is for this to be replicated across the entire industrial sector these kinds of projects are easily replicated in developing countries with similar industrial sectors this directly contributes to the achievement of sdg by increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix,7
+this area is regulated within a set of environmental laws which together with the conservation of nature regulate protection of the environment air water and waste management and provide for establishment of a fund for environmental protection state laws related specifically to the environment do not exist relevant laws for the area of biodiversity in the federation also include the law on national park una og fbih no,15
+after the extreme price spike was over markets calmed again and continued their secular decline in real terms figure more recently in and subsequent years the world experienced another extreme price spike on international markets for cereals this time however the subsequent development of markets differed notably from the usual episode of a transitory price spike,2
+as a result increased and enhanced access to water can further affect communities adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change for adaptation many results frameworks do contain indicators to track impacts in these areas for example the cif s pilot program for climate resilience ppcr and republic of kenya kenya both include indicators on access to reliable and safe water cif b and kenya in the area of food security kenya also tracks how many hectares of productive land have been lost to soil erosion and how many households are in need of food aid as part of its national me systems for assessing climate resilience and adaptive capacity gok b,13
+since specific catch quotas have been allocated to socalled coastal fishing to support small scale fishermen in rural areas boats that operate under this system must obtain a special licence from the directorate of fisheries they may only catch during specified times of the day those boats may only use handlines and their catches per fishing trip are limited,14
+for one the country requires a longterm urban development agenda discussed with all political forces and with the participation of civil society additionally mexico needs to improve its capacity to conduct and implement urban planning as past urban development projects have too often been characterised by an improvised trialanderror approach responding to shortterm political priorities rather than the national longterm interest to do so it will be important to strengthen the sectoral leadership promote crosssectoral planning and in the long term streamline the housing and urban development sector to do so it is critical to align local housing and urban development legal frameworks to national strategic objectives reduce transaction costs for and asymmetries of information across levels of government promote integrated urban development and management and revamp metropolitan governance arrangements,11
+it states clearly that a good land tenure system must guarantee security of tenure and must correct provisions which constitute discrimination against women namibia s communal land reform act of gives surviving spouses who reside in rural areas the right to remain on land allocated to their deceased spouses this right is not affected by remarriage,5
+several embs always portugal spain or occasionally greece switzerland included gender considerations in electionrelated legislation regulations andor codes of conduct in switzerland a guide has been published for individuals wishing to launch their candidatures this difficulty has been systematically reported by female members of parliament from a range of countries oecd although societal understandings of familial gender roles are evolving women remain the primary caregivers in many cases low worklife balance may discourage women from highranking leadership positions in politics limiting the candidacy pool,5
+gender equality observatory of latin america and the caribbean annual report a look at grants support and burden for women lcg revl i santiago with respect to the programmes impact on adults the time spent by men on paid work increased at the expense of domestic work and the time spent by women on domestic and care work increased at the expense of leisure time the unequal distribution of productive and reproductive work creates further inequality in the use of free time,5
+furthermore government officials account in some cases for a relatively small proportion of climate change actors in kenya for example it is estimated that nonstate institutions account for over of climate change actors iied a unless monitoring and evaluation become valued sources of information such barriers are likely to persist,13
+regarding the actions to be taken by the ldcs seven actions and the development partners nine actions those related to climate change are essentially focused on adaptation see annex however monitoring the recommendations about climate change is rather difficult since the actions of the ipoa on this topic do not refer to monitoring indicators either measurable or observable neither is the need for additional resources to finance adaptation,13
+the holding of free democratic elections planned for within the constitutional deadline is the country s main political challenge to consolidate the achievements of the democratic process that began in urban areas dominate the national economy and offer better living conditions than rural areas however there are risks associated with current urbanisation trends in the drc an increase in unplanned and informal neighbourhoods poor quality of urban transport and congestion in cities and limited access to social infrastructure the country does not have a national urbanisation strategy although it does have some measures and ongoing national initiatives which could directly or indirectly contribute to urban development especially the landuse planning reform construction projects for special economic zones and agroindustrial parks it was driven by agriculture investment services and an improved business climate,11
+those enrolled in vocationaltechnical education and trade and technical institutions constituted only given the role of the manufacturing sector in penang and the low proportion enrolled in these institutions this last statistic needs attention from educational planners over the past decade female workers have had years of education compared with the years of male workers kharas et al the expectation that highlyeducated workers would move into higher paying jobs does not necessarily hold true,4
+ecosystem integrity and ecosystem goods and services most of these indicators are rather easily obtainable and accessible such as indicators on abundance and distribution of species of birds and butterflies sebi indicator no an example of this is the indicator on fragmentation of natural and seminatural areas sebi indicator no,15
+for example the indicated low water stress in many african countries in figure does not take the lower status of water resources development into account most of these countries have less than of their cultivated area equipped with irrigation systems aquastat nd climate change and increasing climate variability are also likely to vary at the local and basin scales and over different seasons for the most part however dry areas will tend to become drier and wet areas wetter figure such that climate change will likely exacerbate water stress in areas that are already the most affected,6
+these efforts are already being used to improve quality through the establishment of targets benchmarking public reporting and performance management these structural reforms have the potential to make important longterm contributions to the health system s productivity and efficiency as countries emerge from the crisis the future policy agenda must continue to look towards these structural changes to provide important lessons for the future,3
+there are also some signs of overemployment in the administration functions at the municipal level one important factor that has contributed to this trend is the migration of students to privatesubsidised schools which is leaving too many extremely small public schools with high perstudent costs the other contributing factor is a demographic trend of falling schoolage population that creates further pressures,4
+examples include initiatives such as the global fishing watch by oceana with google and project eyes on the sea by the pew charitable trusts in cooperation with the uk satellite catapult centre key principles relevant for governance include stakeholder engagement integrity and transparency clear roles and responsibilities and policy coherence looking across mpas jones et al,14
+in new zealand group work is aided by a curriculum that has only eight levels over or years of schooling there is an explicit understanding that students are promoted from one year to another automatically but any individual student could be achieving at a number of different curriculum levels depending on the learning area or subject classes are offered at different grade levels at the same time allowing students to study in the class that best suits their achievement level in this way a student nominally at a particular year level may be taking classes from a year below or a year above their nominal year level,4
+most importantly cities have governance responsibilities and can develop policy frameworks for migrant inclusion in the cities of both origin and destination urban growth can be sustained when cities invest in their people rapid city growth can be difficult to sustain in terms of the impacts on urban infrastructure environment and social fabric cities that are managing these challenges effectively make substantive investments in infrastructure especially in the latest digital technologies,11
+sickness compensation is awarded to adults years old or more on much the same basis except they are permanent disability benefits as opposed to the temporary threeyear benefit as under activity compensation according to sweden s national public health report mental disorders including such afflictions as depression schizophrenia chronic fatigue syndrome mental disabilities personality disorders and drug abuse combined with musculoskeletal disorders account for of all new disability claims amongst women and of similar claims amongst men in national board of health and welfare the most commonly diagnosed issues amongst these conditions are depression adjustment disorders reactions to stress and anxiety disorders,3
+the education superintendence is also integrated within the national system for quality assurance sistema nacional de aseguramiento de la calidad sac which provides the potential to link the monitoring of resource use to the quality of education the sac provides a very useful institutional framework to promote a more effective use of resources it is a relatively new system that complements other mechanisms for institutional accountability chile has developed over time including a system of teacher evaluation evaluations by the ministry of finance direccion de presupuestos dipres detailed data and information distributed to the public among others as it grows and develops more fully over time the sac s effects will be more fully felt,4
+however there are no monitoring data for substantiating the state and impacts of reservoirs lakes ohrid prespa and shkoder are possibly at risk of not achieving the wfd criteria for good status most groundwaters appear to be still of good quality although there are insufficient monitoring data to assess their possible pollution with pesticides or heavy metals among other things milestones include the adoption of the law on integrated water resources management no however secondary legislation to implement the wfd is still lacking,6
+ensure that new teachers receive more support to develop professionally all new teachers should have a mentor be closely monitored and receive regular feedback to develop their teaching competencies the current teacher portfolio should be developed into a formative tool that includes evidence of new teachers work with students to be discussed with their principals and mentors and to encourage selfreflection improve initial teacher education so that new teachers are adequately prepared to teach,4
+due to the fact that the use of the patented substance is subject to the patentee s consent unauthorized third parties engaging in the manufacturing of similar products risk patent infringement suits the granting of pharmaceutical patents may therefore entail considerable challenges for generic drugs producers a patent granted on the pharmaceutical substance is therefore usually considered to be a more serious obstacle for generic producers than a patent granted for the process of making or using a drug,3
+in australia the first two contracts were for two or three years and the second two contract periods were for six years with a midterm reallocation of business there is an expectation although not a rule that new contracts will be awarded to providers with a good performance record contract decisions are taken at the esa level and thus primarily reflect management performance at a fairly local commutingarea level,8
+article states that local populations should be associated with tourism activities and share equitably in the economic social and cultural benefits they generate and particularly in the creation of direct and indirect jobs resulting from them considering naturebased tourism from a sustainability perspective will inevitably take us to the concept of ecotourism which can be seen as a normative subcategory of naturebased tourism donohoe and needham reviewed definitions and conclude that ecotourism is characterized as naturebased preservative educative sustainable responsible and ethical tourism,15
+they play a key role in introducing and promoting new technologies facilitating international trade and enabling the efficient use of resources however the world still has a long way to go to fully tap this potential total official flows for economic infrastructure in developing countries reached billion in an increase of per cent in real terms since further impressive gains have been made in mobile connectivity,9
+in fact most of the rise in wheat and rice consumption in africa was met by increased imports in cameroon for example since the s external rice purchases and the development of rice production have been influenced by changes in prices and customs regulations the rice market grew from tons to tons between and since then the progression in imports can be explained by the economic crisis coupled with growing urbanization two factors which have had a significant impact on eating habits and farming in the country,2
+governments at all levels rely on a variety of revenue streams but local governments in oecd countries are almost always constrained by higher level governments in terms of their ability to raise revenue and what they can spend it on the relationship between fiscal and planning systems in a country in turn creates incentives for how land is used see box for an illustration whereas the united kingdom s central land use planning system is one of the most rigid in the world and its fiscal system is heavily centralised switzerland is an extremely decentralised country with strong political and fiscal powers allocated at local level two main features distinguish the british development control system from the continental european rulebased zoning system first development control is highly centralised and imposes stringent land use restrictions to contain uiban growth throughout the country green belts that are largely sacrosanct for development for example surround all major urban centres in england second development control is discretionary rather than mle based,11
+the share of wind and solar in total electricity supply in oecd europe in was thus compared to in oecd north america and only in oecd pacific in individual european countries the shares are such that they can indeed make a difference to the working of the electricity system wind and solar thus contributed to the electricity supply in denmark in both portugal and spain and in germany during first precisely due to intermittency the total shares of wind and solar power in total electricity supply vastly underestimate their contribution when the wind is actually blowing and the sun is shining,7
+under the convention states must take measures to ensure that the situation of migrants in an irregular situation does not persist art the duty of states to provide information to migrants and their family members on their rights under the convention art additionally the programme of action of the international conference on population and development the beijing declaration and platform for action and general assembly resolution on violence against women migrant workers urged states to better protect the rights of migrant women,5
+the light blue indicates the countries with a lower poverty rate in the individual category the midblue denotes the average performers while the dark blue marks the countries with the highest levels of poverty overall the country composition of the groups is quite stable as expected but with some exceptions thus denmark finland iceland ireland the netherlands and norway are among the best performers as might be expected for the total child poverty rate in the first column and also for the individual risk categories while bulgaria latvia lithuania and usa are stable in the group of the worst performing countries on relative poverty,1
+as the price of surface water increases farmers tend to pump more groundwater schuck and green a find that when the price of surface water reaches of the marginal cost of pumping groundwater the likelihood of a farmer having a well reaches these prices are notably higher than those observed in some other districts in california with more senior water rights or exchange contracts with the bureau of reclamation,6
+indeed amongst the poor there are both net buyers and net sellers of food and many perhaps the majority of farm households may in fact be net buyers the difficulties of designing price stabilisation programmes are well known formal ex ante price stabilisation induces moral hazard with agents failing to mitigate risk and price stabilisation can easily turn into systemic price support or suppression depending on political pressures,2
+the two main tools are the electronic data interchange edi system and the electronic single window esw the edi allows traderelated documents to be transferred electronically while the esw is more extensive and allows trade stakeholders to submit documentation and other information through a single point of entry to complete customs procedures figure c depicts the variation in regional adoption of edi and esw systems while many countries now use edi systems the use of single windows lags far behind across regions,9
+each of the municipalities visited had their own ideas for the development of offerings for their teachers even if many were quite aware of the government s goals for the specialisation of teachers by the year and were encouraging andor incentivising school leaders to develop these competencies among their school staff additional earmarked funding from the central government provides one source of support for teacher development and a tool for the central level to steer professional development see above however stakeholders in schools and municipalities raised concerns that they lack support for the release of teachers in order for them to participate in learning opportunities,4
+in the current setup ui fund member fees are linked to the unemployment rate in the sector and are partly statefinanced in theory this should encourage ui funds to monitor their members eligibility for ui benefits and employer and employee confederations to internalise the impact of their wage negotiations on unemployment as they have close links with these funds this is mainly because unions are in fact in charge of paying ui benefits for only a limited number of unemployed who are likely to be relatively close to the labour market the fact that ui funds stop to pay benefits after days of unemployment at which point the state takes over entails perverse incentives for wage formation,8
+to take just one example ongoing work is focusing on the environmental footprint of global food waste early results suggest that the carbon footprint of food produced but not consumed is billion tonnes c eqa representing around of total global ghg emissions were such emissions generated by a country that country would be the world s thirdlargest ghg emitter behind only the us and china extending that to waste and resource management in a broader sense would significantly increase the potential to to or perhaps even more if waste prevention was also included as shown in figure most of the sites are in africa asia and latin americacaribbean with two in europe,12
+these are likely to be required through three rbmp cycles until in order to reach good status for surface water and groundwater the wiedau river shared between denmark and germany and discharging into the waddcn sea has been highly controlled by weirs and gates to protect it from tides and surges during the last decade a number of projects have been completed to make the weirs passable for migrating fish and to return straightened and modified stretches of the river to its original meandering course this requires transboundary agreements on the measures to be taken political commitment to their enforcement and sustained cooperation to monitor their effectiveness,6
+this is one of the highest differences in labour force participation in the oecd where the average difference is percentage points only turkey has a higher gender gap among prime age workers with a difference of percentage points while women have improved their rates of labour force participation on average groups such as young women and mothers are not faring well and face systematic barriers in obtaining and keeping goodquality jobs chapter,5
+but more investments in the agricultural sector may also take place resulting in more efficient and more sustainable production and consequently in higher aggregate yields increased demand for ethanol and biodiesel may increase the demand and price for grains and oil seeds while also indirectly increasing the prices for other crops owing to increased competition for land larger but poorer populations will demand in total larger quantities of food and the composition of the food basket will be different,2
+between and the tac strategy helped prevent an estimated serious casualty crashes and halved the states road toll over the five years from december cameron et al the initial priorities were drink driving and driving at excessive speed the strategy of the campaign was to have an increased law enforcement presence on the roads supported by hardhitting highprofile advertising,11
+the platform supports the diversity of womens voices the recognition that despite progress women suffer because of obstacles to achieving equality with men and that further progress is hindered especially by the poverty suffered by so many women and children it has since come into common parlance and used in reference to women s economic position on a global scale,5
+the balance of such tradeoffs and the options for managing them are assessed in this paper those options include alternative nontrade policies such as social protection and help with risk management but arguably the need to defer trade reforms or retain the option to deploy trade policy instruments under specific circumstances section examines the links between trade and food availability while section considers the links between trade and food access the two issues are closely linked because while food may simply be unavailable a lack of availability is more commonly resolved through higher prices making the issue one of access for those who cannot afford food,2
+seafood imports are primarily under the jurisdiction of the food and drug administration these figures represent total us tariff revenues for imports of edible fish and shellfish products since most fishery imports are dutyfree the majority of these amounts are accounted for by imports of a handful of processed products such as canned tuna sardines and oysters smoked salmon and frozen crabmeat the figures for each year are therefore inflated by approximately,14
+for goods under the highly sensitive list sensitive list and exclusion list the modality varies and the tariff cuts were negotiated bilaterally between asean member states and japan taking into account the sensitivities of the parties asean however the indonesian government has still to ratify the agreement so the scheduled tariff reductions have not taken place a framework agreement on comprehensive economic cooperation facec between asean and india was signed in october and provided for an early harvest programme of tariff concessions as a confidencebuilding measure,2
+the aim of tvet is to develop a skilled workforce and if this objective is achieved this will in turn enhance the public perception of tvet so that it is no longer seen as a secondrate source of education skills recognition is a mechanism for facilitating the incorporation of informal and nonformal modalities because it gives credit for learning gained through any number of pathways skills recognition can also provide a pathway into formal programmes and can support the mobility of the workforce across the region if mutual recognition systems are in place in the various countries,4
+this experience has generated several positive outcomes for small family farmers bioversity international farmers have more than doubled the area devoted to bananas to respond to demand and have adopted more efficient harvest and postharvest practices over percent of producers reported higher incomes and increased consumption including milk and meat,2
+that is the first question biodiversity underpins some economic activities and a loss of biodiversity or in broader terms ecosystems and their related goods and services affects the functioning of the economic system however the exact impact on the economic activity depends on the type of changes in biodiversity experienced as well as the economic activity in question with sectors such as agriculture or tourism being more affected than for instance banking or the automobile industry,15
+this meant that urban and regional development issues were not given adequate consideration in the political agenda and in citizens perception this would require increasing the authority of local authorities at the oblast rayon and even town levels which could coordinate investment to cities to promote growth kazakhstan needs to diversify the mechanisms for horizontal coordination ie ministerial posts for crosscutting issues and rotations of government managers at the central level for urban policy,11
+this would help in the development of effective public health policy interventions box an adb study compared actual and recommended numbers of air quality monitoring stations in asian cities based on population and pollution level as implied by an eu directive though terrain and other factors also affect the number of sites needed adb generally cities in developed asian economies had enough monitoring sites for their population singapore for example has while are recommended for a city of its size table,11
+costbenefit analyses conducted for numerous rivers have demonstrated that rehabilitated rivers and adjacent parks contribute to the economic growth of localities by attracting private investment and increasing real estate values moep as of the allocation of water provisions to nature has been raised to million m per year including million m of potable water and million m of treated effluent this allocation is targeted to increase to million m per year by in the npa assessed the water requirements of nature and the landscape in israel,6
+in for the first time it supplied more than of aquatic products used for direct food consumption with growing demand it is expected to expand further and in many markets it will increasingly dominate the supply of aquatic foods major losses from disease have caused catastrophic failures and loss of investment confidence and there are continuing concerns about environmental impacts,14
+men are three times more likely than women to own a business with employees women rarely own large businesses and their average earnings from selfemployment are up to lower than for men cultural norms stereotypes and lack of role models make women less interested in an entrepreneurial career and less confident in their capacities as entrepreneurs other obstacles such as time shortages and the composition of their professional networks lead women to start relatively small businesses with low levels of initial capital and bank financing these obstacles establish a competitive disadvantage for companies owned by women which translates in levels of labour productivity that are to lower than those of companies owned by men this paper also presents examples of policy initiatives in the domains of credit training and awareness raising that can unlock the double dividend of women s entrepreneurship higher empowerment of women and more productive businesses,5
+according to the sfp neither regular pay assessments nor audits to ensure pay equality and equity are undertaken while civil service wages and salaries are not genderdistinct but determined by job there may be unknown wage differentials between men and women at various grades or salary scales within a given job to gain perspective on the question there is a need for data on wages and salaries by grade scale occupation gender and perhaps educational credentials only with such data is it possible to compere male and female salaries and job levels and determine whether they match qualifications and their distribution is similar currently the sfp does not collect such information but it would be a good practice were it do so in order to identify gender gaps and areas that require attention they relate to a work culture that pervades the fpa and focuses on the number of hours spent in the office as opposed to efficiency and achievement,5
+a undp survey from found that per cent of tunisians were hostile to womens political participation of whom per cent felt that womens place was in the home one hundred women with leadership potential were selected to take part in a series of trainings to help develop their skills as political candidates including political theory communication and media relations in addition to the tangible effects of three newly elected women as a result of the programme the larger cohort of women has gained confidence and will be a remarkable resource for the future both as political candidates and as role models for tunisian women more broadly,5
+between and labour productivity grew at an average rate of per year this performance has been concentrated in the sectors where only of dominicans work mining growth per year manufacturing growth per year and transport and communications growth per year in contrast labour productivity in only other service sectors ie education health and social services as well as services in private households where the highest proportion of dominicans work of total jobs decreased by between and,8
+as chapter of this report depicts in some detail ocean warming rising sea levels acidification and declining biodiversity all present a threat to wild fish stocks in the case of offshore oil and gas these range from weak market demand and oversupply and concerns about safety and the ocean environment to the new momentum gathering behind efforts to decarbonise the economy as most recently demonstrated by the cop agreement the sector s future therefore is hard to judge,14
+this may have reduced viet nam s potential to fully capitalise on the rapid urbanisation a distinctive element of viet nam s approach to urban policy is a heavy emphasis on city classification and this too will be considered the chapter will then give attention to key urban policy areas such as transport housing land use management and the quality of the urban environment a key to getting cities right is a holistic and integrated approach to crosscutting urban challenges which could be well applied to the vietnamese urban context box this section applies the approach to the current nationallevel policy frameworks in viet nam which are characterised by a complex network of policies and plans by getting cities right see the table below governments can serve a greater share of the population and economy,11
+liability risks are risks to high carbon emitters if they are made to compensate in the future for emissions produced today or to companies that have failed to adapt to physical risks that threaten to disrupt their supply chain transition risks are risks arising from changes in policy and regulation as a result of the transition to a greener economy that could affect the profitability of carbonintensive industries carney reducing resource use and measuring environmental performance is an opportunity to streamline operations increase efficiency and competitiveness,13
+for japan this means that an increase of steps a day per person could lower the country s annual medical bill by substantially reducing the incidence of diabetes stroke and heart attacks toyama s compact city strategies aim to encourage citizens to walk and thereby improve public health yokohama s futurecity strategy introduces a new type of urban structure to support local communities by improving their connectivity,11
+angola the largest exporter among the ldcs had to take a billion loan from the international monetary fund imf in to stabilize its macroeconomic balance following the steep fall in oil prices after the outbreak of the international economic crisis a new decline in prices reduced revenues from oil taxes from per cent of gdp in to per cent in imf b such taxes are implemented by most governments because raising fuel taxes is easier than collecting income and other taxes and fuel consumption is weakly priceelastic kojima,7
+their negotiation styles are more encompassing to include all the issues that affect men women girls and boys women have taken due advantage of political spaces to progress the interests of women and girls for political empowerment and socioeconomic development women leaders tend to pressurise for amendments and the initiation of national laws and local policies for improved infrastructure constitutional and legislative reforms to abrogate repugnant laws and ratification of international resolutions for womens rights,5
+however in practice urban design stops when the general plan is delivered because it takes place outside the budget planning process and land use since urban design projects are not subject to careful economic analysis they can hardly be integrated into budgeting and economic planning cycles ideally the general plan decisions should be further developed during the phase of detailed district general plans,11
+over time personalized technology will supersede onesizefitsall models of education a number of mathematics applications for smartphones and basic mobiles show learners how to solve questions stepbystep for example mobile apps now make it easy for teachers to administer short quizzes to test understanding instantaneously or synched with books no paper red pens or data entry are necessary,9
+it does this first through a literature review of economic development theory and findings from past empirical studies it then looks at different policy instruments currently used in five countries brazil chile indonesia mexico and south africa the results suggest that the focus of agricultural policies in these five countries has been on input use subsidies whether these are for variable input use fixed capital formation or onfarm services,2
+a regulation on densities that limits the number of fish in a farming centre as a consequence of poor environmental and sanitary performance during the previous productive period has also been put in place anchovy make up of landings for smallscale fishers and of landings for industrial fishers panel a processing plants generated around jobs,14
+more precisely special attention is being paid to initial training among other aspects future teachers at these levels must acquire fouryear bachelor s degrees which mean a oneyear extension in teacher education however spanish universities must draw up the programmes for initial teacher education in accordance w ith the guidelines set by the spanish government,4
+this setting provides a living laboratory for university research innovation learning and outreach and provides ample workbased learning opportunities for university students in all study programmes the state is a microcosm of multiracial multireligious multicultural and multilingual society the malay chinese and indians constitute the major ethnic groups in penang,4
+similarly the buyin received for biodiversity mainstreaming in the mining sector an important component of south africa s gdp was achieved through attention to the needs of the sector it was also evident that biodiversity mainstreaming was better accepted when aligned with presidential delivery outcomes and national development plans as has been seen in the above case studies biodiversity mainstreaming has often occurred through alignment with national planning processes,15
+it has been reported that wastewater and biosolids contain times the energy needed for treatment the biogas produced from anaerobic digestion has been used to generate energy onsite as well as for combined heat and power chp production however growing this industry using traditional energyintensive technologies can pose a big risk to water and food security and have a considerable negative effect on the environment direct solar energyoperated desalination is not an economically viable solution,7
+an econometric model is used to illustrate the strong connection of the immigrant workforce with production in the thai economy and therefore with levels of income an empirical assessment of the impact of foreignbom workers on income per capita cannot be made with certainty but the high share of the employed in the foreignbom population together with the positive impact of foreignbom workers on the thaibom paid employment rate suggests this impact is positive the labour market and broader economy would also benefit from the integration of foreignbom workers in terms of the quality of work although foreignbom workers are wellintegrated in terms of access to employment they remain concentrated in lowskill occupations,8
+parties have been requested to update their existing ndcs or communicate new ones by to achieve the objectives countries will need to be far more ambitious in preparing their new ndcs for submission from to climaterelated disasters around the world accounted for per cent of the nearly trillion in direct economic losses from disasters over that period climaterelated and geophysical disasters claimed an estimated million lives,13
+it provides a platform for its members and aspiring women to encourage and facilitate change and create a proactive societal role this brings women leaders together from across the country to develop their leadership skills and to advocate for advances in women s business environment in jordan the goal of bpwkuwait is to strengthen women s business skills and networks so they can launch their own enterprises,5
+stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations will eventually require a zero net carbon emission economy the global public good nature of the climate and the potential consequences of tail risks nevertheless call for strong public action to underpin these developments most oecd countries and a growing number of emerging market economies have already taken some action,13
+the two subsections that follow examine the gains in terms of child poverty reduction that would be achieved by putting in place policies that would significantly increase the employment rate of parents or share a redistribution of child benefit andor by redistributing child andor housing benefits to ensure better coverage of children in relative poverty this section examines the potential impact on family poverty rates of a reduction in the number of jobless parents and the family poverty rates that could be achieved in the absence of a childrelated standard of living penalty i e if the poverty rate of families with children was equal to that of households without children conditional to adult employment status different scenarios are considered and the impact on family poverty rates is shown in table column shows the current proportion of families under the poverty line amongst households with children ie a weighted poverty rate for families,1
+regional governments bore the bulk of responsibility for translating the guidance of central government into major changes to the structure of hospital services on the ground hospitals are owned by regions and are paid on a drg basis for providing secondary and tertiary care through employing salaried doctors in contrast general practitioners are selfemployed professionals who are paid mainly on a feeforservice basis in combination with a significant fixed monthly payment,3
+although the economic community of west african states ecowas has made efforts to counter the impact of drug trafficking and abuse in west africa there has been an overall increase in drug trafficking between latin america and europe using africa as a transit area the increase in illicit drug use in west africa has resulted in challenges related to security treatment and negative health and social consequences of that drug use according to south african law enforcement authorities drug trafficking organizations from china and the balkans have established a significant presence in southern africa in addition to importing drugs directly into southern africa drug trafficking organizations ship drugs to maputo and from there the drugs are transported by truck to south africa a fiveyear strategic framework on drug control focusing on drug abuse prevention and treatment standards as well as the establishment of national and regional drug observatories was discussed at the first meeting of the african union specialized technical committee on health population and drug control held in addis ababa in april during that meeting african ministers of health population and drug control held a meeting to discuss linkages between health and drug control,3
+many poor households in the mdes are kept afloat financially thanks to transfers from relatives and friends working abroad worker remittances also make an important contribution to the balance of payments of these countries especially jordan lebanon the syrian arab republic and yemen see tables and emigration to the gcc where incomes can be five times higher than in their home countries has been facilitated by the common language shared across the region although the inflow of migrant workers can increase the flexibility of gcc labour markets it is insufficient to resolve unemployment problems in the labourexporting mdes,8
+like phytoplankton these all provide food for higher trophic levels and in the case of the juvenile stages will develop into those higher levels chap plankton of all kinds show an enormous range of biodiversity a single litre of seawater can contain representatives of all major branches of the tree of life archaea bacteria and all major kingdoms of eukaryotes chap,14
+the chapter offers a variety of frameworks for understanding gender different types of violence against women and women s capacities and roles as peacebuilders drawing on the fields of biology sociology and political theory and the practice of peacebuilding examples from around the world provide snapshots of the complex dynamics of gender violence and peacebuilding a gendersensitive lens on peacebuilding highlights the urgent need to broaden programming to include the empowerment of women and attention to violence against women in both private and public settings,5
+fertiliser subsidies remain by far the most important programme through which the government provides budgetary support to agriculture this subsidy is received indirectly by farmers as is channelled through fertiliser companies these companies are responsible for lowering the price of their final product which in turn benefits farmers oecd b to ensure the success of the programme beneficiaries also receive technical guidance from a local agriculture extension officer the giant is based on a proposal prepared by groups of farmers the indonesian government through the raskin programme buys a given percentage of the total output of rice produced by smallscale farmers,2
+protected landscapes ie iucn category v designated or extended after include vjosenarte ha lumi bunavelipoje ha another part of the ramsar site listed in and mali me gropabizemartanesh ha the work on potential areas of special conservation interest was carried out between and as a result potential emerald sites covering an area of around per cent of the country s territory were identified and studied,15
+finland has done this successfully before and should consider doing it again based on new evidence in particular it should identify strategic areas in need of public investment rather than indiscriminately cutting public funding across the board finland s opportunity for restructuring existing industries towards high valueadded and highproductivity activities can take the form of strengthening capabilities in existing areas of business strengths and extending from those areas into related ones that provide innovation opportunities,9
+third the approach allows the interdependencies between the different sectors to be explicitly modelled to the extent that data permit it compares rates of change of value added and employment in oceanbased industries between and the compound annual growth rate for value added of the oceanbased industries combined between and is estimated at broadly in line with the anticipated compound annual growth rate for value added of the global economy however the total growth of employment approximately in the oceanbased industries over the year period is expected to outpace markedly the overall growth rate of the global workforce approximately,14
+these skills describe what the oecd has called teaming to learn the strategies practices and motivations associated with high performance oecd the threelayer model of selfregulated learning boekaerts pintrich and zeidner is one framework which captures the different kinds of mindsets dispositions and skills which need to be developed in order for students to be able to learn productively on their own the inner layer of cognitive regulation encompasses the practices a student needs to master to carry out information processing the middle layer of metacognitive regulation describes the students knowledge and skills that allow them to make effective choices about what they study and how the outer layer of motivational regulation represents the self the learner s own goals needs and expectancies,4
+however support for mitigation activities including developing green energy sources and enhancing energy efficiency lags behind although these countries are not significant contributors to ghg emissions at the global level they require additional funding to pursue low carbon development support to improve access to sustainable energy and energy independence and to increase energy security is critical to achieving the low carbon future envisaged by many sids pacific island forum for ldcs climate change oda has more than doubled from to mostly due to a continuous increase in adaptationrelated development finance usd billion to usd billion oecd b but more dramatically due to a tripling of the resources dedicated to climate change mitigation in compared with the previous year this increase was due to large over usd million loans and grants for the energy sector in afghanistan bangladesh malawi and myanmar however adaptation remains the main focus of climaterelated support to ldcs,13
+a recent set of case studies undertaken by fao draws complementary conclusions on how the mainstreaming of agricultural trade policies into development strategies can help build support for policies that can help trade contribute more effectively to national food security the findings of these two case study projects are summarised in boxes and the supporting case studies looked at the underlying political economy of policy decisions in countries bangladesh brazil china egypt ethiopia india kenya malawi mozambique nigeria senegal south africa viet nam and zambia,2
+this economic pressure has led the industry to further adapt and evolve its operations to maximise economic return access to the market is unrestricted with imports of species not domestically produced eg shrimps prawns packaged products such as canned fish per capita consumption is relatively stable and growth is largely a function of general population trends,14
+multidimensional poverty and deprivation estimates are important new tools in this undertaking this paper reviews the insights of various contributions from research into multidimensional poverty and deprivation and combines them into an internally consistent framework the framework adds an important element by emphasising that people may experience various types and forms of poverty and deprivation simultaneously the experience of poverty is often multifaceted and deprivations are interrelated in many cases,1
+therefore nfa is mainly dependent on the allocations from the state budget eu twinning report on concept of state forest enterprise for georgia in parallel georgia is working on the elaboration of national principles criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management all these efforts aim to strengthen forest policy planning and management especially in light of georgias international commitment as well as national plans and priorities however this is only a beginning and much remains to be done on the ground wood removals are far above sustainable levels and additional human and technical capacity and financia resources are needed to protect forests from illegal use logging and grazing to ensure that the impacts of logging are kept as low as reasonably practical to restore degraded forest territories and to ensure that tending operations are carried out at the appropriate time garforth et al,15
+gender gaps in employment remain much wider than gender gaps in education and there is evidence of increased gender job segregation globally with womens share of jobs in the industrial sector declining over the last years idrc seguino forthcoming this is because of two main factors women s livelihood equality with men generates bargaining power to influence the distribution of resources at the household level,5
+also the performance of an intervention might not be static over time results measured after year or after years could differ significantly these different timescales of results mean that effectiveness levels will vary depending on when effectiveness is assessed choosing an appropriate point in time for assessment can be particularly complicated for climate finance interventions aimed at longterm transformational impacts,13
+although there are maintenance fees they are insufficient to cover the expenses of the everincreasing assets twothirds of the fees collected through rural electricity tariffs are used for building electricity generators and the remaining third is insufficient for acquiring maintenance equipment for grid renovation or development luo these financial burdens negatively impact business revenues,7
+the status of women is explicitly part of the mandate of the supreme council of women that supervises and reports on compliance with relevant national and international standards prepares legislative proposals examines policies and budgets and provides advice to the government these countries need to develop genderspecific strategies or committees in legislative bodies while adopting and building consensus on new national constitutions in tunisia for example a commission in charge of social affairs exists within the body of the constitutional convention but its relation to the ministry of women s and family affairs remains to be clarified,5
+rural poverty and food insecurity are frequently the result of institutional failures including coordination failures land insecurity gender discrimination and marginalization of indigenous populations which prevent the development of more dynamic food production systems to a large extent low income and food insecurity among smallscale farm holders can be traced back to the lack of adequate access to land traditional land reform designed to improve access to land and provide support to different forms of association among farmers would help to effect economies of scale in production and most importantly in the marketing of food crops however changing land distribution practices securing property rights and creating incentives that benefit small farm holders often require the formation of political coalitions that might challenge the status quo an estimated million hectares of land in developing countries were bought by foreigners in a tenfold rise from the previous decade with twothirds of these sometimes controversial land grabs occurring in africa deininger et al improved national dialogue and empowerment of communities and traditional smallscale farmers is essential in countries engaged in land leasing to foreign investors,2
+these requirements were taken from the paragraph decision see above world bank working paper no see also who implementation of paragraph in this context it should be noted that pooled drugs procurement by several developing countries is generally an important means of attracting pharmaceutical producers interest in a regional market and may under a carrots and sticks approach be used by developing country governments to negotiate favourable schemes of collaboration with the holders of pharmaceutical patents see section,3
+these enable the payer to specify the outcomes it wishes a care provider to deliver while allowing the care provider flexibility in how services are designed to deliver those outcomes australia is already experimenting with advance payments for bundles of care for patients with complex needs in its diabetes care project the trial s evaluation should inform future policy this will oblige both levels of government and their respective policy makers to try to develop a more meaningful assessment of the needs of these communities and tailor their ways of paying them to suit the maintenance of needed services,3
+the railway has reduced cargo transit times from days by road to hours by train the railway line cuts through bottlenecks and raises the profile of afghanistan as a transit route by connecting two carec corridors ie the russian federationmiddle east corridor and the south asia and europemiddle east and south asia corridor intensive multipledonor engagement has been a success factor for the project this engagement also improved the adaptability of the project to changing conditions during implementation the adb provided supervision both from headquarters and by the resident mission oecdwto the european bank for reconstruction and development ebrd funds the rehabilitation of railway infrastructure in bosnia and herzegovina,9
+public transportation in most of africa s major cities is dominated by informal minibuses and motorbikes and accounts for relatively large proportions of household budgets especially among the poorest lall and others data on the proportion of the population with access to public transportation in african cities are not easily available therefore household expenditure on transportation is often used as a proxy indicator of accessibility and affordability of it in african cities,11
+this will happen within varying time frames as a country production flattens and falls and b continuing domestic consumption absorbs more of each country s production some governments are questioning whether to leave oil in the ground now for production later which would delay and lessen the eventual changes needed to reduce dependence on the hydrocarbon sector on the other hand building up foreign investments can provide a strategic hedge against the uncertainties of future reserves and prices,7
+the observatory by collecting and sharing data with all the lgus in one location will function as a platform which eliminates silos in urban and metropolitan management and makes it easier to address common issues such as transport flood risks air and pollution and waste management the bandung command centre in bandung indonesia can be a good model box currently a lot of data is missing that is needed to assess the environmental status and performance of the region eg there is no recent air quality data available while increasing commuting trips and motorisation suggests air pollution may become more severe in the near future in addition where data is available it is often only at the scale of local authorities or at the broader scale of the johor state which is insufficient for any accurate analysis of the policy needs,11
+by the end of the s these disappointing outcomes had led to a rethinking of development goals and strategy the focus shifted once again back to defining poverty reduction as an explicit goal rather than as an implicit or indirect one through the adoption of the united nations millennium declaration by the general assembly on september the united nations introduced a concrete set of development targets embodied in the millennium development goals,1
+both cases show that strong leadership is needed to incentivise and coordinate the actions of stakeholders including ministries local authorities road agencies parliamentarians politicians and civil society the case of lisbon showed the importance of integrating road safety into wider societal policies and avoiding the tendency towards silo thinking that happens in many countries there is much to gain in addressing road safety and environmental concerns together as the fights against road crashes and pollution have many common levers in the case of lisbon particular emphasis has been put on physical accessibility and the quality of the pedestrian environment due to the wider demographic challenges of an ageing population,11
+this exante information could provide the foundation of the post emissions accounting system furthermore if all major emitters were to provide an estimated range for their ghg emissions in an agreed future year eg this would facilitate estimations of the future ghg emissions pathway information on how the government intends to meet its commitment eg via domestic climate legislation and policies implemented or planned together with an explanation of its level of ambition given national circumstances could help to further enhance understanding between countries on the actions being taken by others,13
+uncertainty slows down economic activity and in particular impedes investment in particular investment in energy production conversion transport and enduse where installations often have lifetimes of several decades the more capitalintensive is an investment the more such uncertainty will impact total project costs through the interest rate in the electricity sector nuclear energy and renewable energies are thus most heavily affected,7
+inadequate preventive measures for contact with mdrtb patients result in increased incidence of mdrtb in children of the patients one case of malaria has been reported in mongolia in consequently the incidence of viral hepatitis b decreased substantially to achieve this vaccination and the capacity of health services are key factors,3
+if tuition fees vary across institutions and fields of study with different curricula costs and returns students are more likely to go into the fields and institutions that will give them better chances of success in the labour market oliveira martins et al while private returns largely reflect wage and employability premia stemming from additional years of schooling for an individual social returns focus on productivity gains at the aggregate level in this respect social and private returns differ markedly if there is a purely signalling role of education andor there are substantial human capital spillovers,4
+in larger organizations departmental accountability for energy costs may be important for example if departments are accountable for their own energy costs they benefit directly from any savings from investment projects or housekeeping measures but if cost savings go to the company as a whole the departmental incentive is diluted split incentives,7
+if vulnerability is defined as monthly income between and times the poverty line then a very high percentage of the latin american population over in many countries lives in poverty or vulnerability see figure these individuals have limited capacity to ride out growth and employment cycles since the majority do not have savings or access to social security and do not own their homes they also exhibit high dependency rates and low levels of education which impairs their ability to progress in the job market and get ahead during times of economic expansion while heightening the risk that they will sink back into poverty when the economic cycle takes a turn for the worse accordingly with growth forecast to slow in the years ahead the fact that such a large portion of the population lives in vulnerable conditions should be cause for concern,10
+although rigidity of labour regulation is expected to deter female labour force participation in the probit regressions a reform of the system does not appear to be a positive and significant determinant of female labour force participation according to montag labour regulation and stringency of proworker laws are a burden for female employment by cutting low wage workers off the labour market recent reforms of the regulations seem to have done do little to raise female participation,5
+alors quil est clair que les femmes aident de maniere significative a lelimination de la faim et de la malnutrition il est egalement evident quelles doivent etre mieux representees politiquement et participer davantage au dialogue sur les politiques the focus on women informed broader discussions on what is influencing west africas development and food security prospects and what innovative policies and approaches can strengthen the resilience of the most vulnerable populations in the region it also led to the adoption of the milan declaration by the members of the global alliance for resilience agir sahel and west africa,2
+the gap is larger in countries that track students early have larger percentages of students in selective schools and are more likely to transfer lessable students to other schools there is now a wealth of evidence including longitudinal studies that investing in ecec yields high returns in boosting cognitive and noncognitive skills as well as later success in the labour market especially for disadvantaged children heckman lazzari and vandenbroeck children from socioeconomically disadvantaged families in belgium and slovenia for example are given priority access to ecec oecd b,4
+the iso survey indicated four valid certificates being recorded in mongolia in impediments to the broader uptake of environmental management systems include organizational capacity the cost of international consultants and the time to complete them the government resolution no the ministry responsible for environment set out rules on ecolabel award to entities organizations and individuals which manufacture environmentally friendly products and provide services through the ministerial order no,12
+and it led to major changes in policies and budgets stimulating extensive operational and technical work and triggering greater investment in prevention and mitigation this progress was assessed in the asiapacific disaster report apdr the report found there had been more frequent disasters such as typhoons floods and landslides and greater damage to property and livelihoods however the report also identified continuing weaknesses in a number of countries with limited capacities and resources the technology for assessing risks and detecting approaching threats has reached a high degree of sophistication,13
+thefeminization of the labour force associated with a narrowing of the gap between the male and female labour force participation rates generates growth in gdp as measured both by contemporary and by lagged values and indications exist of a potentially positive effect over the medium term however an increase in the number of hours works labour intensity bears an inverse relationship to growth which could be a sign of a negative impact of a reduction in the time devoted to care work unless the shortfall is made up for by the substitution of public or private caregiving services or by the assumption of some of these tasks by other members of the household in order to verify this intuition it would be necessary to undertake an analysis of how household labour and savings are influenced by changes in the female labour supply this is the underlying condition for the feasibility of demandled growth but it is also in keeping with the preceding conclusion since although low wages in the present may boost growth wages will have to trend upward if that growth trend is to be sustained,5
+considering many parents reported that they felt more comfortable touring schools in groups this intervention is especially important for migrant parents who are navigating the system for the first time for example voluntary programmes encourage parents to enrol their children in highly segregated schools in order to create a better balance and promote diversity some communities are providing awareness education for nonimmigrants parents to disarm stigmatisation and fears of integration measures influencing then children negatively bunar for example in groups native dutch families apply to high performing and high minority population schools to ensure their child is not the only native dutch student in the classroom walraven in addition these parents and communities interact with their local schools about curriculum differentiation for students and afterschool programmes so as to make the learning environment productive for all students,4
+there is a different distribution across specialisations one with the highest level of satisfaction among employers for both technical and basic skills recorded in the medical sector table in no specialty in egypt were graduates basic skills assessed as strong by employers according to the survey presented in the background report spumohe adapted from strategic planning unitministry of higher education of egypt spumohe postsecondary vocational education and training in egypt two factors emerging from international evidence argue for systematic screening of literacy and numeracy difficulties among vet students many people are unaware of their problems and some of those who are aware of them may be reluctant to admit them,4
+a metaanalysis of a large number of climate models came up with a mean estimate of usd per tc for again such numbers resulting from very highlevel topdown models must be taken with great caution let it just be said that their order of magnitude is comparable to that of estimates of the social costs of carbon which supports the c objective the appropriate price of c emissions must drive a wedge between the costs of fossil fuelbased power generation and generation with lowcarbon technologies such as nuclear hydro and renewables,7
+according to wef ict use percentage of internet users fixed broadband internet bandwidth and mobile broadband subscriptions can be indicative as ict clearly has an influential role in innovation in india and indonesia for example only a third of the population are active internet users and very few have access to fixed broadband limiting technology readiness wef by contrast access to mobile broadband subscriptions was found to be relatively equal across countries except for india suggesting that mobile phones can be an enabling tool for ict use,9
+the top four development banks in terms of cleanenergy financing over were kfw usd billion chinese development bank usd billion european investment bank usd billion and bndes usd billion together they contributed of the usd billion in chile pension funds played an important role in equity financing of privatised electricity companies in the s walsh et al as of july government shortterm securities represented nearly of total assets of the pension funds in ethiopia kenya uganda cape verde and madagascar irving and manroth,7
+policies during this time restricted the opportunity for farmers to expand the size of their farms and farm inputs were under state control alongside poland s transition to a democratic political system came market deregulation and the privatisation of former state industries this represented a major change in the market conditions for farming and for rural development more generally,9
+these gender gaps are pervasive although they vary across countries and world regions while in less developed countries girls and women suffer from unequal access to economic assets education or basic health care facilities in most developed countries gender inequality persists in the form of discriminatory social institutions and beliefs about gender roles that undercut women s opportunities inhibit their full participation in economic social and political activities and therefore reduce their quality of life in developing countries child health outcomes are strongly correlated to women s access to resources countries where women lack any right to own land have on average more malnourished children where women have no access to credit the number of malnourished children is above average oecd a in highincome countries the mother s education level has been shown to have an effect on the academic achievement of their children oecd b,5
+other incidents recorded in the cog reports demonstrate examples of electoral violence this typology expands the traditional categories of electoral violence monitoring and research efforts to encompass the nuances presented by womens experiences research from amnesty international suggests that postelection violence in kenya included incidences of sexual and genderbased violence confirming the findings of commonwealth observers of increased levels of violence perpetuated against women in the case of swaziland the levels of intimidation experienced by female candidates was noted to have been encouraged by traditional leaders because a female candidate wore trousers and in one case because the female candidate in question was a widow,5
+another frequent motivation is to reduce public waste management costs by shifting the burden of collecting and managing significant parts of the waste stream away from taxfinanced municipal operations this section discusses commodity coverage of epr schemes as well as issues of design constitution and financing of producer responsibility organisations pros it also addresses the establishment and enforcement of epr performance targets as well as costs borne by industry and consumers,12
+in recent studies in the arctic region it was found that the therapist showed little awareness of their clients use of traditional healers the future goal is to attain full independence the conditions for health care in greenland differ in a number of ways from the sami in the nordic countries because of geographic and climatic conditions,3
+girls are still less likely than boys to choose scientific and technological fields of study and when they do are less likely to take up highpaying jobs in those fields these choices are informed by stereotypes about suitable occupations for girls rather than based on ability stereotypes that define caregiving as quintessentially female and maternal seem to be much harder to dislodge than those around breadwinning previously seen as a male domain increasing numbers of women are adopting what are widely seen as masculine lifestyles and patterns of work by engaging more intensively in the labour market however men are not to the same extent taking on greater responsibility for unpaid care and domestic work widely seen as feminine,5
+while underperforming schools are typically found to use the feedback from inspection visits for quality improvements there are indications that schools labelled as achieving basic quality are often less engaged in using evaluative information to gain insights into their own challenges and plan for improvement dutch inspectorate of education evaluation and assessment in the netherlands operate in a context where the majority of schools are owned by nonpublic bodies eg religious or professional communities pursuing particular pedagogical philosophies and even public schools are typically operated by semiautonomous boards similar to those in the nonpublic sector see chapter as described above the size and composition of school boards as well as the evaluation competencies of school board members are highly variable in its report on the state of education in the netherlands the inspectorate notes that quality assurance is an area in which many school boards could improve dutch inspectorate of education p,4
+maternal mortality plunged from around deaths per live births in to around deaths in while infant mortality declined from deaths per live births to deaths over the same period however as with other indicators national level data on infant and maternal mortality belie marked regional disparities in some regions of the country maternal mortality has actually been increasing over the past ten years by nearly since in the akmola and karaganda regions and in kyzylorda region by more than between and however after several waves of reforms most regulatory and financing functions have again been centralised,3
+nevertheless this is lower than the oecd average of and well below the population replacement rate of children per woman stagnating fertility rates are a particularly important issue for germany aside from the personal satisfaction derived from raising children fewer babies means fewer workers in the future with pernicious consequences for the economy german women with higher educational attainment are less likely to have children as are women engaged in paid work and especially women engaged in fulltime paid work women w ith higher earnings are also much less likely to have a child than women with lower earnings as lowerincome women often live with a male breadwinner differences in gender roles are less dramatic in france where the likelihood of giving birth actually increases with a womans earnings chapter,5
+similarly obesity is twice as prevalent among people with the lowest level of education a higher prevalence of risk factors among disadvantaged groups contributes greatly to disparities in health status and life expectancy regulation supervision planning and quality monitoring are the role of the national government while service delivery falls under the responsibility of the regions and municipalities the regions are responsible for defining and running health services municipalities are responsible for disease prevention health promotion rehabilitation home care and longterm care see section,3
+for this reason it is better to define the poverty threshold using deprivation in two dimensions in line with other recent multidimensional measurements alkire and santos coneval gordon and others the countries with the highest multidimensional poverty rates guatemala honduras nicaragua and the plurinational state of bolivia are also those with the highest monetary poverty rates at the other extreme chile costa rica and uruguay urban area are the countries with the lowest multidimensional poverty rates and the lowest monetary poverty rates see table refers to the latest survey available between and the only cases where multidimensional poverty did not decline was in some countries where rates were below which is to be expected because some of the indicators used are probably at the minimum threshold level,1
+as we have seen above the largest growing market for these technologies is in the now developing parts of the world the south this means not only that increasing financing needs to be secured for these critical investments but also that most of the induced technological learning and thus cost reductions is likely to occur in these regions in other words there is a strong potential incentive to invest there assuming appropriate institutional and financing arrangements tariffs are the rates paid per kilowatthour for electricity,7
+processes should be established across relevant planning activities that embed tertiary education engagement in regional and local development including economic social cultural and environmental development the government should play a key role in ensuring that there is a flow of funds from the australian government in advocating for funds on behalf of the tertiary education sector and in providing joinedup governance in state responsibilities that intersect with tertiary education such as schools vocational education innovation business development and transport and infrastructure planning in order to guarantee that the needs of victoria are effectively met by tertiary education institutions the compact negotiations with individual universities particularly with the four multisector universities should involve also state government,4
+those measures help reduce the cost of projects for on and offgrid applications and are designed to target the important issue of consumer affordability for example bhutan is extending capital subsidies and grants to finance smallscale individual and community investments in renewable energy projects ministry of economic affairs india has provided excise duty exemptions for offgrid rooftop solar projects while foreign investors are exempted from income tax for years for solar power projects in bangladesh bangladesh ministry of power energy and mineral resources,7
+in particular the hasbani subbasin is threatened by several types of pollution including domestic wastewater and olive oil production residues in addition to an increase in salinity due to high evaporation rates higher salinity values are mainly a result of the presence of chloriderich saline springs close to the lake shore and on the lake floor which discharge an estimated mcmyr into the lake however the construction of the salinity diversion channel sdc in as part of israels national water carrier project allowed for the diversion of saline water from springs on the western and northwestern side of the lake to the lower jordan river,6
+twentyfive ecological indicators and ten subindicators are used to assess the changes in the state of water resources water consumption volumes in different economic branches streamflow deficit rate and quality change patterns of surface water and groundwater water pollution plays a determining role in the increase in morbidity rate kidney disease oncological and acute infectious diseases resulting in increased adult and child mortality rates anthropogenic impacts also result in soil pollution salinity toxic pollution pesticides residual quantities of fertilizers and heavy metal pollution and affects public health,6
+to date forwardlooking information on country programmable aid is requested by the oecddac but is only available for a subset of donors one to three years in advance and the climaterelevant portion of this is not always tagged this means that available quantitative forwardlooking information on climate finance provides only an incomplete picture of likely climate finance flows individual reporting on climate finance mobilised at the multilateral or bilateral level is challenging for several reasons including the risk of double counting collective reporting of climate finance mobilised bilaterally andor of climate finance mobilised multilaterally would ensure consistency and avoid double counting as long as there is consistency in the individual underlying data and definitions,13
+if leave entitlements foster continuous female participation in the labour market there will be growing acceptance from families and employers and greater career rewards for women social interaction may then produce a knockon effect as more women feel they can enter the labour market invest in a career before having children time childbirth take maternity leave and return to work afterwards bernhardt gustafsson and kenjoh in this context women who are not yet in a position to claim paid parental leave would also benefit from its provision they are also likely to benefit even further over time as there is evidence that whole generations of women have been influenced by the shift in women s identity from a familycentred world to a more careeroriented one goldin and katz goldin,5
+the chapter uses micro data from time use surveys in countries to better understand how couples share unpaid work and can do so more equally it begins by introducing the issues to hand then lists the chapter s main findings before looking at couples work both paid and unpaid it finds that in many but not all countries women do more work on aggregate,5
+it is noteworthy that recent analyses confirm that these challenges are not limited to developing countries oecd countries are facing similar although different issues and efficient responses require inter alia that waterrelated services are priced in ways which contribute to a range of environmental social economic and financial objectives some regions such as parts of south and east asia australia africa and the middle east do suffer from actual physical water shortages dry areas may not be water scarce if use remains within the limits of local availability conversely wet areas may be stressed if use approaches the limits of availability,6
+urbanrural disparity follows the concentration of industries and jobs in higherskill sectors which are usually located in urban areas while the majority of the population resides in rural areas depending on agriculture for subsistence undp according to the imf weakening of macroeconomic indicators including the inflation rate and public deficit have been due to overoptimistic revenue projections and increases in expenditure as well as a too accommodating monetary policy imf apart from the production of oil the macroeconomic outlook is affected by commodity prices and capital flows and the risk of too high public expenditures in relation to revenues,8
+it just means that ceteris paribus nuclear energy which relies on uranium provides an added layer of protection against geopolitical supply risks the following graph shows the reserveproduction rp ratios for key energy resources figure the rp ratios indicate the number of years that currently known proved reserves that can be recovered with reasonable certainty in the future under existing economic and technical conditions would last at current levels of consumption,7
+the initial national communication inc does state the necessity of elaborating a national action plan on adaptation the costs of which are estimated to be us million emission scenarios until are in preparation under the second national communication also emissions shown in the inc for will be recalculated under the second national communication,13
+for example the gradual shift in the united states towards smaller vehicles which began after the oil shock went into reverse as cars got more fuel efficient disentangling these effects is complex because lower oil prices contributed to this result but the rebound effect appears to be a factor somewhat different implications arise when the energy is being consumed by a business it means more output per unit of energy consumed whereas for households it may mean increased final consumption of heat or electricity and hence an increase in welfare,7
+a national reporting system has recently been developed which specifically monitors bed occupancy in clinically inappropriate wards to diminish adveise effects while nearly all cataract surgeries have for a long time been performed as day care the use of day care has spread to many other procedures for example the share of tonsillectomy the removal of tonsils carried out as sameday surgery has increased from about in to over in most of the over registers are built around specific diagnoses and mainly contain medical and epidemiological information,3
+as a result admission requirements have become stricter and there are now specific requirements in terms of performance in upper secondary education entry is now a twotier process those with the highest marks are granted direct admission but anyone else wishing to enrol has to take an examination including an interview both of which are scored to determine entry,4
+by china is expected to become the nd largest desalination market in the world after saudi arabia desalination can rely on a large resource base oceans and be widely implemented on coastal areas the major constraint is that it is energy intensive moreover brine discharges to the sea can increase salinity and temperature and accumulate toxic compounds in receiving waters industry can be made less dependent on the supply of potable water through obtaining water qualities that are tailored to suit product and process demands and quality standards water fitforuse,6
+it buys coal from mining companies and then sells it at the regulated price negotiated with four different ministries the price levels set in this negotiating process have been typically below the average production costs of stateowned companies and as a result most companies have been confronted with a serious deterioration of their financial condition leading to payment arrears and recurrent demands for ever higher subsidies in some attempts to liberalise the price policy in the coal sector were undertaken notably based on auctions for coking coal,7
+urbanisation and increased demand for water reinforce the need to collect and treat effluents of wastewater the same applies to industries and in similar ways to agriculture to this end oecd recommends that governments combine regulatory informationbased and economic instruments to provide continuing incentives for water users and polluters to reduce quantitative and qualitative pressure on water resources,6
+on the other hand to resolve the administrative gap a government may need in addition to a shift towards river basin management to enhance citizen participation and intermunicipal collaboration collect information at basin level and offer financial incentives to local authorities a policy mix of several tools is often called for regional and local actors are already key players in oecd countries water policy implementation,6
+this dust mixed with the air is thought to cause lung cancer and other breathing ailments elevated radon levels have also been associated with these abandoned mines the effect of longterm radiation exposure in the levels associated with these mines is largely unknown despite the obvious need there have not been to date any comprehensive studies of radiation and heavy metal contamination in the united states,3
+the analyses have shown that knowledge and skills of returnee migrants and the savings generated from remittances could be important sources for capital accumulation in ldcs both human and financial these resources could play an important role in the developmental evolution of the ldcs the ipoa by identifying concrete doables on the part of both the ldcs and development partners has redirected the attention of the global community to a muchneglected area which however has high potential in terms of facilitating many of the ldcs in undertaking their journey towards graduation,10
+for instance on the old list we had aluminium production copper production and other nonferrous metal production in three separate categories in the new list we have had to group these together in aluminium and copper as we would lose too much data if we looked at them individually since the average energy intensity of the industries on the list has dropped,7
+policy developments in education are guided by a multitude of planning documents and strategies notably the state program for education development a number of strategies and planning documents ensure consistency and guide policymaking in the short medium and longterm all major strategies are considered as part of the legislative framework other strategic documents include the national action plan for the development of school children s functional literacy for from the state general compulsory education standard from,4
+further investments are required in most mena countries to embed gender budgeting into the mainstream budgeting cycle across government and for these practices to take root it would be important to ensure that all pertinent stakeholders including parliaments are actively engaged in this process good practices from both oecd and mena countries eg morocco may support mena policy makers in the implementation of gender budgeting in a systematic and sustainable manner this would allow for gender mainstreaming to be taken into consideration more strategically and ensure buyin at all levels of government as well as raise awareness of gender mainstreaming,5
+however a more positive development in the mediumterm is likely to arise from the ongoing effort to rebalance the chinese economy towards being more consumptionled in line with the government s efforts to reduce hardcore poverty income inequality and regional disparities this rebalancing may produce a net positive impact on other countries in the region by creating new sources of demand in the chinese economy in addition governments will have to take action to ensure specifically that the jobs and incomes of the poorest and most vulnerable sections of society are protected during this difficult period,10
+at the same time dropping out or repeating a grade can lead to premature withdrawal from school and lower employability of school leavers causing a loss for educational systems in terms of social and financial resources such as students learning school buildings usage and teachers work time unesco international bureau of education grade repetition the practice of retaining students in the same grade is used to give struggling students more time to master gradeappropriate content before moving on to the next grade and prevent them from dropping out even if research finds that grade repetition can be ineffective in enhancing the achievement of low performers in the short run oecd early retention may lead to better outcomes than late retention and retained students may catch up after several years fruehwirth navarro and takahashi si,4
+the driving factors are insecure low income poor career prospects and meagre chances of returning to fulltime work and germany lags far behind with women occupying only of seats on the boards of directors in foibes global companies in compared to the oecdwide average of since january women must account for of seats in the supervisor nonexecutive boardrooms of stocklisted and socalled codetermined companies large companies of or more workers where employees appoint half the members of the supervisory board about companies are affected by the requirement,5
+in england the rise in diabetes was estimated to have offset mortality improvements by overall but by in the more deprived areas of england and by only in wealthier areas bajekal et al such results indicate that the advancements in equal access to high quality treatments are being threatened by the unequal distribution in risk factors such as diabetes the number of deaths caused by cvd varies considerably across oecd countries,3
+these circumstances lead to limited training and preparation on pedagogical evaluation and human resource management for the role of the school principal in school selfevaluation school improvement teacher appraisal and teacher career development this is a rather technical area requiring very specific expertise in domains such as educational measurement test development validation of test items or scaling methods which happens to be scarce in the czech republic mostly as the result of the limited availability of higher education offerings in these areas in the country this is a rather problematic challenge as a current priority is the development of standardised testing in grades and,4
+using alternate metrics generates different results the united nations conference on trade and development unctad etrade of all framework identifies seven critical areas for ecommerce development ecommerce assessments ict infrastructure services payments trade logistics legal regulatory frameworks skills development and financing for ecommerce using this etrade for all categorization against oecd reporting codes gives a different perspective on financing flows,9
+while enduser tariffs were significantly increased in the past couple of years targeted subsidies to support poor households have risen as well at the same time the capacity of energy companies to build their capital reserves and to invest in upgrading the efficiency of generation and distribution assets remains low during an energy crisis the government typically intervenes to take control over the power sector which in turn reduces longerterm investor confidence,7
+furthermore progress has been very uneven both across countries and for different groups of women within the same country with women from the most disadvantaged social groups typically facing the widest gender gaps they are also less likely to hold the best occupations and are considerably less likely to be in topmanagement positions many women are selfemployed but they own smaller and less successful businesses than men as a result of credit constraints and gaps in financial literacy and businessrelated knowledge,5
+if one assumes that the top three occupational categories technicians and association professionals professionals and legislators senior officials and managers are those requiring some level of formal tertiary education only of the occupations in the northern corridor economic region and in the northern corridor economic region not including penang require this level of education most of the occupations continue to require only basic education and training at the secondary level or less while precise data were not available the level of highly skilled labour in penang is likely to be at or slightly above the national average and the level for the remainder of the northern corridor economic region significantly below that level within these the areas of development most relevant to penang are manufacturing especially increasing the value added in electrical and electronics ee and in services especially tourism,4
+the danish ehealth portal is the official portal for the public danish health care senices and enables patients and health care professionals to find information and communicate the country also publishes annual reports based on national clinical databases and reports on regional variation in health outcomes the folkesundhedsprogram public health programme included a series of targets for the reduction of inequality in health,3
+as part of this process lithuania must undergo indepth technical reviews in all relevant areas of the organisation s work including education and skills this report is an input to this process it evaluates national policies and practices in lithuania in education and skills compared to oecd member countries and reference countries in the nordic and baltic region it does so according to five principles that are essential to effective education systems a strong focus on improving learning outcomes equity in educational opportunity the ability to collect and use data to inform policy the effective use of funding to steer reform and the extent of multistakeholder engagement in policy design and implementation based on these benchmarks the review both underlines the many strengths of lithuania s education system and provides recommendations on how to improve policies and practices so that the country can fully achieve oecd standards of education attainment and outcomes,4
+the final section suggests various reforms of the health system with potentially large impacts on its efficiency and costeffectiveness both healthadjusted and raw life expectancies at birth are among the lowest across the oecd and about six years less than oecd averages figure in terms of potential years of life lost pyll hungary was ranked among the countries with the highest number in the oecd,3
+depression was identified as a major risk factor for suicide and premature mortality evidence from depression and anxiety guidelines suggested that cbt was a costeffective way of treating depression backed by the evidence presented in the nice guideline gbp million was invested to train and employ cbt therapists,3
+because of rising incomes and spreading urbanization per capita meat consumption increased from to kilograms between and nearly all of this increase can be attributed to growing demand in asia and to a lesser extent latin america combined with the growing world population changing dietary patterns imply that food production needs to roughly double by although global food production has increased at a faster pace about per cent than population about per cent it has barely kept up with food demand and unequal distribution of the increased food availability was still leaving about million people undernourished worldwide in fao,10
+this section examines food wastage occurring at the consumption end is examined along with the underlying factors associated with different socioeconomic and agricultural development conditions recent estimations show that the weight of food wasted per capita by consumers in europe and north america amounts to kgyear compared with the figure for subsaharan africa and south and southeast asia which is only kgyear food and agriculture organization of the united nations c as much as per cent of total harvested food does not reach the marketplace as a result of quality selection and cosmetic considerations institution of mechanical engineers also food production tends to exceed demand in developed countries as a precautionary measure in order to ensure delivery of agreed quantities,2
+cities create wealth generate employment and drive human progress by harnessing the forces of agglomeration and industrialization cites also offer greater societal freedoms in the process of urbanization however there have been some bumps along the road many of which are discussed in chapters to while it is easy to ascribe all these changes to urbanization such a causal connection would be superficial the model is a result of relentless globalization the unfettered transformation of cities into sources of private gain a declining attention to public space and community benefit and rapid technological change which in the end increases connectivity while it diminishes accountability,11
+the task force could also examine whether and how mens high level of responsibility could negatively impact countries competitiveness although international and domestic laws prohibit discrimination in the recruitment process working conditions and remuneration these norms are not always respected in practice regulations that are intended to protect women may unintentionally bar them from certain types of work or from engaging in certain industries,5
+it comprises railway connections with stations and bus routes with stops on average it handles some million passengers per workday with an average length of travel of kilometres in terms of revenue per trip it achieves a top value in germany covering its costs at with the remainder coming from federal regionalisation funds passed through the state budget and from municipalities via state financial equalisation,11
+in addition there are differences in how climate finance effectiveness is assessed this paper explores different aspects of climate finance effectiveness for example in terms of climate finance outcomes eg environmental economic developmental delivery eg institutions and governance and time horizons eg shortterm vs longterm results the paper uses examples from different types of activities both mitigation and adaptation and explores the issue of effectiveness at a range of scales projects programmes policies the paper focuses on climate finance in the context of the unfccc ie public climate finance as well as the private climate finance mobilised by public interventions,13
+the economy and suicide a timeseries study of the usa poor and uninsured to be treated at designated hospitals and prescribed generic medicine increase in user charges from to for public outpatient facilities some user charges for vulnerable groups removed liberalisation of pharmacies hospital output based funding used for hospital budget from,3
+planned dam constructions are expected to influence the flow and hydromorphology for example in georgia municipal wastewater treatment plants are mostly not in functioning condition in rural settlements there is commonly no sewerage network in the turkish part the influence of wastewater from settlements is considered local but severe for example the controlled dumpsite ardahan in turkey may cause pollution of nearby agricultural land,6
+some countries such as denmark the netherlands and norway rely on such personnel to a great extent while in hungary their role appears to be limited as reflected in their comparatively low numbers at per thousand population in consistent with the general trend of declining numbers of hospital beds the number of hospital beds per thousand population in hungary came down to around seven in from nearly nine in owing to costcontainment policies targeting excess capacity in the hospital sector and the advent of new medical technologies allowing greater reliance on day care rather than long hospitalisation nevertheless the number of hospital beds remained above the oecd average of five per thousand in oecd figure the average lengths of stay in acute and inpatient care were among the lowest in the oecd in,3
+in belize guyana and suriname total poverty averages over and extreme poverty over by contrast in island countries of the caribbean total child poverty averages and extreme poverty the difference is explained in part by high levels of rural poverty in belize guyana and suriname,1
+resource allocation is also discussed as it relates to school location the socioeconomic profile of schools programme orientation education level and whether a school is public or private the chapter also analyses changes since in the level of resources devoted to education and how those resources are allocated human material and financial resources are examined in this chapter as well as the amount of time dedicated to instruction and learning as shown in figure iv this chapter focuses not only on ihe average level of resources avai lable in each school system but also on how school resources are allocated across schools within systems,4
+again the cooperation agreements that the sfp has signed with inmujeres and segob offer ample provisions for introducing such measures similar bilateral cooperation agreements between inmujeres and individual secretariats would also be usefiil tools for change such as the one that inmujeres signed with the secretariat for education sep it focuses on implementing the lines of action from proguilidad which takes a more sectorspecific approach to mainstreaming gender in the workplace including measures promoting gender balance and worklife balance and in the development of educational policies expenditure and programmes it did not include though specific gender equality requirements undp,5
+posttraumatic stress symptoms were experienced by of the women trafficked for sex work and by of the women trafficked for other kinds of work tsutsumi et al in europe at ioms counter trafficking unit in kosovo the most common reactions observed by a clinical psychologist working for several years were acute stress reactions with numbness and detachment posttraumatic stress disorder with continuing flash backs of the traumatic events and nightmares dissociation and self harm but also symptoms of depression tudorache but they also argue that increased training is central to achieve this this was obvious in a european study reporting that of trafficking victims encountered a health care professional while still in captivity world childhood foundation,5
+the implementation plan for the sustainable communities consortium was adopted on may this is a crucial condition to building an inclusive urban transport network since lower income households are more likely to live far from economic centres and to rely on public transport as a consequence many cities have implemented reforms to respond to this new demand the creation of transport authorities that are responsible for multiple jurisdictions within a functional urban area is increasingly common,11
+an alternative is that funding could partly derive from subnational governments but this would need to be coupled with tax reforms that boost subnational government income such as a possessionbased rather than a transactionbased property tax oecd a even if farmers manage to scale up their land holdings through renting in operating rights to farmland and attract suitable labour poor access to finance may limit farm investment and mechanisation a large problem for farmers in many developing countries is a lack of collateral,2
+however to benefit countries will need to strengthen technology capabilities and increase access for all groups in a wide range of areas with support from the international community they have spurred innovations such as big data al d printing internet of things iot robotics cloud computing and many others the internet of things iot monitors and manages connected objects and machines and has applications in healthcare agriculture energy and water management and quality al offers a wide range of capabilities including image recognition for diagnostics in health care and agriculture combined with robotics al could transform production and distribution networks in line with new business models especially in manufacturing new types of d printing allow ever faster and cheaper lowvolume production and rapid iterative prototyping of new products offering benefits in healthcare construction and education,9
+the restructuring of the economy after reunification contributed to the decline in energy use notably the collapse of inefficient firms in east germany after oecd carbon emissions were reduced by the switch from petrol to diesel cars and from heating oil to natural gas which are less carbon intensive destatis higher energy prices as well as european and national environmental policies such as the implementation of the eco tax and energy standards in the automotive sector also played a role by creating incentives for energy savings oecd a in terms of emissions per capita or relative to the gdp level germany is below the oecd average but above the eu average figure upper panel and table when excluding emissions from electricity and heat production germany is the third lowest emitter in the oecd on a per gdp unit basis,7
+today india is the largest producer of fresh buffalo and goat milk and the second largest producer of fresh cow milk in the world most of the milk produced is consumed within the country milk is an essential source of protein in the predominantly vegetarian diet of many indians today every indian consumes about g of milk per day,2
+schools provide an ideal universal setting for reaching children with mental health concerns and their role in providing health support in increasing across the oecd this section discusses recent and ongoing initiatives integrating mental health services with education systems one of the key areas of the budget of australia s ten year roadmap for mental health reform for instance was improving young peoples mental health services,3
+during the past decade the share of the population using g mobile networks in africa has been converging with the rest of the world consequently policy and decision makers need to make efforts to expand the coverage to rural and remote areas in africa where access is relatively lower looking at historical trends major progress was registered in infrastructure development but manufacturing and industrial sector development stagnated in terms of contribution to both value addition and job creation,9
+this is especially important for smallscale projects that would normally not resort to this form of funding if legal barriers and complex upfront investment discussions are streamlined and investments are standardised smart contracts could be used to execute investment transactions in addition appropriate screening of the platform and investment transactions will need to be ensured this is especially important in regards to regulatory aspects in the realm of energy systems and grid resilience or the prevention of investment flows to countries subject to economic sanctions,9
+in belgium the unions are authorized to pay the benefits to their members and in the netherlands several public agencies local governments hospitals schools universities the army transferred delivery of the extra unemployment benefit bovenwettelijke wwuitkering to private firms lastly in switzerland public and private agencies jointly administer the benefits and collect the contributions another very common instrument is unemployment assistance which is used in conjunction with unemployment insurance in of the countries studied see annex table ia d in most of those countries the unemployed person can apply for unemployment assistance benefits when he or she ceases to be eligible for unemployment insurance either owing to insufficient contributions or because the maximum benefit period has been reached,8
+other estimates in the literature end up around the same level eg fischer et al to fraiture et al for the manufacturing sector and for electricity production oecd calculations were used as the starting point while water use in different industrial sectors can vary significantly an overall average relationship with total industrial value added was assumed per geographical region according to assumed regional structure of the sector and technological level over time this relationship was adapted according to assumed structural sector shifts and technological progress a water balance can be established for each grid cell see chapter taking account of landuse patterns natural vegetation crop distribution and management climate parameters temperature precipitation and co concentration and soil parameters this shows the resulting runoff per grid cell ie the amount that ends up in river systems lakes and dams and the volumes available for downstream extraction,6
+in these places the city that plans has become a reality there is no shortage of places where planning is practiced as a vanity for national or municipal leadership where imported ideas of what will lead to a good city are recited by planners from their textbooks or in response to the directives of their political leaders where visions of urban form and urban design are thought to be sufficient to charting the future where implementation is an afterthought and where the objective is the planned city therefore as the united nations embarks on charting the new urban agenda it is important that the discussions recognize the diverse contexts as well as issues and lessons emerging from them,11
+children of austerity impact of the great recession on child poverty in rich countries oxford university press child income poverty rate is usually defined as the proportion of children year olds that live in households with an equivalised income of less than a certain threshold below which all family members are considered to be poor the focus is on the income situation of children relative to the average individual in the country defined as the person with median income not the median child corak i,1
+as urban areas become denser and rely more on public transport walking and cycling carbon emissions tend to decrease the urban form of cities is not the only determinant of lower per capita emissions but it is a critical factor among others such as energy prices the productive structure of urban areas or the public transport networks oecd a figure shows that when population density in builtup areas is high motor vehicle ownership tends to be lower urban density is calculated based on the oecd definition of predominantly urban areas,11
+see also huffman and evenson alston craig and pardey discussed the issue of knowledge depreciation drawing on the previous literature and these arguments are restated and refined by alston pardey and ruttan and alston andersen james and pardey after dropping some outliers and incomplete observations they conducted regression analysis using a sample of estimates with a mean of a mode of and a median of they found results that were generally consistent with expectations but in many cases they could not distinguish statistically significant effects on the estimated rates of return associated with the nature of the research being evaluated the industry to which it applied or the evaluation methodology because the signaltonoise ratio was too low nevertheless a predominant and persistent finding across the studies was that the rate of return was quite large the main mass of the distribution of internal rates of return reported in the literature is between and per annum,2
+women who work outside their homes need to procure a range of services including child care cooking or tailoring that they would otherwise most likely carry out as nonpaying tasks this new demand for services results in job creation and economic opportunities for others meanwhile female employment also leads to an increase in household purchasing power and broadens the available talent pool in the economy therefore facilitating women s formal entry in the economy as workers consumers and investors raises potential economic outputs and wealth a study covering arab countries found that gdp losses due to the gender gap amounted to per cent moreover resources in women s hands entail a range of positive outcomes for human capital and capabilities within the household and can be used for improving the health and education of their children,5
+feasibility studies for mass rapid transit have been conducted for nairobi kampala and dakar to pave the way for financing in kenya six bus rapid transit corridors have been mapped out in nairobi to reduce traffic congestion travel time and cost the corridors are expected to hold up to highcapacity buses and reduce travel time and cost by up to per cent the east africa by enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries less compact cities have negative effects on development since sprawl tends to reduce landuse efficiency economically eg proximity of factors of production environmentally eg lower per capita rates of resource use and ghg emissions and socially eg avoidance of settlement on vulnerable land and promotion of reduced travel timesdistances unhabitat eca,11
+to this end the teaching for the digital age advisory group and its reference group have been established by aictec to provide advice on a coordinated and coherent approach to teacher professional development in the use of ict in teaching and learning this work plan will focus on the teacher professional development required to integrate ict into pedagogical practice to meet students needs and harness the resources of the der the der strategic plan and road map together provide the broader context within which the various australian state and territory derrelated government initiatives are being implemented,4
+the activities of these ngos are not properly linked with the pourashava activities the absence of an integrated sectoral approach to manage urban health services is the reason for this lack of coordination the prime causes include the following public sector and ngo services are not always cheap for the poor because they often still have to buy medicine in most cases it is not provided for free and make many informal payments in the form of tips at the facilities the institutions are not poorfriendly the poor are not fully aware of the entitlements of the ngo health cards and waiting times are long which leads to a loss of working hours when visiting the health facility low cost attracts the poor to public hospitals mostly as the last resort but varieties of informal payments and the negligence and poor attitudes of providers towards the poor cause them to lose confidence in the facilities and ultimately poor patients feel discouraged from utilizing the services one respondent commented health services are not for the poor it is rather something that the rich can manage through money or power,3
+descriptive comparative statistics on the raw association between child poverty and these factors are reported and discussed in the following sections large families with children have often higher dependency ratios the ratio between those in the nonworking age groups and those in the working age group while information on household composition should be read in combination with the labour force participation of household members data on the number of children living in the households provide some information on vulnerability to poverty for children living in large families,1
+according to the authors crosscountry differences in total fertility rates reflect at least to some extent difficulties in combining work and family commitments the lack of adequate formal childcare and enabling workplaces makes it difficult to reconcile family and career aspiration for women as a result many couples have fewer children than intended and are pushed to abandon or postpone parenthood adema,5
+threeyear average the data for most countries are based on a minimum threshold of weeks of gestation period or grams birthweight to remove the impact of different registration practices of extremely premature babies across countries looking at the numbers of beds per capita across these two groups of regions the former with relatively low hospitalisation rates has a lower number of beds per capita on average and the latter very high numbers of beds per capita shortages of medical personnel in rural areas poor transportation services and lengthy travel times to health care facilities are also likely to undermine access to services in remote areas across the country who,3
+more diversity in computer science professions and greater priority for girls and marginalized groups in science technology engineering and mathematics stem education can help address these concerns new technologies are also changing the development finance landscape from greater financial inclusiveness due to fintech to the regulatory challenges posed by cryptocurrencies the ability of countries and enterprises to exploit new digital resources will become a key determinant of their competitiveness but the jobs created will likely require different skills,9
+the united nations development programme undp is assisting the government of the republic of macedonia to implement a global environmental facility gef which aims to create an enabling environment for pa establishment and management in terms of policy governance institutional capacity and management knowhow the objective of the project is to conserve the country s biological diversity by strengthening the management effectiveness of the country s pa system as prescribed by its recent law on nature protection the proposed project will develop the institutional and systemic capacity of the country s pa agencies to i strengthen the national knowledge systems and apply appropriate technologies to support the design and development of a more representative and viable pa network ii strengthen the decisionsupport tools needed to secure the legal tenure of and expand the pas in the network and iii locally test these decisionsupport tools and mechanisms in the formal reproclamation processes of two pilot protected areas the project will seek to ensure that pa lands in the country graduate in status from poorly managed to wellmanaged,15
+the relative comparative advantage of groundwater irrigation on surface irrigation will depend on a number of factors box discusses some of the main elements considering the interface and differences between surface and groundwater irrigation systems in general among the exogenous factors for farmers the comparative cost of access to one or both options matter,6
+however such requirements are not fixed debates have been fuelled by the finding that the incidence of poverty obtained using a caloriebased poverty line was a small fraction of the prevalence of malnourishment as estimated from nutrition surveys dev ray and lancaster such suboptimality could involve the intake of more expensive calories the search for a more balanced or a more tasty diet or the inability to forgo compliance with social demands,1
+doctors are classified in either of three categories general practitioners gps specialists and other physicians for poland most of the other physicians might actually be gps if these two categories are merged into gps then the ratio of gps to specialists increases from to for poland,3
+the planning advice certificate icertiflcat d urbanisme is issued by the mairie or by the prefet and provides general planning information on a particular site it may be best described as an in principle planning consent it does not give planning permission for a particular project for which specific approval must be sought but it does suggest that the proposed use is allowable within the current law planning certificates are useful documents in that they offer a strong assurance for routine developments but they do not provide the same level of guarantee as planning permissions and they contain far less detail in cases where there is a first division of land for one or more new dwellings a special kind of consent called a declaration prealable or a permis damenager where more than one dwelling is required,11
+these reservations diminish the legitimacy and implementation power of the cedaw as a benchmark for the basic rights for women the average female employment to population ratio in was about in selected countries of the region which demonstrates an increase from in world bank a this can be partially attributed to the improved educational opportunities and achievements across the region,5
+on the other hand the international energy agency iea in its mediumterm oil market report for released in july suggests that the industry will be capable of producing million barrels per day by but expresses considerable doubt about its capacity to raise production much above that level because of declining output at existing fields a disappointing record of new oilfield discovery and concerns about the adequacy of future investment still without a radical shift in energy strategy it will be difficult for these sources to fill the gap created by the diminished availability of petroleum this shift provides the opportunity to meet both climate and energy security goals in advanced countries,7
+they add up to a demanding framework as the oecd proposes that all of them should inform practice and design whether in schools or in wider settings and systems instead working on one or two on engagement and emotions say or personalisation or formative feedback or horizontal connectedness can provide the channel through which to drive the others the tools outlined in this chapter recognise this need for prioritisation the learning environment should actively engage all students and develop in them the capacity to understand themselves as learners with the necessary strategies to be able to leam more effectively,4
+this is because at the time of the review there are very few operators who can deal adequately with hazardous waste these official landfills are simply dumpsite areas where the municipal services or contractors pile up or simply deposit waste in addition another spontaneous landfills are reported in villages where there are no waste management services,12
+they are still in poor condition and obsolete and cover only per cent of arable land the estimated water demand in fbih is million m to million m per year in the sava river catchment area and million m to million m per year for the adriatic sea watershed for rs the estimated amount is about million m,6
+postconflict situations are windows of opportunity during which gender relations can and should be rethought and which if properly utilized can serve as the right moment to rewrite the rules and practices that previously served as obstacles to the participation of women in society overall our book is meant to challenge the popular and oftenpropagated assumption that women should be supported empowered and given a voice merely in their roles as victims collectively we provide evidence in support of the growing understanding at international national and local levels that while and because women are disproportionately affected by war they can be powerful agents of positive and sustainable change if brought on board and given the chance to participate in every aspect of a society s peacebuilding process,5
+furthermore the lack of women in the justice system discourages the use of judicial services by women while historically law enforcement authorities have tended to divert women from accessing justice fear and stigma of accessing the state justice system frequently creates barriers for women to access justice some countries in the mena region have taken positive steps towards addressing this issue yet more support for civil society organisations and clear steps for reducing barriers to access to justice need to be taken,5
+thermoset plastics from municipal sources are often combined with other materials making them difficult to separate for recycling as such they are seldom collected separately from municipal sources unless as part of schemes focusing on specific items eg waste electrical and electronic equipment or household appliances sorting can be broadly divided into positive picking removing the target material from nontarget materials and negative picking removing nontarget materials from the target,12
+however they are crosssectoral in nature and within an urban context they form part of an integrated urban system urban public policy interventions ideally should be designed for and reflective of this dynamic relationship chile s urbanism actors are aware of this need but there are few mechanisms to support such a practice and each sector appears to strike off on its own,11
+as a result the number of beds is now around the eu average while the average length of stay is well below average days compared to days this together with the fact that there are still many smaller regional hospitals suggests that there is room to rationalise the hospital network to improve efficiency notwithstanding the public opposition this is likely to prompt see section cataract suigery has been a particular success with one of the highest percentages of ambulatory cases in the eu tonsillectomies in contrast are still exclusively performed in inpatient settings figure,3
+butler built on this idea by describing gender as a performance as a stylized repetition of acts rather than a stable category hegemonic masculinity embodies the honoured or dominant form of masculinity and requires all other men to position themselves in relation to it complicit masculinity describes men who do not enact hegemonic masculinity but still benefit from it subordinated masculinity refers to men who are oppressed by hegemonic masculinity eg gay men but still benefit from being men rather than women,5
+the results of the inventory have also provided a basis for the districts public space strategy with a focus on heritage preservation efforts should be expanded to increase the quality and quantity of public space data especially in the developing world a key lesson is the need to link the public space assessments and inventories to the development of citywide public space strategies and action plans for the local governments which function as the main sources of funding for public space data collection,11
+early intervention teams accept referrals from gps and other mental health teams in the community sometimes local early intervention teams will also accept selfreferrals or referrals from friends and family people with complex needs requiring ongoing support may be placed under the care programme approach cpa they should then receive a care plan and regular reviews,3
+korea mexico chile and israel are also members of the ccxg where this document refers to countries or governments it is also intended to include regional economic organisations if appropriate the authors would also like to thank presenters and attendees at the march ccxg global forum on the environment and climate change whose views and feedback helped shape the final document and sweden and switzerland for their specific comments this section draws out relevant experience from current reporting to identify what practices or information could be built on and what recurrent challenges may help identify areas that could be enhanced in future reporting,13
+if the federal government can appoint three or more but not all members of the board the then quota applies to newly appointed members only in the public service targeted shares of male and female staff at the different levels of management have to be set out in a gender equality plan the gleichstellungsplan that also describes the concrete measures for achieving those aims and for better reconciling work and family life in germany parental leave provisions grant each parent the right to resume during the child s first three years their previous working hours,5
+if a home visit is made by a midwife or a skilled professional care for the mother could include more interventions such as observing blood flow measuring temperature and providing ironfolic acid supplementation and contraceptive methods adolescent mothers often lack the knowledge education experience income and power relative to older mothers in some cultures they may also have to bear the effects of many judgemental attitudes making an already difficult situation even worse thus the provision of the continuum of care through to the early days following delivery can provide the extra support needed for the mother and her newborn,3
+in countries where contributory pension coverage is low and stratified lowincome women are often excluded twice they lack both a retirement pension benefit of their own for performing unpaid or informal work over their lifetimes and a derived pension from their husbands for being married to or cohabiting with an informal worker as a result in countries with incomplete and stratified coverage derived benefits may end up increasing the total transfer that the state makes to formally employed often higher income families benefits have been cut or significantly reduced or they are being phased out their duration restricted or eligibility subjected to a means test saraceno and keck countries that have adopted ndc pension systems have continued to cover widows with a separate payg defined benefit scheme or have eliminated survivor benefits altogether james in sweden the widow s pension was abolished in for women born in or later and replaced by a readjustment benefit to last only one year for women and men under the age of,5
+the hundreds of millions of livestock that grasslands support add substantial depth to food security and livelihoods of the poor governments must protect these sources of food security and livelihoods that are being endangered measures include rehabilitating degraded grasslands as well as improving crop and grazing land use and management and livestock and manure management,2
+the analysis summarises the context the state ofplay and the mechanics of the complex and evolving landscape of energy subsidies in the country in fact moldova imports around of its energy needs the cost of energy imports amounted to about usd bln equivalent to of gdp or of total imports in,7
+overall these findings signal synergies across policy objectives ie that reforms aimed at encouraging exports among domestic firms could boost efficiency and equity this finding could reflect fdiinduced demand for unskilled labour and associated employment creation and it would suggest that policy reforms aimed at easing barriers to entry for foreign firms could serve both the efficiency and equity objectives by contrast there is some evidence of negative effects on household incomes of the lowermiddle class and the poor,10
+for more than a decade they have been advocating for workers rights and have supported initiatives in the mobilization of workers and the organization of trade unions within various workplaces women in trade unions have made links between struggles in the factory the community the country and at home they have pushed for a range of reforms by opening the debate on the links between realms usually conceived as separate the personal and the political the home and the workplace and childbearing and workrelated labour in after pressure from women who raised the issue with the national union of textile workers an agreement was reached with the company south african fabrics to close the wage gap between women and men workers in the industry and pay women the minimum rates equivalent to those of male workers,5
+less clear is their bet that incubators can gather viable entrepreneurs directly from the student community entrepreneurs are typically informed by their prior professional experience effort at generating viable incubator participants would likely be better placed outside the student body though policymakers have identified industrial clusters in queretaro and morelos as elsewhere in mexico the use of this term in this context does not necessitate a great degree of meaningful cohesion and collaboration among the firms,8
+there are recurring power outages which leave some villages without electricity for five months per year and more often some cities without electricity for around three hours per day results of observations carried out by water companies show that water losses due to poor technical conditions of the water system are per cent at the same time the main share of losses takes place in the interior building block yard and inhouse water systems this is due to the fact that while apartments are private the ownership of an intradomestic and inhouse networks is not defined resulting in a lack of maintenance of these systems,6
+ces obligations doivent etre respectees dans toutes les lois politiques et interventions en lien avec la famille grace aux objectifs de developpement durable odd et a ses cibles le programme de developpement durable a i horizon s emploie a realiser les droits de i homme de tous et a parvenir a iegalite des sexes et a i autonomisation de toutes les femmes et filles preambule paras en outredans le cadre de ce programme les dirigeants mondiaux se sont engages a promouvoir la cohesion des families para si les families ont change au fil du temps qu estcequ une famille de nos jours,5
+for example women tend to spend income differently to men and it is also now almost conventional wisdom that children do better when their mothers control a larger share of household resources even if much of this evidence comes from development economics lundberg and poliak supporting women s paid work bargaining models would say would provide them more discretion over where and how family resources are spent given that young women s levels of educational attainment now match or outpace men s in most oecd countries and that increasingly men and women partner with someone with a similar socioeconomic status losses may be substantial if women stay at home,5
+concerning the eu under the water framework directive wfd member states from will be required to ensure that the water prices charged to all consumers reflect the full costs om capital costs environmental and resource opportunity costs figure although derogations will be possible for lessfavoured areas or on grounds of social welfare to ensure all consumers have a basic service see the oecd questionnaire at wwwoecdorgwater australia also expects that some states will reach full cost recovery for irrigation water by eg new south wales this figure summarises the information from the oecd questionnaire at wwwoecdorgwater other costs including opportunity costs economic and environmental externality costs are shown in figure,6
+which sectors do they cover eg electricity generation heat production transport fuels the latter must be set with careful consideration for any possible overlaps or conflicting interactions with other economic and financial incentives for clean energy development in fact recent analysis on the use of tradable quotas for carbon reduction and renewable energy deployment seems to show that renewable energy support policies do not automatically result in improved performance against carbon reduction targets if there already exists an efficient and binding emission trading scheme,7
+also while many parties have made significant improvements in recent years to their domestic measurement reporting and verification systems further rampingup of capacity is needed in many developing countries in order to be ready to implement the enhanced transparency provisions under the paris agreement transparency in the context of the international climate change negotiations generally refers to the measurement and reporting of information relating to mitigation adaptation finance technology and capacity building together with processes for the subsequent review and consideration of some of this information transparency is important because it helps to build trust between parties to the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc increases confidence that parties are meeting their obligations under the unfccc and doing what they say they are doing helps countries identify gaps in climate change policies and informs stakeholders of the importance of climate change action,13
+the chapter starts by identifying what we currently know about the overall benefits of investing in wss section second we examine how such information can be used to support policymaking for identifying priority investments in wss so as to allocate scarce financial resources to the areas that generate most benefits section finally the chapter explores needs for additional research at both the local and global levels in order to gather additional evidence for sound policymaking and investment in wss section the review found that benefits have been measured at various scales with no attempt at evaluating overall benefits except in the case of meeting the mdgs,6
+indeed this proposal faces so many cultural constraints that it is probably the clearest example of the need to conduct environmental and social impact assessments esias of all the crge proposals to ensure they are both doubly green and inclusive the crge s current focus on tackling ghg emissions has a strong rationale given the potential international climate finance that ethiopia could attract by harvesting many lowhanging fruits by mitigating the country s emissions however it will be essential to attach better environmental criteria to these activities to avoid unwanted environmental impacts such as from constructing large hydropower plants,13
+in the united kingdom ades may account for of hospital capacity at an estimated cost of eur million each year safety lapses in primaryambulatory care most often result in hospital admission the most significant source of direct costs hospitalisation for five common chronic conditions that can be managed in the primaryambulatory setting account for a substantial proportion of hospital resources the headline figure is approximately of all bed days across a panel of oecd countries,3
+the annual budget of approximately eur million is covered by the em lyon foundation private companies and public funds activities include education and teaching seminars masters degree courses and extracurricular activities entrepreneurship research and entrepreneurship educational research and startup support through provision of infrastructure business incubator support programmes and access to networks main partners include alumni professional networks the rhonealpes region,8
+in addition after release former prisoners suffer from discrimination in employment and education due to their criminal record and stigmatization women are likely to suffer particular discrimination after release from prison due to social stereotypes they might be rejected by their families and in some countries they may lose their parental rights a study conducted in one country highlights well some of the practical difficulties women face after release from prison,5
+in recent history numerous terrestrial mammals birds snakes and frogs can no longer survive in the wild in targe enough populations to ensure their continued existence on earth eg myers and others brooks and others in these categories the best available evidence indicates that a taxon is facing a high to extremely high risk of extinction in the wild a review revealed that globally there around marine species andor subpopulations on the red list that are categorised as threatened since we know considerably more about the diversity of life on land than in the sea eg pimm and others and even less about threats to marine life especially in the deep sea this figure is considered conservative it should also be noted that while the trend in general is unfortunately for species to move up the threat ladder for example from near threatened to extinct in the wild there are exceptions whereby species that were vulnerable have dropped to one of least concern because numbers or populations have increased and threats have reduced,14
+the amended national water law nwl restructured conagua key functions through the transfer of responsibilities from the central level to subnational entities these are playing an increasing role in the water sector limiting conagua s role to the administration of the nwl the coordination of water policies the conduct of national water policy and planning supervision support and regulatory activities the technical council of conagua is an interministerial body in charge of approving and evaluating conagua programmes projects budget and operations as well as coordinating water policies across departments and public administration agencies,6
+as with the nfp programme the stimulation programme improved internalising behaviour walker et al the stimulation intervention also improved earnings by at age gertler et al the perry preschool programme enriched the lives of and yearold lowincome black children with initial iqs below at age three they attended twoandahalfhours of centrebased preschool five days a week for two years in addition home visits promoted parentchild relationships the programme ended after two years of enrolment and both treatment and control groups entered the same school,4
+as the world s motor vehicle fleet is expected to double in little more than a decade road injury is forecast to become the seventh leading cause of death by already road crashes are the number one cause of death for people aged between and vulnerable road users children pedestrians motorcyclists cyclists and older people suffer of all road fatalities,3
+in practice however such perfect security of energy supply is too costly all countries thus implicitly accept a certain level of energy insecurity by limiting their investments in insurance in other words some supply interruptions are acceptable as an inevitable inconvenience if the cost and effort to avoid them is too high,7
+in cambodia the national oda database allows for the tracking of aid to climate change via a sector code and a thematic marker identifying projects with a climate change component in malawi the rio markers methodology was applied to track adaptation related aid in the national aid management platform weaver et al these recent initiatives show that establishing national measurement reporting and verification mrv systems is a high priority of developing countries,13
+in order to allow comparison over identical year periods in the face of relatively sparse poverty data the period used is this year period does not perfectly overlap that used in chapter l s fourspeed world but countries are nonetheless presented according to their place in that classification in the s and the s the average elasticity for all countries in table is and if outliers are excluded,1
+that review has been informed by a range of inputs from itu and other un agencies including a comprehensive assessment of progress towards the wsis targets the final wsis targets review published by the partnership on measuring ict for development in partnership on measuring ict for development a the ict development index idi which combines data concerning ict access use and skills in an overview assessment of national ict ecosystems is reported on in chapters and while the ict price basket ipb concerned with affordability is the subject of chapter the remainder of the present section briefly summarizes information society developments since wsis and during the past year the second section introduces the connect agenda,9
+it estimates the total funds required to implement activities the funding available and the financial gaps bhutan has also initiated projects on integrating pes and redd and ecotourism although these are new biodiversity related instruments they have been included as potential mechanisms for financing the implementation of the nbsap the aim is to mainstream the nbsap into the national economic development plans five year plans as a response to the current lack of coordinated approaches to resource mobilisation and allocation the national biodiversity center will coordinate the development of the resource mobilisation plan as well as all the strategies under target a participatory and inclusive stakeholder approach will prioritize the national targets that will guide the plan,15
+yet little comprehensive evidence is collected on how many womenowned and managed companies participate in international trade what type of products they export or what barriers discourage women from entering international trade because of these issues it is difficult to draw a comprehensive picture of women s participation in international trade the findings contribute to a better understanding ot women s limited participation in international trade for the sake ot simplicity the analysis concentrates on exporting firms including firms that both export and import surveyed firms that only import were not considered in this analysis,5
+this has fortunately not prevented some ldcs from addressing traderelated adjustments in their own dtis samoa for example mentions adjustment arising in the private sector to improve competitiveness as a result of dramatic tariff reforms and the solomon islands refers to the adjustment costs arising from tax reforms although some donors may seek to focus on other areas of aft recipients should ensure that tra is fully integrated into national development strategies funding agreements and the legal texts of trading arrangements for example by crafting the terms of reference or other templates provided to consultants in the preparation of such documents to clearly specify that tra needs should be addressed conceptually qualitatively and quantitatively more importantly however aid recipients should seek to influence the aft debate by referring to bestpractice case studies and current innovative approaches to supporting tra beginning with a concerted effort to highlight positive case studies in previous support programmes,10
+the reserves in currently operating oil and gas fields alone even with no coal would take the world beyond i c muttitt remaining within a c threshold will require a rapid but managed decline in the fossil fuel industry this must begin with cutting off government subsidies to fossil fuels,7
+the first session is organised in september and includes a test of student knowledge the last one takes place in april and also includes a test the tests are used in two ways they allow the assessment of student needs and the subsequent preparation of a plan of educational activities tailored to specific students and they also allow the assessment of student progress during the school year,4
+service users needs reassessment andor referral to other providers if necessary must be also included these standards ensure the minimum quality of care and support which people receive whilst living at home and they establish the minimum service provision required emphasis is needed to encourage people in need living in their own home instead of in nursing homes,3
+the approval granted by a dra is limited in its scope to the national territory an inventor who is granted a patent for a new and inventive drug may still be denied regulatory approval if clinical tests show potential negative effects of this drug on the human body the originator of a drug thus has to file two separate applications one with the dra for the regulatory approval and another at the patent office for the respective product andor process patents,3
+mongolian air is very dry and not favourable for mould development however bad household conditions can favour mould development in houses that do not have adequate humidity control and ventilation cooking and heating habits can lead to mould development exposure to pm and blood lead level in two populations in ulaanbaatar mongolia,3
+the transition to lowcarbon economies requires the mobilisation of investment in green energy infrastructure renewables and energy efficiency transport policy through measures to increase the share of electric transport in urban areas environmental policy through measures such as raising awareness and shaping consumer behaviour to reduce greenhouse gas emissions improve air quality and reduce energy intensity,7
+pedagogical innovations require deep changes in teachers practices and roles in which they are codesigners innovations in teaching and learning are not so much assimilated as adopted progressively and creatively by teachers who know how to use their own experiences as anchors for implementation and innovation networks are critical in this process emphasising the transformation of culture and practice,4
+instead both categories of sen students of compulsory school age have grown over the last years at a rate that should set alarm bells ringing in of year students were in special schools and were attending mainstream schools see also chapter the ministry of education needs to be more proactive in ensuring that assessment for sen categorisation and hence funding is carried out using consistent criteria and is not motivated by other considerations such as obtaining increased funding or little motivation to include certain students groups in mainstream education,4
+retaining the group of seniors above age in the labour market may require additional measures such as ensuring greater ageneutrality in the functioning of the labour market oecd thorough evaluation of the upcoming rise in the statutory retirement age towards will thus be vital to assess the credibility of the longterm fiscal strategy entry into benefit schemes targeted to people with reduced work capacities eg ledighedsydelse and flexijobs has already increased among seniors jobindsatsdk,8
+basic services and infrastructure development including transport and mobility must be peoplecentred with dearlydefined links to landuse plans and housing programmes with the main focus on vulnerable and marginalized groups prioritizing basic service and infrastructure delivery must feature in any longterm economic and social development and environmental protection strategy governments must pay more attention to how when and with which standards they measure issues such as accessible and sustainable transport adequate and affordable housing inclusive urbanization universal access to safe public spaces and many other important urban targets that are strongly connected to the new urban agenda the cpi provides both a metric and a framework for policy dialogue giving cities and governments the possibility to devise indicators and baseline information often for the first time,11
+given the variation of these characteristics among the csn and the differences in their level of development the quality and type of infrastructure needs vary significantly in least developed countries landlocked developing countries and small island developing states for example some countries need to close significant infrastructure gaps with a particular view to lowering trade costs and thereby strengthening value chains this is particularly relevant to least developed countries oecd and wto,9
+when excluded from the peace table women have often used parallel processes on their own when locked out of the rooms where decisions are being made women have presented their positions and recommendations through the gaps under the doors spoken to delegates outside meetings or demonstrated in the street as occurred in liberia in box various studies have examined how women in several african countries such as burundi liberia rwanda uganda nigeria sierra leone and south africa have been involved in conflict resolution,5
+availability of results of national assessments in denmark who has access to the results consequently students parents and teachers can use assessment results to follow an individual student s acquisition of knowledge and skills and municipalities and schools can use the results to compare themselves against the national average and to aid decisionmaking but results cannot be used as a basis for systematic benchmarking and sharing of best practice among different schools and municipalities or for ranking municipalities or schools houlberg et al the national assessments were conceived i to provide a pedagogical tool for teachers against testable areas of the common objectives and ii to provide a tool for monitoring national progress over time through a national performance profile showing national average test results and to enable municipalities to monitor their schools against this national profile,4
+only a small share of all financing from foundations is aimed towards ict development of which a large share is support to increase access to icts at public libraries foundations sectoral priorities show similar patterns as official development providers in the health sector received of foundations research spending and of all support relating to icts and other technologies with significant investments in vaccine development and infectious disease control foundations second research priority is the agricultural sector with significant support provided by bill and melinda gates foundation,9
+the cfs provides a forum for dialogue among all stakeholders in the world food system including un agencies civil society and the private sector the cfs has also convened meetings in which high level panels of experts present information and analysis to relevant stakeholders for debate finally the cfs facilitates the process of monitoring policy implementation at the national level,2
+connected autonomous shared and electric mobility will be necessary in order to decarbonise urban passenger transport the shared nature of this mobility will be essential to meeting urban mobility needs comprehensive policy portfolios will include strategic landuse policies integrated with multimodal transport planning economic instruments infrastructureservice measures as well as regulatory measures that support connectivity successfully reducing the use of personal vehicles will ultimately depend on providing citizens with sufficiently attractive alternative mobility options,11
+third broadband leads to a more efficient functional deployment of enterprises by maximizing their reach to labour pools access to raw materials and consumers eg outsourcing of services virtual call centres the review of the research indicates that there are multiple approaches to estimate the economic impact of broadband ranging from highly sophisticated econometric techniques to qualitative microlevel case studies not all approaches are suitable to all situations,9
+bulletin of the world health organization geneva available at wwwwhointdocstorebulletinpdf issue bul pdf regulatory approaches to rural electrification and renewable energy case studies from six developing countries world bank working paper by martinot e and reiche k,7
+these unequal outcomes are not inevitable however and can be remedied by action on several fronts chapter has already outlined actions to facilitate womens access to decent work and to eliminate gender wage gaps in addition pension systems can be designed or reformed to redress womens socioeconomic disadvantage in old age,5
+other countries with a gender gap for migrants above percentage points include the united states japan and italy the smallest differences are in israel iceland and portugal with differences of percentage points likewise the baltic states and scandinavian countries all had some of the smallest differences between sexes at around percentage points,5
+latvia is moving in that direction with a primary health care development plan that strives to improve quality and accessibility of health services and enhances preventive activities to keep people out of more expensive hospital care latvia has demonstrated that it can use its workforce innovatively to improve access to primary care but needs to strengthen the role that gps and other health care professionals play in health promotion particularly educating patients about chronic disease selfmanagement section describes the structure of the latvian primary health care system and workforce and other challenges,3
+in the washington group on disability statistics approved a short set of six disability questions for use in population censuses covering the domains of seeing hearing walking cognition selfcare and communication the group is currently pursuing the fieldtesting of an enlarged set of questions for use in household surveys covering the domains of vision hearing upper body learning cognition affect pain fatigue and communication united nations,3
+in the early s the official urban poverty rate was about per cent and the total urban poor population was million this decreased to about one million in according to official estimates though unofficial estimates are much higher for example according to a survey by the social survey centre of the peoples university there were then about million impoverished urban residents hong dayong the number would be even larger if the estimate were to be based on the actual place of residence of individuals rather than their registered permanent residence,1
+however the numbers of working poor have also dropped and most poor families in have no earner lowincome women who stay at home have low opportunity costs for having children and family size increases among this group for the betteroff high costs of formal childcare has deterred them from having large families,1
+in china india indonesia morocco the russian federation tunisia and turkey however such measures have not been introduced yet wbl database evidence from oecd countries and a number of emerging economies shows that girls typically have lower levels of financial literacy than boys atkinson and messy they are also typically less confident in their financial knowledge and skills oecd b in light of this gap a number of countries including developing and emerging economies have developed financial education programmes,5
+patients need a referral to access specialist services for free however direct access can be obtained by paying outofpocket day care day surgery and outpatient rehabilitation services have developed markedly over the past decade but there still is a strong reliance on the inpatient sector hospital admission rates are persistently high at per population compared to the eu average of,3
+we report odds ratios in table in the annex indicating the change in the odds of a child being deprived in multiple domains housing environment access to basic services andor financial strain we do not take income poverty into account for cumulative deprivation but rather consider its role in predicting simultaneous deprivation across domains of nonmonetary deprivation the first factor that significantly increases the odds of experiencing combined deprivations pertains to the family type that children are part of and particularly refers to those living in singleheaded households,1
+currently vehicles for trading energy savings will be left to participants who will be allowed to buy compliance from overperforming participants or to negotiate action on their behalf for more information on the scheme see the department of communications energy and natural resources consultation document from january obligations to present white certificates will be imposed on utilities selling electricity natural gas and heat to customers,7
+the logic is that most customers of a place providing a service eg a shop school or hospital will come from its catchment area as with travel time mapping analysis can be conducted for different public transport modes such analysis can show how many more jobs can be reached by looking at how a plotted area changes if a new transport route is introduced,11
+furthermore the sustainability of water and energy systems goals and and the safety and resilience of infrastructure cities and human settlements goals and will be challenged by climate hazards similarly if climate hazards continue to undermine the ability of countries to achieve sustained growth and development full employment and decent work will be harder to achieve goal with their references to universality many other targets within the framework of the goals provide the basis for reducing inequality in its multiple dimensions encompassing access to key basic services such as health education water and sanitation and energy goals and gender goal and inclusive economic growth goal,13
+as it will appear part of the literature points to how womens desire of moving away from the peripheral areas to some degree is combined with the womens wish to gain access to more opportunities as well as a bigger sense of freedom or less social control forsberg defines gender contracts as unwritten rules and norms that regulate the relations between men and women and that contribute to the creation and maintenance of gendered structures of opportunities in these areas in her work forsberg has additionally used the term escalator regions rulletrapperegioner to describe the swedish regions close to the cities which in opposition to the peripheral areas are dominated by what she calls contemporary gender contracts meaning a less traditional gender division and a less traditional perception of the opportunities and freedom of choice for men and women forsberg has later together with stenbacka taken the notion of gender contracts even further,5
+thus the absolute c abatement cost of res was around eur t c in more than six times the carbon price in the eu ets the eeg surcharge accounted for of the electricity price in by increasing electricity prices feedin tariffs encourage energy savings and thus emission abatement in germany,7
+it calls on governments to ensure the full realization of the human rights of all women migrants they comprise per cent of the inhabitants of the united arab emirates per cent in qatar and per cent in kuwait although the majority of labour migration in the arab region is in maledominated industries such as construction female migrants are also numerous they typically seek employment in domestic work education hospitality leisure and health care,5
+despite this important interdependencies between environmental health and social factors have only recently been investigated the delays in strengthening tobacco control legislation finally agreed in early exemplify the challenges see also section notwithstanding the strategic document on public health set longterm goals to expand traditional public health to include noncommunicable diseases,3
+without deep changes in the way education is viewed the country will continue to have low levels of performance ensuring equal opportunity for students in both private and public education can make chile a more equal society one that can seize upon the unique talents of all its citizens students in the lowest quintile of income distribution are about less likely to attend secondary school than students from other quintiles challenges related to the limited scope of quality assurance measures available different criteria used depending on the type of service provided and insufficient use of the information generated on the system for improvement purposes contribute to these differences,4
+in all cases women should have access to quality services for the management of complications arising from abortion postabortion counselling education and familyplanning services should be offered promptly which will also help to avoid repeat abortions programmes to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality should include information and reproductive health services including familyplanning services,3
+in all but the rarest circumstance buyers in pes programmes will have the upper hand in the transaction possessing more knowledge experience and resources than the rural service providers such an environment is ripe for communities and landowners to unknowingly enter agreements that are intentionally or not structured in the buyersfavour any inequality in design is magnified by the fact that if contract disputes should arise landowners would be unlikely to match the litigation resources available to the buyer,15
+health is a crucial factor in school attendance and performance healthier individuals learn more efficiently and they are more able to productively use education at any point in life education is a precondition for training as a nurse or doctor as mentioned above while there are indigenous midlevel medical staff there are few indigenous doctors,3
+because the mpi reflects poverty directly it does not require adjustment such as for urbanrural prices inflation nor imputation for rent in practical terms after the mpi is initially designed a country can release its updated official national mpi two weeks after it receives the cleaned dataset it can also be done transparently,1
+at any moment the cheapest energy resources can be used while the balancing can be done using the very flexible hydropower plants also in china a new overlay system is considered there the emphasis lies on connecting renewable energy sources from the centre of the country to the large cities close to the shore in the east,7
+such projectbased assessments can also undermine the sustainability of monitoring and evaluation mechanisms that rely on data with the right temporal and spatial scales the objective of the centre is to generate manage exchange and disseminate relevant climate change information and capacity building services iied c the ncckmc was introduced in but is not yet operational similarly kenya has proposed a climate change relevant data repository ccrdr to store and archive all data and information needed for the mrv framework republic of kenya b,13
+most indicators included in the proposed poverty measure are already considered as core indicators by germanys official reports on poverty and wealth eg bundesregierung these indicators themselves have been selected based on scholarly advice arndt and volkert the poverty index is calculated for three points of time spanning and comprises dimensions education health housing employment material deprivation and social participation,1
+this will be all the more necessary the greater the distance separating production and consumption zones for example in the case of wind power in brazil concentrated in the north of the country while consumption is mainly in the south estimates of the additional cost vary between uss and uss per mw in addition there is a further uss to uss per mw needed to improve the systemic balance through flexible generation energy storage or smart grids to contextualize these investments it is worth noting that just of all investments foreseen in transmission and distribution from now until will be destined for adjusting the increase in intermittent renewable energies,7
+all other green spaces within a settlement s boundary are defined as reserved areas for expansion of the main categories while some settlements may meet or even exceed the legal norm many cities lag behind considerably for example gomel oblast has only two cities with green spaces above the statutory level mozyr per cent and rechitsa per cent and a substantial number of cities that fall below this norm eg petrikov per cent chechersk per cent dobrush per cent and gomel per cent green spaces in major cities have also come under specific pressure from increased construction including the curtilages of multifamily houses,11
+psychiatric inpatient care in japan is provided principally by private notforprofit hospitals which account for of all inpatient beds but also by public hospitals psychiatric inpatient bed numbers and average length of stay alos have been falling steadily although taken as reported alos and numbers of psychiatric patients are still high relative to the oecd average when considering the typically reported alos days compared to an oecd average of days and psychiatric bed numbers beds per population compared to the oecd average of it is important to note that in japan a high number of psychiatric care beds are utilised by long stay chronic patients which might not be reported under the psychiatric bed category by other oecd countries,3
+a paired kidney exchange will help find compatible donors amongst registered pairs of donorsrecipients such initiatives expand the pool of kidney donors by extending donor eligibility to a wider group of potential recipients within the chain for more information see for example roth et al for instance countries such as the united states provide a compensation to donors through a tax credit of up to usd for kidney donation to compensate for the unreimbursed costs and lost wage library of congress australia has a pilot project to cover the cost of taking a leave of up to six weeks from work to recover from organ donation until june th australian government department of health kidney transplants are higher in countries with presumed consent laws in which no explicit consent is needed to become potential donors and the change of law from explicit consent to presumed consent actually increased transplant rates in countries such as belgium roel and rahmel,3
+section reviews existing information systems and reporting mechanisms for climate finance and discusses their strengths and weaknesses as well as provides recommendations for how to improve information and reporting systems in key areas based on this review section develops options for a more comprehensive reliable and transparent monitoring and tracking system for climate finance section concludes with some indications on how the objective of a comprehensive and reliable database of climate finance could be reached over time,13
+extending training to develop more specialised subject content knowledge will also be necessary as outlined above it runs schools in low to middleincome neighbourhoods in santiago endowed with a similar level of resources as other private subsidised schools sip schools achieve systematically higher simce test scores with much lower variance and this is robust to controlling for socioeconomic background in fact sip schools performance is close to that of private feebased schools which serve highincome students with much larger resources as a result of their high fees there is a selection process for entry based on parent interviews although not ability tests a centralised pedagogical department develops tests for all sip schools to systematically evaluate pupils progress,4
+nevertheless the risk of poverty is much lower when the father or mother has tertiary education for example about of children are poor when the father has a higher education level while more than of children whose father has a lower secondary school diploma are poor table while poverty rates have been declining in canada immigrants face higher rates of poverty than their canadianborn counterparts and low income rates among recent immigrants in was times higher than the canadianborn population picot and hou addressing indigenous child poverty is done through programmes delivered nationally and at the provincial level as well as through targeted initiatives that include childcare programs labour force development programs and social transfers to indigenous communities,1
+this mode is also prominent in lori this shows that whereas the majority of the population receives both water and sewerage services from the wscs the majority of territorial units and about of the population fall under mode which means that households get water services from their local government and have onsite sanitation facilities private sector participation contracts will end in and it is planned that new contracts will be signed to start in early local governments have not formed separate units ie legal entities to manage sanitation services and they frequently do not charge for the sanitation services that they provide they do not have sufficient resources to provide guidance and oversee the activities of entrepreneurs servicing individual households including septic tank builders and emptiers finally they have great difficulties to attract external funding for investment from both public and private sources,6
+this successful partnership has created a strong platform from which discussion and action on women s economic participation has been launched the effects of the council have manifested across several areas the government has also allocated financial resources to ensure women have access to adequate economic opportunities including million to support rural womens enterprise and towards the get mentoring initiative,5
+for example the opfiiundp global mpi covers a similar number of developing countries as the world banks ppp day measure drawing on national and international datasets the economic community of latin america and the caribbean eclac published a regional mpi in their social panorama and alkire and apablaza created a preliminary mpi across european countries using eusilc data see box in the short term countries can report existing national mpis or the value of their global mpi published by undp in this sense the flexibility of the alkirefoster method used to build any mpi allows the index to capture national and international concerns of poverty and development eg national development plans and sdgs the current mpis that are in place include a range of indicators pertinent to sdg goals such as health education living standards social inclusion violence and employment among others,1
+it might be safe to assume that spending on noncontributory benefits is between one and two per cent of gdp in terms of targeting accuracy the mb manages to transfer the majority of funds to the poorest households in more than per cent of the mb transfers were received by the bottom twenty per cent of the welfare distribution as such the mb compares favourably with other targeted programmes in the region,1
+the most obvious implication is on global fossil fuel markets the two greatest consumers of seaborne coal over the last two decades china and india have seen declines in demand in the last two years and financial institutions such as citigroup believe that market forces combined with the added factor of climate policy put the sector in terminal decline major banking institutions like jp morgan chase are now no longer financing greenfield coal mining or generation projects in oecd countries while the crash itself was largely attributable to the us shale oil boom and the response of the organization of the petroleum exporting countries opec it gives us some insight as how increasingly stringent climate policies and changing technologies might affect global trade in the commodity,13
+a number of oecd countries measure the quality of mental health care in primary care settings using a range of indicators sweden monitors the use of inpatient somatic care for patients with a mental disorder diagnosis that could have been avoided if primary care andor primary or secondary prevention was sufficient finland tracks total mental health visits to primary care which sometimes include visits to specialists psychiatric nurse psychiatrist who work within primary care as well as mental health related visits to a primary care physician,3
+there is a perception that timber harvesting sanitation cutting allowed within national parks is in conflict with the main purpose of these protected areas but the logging practices are designed to be lowimpact and lowintensity alternative financing options for the national parks and other protected areas have been studied and should be pursued the department of nature protection only performs inspections on implementation of the provisions of the management plan and implementation of overall protection according to the law on nature protection local municipal governments have almost no competencies concerning administration of category i and ii protected areas article,15
+the absolute number of doctors has continued to grow in most oecd countries during the recession and afterwards although the rate of growth has slowed down in countries such as greece this result can in part be explained by the policy to reduce the number of temporary staff and replacement staff although it should be noted that greece still has the highest number of doctors per capita among oecd countries in ireland a number of changes that affect the medical workforce have been introduced including nonreplacement of staff on leave end of temporary contracts and voluntary redundancies as well as reduced agency and locum staffing,3
+the diversity of distribution mechanisms is shown in figure in particular in many low and middleincome countries due to the lack of availability of medicines both in hospitals and outpatient units often the relatives or patient need to purchase medicines themselves this category aims to include all consumption of medical goods where the function and mode of provision is not specified because their use is only preventive they should in theory be allocated to prevention,3
+in states like puebla morales and veracruz where women hold less than of seats in the local congress there is not yet any provision for sanctions for noncompliance although quotas have proven to be effective at the state level in boosting women s representation in elected bodies parties in some states continue to disagree and argue that greater female participation in elected positions flouts party rights in such cases a party usually nominates female candidates in districts where it has little chance of winning in that way it is actually meeting the gender quota chief among them are negative attitudes to female politicians political harassment and violence and norms and values which consider that unpaid caregiving and housework is women s work a survey in found that of women believed that the sexual harassment of female political office holders indeed took place while claimed they had been sexually harassed in their work as legislators cerva cema,5
+to be run on electricity over of which is produced through nonpolluting hydroelectric means it will hugely reduce both the carbon intensity of bulk transport compared to trucks and local air pollution and the railway will be inclusive offering transport and market access to growing numbers of people with potential to grow trade in natural resource products and to create business opportunities for many ethiopian companies and employment opportunities for both skilled and unskilled workers in rural and urban areas finally the railway sector has demonstrated wider linkages upstream and downstream of its construction and horizontally across sectors and locations,13
+up to december the same factor was applied to both lines since however the indigence line has been adjusted to reflect changes in the food cpi whereas the part of the poverty line that corresponds to nonfood spending is adjusted by the relevant cpi since therefore the differential between the indigence and poverty lines has ceased to be constant in line with usual eclac practice the data have been corrected to account for nonresponse to some incomerelated questions by wage earners the selfemployed and retirees and to mitigate probable underreporting biases,1
+in some member states permitting procedures are considerably more complex than in others several factors are leading to slow and inefficient permit processes there are ongoing initiatives to speed up the overall permit process via eg allinone permits with only one authority coordinating and via specific lng guidance documents,7
+lloyd and mensch however found that almost of young women who left secondary schooling before completion in chad and nigeria cited early marriage as the main reason the persistence of gender gaps in secondary education in subsaharan africa and southern asia where early marriage rates remain high indicates that discriminatory social institutions need to be addressed to enable girls to reap the full benefits of education field and ambrus this phenomenon a particular problem in southern asia china and parts of the caucasus and western balkans is rooted in social norms that favour sons over daughters because they represent lifelong economic support while daughters are economic burdens unfpa,5
+use assessment strategies that are consistent with the learning objectives the subject taught and the national curricular framework and allow all students to show what they have learnt the teacher knows and understands the core principles and concepts involved in the subjects or disciplined taught by himher show high expectations about the learning possibilities and b create and keep consistent regulations about classroom b,4
+in the amazigh peoples won a landmark victory with the official recognition of their language and culture in a new constitution although a timetable for the expansion of tamazight classes across primary schools was established around the same time this plan has not been implemented the initial goal was for tamazight to be taught in all of the countrys schools by,4
+current policies often fail to recognise these unintended effects externalities and to address these tradeoffs between water risks riskrisk tradeoffs multiple and scattered diffuse sources of water pollution are challenges in many countries and a multiplying number of water contaminants threaten freshwater quality the population affected by flood is increasing worldwide and with it the value of assets at risk the report focuses on oecd countries but also refers to countries outside the oecd area,6
+amenable mortality ie those deaths that could be avoided by timely and effective medical care provides a better measure of the impact of health care on the population s health status than life expectancy even though it is affected by the prevalence of diseases as well as medical achievements gay et al finland s amenable mortality rate for men is higher than in any other nordic country but for females it is the second lowest after iceland the results also vary widely across diseases diseases of the circulatory system and cancers together account for more than of amenable mortality in finland and the oecd,3
+in cred total economic losses are defined as the estimated cost of damage to property housing and infrastructure crops and livestock however because of the distribution of risks and level of development the greater economic losses relative to national income are observed in countries at lower levels of income current agricultural practices are a major contributor to environmental degradation through greenhouse gas emissions and poor management of land and water resources at the same time agriculture is highly sensitive to climate change,13
+in the spanish parts of the duero and guadiana basins respectively and of water withdrawal is for agricultural use water abstraction for irrigation is also a major pressure factor in the po basin being of the total water use water demand in summer for agriculture and tourism is particularly acute in the coastal regions and islands of the mediterranean,6
+different pedagogies have developed different ways of balancing the three tasks and teachers are likely draw on a combination of pedagogical approaches there is no guarantee that practices studied in isolation have the same effect once combined and ideally any combination should equate to more than the sum of its parts systematic studies of the impacts of combining pedagogies may be found in studies of deeper learning schools zeiser et al,4
+however portugal slightly overspent according to both criteria one of the drawbacks of focusing on this measure is that the ratio may increase as a result of a decline in gdp alone and not because of an increase in social security payments per se as a complement to the previous analysis figure examines the change in the absolute level of general government expenditures in real terms it disaggregates the change in general government expenditures into two components general government social security benefits and general government expenditures other then social security benefits,10
+chapters noted the constraints faced by supply augmentation in korea at subnational level minimising leaks in korean cities can help make a better use of available resources while saving costs of investment in new storage capacities this is an issue for korean cities which strive to keep water bills low and face investment needs to serve a growing urban population and renew existing water supply infrastructure,6
+there is also a direct relationship between poverty and extreme poverty rates the countries where poverty is lowest also have the lowest rates of extreme poverty argentina chile costa rica and uruguay have extreme poverty rates under brazil the dominican republic ecuador el salvador panama paraguay and peru have extreme poverty rates of between and while in the other countries these rates exceed see table colombia costa rica el salvador and paraguay,1
+it emphasized the need for policymakers to focus on analogue complements to digital development in particular a favorable business climate strong human capital and good governance the outcome document from that review called for close alignment between the wsis process and the agenda highlighting the crosscutting contribution of information and communications technology to the sdgs and poverty eradication and called on governments and international organizations to integrate icts in their implementation of sustainable development the review expressed concern about continued digital divides which could slow progress towards sustainable development with particular reference to the gender digital divide,9
+as the most prominent example the eu ets showed a steady decline in ghg emissions until though also registered a rise in emissions in for the first time in seven years although challenges around certificate trading markets still exist the eu ets is the only emissions trading system globally that has proven its feasibility and works to achieve the ambitious climate objectives set out by the european union an indicator for this success is the carbon price in the eu ets which has reached a year high other prominent examples of emissions trading systems include the western climate initiative wci and the regional greenhouse gas initiative rggi both in the united states,9
+the first column consists of the main constraints hindering the development of smallscale agriculture the subsequent columns have information on the name the institution responsible for the description of the programme its budget initial and most recent budget the number of beneficiaries initial and most recent number its pse categorisation whether or not the programme is targeted to small farmers based on the country s definition of small farm some limitations based on evaluation programmes carried out by the country itself and whether or not the programme allows market access and structural transition these two last aspects are answered based on past empirical evidence that suggests that certain type of agricultural policies like price support or input subsidies tend in the long term to perpetuate agr icultural activities regardless of whether they are economically viable or not situation that does not contribute to the structural transformation oecd oecd a,2
+mexico s national development plan pnd with regard to tourism aims to consolidate tourist destinations create jobs develop markets for smes and generate new sources of income for the local populations by enhancing investments and financing for tourism while also promoting sustainability gobiemo de la republica a the plan puts emphasis on the importance of adopting a crossdisciplinary and programmebased approach to government actions while at the same time considering tourism policy objectives this is illustrated with tourism objectives being considered in the country s national infrastructure plan the plan focuses on balanced regional development urban development and connectivity logistics gobiemo de la republica b,11
+the pressure for competitiveness implies intensified use of natural resources and practices associated with high production financial and market risks the pressure for sustainability implies constraints on the ways resources can be exploited and an increasing internalisation of the resource use costs into farming costs the key challenge for the farm risk management system in new zealand is to develop strategies that would reconcile these competing pressures,2
+such models can help to direct efforts to where they may be the most effective emerging onto the scene are approaches that enable detailed what if questions about the introduction of polices related to prevention treatment organisation and financing of care technological innovation and healthsector productivity further there are new approaches that enable health expenditures to be situated in a broader context they can take account of factors such as the health longevity and productivity of the population and investment consumption and economic growth which can help policy makers evaluate value for money in the system a forecast from one model can provide a needed input parameter for another model,3
+the closing the gaps by the texas higher education plan adopted in aims to make all high school graduates collegeready and close the gaps between young people from different backgrounds in higher education participation and success in educational excellence and in funded research one key element of the plan is the use of performance data to monitor progress towards the plan s goals each postsecondary institution is required to provide targets and report progress focusing on the four target areas of closing the gaps the texas higher education accountability system tracks performance in higher education institutions,4
+this subcategory also includes medical nondurable goods that have been prescribed by a licensed medical practitioner subcategories such as essential medicines are operational distinctions that are already institutionalised in some countries for routine monitoring which could be also included in a detailed breakdown eventually a therapeutic breakdown based on the anatomic therapeutic chemical classification may also be feasible,3
+this includes regulating services such as carbon storage that enables a stable climate and extraction of eg fish and soil quality that enables extraction of fuel and food in addition to this the goods and services can have an option value ie the value people put on the opportunity to keep the possibility to use the good or service in the future even though it is not used today bequest value is the value people put on keeping a good or service for the coming generations,15
+in this situation commonly the national employment service mainly manages ul beneficiaries and local social welfare offices mainly manage social assistance beneficiaries in countries such as norway sweden and switzerland where the central government does not share the cost of social assistance benefit payments local government management of social assistance is usually strict and only a fairly small proportion of the unemployed are on social assistance welfare reforms in in canada and the united states which reduced the federal share in funding welfare payments at the margin from to zero favoured a workfirst approach to placement and falls in caseloads,8
+for instance the asia pacific adaptation network apan run activities and projects under eight different themes one of which is agriculture and climate change thereby running the risk of having less impact in these than if the work was more focused for example a project might dedicate substantial financial and technical resources to an area while underprioritizing another although this might be of more importance given the local circumstances therefore it is vital that initiatives balance the resources allocated to projects within the themesareas that the initiatives focus on,13
+la part des creances douteuses dans les portefeuilles de prets des banques commerciales et des organismes de financement d fitat de kazagro s est envolee en ceci a conduit le gouvernement a etudier un allegement de dette de milliards d usd pour l agriculture dans la filiere cerealiere les carences des infrastructures essentielles et du reseau routier rural font directement augmenter les couts de transactions les lacunes de l information les delais de commercialisation dus par exemple au manque de siloselevateurs et de capacites de transport ou les difficultes d acces aux installations portuaires font egalement augmenter les couts,2
+the focus is on aggregate indicators and also on racial shares in addition the ruralurban dimension of inequality and poverty is given some attention section augments this longrun picture by describing and summarising the evidence from national household survey data on postapartheid inequality and poverty changes,10
+they fill at best onethird of public managerial positions see figure and are better represented though not necessarily at the senior level in soft departments like education the environment and tourism see figure there is also a discrepancy between the number of women in highranking public positions and the proportion of women in the whole population with the educational qualifications to fill them they include a culture of long working hours the lack of flexible work arrangements inadequate child care services discriminatory practices and sexual harassment,5
+the impact on the cost of electricity produced by coal would vary in the range of if the price of coal varied by once a nuclear plant is up and running it reliably produces electricity at foreseeable cost clearly an attractive feature for investors doubling the carbon price for instance from usd per tonne of co to usd per tonne would increase the total average cost of coalproduced power by more than doubling its variable cost in the process,7
+one risk to bear in mind in this respect is going too far with the expansion of social support mechanisms in recent years south africa has massively expanded budgetary transfers for social protection and these have proved to be effective in combating poverty moving too far in this direction will however undermine incentives to find and keep a job as well as compromising fiscal sustainability and thereby undermining macroeconomic stability,8
+the current study represents an important step in a longerterm agenda intended to improve understanding regarding how to broaden the finance options available and accessible to smes and microenterprises taking into account the heterogeneity of the sector the challenges for small firms in actually accessing and using the instruments available the implications of ongoing financial reforms and the specific financing needs of certain types of firms such as innovative and highgrowth enterprises smes seeking international expansion or those undergoing a major transition it follows the twopronged approach advocated by the g oecd high level principles on sme financing and specifically addresses its proposal to consider the feasibility of broadening the set of assets suitable for use as collateral to include intangibles to ease access to lending for knowledgebased companies with due regard for the associated risks it also builds on recent oecdsti work on kbc and the economic impact of intellectual property in particular this study provides a detailed practicallyoriented investigation of the topics raised by chapter of enquiries into intellectual property s economic impact oecd,8
+three reasons lie behind this first more is known about the promotion of agricultural growth than the promotion of alternative nonagricultural activities valdes and foster second the responsibility for rural development has often fallen to government departments responsible for agriculture farming and related activities rojascaldelas et al third in most developing countries the vast majority of the rural population is engaged in agriculture and improving farm incomes is often seen as an obvious first step it is not that approaches based on single sectors in isolation are necessarily ineffective or undesirable but simply that an approach to development with too narrow a focus is unlikely to recognise the full complexity externalities and opportunities that affect the development potential of a given region,2
+total income value of landings direct subsidies and other income combined and profit of the national fleet increased table summarises the economic performance of the fleet this segment experienced losses in but has improved its profitability despite increasing fuel prices showing positive signs with regard to profits in and one explanation for this is a new management system introduced in for the pelagic segment based on individual vessel quotas giving vessel owners increased possibilities to manage and plan their fishing during the year pelagic species prices have also had a positive trend although the price of sprat decreased in compared to a peak in,14
+at the same time some of the humid regions may need to manage additional precipitation by rethinking their conjunctive water management approaches to reduce recharge and increase use eg with more pumping drainage and less surface water use for irrigation to mitigate the potential risks of water logging and salinity chapter this chapter helped identify some of the key aspects of groundwater management on which to build locallyspecific strategies table of these two primordial items appear to be prominently missing in oecd countries andor necessary to ensure that groundwater is better used in the future new discoveries of groundwater sources in africa and under the seafloor as well as unprecedented published estimates of groundwater depletion in northern india and western united states show there is progress at least in some regions,6
+the government of indonesia should progressively increase its spending on the public provision of early childhood education services that can be accessed by poorer families the threshold licensing standards should be common across the nation a set of minimum service standards should be developed for ecce along the lines of those developed for the school and madrasah sectors,4
+the governement is planning to develop pa network through designation of pas of category v and vi connecting other categories iiv to insure achievement of conservation goals in production landscape according to the assessment conducted in preparation of the revision of the national biodiversity strategy and action plan the recent revival of animal husbandry and agriculture which coincide with economic growth has resulted in the transformation of wild nature wetlands have been drained and turned into agricultural lands creating and maintaining small intact or managed lands between agricultural lands would prevent the abovementioned problems,15
+in more than half the region s employees between the ages of and had only years or less of schooling see figure in of th grade pupils in the galilee northern district earned a matriculation certificate compared with the national average of due to limited accessibility of higher education in only school graduates from the galilee enrolled in the first year of postsecondary studies in one of israel s higher education institutions compared with the national average of,4
+the oecd and the fao will consider them as part of their ongoing work programmes the round table urged caution in attempting to build broader aspects of sustainability like economic and social sustainability into an internationally applicable definition applying to fisheries and aquaculture while these aspects are important at the operational level particularly in developing countries where adjustments to fisheries management practices will fail if the social and economic impacts are not taken into consideration they should not be built into an overarching definition or criteria in the meantime it was agreed that certification for aspects where there are no agreed definitions standards or assessment methodologies are liable to cause confusion,14
+the variables are usually significant in both urban and rural areas but their magnitudes size of the coefficients differ eg marriage has a stronger negative impact on labour force participation of women in urban areas overall the impact of socioeconomic and cultural factors is stronger in urban than rural areas potentially explaining some of the lower urban female participation in regressions by religion muslim women have constantly lower probability of taking part in the labour market there is no clear trend observable for this variable over time although it shows a distinct oneoff decrease in the latest survey,5
+tobacco consumption which is partly behind the world s highest lung cancer mortality rate among hungarian men has declined markedly since the mid s but remains at a high level exceeding the oecd average the government has recently taken steps to curtail tobacco and alcohol consumption by increasing excise taxes in november and introducing a smoking ban in public places effective from january around twothirds of hungarian men and half of women are overweight or obese figure high blood pressure affects close to of those aged years and type two diabetes affects approximately of the population hcso,3
+the results of these scenarios are shown in table for and and broken down into three main categories of expenditure economic affairs and agriculture general public services and defence these expenditures according to both the average cost and marginal cost scenarios are summarised on a per capita basis in table in the last section of this chapter hence costs are distributed among all south african inhabitants nativeborn plus foreignbom in line with their shares in the population,8
+apart from internal political conflicts which are important factors that usually repel foreign investments unemployment in ldcs is high and the prospect to invest in the agricultural sector is always an effective strategy for employment generation investing in the relatively water and landrich ldcs of the region is aligned with the notion of global and regional social responsibility while at the same time serving both to enhance regional food security and strengthen solidarity among countries of the region high discrepancies have been noted between national regional and global data sources while aoad reports an increase of sixfold in wheat cultivated land and an increase of per cent in productivity during the period in iraq leading to an increase in production by tons fao reports a decrease of around per cent in wheat harvested land and nearly per cent in overall production both sources claim that the data originate from official sources,2
+of even greater concern is the evolution of food prices in recent months with the fao food price index of key commodities increasing to near record levels on the back of weatherrelated shortages in key producer economies likewise minimum wagesb have fallen into neglect in some countries and they are often insufficient to meet workers basic daily necessities including health care with adjustments in minimum wages lagging behind rising gdp per capita economic growth has not translated into higher wages especially in relatively richer countries in southeast asia and south and southwest asia see figure a,10
+early identification and detection mechanisms may need to be improved and treatment strategies and products developed the aquaculture of extractive species using nutrients and carbon directly from the environment such as bivalves and macroalgae may merit further focus for their positive ecosystem characteristics and potential food security benefits ferreira et al most importantly for feedbased aquaculture is its dependence on capture fisheries for fish meal and oil and growing competition for terrestrial raw material feeding materials and formulation strategies will be particularly important in maintaining and expanding output while containing costs and energy inputs and improving resilience to climate change,14
+free legal aid should be provided for women without the means to pay for court costs and attorney fees so as to ensure that no woman is forced to forgo her economic rights to obtain a divorce para the committee also reminded them that they a re obligated to provide upon divorce andor separation for equality between the parties in the division of all property accumulated duringthe marriage states parties should recognize the value of indirect including nonfinancial contributions with regard to the acquisition of property acquired during the marriage,5
+the level of delivery risk mitigation offered by replacement ratios is contingent upon the correlation between the biodiversity outcomes at offset sites in reality biodiversity outcomes are often closely correlated so it is difficult to eliminate delivery risk using replacement ratios creating offsets using different ecological restoration techniques or dispersing offset sites across space may contribute relatively more to delivery risk mitigation moilanen et al the party liable for the delivery risk purchases insurance or a similar product against the possibility that the offset site fails to deliver the required biodiversity outcomes,15
+travel costs from siberia and the far east could exceed average monthly wage levels in these regions by several times in addition an increase in the permanent population in areas with extraction industries operating in extreme climatic conditions also poses particular problems because health care services are often lacking in such localities diet is poor and pollution is extensive this may reflect differences in the organisation of primarycare provision between rural and urban areas see chapter persons living in rural areas may not have doctors who they can consult and patients have to be satisfied with paramedical services which are limited in the care that they are allowed to provide surveys show that the access to health care in rural areas is worse than in urban areas both in terms of the presence of medical facilities and in the quality of health care provision bremzen et al,3
+nuclear energy which shares this quality with renewables is protected against fuel price changes by the low proportion of fuel costs in the lcoe from nuclear power generation with fossil fuel plants instead investors and customers are exposed to fuel and carbon price risk for a gasfired plant of its total costs are fuel costs,7
+the genderwork framework developed by an international collaborative that helps organizations to build cultures of equality and justice looks at change in terms of consciousness and awareness access to resources and opportunities formal policies laws and institutional arrangements and informal cultural change and deep structure qualitative thematic coding techniques were applied to categorize these gender results see chapter for details,5
+this objective can be achieved through recycling and collection targets of the product or materials and through incentives for consumers to bring the used product back to the selling point these include measures such as depositrefund schemes advanced disposal fees adf material taxes and upstream combination taxsubsidy ucts that incentivise the producer to comply with epr in south korea for example adfs are imposed on importers and producers of products that are hazardous and more difficult to recycle standards can be mandatory or applied by industries themselves through voluntary programmes measures can include imposing information requirements on producers such as reporting requirements labelling of products and components communicating to consumers about producer responsibility and waste separation and informing recyclers about the materials used in products this underscores the most pressing need to address issues of efficient management of landfill sites and other waste collection processes,11
+a norwegian study has investigated the mobility pattern of doctoral students according to this study there are few gender differences in the international mobility of this group or among male and female students with caregiving duties see siu today all of the nordic countries are expected to adopt gender mainstreaming as an overall gender equality strategy,5
+furthermore the legal obligation to give each pupil the necessary help to obtain passing grades is in many municipalities seen as an aspirational level snae schools inspectorate ambitions need to be raised and responsibilities need to be clearly allocated across the educational system in particular within municipal administrations oecd decentralisation coincided with the introduction of a new curriculum which was much less concrete than the old one,4
+the role of the state is limited to providing the transport infrastructure road and rail and enforcing environmental and safety regulations coal production has increased due to a shift of the country s industrial enterprises from the more expensive natural gas and electricity to the more economical fuel coal for heating and other needs however taking into consideration the government s ambitious plans to continue installing more capacity for coalfired tpps by and to begin exporting electricity generated from coal in the future it is likely that the required production volumes of coal to power these facilities will reach well above million tons by,7
+for example reducing flooding in rice farming can not only save water but also limit associated methane emissions adhya et al another example is the use of agricultural residues such as cotton or soy stalks to make briquettes or pellets to heat boilers and stoves respectively in addition consumers can play an important role in reducing ghg emissions from agriculture for instance reducing meat consumption and replacing meat with plantbased alternatives is a simple way to limit the ecological footprint of food consumption in line with sdg,13
+this section discusses each in turn it is a medium size agglomeration with a dense core close suburban belts and uneasy relations with local governments in a mostly natural or agricultural hinterland leading to strong competition and tensions with regards to land use and development because in france there is little likelihood of amalgamation and all communes have equal rights and authorities local policies try to tackle these challenges by forming cooperative communal associations and with the scot a common spatial plan,11
+it also proposes some concrete actions such as the establishment of an african women investment bank and the implementation of gender equality seal certification standards in africa the previous chapters examined the kinds of social and economic advances and disadvantages that women face their political voice and role in decisionmaking as well as the interaction of legal and social norms in both expanding and impeding women s rights and opportunities chapter reviewed some of the policy and institutional responses that governments have used to address gender inequality,5
+this is particularly true in the case of the agency for quality education which is building up an assessment and feedback mechanism on school effectiveness that should allow schools to make a more effective use of resources it forbids privatesubsidised schools to select their students on the basis of economic social and academic criteria this is likely to put an end to a longstanding practice which has been considered one of the reasons for the high level of socioeconomic segregation in the chilean school system,4
+it was chosen by the nea as the basis for its ssdi simplified supply and demand index which was presented in chapter on the basis of a complete set of energy data provided by the international energy agency s data services from to the ssdi tracked energy supply security based on both supply and demand data it showed that the security of supply situation in oecd countries has unequivocally improved since the early s,7
+it should also consider the diversity of customary law that varies across different ethnic groups and geographic areas the fao voluntary guidelines on responsible governance of tenure of land fisheries and forests in the context of national food security endorsed by the committee on world food security in may provide a valuable framework for responsible tenure governance a national independent land transfer oversight panel could be established to approve transfers of land areas above a certain limit,2
+section then shows the results obtained from the econometric work and section concludes by providing a brief discussion of the key policy implications of the findings in parallel income inequality has risen in a large number of oecd countries and some emerging economies oecd a oecd and become once again a hotly debated policy concern oecd oecd la oecd b economic analysis can help identify some of the potential sources of inequality including international trade as well as establish links between inequality and other measures of economic performance such as for example economic growth,10
+the topics addressed are a a longterm vision for the sector b a strategic approach to regional cooperation including principles for regional cooperation benefits from regional cooperation technology and sustainable energy c strategic components and priorities including investment measures for regional cooperation capacitybuilding and knowledge sharing and policy support and d strategy implementation and monitoring of the energy sector coordinating committee work plan and the strategy and work plan energy corridors outlined in the energy strategy include those within central asia central asiachina central asiasouth asia central asiarussian federation and central asiaeuropean union focusing on governance factors that shape the economic environment and mechanisms that deepen regional integration the strategy is aimed at providing responses to existing regional energy and environmental concerns in particular it promotes cooperation for the introduction of renewable and alternative sources of energy energy efficient technologies and energy infrastructure security,7
+pharmacists in south australia are permitted to administer the influenza vaccine in the northern territory pharmacists in a pilot are permitted to administer influenza measles mumps and rubella adult diphtheria pertussis and tetanus vaccines for adults western australia recently amended legislation to allow pharmacists to administer influenza vaccines,3
+this context triggers specific challenges that can potentially be met by technology solutions through the adoption of new products and improving existing ones solutions available today such as smart grids and modern renewable energy technologies were not around for oecd countries at the similar stage of development nonoecd countries need to exploit longterm opportunities to move quickly towards sustainable energy systems and avoid technology lockins especially since electricity infrastructure is characterised by long lifetimes in an urban context grid extension is the logical choice and electrification approaches are very similar around the world,7
+evidence points towards the increased occurrence of violence against women during times of conflict un women similarly in the mena region while there are no reliable statistics on violence the interviews meetings and focus groups carried out throughout this project by the oecd and the centre for arab women training and research with governments civil society and other stakeholders suggest that despite the efforts of governmental and nongovernmental organisations violence against women physical sexual and psychological still occurs in both the public and private spheres while the cedaw does not explicitly refer to violence against women the committee on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women recommended in in its general recommendation no,5
+thirdly it explores issues related to women s awareness and understanding of legal rights finally it highlights social considerations in accessing justice in particular they shall give women equal rights to conclude contracts and to administer property and shall treat them equally in all stages of procedure in courts and tribunals however in practice gaps remain and lead to discrimination against women,5
+since itus study group on lot and its applications has developed various standards on smart cities and communities recommendation itut l provides an overview of key performance indicators kpis and indicators for a global framework of city indicators with reference to the un habitats city prosperity index recommendation itut l defines these kpis recommendation itut l focuses on the sustainability impacts of ict for smart sustainable cities,11
+this is due to the rise in agricultural incomes in rural areas which partly offset the fall in other incomes and the rise in consumer prices in cameroon absolute changes in child urban poverty rates over the simulated crisis period are around percentage point larger than in rural areas but high population in rural areas make its absolute contribution to national poverty stronger in burkina faso the crisis mainly affects children living in rural areas,1
+indicators that directly measure the skills of individuals are therefore needed for this purpose an indicator of reading skills of yearold students is used here this indicator captures reading literacy defined as the understanding using reflecting on and engaging with written tests in order to achieve one s goals to develop one s knowledge and potential and to participate in society oecd c the wave of pisa tested students representing million yearolds in the schools of the participating countries,4
+these foreign language subjects should be offered as of grade seven on an equal footing with french or german in the netherlands for example immigrant students can choose their mother tongue as a second foreign language as part of the formal school curriculum municipalities and schools should consider drawing more on bilingual classroom assistants,4
+the development of a national action plan on amr was initiated by the ministry of health in falling smoking prevalence and the introduction of local cardiac services from the mid s explain part of the steady decline in heart disease yet malta records relatively high levels of deaths within days of admission to hospital for acute myocardial infarction at per admissions among those aged years and older compared with in the eu and in italy similarly higherthaneuaverage casefatality rates were recorded for people hospitalised for stroke taken together this may point to potentially systemic challenges in providing high quality treatment in the acute sector although further investigation of the data is needed to better understand the causes for malta s lower performance on these indicators,3
+some countries also continue to restrict women s access to this profession eg bahrain yemen yet efforts are needed to increase women s representation in leadership posts in civil society organisations across the region these restrictions among others discussed elsewhere in this report can severely restrict women s ability to fully participate in public and economic life at the interface between governments and citizens women in public leadership positions can exercise significant influence over the development implementation and evaluation of public policy,5
+on the other hand regions with the highest deprivation rates kidal tombouctou have poverty rates of only and respectively these patterns are related to the level of services available for families with children in each region and underscore the fact that low levels of poverty do not automatically translate into reductions in child deprivation an increase of usd per person per day would reduce the probability of being deprived by percentage points in rural areas the specific dimensions most strongly linked with income are health for younger children and education for older children,1
+in a sharing regime water users would find the threat of periodic bans and uncertainty replaced with a clear incentivebased structure decisions would be based on consideration of the full suite of opportunities available to all users one of the most important features of this approach is that the attention of all water users is drawn to the need to plan for and deal with water scarcity,6
+neither one is easy to answer through her presentation jbj drew attention to the fact that taxonomy for nature resources is urgently needed in order to prevent misuse or unfortunate use of nature resources aquaculture is becoming increasingly important as it is providing a greater and greater share of total fish production and is expected to be vital for future food security since aquaculture production globally has increased by but when looking at the european union aquaculture production has in the same period only grown by,14
+the programme is targeted on poor households with children aged as well as on the elderly persons with disabilities pregnant or lactating women altogether it covers about million children twothirds of whom are aged under years in addition it has contributed to a reduction in the prevalence of low heightforage and increased muscle mass among beneficiary children world bank b the same results are reported by two different studies using experimental data according to shamah et al the rate of anaemia has decreased three times more compared to the control group due to nutrition based on the enriched milk,1
+as of the fourth quarter of the unemployment rate was about percentage points higher than the level implied by okun s law panel b of figure confirms that unemployment has responded more strongly to the decline in output in the united states during the recession than in past recessions even as the unemployment response has been weaker than in the past in the large majority of oecd countries okun highlighted two such factors namely procyclical variations in labour force participation and labour productivity,8
+they impinge on the quality of the water supplied and increase the wear of the infrastructure this coupled with persistently high levels of pipebreaks throughout the region allows for crosscontamination between water supply and sanitation pipes with significant consequences for public health as discussed in a later subsection this suggests that the slight improvement in continuity of supply is not linked to improved infrastructure but rather to the fact that utilities are under less financial pressure to interrupt water supplies in order to save costs eg by reduced electricity consumption of water pumps the interruptions in supply are therefore increasingly likely to be due to technical factors such as pipe breaks and sewerage blockages than to cost saving measures,6
+major expenditures are for surveillance and enforcement and for research minor support is available to the sealing sector and for the transport scheme of fish established to reduce cost disadvantages caused by geographical or structural conditions the number of fishing vessels registered in the register of norwegian fishing vessels decreased from vessels in to vessels in the largest vessel group consists of the smallest coastal vessels less than meters and account for of the vessels,14
+in the rural areas ward groups involve disabled people parents teachers and children who identify as disabled people ensure sufficient teaching and learning materials and assistive teachers make the learning environment welcoming organise events to raise awareness and collect funds for physical access improvements the work with families was crucial in encouraging them to enrol their disabled children in school and to become allies in their struggle for rights and education case studies are used in national and international advocacy for changes to laws policies and development programmes relevant to inclusive education,4
+having common modalities procedures and guidelines for accounting and reporting could therefore facilitate the global stocktake article and paragraph of decision cp establish principles for accounting for the ndcs of all parties including transparency accuracy completeness comparability consistency environmental integrity and avoidance of double counting as will be discussed in section improved reporting by individual countries on climate finance provided mobilised and projected as well as needed and received in the case of developing countries can facilitate an understanding of aggregate climate finance flows in relation to agreed goals however an assessment commensurate with the objective of the global stocktake will require further inputs including from a range of actors and bodies outside the unfccc such as multilateral development banks mdbs and international organisations the global stocktake shall also inform parties in updating and enhancing their actions and support related to implementing the paris agreement,13
+for example in the ministry of transport and telecommunications mtt produced a national plan for port development that identified priority investments in the port sector over a time horizon extending years in the mtt also produced a master transport plan for santiago in which presented a longterm integrated plan for urban transport covering all transport modes including both public transport regional trains subways tramways and buses and motorways urban roads and bicycle lanes similarly in the mop see box published a plan director de infraestructura which looked ahead to and applying a methodology called tranus developed a combined transport and land use model which served as the basis for identifying projects in different regions of the country consejo de politicas de infraestructura,9
+chapter also provides information on water use in iran which does not share the watercourse of the tigris river itself but hosts important tributaries within the tigris basin finally the shatt al arab river is discussed together with two additional major tributaries the karkheh and the karun rivers which discharge directly into the mesopotamian marshes or the shatt al arab itself and are hence neither part of the euphrates or tigris river basins chap the keban dam is located km downstream in a narrow gorge,6
+these relationships between new and expert or highly experienced teachers could be a significant source of feedback for new teachers if there is time for observing the new teacher while they are teaching or coplanning and coteaching lessons with the new teacher feedback and plans for professional learning can be part of the reflection process it provides a variety of supports for new teachers including orientation for all new teachers by the school and school board mentoring for new teachers by experienced teachers onthejob training in areas such as classroom management communication with parents and other activities aligned with current ministry initiatives,4
+other substances have been judged harmful and hence have been placed under strict control this is the case for narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances controlled under the international drug control conventions irrespective of the level of control regulation and societal approval or disapproval one factor common to all psychoactive substances referred to in this chapter as drugs for the sake of brevity is their propensity to lead to drug use disorders following use whether frequent or occasional drug use disorders are associated with significant levels of disease morbidity and disability constitute a burden on national resources and cause immeasurable human suffering,3
+the state of the worlds children children with disabilities ending preventable child deaths from pneumonia and diarrhoea by the integrated global action plan for pneumonia and diarrhoea gappd each product of such a birth is considered a live birth these calculations are strictly speaking not rates that is the number of deaths divided by the number of population at risk during a certain period of time but a probability of death derived from a life table and expressed as a rate per live births,3
+to avoid this from the outset of the flooding the institute of public health of belgrade city increased the drinking water monitoring sequence and installed additional treatment by activated carbon in order to monitor any floodrelated impact at the same time what is now the ministry of agriculture and environmental protection carried out monitoring of the surface water of the drina and sava rivers at selected sites upstream of the water source area of belgrade to control the main potential threats leakage and washingout of contaminants in the flooded area draining to the rivers with special focus on industrial sites the high concentration of pesticides from agricultural land and sanitary and septic wastes also entering the water system from downstream in addition this law stresses the importance of the development of water transport as well as the ports and harbours of serbia vessels are prohibited from the discharge and leakage into inland waters of harmful objects or substances including oil and oil derivatives which may cause pollution of inland waters or create obstacles and dangers to navigation,6
+river basin councils are the mechanisms to ensure the participation of local communities in water management legal and institutional mechanisms are already in place and anticipated to have better effect while further developing and implementing rbmps in compliance with the wfd the availability of financial means to perform these tasks is an important aspect of meeting the target,6
+in what countries are highachieving students attracted to teaching inservice teacher surveys often show that current teachers are highly motivated by the intrinsic benefits of teaching working with children and helping them develop and making a contribution to society while studies that survey large pools of graduates about their career choices show that the relative salaries of graduate occupations play a role in their choices had teachers salaries been higher more potential teachers would have seriously considered a career in teaching at the country level results indicate that both teachers salaries and the social status of the teaching profession are positively associated with students expectations of working as teachers,4
+local governments can apply for national subsidies that can be used to promote local investment to reduce emissions and improve energy efficiency and independence examples of funded municipal activities include removing disincentives for individuals to reduce emissions such as eliminating free parking and subsidising the cost of retrofitting filling stations to add a pump to supply renewable biofuels corfeemorlot et al such system should be developed and tailored to green growthsustainable developmentclimate change objectives in the philippines,11
+while all technologies have system costs those generated by variable renewables are of at least an order of magnitude larger than those of dispatchable technologies in addition they are creating a market environment in which dispatchable technologies are no longer able to finance themselves through revenues in energy only electricity wholesale markets in addition system costs tend to increase overproportionally with the amount of variable electricity injected into the system,7
+we use the narrow definition here and this unemployment rate is shown to be decreasing as we move up the income deciles the unemployment rate is higher for every decile in than in and is particularly severe amongst the bottom five deciles the previous three tables show clearly that in the initial postapartheid period participation rates increased faster than absorption rates with a consequent increase in unemployment rates across all deciles,10
+others are closely aligned to or informed by major adaptation programmes eg nepal and mozambique a third group of countries have focussed their approach on monitoring changes in a number of priority areas eg germany and the uk a few frameworks nonetheless do include an evaluative component eg the philippines france and the uk for example the objective of the philippine s framework is to identify the approaches to adaptation that are most effective in bringing about the desired change and to understand how the change came about to achieve this objective the framework includes seven results chains reflecting the adaptation priorities identified in the national climate change action plan nccap,13
+the results with respect to skill intensity suggest that firms with relatively high levels of average skill intensity tend to smooth employment more than other firms this is likely to reflect the possibility that more skilled workers possess higher levels of firmspecific human capital the role of export status was also considered but did not yield any conclusive results,8
+the class given should be part of the learning unit planned in the portfolio the class should contain two or more activities issues addressed include analysis of the sequencing of activities time management and the interaction in class it requires the teacher to undertake the analysis of the learning progression of a single student an account of student performance within the class and an assessment of own strengths and weaknesses,4
+in the parts of the city where the poor live roads are often unpaved poorly drained and maintained a study in african cities found that people devoted per cent of their total household expenditure to transport with the poor spending per cent of income on transport actual spending patterns on transport are however complex and often localized,11
+support for project preparation can help to address capacity constraints relating to climate resilience blended finance can be used to improve the riskretum profile of investments where appropriate it can also withstand respond to and recover rapidly from disruptions caused by these climate conditions,13
+the state services commission ssc also plays an ongoing role in terms of advising policy for and direction of the state sector it holds responsibility for evaluating and reporting on the quality of education provided in early childhood services kura and schools the education act gives ero s chief review officer the right to initiate reviews investigate report and publish findings on the provision of education in new zealand,4
+the rationales behind the regional development investment agreement are to enhance the local governments autonomy and capacity on their own regional development agenda and to break the policy silos among central ministries which dominate regional policies through sectoral approaches in order to meet the goal of improving the efficiency of policies and the regional autonomy the new agreement system is equipped with powerful tools financially large amounts approximately billion krw for each pilot region of government support will cover of the costs of projects in the agreements over up to years,11
+exemptions from copayments apply to drags administered in the treatment of cancers psychotic disorders mental impairment developmental disorders and some infectious diseases listed drags are free or with no copayment up to the reimbursement limit for some population groups for example soldiers military invalids and blood and transplant donors also spending on otc products as a share of pharmaceutical expenditure is by far the greatest in poland at above of total pharmaceutical expenditure,3
+at the intraurban level the quality of road infrastructure and public transport influences mobility and hometowork connectivity within the urban perimeter and its adjacent areas at the interurban level transport infrastructure is essential for urban capacity to attract and retain investment and capital and to develop competitive advantages the transport sector in chile has progressed greatly in recent decades public transportation is more widely available within and between cities and the quality and extension of transport infrastructure has improved,11
+a network of basin organisations claimed that given the scope of their activities principles and related to managing water at the right scale the capacity of responsible authorities to face water challenges and stakeholder engagement received special attention the low rate of responses does not allow for a thorough assessment of why these organisations did not use of the principles however several reasons were reported including poor understanding of the principles within their organisation encountering capacity challenges related to staff time or funding weak alignment of the principles with their organisational priorities and prior implementation of the principles in the respondent s country of residence,6
+however the effect of jiepa is diluted by the exclusion of certain items particularly rice ictsd the evaluation is based on the indicators of agricultural support developed by the oecd including the producer support estimate pse consumer support estimate cse general services support estimate gsse and total support estimate tse box the npc is also available by commodity,2
+also over cities engaged in the city prosperity initiative have monitored urban expansion and population growth using the same methodology applied for the global sample of cities taking advantage of international meetings specialized trainings were rovided to the large public on the definition concepts and methods to measure this indicator further capacitybuilding efforts targeting nsos and local governments are planned for to promote the monitoring and reporting of the indicator these technologies when combined with groundtruthing support the development and refinement of models which can be applied at local national regional and global scales to generate high accuracy data for monitoring,11
+the evidence however is less reliable than the corresponding evidence for smoking however healthcare and productivity costs associated with specific dietary patterns and specific foods are disputable due to the unclear relationships between diet and future health outcomes the costeffectiveness of interventions designed for changing health behaviours is largely unknown,3
+this reflects the contribution that the un expects road injury prevention to make towards a paradigm shift in favour of healthy lifestyles and sustainable urban development the sdgs are universal in scope and therefore apply to all un member states the highly ambitious target for reductions in both road crash fatalities and injuries poses a significant challenge to all governments to reinvigorate their national road safety policies and plans,3
+the austrian code of criminal procedure since provides specific procedures and rights for women complainantssurvivors of violence in the criminal justice process in order to avoid their secondary victimization the application of such laws has proven to be problematic as they do not focus on healing of and providing redress to the survivor in addition in many instances the use of customary andor religious law has been seen to preclude the survivor from seeking redress within the formal justice system,5
+the eca does not allow monitoring the resiliencehealth of specific ecosystems via the monitoring of specific species similarly none of the accounts are suitable to monitor the status of biodiversity of species over time this information is provided separately via biodiversity indicators if methods improve to be able to better measure ecosystem degradation ecological debt and associated loss of value then there is potential to estimate a value for degradationdepreciation of the natural capital stock that could be used to adjust gdp,15
+the capacity of institutions and individuals is central to the success ofanur which is why unhabitat and its partners develop tailored training programs to strengthen the ability of cities and municipalities to manage urban development with relevant data knowledge and tools to support the nup process training programmes are initiated through various conferences and workshops these forums include elements such as national consultations workshops and other capacity building and advocacy activities,11
+this is primarily due to the greater monetary poverty impacts already noted and the fact that food prices are predicted to increase much more than nonfood prices in ghana among older children years old only burkina faso is significantly affected with enrolment drops of about percentage points and slightly greater increases in child labour activities this result is observed in all countries with the largest reduction in consultation rates roughly percentage point predicted for burkina faso,1
+hoffmann de lima barreto and marinho and menezes and pinto these findings can then be used to compare inequality and income elasticities of poverty and extreme poverty in different periods of the economic history of brazil in the second section a brief overview is presented of the literature on the impact that economic growth on the one hand and income inequality on the other have on poverty this is followed by a description of the database models and econometric methodology that have been used,1
+she was studying the experiences of women who form small minorities in the corporate sector kanter estimated that when the proportion of minority members reached about they were able to influence decision making autonomously as a group in the s her findings were picked up on by the danish political scientist drude dahlerup dahlerup w ho argued that the critical mass phenomenon could also apply to women who constituted a minority group in politics as for the outcomes that critical mass could produce kanter and dahlerup referred mainly to the possibility that increased numbers would enable women to form supportive coalitions and promote womenrelevant policy change,5
+the opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the organisation or of the governments of its member countries improving chile s urban outcomes will require adjusting its urban governance framework including building the capacity to bring central and subnational public and private actors together to build a wholeofcity approach to urban initiatives this chapter focuses on chile s urban administrative structures recent subnational reforms and subnational financing practices,11
+on average across oecd countries and after accounting for the socioeconomic profile of schools no association can be identified between the percentage of immigrant students attending a school and the likelihood that students attending that school will attain baseline levels of academic proficiency after accounting for schools socioeconomic profile a high concentration of immigrant students was associated with poorer performance in germany slovenia spain and switzerland slovenia was the only country where students who attend schools where more than one in four students has an immigrant background are less likely to attain baseline levels of proficiency after accounting for the school s socioeconomic profile,4
+by geffunded unido projects amounted to million typical projects include policy support providing fiscal incentives for industrial energy efficiency setting up benchmarking and bestpractice dissemination programmes ensuring energy management standards building capacity energy management systems training training industry managers and engineers implementing pilot industrial energyefficiency projects and financing supporting schemes with relevant financing institutions the threecountry energy efficiency project introduced new approaches to domestic and international energyefficiency financing in these countries including loan financing schemes energy service company or thirdparty financing and demandside management programmes world bank,7
+it works on a contractual basis with the municipal water providers until water supply continues to be governed by national laws and associated regional laws and policies the veneto ato also plays a regulatory role it sets fees for water services and determines contractuallybased incentive payments and fines for compliance with water quality standardsenvironmental standards established by veritas,6
+after a decade of policies that deal directly with water resources management much still needs to be done in developing the institutional capacity to monitor and enforce these policies and ensure consistency in other policies that indirectly impinge on water resources management environmental vulnerability index evi provisional indices and profiles for trinidad and tobago state of the environment report,6
+the value of modelbased approaches increases when moving to finer levels of spatial disaggregation detailed poverty maps are powerful tools for targeting social funds and for the design of safety nets work in this field should include supporting informed use of these estimates by publishing quality assessments eg standard errors relative sampling errors and providing guidance to data users this should include evaluating whether threeyear averages are significantly more reliable than yearly estimates given the survey data available and whether administrative sources could be used for the regional income indicators,1
+it is less a coherent theoretical concept and more an umbrella term for classroom learning settings in which individual learners receive different instruction breidenstein wellenreuther in the german context a related term has become widespread over the past years individuelle forderung which may best be translated as individualised support klieme and warwas it also describes the idea that teachers instruction should be responsive to the individual needs of students,4
+such a shift in viewpoint may account for a larger number of cases being identified and disclosed rather than an actual rise in mental health problems of such dramatic proportion in any case it is recommended that a disability benefit scheme be developed for individuals under that emphasises vocational rehabilitation and replaces disability benefit entitlement for youth for prolonged schooling with a study grant in order to reduce the tendency of early dependence on disability benefits it is suggested that labour policies and measures should be put in place that boost labour demand and encourage hiring of young people oecd b the health care system in sweden mainly financed through general taxation is highly decentralised and characterised by universal coverage and equal access to services,3
+once mediumsized enterprises have increased the scale of production beyond the optimal point using existing techniques they will be forced to innovate so as to maintain their profitability technological change in the ldcs is associated primarily with the spread of new products technologies and organizational strategies previously developed in more advanced economies its success depends on investments of various kinds financial organizational educational etc,8
+as these forest carbon projects play out on the ground they have tried to meet global sustainability needs but have often excluded local forest users and undermined their livelihoods thereby contributing to dispossession corbera and brown corbera and schroeder the result is often greater inequality and injustice for local users visavis external agencies and global actors a recent study on redd concludes that women are not key stakeholders or beneficiaries of redd because of their invisibility in the forest sector largely viewed as a masculine domain women organizing for change in agriculture and natural resource management and others,5
+the same review also shows that under these and even less ambitious renewable energy scenarios it is expected that a global share of more than per cent of intermittent modern renewable power will be reached by this will require some sort of smart grid to deal with load balancing which in turn means that these scenario plans assume the rebuilding of the existing power grids in most large economies within the next years an extraordinarily ambitious undertaking comparable undertakings in previous energy transitions took more than years in this scenario demand for all types of energy increases in nonoecd countries while in oecd demand for coal and oil declines,7
+without evidencebased feedback and mechanisms for monitoring and following up subsequent action school reviews may have more limited impact on school improvement the my school approach with its colour coding system has the clear benefit of simplicity the quality of the analysis is promoted by the ability to confine test construction and analysis to experts in that field,4
+in particular reducing food wastage may contribute significantly to the sustainability of the food system currently it is estimated that per cent of the total food produced globally is wasted in order to substantially reduce the quantity of food lost and wasted changes have to take place at different levels of the food chain production storage transportation and consumption in developed countries efforts are most needed at the retail and consumer end owing in part to management practices and consumption habits,2
+this strategy makes it possible to offer a significant degree of protection to children even in times of economic crisis and it also illustrates the usefulness of deploying both a relative income measure and a direct measurement of deprivation in the struggle to monitor and mitigate the impact of economic forces on the lives of children in previous report cards some basic principles for the crossnational monitoring of child poverty have been proposed,1
+most of the strictly protected area is forest the area of strictly protected forest increased slightly between and from ha to ha poland s nature reserves include established since the total land area in nature reserves increased from ha in to ha in,15
+in addition to the impact from diffuse pollution from agriculture pollution by the pulp and paper industry affects the lake through the saimaa canal including municipal wastewaters discharged by nuijamaa village inhabitants the population density in the lake basin area is inhabitantskm the most significant waterquality problem is eutrophication which is mainly caused by nutrients from agriculture and the pulp and paper industry,6
+the reduction of costs at a national level for countries that import fossil fuels is also of value especially in light of recent price increases and global unrest there is considerable controversy over whether currently available biofuels typically derived from grain or oil seed crops are produced sustainably at this time whether they provide much net c reductions and whether they may have adverse impacts on food security and agricultural markets the answers depend on each situation but current biofuels do not now provide significant net benefits there are exceptions such as sugar cane ethanol in brazil where at least the costs are low and c emissions reductions appear to be substantial,7
+in some cases however disaffected youth are lured into joining by the promise of money and the sense of empowerment that comes with possessing a gun in the aftermath of war former youth combatants feel dispossessed as they no longer have weapons and cannot find decent employment and sustainable livelihoods in developed countries about per cent of all migrants were youth and the corresponding figures for developing and least developed countries were about and per cent respectively these figures point to the economic pull of migration especially for youth from least developed economies and the willingness of such youth to assume the burdens and risks associated with leaving their homes and social networks to seek work in other countries so that they can provide for themselves and their families,8
+third marginal income tax rates for second earners typically women are very high creating disincentives for working long hours fourth a nonnegligible net wage gap about triggers specialisation whereby the least paid person in the household spends relatively more time looking after the children finally women often hit a glass ceiling making it difficult to mount the corporate ladder to senior positions of responsibility which are rarely available on a parttime basis,5
+issues of conflict of interest between government officials and privatized water systems and their corporations are also widely reported shiva comparative assessments do not readily support the efficiency argument possibly due in part to reported corruption in awarding natural monopolies to unqualified providers foei un the question of paying the full cost of water is also much broader if ecological impacts are taken into account,6
+some birds have been killed in collisions with aircraft bird movements have been mapped to avoid such collisions as a result two aircraft were lost in compared with seven in the previous years and the number of collisions has been reduced by the air force estimates that it has saved usd million in avoided damage cost since,15
+the project has an initial budget of million and is expected to reach some direct beneficiaries it is expected that open source software will quickly become attractive for the majority of the region s young ict trainees as it has deep roots in community and collaborative work groups these courses are entirely needs driven the panafrican itlearning and trainer network ictinnovation box iv is an example of such a regional capacity development network,9
+making regulatory provisions for pilot projects and promoting innovation will therefore be key in fostering further av development connected autonomous shared and electric mobility will be essential and the shared nature of this mobility in particular will be essential to meeting mobility needs pilot projects regarding shared autonomous vehicles have sought to sequentially increase the complexity of the systems keolis for example currently operates autonomous shuttles and has transported passengers in seven countries,11
+for example the cement industry could reduce emissions by switching to alternative fuels for cement kilns such as municipal solid waste and sewage sludge provided they are guided by stringent environmental standards to limit any health or environmental risks such practices can however be limited by technical standards for cement construction material preferences and air pollution and solid waste regulations the approach can significantly reduce emissions and energy use first there is a lack of centralised data on installed capacity its distribution among sectors the type of fuel used and the amount of power and heating and cooling generated this limits understanding the potential for chp and required efforts to support a deployment program,7
+taking the logarithm of gdp per capita can often capture this relationship well the ratio of female to male members of parliament is the one exception and is characterised by a linear relationship with gdp per capita although we still live in a world where women are on average disadvantaged relative to men the situation seems to have improved in the second half of the th century especially from the s onwards,5
+the online basic skills test for ict covers the core skills that teachers need to fulfil their wider professional role in schools rather than the subject knowledge required for teaching the test requires them to demonstrate the ability to make changes to slides in presentation software using a web browser to use email and various functions within email to use a text editor and email to update a spreadsheet and to download resources from the internet and register for a newsletter all trainee teachers are required to pass this online test in ict competence before they can be awarded qualified teacher status the initial teacher training national curriculum in the use of ict in subject teaching which was introduced in teacher education institutes in in england consisted of over a hundred statements of competence in ict and extended to pages of print but it was found to be overly bureaucratic and difficult to assess in practice hence the move to a more succinct formulation of the ict competences which trainee teachers are required to possess country report dedicated to england last updated and revised in october,4
+the forecast and the interpretation are passed on to the communities via a local meteorological office local ngos assist the communities in assessing the potential impact of severe weather events on livelihood systems and designing mitigation and coping strategies but where possible early warnings for individual hazards should be integrated into a multihazard system this brings benefits in terms of economies of scale sustainability and efficiency,13
+storage facilities would increase system security by storing variable renewable electricity produced during low demand periods and using it during high demand or peak periods this backup capacity is considered to be of added value as it is lowcarbon electricity production this controversial debate is illustrated by nyamdash denny and o malley for the irish electricity system nyamdash et al,7
+an earlier intergovernmental agreement envisages financing through a russian loan of around eur billion their economic viability and investment attractiveness is determined by the prices of fuels coal and natural gas and electricity tariffs which both depend mainly on politically sensitive tariff decisions investments in this sector thus remain a risky undertaking despite the significant business potential for electricity exports to neighbouring countries notably belarus poland and slovakia new generation capacity has also been developed the first unit of the dnister pumpedstorage hydroelectric power plant started operating by the end of and with additional units planned in coming years this plant might become one of the largest of its type in europe other segments of the renewable subsector remain for the moment dominated by smallscale units mostly privatelyowned nuclear safety is probably the most successful field of ukraine s cooperation with the eu which provides and supports the country s access to grants and loans,7
+so it is not clear how much zerorated services get new users online as one report puts it even with a zerorated service the user must still have a device and an active account with the operator that offers the zerorated service this raises the question of whether zerorated services can bring people online who had not previously used the internet a ai,9
+the new approach granted a greater degree of administrative independence to states than under the first stage even though tight financial constraints were maintained through a system of earmarked federal transfers the states agreed to increase financing of health care from their own resources to reach of their budgets although this target was not always reached unlike the first wave of reforms the imssoportunidades system maintained its independence from state health services shs for the remaining states decentralised under the second wave while the general health law regulates all aspects of the health sector and draws on the universal right to health protection set out in the constitution it includes no comprehensive list or specific package of services covered beyond this generic entitlement to coverage a principal also indicated in the social security laws governing imss and issste,3
+in contrast the share of the world s extremely poor people increased in south asia from per cent in to per cent in the share of poor people in subsaharan africa more than doubled over the same period having gone from per cent in to per cent in these changes are partly accounted for by high rates of population growth in the absence of strong economic and productive employment growth as well as by the failure in both regions to achieve significant structural change,1
+four main areas are covered politics and governance the judiciary civil service and the private sector statistical agencies in many countries do not routinely collect and disseminate data on women in power and decisionmaking and few international or regional organizations compile those statistics the most readily available information on decisionmaking is the number and proportion of women in national parliaments and key elected positions collected under the auspices of the interparliamentary union and monitored within the framework of the millennium development goals mdgs the european commissions database on women and men in decisionmaking gives a comprehensive regional picture of women and men in top positions the united nations economic commission for europe s unece gender statistics database and the united nations development fund s unifem biennial progress of the world s women provided additional statistics on some of the topics covered in the chapter the statistics and analysis on some of these topics are based in large part on sources available from private or nongovernmental organizations the presentation and analysis on these topics are therefore relatively limited,5
+most involuntary mental health admissions are under the mental health act importantly this act codified the professional roles of those with the power to apply for the detainment of a patient specifically those powers held by an approved social worker asw and stipulated specific staff training for any individuals administering the act rapaport and manthorpe the mental health act then gave authorities new powers over those discharged from hospital,3
+the revenue they generate supports infrastructure development and compliance promotion campaigns through the environment fund voluntary approaches by business and industry especially regarding air and waste have led to increased recycling reduced air pollution and the promotion of ecoinnovation and energy efficiency the lack of enforcement capacity in smaller municipalities has been an important impediment,12
+the relationship between child poverty and maternal employment is particularly strong oecd research has increasingly emphasised the role of female employment on poverty levels with high rates of female employment tending to reduce both poverty and inequality harkness employment rates of persons of working age in employment rates of mothers in income distribution and poverty in oecd countries figure oecd publishing paris,1
+following the publication of the green paper a general consultation process was put in place where fishing sector stakeholders as well as the public at large had the opportunity to express their views and contribute to the dialogue on the cfp reform the results were made public in in the european commission will prepare a legislative proposal in time to be adopted by the eu council and implemented by january with the new approach the principles will be decided at community level while the day to day implementation is left to regional authorities,14
+these numbers do nonetheless indicate that governments favour renewables since excluding grid investments government subsidies for modern renewables amounted to gj compared with gj for fossil fuels note the iea new policies scenario assumes cautious implementation of recently announced commitments and plans even if not yet officially adopted these investments were dominated by electricity generation transmission and distribution per cent as well as upstream investments in fossil fuel supply per cent including the oil exploration and production component and the gas exploration and production component which accounted for and per cent respectively the most important renewables investments were in largescale hydropower annual capacity additions of gigawatts gw and biofuels billion of which billion was for brazil s ethanol,7
+as the first country where women won the right to vote it has since championed the participation of women across all levels of society and has been rated one of the best places to work as a woman in spite of key advances in the workforce women continue to be underrepresented in management and leadership roles as of women held per cent of private sector directorships a recent study commissioned by new zealand s ministry of women s affairs has substantiated these claims demonstrating that at the current rate of change it will take years to reach the per cent representation mark mcateer,5
+in asia and the more developed regions women s likelihood of getting elected is that of men the regions where women candidates are most disadvantaged compared to men candidates in terms of the probability of getting elected are latin america and the caribbean and oceania belarus also had a much higher election rate for women showing a femalemale election rate ratio of greater than,5
+but unlike similar benefits in other countries unemployment allowance is also subject to a minimum employment requirement in most cases eligibility conditions ie behavioural requirements for those with a benefit entitlement based on their past employment are relatively strict and include active job search also during participation in almps figure panel b meetings with the job counsellor must be attended at least once a month,8
+identify possible synergies with other policies or public investments eg opportunities to bundle public services or to equip public buildings with rets identify and exploit multistakeholder platforms at the regional and international levels for providing advice on appropriate ret deployment strategies in combination with job and incomegeneration programmes combine financial support with consumer education and managerial and technical capacitybuilding the poverty and gender impacts of rural electrification investments have been poorly integrated into projects so far and while the poorest households tend to benefit from electrification as coverage expands effectively reaching the most vulnerable remains a priority,7
+since several countries have made major investments in national early warning systems these include setting up stateoftheart warning centres that are helping make the asiapacific region a global hub of excellence in this field several countries are also making progress in addressing their unique warning requirements,13
+however because not all of this water is accessible for human use the term water supply is typically used to refer to the amount of water that is accessible to a demand centre and can be delivered reliably and sustainably with respect to the environment or the finite resource base wrg and it is water supply that is of primary interest when addressing the risks of water shortage at least in the short and medium term for nonoecd countries this typically involves increasing access to water for basic consumption and sanitation something that is provided through investment in water supply and delivery by contrast in many oecd countries the vast majority of the population already has access to a reliable water supply and considerable water infrastructure already exists investment in water supply for instance is needed to replace ageing infrastructure meet increasingly stringent water quality controls and manage extreme weather events oecd,6
+they also analyse which aspects of teacher quality are directly related to the quality of instruction and howthis in turn is related to students learning the analyses show positive relations between teachers pedagogical competence and student outcomes both in primary and lower secondary school while teachers formal education seems to be more important in the higher grades the article also discusses how the findings can be related to teachers professional development another important finding is how teachers self efficacy and motivation are important for students learning,4
+likewise at the other levels the outcomes are policy and implementation decisions ideally arising from collaborative problemsolving there are feedback loops connecting the constructs within each level and connecting constructs across the different system levels collaborative inquiry and idea diversity are important knowledgebuilding principles,4
+under them cash is transferred to families in conditions of extreme poverty cecchini and martinez continuing progress in coverage and investment has resulted in coverage rates of close to a quarter of the population of the region and investment levels equivalent to half a point of gdp figures and iiill show the differing levels of success figure iiill shows coverage of the poor instead of the total population assuming perfect targeting of benefits for the former,1
+in egypt annual participation among skilled workers was countries that successfully targeted the poor included colombia which made loan terms more favourable for poor students and viet nam which provides aid to ethnic minority students a number of laudable initiatives exist some involving the community but only of refugees participate in tertiary education,4
+this is especially the case where the share of overall tax burdens borne by highincome groups has declined in recent years eg where tax schedules became flatter andor where tax expenditures mainly benefitted highincome groups first there may be counterproductive disincentive effects if benefit and tax reforms are not well designed growing employment may contribute to sustainable cuts in income inequality provided the employment gains occur in jobs that offer career prospects policies for more and better jobs are more important than ever,10
+very often the investments in individual energy efficiency and distributed renewable energy projects are small and a regional approach will help create a large consolidated regional investment programme that is easily replicable across countries aggregating small investments across the region will lower transaction costs similarly large regional programmes for renewable energy can be designed as special purpose funds,7
+this fits with plans to make more use of moital research funds for traditional industry such as chemicals it could draw inspiration large scale researchindustry projects in solar valley saxony and the finnish cleantech cluster as discussed in the chapter annex however green building and sustainable infrastructure goes far beyond the use of single technologies they require the integration of different energy efficiency technologies improvements in materials and optimising the energy efficiency of settlements and neighbourhoods as a whole,7
+at present they are institutionally separated from brasil sem miseria and a full integration could improve the awareness of households about the social assistance programmes for which they are eligible increasing this awareness could trigger additional strong demand for some of the assistance services offered and lead to bottlenecks in their delivery such an integration would nonetheless enhance the transparency of social assistance policies and help identifying programmes or municipalities that should receive more resources in fact in many countries the progressivity of taxation is a significant redistribution instrument even though public expenditures typically account for three quarters of the overall redistributive impact in oecd countries joumard et al,10
+advertisementsupported revenue was euros million up per cent from the previous year spotify technology sa these digital technologies are changing the global economy by giving rise to new online markets and products resulting in considerable benefits for consumers and productivity gains for firms a better understanding of the effects of digital technologies requires the ability to measure the economic transactions including digital trade that they are making possible,9
+in armenia and azerbaijan the system of vet qualifications has remained almost unchanged since soviet times and fails to meet international requirements for mutual recognition of qualifications georgia by contrast has a national qualification framework corresponding to the european qualification framework and provides for recognition of informal education certificates and diplomas however in specific procedures for implementing it had yet to be developed in the sector s share of the education budget ranged from in georgia to in armenia government financing covers mainly teachers salaries and students allowances only from in georgia and from in armenia and azerbaijan did the governments start investing in renovation of the infrastructure buildings equipment etc with support from donor organizations all three countries have introduced per capita financing systems but whereas in georgia and azerbaijan the government pays students tuition fees in staterun institutions in armenia students must pay the fees themselves,4
+moreover government needs to i regularly monitor and evaluate progress ii ensure transparency iii assess not only compliance with technical norms but also the local financial human and natural resources needed for actual implementation and iv engage the local community urban sprawl pollution poor public services eg utilities housing shortages and weak intracity connectivity are all problems that stem from a lack of proper landuse planning and deficiencies in implementing landuse regulation three strategies could address these problems,11
+as shown in the metaanalysis by alston et al in particular measures of agricultural inputs especially capital outputs and productivity are very much transformed from the raw material used to make them studies of the returns to agricultural rd involve significant further transformation of data on research investments and productivity that already had embodied in them a great deal of judgment much of which may not be apparent to the user but can have important implications for findings from studies that use them,2
+reviewing years of hta studies in the united kingdom raftery and powell claim that more than half of them indicate that new technologies are no better than traditional ones however in the short term hta is likely to add to health management and administration costs indeed de la maisonneuve etal,3
+indeed reinforcing positive aspects of traditional land tenure systems that encourage and support women s access to productive resources can produce strong results it provides for rights within the context of marriage and is conceptually distinct from the notion of inheritance covered in subsection below countries may apply very different default approaches to marital property ranging from full separation of property to partial or limited community of property to full community of property this is the case in austria canada croatia denmark france germany greece italy the netherlands new zealand norway spain sweden and the united states where full community of property or partial community of property is the default regime,5
+admissions have declined significantly since although they are still above eu averages furthermore patients suffering from asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have relatively low avoidable admission rates to hospitals renewed medical guidelines are in preparation and have the potential to improve primary care effectiveness further the czech republic requires only minimal reporting of outcomes on quality of care across the different providers this means that health insurance funds cannot use quality data for purchasing and that patients are exercising their free choice without access to important information there have also been some more recent advances with projects in the area of quality and safety assurance such as the adverse event reporting system and the introduction of sectoral safety targets for all health care providers,3
+they are therefore committed to providing the highest attainable health for all their citizens the commonwealth implements programmes address global health issues such as noncommunicable diseases maternal and child health hiv and aids communicable diseases and mental health sport offers direct benefits for health and can provide an effective context for delivering health education most per cent of these occur in low and middleincome countries making ncds a critical global health priority that is not confined to rich nations,3
+political and practical support to ensure that women including womens civil society organisations are included in peace processes is a crucial entry point to make sure that the security needs of women men boys and girls are taken into consideration it is therefore critical that the negotiationmediation teams draw on gender expertise from the outset of a peace process briefings on gender issues can be provided to negotiatingmediation teams and others with decisionmaking power civil society organisations including womens organisations should also be included in track two processes and can play an important role in monitoring the implementation of peace agreements,5
+second is the emergence of temporary parttime casual homebased jobs alongside the decline of the welfare state in developing countries privatization and restructuring have in many places notably egypt morocco and tunisia led to layoffs that have affected women relatively more than men thus like their peers elsewhere young women in arab countries must toil disproportionately to find meaningful fulfilling and properly remunerated employment especially in their first jobs after university women are working mainly in the public sector in jordan for example percent of womens positions are in the public sector,5
+choosing an appropriate point in time for assessment can be particularly complicated for climate finance interventions aimed at longterm transformational impacts depending on its aims an intervention may seek results at the project national or international scale this will have implications for how its effectiveness is assessed,13
+it would reduce poverty by percentage points in ecuador and paraguay and by at least in brazil if the transfer were to be targeted at everyone aged and over the measure could cost up to an additional of gdp eclac b pp united nations publication sales no united nations publication sales no in of the region s countries this percentage is around or under in households living in a situation of extreme poverty or high vulnerability to extreme poverty,1
+it was initiated in early in partnership with ibm and institut teknologi bandung itb one of the top universities in indonesia and is similar to other existing command centres in japan and korea aiming to improve public services the centre consists of a digital control board that allows city staff to remotely monitor traffic and manage crisis situations in the city in case of accidents crime etc fifteen operators from the bandung telecommunication and information agency work permanently in the command centre but it is also accessible to other city departments such as fire brigades police officers and transport agencies,11
+among monp departments and subordinate institutions figure the following are of particular relevance to biodiversity and pa management red data book of turkmenistan categories de declining ra rare te threatened with extinction it also drafts legislation and oversees the regulatory framework for the sustainable use of biodiversity resources and the development of the pa system,15
+when production has to be shut down to install new energyefficient equipment costs can include forgone sales income an energyefficiency production process might be noisier than the equipment it replaces insulating a cavity wall in an old building could result in moisture buildup or installing a variablespced drive might require extra maintenance or new skills and tools,7
+denmark has a comparatively small share of lowperforming students but also a relatively low proportion of topperforming students the difference in performance between the th and the th percentiles is comparatively small across assessments the share of topperforming students has remained stable in science but decreased since in mathematics from to and reading from to,4
+clear and wellimplemented policies helped to create the conditions for myanmarese to benefit from the potential of the internet the institute emphasizes the need for special computer facilities in order to process the huge number of scitech documents produced within the country such computer tools can be created through the use of bibliometric methods,9
+this aligns with research by maldonado najera and segovia from mexico that showed that significant income increases to women may threaten men s status causing husbands with more traditional gender views to reassert control through violence overall however the risk of increased ipv could also decline over time as both men s individual attitudes and broader social attitudes become more accepting of women s increased economic activity and financial autonomy ahmed for example some participants in the south african image intervention reported that the increased selfconfidence social support and communication skills gained from being part of a combined microfinance and training initiative resulted in improved partner communication preventing any conflict escalating into violence kim et al,5
+ongoing efforts to provide more space to rivers will continue also in future and measures of a more technical nature will be exclusively reserved for urban areas in cases where no other soft option for flood protection is feasible these impacts are predicted to have an effect on river discharge with an increase in frequency extent and impacts of floods and possibly constant low water levels in lakes quality and quantity of groundwaters will also be affected,6
+in a larger programme of system restructure and redesign these innovative schools are able to provide evidence about the impacts on student learning and wellbeing of innovative approaches they have been trialling thereby supporting the whole system to move forward there is a need to ensure that innovation is captured somewhere particularly as old structures and processes are replaced and new networks relationships and connections are created through an ongoing and expanded innovation community of practice individual site leaders and their communities are able to use their experience and influence to work collaboratively to shape those future directions and ensure that the new department has innovation as a predominant aspect of its work,4
+in ulaanbaatar heavy metal testing showed that concentrations of lead cadmium and mercury in samples were within the mongolian norms mns kosheleva natalia e et al pollution by heavy metals comes from different sources such as tanning production mining activities traffic zones and heat and power engineering,3
+most countries have now endorsed the principle of equality for women and endowed it with normative universality such conflicts arise in the context of almost all religions and traditional cultures since they rely on norms and social practices formulated or interpreted in a patriarchal context at a time when individual human rights in general and women s right to equality in particular had not yet become a global imperative barriers to womens rights are not specific to one region or to one religion but their form and severity does vary among regions and religions,5
+the nature gives rest and a little bit of food gender issues are mainly missing when the question of everyday life and surviving are present westman desegregation that is the division of the labour market based on gender has been an topical issue in gender equality policy since the s,5
+as such education plays an important civic role a change in the education act in sweden from proposal reregulates the education for newly arrived students to help these children be integrated through education as soon as possible newly arrived students have the same rights and obligations as other students independent schools can make exceptions to established selection rules and can implement a special quota to include newly arrived students who have resided in sweden for less than two years,4
+these costs are expected to be an underestimation as most ades occurring in primary care do not lead to hospitalisation but still result in an elevated need for health care these costs are not taken into account health care costs related to ades in this base case totaled million euros mean costs per case were euros all the cost studies that were identified in the literature including the ones summarised in the table argued that the figures are likely to be an underestimation of the direct costs,3
+these areas are covered in the next three sections of this chapter properly accounting for this risk in financial evaluations could help better allocate capital to lowcarbon climateresilient assets or even encourage divestment from more carbonintensive assets the effects of the recent drop in oil prices on investors portfolios are a striking example of this phenomenon,13
+the board reiterates its view that measures taken in various states of the united states to legalize the production sale and distribution of cannabis for nonmedical and nonscientific purposes are inconsistent with the provisions of the international drug control treaties the limitation of the use of controlled substances to medical and scientific purposes is a fundamental principle which lies at the heart of the international drug control legal framework which cannot be derogated from regardless of whether they are federal or unitary states all parties to the conventions have a legal obligation to give effect to and carry out the provisions of the convention within their own territories,3
+discontinuation of cost sharing in uganda bulletin of the world health organization vol abolition of costsharing is propoor evidence from uganda health policy and planning vol user fees and managed revenues were determined at the local level but often were in the range of us per visitb after the introduction of the user fees outpatient attendance dropped by more than per cent in some districts while the opposite happened in some remote areas,3
+this may also encourage the use of renewable energy equipment in remote areas if these products and services are being procured for government buildings eg health centres and schools governments can also consider subsidised solar programmes for schools health centreshospitals and other buildings to encourage use of solar pv systems development partners other finance providers and investors may also prefer to support plans with more realistic targets that can be achieved rather than fund plans with unrealistic targets that are continually missed,7
+the potential benefits of contextualised learning and integrating academics and cte are widely recognised and the integrated approach is widely used in cte programmes a number of policy instruments are designed to ensure strong academic skills among all students such as the texas assessment of knowledge and skills data are used to monitor performance among different groups of students and target interventions at schools with unsatisfactory performance,4
+it consists of mostly consolidated alluvium increasing in thickness towards the sea groundwater originates from the recharge areas inland and generally flows towards the sea where it discharges both egypt and israel have invested in alternative water supply options for the coastal areas through interbasin transfer and the use of nonconventional water resources the gaza strip does not have access to alternative water resources and depends almost entirely on the coastal aquifer basin for its water supply however as the aquifer in the gaza strip is severely threatened by overabstraction and pollution desalination is currently being explored as a major alternative source of water supply,6
+see table al in annex for the list of survey items included in each dimension the new method informed the construction of the global multidimensional poverty index mpi alkire santos as well as the inequality adjusted human development index alkire foster used in the human development report undp the alkirefoster methodology has also been applied to multiple national studies of multidimensional poverty in the developing world alkire seth salazar diaz pinzon since the broader list of material deprivation indicators was only available in the trend analysis had to rely on the more limited set of indicators that are collected in every wave of the eusilc,1
+all these agendas have strong linkages with sdg providing a means for financing urban development addis agenda addressing a wide range of actions necessary for making cities spatially effective for sustainable development nua providing a framework for disaster risk management prevention and reduction and resilience strengthening including urban resilience sendai framework and focusing on climate actions that include urbanizationrelated activities paris agreement it is also important to note that the linkages and connections between agendas and various targets can be both positive and negative and hence these relationships versus desired outcomes or impacts need proper identification analysis and mitigation of any associated risks these partnerships seek to provide technical and operational guidance for postdisaster city reconstruction and recovery programmes and for assessing capacity at the national level for drr in the culture sector,11
+reviews of the theoretical literature on the economics of household waste management can be found in choe and fraser and fullerton and kinnaman as first best solution a majority of the theoretical results identify depositrefund schemes a system with a tax or charge at production or consumer purchase and a refund to consumers that recycle andor firms that collect or reprocess recycled materials as an alternative first best solution when illegal disposal such as dumping is not a problem the results usually support the use of a virgin material tax or a tax on households disposal choices,12
+furthermore business and labour organisations are represented on the body as consulting members the work of the decisionmaking body is supported by a permanent secretariat with a staff of beyond the preparation of the spatial development concept orok also monitors spatial development across austria it has developed an online tool that provides a mapping function of a variety of important indicators at the municipal and regional level and releases a report on the state of spatial development every three years,11
+moreover those who suffer from chronic illnesses are also entitled to their diseasespecific medicines free of charge without meanstesting since these can be collected from any phaimacy including those in the private sector resulting in improved access in all other cases patients must purchase pharmaceuticals out of pocket except during hospitalisation and for the first three days following discharge missoc furthermore the presidents malta community chest fund a philanthropic foundation has extended its role in financing drugs that are not yet included in the benefits package in addition the second national cancer plan published in outlines a government pledge to include more cancer medications on the governments formulary list in the coming yeais in such direct payments as a share of total health expenditure totalled significantly higher than the eu average of figure,3
+they do not charge fees and can be funded by any level of government federal state or municipal their length varies depending on the course with a minimum of hours professional qualification courses prepare individuals for the world of work and can be offered at any level of the educational system and do not necessarily require any other educational participationattainment,4
+through strengthening research partnerships with leading academic institutions and development networks in both the north and south the office seeks to leverage additional resources and influence in support of efforts towards policy reform in favour of children for that reason some publications may not necessarily reflect unicef policies or approaches on some topics the views expressed are those of the authors andor editors and are published in order to stimulate further dialogue on child rights core funding is provided by the government of italy while financial support for specific projects is also provided by other governments international institutions and private sources including unicef national committees this paper analyses multidimensional child deprivation across thirty countries in subsaharan africa applying the multiple overlapping deprivation analysis moda methodology that measures various aspects of child poverty the methodology has been adapted to the particular needs of this crosscountry comparative study standardising the indicators and thresholds to allow comparability across countries,1
+it recognizes that funding from all sources public and private bilateral and multilateral domestic and international as well as alternative sources will need to be tapped into to effectively exploit the benefits of cities for example the african union au in collaboration with the economic commission for africa and unflabitat is developing a regional framework aligned with africa agenda the sdgs the paris agreement among others in europe the regional urban agenda has been further aligned with the global urban agendas through action plans and linked directly with the urban related sdgs targets,11
+this variety increases the decisions that teachers must make table makes explicit some of these assumptions though it is not meant to be exhaustive it illustrates how established pedagogical approaches have developed in line with different kinds of intentions and therefore why comparisons of approaches come down to more than just the question about which pedagogy is most effective,4
+for emerging economies culture can be a first rate component in their development strategies be it literature music videos and movies or even the fashion industry or gastronomy the most important we believe is having our children learn to enjoy art have them take pleasure in paintings sculptures music and so on appreciation implies a value judgment to understand why i like what i like or why i dont,4
+that is true for both farm and nonfarm trade reform and for owncountry as well as restofworld reform since the rural poor are much poorer on average than the urban poor this would lead to the expectation that trade reform will also reduce inequality the effect of nonfarm trade reform on its own is more mixed providing another reason to urge trade negotiators not to neglect agricultural reform in trade negotiations,1
+using an approach similar to that of the european commission the dutch model analyses policy interventions by comparing their impact against a no intervention scenario a no intervention scenario depicts how health expenditures will affect public finances if left on current trajectories historical data are used to estimates parameters of interest backcasting which are then used to project health expenditures the population is divided into age groups each comprising years each age group is associated with levels of per capita expenditure for six major spending sectors,3
+more information is available about the oecd review process and requirements on the higher education and regions website www in the oecdimhe conducted an extensive study with regional reviews across countries this resulted in the oecd flagship publication higher education and regions globally competitive locally engaged oecd with recommendation to benefit both higher education institutions and national and regional governments in the oecdimhe launched a second series of oecd reviews of higher education in regional and city development to address the demand by national and regional governments for more responsive and active higher education institutions and to support the oecd strategies on innovation and green growth as a result regions in countries including the lombardy region in italy underwent the oecd review process in,4
+informality is considered to result from the heterogeneity of the productive structure which can be seen schematically as two sectors one which is formal has a medium to high production level greater levels of investment relatively high growth potential and effective social protection and the other informal with low levels of productivity growth potential and social protection consequently unskilled ownaccount workers unpaid family workers or apprentices owners and employees of microenterprises and domestic workers are all considered informal this is related to the introduction of the concept of decent work in order to focus the discussion on the job rather than the company the new conceptual framework of the informal economy has been proposed in order to complement that of the informal sector given that informal activities are found in both low and highproductivity sectors,8
+for example competency descriptions for school professionals in relation to which they will be appraised and quality indicators for school evaluation should reflect the learning goals that the school system is aiming to achieve this also implies ensuring that the evaluation and assessment framework captures a broad range of student learning objectives to this end it would be helpful to initiate research and development to strengthen the range of instruments available to assess for example students broader competencies such as problem solving reasoning and communication chapter individuals and groups are more likely to accept changes if they understand the reasons for these changes and can see the role they should play within the broad national strategy,4
+why are bangladeshi women not more prominent in politics despite having two women leaders in fact male control of both the public and private spheres hinders womens political participation in the public sphere women have to contend with mastan culture mastan culture refers to the killers extortionists looters and perpetrators of violent crimes who operate under the supervision of socalled godfathers rashiduzzaman and availability of illegal arms accessibility to black market money and fear of sexual harassment chowdhury in the cabinet has six women lead important ministries including defence foreign affairs energy agriculture labour and employment,5
+welldesigned working time regulations that promote flexibility and facilitate parttime work can be equally valuable a wellstructured system of parental leave can have positive effects on women s labour force participation and employment it should be publicly funded and not place excessive costs on employers to avoid adverse effects on their willingness to hire mothers,5
+while some give greater emphasis to the manipulation of prices and financing in carbon markets others see carbon markets as only one part of a complex ensemble of policies they will also change the distribution of income available for nonenergy purchases if carbon prices were increased by a tax or trading system what would be the extent of the intended effect on emissions and the unintended effect on income distribution,7
+an important innovation to ensure effective tgc support of technologies in the early stages of market deployment was the introduction of banding which has been introduced in italy and the uk for instance in the uk one renewable obligation certificate roc is granted per mwh of electricity generated this marketled approach aims to encourage competition between technologies to minimise cost wood and dow,7
+in particular both central and local governments are focusing on reducing reliance on cars sometimes adopting a road diet approach and promoting public transport and soft mobility for example the approach of reducing road lanes and parking space is applied drastically in sejong koreas most recently created city see detailed profile in chapter implementing such a vision requires a holistic approach to the metropolitan area s development wellintegrated transport spatial and economic policies have contributed to making it possible for of morning journeys to be by public transport or nonmotorised modes tfl,11
+for example budgetary restrictions may lead to a desire to better target the reference programme so as to reduce its outlay thereby lowering the eligibility line and therefore reducing measured poverty in a situation where standards of living both in absolute and relative terms are likely to fall in a country where the national poverty line accurately reflects societys views of what is meant by poverty the poverty line is the natural measure of policy effectiveness and outcomes as outlined above it matters how such a poverty line is defined and it matters even more how such a poverty line is updated the use of a poverty line that varies systematically at predetermined intervals with objective and verifiable data is superior to the use of poverty lines whose evolution leaves scope for political influence or methodological changes,1
+in an urban policy environment characterised by high levels of uncertainty such indicators and targets can provide a tool for identifying the specific assets for development in different communities and maximising a city s potential for overall progress more than separate indicators across administrative survey and census data sources span seven domains of deprivation employment income health crime education living environment and barriers to services the imd were initially built at the district ward level in then at the smaller scale of lowerlayer superoutput areas of roughly residents in and most of the statistics used in the latest edition are from and new indices were expected to be produced in,11
+another relevant indicator is the services reform index of the european bank for reconstruction and development which is used to measure progress in policy reform in the services sector that index reflects the average of three subindices namely banking nonbanking and infrastructure reforms for the other two wto entrants kazakhstan and the russian federation although at higher levels than tajikistan the index shows a more stable trend and thus suggests slow progress over the past decade,8
+or you can unsubscribe by calling xxxxxxx or going to www a similar randomized controlled trial of years duration among asian indian men with prediabetes found that mobile phone messaging was an acceptable method for delivering advice and support for lifestyle modification to prevent type diabetes ramachandran the trial was the first to show the benefit of this technology in the prevention of diabetes with a reduction in relative risk as compared with standard care within years a further pilot study of years duration among patients with type diabetes in the clinic showed that mobile phone messages about the principles of diabetes management helped to improve health care outcomes,3
+consider establishing or strengthening capacity of independent institutions such as independent commissions supreme audit institutions ombuds offices and advisory bodies eg government councils to monitor the implementation of gender equality strategies integrate gender issues in policymaking and facilitate regular reporting audits and measurement to be effective such oversight should be undertaken in a balanced manner and avoid prescriptive approaches to foster continuous improvement while enabling to track progress in gender equality for example based on good practices and as appropriate these measures can include disclosure requirements quotas voluntary targets parity laws alternating the sexes on the party list and linking gender ratios in political parties to their access to public funding promote meritbased recruitment consider positive policies and practices to ensure a balanced representation of men and women in each occupational group in public sector employment and develop concrete measures to ensure the effective removal of the implicit barriers within hiring and staffing processes where appropriate and necessary,5
+moreover means are also combined which includes support schemes advisory services tailor made education and support of cluster organisations among the six strategic areas of innovation fund denmark are production materials digitalisation and ict among other instruments which can be used to further automation and digitalisation is the socalled innobooster scheme the grants are used to invest in knowledge consultancy services equipment and cooperation with knowledge institutes,9
+this is reflected in the unemployment rates of young adults aged which tend to be about onethird higher than the overall unemployment rate compared with a difference of on oecd average it is also reflected in the development of socalled freeters see box the survey on human resource strategies and work awareness in the population decreasing society reveals that companies with a positive attitude towards skills development are not much inclined to recruit freeters as regular workers and are likely to set a relatively low upper limit on the age of freeters who can be recruited mitani,8
+however the overall quality of the ecec setting did have an effect on adult earnings in many countries staffchild ratios have been regulated with higher staffchild ratios for the very young and lower ratios for older children nichd research is lacking however on exactly which ratio is most favourable to enhance teacher job satisfaction ecec quality and child outcomes,4
+the country is now shifting from a feedin tariff system to a competitive bidding process to add mw more solar during a recent tender the prices were per cent lower than the offer reflecting strong private sector interest auctions provide regulatory certainty to investors while also supporting real price discovery in india awarded solar projects in at least different auctions that amount to mw at approximately mwh,7
+the ratio of natural regeneration to planting has increased but remains one of the lowest in europe despite progress in recent years poland has less deadwood in its forests than most other eu countries some forest types notably alluvial forests have not been adequately protected resulting in reduced populations of some protected forest birds such as black grouse,15
+work in these situations and the workhuman development link take on different dimensions in such exceptional states of emergency with increasing degrees of violence human priorities change in the sense that survival and physical integrity of the self and family members become higher priorities than economic needs work can help with peace building and unemployment when overlapping with other social discontent can be destabilizing,8
+the ccxg formerly called the annex i expert group is a group of government delegates from oecd and other industrialised countries the aim of the group is to promote dialogue and enhance understanding on technical issues in the international climate change negotiations the views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the european union though no formally agreed definition exists leds are generally used to describe forwardlooking national economic development plans or strategies that encompass lowemission andor climateresilient economic growth,13
+increased mining activity in chile australia and mexico is primarily driving this trend but the fact that domestic consumption of metals in oecd countries is growing more slowly than extraction vs indicates that a large portion of extraction is being exported outside of the oecd area in most oecd countries the economic slowdown caused material extraction and consumption to flatten or decrease in some cases significantly,12
+more and more often drug traffickers use stolen or falsified aircraft registration numbers when transporting illicit consignments by air significant levels of cannabis herb are produced in most countries in central america and the caribbean jamaica remains the largest producer of cannabis in the caribbean with total cultivation of cannabis plant estimated by local authorities at about ha,3
+unless indicated otherwise all statistics on indonesian fisheries in this paper are from mmaf af indonesia will focus on getting optimal sustainable value from its aquatic ecosystems by effective governance for recovery and maintenance of ecosystems and fish stocks and by improving postharvest practices along supply chains sustainability and quality improvement programmes will result in higher profitability of the fisheries sector increased food security and increased competitiveness of indonesian fisheries products on international markets,14
+a body to lead the green skills agenda must be found and lowcarbon skills need to be integrated through the whole skills delivery system to encourage behavioural change across the entire economy in for example the australian and state and territory governments entered into a green skills agreement based on a shared understanding that decisive action is needed to support australia s transition to a sustainable lowcarbon economy coag p in four of the member states examined denmark spain france and the uk regions are playing a primary role in identifying skills needs for jobs in a lowcarbon economy,7
+faithful implementation of policies and programmes in these areas outlined by the president will be crucial in addressing tanzania s poverty problem in the medium term in the city of daressalaam and other major cities unemployment is higher than in the rural areas basic infrastructure roads electricity water bus transit etc planned residential areas are rare although land itself is in abundance intracity transportation presents a serious challenge to commuters due to poor road networks and the absence of intracity mass rail transport systems,11
+working during the weekends impacts on balancing work and family life nevertheless some forms of working time arrangements can result from a personal choice and are not considered burdensome statistics on working time are needed to implement monitor and evaluate policies and programmes dedicated to the balance of work and family life,8
+it may also reflect a low awareness about the role played by groundwater resources even though groundwater is locally very important in some areas in kazakhstan positively a comprehensive review of transboundary aquifers has been carried out the situation is particularly severe in afghanistan the central asian regional water information base project carewib database maintained by the scientific information centre of icwc is a recent effort to make information on water resources openly and readily accessible to all the countries in central asia even if access to this information system is differentiated among users with different levels of accessibility of data,6
+however the correlation is not exact it is useful to study child and adolescent wellbeing from both approaches because this allows for the combination of different issues and the analysis of various public policy measures for childhood and the adoption of a holistic policy perspective between and poverty and extreme poverty diminished by around among children aged to,1
+however progress in approving accredited entities to the gcf is relatively slow in may there were accredited entities and the majority of these were international or regional institutions and there are still many countries that need readiness support to assist them with this process by may countries had received readiness support from the gcf gcf b a recent analysis of the lessons learned from direct access to the adaptation fund and the gcf reveals that although the time to get accredited varies widely among the different countries from months for uruguay to months for namibia and kenya however countries report that the process was beneficial in the long run masullo et al development cooperation providers can continue to invest in readiness support for partner countries so that they can access climate finance at scale and use it to implement transformative actions to address climate change and achieve sustainable development,13
+unsurprisingly we find children living in an intermediately or thinly populated area to be considerably less vulnerable to environmental deprivation than their peers in densely populated areas in terms of access to basic services only children living in germany are more likely to be domain deprived when living in less densely populated areas in germany and france children in such areas also experience a higher risk of being financially strained or income poor,1
+in travel time figures markers refer to average travel time at a specific hour within the day while the vertical bars represent the ranges of travel time speed limits are set to be kmh on the road in jakarta kmh on the road in malaysia kmh on the road in metro manila kmh on the road in singapore and sokmh on the road in bangkok traffic congestion data are based on either entire specified road wherever possible or a selected representative segment of specified road data are not necessarily comparable across the five areas shown above in some of the region s larger cities a significant amount of time is wasted in traffic congestion table there are also additional economic costs in the form of increased fuel and other transportation costs and reduced productivity and efficiency box,11
+the forest sector forestry wood and paper products contributes per cent to the gross value added of the national economy but only per cent of forests have recreational use as a main management goal recent reports by unep the green economy and the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity emphasize that natural capital such as forests and the ecosystem services they provide offer important benefits and could be considered a significant component of national economies romania should seek ways to benefit further from its natural wealth and invest in the maintenance of forest ecosystem services and the development of recreation and tourism,15
+they are all scaled from to and scores are derived from annual surveys conducted among londoners or users of particular parts of the transport system as appropriate the six indicators are public transport customer satisfaction public transport crowding satisfaction indicator road user customer satisfaction perception of journey experience perception of noise perception of the urban realm it is expressed as a percentage score,11
+however adaptation reporting is not mandatory as the paris agreement states that parties should as appropriate submit and update an adaptation communication article decision cp states that this information shall be submitted biennially for all countries other than least developed countries ldcs and small island developing states sids paragraph regular reporting on adaptation is already done under the unfccc including via national communications ncs,13
+figure shows the personal income tax and overall tax wedge which also takes into account both social security contributions and transfers progression on average in the oecd at different income levels and for different family types looking at panel a progressivity is highest at the bottom of the income scale and declines with income for all family types tax wedge progressivity is generally lower than pit progressivity since the tax wedge includes social security contributions which are typically levied at a flat rate moreover tax wedge progression is lower than the average pit progression for families without children because the latter tend not to receive benefits which also tend to be targeted at low income levels this explains in part the higher rate of tax wedge progressivity than of personal income tax at low levels,8
+moreover they find that people with more than one type of poverty have socioeconomic features that are distinct from people who are not poor or are poor in only one measure they conclude that using a combination of poverty measures is more secure in terms of finding the real poor than the use of single measures nolan and whelan when analysing the european unions poverty reduction measure the eu poverty target suggest that combining relative income poverty and material deprivation and focusing on the group where they overlap is worth consideration because such a measure can serve as a way of distinguishing a subset of the population deserving priority in framing antipoverty policy also roches study on multidimensional child poverty in bangladesh shows that results based on wealth measures are considerably different to those obtained with multidimensional poverty measures,1
+moreover certificates and labels like the green key awarded to tourism enterprises that assert for instance that they use of organic food beverages and green household products eg detergents must rely on the respondents honesty it is always therefore a point to consider whether the people in charge are in fact replying truthfully lastly it is possible that small and mediumsized enterprises may not be able to cope with the costs incurred by becoming more ecofriendly despite governmental subsidies which could mean that it is the large enterprises who reap the abovementioned benefits while the smaller ones struggle to survive environmentally conscious transport companies may profit from mitigation and in more general terms the providers of ecolabelled services may expect a growth in demand,13
+in mauritius housing development for the economically less advantaged population groups has increased the proportion of homeowners to per cent in rural areas and per cent in urban regions by provide access to safe affordable accessible and sustainable transport systems for all improving road safety notably by expanding public transport with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations women children persons with disabilities and older persons data and methodology for this indicator are not available,11
+in consequence the number of urban dwellers practising open defecation increased from million to million between and the impact of this practice in densely populated urban settlements is particularly alarming for public health congested and unsanitary conditions make urban slums particularly highrisk areas for communicable diseases including cholera yet patterns of deprivation differ while blantyre exhibits greater levels of poverty than adjacent areas lilongwe is a relatively welloff urban centre surrounded by poorer regions but also showing pockets of poverty isolated darker areas within its limits,3
+it also features individual accountability which means that team success depends on individual learning not group products curriculum has to be thought of as both catering to significant individual differences and being able to stretch each learner to just beyond his or her selfdefined capacity dumont istance and benavides however given the crosscountry variation in who has responsibility for curricula it is difficult to provide clear policy direction on curricula at the school level cooperative learning methods which involve the teacher placing students within the same class in small temporary groups with mixed abilities focusing on tasks that require them to rely on each others skills tend to work equally well for all types of students slavin,4
+groundwater quality can also be affected by contamination of saline water intrusions a total of eur million was devoted to water from eu structural funds received in in particular capacity building of regional environmental administration has received support from structural funds especially in the south eg a task force of experts to support regional environmental authorities and arpas the number of central government authorities involved in water policy making is a useful indicator of the level of institutional fragmentation although it has limitations and needs to be appraised in a dynamic way,6
+the three diseases that resulted in the greatest number of lost life years in were all related to air pollution reducing the exposure to air pollution of children at home during early development would decrease pneumonia and impact on lung development thus it is necessary to reduce exposures to air pollution for schoolage children in order to decrease the impacts of airpollutionrelated diseases later in life,3